[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 197 (Friday, October 13, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 47838-47862]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-21852]



[[Page 47837]]

Vol. 82

Friday,

No. 197

October 13, 2017

Part III





Department of the Treasury





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





 Internal Revenue Service





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





26 CFR Part 54





Department of Labor





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





 Employee Benefits Security Administration





-----------------------------------------------------------------------

29 CFR Part 2590





Department of Health and Human Services





-----------------------------------------------------------------------

45 CFR Part 147





 Moral Exemptions and Accommodations for Coverage of Certain Preventive 
Services Under the Affordable Care Act; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 82 , No. 197 / Friday, October 13, 2017 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 47838]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 54

[TD-9828]
RIN 1545-BN91

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Employee Benefits Security Administration

29 CFR Part 2590

RIN 1210-AB84

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

45 CFR Part 147

[CMS-9925-IFC]
RIN 0938-AT46


Moral Exemptions and Accommodations for Coverage of Certain 
Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury; Employee 
Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor; and Centers for 
Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services.

ACTION: Interim final rules with request for comments.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The United States has a long history of providing conscience 
protections in the regulation of health care for entities and 
individuals with objections based on religious beliefs or moral 
convictions. These interim final rules expand exemptions to protect 
moral convictions for certain entities and individuals whose health 
plans are subject to a mandate of contraceptive coverage through 
guidance issued pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care 
Act. These rules do not alter the discretion of the Health Resources 
and Services Administration, a component of the United States 
Department of Health and Human Services, to maintain the guidelines 
requiring contraceptive coverage where no regulatorily recognized 
objection exists. These rules also provide certain morally objecting 
entities access to the voluntary ``accommodation'' process regarding 
such coverage. These rules do not alter multiple other Federal programs 
that provide free or subsidized contraceptives for women at risk of 
unintended pregnancy.

DATES: 
    Effective date: These interim final rules are effective on October 
6, 2017.
    Comment date: Written comments on these interim final rules are 
invited and must be received by December 5, 2017.

ADDRESSES: Written comments may be submitted to the Department of 
Health and Human Services as specified below. Any comment that is 
submitted will be shared with the Department of Labor and the 
Department of the Treasury, and will also be made available to the 
public.
    Warning: Do not include any personally identifiable information 
(such as name, address, or other contact information) or confidential 
business information that you do not want publicly disclosed. All 
comments may be posted on the Internet and can be retrieved by most 
Internet search engines. No deletions, modifications, or redactions 
will be made to the comments received, as they are public records. 
Comments may be submitted anonymously. Comments, identified by 
``Preventive Services,'' may be submitted one of four ways (please 
choose only one of the ways listed)
    1. Electronically. You may submit electronic comments on this 
regulation to http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the ``Submit a 
comment'' instructions.
    2. By regular mail. You may mail written comments to the following 
address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of 
Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-9925-IFC, P.O. Box 8016, 
Baltimore, MD 21244-8016.
    Please allow sufficient time for mailed comments to be received 
before the close of the comment period.
    3. By express or overnight mail. You may send written comments to 
the following address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 
Department of Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-9925-IFC, Mail 
Stop C4-26-05, 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
    4. By hand or courier. Alternatively, you may deliver (by hand or 
courier) your written comments ONLY to the following addresses prior to 
the close of the comment period:
    a. For delivery in Washington, DC--Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services, Department of Health and Human Services, Room 445-G, Hubert 
H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 
20201.
    (Because access to the interior of the Hubert H. Humphrey Building 
is not readily available to persons without Federal government 
identification, commenters are encouraged to leave their comments in 
the CMS drop slots located in the main lobby of the building. A stamp-
in clock is available for persons wishing to retain a proof of filing 
by stamping in and retaining an extra copy of the comments being 
filed.)
    b. For delivery in Baltimore, MD--Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services, Department of Health and Human Services, 7500 Security 
Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
    If you intend to deliver your comments to the Baltimore address, 
call telephone number (410) 786-9994 in advance to schedule your 
arrival with one of our staff members.
    Comments erroneously mailed to the addresses indicated as 
appropriate for hand or courier delivery may be delayed and received 
after the comment period.
    Comments received will be posted without change to 
www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeff Wu (310) 492-4305 or 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#1d707c6f7678696f787b726f705d7e706e3375756e337a726b"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="ee838f9c858b9a9c8b88819c83ae8d839dc086869dc0898198">[email protected]</span></a> for Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 
(CMS), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Amber Rivers or 
Matthew Litton, Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA), 
Department of Labor, at (202) 693-8335; Karen Levin, Internal Revenue 
Service, Department of the Treasury, at (202) 317-5500.
    Customer Service Information: Individuals interested in obtaining 
information from the Department of Labor concerning employment-based 
health coverage laws may call the EBSA Toll-Free Hotline at 1-866-444-
EBSA (3272) or visit the Department of Labor's Web site (www.dol.gov/ebsa). Information from HHS on private health insurance coverage can be 
found on CMS's Web site (www.cms.gov/cciio), and information on health 
care reform can be found at www.HealthCare.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    In the context of legal requirements touching on certain sensitive 
health care issues--including health coverage of contraceptives--
Congress has a consistent history of supporting conscience protections 
for moral convictions alongside protections for religious beliefs, 
including as part of its efforts to promote access to health 
services.\1\ Against that backdrop,

[[Page 47839]]

Congress granted the Health Resources and Services Administration 
(HRSA), a component of the United States Department of Health and Human 
Services (HHS), discretion under the Patient Protection and Affordable 
Care Act to specify that certain group health plans and health 
insurance issuers shall cover, ``with respect to women, such additional 
preventive care and screenings . . . as provided for in comprehensive 
guidelines supported by'' HRSA (the ``Guidelines''). Public Health 
Service Act section 2713(a)(4). HRSA exercised that discretion under 
the last Administration to require health coverage for, among other 
things, certain contraceptive services,\2\ while the administering 
agencies--the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, and the 
Treasury (collectively, ``the Departments''),\3\ exercised both the 
discretion granted to HHS through HRSA, its component, in PHS Act 
section 2713(a)(4), and the authority granted to the Departments as 
administering agencies (26 U.S.C. 9833; 29 U.S.C. 1191c; 42 U.S.C. 
300gg-92) to issue regulations to guide HRSA in carrying out that 
provision. Through rulemaking, including three interim final rules, the 
Departments exempted and accommodated certain religious objectors, but 
did not offer an exemption or accommodation to any group possessing 
non-religious moral objections to providing coverage for some or all 
contraceptives. Many individuals and entities challenged the 
contraceptive coverage requirement and regulations (hereinafter, the 
``contraceptive Mandate,'' or the ``Mandate'') as being inconsistent 
with various legal protections. These challenges included lawsuits 
brought by some non-religious organizations with sincerely held moral 
convictions inconsistent with providing coverage for some or all 
contraceptive services, and those cases continue to this day. Various 
public comments were also submitted asking the Departments to protect 
objections based on moral convictions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ See, for example, 42 U.S.C. 300a-7 (protecting individuals 
and health care entities from being required to provide or assist 
sterilizations, abortions, or other lawful health services if it 
would violate their ``religious beliefs or moral convictions''); 42 
U.S.C. 238n (protecting individuals and entities that object to 
abortion); Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Div. H, Title V, 
Sec. 507(d) (Departments of Labor, HHS, and Education, and Related 
Agencies Appropriations Act), Public Law 115-31 (protecting any 
``health care professional, a hospital, a provider-sponsored 
organization, a health maintenance organization, a health insurance 
plan, or any other kind of health care facility, organization, or 
plan'' in objecting to abortion for any reason); Id. at Div. C, 
Title VIII, Sec. 808 (regarding any requirement of ``the provision 
of contraceptive coverage by health insurance plans'' in the 
District of Columbia, ``it is the intent of Congress that any 
legislation enacted on such issue should include a `conscience 
clause' which provides exceptions for religious beliefs and moral 
convictions.''); Id. at Div. C, Title VII, Sec. 726(c) (Financial 
Services and General Government Appropriations Act) (protecting 
individuals who object to prescribing or providing contraceptives 
contrary to their ``religious beliefs or moral convictions''); Id. 
at Div. I, Title III (Department of State, Foreign Operations, and 
Related Programs Appropriations Act) (protecting applicants for 
family planning funds based on their ``religious or conscientious 
commitment to offer only natural family planning''); 42 U.S.C. 
290bb-36 (prohibiting the statutory section from being construed to 
require suicide related treatment services for youth where the 
parents or legal guardians object based on ``religious beliefs or 
moral objections''); 42 U.S.C. 1395w-22(j)(3)(B) (protecting against 
forced counseling or referrals in Medicare Choice, now Medicare 
Advantage, managed care plans with respect to objections based on 
``moral or religious grounds''); 42 U.S.C. 1396a(w)(3) (ensuring 
particular Federal law does not infringe on ``conscience'' as 
protected in State law concerning advance directives); 42 U.S.C. 
1396u-2(b)(3) (protecting against forced counseling or referrals in 
Medicaid managed care plans with respect to objections based on 
``moral or religious grounds''); 42 U.S.C. 2996f(b) (protecting 
objection to abortion funding in legal services assistance grants 
based on ``religious beliefs or moral convictions''); 42 U.S.C. 
14406 (protecting organizations and health providers from being 
required to inform or counsel persons pertaining to assisted 
suicide); 42 U.S.C. 18023 (blocking any requirement that issuers or 
exchanges must cover abortion); 42 U.S.C. 18113 (protecting health 
plans or health providers from being required to provide an item or 
service that helps cause assisted suicide); see also 8 U.S.C. 
1182(g) (protecting vaccination objections by ``aliens'' due to 
``religious beliefs or moral convictions''); 18 U.S.C. 3597 
(protecting objectors to participation in Federal executions based 
on ``moral or religious convictions''); 20 U.S.C. 1688 (prohibiting 
sex discrimination law to be used to require assistance in abortion 
for any reason); 22 U.S.C. 7631(d) (protecting entities from being 
required to use HIV/AIDS funds contrary to their ``religious or 
moral objection'').
    \2\ This document's references to ``contraception,'' 
``contraceptive,'' ``contraceptive coverage,'' or ``contraceptive 
services'' generally includes contraceptives, sterilization, and 
related patient education and counseling, unless otherwise 
indicated.
    \3\ Note, however, that in sections under headings listing only 
two of the three Departments, the term ``Departments'' generally 
refers only to the two Departments listed in the heading.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments have recently exercised our discretion to 
reevaluate these exemptions and accommodations. This evaluation 
includes consideration of various factors, such as: The interests 
served by the existing Guidelines, regulations, and accommodation 
process; \4\ the extensive litigation; Executive Order 13798, 
``Promoting Free Speech and Religious Liberty'' (May 4, 2017); 
Congress' history of providing protections for moral convictions 
alongside religious beliefs regarding certain health services 
(including contraception, sterilization, and items or services believed 
to involve abortion); the discretion afforded under PHS Act section 
2713(a)(4); the structure and intent of that provision in the broader 
context of section 2713 and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care 
Act; and the history of the regulatory process and comments submitted 
in various requests for public comments (including in the Departments' 
2016 Request for Information). Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal 
Register, the Departments published, contemporaneously with these 
interim final rules, companion interim final rules expanding exemptions 
to protect sincerely held religious beliefs in the context of the 
contraceptive Mandate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ In this IFR, we generally use ``accommodation'' and 
``accommodation process'' interchangeably.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In light of these considerations, the Departments issue these 
interim final rules to better balance the Government's interest in 
promoting coverage for contraceptive and sterilization services with 
the Government's interests in providing conscience protections for 
individuals and entities with sincerely held moral convictions in 
certain health care contexts, and in minimizing burdens imposed by our 
regulation of the health insurance market.

A. The Affordable Care Act

    Collectively, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Pub. 
L. 111-148), enacted on March 23, 2010, and the Health Care and 
Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111-152), enacted on 
March 30, 2010, are known as the Affordable Care Act. In signing the 
Affordable Care Act, President Obama issued Executive Order 13535 
(March 24, 2010), which declared that, ``[u]nder the Act, longstanding 
Federal laws to protect conscience (such as the Church Amendment, 42 
U.S.C. 300a-7, and the Weldon Amendment, section 508(d)(1) of Pub. L. 
111-8) remain intact'' and that ``[n]umerous executive agencies have a 
role in ensuring that these restrictions are enforced, including the 
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).'' Those laws protect 
objections based on moral convictions in addition to religious beliefs.
    The Affordable Care Act reorganizes, amends, and adds to the 
provisions of part A of title XXVII of the Public Health Service Act 
(PHS Act) relating to group health plans and health insurance issuers 
in the group and individual markets. In addition, the Affordable Care 
Act adds section 715(a)(1) to the Employee Retirement Income Security 
Act of 1974 (ERISA) and section 9815(a)(1) to the Internal Revenue Code 
(Code) to incorporate the provisions of part A of title XXVII of the 
PHS Act into ERISA and the Code, and thereby make them applicable to 
certain group health plans regulated under ERISA or the Code. The 
sections of the PHS Act incorporated into ERISA and the Code are 
sections 2701 through 2728 of the PHS Act.
    These interim final rules concern section 2713 of the PHS Act. 
Where it applies, section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS

[[Page 47840]]

Act requires coverage without cost sharing for ``such additional'' 
women's preventive care and screenings ``as provided for'' and 
``supported by'' guidelines developed by HRSA/HHS. The Congress did not 
specify any particular additional preventive care and screenings with 
respect to women that HRSA could or should include in its Guidelines, 
nor did Congress indicate whether the Guidelines should include 
contraception and sterilization.
    The Departments have consistently interpreted section 2713(a)(4)'s 
of the PHS Act grant of authority to include broad discretion to decide 
the extent to which HRSA will provide for and support the coverage of 
additional women's preventive care and screenings in the Guidelines. In 
turn, the Departments have interpreted that discretion to include the 
ability to exempt entities from coverage requirements announced in 
HRSA's Guidelines. That interpretation is rooted in the text of section 
2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act, which allows HRSA to decide the extent to 
which the Guidelines will provide for and support the coverage of 
additional women's preventive care and screenings.
    Accordingly, the Departments have consistently interpreted section 
2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act reference to ``comprehensive guidelines 
supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration for 
purposes of this paragraph'' to grant HRSA authority to develop such 
Guidelines. And because the text refers to Guidelines ``supported by 
the Health Resources and Services Administration for purposes of this 
paragraph,'' the Departments have consistently interpreted that 
authority to afford HRSA broad discretion to consider the requirements 
of coverage and cost-sharing in determining the nature and extent of 
preventive care and screenings recommended in the guidelines. (76 FR 
46623). As the Departments have noted, these Guidelines are different 
from ``the other guidelines referenced in section 2713(a), which pre-
dated the Affordable Care Act and were originally issued for purposes 
of identifying the non-binding recommended care that providers should 
provide to patients.'' Id. Guidelines developed as nonbinding 
recommendations for care implicate significantly different legal and 
policy concerns than guidelines developed for a mandatory coverage 
requirement. To guide HRSA in exercising the discretion afforded to it 
in section 2713(a)(4), the Departments have previously promulgated 
regulations defining the scope of permissible religious exemptions and 
accommodations for such guidelines. (45 CFR 147.131). The interim final 
rules set forth herein are a necessary and appropriate exercise of the 
authority delegated to the Departments as administrators of the 
statutes. (26 U.S.C. 9833; 29 U.S.C. 1191c; 42 U.S.C. 300gg-92).
    Our interpretation of section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act is 
confirmed by the Affordable Care Act's statutory structure. The 
Congress did not intend to require entirely uniform coverage of 
preventive services. (76 FR 46623). To the contrary, Congress carved 
out an exemption from section 2713 for grandfathered plans. This 
exemption is not applicable to many of the other provisions in Title I 
of the Affordable Care Act--provisions previously referred to by the 
Departments as providing ``particularly significant protections.'' (75 
FR 34540). Those provisions include: Section 2704, which prohibits 
preexisting condition exclusions or other discrimination based on 
health status in group health coverage; section 2708, which prohibits 
excessive waiting periods (as of January 1, 2014); section 2711, which 
relates to lifetime limits; section 2712, which prohibits rescissions 
of health insurance coverage; section 2714, which extends dependent 
coverage until age 26; and section 2718, which imposes a medical loss 
ratio on health insurance issuers in the individual and group markets 
(for insured coverage), or requires them to provide rebates to 
policyholders. (75 FR 34538, 34540, 34542). Consequently, of the 150 
million nonelderly people in America with employer-sponsored health 
coverage, approximately 25.5 million are estimated to be enrolled in 
grandfathered plans not subject to section 2713 of the PHS Act.\5\ As 
the Supreme Court observed, ``there is no legal requirement that 
grandfathered plans ever be phased out.'' Burwell v. Hobby Lobby 
Stores, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2751, 2764 n.10 (2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Kaiser Family Foundation & Health Research & Educational 
Trust, ``Employer Health Benefits, 2017 Annual Survey,'' available 
at http://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-Annual-Survey-2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments' interpretation of section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS 
Act to permit HRSA to establish exemptions from the Guidelines, and of 
the Departments' own authority as administering agencies to guide HRSA 
in establishing such exemptions, is also consistent with Executive 
Order 13535. That order, issued upon the signing of the Affordable Care 
Act, specified that ``longstanding Federal laws to protect conscience . 
. . remain intact,'' including laws that protect religious beliefs and 
moral convictions from certain requirements in the health care context. 
Although the text of Executive Order 13535 does not require the 
expanded exemptions issued in these interim final rules, the expanded 
exemptions are, as explained below, consistent with longstanding 
Federal laws to protect conscience regarding certain health matters, 
and are consistent with the intent that the Affordable Care Act would 
be implemented in consideration of the protections set forth in those 
laws.

