Filed 8/15/14 P. v. Bailey-Banks CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

LARRY BAILEY-BANKS,

Defendant and Appellant.

F065998/F065678

(Kern Super. Ct. Nos. BF134268A & 

BF134268B)

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION AND 

DENYING REHEARING

[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RAYSHAUN DUPREE BROWN,

Defendant and Appellant.

THE COURT:

It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on July 17, 2014, be modified as follows:

On page 29, at the end of the paragraph ending “and not from the docket entries 

contained in exhibit No. 3”, the following paragraph is added:
2.

Bailey argues that if this court does not reverse the judgment because of the 

admission of the exhibit, we should remand the matter and order the trial 

court to recall the jurors. Bailey contends the trial court must conduct an 

evidentiary hearing and question the jurors to determine if they looked at 

the documents, in order for Bailey to file a motion for new trial based on 

alleged prejudicial juror misconduct. As we have explained, however, 

defense counsel never objected to the admission of the exhibit, the record 

suggests a possible tactical reason for that omission, and there is no 

evidence the jurors looked at the exhibit. Moreover, defense counsel never 

asked the court to question the jurors before they were discharged, or for 

the jurors’ contact information after the verdict was returned. We decline 

to remand the matter given the nature of the record before this court.

There is no change in the judgment. Bailey’s petition for rehearing is denied.

_____________________

Poochigian, J.

WE CONCUR:

_____________________

Cornell, Acting P.J.

_____________________

Gomes, J.
Filed 7/17/14 P. v. Banks CA5 (unmodified version)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

LARRY BAILEY-BANKS,

Defendant and Appellant.

F065998/F065678

(Kern Super. Ct. Nos. BF134268A & 

BF134268B)

OPINION

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RAYSHAUN DUPREE BROWN,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. John W. Lua, 

Judge.

Sylvia Whatley Beckham, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Larry 

Bailey-Banks, Defendant and Appellant.
2.

Gregory L. Cannon, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Rayshaun 

Dupree Brown, Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Stephen G. Herndon and John 

W. Powell, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

-ooOooINTRODUCTION

Appellants/defendants Larry Bailey-Banks (Bailey)1 and Rayshaun Dupree Brown 

(Brown) were charged with multiple felonies and gang enhancements based on the 

burglary and robbery of a woman in her apartment. A third suspect, Andrew Smith, was 

also implicated. The People’s theory was that Bailey drove Brown and Smith to the 

apartment complex, and Brown and Smith broke into the apartment and robbed the 

victim. Bailey and Brown were tried together, and they were convicted of burglary,

robbery and other offenses. Bailey was sentenced to 26 years to life plus 20 years, and 

Brown was sentenced to 16 years. Prior to the joint trial, Smith pleaded no contest to 

burglary and was sentenced to nine years; he did not testify against Bailey or Banks.

Appellate issues

Bailey and Brown filed separate appeals and briefs, and did not request to join the 

issues raised by the other defendant. Their cases will be administratively consolidated.

Brown raises only one issue – that the prosecutor committed prejudicial 

misconduct during closing rebuttal argument by improperly vouching for the strength of 

the People’s case. Bailey joins in this issue.

Bailey separately raises several issues which Brown has not joined. Bailey 

contends the court improperly admitted an exhibit into evidence which it had previously 

 

1 Bailey-Banks testified at trial that he normally used “Bailey” as his last name. 

We will refer to him as Bailey.
3.

excluded because it contained details of Andrew Smith’s plea agreement; the jury was 

not correctly instructed on accomplices; the court should have instructed the jury on 

lesser included offenses of theft for count I, robbery; the jury failed to clarify whether he 

was convicted of first or second degree robbery; he could not be convicted as both a 

principal of burglary and robbery, and an accessory after the fact for the same crimes; he 

could not be convicted of burglary, robbery, and receiving stolen property; and one of the 

prior prison term enhancements must be stricken.

We reverse Bailey’s conviction in count VI for receiving stolen property, and 

strike the prior prison term enhancements. In all other respects, we affirm the judgments 

of convictions against both Bailey and Brown.

FACTS

On October 21, 2010, Jacqueline Garcia and her children lived in an apartment on

Pacheco Road and Eve Street in Bakersfield. At some point before noon, Garcia was 

resting in bed, and her children were not home. She was awakened by noise coming from 

her kitchen window, and the sound of someone falling from a height. Garcia testified 

two young men suddenly appeared in her bedroom. One man put his hand over Garcia’s 

eyes and mouth, held a gun to her head, and pushed her to the floor. The gunman told her 

to get up, and he took her around the apartment. The gunman told his accomplice to start 

looking for stuff. Garcia could not speak English and could not understand what they

were looking for.