B. The Regulations Concerning Women's Preventive Services

    On July 19, 2010, the Departments issued interim final rules 
implementing section 2713 of the PHS Act (75 FR 41726). Those interim 
final rules charged HRSA with developing the Guidelines authorized by 
section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act.
1. The Institute of Medicine Report
    In developing the Guidelines, HRSA relied on an independent report 
from the Institute of Medicine (IOM, now known as the National Academy 
of Medicine) on women's preventive services, issued on July 19, 2011, 
``Clinical Preventive Services for Women, Closing the Gaps'' (IOM 
2011). The IOM's report was funded by the HHS Office of the Assistant 
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, pursuant to a funding 
opportunity that charged the IOM to conduct a review of effective 
preventive services to ensure women's health and well-being.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Because section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act specifies that the 
HRSA Guidelines shall include preventive care and screenings ``with 
respect to women,'' the Guidelines exclude services relating to a 
man's reproductive capacity, such as vasectomies and condoms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The IOM made a number of recommendations with respect to women's 
preventive services. As relevant here, the IOM recommended that the 
Guidelines cover the full range of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-
approved contraceptive methods, sterilization procedures, and patient 
education and counseling for women with reproductive capacity. Because 
FDA includes in the category of ``contraceptives'' certain drugs and 
devices that may not only prevent conception (fertilization), but may 
also prevent implantation of an embryo,\7\ the IOM's recommendation 
included

[[Page 47841]]

several contraceptive methods that many persons and organizations 
believe are abortifacient--that is, as causing early abortion--and 
which they conscientiously oppose for that reason distinct from whether 
they also oppose contraception or sterilization. One of the 16 members 
of the IOM committee, Dr. Anthony LoSasso, a Professor at the 
University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, wrote a 
formal dissenting opinion. He stated that the IOM committee did not 
have sufficient time to evaluate fully the evidence on whether the use 
of preventive services beyond those encompassed by section 2713(a)(1) 
through (3) of the PHS Act leads to lower rates of disability or 
disease and increased rates of well-being, such that the IOM should 
recommend additional services to be included under Guidelines issued 
under section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act. He further stated that ``the 
recommendations were made without high quality, systematic evidence of 
the preventive nature of the services considered,'' and that ``the 
committee process for evaluation of the evidence lacked transparency 
and was largely subject to the preferences of the committee's 
composition. Troublingly, the process tended to result in a mix of 
objective and subjective determinations filtered through a lens of 
advocacy.'' He also raised concerns that the committee did not have 
time to develop a framework for determining whether coverage of any 
given preventive service leads to a reduction in healthcare 
expenditure.\8\ IOM 2011 at 231-32. In its response to Dr. LoSasso, the 
other 15 committee members stated in part that ``At the first committee 
meeting, it was agreed that cost considerations were outside the scope 
of the charge, and that the committee should not attempt to duplicate 
the disparate review processes used by other bodies, such as the 
USPSTF, ACIP, and Bright Futures. HHS, with input from this committee, 
may consider other factors including cost in its development of 
coverage decisions.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ FDA's guide ``Birth Control: Medicines To Help You,'' 
specifies that various approved contraceptives, including 
Levonorgestrel, Ulipristal Acetate, and IUDs, work mainly by 
preventing fertilization and ``may also work . . . by preventing 
attachment (implantation) to the womb (uterus)'' of a human embryo 
after fertilization. Available at https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/byaudience/forwomen/freepublications/ucm313215.htm.
    \8\ The Departments do not relay these dissenting remarks as an 
endorsement of the remarks, but to describe the history of the 
Guidelines, which includes this part of the report that IOM provided 
to HRSA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. HRSA's 2011 Guidelines and the Departments' Second Interim Final 
Rules
    On August 1, 2011, HRSA released onto its Web site its Guidelines 
for women's preventive services, adopting the recommendations of the 
IOM. https://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines/ The Guidelines included 
coverage for all FDA-approved contraceptives, sterilization procedures, 
and related patient education and counseling for women with 
reproductive capacity, as prescribed by a health care provider 
(hereinafter ``the Mandate'').
    In administering this Mandate, on August 1, 2011, the Departments 
promulgated interim final rules amending our 2010 interim final rules. 
(76 FR 46621) (2011 interim final rules). The 2011 interim final rules 
specified that HRSA has the authority to establish exemptions from the 
contraceptive coverage requirement for certain group health plans 
established or maintained by certain religious employers and for health 
insurance coverage provided in connection with such plans.\9\ The 2011 
interim final rules only offered the exemption to a narrow scope of 
employers, and only if they were religious. As the basis for adopting 
that limited definition of religious employer, the 2011 interim final 
rules stated that they relied on the laws of some ``States that exempt 
certain religious employers from having to comply with State law 
requirements to cover contraceptive services.'' (76 FR 46623). Several 
comments were submitted asking that the exemption include those who 
object to contraceptive coverage based on non-religious moral 
convictions, including pro-life, non-profit advocacy organizations.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The 2011 amended interim final rules were issued and 
effective on August 1, 2011, and published in the Federal Register 
on August 3, 2011. (76 FR 46621).
    \10\ See, for example, Americans United for Life (``AUL'') 
Comment on CMA-9992-IFC2 at 10 (Nov. 1, 2011), available at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=HHS-OS-2011-0023-59496.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. The Departments' Subsequent Rulemaking on the Accommodation and 
Third Interim Final Rules
    Final regulations issued on February 10, 2012, adopted the 
definition of ``religious employer'' in the 2011 interim final rules 
without modification (2012 final regulations).\11\ (77 FR 8725). The 
exemption did not require exempt employers to file any certification 
form or comply with any other information collection process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ The 2012 final regulations were published on February 15, 
2012 (77 FR 8725).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Contemporaneously with the issuance of the 2012 final regulations, 
HHS--with the agreement of the Department of Labor (DOL) and the 
Department of the Treasury--issued guidance establishing a temporary 
safe harbor from enforcement of the contraceptive coverage requirement 
by the Departments with respect to group health plans established or 
maintained by certain nonprofit organizations with religious objections 
to contraceptive coverage (and the group health insurance coverage 
provided in connection with such plans).\12\ The temporary safe harbor 
did not include nonprofit organizations that had an objection to 
contraceptives based on moral convictions but not religious beliefs, 
nor did it include for-profit entities of any kind. The Departments 
stated that, during the temporary safe harbor, the Departments would 
engage in rulemaking to achieve ``two goals--providing contraceptive 
coverage without cost-sharing to individuals who want it and 
accommodating non-exempted, nonprofit organizations' religious 
objections to covering contraceptive services.'' (77 FR 8727).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Guidance on the Temporary Enforcement Safe Harbor for 
Certain Employers, Group Health Plans, and Group Health Insurance 
Issuers with Respect to the Requirement to Cover Contraceptive 
Services Without Cost Sharing Under section 2713 of the Public 
Health Service Act, Section 715(a)(1) of the Employee Retirement 
Income Security Act, and Section 9815(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue 
Code, issued on February 10, 2012, and reissued on August 15, 2012. 
Available at: http://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/documents/12cv3932.pdf. 
The guidance, as reissued on August 15, 2012, clarified, among other 
things, that plans that took some action before February 10, 2012, 
to try, without success, to exclude or limit contraceptive coverage 
were not precluded from eligibility for the safe harbor. The 
temporary enforcement safe harbor was also available to insured 
student health insurance coverage arranged by nonprofit institutions 
of higher education with religious objections to contraceptive 
coverage that met the conditions set forth in the guidance. See 
final rule entitled ``Student Health Insurance Coverage'' published 
March 21, 2012 (77 FR 16457).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On March 21, 2012, the Departments published an advance notice of 
proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) that described possible approaches to 
achieve those goals with respect to religious nonprofit organizations, 
and solicited public comments on the same. (77 FR 16501). Following 
review of the comments on the ANPRM, the Departments published proposed 
regulations on February 6, 2013 (2013 NPRM) (78 FR 8456).
    The 2013 NPRM proposed to expand the definition of ``religious 
employer'' for purposes of the religious employer exemption. 
Specifically, it proposed to require only that the religious employer 
be organized and operate as a nonprofit entity and be referred to in 
section 6033(a)(3)(A)(i) or (iii) of the Code, eliminating the 
requirements that a religious employer--(1) have the inculcation of 
religious values as its purpose; (2) primarily employ persons who share 
its religious tenets; and (3) primarily serve persons who share its 
religious tenets. The proposed expanded

[[Page 47842]]

definition still encompassed only religious entities.
    The 2013 NPRM also proposed to create a compliance process, which 
it called an accommodation, for group health plans established, 
maintained, or arranged by certain eligible nonprofit organizations 
that fell outside the houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries 
covered by section 6033(a)(3)(A)(i) or (iii) of the Code (and, thus, 
outside of the religious employer exemption). The 2013 NPRM proposed to 
define such eligible organizations as nonprofit entities that hold 
themselves out as religious, oppose providing coverage for certain 
contraceptive items on account of religious objections, and maintain a 
certification to this effect in their records. The 2013 NPRM stated, 
without citing a supporting source, that employees of eligible 
organizations ``may be less likely than'' employees of exempt houses of 
worship and integrated auxiliaries to share their employer's faith and 
opposition to contraception on religious grounds. (78 FR 8461). The 
2013 NPRM therefore proposed that, in the case of an insured group 
health plan established or maintained by an eligible organization, the 
health insurance issuer providing group health insurance coverage in 
connection with the plan would provide contraceptive coverage to plan 
participants and beneficiaries without cost sharing, premium, fee, or 
other charge to plan participants or beneficiaries enrolled in the 
eligible organization's plan--and without any cost to the eligible 
organization.\13\ In the case of a self-insured group health plan 
established or maintained by an eligible organization, the 2013 NPRM 
presented potential approaches under which the third party 
administrator of the plan would provide or arrange for contraceptive 
coverage to plan participants and beneficiaries. The proposed 
accommodation process was not to be offered to non-religious nonprofit 
organizations, nor to any for-profit entities. Public comments again 
included the request that exemptions encompass objections to 
contraceptive coverage based on moral convictions and not just based on 
religious beliefs.\14\ On August 15, 2012, the Departments extended our 
temporary safe harbor until the first plan year beginning on or after 
August 1, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The NPRM proposed to treat student health insurance 
coverage arranged by eligible organizations that are institutions of 
higher education in a similar manner.
    \14\ See,for example, AUL Comment on CMS-9968-P at 5 (Apr. 8, 
2013), available at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=CMS-2012-0031-79115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments published final regulations on July 2, 2013 (July 
2013 final regulations) (78 FR 39869). The July 2013 final regulations 
finalized the expansion of the exemption for houses of worship and 
their integrated auxiliaries. Although some commenters had suggested 
that the exemption be further expanded, the Departments declined to 
adopt that approach. The July 2013 regulations stated that, because 
employees of objecting houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries are 
relatively likely to oppose contraception, exempting those 
organizations ``does not undermine the governmental interests furthered 
by the contraceptive coverage requirement.'' (78 FR 39874). However, 
like the 2013 NPRM, the July 2013 regulations assumed that ``[h]ouses 
of worship and their integrated auxiliaries that object to 
contraceptive coverage on religious grounds are more likely than other 
employers to employ people of the same faith who share the same 
objection'' to contraceptives. Id.
    The July 2013 regulation also finalized an accommodation for 
eligible organizations, which were then defined to include solely 
organizations that are religious. Under the accommodation, an eligible 
organization was required to submit a self-certification to its group 
health insurance issuer or third party administrator, as applicable. 
Upon receiving that self-certification, the issuer or third party 
administrator would provide or arrange for payments for the 
contraceptive services to the plan participants and beneficiaries 
enrolled in the eligible organization's plan, without requiring any 
cost sharing on the part of plan participants and beneficiaries and 
without cost to the eligible organization. With respect to self-insured 
plans, the third party administrators (or issuers they contracted with) 
could receive reimbursements by reducing user fee payments (to 
Federally facilitated Exchanges) by the amounts paid out for 
contraceptive services under the accommodation, plus an allowance for 
certain administrative costs, as long as the HHS Secretary requests and 
an authorizing exception under OMB Circular No. A-25R is in effect.\15\ 
With respect to fully insured group health plans, the issuer was 
expected to bear the cost of such payments,\16\ and HHS intended to 
clarify in guidance that the issuer could treat those payments as an 
adjustment to claims costs for purposes of medical loss ratio and risk 
corridor program calculations. The Departments extended the temporary 
safe harbor again on June 20, 2013, to encompass plan years beginning 
on or after August 1, 2013, and before January 1, 2014.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See also 45 CFR 156.50. Under the regulations, if the third 
party administrator does not participate in a Federally-facilitated 
Exchange as an issuer, it is permitted to contract with an insurer 
which does so participate, in order to obtain such reimbursement. 
The total contraceptive user fee adjustment for the 2015 benefit 
year was $33 million.
    \16\ ``[P]roviding payments for contraceptive services is cost 
neutral for issuers.'' (78 FR 39877).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Litigation Over the Mandate and the Accommodation Process
    During the period when the Departments were publishing and 
modifying our regulations, organizations and individuals filed dozens 
of lawsuits challenging the Mandate. Plaintiffs included religious 
nonprofit organizations, businesses run by religious families, 
individuals, and others, including several non-religious organizations 
that opposed coverage of certain contraceptives under the Mandate on 
the basis of non-religious moral convictions. Religious for-profit 
entities won various court decisions leading to the Supreme Court's 
ruling in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. 134 S. Ct. 2751 (2014). 
The Supreme Court ruled against the Departments and held that, under 
the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), the Mandate could 
not be applied to the closely held for-profit corporations before the 
Court because their owners had religious objections to providing such 
coverage.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The Supreme Court did not decide whether RFRA would apply 
to publicly traded for-profit corporations. See 134 S. Ct. at 2774.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On August 27, 2014, the Departments simultaneously issued a third 
set of interim final rules (August 2014 interim final rules) (79 FR 
51092), and a notice of proposed rulemaking (August 2014 proposed 
rules) (79 FR 51118). The August 2014 interim final rules changed the 
accommodation process so that it could be initiated either by self-
certification using EBSA Form 700 or through a notice informing the 
Secretary of HHS that an eligible organization had religious objections 
to coverage of all or a subset of contraceptive services (79 FR 51092). 
In response to Hobby Lobby, the August 2014 proposed rules extended the 
accommodation process to closely held for-profit entities with 
religious objections to contraceptive coverage, by including them in 
the definition of eligible organizations (79 FR 51118). Neither the 
August 2014 interim final rules nor the August 2014 proposed rules 
extended the exemption; neither added a certification requirement for

[[Page 47843]]

exempt entities; and neither encompassed objections based on non-
religious moral convictions.
    On July 14, 2015, the Departments finalized both the August 2014 
interim final rules and the August 2014 proposed rules in a set of 
final regulations (the July 2015 final regulations) (80 FR 41318). (The 
July 2015 final regulations also encompassed issues related to other 
preventive services coverage.) The July 2015 final regulations allowed 
eligible organizations to submit a notice to HHS as an alternative to 
submitting the EBSA Form 700, but specified that such notice must 
include the eligible organization's name and an expression of its 
religious objection, along with the plan name, plan type, and name and 
contact information for any of the plan's third party administrators or 
health insurance issuers. The Departments indicated that such 
information represents the minimum information necessary for us to 
administer the accommodation process.
    Meanwhile, a second series of legal challenges were filed by 
religious nonprofit organizations that stated the accommodation 
impermissibly burdened their religious beliefs because it utilized 
their health plans to provide services to which they objected on 
religious grounds, and it required them to submit a self-certification 
or notice. On November 6, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court granted 
certiorari in seven similar cases under the title of a filing from the 
Third Circuit, Zubik v. Burwell. On May 16, 2016, the Supreme Court 
issued a per curiam opinion in Zubik, vacating the judgments of the 
Courts of Appeals--most of which had ruled in the Departments' favor--
and remanding the cases ``in light of the substantial clarification and 
refinement in the positions of the parties'' that had been filed in 
supplemental briefs. 136 S. Ct. 1557, 1560 (2016). The Court stated 
that it anticipated that, on remand, the Courts of Appeals would 
``allow the parties sufficient time to resolve any outstanding issues 
between them.'' Id. The Court also specified that ``the Government may 
not impose taxes or penalties on petitioners for failure to provide the 
relevant notice'' while the cases remained pending. Id. at 1561.
    After remand, as indicated by the Departments in court filings, 
meetings were held between attorneys for the Government and for the 
plaintiffs in those cases. The Departments also issued a Request for 
Information (``RFI'') on July 26, 2016, seeking public comment on 
options for modifying the accommodation process in light of the 
supplemental briefing in Zubik and the Supreme Court's remand order. 
(81 FR 47741). Public comments were submitted in response to the RFI, 
during a comment period that closed on September 20, 2016. Those 
comments included the request that the exemption be expanded to include 
those who oppose the Mandate for either religious ``or moral'' reasons, 
consistent with various state laws (such as in Connecticut or Missouri) 
that protect objections to contraceptive coverage based on moral 
convictions.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ See, for example, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-54142; see also https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-54218 and https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-46220.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Beginning in 2015, lawsuits challenging the Mandate were also filed 
by various non-religious organizations with moral objections to 
contraceptive coverage. These organizations asserted that they believe 
some methods classified by FDA as contraceptives may have an 
abortifacient effect and therefore, in their view, are morally 
equivalent to abortion. These organizations have neither received an 
exemption from the Mandate nor do they qualify for the accommodation. 
For example, the organization that since 1974 has sponsored the annual 
March for Life in Washington, DC (March for Life), filed a complaint 
claiming that the Mandate violated the equal protection component of 
the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, and was arbitrary and 
capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Citing, for 
example, (77 FR 8727), March for Life argued that the Departments' 
stated interests behind the Mandate were only advanced among women who 
``want'' the coverage so as to prevent ``unintended'' pregnancy. March 
for Life contended that because it only hires employees who publicly 
advocate against abortion, including what they regard as abortifacient 
contraceptive items, the Departments' interests were not rationally 
advanced by imposing the Mandate upon it and its employees. 
Accordingly, March for Life contended that applying the Mandate to it 
(and other similarly situated organizations) lacked a rational basis 
and therefore doing so was arbitrary and capricious in violation of the 
APA. March for Life further contended that because the Departments 
concluded the government's interests were not undermined by exempting 
houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries (based on our assumption 
that such entities are relatively more likely than other religious 
nonprofits to have employees that share their views against 
contraception), applying the Mandate to March for Life or similar 
organizations that definitively hire only employees who oppose certain 
contraceptives lacked a rational basis and therefore violated their 
right of equal protection under the Due Process Clause.
    March for Life's employees, who stated they were personally 
religious (although personal religiosity was not a condition of their 
employment), also sued as co-plaintiffs. They contended that the 
Mandate violates their rights under RFRA by making it impossible for 
them to obtain health insurance consistent with their religious 
beliefs, either from the plan March for Life wanted to offer them, or 
in the individual market, because the Departments offered no exemptions 
in either circumstance. Another non-religious nonprofit organization 
that opposed the Mandate's requirement to provide certain contraceptive 
coverage on moral grounds also filed a lawsuit challenging the Mandate. 
Real Alternatives, Inc. v. Burwell, 150 F. Supp. 3d 419 (M.D. Pa. 
2015).
    Challenges by non-religious nonprofit organizations led to 
conflicting opinions among the Federal courts. A district court agreed 
with the March for Life plaintiffs on the organization's equal 
protection claim and the employees' RFRA claims (not specifically 
ruling on the APA claim), and issued a permanent injunction against the 
Departments that is still in place. March for Life v. Burwell, 128 F. 
Supp. 3d 116 (D.D.C. 2015). The appeal in March for Life is pending and 
has been stayed since early 2016. In another case, Federal district and 
appellate courts in Pennsylvania disagreed with the reasoning from 
March for Life and ruled against claims brought by a similarly non-
religious nonprofit employer and its religious employees. Real 
Alternatives, 150 F. Supp. 3d 419, affirmed by 867 F.3d 338 (3d Cir. 
2017). One member of the appeals court panel in Real Alternatives 
dissented in part, stating he would have ruled in favor of the 
individual employee plaintiffs under RFRA. Id. at *18.
    On December 20, 2016, HRSA updated the Guidelines via its Web site, 
https://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines2016/index.html. HRSA announced 
that, for plans subject to the Guidelines, the updated Guidelines would 
apply to the first plan year beginning after December 20, 2017. Among 
other changes, the updated Guidelines specified that the required 
contraceptive coverage includes follow-up care (for example, management 
and evaluation, as well as changes to, and removal or discontinuation 
of, the

[[Page 47844]]

contraceptive method). They also specified, for the first time, that 
coverage should include instruction in fertility awareness-based 
methods for women desiring an alternative method of family planning. 
HRSA stated that, with the input of a committee operating under a 
cooperative agreement, HRSA would review and periodically update the 
Women's Preventive Services' Guidelines. The updated Guidelines did not 
alter the religious employer exemption or accommodation process, nor 
did they extend the exemption or accommodation process to organizations 
or individuals that oppose certain forms of contraception (and coverage 
thereof) on moral grounds.
    On January 9, 2017, the Departments issued a document entitled, 
``FAQs About Affordable Care Act Implementation Part 36.'' \19\ The FAQ 
stated that, after reviewing comments submitted in response to the 2016 
RFI and considering various options, the Departments could not find a 
way at that time to amend the accommodation so as to satisfy objecting 
eligible organizations while pursuing the Departments' policy goals. 
The Departments did not adopt the approach requested by certain 
commenters, cited above, to expand the exemption to include those who 
oppose the Mandate for moral reasons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Available at: https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/ebsa/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/faqs/aca-part-36.pdf and 
https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Fact-Sheets-and-FAQs/Downloads/ACA-FAQs-Part36_1-9-17-Final.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On May 4, 2017, the President issued Executive Order 13798, 
``Promoting Free Speech and Religious Liberty.'' Section 3 of that 
order declares, ``Conscience Protections with Respect to Preventive-
Care Mandate. The Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Labor, 
and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall consider issuing 
amended regulations, consistent with applicable law, to address 
conscience-based objections to the preventive-care mandate promulgated 
under section 300gg-13(a)(4) of title 42, United States Code.''

II. Expanded Exemptions and Accommodations for Moral Convictions

    These interim final rules incorporate conscience protections into 
the contraceptive Mandate. They do so in part to bring the Mandate into 
conformity with Congress's long history of providing or supporting 
conscience protections in the regulation of sensitive health-care 
issues, cognizant that Congress neither required the Departments to 
impose the Mandate nor prohibited them from providing conscience 
protections if they did so. Specifically, these interim final rules 
expand exemptions to the contraceptive Mandate to protect certain 
entities and individuals that object to coverage of some or all 
contraceptives based on sincerely held moral convictions but not 
religious beliefs, and these rules make those exempt entities eligible 
for accommodations concerning the same Mandate.

A. Discretion To Provide Exemptions Under Section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS 
Act and the Affordable Care Act

    The Departments have consistently interpreted HRSA's authority 
under section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act to allow for exemptions and 
accommodations to the contraceptive Mandate for certain objecting 
organizations. Section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act gives HRSA discretion 
to decide whether and in what circumstances it will support Guidelines 
providing for additional women's preventive services coverage. That 
authority includes HRSA's discretion to include contraceptive coverage 
in those Guidelines, but the Congress did not specify whether or to 
what extent HRSA should do so. Therefore, section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS 
Act allows HRSA to not apply the Guidelines to certain plans of 
entities or individuals with religious or moral objections to 
contraceptive coverage, and by not applying the Guidelines to them, to 
exempt those entities from the Mandate. These rules are a necessary and 
appropriate exercise of the authority of HHS, of which HRSA is a 
component, and of the authority delegated to the Departments 
collectively as administrators of the statutes. (26 U.S.C. 9833; 29 
U.S.C. 1191c; 42 U.S.C. 300gg-92).
    Our protection of conscience in these interim final rules is 
consistent with the structure and intent of the Affordable Care Act. 
The Affordable Care Act refrains from applying section 2713(a)(4) of 
the PHS Act to millions of women in grandfathered plans. In contrast, 
we anticipate that conscientious exemptions to the Mandate will impact 
a much smaller number of women. President Obama emphasized in signing 
the Affordable Care Act that ``longstanding Federal law to protect 
conscience''--laws with conscience protections encompassing moral (as 
well as religious) objections--specifically including (but not limited 
to) the Church Amendments (42 U.S.C. 300a-7), ``remain intact.'' 
Executive Order 13535. Nothing in the Affordable Care Act suggests 
Congress' intent to deviate from its long history, discussed below, of 
protecting moral convictions in particular health care contexts. The 
Departments' implementation of section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act with 
respect to contraceptive coverage is a context similar to those 
encompassed by many other health care conscience protections provided 
or supported by Congress. This Mandate concerns contraception and 
sterilization services, including items believed by some citizens to 
have an abortifacient effect--that is, to cause the destruction of a 
human life at an early stage of embryonic development. These are highly 
sensitive issues in the history of health care regulation and have long 
been shielded by conscience protections in the laws of the United 
States.

B. Congress' History of Providing Exemptions for Moral Convictions

    In deciding the most appropriate way to exercise our discretion in 
this context, the Departments draw on nearly 50 years of statutory law 
and Supreme Court precedent discussing the protection of moral 
convictions in certain circumstances--particularly in the context of 
health care and health insurance coverage. Congress very recently 
expressed its intent on the matter of Government-mandated contraceptive 
coverage when it declared, with respect to the possibility that the 
District of Columbia would require contraceptive coverage, that ``it is 
the intent of Congress that any legislation enacted on such issue 
should include a `conscience clause' which provides exceptions for 
religious beliefs and moral convictions.'' Consolidated Appropriations 
Act of 2017, Division C, Title VIII, Sec. 808, Public Law 115-31 (May 
5, 2017). In support of these interim final rules, we consider it 
significant that Congress' most recent statement on the prospect of 
Government mandated contraceptive coverage specifically intends that a 
conscience clause be included to protect moral convictions.
    The many statutes listed in Section I-Background under footnote 1, 
which show Congress' consistent protection of moral convictions 
alongside religious beliefs in the Federal regulation of health care, 
includes laws such as the 1973 Church Amendments, which we discuss at 
length below, all the way to the 2017 Consolidated Appropriations Act 
discussed above. Notably among those laws, the Congress has enacted 
protections for health plans or health care organizations in Medicaid 
or Medicare Advantage to object ``on moral or religious grounds'' to 
providing coverage of certain counseling or referral services. 42 
U.S.C. 1395w-

[[Page 47845]]

22(j)(3)(B) (protecting against forced counseling or referrals in 
Medicare Choice, now Medicare Advantage, managed care plans with 
respect to objections based on ``moral or religious grounds''); 42 
U.S.C. 1396u-2(b)(3) (protecting against forced counseling or referrals 
in Medicaid managed care plans with respect to objections based on 
``moral or religious grounds''). The Congress has also protected 
individuals who object to prescribing or providing contraceptives 
contrary to their ``religious beliefs or moral convictions.'' 
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Division C, Title VII, Sec. 
726(c) (Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act), 
Public Law 115-31.

C. The Church Amendments' Protection of Moral Convictions

    One of the most important and well-established federal statutes 
respecting conscientious objections in specific health care contexts 
was enacted over the course of several years beginning in 1973, 
initially as a response to court decisions raising the prospect that 
entities or individuals might be required to facilitate abortions or 
sterilizations. These sections of the United States Code are known as 
the Church Amendments, named after their primary sponsor Senator Frank 
Church (D-Idaho). The Church Amendments specifically provide conscience 
protections based on sincerely held moral convictions. Among other 
things, the amendments protect the recipients of certain Federal health 
funds from being required to perform, assist, or make their facilities 
available for abortions or sterilizations if they object ``on the basis 
of religious beliefs or moral convictions,'' and they prohibit 
recipients of certain Federal health funds from discriminating against 
any personnel ``because he refused to perform or assist in the 
performance of such a procedure or abortion on the grounds that his 
performance or assistance in the performance of the procedure or 
abortion would be contrary to his religious beliefs or moral 
convictions'' (42 U.S.C. 300a-7(b), (c)(1)). Later additions to the 
Church Amendments protect other conscientious objections, including 
some objections on the basis of moral conviction to ``any lawful health 
service,'' or to ``any part of a health service program.'' (42 U.S.C. 
300a-7(c)(2), (d)). In contexts covered by those sections of the Church 
Amendments, the provision or coverage of certain contraceptives, 
depending on the circumstances, could constitute ``any lawful health 
service'' or a ``part of a health service program.'' As such, the 
protections provided by those provisions of the Church Amendments would 
encompass moral objections to contraceptive services or coverage.
    The Church Amendments were enacted in the wake of the Supreme 
Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Even though the 
Court in Roe required abortion to be legal in certain circumstances, 
Roe did not include, within that right, the requirement that other 
citizens must facilitate its exercise. Thus, Roe favorably quoted the 
proceedings of the American Medical Association House of Delegates 220 
(June 1970), which declared ``Neither physician, hospital, nor hospital 
personnel shall be required to perform any act violative of personally-
held moral principles.'' 410 U.S. at 144 & n.38 (1973). Likewise in 
Roe's companion case, Doe v. Bolton, the Court observed that, under 
State law, ``a physician or any other employee has the right to 
refrain, for moral or religious reasons, from participating in the 
abortion procedure.'' 410 U.S. 179, 197-98 (1973). The Court said that 
these conscience provisions ``obviously . . . afford appropriate 
protection.'' Id. at 198. As an Arizona court later put it, ``a woman's 
right to an abortion or to contraception does not compel a private 
person or entity to facilitate either.'' Planned Parenthood Ariz., Inc. 
v. Am. Ass'n of Pro-Life Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 257 P.3d 181, 
196 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2011).
    The Congressional Record contains relevant discussions that 
occurred when the protection for moral convictions was first proposed 
in the Church Amendments. When Senator Church introduced the first of 
those amendments in 1973, he cited not only Roe v. Wade but also an 
instance where a Federal court had ordered a Catholic hospital to 
perform sterilizations. 119 Congr. Rec. S5717-18 (Mar. 27, 1973). After 
his opening remarks, Senator Adlai Stevenson III (D-IL) rose to ask 
that the amendment be changed to specify that it also protects 
objections to abortion and sterilization based on moral convictions on 
the same terms as it protects objections based on religious beliefs. 
The following excerpt of the Congressional Record is particularly 
relevant to this discussion:

    Mr. STEVENSON. Mr. President, first of all I commend the Senator 
from Idaho for bringing this matter to the attention of the Senate. 
I ask the Senator a question.
    One need not be of the Catholic faith or any other religious 
faith to feel deeply about the worth of human life. The protections 
afforded by this amendment run only to those whose religious beliefs 
would be offended by the necessity of performing or participating in 
the performance of certain medical procedures; others, for moral 
reasons, not necessarily for any religious belief, can feel equally 
as strong about human life. They too can revere human life.
    As mortals, we cannot with confidence say, when life begins. But 
whether it is life, or the potentiality of life, our moral 
convictions as well as our religious beliefs, warrant protection 
from this intrusion by the Government. Would, therefore, the Senator 
include moral convictions?
    Would the Senator consider an amendment on page 2, line 18 which 
would add to religious beliefs, the words ``or moral''?
    Mr. CHURCH. I would suggest to the Senator that perhaps his 
objective could be more clearly stated if the words ``or moral 
conviction'' were added after ``religious belief.'' I think that the 
Supreme Court in considering the protection we give religious 
beliefs has given comparable treatment to deeply held moral 
convictions. I would not be averse to amending the language of the 
amendment in such a manner. It is consistent with the general 
purpose. I see no reason why a deeply held moral conviction ought 
not be given the same treatment as a religious belief.
    Mr. STEVENSON. The Senator's suggestion is well taken. I thank 
him.

119 Congr. Rec. S5717-18.
    As the debate proceeded, Senator Church went on to quote Doe v. 
Bolton's reliance on a Georgia statute that stated ``a physician or any 
other employee has the right to refrain, for moral or religious 
reasons, from participating in the abortion procedure.'' 119 Congr. 
Rec. at S5722 (quoting 410 U.S. at 197-98). Senator Church added, ``I 
see no reason why the amendment ought not also to cover doctors and 
nurses who have strong moral convictions against these particular 
operations.'' Id. Considering the scope of the protections, Senator 
Gaylord Nelson (D-WI) asked whether, ``if a hospital board, or whatever 
the ruling agency for the hospital was, a governing agency or 
otherwise, just capriciously--and not upon the religious or moral 
questions at all--simply said, `We are not going to bother with this 
kind of procedure in this hospital,' would the pending amendment permit 
that?'' 119 Congr. Rec. at S5723. Senator Church responded that the 
amendment would not encompass such an objection. Id.
    Senator James L. Buckley (C-NY), speaking in support of the 
amendment, added the following perspective:

    Mr. BUCKLEY. Mr. President, I compliment the Senator from Idaho 
for proposing this most important and timely amendment. It is timely 
in the first instance because the attempt has already been made to 
compel the performance of abortion and sterilization operations on 
the part of those who are fundamentally opposed to such procedures. 
And it is timely also because the

[[Page 47846]]

recent Supreme Court decisions will likely unleash a series of court 
actions across the United States to try to impose the personal 
preferences of the majority of the Supreme Court on the totality of 
the Nation.
    I believe it is ironic that we should have this debate at all. 
Who would have predicted a year or two ago that we would have to 
guard against even the possibility that someone might be free [sic] 
\20\ to participate in an abortion or sterilization against his 
will? Such an idea is repugnant to our political tradition. This is 
a Nation which has always been concerned with the right of 
conscience. It is the right of conscience which is protected in our 
draft laws. It is the right of conscience which the Supreme Court 
has quite properly expanded not only to embrace those young men who, 
because of the tenets of a particular faith, believe they cannot 
kill another man, but also those who because of their own deepest 
moral convictions are so persuaded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ The Senator might have meant ``[forced] . . . against his 
will.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I am delighted that the Senator from Idaho has amended his 
language to include the words ``moral conviction,'' because, of 
course, we know that this is not a matter of concern to any one 
religious body to the exclusion of all others, or even to men who 
believe in a God to the exclusion of all others. It has been a 
traditional concept in our society from the earliest times that the 
right of conscience, like the paramount right to life from which it 
is derived, is sacred.
119 Congr. Rec. at S5723.
    In support of the same protections when they were debated in the 
U.S. House, Representative Margaret Heckler (R-MA) \21\ likewise 
observed that ``the right of conscience has long been recognized in the 
parallel situation in which the individual's right to conscientious 
objector status in our selective service system has been protected'' 
and ``expanded by the Supreme Court to include moral conviction as well 
as formal religious belief.'' 119 Congr. Rec. H4148-49 (May 31, 1973). 
Rep. Heckler added, ``We are concerned here only with the right of 
moral conscience, which has always been a part of our national 
tradition.'' Id. at 4149.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Rep. Heckler later served as the 15th Secretary of HHS, 
from March 1983 to December 1985.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These first of the Church Amendments, codified at 42 U.S.C. 300a-
7(b) and (c)(1), passed the House 372-1, and were approved by the 
Senate 94-0. 119 Congr. Rec. at H4149; 119 Congr. Rec. S10405 (June 5, 
1973). The subsequently adopted provisions that comprise the Church 
Amendments similarly extend protection to those organizations and 
individuals who object to the provision of certain services on the 
basis of their moral convictions. And, as noted above, subsequent 
statutes add protections for moral objections in many other situations. 
These include, for example:
    <bullet> Protections for individuals and entities that object to 
abortion: See 42 U.S.C. 238n; 42 U.S.C. 18023; 42 U.S.C. 2996f(b); and 
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Div. H, Title V, Sec. 507(d), 
Public Law 115-31;
    <bullet> Protections for entities and individuals that object to 
providing or covering contraceptives: See id. at Div. C, Title VIII, 
Sec. 808; id. at Div. C, Title VII, Sec. 726(c) (Financial Services and 
General Government Appropriations Act); and id. at Div. I, Title III; 
and
    <bullet> Protections for entities and individuals that object to 
performing, assisting, counseling, or referring as pertains to suicide, 
assisted suicide, or advance directives: See 42 U.S.C. 290bb-36; 42 
U.S.C. 14406; 42 U.S.C. 18113; and 42 U.S.C. 1396a(w)(3).
    The Departments believe that the intent behind Congress' protection 
of moral convictions in certain health care contexts, especially to 
protect entities and individuals from governmental coercion, supports 
our decision in these interim final rules to protect sincerely held 
moral convictions from governmental compulsion threatened by the 
contraceptive Mandate.