Garcia testified the men looked through her home and made a “disaster of the 

place.” The gunman seemed to be giving orders to the second man about what to do. 

The gunman continued to hold the gun to Garcia’s head. The second man found a small 

safe. Garcia stored documents and jewelry in it, but it did not contain any money. The 

safe was locked, however, and the culprits did not know what was inside.

After they found the safe, the gunman again forced Garcia to the floor. She saw 

and heard the gunman pull back the slide and chamber a round in the gun. She also heard 
4.

a metallic sound. She believed the gunman was going to kill her and thought she was 

dead. However, the gunman did not fire and both men left the apartment with the safe.

The 911 call

Garcia was very afraid and tried to call the police, but she discovered the men had 

disconnected the telephone in her apartment. She ran to the manager’s office and called 

911.

At 11:42 a.m., the police received Garcia’s 911 call. Garcia told the Spanishspeaking dispatcher that two black juvenile males entered her house through a window, 

they had a gun, and they forced her to the floor. Garcia said they took a box with all her

personal documents.

The initial investigation

Officers Juarez and Ashby responded to Garcia’s apartment. Garcia was visibly 

shaken and very scared. The screen to the kitchen window had been removed, and the 

window was open. There were drawers and boxes which had been opened and tossed. 

The safe had been taken. The officers found a live nine-millimeter Luger bullet on the 

floor where the gunman had forced Garcia down.

Garcia reported the two suspects were African-American men. One suspect was 

about 19 years old, six feet tall, slim, and wore a black-hooded sweatshirt and a black 

mask. The other suspect was about 18 years old, five feet five inches tall, a thin build, in

a dark shirt and blue jeans, and had shoulder length black hair.

The apartment complex’s security camera depicted two shadowy figures leaving 

Garcia’s first floor apartment at 11:41 a.m.

Discovery of the safe

On the same day, Michael Bowen was cleaning out his apartment on North Half 

Moon Drive in Bakersfield. He spent the morning throwing out trash in the garbage can 

located in the alley behind his apartment. Later in the afternoon, he noticed a second 
5.

garbage can had been pulled next to the garbage can he had been using. The second 

garbage can had not been there earlier in the day.

Bowen opened the lid and looked inside the second garbage can. He saw a small 

safe that appeared to have been slammed or pried open. There were numerous papers and 

documents inside and around the safe. Bowen called the police.

At 2:45 p.m., Officers Ashby and Juarez responded to Bowen’s location in the 

alley. They looked through the safe and found numerous documents that belonged to 

Garcia. The same garbage can that contained the safe also contained utility bills 

addressed to defendant Bailey and his girlfriend, Tiffany Jackson.

Garcia’s identification of defendants

Bailey and Jackson lived in the same apartment complex as Bowen, just a few 

doors down from Bowen’s residence. Officers Ashby and Juarez contacted Bailey and 

Jackson at their apartment. They detained Bailey and took him to a nearby school.

The officers received information about a suspicious person in the area of Bailey’s 

apartment. Officer Ashby remained at the school with Bailey. Officers Woessner and 

Juarez located defendant Rayshaun Dupree Brown walking away from Bailey’s 

apartment on North Half Moon Drive. Brown was detained.

The police asked Garcia to participate in separate infield showups of the two 

suspects. An officer drove her to the location where Brown had been detained, and she 

remained in the patrol car. The officer read the standard admonishment to Garcia and 

asked her to look at Brown, who was standing near another police car with an officer next 

to him. Garcia said Brown was one of the men who entered her apartment.

A few minutes later, an officer drove Garcia to the school where Bailey had been 

taken. Garcia remained in the patrol car. Bailey was removed from another patrol car 

and stood on the street. He was in handcuffs, and four officers were standing near him. 

After receiving appropriate admonishments, Garcia identified Bailey as one of the men 

who entered her apartment.
6.

The officers showed Garcia the safe that had been found in the garbage can. 

Garcia identified the safe and the contents as her property. The safe was dusted for 

fingerprints, but no usable prints were obtained.

At trial, Garcia identified Bailey and Brown as the two men who entered her 

apartment and robbed her. She did not know which man used the gun.2

Bailey yells at Brown at the police department

Bailey and Brown were arrested. Brown had a cell phone which contained a 

photograph of him making a hand gesture of the letter “W,” and a separate photograph 

that showed the phrase “West Side.”