D. Court Precedents Relevant to These Expanded Exemptions

    The legislative history of the protection of moral convictions in 
the first Church Amendments shows that Members of Congress saw the 
protection as being consistent with Supreme Court decisions. Not only 
did Senator Church cite the abortion case Doe v. Bolton as a parallel 
instance of conscience protection, but he also spoke of the Supreme 
Court generally giving ``comparable treatment to deeply held moral 
convictions.'' Both Senator Buckley and Rep. Heckler specifically cited 
the Supreme Court's protection of moral convictions in laws governing 
military service. Those legislators appear to have been referencing 
cases such as Welsh v. United States, 398 U.S. 333 (1970), which the 
Supreme Court decided just 3 years earlier.
    Welsh involved what is perhaps the Government's paradigmatic 
compelling interest--the need to defend the nation by military force. 
The Court stated that, where the Government protects objections to 
military service based on ``religious training and belief,'' that 
protection would also extend to avowedly non-religious objections to 
war held with the same moral strength. Id. at 343. The Court declared, 
``[i]f an individual deeply and sincerely holds beliefs that are purely 
ethical or moral in source and content but that nevertheless impose 
upon him a duty of conscience to refrain from participating in any war 
at any time, those beliefs certainly occupy in the life of that 
individual `a place parallel to that filled by . . . God' in 
traditionally religious persons. Because his beliefs function as a 
religion in his life, such an individual is as much entitled to a 
`religious' conscientious objector exemption . . . as is someone who 
derives his conscientious opposition to war from traditional religious 
convictions.''
    The Departments look to the description of moral convictions in 
Welsh to help explain the scope of the protection provided in these 
interim final rules. Neither these interim final rules, nor the Church 
Amendments or other Federal health care conscience statutes, define 
``moral convictions'' (nor do they define ``religious beliefs''). But 
in issuing these interim final rules, we seek to use the same 
background understanding of that term that is reflected in the 
Congressional Record in 1973, in which legislators referenced cases 
such as Welsh to support the addition of language protecting moral 
convictions. In protecting moral convictions parallel to religious 
beliefs, Welsh describes moral convictions warranting such protection 
as ones: (1) That the ``individual deeply and sincerely holds''; (2) 
``that are purely ethical or moral in source and content; (3) ``but 
that nevertheless impose upon him a duty''; (4) and that ``certainly 
occupy in the life of that individual a place parallel to that filled 
by . . . God' in traditionally religious persons,'' such that one could 
say ``his beliefs function as a religion in his life.'' (398 U.S. at 
339-40). As recited above, Senators Church and Nelson agreed that 
protections for such moral convictions would not encompass an objection 
that an individual or entity raises ``capriciously.'' Instead, along 
with the requirement that protected moral convictions must be 
``sincerely held,'' this understanding cabins the protection of moral 
convictions in contexts where they occupy a place parallel to that 
filled by sincerely held religious beliefs in religious persons and 
organizations.
    In the context of this particular Mandate, it is also worth noting 
that, in Hobby Lobby, Justice Ginsburg (joined, in this part of the 
opinion, by Justices Breyer, Kagan, and Sotomayor), cited Justice 
Harlan's opinion in Welsh, 398 U.S. at 357-58, in support of her 
statement that ``[s]eparating moral convictions from religious beliefs 
would be of questionable legitimacy.'' 134 S. Ct. at 2789 n.6. In 
quoting this passage, the Departments do not mean to suggest that all 
laws protecting only religious

[[Page 47847]]

beliefs constitute an illegitimate ``separat[ion]'' of moral 
convictions, nor do we assert that moral convictions must always be 
protected alongside religious beliefs; we also do not agree with 
Justice Harlan that distinguishing between religious and moral 
objections would violate the Establishment Clause. Instead, the 
Departments believe that, in the specific health care context 
implicated here, providing respect for moral convictions parallel to 
the respect afforded to religious beliefs is appropriate, draws from 
long-standing Federal Government practice, and shares common ground 
with Congress' intent in the Church Amendments and in later Federal 
conscience statutes that provide protections for moral convictions 
alongside religious beliefs in other health care contexts.

E. Conscience Protections in Regulations and Among the States

    The tradition of protecting moral convictions in certain health 
contexts is not limited to Congress. Multiple federal regulations 
protect objections based on moral convictions in such contexts.\22\ 
Other federal regulations have also applied the principle of respecting 
moral convictions alongside religious beliefs when they have determined 
that it is appropriate to do so in particular circumstances. The Equal 
Employment Opportunity Commission has consistently protected ``moral or 
ethical beliefs as to what is right and wrong which are sincerely held 
with the strength of traditional religious views'' alongside religious 
views under the ``standard [] developed in United States v. Seeger, 380 
U.S. 163 (1965) and [Welsh].'' (29 CFR 1605.1). The Department of 
Justice has declared that, in cases of capital punishment, no officer 
or employee may be required to attend or participate if doing so ``is 
contrary to the moral or religious convictions of the officer or 
employee, or if the employee is a medical professional who considers 
such participation or attendance contrary to medical ethics.'' (28 CFR 
26.5).\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See, for example, 42 CFR 422.206 (declaring that the 
general Medicare Advantage rule ``does not require the MA plan to 
cover, furnish, or pay for a particular counseling or referral 
service if the MA organization that offers the plan--(1) Objects to 
the provision of that service on moral or religious grounds.''); 42 
CFR 438.102 (declaring that information requirements do not apply 
``if the MCO, PIHP, or PAHP objects to the service on moral or 
religious grounds''); 48 CFR 1609.7001 (``health plan sponsoring 
organizations are not required to discuss treatment options that 
they would not ordinarily discuss in their customary course of 
practice because such options are inconsistent with their 
professional judgment or ethical, moral or religious beliefs.''); 48 
CFR 352.270-9 (``Non-Discrimination for Conscience'' clause for 
organizations receiving HIV or Malaria relief funds).
    \23\ See also 18 CFR 214.11 (where a law enforcement agency 
(LEA) seeks assistance in the investigation or prosecution of 
trafficking of persons, the reasonableness of the LEA's request will 
depend in part on ``[c]ultural, religious, or moral objections to 
the request'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Forty-five States have health care conscience protections covering 
objections to abortion, and several of those also cover sterilization 
or contraception.\24\ Most of those State laws protect objections based 
on ``moral,'' ``ethical,'' or ``conscientious'' grounds in addition to 
``religious'' grounds. Particularly in the case of abortion, some 
Federal and State conscience laws do not require any specified motive 
for the objection. (42 U.S.C. 238n). These various statutes and 
regulations reflect an important governmental interest in protecting 
moral convictions in appropriate health contexts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ According to the Guttmacher Institute, 45 states have 
conscience statutes pertaining to abortion (43 of which cover 
institutions), 18 have conscience statutes pertaining to 
sterilization (16 of which cover institutions), and 12 have 
conscience statutes pertaining to contraception (8 of which cover 
institutions). ``Refusing to Provide Health Services'' (June 1, 
2017), available at https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/refusing-provide-health-services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The contraceptive Mandate implicates that governmental interest. 
Many persons and entities object to this Mandate in part because they 
consider some forms of FDA-approved contraceptives to be abortifacients 
and morally equivalent to abortion due to the possibility that some of 
the items may have the effect of preventing the implantation of a human 
embryo after fertilization. Based on our knowledge from the litigation, 
all of the current litigants asserting purely non-religious objections 
share this view, and most of the religious litigants do as well. The 
Supreme Court, in describing family business owners with religious 
objections, explained that ``[t]he owners of the businesses have 
religious objections to abortion, and according to their religious 
beliefs the four contraceptive methods at issue are abortifacients. If 
the owners comply with the HHS mandate, they believe they will be 
facilitating abortions.'' Hobby Lobby, 134 S. Ct. at 2751. Outside of 
the context of abortion, as cited above, Congress has also provided 
health care conscience protections pertaining to sterilization, 
contraception, and other health care services and practices.

F. Founding Principles

    The Departments also look to guidance from the broader history of 
respect for conscience in the laws and founding principles of the 
United States. Members of Congress specifically relied on the American 
tradition of respect for conscience when they decided to protect moral 
convictions in health care. As quoted above, in supporting protecting 
conscience based on non-religious moral convictions, Senator Buckley 
declared ``[i]t has been a traditional concept in our society from the 
earliest times that the right of conscience, like the paramount right 
to life from which it is derived, is sacred.'' Rep. Heckler similarly 
stated that ``the right of moral conscience . . . has always been a 
part of our national tradition.'' This tradition is reflected, for 
example, in a letter President George Washington wrote saying that 
``[t]he Citizens of the United States of America have a right to 
applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of an enlarged 
and liberal policy: A policy worthy of imitation. All possess alike 
liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship.'' \25\ Thomas 
Jefferson similarly declared that ``[n]o provision in our Constitution 
ought to be dearer to man than that which protects the rights of 
conscience against the enterprises of the civil authority.'' \26\ 
Although these statements by Presidents Washington and Jefferson were 
spoken to religious congregations, and although religious and moral 
conscience were tightly intertwined for the Founders, they both reflect 
a broad principle of respect for conscience against government 
coercion. James Madison likewise called conscience ``the most sacred of 
all property,'' and proposed that the Bill of Rights should guarantee, 
in addition to protecting religious belief and worship, that ``the full 
and equal rights of conscience [shall not] be in any manner, or on any 
pretext infringed.'' \27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in 
Newport, Rhode Island (Aug. 18, 1790), available at https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135.
    \26\ Letter to the Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church at 
New London, Connecticut (February 4, 1809), available at https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9714.
    \27\ James Madison, ``Essay on Property'' (March 29, 1792); 
First draft of the First Amendment, 1 Annals of Congress 434 (June 
8, 1789).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These Founding Era statements of general principle do not specify 
how they would be applied in a particular health care context. We do 
not suggest that the specific protections offered in this rule would 
also be required or necessarily appropriate in any other context that 
does not raise the specific concerns implicated by this Mandate. These 
interim final rules do not address in any way how the Government would 
balance its interests with respect to

[[Page 47848]]

other health services not encompassed by the contraceptive Mandate.\28\ 
Instead we highlight this tradition of respect for conscience from our 
Founding Era to provide background support for the Departments' 
decision to implement section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act, while 
protecting conscience in the exercise of moral convictions. We believe 
that these interim final rules are consistent both with the American 
tradition of respect for conscience and with Congress' history of 
providing conscience protections in the kinds of health care matters 
involved in this Mandate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ As the Supreme Court stated in Hobby Lobby, the Court's 
decision concerns only the contraceptive Mandate, and should not be 
understood to hold that all insurance-coverage mandates, for 
example, for vaccinations or blood transfusions, must necessarily 
fail if they conflict with an employer's religious beliefs. Nor does 
the Court's opinion provide a shield for employers who might cloak 
illegal discrimination as a religious (or moral) practice. 134 S. 
Ct. at 2783.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Executive Orders Relevant to These Expanded Exemptions

    Protecting moral convictions, as set forth in the expanded 
exemptions and accommodations of these rules, is consistent with recent 
executive orders. President Trump's Executive Order concerning this 
Mandate directed the Departments to consider providing protections, not 
specifically for ``religious'' beliefs, but for ``conscience.'' We 
interpret that term to include moral convictions and not just religious 
beliefs. Likewise, President Trump's first Executive Order, EO 13765, 
declared that ``the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) 
and the heads of all other executive departments and agencies 
(agencies) with authorities and responsibilities under the [ACA] shall 
exercise all authority and discretion available to them to waive, 
defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any 
provision or requirement of the Act that would impose a fiscal burden 
on any State or a cost, fee, tax, penalty, or regulatory burden on 
individuals, families, healthcare providers, health insurers, patients, 
recipients of healthcare services, purchasers of health insurance, or 
makers of medical devices, products, or medications.'' This Mandate 
imposes both a cost, fee, tax, or penalty, and a regulatory burden, on 
individuals and purchasers of health insurance that have moral 
convictions opposed to providing contraceptive coverage. These interim 
final rules exercise the Departments' discretion to grant exemptions 
from the Mandate to reduce and relieve regulatory burdens and promote 
freedom in the health care market.

H. Litigation Concerning the Mandate

    The sensitivity of certain health care matters makes it 
particularly important for the Government to tread carefully when 
engaging in regulation concerning those areas, and to respect 
individuals and organizations whose moral convictions are burdened by 
Government regulations. Providing conscience protections advances the 
Affordable Care Act's goal of expanding health coverage among entities 
and individuals that might otherwise be reluctant to participate in the 
market. For example, the Supreme Court in Hobby Lobby declared that, if 
HHS requires owners of businesses to cover procedures that the owners 
``could not in good conscience'' cover, such as abortion, ``HHS would 
effectively exclude these people from full participation in the 
economic life of the Nation.'' 134 S. Ct. at 2783. That would be a 
serious outcome. As demonstrated by litigation and public comments, 
various citizens sincerely hold moral convictions, which are not 
necessarily religious, against providing or participating in coverage 
of contraceptive items included in the Mandate, and some believe that 
some of those items may cause early abortions. The Departments wish to 
implement the contraceptive coverage Guidelines issued under section 
2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act in a way that respects the moral convictions 
of our citizens so that they are more free to engage in ``full 
participation in the economic life of the Nation.'' These expanded 
exemptions do so by removing an obstacle that might otherwise lead 
entities or individuals with moral objections to contraceptive coverage 
to choose not to sponsor or participate in health plans if they include 
such coverage.
    Among the lawsuits challenging the Mandate, two have been filed 
based in part on non-religious moral convictions. In one case, the 
Departments are subject to a permanent injunction requiring us to 
respect the non-religious moral objections of an employer. See March 
for Life v. Burwell, 128 F. Supp. 3d 116 (D.D.C. 2015). In the other 
case, an appeals court recently affirmed a district court ruling that 
allows the previous regulations to be imposed in a way that violates 
the moral convictions of a small nonprofit pro-life organization and 
its employees. See Real Alternatives, 2017 WL 3324690. Our litigation 
of these cases has led to inconsistent court rulings, consumed 
substantial governmental resources, and created uncertainty for 
objecting organizations, issuers, third party administrators, and 
employees and beneficiaries. The organizations that have sued seeking a 
moral exemption have all adopted moral tenets opposed to contraception 
and hire only employees who share this view. It is reasonable to 
conclude that employees of these organizations would therefore not 
benefit from the Mandate. As a result, subjecting this subset of 
organizations to the Mandate does not advance any governmental 
interest. The need to resolve this litigation and the potential 
concerns of similar entities, and our requirement to comply with 
permanent injunctive relief currently imposed in March for Life, 
provide substantial reasons for the Departments to protect moral 
convictions through these interim final rules. Even though, as 
discussed below, we assume the number of entities and individuals that 
may seek exemption from the Mandate on the basis of moral convictions, 
as these two sets of litigants did, will be small, we know from the 
litigation that it will not be zero. As a result, the Departments have 
taken these types of objections into consideration in reviewing our 
regulations. Having done so, we consider it appropriate to issue the 
protections set forth in these interim final rules. Just as Congress, 
in adopting the early provisions of the Church Amendments, viewed it as 
necessary and appropriate to protect those organizations and 
individuals with objections to certain health care services on the 
basis of moral convictions, so we, too, believe that ``our moral 
convictions as well as our religious beliefs, warrant protection from 
this intrusion by the Government'' in this situation.

I. The Departments' Rebalancing of Government Interests

    For additional discussion of the Government's balance of interests 
concerning religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with these 
interim final rules, see the related document published by the 
Department elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. There, we 
acknowledge that the Departments have changed the policies and 
interpretations we previously adopted with respect to the Mandate and 
the governmental interests that underlying it, and we assert that we 
now believe the Government's legitimate interests in providing for 
contraceptive coverage do not require us to violate sincerely held 
religious beliefs while implementing the Guidelines. For parallel 
reasons, the Departments believe Congress did not set forth--and we do 
not possess--interests that require us to violate sincerely held moral 
convictions in the course of generally requiring contraceptive 
coverage. These changes in policy are

[[Page 47849]]

within the Departments' authority. As the Supreme Court has 
acknowledged, ``[a]gencies are free to change their existing policies 
as long as they provide a reasoned explanation for the change.'' Encino 
Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 136 S. Ct. 2117, 2125 (2016). This 
``reasoned analysis'' requirement does not demand that an agency 
``demonstrate to a court's satisfaction that the reasons for the new 
policy are better than the reasons for the old one; it suffices that 
the new policy is permissible under the statute, that there are good 
reasons for it, and that the agency believes it to be better, which the 
conscious change of course adequately indicates.'' United Student Aid 
Funds, Inc. v. King, 200 F. Supp. 3d 163, 169-70 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing 
FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 515 (2009)); see 
also New Edge Network, Inc. v. FCC, 461 F.3d 1105, 1112-13 (9th Cir. 
2006) (rejecting an argument that ``an agency changing its course by 
rescinding a rule is obligated to supply a reasoned analysis for the 
change beyond that which may be required when an agency does not act in 
the first instance'').\29\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See also Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense 
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 863-64 (1984) (``The fact that the 
agency has adopted different definitions in different contexts adds 
force to the argument that the definition itself is flexible, 
particularly since Congress has never indicated any disapproval of a 
flexible reading of the statute.'')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments note that the exemptions created here, like the 
exemptions created by the last Administration, do not burden third 
parties to a degree that counsels against providing the exemptions. In 
addition to the apparent fact that many entities with non-religious 
moral objections to the Mandate appear to only hire persons that share 
those objections, Congress did not create a right to receive 
contraceptive coverage, and Congress explicitly chose not to impose the 
section 2713 requirements on grandfathered plans benefitting millions 
of people. Individuals who are unable to obtain contraceptive coverage 
through their employer-sponsored health plans because of the exemptions 
created in these interim final rules, or because of other exemptions to 
the Mandate, have other avenues for obtaining contraception, including 
through various other mechanisms by which the Government advances 
contraceptive coverage, particularly for low-income women, and which 
these interim final rules leave unchanged.\30\ As the Government is 
under no constitutional obligation to fund contraception, cf. Harris v. 
McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980), even more so may the Government refrain 
from requiring private citizens to cover contraception for other 
citizens in violation of their moral convictions. Cf. Rust v. Sullivan, 
500 U.S. 173, 192-93 (1991) (``A refusal to fund protected activity, 
without more, cannot be equated with the imposition of a `penalty' on 
that activity.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ See, for example, Family Planning grants in 42 U.S.C. 300, 
et seq.; the Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program, Public Law 112-74 
(125 Stat 786, 1080); the Healthy Start Program, 42 U.S.C. 254c-8; 
the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program, 42 
U.S.C. 711; Maternal and Child Health Block Grants, 42 U.S.C. 703; 
42 U.S.C. 247b-12; Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 
1396, et seq.; the Indian Health Service, 25 U.S.C. 13, 42 U.S.C. 
2001(a), & 25 U.S.C. 1601, et seq.; Health center grants, 42 U.S.C. 
254b(e), (g), (h), & (i); the NIH Clinical Center, 42 U.S.C. 248; 
and the Personal Responsibility Education Program, 42 U.S.C. 713.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments acknowledge that coverage of contraception is an 
important and highly controversial issue, implicating many different 
views, as reflected for example in the public comments received on 
multiple rulemakings over the course of implementation of section 
2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act. Our expansion of conscience protections for 
moral convictions, similar to protections contained in numerous 
statutes governing health care regulation, is not taken lightly. 
However, after reconsidering the interests served by the Mandate in 
this particular context, the objections raised, and the relevant 
Federal law, the Departments have determined that expanding the 
exemptions to include protections for moral convictions is a more 
appropriate administrative response than continuing to refuse to extend 
the exemptions and accommodations to certain entities and individuals 
for whom the Mandate violates their sincerely held moral convictions. 
Although the number of organizations and individuals that may seek to 
take advantage of these exemptions and accommodations may be small, we 
believe that it is important formally to codify such protections for 
objections based on moral conviction, given the long-standing 
recognition of such protections in health care and health insurance 
context in law and regulation and the particularly sensitive nature of 
these issues in the health care context. These interim final rules 
leave unchanged HRSA's authority to decide whether to include 
contraceptives in the women's preventive services Guidelines for 
entities that are not exempted by law, regulation, or the Guidelines. 
These rules also do not change the many other mechanisms by which the 
Government advances contraceptive coverage, particularly for low-income 
women.

III. Provisions of the Interim Final Rules With Comment Period

    The Departments are issuing these interim final rules in light of 
the full history of relevant rulemaking (including 3 previous interim 
final rules), public comments, and the long-running litigation from 
non-religious moral objectors to the Mandate, as well as the 
information contained in the companion interim final rules issued 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. These interim final 
rules seek to resolve these matters by directing HRSA, to the extent it 
requires coverage for certain contraceptive services in its Guidelines, 
to afford an exemption to certain entities and individuals with 
sincerely held moral convictions by which they object to contraceptive 
or sterilization coverage, and by making the accommodation process 
available for certain organizations with such convictions.
    For all of the reasons discussed and referenced above, the 
Departments have determined that the Government's interest in applying 
contraceptive coverage requirements to the plans of certain entities 
and individuals does not outweigh the sincerely held moral objections 
of those entities and individuals. Thus, these interim final rules 
amend the regulations amended in both the Departments' July 2015 final 
regulations and in the companion interim final rules concerning 
religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with these interim final 
rules and published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register.
    These interim final rules expand those exemptions to include 
additional entities and persons that object based on sincerely held 
moral convictions. These rules leave in place HRSA's discretion to 
continue to require contraceptive and sterilization coverage where no 
objection specified in the regulations exists, and if section 2713 of 
the PHS Act otherwise applies. These interim final rules also maintain 
the existence of an accommodation process as a voluntary option for 
organizations with moral objections to contraceptive coverage, but 
consistent with our expansion of the exemption, we expand eligibility 
for the accommodation to include organizations with sincerely held 
moral convictions concerning contraceptive coverage. HRSA is 
simultaneously updating its Guidelines to reflect the requirements of 
these interim final rules.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See https://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines/ and https://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines2016/index.html.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 47850]]

1. Exemption for Objecting Entities Based on Moral Convictions
    In the new 45 CFR 147.133 as created by these interim final rules, 
we expand the exemption that was previously located in Sec.  
147.131(a), and that was expanded in Sec.  147.132 by the companion 
interim final rules concerning religious beliefs issued 
contemporaneously with these interim final rules and published 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register.
    With respect to employers that sponsor group health plans, Sec.  
147.133(a)(1) and (a)(1)(i) provide exemptions for certain employers 
that object to coverage of all or a subset of contraceptives or 
sterilization and related patient education and counseling based on 
sincerely held moral convictions.
    For avoidance of doubt, the Departments wish to make clear that the 
expanded exemption in Sec.  147.133(a) applies to several distinct 
entities involved in the provision of coverage to the objecting 
employer's employees. This explanation is consistent with how prior 
rules have worked by means of similar language. Section 147.133(a)(1) 
and (a)(1)(i), by specifying that ``[a] group health plan and health 
insurance coverage provided in connection with a group health plan'' is 
exempt ``to the extent the plan sponsor objects as specified in 
paragraph (a)(2),'' exempt the group health plans the sponsors of which 
object, and exempt their health insurance issuers in providing the 
coverage in those plans (whether or not the issuers have their own 
objections). Consequently, with respect to Guidelines issued under 
Sec.  147.130(a)(1)(iv), or the parallel provisions in 26 CFR 54.9815-
2713T(a)(1)(iv) and 29 CFR 2590.715-2713(a)(1)(iv), the plan sponsor, 
issuer, and plan covered in the exemption of that paragraph would face 
no penalty as a result of omitting contraceptive coverage from the 
benefits of the plan participants and beneficiaries.
    Consistent with the restated exemption, exempt entities will not be 
required to comply with a self-certification process. Although exempt 
entities do not need to file notices or certifications of their 
exemption, and these interim final rules do not impose any new notice 
requirements on them, existing ERISA rules governing group health plans 
require that, with respect to plans subject to ERISA, a plan document 
must include a comprehensive summary of the benefits covered by the 
plan and a statement of the conditions for eligibility to receive 
benefits. Under ERISA, the plan document provides what benefits are 
provided to participants and beneficiaries under the plan and, 
therefore, if an objecting employer would like to exclude all or a 
subset of contraceptive services, it must ensure that the exclusion is 
clear in the plan document. Moreover, if there is a reduction in a 
covered service or benefit, the plan has to disclose that change to 
plan participants.\32\ Thus, where an exemption applies and all or a 
subset of contraceptive services are omitted from a plan's coverage, 
otherwise applicable ERISA disclosures should reflect the omission of 
coverage in ERISA plans. These existing disclosure requirements serve 
to help provide notice to participants and beneficiaries of what ERISA 
plans do and do not cover. The Departments invite public comment on 
whether exempt entities, or others, would find value either in being 
able to maintain or submit a specific form of certification to claim 
their exemption, or in otherwise receiving guidance on a way to 
document their exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ See, for example, 29 U.S.C. 1022, 1024(b), 29 CFR 2520.102-
2, 2520.102-3, & 2520.104b-3(d), and 29 CFR 2590.715-2715. See also 
45 CFR 147.200 (requiring disclosure of the ``exceptions, 
reductions, and limitations of the coverage,'' including group 
health plans and group & individual issuers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The exemptions in Sec.  147.133(a) apply ``to the extent'' of the 
objecting entities' sincerely held moral convictions. Thus, entities 
that hold a requisite objection to covering some, but not all, 
contraceptive items would be exempt with respect to the items to which 
they object, but not with respect to the items to which they do not 
object. Likewise, the requisite objection of a plan sponsor or 
institution of higher education in Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(i) and (ii) 
exempts its group health plan, health insurance coverage offered by a 
health insurance issuer in connection with such plan, and its issuer in 
its offering of such coverage, but that exemption does not extend to 
coverage provided by that issuer to other group health plans where the 
plan sponsors have no qualifying objection. The objection of a health 
insurance issuer in Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(iii) similarly operates only to 
the extent of its objection, and as otherwise limited as described 
below.
2. Exemption of Certain Plan Sponsors
    The rules cover certain kinds of non-governmental employer plan 
sponsors with the requisite objections, and the rules specify which 
kinds of entities qualify for the exemption.
    Under these interim final rules, the Departments do not limit the 
exemption with reference to nonprofit status as previous rules have 
done. Many of the federal health care conscience statutes cited above 
offer protections for the moral convictions of entities without regard 
to whether they operate as nonprofits or for-profit entities. In 
addition, a significant majority of states either impose no 
contraceptive coverage requirement, or offer broader exemptions than 
the exemption contained in the July 2015 final regulations.\33\ States 
also generally protect moral convictions in health care conscience 
laws, and they often offer those protections whether or not an entity 
operates as a nonprofit.\34\ Although the practice of states is by no 
means a limit on the discretion delegated to HRSA by the Affordable 
Care Act, nor is it a statement about what the Federal Government may 
do consistent with other protections or limitations in federal law, 
such state practice can be informative as to the viability of offering 
protections for conscientious objections in particularly sensitive 
health care contexts. In this case, the existence of many instances 
where conscience protections are offered, or no underlying mandate of 
this kind exists that could violate moral convictions, supports the 
Departments' decision to expand the Federal exemption concerning this 
Mandate as set forth in these interim final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ See Guttmacher Institute, ``Insurance Coverage of 
Contraceptives'' (Aug. 1, 2017), available at https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/insurance-coverage-contraceptives.
    \34\ See, for example, Guttmacher Institute, ``Refusing to 
Provide Health Services'' (Aug. 1, 2017), available at https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/refusing-provide-health-services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 147.133(a)(1)(i)(A) of the rules specifies that the 
exemption includes the plans of a plan sponsor that is a nonprofit 
organization with sincerely held moral convictions.
    Section 147.133(a)(1)(i)(B) of the rules specifies that the 
exemption includes the plans of a plan sponsor that is a for-profit 
entity that has no publicly traded ownership interests (for this 
purpose, a publicly traded ownership interest is any class of common 
equity securities required to be registered under section 12 of the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934).
    Extending the exemption to certain for-profit entities is 
consistent with the Supreme Court's ruling in Hobby Lobby, which 
declared that a corporate entity is capable of possessing and pursuing 
non-pecuniary goals (in Hobby Lobby, religion), regardless of whether 
the entity operates as a nonprofit organization, and rejecting the

[[Page 47851]]

Departments' argument to the contrary. 134 S. Ct. 2768-75. Some reports 
and industry experts have indicated that not many for-profit entities 
beyond those that had originally brought suit have sought relief from 
the Mandate after Hobby Lobby.\35\ The mechanisms for determining 
whether a company has adopted and holds certain principles or views, 
such as sincerely held moral convictions, is a matter of well-
established State law with respect to corporate decision-making,\36\ 
and the Departments expect that application of such laws would cabin 
the scope of this exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ See Jennifer Haberkorn, ``Two years later, few Hobby Lobby 
copycats emerge,'' Politico (Oct. 11, 2016), available at http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/obamacare-birth-control-mandate-employers-229627.
    \36\ Although the Departments do not prescribe any form or 
notification, they would expect that such principles or views would 
have been adopted and documented in accordance with the laws of the 
jurisdiction under which they are incorporated or organized.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The July 2015 final regulations extended the accommodation to for-
profit entities only if they are closely held, by positively defining 
what constitutes a closely held entity. Any such positive definition 
runs up against the myriad state differences in defining such entities, 
and potentially intrudes into a traditional area of state regulation of 
business organizations. The Departments implicitly recognized the 
difficulty of defining closely held entities in the July 2015 final 
regulations when we adopted a definition that included entities that 
are merely ``substantially similar'' to certain specified parameters, 
and we allowed entities that were not sure if they met the definition 
to inquire with HHS; HHS was permitted to decline to answer the 
inquiry, at which time the entity would be deemed to qualify as an 
eligible organization. Instead of attempting to positively define 
closely held businesses for the purpose of this rule, the Departments 
consider it much more clear, effective, and preferable to define the 
category negatively by reference to one element of our previous 
definition, namely, that the entity has no publicly traded ownership 
interest (that is, any class of common equity securities required to be 
registered under section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).
    In this way, these interim final rules differ from the exemption 
provided to plan sponsors with objections based on sincerely held 
religious beliefs set forth in Sec.  147.132(a)(1)--those extend to 
for-profit entities whether or not they are closely held or publicly 
traded. The Departments seek public comment on whether the exemption in 
Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(i) for plan sponsors with moral objections to the 
Mandate should be finalized to encompass all of the types of plan 
sponsors covered by Sec.  147.132(a)(1)(i), including publicly traded 
corporations with objections based on sincerely held moral convictions, 
and also non-federal governmental plan sponsors that may have 
objections based on sincerely held moral convictions.
    In the case of particularly sensitive health care matters, several 
significant federal health care conscience statutes protect entities' 
moral objections without precluding publicly traded and governmental 
entities from using those protections. For example, the first paragraph 
of the Church Amendments provides certain protections for entities that 
object based on moral convictions to making their facilities or 
personnel available to assist in the performance of abortions or 
sterilizations, and the statute does not limit those protections based 
on whether the entities are publicly traded or governmental. (42 U.S.C. 
300a-7(b)). Thus, under section 300a-7(b), a hospital in a publicly 
traded health system, or a local governmental hospital, could adopt 
sincerely held moral convictions by which it objects to providing 
facilities or personnel for abortions or sterilizations, and if the 
entity receives relevant funds from HHS specified by section 300a-7(b), 
the protections of that section would apply. The Coats-Snowe Amendment 
likewise provides certain protections for health care entities and 
postgraduate physician training programs that choose not to perform, 
refer for, or provide training for abortions, and the statute does not 
limit those protections based on whether the entities are publicly 
traded or governmental. (42 U.S.C. 238n).
    The Weldon Amendment \37\ provides certain protections for health 
care entities, hospitals, provider-sponsored organizations, health 
maintenance organizations, and health insurance plans that do not 
provide, pay for, provide coverage of, or refer for abortions, and the 
statute does not limit those protections based on whether the entity is 
publicly traded or governmental. The Affordable Care Act provides 
certain protections for any institutional health care entity, hospital, 
provider-sponsored organization, health maintenance organization, 
health insurance plan, or any other kind of health care facility, that 
does not provide any health care item or service furnished for the 
purpose of causing or assisting in causing assisted suicide, 
euthanasia, or mercy killing, and the statute similarly does not limit 
those protections based on whether the entity is publicly traded or 
governmental. (42 U.S.C. 18113).\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Div. H, Title V, 
Sec. 507(d), Pub. L. 115-31.
    \38\ The lack of the limitation in this provision may be 
particularly relevant since it is contained in the same statute, the 
ACA, as the provision under which the Mandate--and these exemptions 
to the Mandate--are promulgated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sections 1395w-22(j)(3)(B) and 1396u-2(b)(3) of 42 U.S.C. protect 
organizations that offer Medicaid and Medicare Advantage managed care 
plans from being required to provide, reimburse for, or provide 
coverage of a counseling or referral service if they object to doing so 
on moral grounds, and those paragraphs do not further specify that 
publicly traded entities do not qualify for the protections. Congress' 
most recent statement on Government requirements of contraceptive 
coverage specified that, if the District of Columbia requires ``the 
provision of contraceptive coverage by health insurance plans,'' ``it 
is the intent of Congress that any legislation enacted on such issue 
should include a `conscience clause' which provides exceptions for 
religious beliefs and moral convictions.'' Consolidated Appropriations 
Act of 2017, Division C, Title VIII, Sec. 808. Congress expressed no 
intent that such a conscience should be limited based on whether the 
entity is publicly traded.
    At the same time, the Departments lack significant information 
about the need to extend the expanded exemption further. We have been 
subjected to litigation by nonprofit entities expressing objections to 
the Mandate based on non-religious moral convictions, and we have been 
sued by closely held for-profit entities expressing religious 
objections. This combination of different types of plaintiffs leads us 
to believe that there may be a small number of closely held for-profit 
entities that would seek to use an exemption to the contraceptive 
Mandate based on moral convictions. The fact that many closely held 
for-profit entities brought challenges to the Mandate has led us to 
offer protections that would include publicly traded entities with 
religious objections to the Mandate if such entities exist. But the 
combined lack of any lawsuits challenging the Mandate by for-profit 
entities with non-religious moral convictions, and of any lawsuits by 
any kind of publicly traded entity, leads us to not extend the expanded 
exemption in these interim final rules to publicly traded entities, but 
rather to invite public comment on whether to do so in

[[Page 47852]]

a way parallel to the protections set forth in Sec.  147.132(a)(1)(i). 
We agree with the Supreme Court that it is improbable that many 
publicly traded companies with numerous ``unrelated shareholders--
including institutional investors with their own set of stakeholders--
would agree to run a corporation under the same religious beliefs'' (or 
moral convictions) and thereby qualify for the exemption. Hobby Lobby, 
134 S. Ct. at 2774. We are also not aware of other types of plan 
sponsors (such as non-Federal governmental entities) that might possess 
moral objections to compliance with the Mandate, including whether some 
might consider certain contraceptive methods as having a possible 
abortifacient effect. Nevertheless, we would welcome any comments on 
whether such corporations or other plan sponsors exist and would 
benefit from such an exemption.
    Despite our a lack of complete information, the Departments know 
that nonprofit entities have challenged the Mandate, and we assume that 
a closely held business might wish to assert non-religious moral 
convictions in objecting to the Mandate (although we anticipate very 
few if any will do so). Thus we have chosen in these interim final 
rules to include them in the expanded exemption and thereby remove an 
obstacle preventing such entities from claiming an exemption based on 
non-religious moral convictions. But we are less certain that we need 
to use these interim final rules to extend the expanded exemption for 
moral convictions to encompass other kinds of plan sponsors not 
included in the protections of these interim final rules. Therefore, 
with respect to plan sponsors not included in the expanded exemptions 
of Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(i), and non-federal governmental plan sponsors 
that might have moral objections to the Mandate, we invite public 
comment on whether to include such entities when we finalize these 
rules at a later date.
    The Departments further conclude that it would be inadequate to 
merely provide entities access to the accommodation process instead of 
to the exemption where those entities object to the Mandate based on 
sincerely held moral convictions. The Departments have stated in our 
regulations and court briefings that the existing accommodation with 
respect to self-insured plans requires contraceptive coverage as part 
of the same plan as the coverage provided by the employer, and operates 
in a way ``seamless'' to those plans. As a result, in significant 
respects, the accommodation process does not actually accommodate the 
objections of many entities. This has led many religious groups to 
challenge the accommodation in court, and we expect similar challenges 
would come from organizations objecting to the accommodation based on 
moral convictions if we offered them the accommodation but not an 
exemption. When we took that narrow approach with religious nonprofit 
entities it led to multiple cases in many courts that we needed to 
litigate to the Supreme Court various times. Although objections to the 
accommodation were not specifically litigated in the two cases brought 
by nonprofit non-religious organizations (because we have not even made 
them eligible for the accommodation), those organizations made it clear 
that they and their employees strongly oppose coverage of certain 
contraceptives in their plans and in connection with their plans.
3. Exemption for Institutions of Higher Education
    The plans of institutions of higher education that arrange student 
health insurance coverage will be treated similarly to the way that 
plans of employers are treated for the purposes of such plans being 
exempt or accommodated based on moral convictions. These interim final 
rules specify, in Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(ii), that the exemption is 
extended, in the case of institutions of higher education (as defined 
in 20 U.S.C. 1002), to their arrangement of student health insurance 
coverage, in a manner comparable to the applicability of the exemption 
for group health insurance coverage provided in connection with a group 
health plan established or maintained by a plan sponsor.
    The Departments are not aware of institutions of higher education 
that arrange student coverage and object to the Mandate based on non-
religious moral convictions. We have been sued by several institutions 
of higher education that arrange student coverage and object to the 
Mandate based on religious beliefs. We believe the existence of such 
entities with non-religious moral objections, or the possible formation 
of such entities in the future, is sufficiently possible so that we 
should provide protections for them in these interim final rules. But 
based on a lack of information about such entities, we assume that none 
will use the exemption concerning student coverage at this time.
4. Exemption for Issuers
    These interim final rules extend the exemption, in Sec.  
147.133(a)(1)(iii), to health insurance issuers offering group or 
individual health insurance coverage that sincerely hold their own 
moral convictions opposed to providing coverage for contraceptive 
services.
    As discussed above, where the exemption for plan sponsors or 
institutions of higher education applies, issuers are exempt under 
those sections with respect to providing coverage in those plans. The 
issuer exemption in Sec.  147.133(a)(1)(iii) adds to that protection, 
but the additional protection operates in a different way than the plan 
sponsor exemption operates. The only plan sponsors, or in the case of 
individual insurance coverage, individuals, who are eligible to 
purchase or enroll in health insurance coverage offered by an exempt 
issuer that does not cover some or all contraceptive services are plan 
sponsors or individuals who themselves object and are otherwise exempt 
based on their objection (whether the objection is based on moral 
convictions, as set forth in these rules, or on religious beliefs, as 
set forth in exemptions created by the companion interim final rules 
published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register). Thus, the 
issuer exemption specifies that where a health insurance issuer 
providing group health insurance coverage is exempt under paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii), the plan remains subject to any requirement to provide 
coverage for contraceptive services under Guidelines issued under Sec.  
147.130(a)(1)(iv) unless the plan is otherwise exempt from that 
requirement. Accordingly, the only plan sponsors, or in the case of 
individual insurance coverage, individuals, who are eligible to 
purchase or enroll in health insurance coverage offered by an issuer 
that is exempt under this paragraph (a)(1)(iii) that does not include 
some or all contraceptive services are plan sponsors or individuals who 
themselves object and are exempt.
    Under the rules as amended, issuers with objections based on 
sincerely held moral convictions could issue policies that omit 
contraception to plan sponsors or individuals that are otherwise exempt 
based on either their religious beliefs or their moral convictions, and 
issuers with sincerely held religious beliefs could likewise issue 
policies that omit contraception to plan sponsors or individuals that 
are otherwise exempt based on either their religious beliefs or their 
moral convictions.
    Issuers that hold moral objections should identify to plan sponsors 
the