Both defendants were taken to the police department and placed in separate but 

adjoining interrogation rooms, which had solid doors and walls. These rooms were 

located within the larger squad room, and the officers used them as holding cells. The 

defendants could not see each other, but they knew they were in the adjoining rooms.

Officers Woessner and Ashby removed Brown from the interrogation room and 

interviewed him in another area adjacent to the squad room. They asked Brown if he was 

involved in the burglary/robbery at the apartment on Pacheco Road. Brown said he did 

not have anything to do with it. The officers returned Brown to the interrogation room

adjacent to where Bailey was still being held.

Officer Juarez testified he was in the squad room, and Bailey and Brown were in 

the adjacent interrogation rooms, when Juarez heard Bailey yell something at Brown. 

Bailey’s voice was muffled but loud enough to be heard by the officers in the squad 

room.

 

2 As we will discuss below, Bailey was on parole and wearing a GPS tracking 

monitor. Based on the GPS tracking evidence, the prosecution theory was that Bailey 

drove Brown and Andrew Smith to the apartment, and remained in his car while Brown 

and Smith committed the burglary and robbery. At trial, the prosecutor conceded that 

Garcia’s identification of Bailey as one of the burglars was incorrect.
7.

Officer Woessner testified he was also in the squad room and heard Bailey talk to 

Brown in a loud voice through the wall, “something to the effect of, ‘Tell those officers 

that I didn’t do anything,’ ” and “ ‘You know my situation. I can’t get another case,’ or 

something similar to that.”

3

Shortly after the officers heard Bailey yell at Brown, Brown asked to speak to 

Officer Woessner again. Brown was removed from his interrogation room and 

questioned. Brown said he committed the robbery with a man known as “Lil’ Rags” or 

“Baby Rags,” who was later identified as Andrew Smith.4 Brown did not implicate 

Bailey in any way. Instead, he said that Smith drove him to the apartment building and 

parked on the corner of Eve Street. Smith told Brown that someone lived in an 

apartment, and that person sold crystal methamphetamine and had cash. Smith climbed 

through the apartment’s kitchen window and opened the front door for Brown. Smith 

pulled the gun and pointed it at the woman in the apartment. Brown searched the

apartment and found the safe. Brown said he grabbed the safe, and they left the 

apartment. Brown dropped the safe. Smith helped him carry it, and they went back to 

Smith’s car. They drove to the alley and tried to open the safe. Smith threw the safe 

against the ground.

The GPS monitoring device on Bailey

At the time of the crime, Bailey was on parole as a gang member, and was 

required to wear a GPS monitoring device. The GPS device showed the subject’s 

 

3 Officer Woessner testified about Bailey’s statements to Brown when he was 

recalled as a defense witness for Brown, as part of Brown’s defense theory that he 

confessed to the burglary/robbery because he was intimidated by Bailey.

4 As we will discuss in issue I, post, Andrew Smith was arrested sometime after 

defendants were taken into custody, and separately charged with the burglary and robbery 

of Garcia. The court denied the People’s motion to consolidate his case with Brown and 

Bailey. Smith pleaded to burglary prior to the joint trial for Bailey and Brown.
8.

locations, and when the subject was walking, traveling at a faster rate in a vehicle, or not 

moving at all.

The officers retrieved Bailey’s GPS tracking data after Bailey had been arrested. 

Bailey’s GPS tracking data showed that on the day of the burglary/robbery, he was on 

Pacheco Road at 11:28 a.m., and moving at 40 miles per hour, presumably in a vehicle. 

At 11:29 a.m., he was not moving and was stationary. At 11:32 a.m., he moved to a 

different location. At 11:34 a.m., he was stationary, and near the intersection of Pacheco 

Road and Pamela Street, which was near Garcia’s apartment building. He remained at 

that location until 11:41 a.m., when he moved north on Eve Street at 30 miles per hour.

5

 

At 11:51 a.m., he was moving at 24 miles per hour. At 11:52 a.m., he was not moving 

and remained stationary at a residence in the area of North Half Moon Drive. At 11:57 

a.m., he was walking at one mile per hour. At 11:59 a.m., he was stationary on North 

Half Moon Drive. At 12:03 p.m., he was moving on Edgemont Drive at 32 miles per 

hour.