[[Page 47853]]

lack of contraceptive coverage in any health insurance coverage being 
offered that is based on the issuer's exemption, and communicate the 
group health plan's independent obligation to provide contraceptive 
coverage, unless the group health plan itself is exempt under 
regulations governing the Mandate.
    In this way, the issuer exemption serves to protect objecting 
issuers both from being asked or required to issue policies that cover 
contraception in violation of the issuers' sincerely held moral 
convictions, and from being asked or required to issue policies that 
omit contraceptive coverage to non-exempt entities or individuals, thus 
subjecting the issuers to potential liability if those plans are not 
exempt from the Guidelines. At the same time, the issuer exemption will 
not serve to remove contraceptive coverage obligations from any plan or 
plan sponsor that is not also exempt, nor will it prevent other issuers 
from being required to provide contraceptive coverage in individual 
insurance coverage. Protecting issuers that object to offering 
contraceptive coverage based on sincerely held moral convictions will 
help preserve space in the health insurance market for certain issuers 
so that exempt plan sponsors and individuals will be able to obtain 
coverage.
    The Departments are not currently aware of health insurance issuers 
that possess their own religious or moral objections to offering 
contraceptive coverage. Nevertheless, many Federal health care 
conscience laws and regulations protect issuers or plans specifically. 
For example, as discussed above, 42 U.S.C. 1395w-22(j)(3)(B) and 1396u-
2(b)(3) protect plans or managed care organizations in Medicaid or 
Medicare Advantage. The Weldon Amendment protects HMOs, health 
insurance plans, and any other health care organizations from being 
required to provide coverage or pay for abortions. See, for example, 
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017, Div. H, Title V, Sec. 507(d), 
Public Law 115-31. The most recently enacted Consolidated 
Appropriations Act declares that Congress supports a ``conscience 
clause'' to protect moral convictions concerning ``the provision of 
contraceptive coverage by health insurance plans.'' See id. at Div. C, 
Title VIII, Sec. 808.
    The issuer exemption does not specifically include third party 
administrators, for the reasons discussed in the companion interim 
final rules concerning religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with 
these interim final rules and published elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register. The Departments solicit public comment; however, on 
whether there are situations where there may be an additional need to 
provide distinct protections for third party administrators that may 
have moral convictions implicated by the Mandate.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ The exemption for issuers, as outlined here, does not make 
a distinction among issuers based on whether they are publicly 
traded, unlike the plan sponsor exemption for business entities. 
Because the issuer exemption operates more narrowly than the 
exemption for business plan sponsors operates, in the ways described 
here, and exists in part to help preserve market options for 
objecting plan sponsors, the Departments consider it appropriate to 
not draw such a distinction among issuers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Scope of Objections Needed for the Objecting Entity Exemption
    Exemptions for objecting entities specify that they apply where the 
entities object as specified in Sec.  147.133(a)(2). That section 
specifies that exemptions for objecting entities will apply to the 
extent that an entity described in Sec.  147.133(a)(1) objects to its 
establishing, maintaining, providing, offering, or arranging (as 
applicable) for coverage, payments, or a plan that provides coverage or 
payments for some or all contraceptive services, based on its sincerely 
held moral convictions.
6. Individual Exemption
    These interim final rules include a special rule pertaining to 
individuals (referred to here as the ``individual exemption''). Section 
147.133(b) provides that nothing in Sec.  147.130(a)(1)(iv), 26 CFR 
54.9815-2713T(a)(1)(iv) and 29 CFR 2590.715-2713(a)(1)(iv), may be 
construed to prevent a willing plan sponsor of a group health plan and/
or a willing health insurance issuer offering group or individual 
health insurance coverage, from offering a separate benefit package 
option, or a separate policy, certificate, or contract of insurance, to 
any individual who objects to coverage or payments for some or all 
contraceptive services based on the individual's sincerely held moral 
convictions. The individual exemption extends to the coverage unit in 
which the plan participant, or subscriber in the individual market, is 
enrolled (for instance, to family coverage covering the participant and 
his or her beneficiaries enrolled under the plan), but does not relieve 
the plan's or issuer's obligation to comply with the Mandate with 
respect to the group health plan at large or, as applicable, to any 
other individual policies the issuer offers.
    This individual exemption allows plan sponsors and issuers that do 
not specifically object to contraceptive coverage to offer morally 
acceptable coverage to their participants or subscribers who do object, 
while offering coverage that includes contraception to participants or 
subscribers who do not object. This individual exemption can apply with 
respect to individuals in plans sponsored by private employers or 
governmental employers. For example, in one case brought against the 
Departments, the State of Missouri enacted a law under which the State 
is not permitted to discriminate against insurance issuers that offer 
health plans without coverage for contraception based on employees' 
moral convictions, or against the individual employees who accept such 
offers. See Wieland, 196 F. Supp. 3d at 1015-16 (quoting Mo. Rev. Stat. 
191.724). Under the individual exemption of these interim final rules, 
employers sponsoring governmental plans would be free to honor the 
sincerely held moral objections of individual employees by offering 
them plans that omit contraception, even if those governmental entities 
do not object to offering contraceptive coverage in general.
    This ``individual exemption'' cannot be used to force a plan (or 
its sponsor) or an issuer to provide coverage omitting contraception, 
or, with respect to health insurance coverage, to prevent the 
application of state law that requires coverage of such contraceptives 
or sterilization. Nor can the individual exemption be construed to 
require the guaranteed availability of coverage omitting contraception 
to a plan sponsor or individual who does not have a sincerely held 
moral objection. This individual exemption is limited to the 
requirement to provide contraceptive coverage under section 2713(a)(4) 
of the PHS Act, and does not affect any other federal or state law 
governing the plan or coverage. Thus, if there are other applicable 
laws or plan terms governing the benefits, these interim final rules do 
not affect such other laws or terms.
    The Departments believe the individual exemption will help to meet 
the Affordable Care Act's goal of increasing health coverage because it 
will reduce the incidence of certain individuals choosing to forego 
health coverage because the only coverage available would violate their 
sincerely held moral convictions.\40\ At the same

[[Page 47854]]

time, this individual exemption ``does not undermine the governmental 
interests furthered by the contraceptive coverage requirement,'' \41\ 
because, when the exemption is applicable, the individual does not want 
the coverage, and therefore would not use the objectionable items even 
if they were covered. In addition, because the individual exemption 
only operates when the employer and/or issuer, as applicable, are 
willing, the exemption will not undermine any governmental interest in 
the workability of the insurance market, because we expect that any 
workability concerns will be taken into account in the decision of 
whether to be willing to offer the individual morally acceptable 
coverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ This prospect has been raised in cases of religious 
individuals--see, for example, Wieland, 196 F. Supp. 3d at 1017, and 
March for Life, 128 F. Supp. 3d at 130--where the courts noted that 
the individual employee plaintiffs indicated that they viewed the 
Mandate as pressuring them to ``forgo health insurance altogether.''
    \41\ 78 FR 39874.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For similar reasons, we have changed our position and now believe 
the individual exemption will not undermine any Government interest in 
uniformity in the health insurance market. At the level of plan 
offerings, the extent to which plans cover contraception under the 
prior rules is already far from uniform. The Congress did not require 
compliance with section 2713 of the PHS Act by all entities--in 
particular by grandfathered plans. The Departments' previous exemption 
for houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries, and our accommodation 
of self-insured church plans, show that the importance of a uniform 
health insurance system is not significantly harmed by allowing plans 
to omit contraception in many contexts.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ See also Real Alternatives, 2017 WL 3324690 at *36 (3d Cir. 
Aug. 4, 2017) (Jordan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in 
part) (``Because insurance companies would offer such plans as a 
result of market forces, doing so would not undermine the 
government's interest in a sustainable and functioning market. . . . 
Because the government has failed to demonstrate why allowing such a 
system (not unlike the one that allowed wider choice before the ACA) 
would be unworkable, it has not satisfied strict scrutiny.'' 
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to operationalizing this provision of these rules, as 
well as the similar provision protecting individuals with religious 
objections to purchasing insurance that covers some or all 
contraceptives, in the interim final rules published elsewhere in this 
issue of the Federal Register, the Departments note that a plan sponsor 
or health insurance issuer is not required to offer separate and 
different benefit package options, or separate and different forms of 
policy, certificate, or contract of insurance with respect to those 
individuals who object on moral bases from those who object on 
religious bases. That is, a willing employer or issuer may offer the 
same benefit package option or policy, certificate, or contract of 
insurance--which excludes the same scope of some or all contraceptive 
coverage--to individuals who are exempt from the Mandate because of 
their moral convictions (under these rules) or their religious beliefs 
(under the regulations as amended by the interim final rules pertaining 
to religious beliefs).
7. Optional Accommodation
    In addition to expanding the exemption to those with sincerely held 
moral convictions, these rules also expand eligibility for the optional 
accommodation process to include employers with objections based on 
sincerely held moral convictions. This is accomplished by inserting 
references to the newly added exemption for moral convictions, 45 CFR 
147.133, into the regulatory sections where the accommodation process 
is codified, 45 CFR 147.131, 26 CFR 54.9815-2713AT, and 29 CFR 
2590.715-2713A. In all other respects the accommodation process works 
the same as it does for entities with objections based on sincerely 
held religious beliefs, as described in the companion interim final 
rules concerning religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with these 
interim final rules and published elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register.
    The Departments are not aware of entities with objections to the 
Mandate based on sincerely held moral convictions that wish to make use 
of the optional accommodation, and our present assumption is that no 
such entities will seek to use the accommodation rather than the 
exemption. But if such entities do wish to use the accommodation, 
making it available to them will both provide contraceptive coverage to 
their plan participants and respect those entities' objections. Because 
entities with objections to the Mandate based on sincerely held non-
religious moral convictions have not previously had access to the 
accommodation, they would not be in a position to revoke their use of 
the accommodation at the time these interim final rules are issued, but 
could do so in the future under the same parameters set forth in the 
accommodation regulations.
8. Regulatory Restatements of Section 2713(a) and (a)(4) of the PHS Act
    These interim final rules insert references to 45 CFR 147.133 into 
the restatements of the requirements of section 2713(a) and (a)(4) of 
the PHS Act, contained in 26 CFR 54.9815-2713T(a)(1) introductory text 
and (a)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.715-2713(a)(1) introductory text and 
(a)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 147.130(a)(1) and (a)(1)(iv).
9. Conclusion
    The Departments believe that the Guidelines, and the expanded 
exemptions and accommodations set forth in these interim final rules, 
will advance the legitimate but limited purposes for which Congress 
imposed section 2713 of the PHS Act, while acting consistently with 
Congress' well-established record of allowing for moral exemptions with 
respect to various health care matters. These interim final rules 
maintain HRSA's discretion to decide whether to continue to require 
contraceptive coverage under the Guidelines if no regulatorily 
recognized exemption exists (and in plans where Congress applied 
section 2713 of the PHS Act). As cited above, these interim final rules 
also leave fully in place over a dozen Federal programs that provide, 
or subsidize, contraceptives for women, including for low income women 
based on financial need. The Departments believe this array of programs 
and requirements better serves the interests of providing contraceptive 
coverage while protecting the moral convictions of entities and 
individuals concerning coverage of some or all contraceptive or 
sterilization services.
    The Departments request and encourage public comments on all 
matters addressed in these interim final rules.

IV. Interim Final Rules, Request for Comments and Waiver of Delay of 
Effective Date

    Section 9833 of the Code, section 734 of ERISA, and section 2792 of 
the PHS Act authorize the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, and HHS 
(collectively, the Secretaries) to promulgate any interim final rules 
that they determine are appropriate to carry out the provisions of 
chapter 100 of the Code, part 7 of subtitle B of title I of ERISA, and 
part A of title XXVII of the PHS Act, which include sections 2701 
through 2728 of the PHS Act and the incorporation of those sections 
into section 715 of ERISA and section 9815 of the Code. These interim 
final rules fall under those statutory authorized justifications, as 
did previous rules on this matter (75 FR 41726; 76 FR 46621; and 79 FR 
51092).
    Section 553(b) of the APA requires notice and comment rulemaking, 
involving a notice of proposed rulemaking and a comment period prior

[[Page 47855]]

to finalization of regulatory requirements--except when an agency, for 
good cause, finds that notice and public comment thereon are 
impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest. These 
provisions of the APA do not apply here because of the specific 
authority granted to the Secretaries by section 9833 of the Code, 
section 734 of ERISA, and section 2792 of the PHS Act.
    Even if these provisions of the APA applied, they would be 
satisfied: The Departments have determined that it would be 
impracticable and contrary to the public interest to delay putting 
these provisions in place until a full public notice-and-comment 
process is completed. As discussed earlier, the Departments have issued 
three interim final rules implementing this section of the PHS Act 
because of the immediate needs of covered entities and the weighty 
matters implicated by the HRSA Guidelines. As recently as December 20, 
2016, HRSA updated those Guidelines without engaging in the regulatory 
process (because doing so is not a legal requirement), and announced 
that it plans to so continue to update the Guidelines.
    Two lawsuits have been pending for several years by entities 
raising non-religious moral objections to the Mandate.\43\ In one of 
those cases, the Departments are subject to a permanent injunction and 
the appeal of that case has been stayed since February 2016. In the 
other case, Federal district and appeals courts ruled in favor of the 
Departments, denying injunctive relief to the plaintiffs, and that case 
is also still pending. Based on the public comments the Departments 
have received, we have reason to believe that some similar nonprofit 
entities might exist, even if it is likely a small number.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ March for Life, 128 F. Supp. 3d 116; Real Alternatives, 867 
F.3d 338.
    \44\ See, for example, Americans United for Life (``AUL'') 
Comment on CMA-9992-IFC2 at 10 (Nov. 1, 2011), available at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=HHS-OS-2011-0023-59496, and 
AUL Comment on CMS-9968-P at 5 (Apr. 8, 2013), available at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=CMS-2012-0031-79115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For entities and individuals facing a burden on their sincerely 
held moral convictions, providing them relief from Government 
regulations that impose such a burden is an important and urgent 
matter, and delay in doing so injures those entities in ways that 
cannot be repaired retroactively. The burdens of the existing rules 
undermine these entities' and individuals' participation in the health 
care market because they provide them with a serious disincentive--
indeed a crisis of conscience--between participating in or providing 
quality and affordable health insurance coverage and being forced to 
violate their sincerely held moral convictions. The existence of 
inconsistent court rulings in multiple proceedings has also caused 
confusion and uncertainty that has extended for several years, with 
different federal courts taking different positions on whether entities 
with moral objections are entitled to relief from the Mandate. Delaying 
the availability of the expanded exemption would require entities to 
bear these burdens for many more months. Continuing to apply the 
Mandate's regulatory burden on individuals and organizations with moral 
convictions objecting to compliance with the Mandate also serves as a 
deterrent for citizens who might consider forming new entities 
consistent with their moral convictions and offering health insurance 
through those entities.
    Moreover, we separately expanded exemptions to protect religious 
beliefs in the companion interim final rules issued contemporaneously 
with these interim final rules and published elsewhere in this issue of 
the Federal Register. Because Congress has provided many statutes that 
protect religious beliefs and moral convictions similarly in certain 
health care contexts, it is important not to delay the expansion of 
exemptions for moral convictions set forth in these rules, since the 
companion rules provide protections for religious beliefs on an interim 
final basis. Otherwise, our regulations would simultaneously provide 
and deny relief to entities and individuals that are, in the 
Departments' view, similarly deserving of exemptions and accommodations 
consistent, with similar protections in other federal laws. This could 
cause similarly situated entities and individuals to be burdened 
unequally.
    In response to several of the previous rules on this issue--
including three issued as interim final rules under the statutory 
authority cited above--the Departments received more than 100,000 
public comments on multiple occasions. Those comments included 
extensive discussion about whether and to what extent to expand the 
exemption. Most recently, on July 26, 2016, the Departments issued a 
request for information (81 FR 47741) and received over 54,000 public 
comments about different possible ways to resolve these issues. As 
noted above, the public comments in response to both the RFI and 
various prior rulemaking proceedings included specific requests that 
the exemptions be expanded to include those who oppose the Mandate for 
either religious or ``moral'' reasons.\45\ In connection with past 
regulations, the Departments have offered or expanded a temporary safe 
harbor allowing organizations that were not exempt from the HRSA 
Guidelines to operate out of compliance with the Guidelines. The 
Departments will fully consider comments submitted in response to these 
interim final rules, but believe that good cause exists to issue the 
rules on an interim final basis before the comments are submitted and 
reviewed. Issuing interim final rules with a comment period provides 
the public with an opportunity to comment on whether these regulations 
expanding the exemption should be made permanent or subject to 
modification without delaying the effective date of the regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See, for example, http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=HHS-OS-2011-0023-59496, http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=CMS-2012-0031-79115, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-54142, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-54218, and https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=CMS-2016-0123-46220.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit stated with 
respect to an earlier IFR promulgated with respect to this issue in 
Priests for Life v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 772 
F.3d 229, 276 (D.C. Cir. 2014), vacated on other grounds, Zubik v. 
Burwell, 136 S. Ct. 1557 (2016), ``[S]everal reasons support HHS's 
decision not to engage in notice and comment here.'' Among other 
things, the Court noted that ``the agency made a good cause finding in 
the rule it issued''; that ``the regulations the interim final rule 
modifies were recently enacted pursuant to notice and comment 
rulemaking, and presented virtually identical issues''; that ``HHS will 
expose its interim rule to notice and comment before its permanent 
implementation''; and that not proceeding under interim final rules 
would ``delay the implementation of the alternative opt-out for 
religious objectors.'' Id. at 277. Similarly, not proceeding with 
exemptions and accommodations for moral objectors here would delay the 
implementation of those alternative opt-outs for moral objectors.
    Delaying the availability of the expanded exemption could also 
increase the costs of health insurance for some entities. As reflected 
in litigation pertaining to the Mandate, some entities are in 
grandfathered health plans that do not cover

[[Page 47856]]

contraception. As such, they may wish to make changes to their health 
plans that will reduce the costs of insurance coverage for their 
beneficiaries or policyholders, but which would cause the plans to lose 
grandfathered status. To the extent that entities with objections to 
the Mandate based on moral convictions but not religious beliefs fall 
into this category, they may be refraining from making those changes--
and therefore may be continuing to incur and pass on higher insurance 
costs--to prevent the Mandate from applying to their plans in violation 
of their consciences. We are not aware of the extent to which such 
entities exist, but 17 percent of all covered workers are in 
grandfathered health plans, encompassing tens of millions of 
people.\46\ Issuing these rules on an interim final basis reduces the 
costs of health insurance and regulatory burdens for such entities and 
their plan participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Kaiser Family Foundation & Health Research & Educational 
Trust, ``Employer Health Benefits, 2017 Annual Survey,'' available 
at http://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-Annual-Survey-2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These interim final rules also expand access to the optional 
accommodation process for certain entities with objections to the 
Mandate based on moral convictions. If entities exist that wish to use 
that process, the Departments believe they should be able to do so 
without the delay that would be involved by not offering them the 
optional accommodation process by use of interim final rules. 
Proceeding otherwise could delay the provision of contraceptive 
coverage to those entities' employees.
    For the foregoing reasons, the Departments have determined that it 
would be impracticable and contrary to the public interest to engage in 
full notice and comment rulemaking before putting these interim final 
rules into effect, and that it is in the public interest to promulgate 
interim final rules. For the same reasons, the Departments have 
determined, consistent with section 553(d) of the APA (5 U.S.C. 
553(d)), that there is good cause to make these interim final rules 
effective immediately upon filing for public inspection at the Office 
of the Federal Register.

V. Economic Impact and Paperwork Burden

    We have examined the impacts of the interim final rules as required 
by Executive Order 12866 on Regulatory Planning and Review (September 
30, 1993), Executive Order 13563 on Improving Regulation and Regulatory 
Review (January 18, 2011), the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 
(September 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96-354, section 1102(b) of the Social 
Security Act, section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(March 22, 1995; Pub. L. 104-4), Executive Order 13132 on Federalism 
(August 4, 1999), the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2) and 
Executive Order 13771 on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory 
Costs (January 30, 2017).

A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563--Department of HHS and Department 
of Labor

    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, and public 
health and safety effects; distributive impacts; and equity). Executive 
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and 
benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
    Section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 defines a ``significant 
regulatory action'' as an action that is likely to result in a 
regulation: (1) Having an annual effect on the economy of $100 million 
or more in any 1 year, or adversely and materially affecting a sector 
of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, 
public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or 
communities (also referred to as ``economically significant''); (2) 
creating a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfering with an 
action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially altering the 
budgetary impacts of entitlement grants, user fees, or loan programs or 
the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or (4) raising novel 
legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's 
priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order.
    A regulatory impact analysis must be prepared for major rules with 
economically significant effects ($100 million or more in any one 
year), and an ``economically significant'' regulatory action is subject 
to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). As discussed 
below regarding anticipated effects of these rules and the Paperwork 
Reduction Act, these interim final rules are not likely to have 
economic impacts of $100 million or more in any one year, and therefore 
do not meet the definition of ``economically significant'' under 
Executive Order 12866. However, OMB has determined that the actions are 
significant within the meaning of section 3(f)(4) of the Executive 
Order. Therefore, OMB has reviewed these final regulations and the 
Departments have provided the following assessment of their impact.
1. Need for Regulatory Action
    These interim final rules amend the Departments' July 2015 final 
regulations and do so in conjunction with the amendments made in the 
companion interim final rules concerning religious beliefs issued 
contemporaneously with these interim final rules and published 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. These interim final 
rules expand the exemption from the requirement to provide coverage for 
contraceptives and sterilization, established under the HRSA 
Guidelines, promulgated under section 2713(a)(4) of the PHS Act, 
section 715(a)(1) of the ERISA, and section 9815(a)(1) of the Code, to 
include certain entities and individuals with objections to compliance 
with the Mandate based on sincerely held moral convictions, and they 
revise the accommodation process to make entities with such convictions 
eligible to use it. The expanded exemption would apply to certain 
individuals, nonprofit entities, institutions of higher education, 
issuers, and for-profit entities that do not have publicly traded 
ownership interests, that have a moral objection to providing coverage 
for some (or all) of the contraceptive and/or sterilization services 
covered by the Guidelines. Such action is taken, among other reasons, 
to provide for conscientious participation in the health insurance 
market free from penalties for violating sincerely held moral 
convictions opposed to providing or receiving coverage of contraceptive 
services, to resolve lawsuits that have been filed against the 
Departments by some such entities, and to avoid similar legal 
challenges.
2. Anticipated Effects
    The Departments acknowledge that expanding the exemption to include 
objections based on moral convictions might result in less insurance 
coverage of contraception for some women who may want the coverage. 
Although the Departments do not know the exact scope of that effect 
attributable to the moral exemption in these interim final rules, they 
believe it to be small.
    With respect to the expanded exemption for nonprofit organizations, 
as noted above the Departments are aware of two small nonprofit

[[Page 47857]]

organizations that have filed lawsuits raising non-religious moral 
objections to coverage of some contraceptives. Both of those entities 
have fewer than five employees enrolled in health coverage, and both 
require all of their employees to agree with their opposition to the 
coverage.\47\ Based on comments submitted in response to prior 
rulemakings on this subject, we believe that at least one other similar 
entity exists. However, we do not know how many similar entities exist. 
Lacking other information we assume that the number is small. Without 
data to estimate the number of such entities, we believe it to be less 
than 10, and assume the exemption will be used by nine nonprofit 
entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ Non-religious nonprofit organizations that engage in 
expressive activity generally have a First Amendment right to hire 
only people who share their moral convictions or will be respectful 
of them--including their convictions on whether the organization or 
others provide health coverage of contraception, or of certain items 
they view as being abortifacient.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also assume that those nine entities will operate in a fashion 
similar to the two similar entities of which we are aware, so that 
their employees will likely share their views against coverage of 
certain contraceptives. This is consistent with our conclusion in 
previous rules that no significant burden or costs would result from 
exempting houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries. (See 76 FR 
46625 and 78 FR 39889). We reached that conclusion without ultimately 
requiring that houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries only hire 
persons who agree with their views against contraception, and without 
even requiring that such entities actually oppose contraception in 
order to be exempt (in contrast, the expanded exemption here requires 
the exempt entity to actually possess sincerely held moral convictions 
objecting to the coverage). In concluding that the exemption for houses 
of worship and integrated auxiliaries would result in no significant 
burden or costs, we relied on our assumption that the employees of 
exempt houses of worship and integrated auxiliaries likely share their 
employers' opposition to contraceptive coverage.
    A similar assumption is supported with respect to the expanded 
exemption for nonprofit organizations. To our knowledge, the vast 
majority of organizations objecting to the Mandate assert religious 
beliefs. The only nonprofit organizations of which we are aware that 
possess non-religious moral convictions against some or all 
contraceptive methods only hire persons who share their convictions. It 
is possible that the exemption for nonprofit organizations with moral 
convictions in these interim final rules could be used by a nonprofit 
organization that employs persons who do not share the organization's 
views on contraception, but it was also possible under our previous 
rules that a house of worship or integrated auxiliary could employ 
persons who do not share their views on contraception.\48\ Although we 
are unable to find sufficient data on this issue, we believe that there 
are far fewer non-religious moral nonprofit organizations opposed to 
contraceptive coverage than there are churches with religious 
objections to such coverage. Based on our limited data, we believe the 
most likely effect of the expanded exemption for nonprofit entities is 
that it will be used by entities similar to the two entities that have 
sought an exemption through litigation, and whose employees also oppose 
the coverage. Therefore, we expect that the expanded exemption for 
nonprofit entities will have no effect of reducing contraceptive 
coverage to employees who want that coverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Cf., for example, Gallup, ``Americans, Including Catholics, 
Say Birth Control Is Morally OK,'' (May 22, 2012) (``Eighty-two 
percent of U.S. Catholics say birth control is morally 
acceptable''), available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/154799/americans-including-catholics-say-birth-control-morally.aspx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These interim final rules expand the exemption to include 
institutions of higher education that arrange student coverage and have 
non-religious moral objections to the Mandate, and they make exempt 
entities with moral objections eligible to use the accommodation. The 
Departments are not aware of either kind of entity. We believe the 
number of entities that object to the Mandate based on non-religious 
moral convictions is already very small. The only entities of which we 
are aware that have raised such objections are not institutions of 
higher education, and appear to hold objections that we assume would 
likely lead them to reject the accommodation process. Therefore, for 
the purposes of estimating the anticipated effect of these interim 
final rules on contraceptive coverage of women who wish to receive such 
coverage, we assume that--at this time--no entities with non-religious 
moral objections to the Mandate will be institutions of higher 
education that arrange student coverage, and no entities with non-
religious moral objections will opt into the accommodation. We wish to 
make the expanded exemption and accommodation available to such 
entities in case they do exist or might come into existence, based on 
similar reasons to those given above for why the exemptions and 
accommodations are extended to other entities. We invite public comment 
on whether and how many such entities will make use of these interim 
final rules.
    The expanded exemption for issuers will not result in a distinct 
effect on contraceptive coverage for women who wish to receive it 
because that exemption only applies in cases where plan sponsors or 
individuals are also otherwise exempt, and the effect of those 
exemptions is discussed elsewhere herein. The expanded exemption for 
individuals that oppose contraceptive coverage based on sincerely held 
moral convictions will provide coverage that omits contraception for 
individuals that object to contraceptive coverage.
    The expanded moral exemption would also cover for-profit entities 
that do not have publicly traded ownership interests, and that have 
non-religious moral objections to the Mandate. The Departments are not 
aware of any for-profit entities that possess non-religious moral 
objections to the Mandate. However, scores of for-profit entities have 
filed suit challenging the Mandate. Among the over 200 entities that 
brought legal challenges, only two entities (less than 1 percent) 
raised non-religious moral objections--both were nonprofit. Among the 
general public polls vary about religious beliefs, but one prominent 
poll shows that 89 percent of Americans say they believe in God.\49\ 
Among non-religious persons, only a very small percentage appears to 
hold moral objections to contraception. A recent study found that only 
2 percent of religiously unaffiliated persons believed using 
contraceptives is morally wrong.\50\ Combined, this suggests that 0.2 
percent of Americans at most \51\ might believe contraceptives are 
morally wrong based on moral convictions but not religious beliefs. We 
have no information about how many of those persons run closely held 
businesses, offer employer sponsored health insurance, and would make 
use of the expanded exemption for moral

[[Page 47858]]

convictions set forth in these interim final rules. Given the large 
number of closely held entities that challenged the Mandate based on 
religious objections, we assume that some similar for-profit entities 
with non-religious moral objections exist. But we expect that it will 
be a comparatively small number of entities, since among the nonprofit 
litigants, only two were non-religious. Without data available to 
estimate the actual number of entities that will make use of the 
expanded exemption for for-profit entities that do not have publicly 
traded ownership interests and that have objections to the Mandate 
based on sincerely held moral convictions, we expect that fewer than 10 
entities, if any, will do so--we assume nine for-profit entities will 
use the exemption in these interim final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ Gallup, ``Most Americans Still Believe in God'' (June 14-
23, 2016), available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/193271/americans-believe-god.aspx.
    \50\ Pew Research Center, ``Where the Public Stands on Religious 
Liberty vs. Nondiscrimination'' at page 26 (Sept. 28, 2016), 
available at http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/09/Religious-Liberty-full-for-web.pdf.
    \51\ The study defined religiously ``unaffiliated'' as agnostic, 
atheist or ``nothing in particular'' (id. at 8), as distinct from 
several versions of Protestants, or Catholics. ``Nothing in 
particular'' might have included some theists.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The expanded exemption encompassing certain for-profit entities 
could result in the removal of contraceptive coverage from women who do 
not share their employers' views. The Departments used data from the 
Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Medical Expenditure Panel 
Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) to obtain an estimate of the 
number of policyholders that will be covered by the plans of the nine 
for-profit entities we assume may make use of these expanded 
exemptions.\52\ The average number of policyholders (9) in plans with 
under 100 employees was obtained. It is not known what size the for-
profit employers will be that might claim this exemption, but as 
discussed above these interim final rules do not include publicly 
traded companies (and we invite public comments on whether to do so in 
the final rules), and both of the two nonprofit entities that 
challenged the Mandate included fewer than five policyholders in each 
entity. Therefore we assume the for-profit entities that may claim this 
expanded exemption will have fewer than 100 employees and an average of 
9 policyholders. For nine entities, the total number of policyholders 
would be 81. DOL estimates that for each policyholder, there is 
approximately one dependent.\53\ This amounts to 162 covered persons. 
Census data indicate that women of childbearing age--that is, women 
aged 15-44--comprise 20.2 percent of the general population.\54\ This 
amounts to approximately 33 women of childbearing age for this group of 
individuals covered by group plans sponsored by for-profit moral 
objectors. Approximately 44.3 percent of women currently use 
contraceptives covered by the Guidelines.\55\ Thus we estimate that 15 
women may incur contraceptive costs due to for-profit entities using 
the expanded exemption provided in these interim final rules.\56\ In 
the companion interim final rules concerning religious beliefs issued 
contemporaneously with these interim final rules and published 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, we estimate that the 
average cost of contraception per year per woman of childbearing age 
that use contraception covered by the Guidelines, within health plans 
that cover contraception, is $584. Consequently, we estimate that the 
anticipated effects attributable to the cost of contraception from for-
profit entities using the expanded exemption in these interim final 
rules is approximately $8,760.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ ``Health Insurance Coverage Bulletin'' Table 4, page 21. 
Using March 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the 
Current Population Survey. https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/ebsa/researchers/data/health-and-welfare/health-insurance-coverage-bulletin-2015.pdfEstimates of the number of ERISA Plans based on 
2015 Medical Expenditure Survey--Insurance
    \53\ ``Health Insurance Coverage Bulletin'' Table 4, page 21. 
Using March 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the 
Current Population Survey. https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/ebsa/researchers/data/health-and-welfare/health-insurance-coverage-bulletin-2015.pdf.
    \54\ U.S. Census Bureau, ``Age and Sex Composition: 2010'' (May 
2011), available at https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. The Guidelines' requirement of contraceptive 
coverage only applies ``for all women with reproductive capacity.'' 
https://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines/; see also 80 FR 40318. In 
addition, studies commonly consider the 15-44 age range to assess 
contraceptive use by women of childbearing age. See, Guttmacher 
Institute, ``Contraceptive Use in the United States'' (Sept. 2016), 
available at https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-use-united-states.
    \55\ See https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-use-united-states.
    \56\ We note that many non-religious for-profit entities which 
sued the Departments challenging the Mandate, including some of the 
largest employers, only objected to coverage of 4 of the 18 types of 
contraceptives required to be covered by the Mandate--namely, those 
contraceptives which they viewed as abortifacients, and akin to 
abortion --and they were willing to provide coverage for other types 
of contraception. It is reasonable to assume that this would also be 
the case with respect to some for-profits that object to the Mandate 
on the basis of sincerely held moral convictions. Accordingly, it is 
possible that even fewer women beneficiaries under such plans would 
bear out-of-pocket expenses in order to obtain contraceptives, and 
that those who might do so would bear lower costs due to many 
contraceptive items being covered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments estimate that these interim final rules will not 
result in any additional burden or costs on issuers or third party 
administrators. As discussed above, we assume that no entities with 
non-religious moral convictions will use the accommodation, although we 
wish to make it available in case an entity voluntarily opts into it in 
order to allow contraceptive coverage to be provided to its plan 
participants and beneficiaries. Finally, because the accommodation 
process was not previously available to entities that possess non-
religious moral objections to the Mandate, we do not anticipate that 
these interim final rules will result in any burden from such entities 
revoking their accommodated status.
    The Departments believe the foregoing analysis represents a 
reasonable estimate of the likely impact under the rules expanded 
exemptions. The Departments acknowledge uncertainty in the estimate and 
therefore conducted a second analysis using an alternative framework, 
which is set forth in the companion interim final rule concerning 
religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with this interim final rule 
and published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. Under 
either estimate, this interim final rule is not economically 
significant.
    We reiterate the rareness of instances in which we are aware that 
employers assert non-religious objections to contraceptive coverage 
based on sincerely held moral convictions, as discussed above, and also 
that in the few instances where such an objection has been raised, 
employees of such employers also opposed contraception.
    We request comment on all aspects of the preceding regulatory 
impact analysis.

B. Special Analyses--Department of the Treasury

    For purposes of the Department of the Treasury, certain Internal 
Revenue Service (IRS) regulations, including this one, are exempt from 
the requirements in Executive Order 12866, as supplemented by Executive 
Order 13563. The Departments estimate that the likely effect of these 
interim final rules will be that entities will use the exemption and 
not the accommodation. Therefore, a regulatory assessment is not 
required.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) (RFA) imposes 
certain requirements with respect to Federal rules that are subject to 
the notice and comment requirements of section 553(b) of the APA (5 
U.S.C. 551 et seq.) and that are likely to have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. Under Section 553(b) 
of the APA, a general notice of proposed rulemaking is not required 
when an agency, for good cause, finds that notice and public comment 
thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public

[[Page 47859]]

interest. The interim final rules are exempt from the APA, both because 
the PHS Act, ERISA, and the Code contain specific provisions under 
which the Secretaries may adopt regulations by interim final rule and 
because the Departments have made a good cause finding that a general 
notice of proposed rulemaking is not necessary earlier in this 
preamble. Therefore, the RFA does not apply and the Departments are not 
required to either certify that the regulations or this amendment would 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities or conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis.
    Nevertheless, the Departments carefully considered the likely 
impact of the rule on small entities in connection with their 
assessment under Executive Order 12866. The Departments do not expect 
that these interim final rules will have a significant economic effect 
on a substantial number of small entities, because they will not result 
in any additional costs to affected entities. Instead, by exempting 
from the Mandate small businesses and nonprofit organizations with 
moral objections to some or all contraceptives and/or sterilization, 
the Departments have reduced regulatory burden on small entities. 
Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, these regulations have been 
submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business 
Administration for comment on their impact on small business.