GANG EVIDENCE

Detective Travis Harless, a member of the Bakersfield Police Department’s gang 

unit, testified as the prosecution’s gang expert that Bailey, Brown, and Andrew Smith 

were members of the West Side Crips. The West Side Crips had geographical subset 

gangs which included 6th Street, Black Family, Q Court, Carnation Track, and Turq Rag.

The West Side Crips claim the color turquoise, the number six, and the letters 

“W,” “WS,” and “WSC.” The gang’s primary activities are murders, assaults, stabbings, 

shootings, carjackings, auto thefts, burglaries, and drug sales.

Lowell Park is in the middle of the West Side Crips’ territory, and members of 

rival gangs are not allowed to enter the park. The gang regularly uses the park for 

 

5 At 11:42 a.m., Garcia called 911 and reported the burglary/robbery had just 

occurred.
9.

meetings and gang-related events, including the annual “Hood Day” on June 6. Detective 

Eric Lantz explained that on Hood Day, large numbers of the West Side Crips “don their 

turquoise colors and black T-shirts, things like that, and they will flood the Lowell Park 

and the surrounding areas” in the heart of West Side territory. The event is held on June 

6 since the West Side Crips identify with “6/6,” referring to the 6th Street subset gang, 

and the park is located on 6th Street.

Bailey’s gang contacts

The prosecution presented evidence that Bailey was an active member of the West 

Side Crips when the instant offenses were committed. Detective Lantz testified he had 

numerous contacts with Bailey, and described him as a “significant” person in the West 

Side Crips. In July and October 2006, Lantz had contacts with Bailey while he was in the 

presence of known members of the West Side Crips, including Clarence Wandick. 

Bailey had numerous tattoos that signified the West Side Crips. He said his moniker was 

“Skeeter,” and he admitted membership in the gang.

Detective Lantz and other officers conducted surveillance during the Hood Day

events held by the West Side Crips at Lowell Park in 2009 and 2010. There were over 

100 people at the park, including known members of the West Side Crips. Bailey was 

present and associated with other gang members.

Bailey had been booked into county jail on 13 separate occasions. He claimed to 

belong to or associate with the West Side Crips and needed to be kept away from the 

rival Bloods and East Side Crips.

Detective Harless testified about a predicate offense which involved Bailey. On 

October 22, 2006, officers responded to a house within the territory of the West Side 

Crips on the dispatch about a man with a rifle. Bailey was present and detained, and the 

police recovered a loaded .22-caliber rifle. Bailey admitted he was a member of the West 

Side Crips and said his gang moniker was “Skeeter Bob.” He was convicted of being a 

felon in possession of a firearm and participating in a criminal street gang (case 
10.

No. BF116639A). Officer Harless believed he was an active gang member at the time, 

based on his review of the police report and conversation with the lead investigator.

In January 2010, Detective Harless arrested Bailey for possession of cocaine base; 

he was wearing a turquoise shirt and shoes.

Brown’s gang contacts & the mall incident

Detective Harless testified Brown was an active member of the West Side Crips. 

Brown never personally claimed to have a gang moniker. Based on contacts with law 

enforcement, however, Harless believed Brown’s moniker was “Lil Skeet” or “Lil Skee.”

The moniker likely denoted that a senior gang member or “big homie” named “Skeet” or 

“Skee” may have taken Brown under his wing and allowed him to use the same moniker 

as a “little homie.”

Detective Harless testified Bailey was known as “Skeeter,” “Skeet,” and “Skee.” 

Harless conceded there were other gang members who used the moniker “Skeeter.”

Harless testified that Brown was arrested on July 17, 2009, after admitting he 

brandished a handgun at a man who was talking to his girlfriend at the mall. The 

handgun had been stolen that morning during a residential burglary. Brown claimed he 

had traded a bicycle to get the gun, and he needed it to protect himself from rival gangs. 

Brown was wearing a turquoise belt and said he was affiliated with the West Side Crips. 

Brown was with two other admitted members of the West Side Crips. Based on this 

incident, Brown was convicted of possession of a firearm by a gang member and 

participation in a criminal street gang.

On October 11, 2010, an officer contacted Brown in territory claimed by the East 

Side Crips. The officer asked Brown if he was a member of the East Side. Brown said 

no, that he was from 6th Street. The officer asked Brown if he was a West Side Crip. 

Brown said, “ ‘Yeah. I am from 6th Street.’ ”

Detective Harless testified Andrew Smith was also a member of the West Side 

Crips and known as “Baby Rags.”
11.

Detective Harless testified about two predicate offenses which involved members 

of the Westside Crips engaged in the sale of cocaine, and one member being shot while 

he was selling drugs.

Hypothetical question

The prosecutor asked Officer Harless to assume that two active members of the 

West Side Crips committed an armed robbery at a residence, took personal property from 

the victim, received a ride from a fellow active gang member to a place where the stolen 

property would be kept, and to assume the driver was possibly a “big homie.”

Harless testified the suspects would have committed the offenses in association 

with members of the West Side Crips since they cooperated and worked together to 

commit the crimes, they left the scene together, and they took the stolen property to 

another location. The offenses were also committed at the direction of the gang since the 

“big homie” would have been in charge, and the younger gang members would have 

acted at his direction. The crimes also would have benefitted the gang since the money 

would have been used to buy narcotics and weapons.

BAILEY’S DEFENSE

Bailey’s trial testimony

Bailey testified at trial that he socialized with the West Side Crips when he was 14 

years old. He became an associate when he was 16 years old and a member when he was 

17 years old. He was affiliated with the 6th Street subset of the West Side Crips. 

Bailey’s gang moniker was “Skeeter” or “Skeeter Bob.” There were other “Skeeters” in 

the gang. He was never called “Skee.”

Bailey testified that Brown was his cousin, and he was not a member of the West 

Side Crips or any other gang.

Bailey testified members of the West Side Crips sold drugs, and committed 

robberies, burglaries, and shootings. Bailey’s primary source of income was dealing rock 
12.

cocaine, but he sold drugs to support his family and not to benefit the gang. He denied 

that he had “juice” or seniority within the gang.

Bailey was convicted of possession of rock cocaine for sale and served a sevenyear prison term. He was released in July 2004. Within a few days, he violated parole by 

associating with gang members, and he was returned to prison. He was again released on 

parole but arrested and charged with possession of a rifle and rock cocaine. Bailey 

testified the incident happened while he was helping a friend move, and the contraband 

did not belong to him. In 2006, Bailey pleaded guilty to the weapon charge and admitted 

the gang enhancement. He obtained his gang-related tattoos while he was in prison so he 

could fit in.

Bailey was released from prison in 2008. He moved out of the West Side Crips

territory and lived with his sister. He later moved into an apartment with his fiancée, 

Tiffany Jackson, on North Half Moon Drive.

Bailey testified that he had lost interest in the gang. He stopped hanging out in 

their territory, covered his gang tattoos, and took classes to become an oil field worker. 

He also enrolled in Bakersfield College. Bailey claimed that a member could drop out of 

an African-American gang for no reason without facing retaliation. He covered a gang 

tattoo on his cheek by having a tattoo artist perform a procedure so the tattoo became part 

of his skin tone. He was in the process of that procedure when he was arrested in this 

case.

Bailey disputed the officers’ testimony about Hood Day, and testified the event 

was a neighborhood picnic and not a gang activity. He admitted gang members attended 

the picnic at Lowell Park, which was within the West Side’s territory. He denied that he 

was at the event in 2010 because he would have violated parole since gang members 

would have been there. Bailey claimed he was at an amusement park in Southern 

California on that day.
13.

The charged offenses

Bailey testified that on the morning of the burglary/robbery, he was at his 

apartment on North Half Moon Drive with Tiffany Jackson and their children. Brown, 

his cousin, was also there. Bailey was not afraid to hang out with Brown since he was 

not a gang member.

Bailey drove Brown to the residence where Brown’s family lived. Brown needed 

to pick up some clothes. Brown’s father lived on Pacheco Road near Pamela Street. 

Bailey and Brown were there for five or six minutes.

Bailey testified that when they were at the Brown family’s house, he met Andrew 

Smith for the first time. Smith asked for a ride to get some marijuana. Bailey agreed. 

Bailey followed Smith’s directions and drove Smith and Brown to Eve Street, near 

Pacheco Road. Brown and Smith got out of the car and Bailey stayed with the vehicle. 

Bailey testified he had no idea what Smith and Brown were going to do at that location. 

They were there for six or seven minutes. When Brown and Smith returned to the car, 

Bailey could smell marijuana on them.

Bailey drove Brown and Smith back to his apartment and parked in the alley, 

where the garbage cans were. Bailey stayed at his apartment for 10 minutes and then left 

around 11:40 a.m. to run more errands. Brown and Smith stayed at his apartment.