D. Paperwork Reduction Act--Department of Health and Human Services

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA), federal 
agencies are required to publish notice in the Federal Register 
concerning each proposed collection of information. Interested persons 
are invited to send comments regarding our burden estimates or any 
other aspect of this collection of information, including any of the 
following subjects: (1) The necessity and utility of the proposed 
information collection for the proper performance of the agency's 
functions; (2) the accuracy of the estimated burden; (3) ways to 
enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be 
collected; and (4) the use of automated collection techniques or other 
forms of information technology to minimize the information collection 
burden.
    We estimate that these interim final rules will not result in 
additional burdens not accounted for as set forth in the companion 
interim final rules concerning religious beliefs issued 
contemporaneously with these interim final rules and published 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. As discussed there, 
regulations covering the accommodation include provisions regarding 
self-certification or notices to HHS from eligible organizations (Sec.  
147.131(c)(3)), notice of availability of separate payments for 
contraceptive services (Sec.  147.131(f)), and notice of revocation of 
accommodation (Sec.  147.131(c)(4)). The burdens related to those ICRs 
are currently approved under OMB Control Numbers 0938-1248 and 0938-
1292. These interim final rules amend the accommodation regulations to 
make entities with moral objections to the Mandate eligible to use the 
same accommodation processes. The Departments will update the forms and 
model notices regarding these processes to reflect that entities with 
sincerely held moral convictions are eligible organizations.
    As discussed above, however, we assume that no entities with non-
religious moral objections to the Mandate will use the accommodation, 
and we know that no such entities were eligible for it until now, so 
that they do not possess accommodated status to revoke. Therefore we 
believe that the burden for these ICRs is accounted for in the 
collection approved under OMB Control Numbers 0938-1248 and 0938-1292, 
as described in the interim final rules concerning religious beliefs 
issued contemporaneously with these interim final rules.
    We are soliciting comments on all of the possible information 
collection requirements contained in these interim final rules, 
including those discussed in the companion interim final rules 
concerning religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with these 
interim final rules and published elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register, for which these interim final rules provide 
eligibility to entities with objections based on moral convictions. In 
addition, we are also soliciting comments on all of the related 
information collection requirements currently approved under 0938-1292 
and 0938-1248.
    To obtain copies of a supporting statement and any related forms 
for the proposed collection(s) summarized in this notice, you may make 
your request using one of following:
    1. Access CMS' Web site address at https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/PaperworkReductionActof1995/PRA-Listing.html.
    2. Email your request, including your address, phone number, OMB 
number, and CMS document identifier, to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cb9baabbaeb9bca4b9a08ba8a6b8e5a3a3b8e5aca4bd"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="80d0e1f0e5f2f7eff2ebc0e3edf3aee8e8f3aee7eff6">[email protected]</span></a>.
    3. Call the Reports Clearance Office at (410) 786-1326.
    If you comment on these information collections, that is, 
reporting, recordkeeping or third-party disclosure requirements, please 
submit your comments electronically as specified in the ADDRESSES 
section of these interim final rules with comment period.

E. Paperwork Reduction Act--Department of Labor

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act, an agency may not conduct or 
sponsor, and an individual is not required to respond to, a collection 
of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. In 
accordance with the requirements of the PRA, the ICR for the EBSA Form 
700 and alternative notice have previously been approved by OMB under 
control numbers 1210-0150 and 1210-0152. A copy of the ICR may be 
obtained by contacting the PRA addressee shown below or at http://www.RegInfo.gov. PRA ADDRESSEE: G. Christopher Cosby, Office of Policy 
and Research, U.S. Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security 
Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW., Room N-5718, Washington, 
DC 20210. Telephone: 202-693-8410; Fax: 202-219-4745. These are not 
toll-free numbers.
    Consistent with the analysis in the HHS PRA section above, although 
these interim final rules make entities with certain moral convictions 
eligible for the accommodation, we assume that no entities will use it 
rather than the exemption, and such entities were not previously 
eligible for the accommodation so as to revoke it. Therefore we believe 
these interim final rules do not involve additional burden not 
accounted for under OMB control number 1210-0150.
    Regarding the ICRs discussed in the companion interim final rules 
concerning religious beliefs issued contemporaneously with these 
interim final rules and published elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register, the forms for which would be used if any entities 
with moral objections used the accommodation process in the future, DOL 
submitted those ICRs in order to obtain OMB approval under the PRA for 
the regulatory revision. The request was made under emergency clearance 
procedures specified in regulations at 5 CFR 1320.13. OMB approved the 
ICRs under the emergency clearance process. In an effort to consolidate 
the number of information collection requests, DOL indicated it will 
combine the ICR related to the OMB control number 1210-0152 with the 
ICR related to the OMB control number 1210-0150. Once

[[Page 47860]]

the ICR is approved, DOL indicated it will discontinue 1210-0152. OMB 
approved the ICR under control number 1210-0150 through [DATE]. A copy 
of the information collection request may be obtained free of charge on 
the RegInfo.gov Web site at http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201705-1210-001. This approval allows respondents 
temporarily to utilize the additional flexibility these interim final 
regulations provide, while DOL seeks public comment on the collection 
methods--including their utility and burden. Contemporaneously with the 
publication of these interim final rules, DOL will publish a notice in 
the Federal Register informing the public of its intention to extend 
the OMB approval.

F. Regulatory Reform Executive Orders 13765, 13771 and 13777

    Executive Order 13765 (January 20, 2017) directs that, ``[t]o the 
maximum extent permitted by law, the Secretary of Health and Human 
Services (Secretary) and the heads of all other executive departments 
and agencies (agencies) with authorities and responsibilities under the 
Act shall exercise all authority and discretion available to them to 
waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any 
provision or requirement of the Act that would impose a fiscal burden 
on any State or a cost, fee, tax, penalty, or regulatory burden on 
individuals, families, healthcare providers, health insurers, patients, 
recipients of healthcare services, purchasers of health insurance, or 
makers of medical devices, products, or medications.'' In addition, 
agencies are directed to ``take all actions consistent with law to 
minimize the unwarranted economic and regulatory burdens of the 
[Affordable Care Act], and prepare to afford the States more 
flexibility and control to create a more free and open healthcare 
market.'' These interim final rules exercise the discretion provided to 
the Departments under the Affordable Care Act and other laws to grant 
exemptions and thereby minimize regulatory burdens of the Affordable 
Care Act on the affected entities and recipients of health care 
services.
    Consistent with Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 
2017), we have estimated the costs and cost savings attributable to 
this interim final rule. As discussed in more detail in the preceding 
analysis, this interim final rule lessens incremental reporting 
costs.\57\ Therefore, this interim final rule is considered an EO 13771 
deregulatory action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ Other noteworthy potential impacts encompass potential 
changes in medical expenditures, including potential decreased 
expenditures on contraceptive devices and drugs and potential 
increased expenditures on pregnancy-related medical services. OMB's 
guidance on E.O. 13771 implementation (https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/05/memorandum-implementing-executive-order-13771-titled-reducing-regulation) states that impacts should be 
categorized as consistently as possible within Departments. The Food 
and Drug Administration, within HHS, and the Occupational Safety and 
Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health 
Administration (MSHA), within DOL, regularly estimate medical 
expenditure impacts in the analyses that accompany their 
regulations, with the results being categorized as benefits 
(positive benefits if expenditures are reduced, negative benefits if 
expenditures are raised). Following the FDA, OSHA and MSHA 
accounting convention leads to this interim final rule's medical 
expenditure impacts being categorized as (positive or negative) 
benefits, rather than as costs, thus placing them outside of 
consideration for E.O. 13771 designation purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (section 202(a) of Pub. L. 
104-4), requires the Departments to prepare a written statement, which 
includes an assessment of anticipated costs and benefits, before 
issuing ``any rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result in 
the expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the 
aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted 
annually for inflation) in any one year.'' The current threshold after 
adjustment for inflation is $148 million, using the most current (2016) 
Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product. For purposes of 
the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, these interim final rules do not 
include any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures by State, 
local, or tribal governments, nor do they include any Federal mandates 
that may impose an annual burden of $100 million, adjusted for 
inflation, or more on the private sector.

H. Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 outlines fundamental principles of 
federalism, and requires the adherence to specific criteria by Federal 
agencies in the process of their formulation and implementation of 
policies that have ``substantial direct effects'' on States, the 
relationship between the Federal Government and States, or the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
Government. Federal agencies promulgating regulations that have these 
federalism implications must consult with state and local officials, 
and describe the extent of their consultation and the nature of the 
concerns of state and local officials in the preamble to the 
regulation.
    These interim final rules do not have any Federalism implications, 
since they only provide exemptions from the contraceptive and 
sterilization coverage requirement in HRSA Guidelines supplied under 
section 2713 of the PHS Act.

VI. Statutory Authority

    The Department of the Treasury temporary regulations are adopted 
pursuant to the authority contained in sections 7805 and 9833 of the 
Code.
    The Department of Labor regulations are adopted pursuant to the 
authority contained in 29 U.S.C. 1002(16), 1027, 1059, 1135, 1161-1168, 
1169, 1181-1183, 1181 note, 1185, 1185a, 1185b, 1185d, 1191, 1191a, 
1191b, and 1191c; sec. 101(g), Public Law 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936; sec. 
401(b), Public Law 105-200, 112 Stat. 645 (42 U.S.C. 651 note); sec. 
512(d), Public Law 110-343, 122 Stat. 3881; sec. 1001, 1201, and 
1562(e), Public Law 111-148, 124 Stat. 119, as amended by Public Law 
111-152, 124 Stat. 1029; Secretary of Labor's Order 1-2011, 77 FR 1088 
(Jan. 9, 2012).
    The Department of Health and Human Services regulations are adopted 
pursuant to the authority contained in sections 2701 through 2763, 
2791, and 2792 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. 300gg through 300gg-63, 300gg-
91, and 300gg-92), as amended; and Title I of the Affordable Care Act, 
sections 1301-1304, 1311-1312, 1321-1322, 1324, 1334, 1342-1343, 1401-
1402, and 1412, Pub. L. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (42 U.S.C. 18021-18024, 
18031-18032, 18041-18042, 18044, 18054, 18061, 18063, 18071, 18082, 26 
U.S.C. 36B, and 31 U.S.C. 9701).

List of Subjects

26 CFR Part 54

    Excise taxes, Health care, Health insurance, Pensions, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements.

29 CFR Part 2590

    Continuation coverage, Disclosure, Employee benefit plans, Group 
health plans, Health care, Health insurance, Medical child support, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

45 CFR Part 147

    Health care, Health insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping

[[Page 47861]]

requirements, State regulation of health insurance.

Kirsten B. Wielobob,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: October 2, 2017.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy.

    Signed this 4th day of October, 2017.
Timothy D. Hauser,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Program Operations, Employee Benefits 
Security Administration, Department of Labor.

    Dated: October 4, 2017.
Seema Verma,
Administrator, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

    Approved: October 4, 2017.
Donald Wright,
Acting Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

    For the reasons set forth in this preamble, 26 CFR part 54 is 
amended as follows:

PART 54--PENSION EXCISE TAXES

0
1. The authority citation for part 54 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805. * * *


Sec.  54.9815-2713T  [Amended]

0
2. Section 54.9815-2713T, as added elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register, is amended in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) by removing the 
reference ``147.131 and 147.132'' and adding in its place the reference 
``147.131, 147.132, and 147.133''.


Sec.  54.9815-2713AT   [Amended]

0
3. Section 54.9815-2713AT, as added elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register], is amended--
0
a. In paragraph (a)(1) by removing ``or (ii)'' and adding in its place 
``or (ii), or 45 CFR 147.133(a)(1)(i) or (ii)'';
0
b. In paragraph (a)(2) by removing the reference ``147.132(a)'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132(a) or 147.133(a)'';
0
c. In paragraph (b)(1)(ii) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133'';
0
d. In paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) by removing the reference ``147.132'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 147.133'';
0
e. In paragraph (c)(1)(ii) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133'';
0
f. In paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(B) by removing the reference ``147.132'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 147.133''; and
0
g. In paragraph (c)(2) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133''.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Employee Benefits Security Administration

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Department of Labor 
amends 29 CFR part 2590 as follows:

PART 2590--RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR GROUP HEALTH PLANS

0
3. The authority citation for part 2590 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  29 U.S.C. 1027, 1059, 1135, 1161-1168, 1169, 1181-
1183, 1181 note, 1185, 1185a, 1185b, 1191, 1191a, 1191b, and 1191c; 
sec. 101(g), Pub. L. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936; sec. 401(b), Pub. L. 
105-200, 112 Stat. 645 (42 U.S.C. 651 note); sec. 512(d), Pub. L. 
110-343, 122 Stat. 3881; sec. 1001, 1201, and 1562(e), Pub. L. 111-
148, 124 Stat. 119, as amended by Pub. L. 111-152, 124 Stat. 1029; 
Division M, Pub. L. 113-235, 128 Stat. 2130; Secretary of Labor's 
Order 1-2011, 77 FR 1088 (Jan. 9, 2012).


Sec.  2590.715-2713   [Amended]

0
4. Section 2590.715-2713, as amended elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register], is further amended in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) by 
removing the reference ``147.131 and 147.132'' and adding in its place 
the reference ``147.131, 147.132, and 147.133''.


Sec.  2590.715-2713A  [Amended]

0
5. Section 2590.715-2713A, as revised elsewhere in this issue of the 
Federal Register], is further amended--
0
a. In paragraph (a)(1) by removing ``(ii)'' and adding in its place 
``(ii), or 45 CFR 147.133(a)(1)(i) or (ii)'';
0
b. In paragraph (a)(2) by removing the reference ``147.132(a)'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132(a) or 147.133(a)'';
0
c. In paragraph (b)(1)(ii) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133'';
0
d. In paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) by removing the reference ``147.132'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 147.133'';
0
e. In paragraph (c)(1)(ii) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133'';
0
f. In paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(B) by removing the reference ``147.132'' and 
adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 147.133''; and
0
g. In paragraph (c)(2) introductory text by removing the reference 
``147.132'' and adding in its place the reference ``147.132 or 
147.133''.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Department of Health 
and Human Services amends 45 CFR part 147 as follows:

PART 147--HEALTH INSURANCE REFORM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE GROUP AND 
INDIVIDUAL HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS

0
6. The authority citation for part 147 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  Secs 2701 through 2763, 2791, and 2792 of the Public 
Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300gg through 300gg-63, 300gg-91, and 
300gg-92), as amended.


Sec.  147.130  [Amended]

0
7. Section 147.130, as amended elsewhere in this issue of the Federal 
Register, is further amended in paragraphs (a)(1) introductory text and 
(a)(1)(iv) by removing the reference ``Sec. Sec.  147.131 and 147.132'' 
and adding in its place the reference ``Sec. Sec.  147.131, 147.132, 
and 147.133''.


Sec.  147.131   [Amended]

0
8. Section 147.131, as revised elsewhere in this issue of the Federal 
Register, is further amended--
0
a. In paragraph (c)(1) by removing the reference ``(ii)'' and adding in 
its place the reference ``(ii), or 45 CFR 147.133(a)(1)(i) or (ii)''.
0
b. In paragraph (c)(2) by removing the reference ``Sec.  147.132(a)'' 
and adding in its place the reference ``Sec.  147.132(a) or 147.133''; 
and
0
c. In paragraphs (d)(1)(ii) introductory text, (d)(1)(ii)(B) and (d)(2) 
by removing the reference ``Sec.  147.132'' and to adding in its place 
the reference ``Sec.  147.132 or 147.133''.

0
9. Add Sec.  147.133 to read as follows:


Sec.  147.133   Moral exemptions in connection with coverage of certain 
preventive health services.

    (a) Objecting entities. (1) Guidelines issued under Sec.  
147.130(a)(1)(iv) by the Health Resources and Services Administration 
must not provide for or support the requirement of coverage or payments 
for contraceptive services with respect to a group health plan 
established or maintained by an objecting organization, or health 
insurance coverage offered or arranged by an objecting organization, 
and thus

[[Page 47862]]

the Health Resources and Service Administration will exempt from any 
guidelines' requirements that relate to the provision of contraceptive 
services:
    (i) A group health plan and health insurance coverage provided in 
connection with a group health plan to the extent one of the following 
non-governmental plan sponsors object as specified in paragraph (a)(2) 
of this section:
    (A) A nonprofit organization; or
    (B) A for-profit entity that has no publicly traded ownership 
interests (for this purpose, a publicly traded ownership interest is 
any class of common equity securities required to be registered under 
section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934);
    (ii) An institution of higher education as defined in 20 U.S.C. 
1002 in its arrangement of student health insurance coverage, to the 
extent that institution objects as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of 
this section. In the case of student health insurance coverage, this 
section is applicable in a manner comparable to its applicability to 
group health insurance coverage provided in connection with a group 
health plan established or maintained by a plan sponsor that is an 
employer, and references to ``plan participants and beneficiaries'' 
will be interpreted as references to student enrollees and their 
covered dependents; and
    (iii) A health insurance issuer offering group or individual 
insurance coverage to the extent the issuer objects as specified in 
paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Where a health insurance issuer 
providing group health insurance coverage is exempt under paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section, the group health plan established or 
maintained by the plan sponsor with which the health insurance issuer 
contracts remains subject to any requirement to provide coverage for 
contraceptive services under Guidelines issued under Sec.  
147.130(a)(1)(iv) unless it is also exempt from that requirement.
    (2) The exemption of this paragraph (a) will apply to the extent 
that an entity described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section objects to 
its establishing, maintaining, providing, offering, or arranging (as 
applicable) coverage or payments for some or all contraceptive 
services, or for a plan, issuer, or third party administrator that 
provides or arranges such coverage or payments, based on its sincerely 
held moral convictions.
    (b) Objecting individuals. Guidelines issued under Sec.  
147.130(a)(1)(iv) by the Health Resources and Services Administration 
must not provide for or support the requirement of coverage or payments 
for contraceptive services with respect to individuals who object as 
specified in this paragraph (b), and nothing in Sec.  
147.130(a)(1)(iv), 26 CFR 54.9815-2713(a)(1)(iv), or 29 CFR 2590.715-
2713(a)(1)(iv) may be construed to prevent a willing health insurance 
issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage, and as 
applicable, a willing plan sponsor of a group health plan, from 
offering a separate policy, certificate or contract of insurance or a 
separate group health plan or benefit package option, to any individual 
who objects to coverage or payments for some or all contraceptive 
services based on sincerely held moral convictions.
    (c) Definition. For the purposes of this section, reference to 
``contraceptive'' services, benefits, or coverage includes 
contraceptive or sterilization items, procedures, or services, or 
related patient education or counseling, to the extent specified for 
purposes of Sec.  147.130(a)(1)(iv).
    (d) Severability. Any provision of this section held to be invalid 
or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.

[FR Doc. 2017-21852 Filed 10-6-17; 11:15 am]
 BILLING CODE 4830-01-P; 4510-029-P; 4120-01-P; 6325-64-P


</pre><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body>
</html>