Bailey testified he returned to his apartment around 2:00 p.m. Tiffany Jackson 

and Brown were there. Smith was gone. After he returned, Jackson told him the police 

were in the alley. Brown left the apartment. Bailey admitted that he talked to Tiffany 

about what to say to the police, and they agreed to give the same false story about their 

activities that day.

Bailey testified the police arrived a short time later and conducted a parole search. 

The police asked Bailey where he had been that day, and whether he was a member of the 

West Side Crips. Bailey told them he wasn’t in the gang anymore. Bailey gave a false 

story about his activities that day because he did not want to get in trouble. Bailey falsely 
14.

said he and Tiffany had been near an apartment house on Eve Street because he was 

looking for car parts.

Bailey’s arrest

Bailey testified the police drove him to the school for a lineup, and the victim got 

out of the patrol car and looked at him. Bailey asked the police if they would take him 

back home. An officer said the victim had positively identified him as a robbery suspect.

Bailey testified he was taken to the police department, and he saw Brown being 

escorted into the adjacent holding area. Bailey denied that he tried to talk or yell at 

Brown while they were in the adjacent holding rooms. He saw the officers remove 

Brown from his room. At that time, Bailey tried to talk to the officers, and he yelled that 

he was on the GPS monitor and to check the tracking records because he didn’t commit 

the crime.

Tiffany Jackson’s testimony

Tiffany Jackson testified Bailey and Brown left their apartment to pick up 

Brown’s clothes at his father’s house. They returned with Smith; she had never met him 

before. Bailey left again to run errands. Smith left separately, and Brown stayed at the 

apartment.

After Bailey returned from his errands, Jackson saw a police officer in the alley 

with her neighbor. She went outside and asked what was going on. They said that they 

found someone’s safe and important papers in the garbage can. Jackson went back to the 

apartment and told Bailey and Brown.

Jackson testified that Brown “got hysterical. And he said that, f**k man. I put 

that – I put it in there. It wasn’t nothing in there so I threw it away.” Brown also said 

“that bitch, she burned me on my weed. I gave her money for chronic and she gave me 

stress. I wanted my money back and she didn’t give me my money back, so I took her 

shit.”
15.

Jackson testified that Bailey immediately became upset and hysterical. Brown left 

the apartment. Bailey and Jackson had a conversation, and the police arrived.

Jackson testified the police asked her about an incident at an apartment house on 

Pacheco Road, just east of Eve Street. Jackson falsely claimed she went there with 

Bailey to look for car parts. She lied because they knew the police would not believe 

anything Bailey said.

Jackson testified that a few days after Bailey was arrested, she went to the 

apartment complex where the robbery/burglary occurred. She asked the apartment 

manager if there were any empty units to rent, and whether there had recently been a 

robbery there. On October 26, 2010, Jackson returned to the apartment complex with 

several people: Brown’s father; a woman who claimed to have purchased 

methamphetamine from Garcia; the robbery victim; and someone who spoke Spanish. 

She wanted to clear Bailey’s name and did not threaten Garcia. Jackson testified Garcia 

agreed to speak with them, and she was not afraid of them. Jackson showed Bailey’s 

photograph to Garcia, and Garcia said she “didn’t know. He was just black.” Jackson 

testified she knew “for a fact” that Garcia sold marijuana and methamphetamine.6

BROWN’S DEFENSE

Officer Woessner was recalled as a defense witness for Brown. Woessner testified 

he interviewed Bailey at his apartment. Bailey said he had been at his aunt’s apartment 

on Pacheco Road. Bailey said he walked up to Eve Street because he was looking for car 

parts. Woessner also testified about hearing Bailey shout at Brown while they were 

being held in the adjacent interrogation rooms at the police department.

 

6 The apartment manager testified Garcia and her children had lived in the 

apartment for several years, no other adults lived there, and the manager never noticed 

lots of visitors or unusual activity at Garcia’s apartment. Aside from Jackson’s 

testimony, there was no evidence that Garcia engaged in any illegal activities.
16.

Karrie Orsburn, the manager of Garcia’s apartment complex, testified Tiffany 

Jackson arrived at her office a few days after the robbery/burglary. She asked if there 

were empty units and whether there were security cameras in the area.

Defense expert

Stanley Mosley, a private investigator hired by Brown, testified as a defense 

expert on criminal street gangs. Based on a hypothetical, defense counsel asked Mosley 

to assume that a middle-aged Hispanic woman lived in an apartment with a special needs 

child and only kept some documents in a safe, and whether she would be a target for a 

street gang robbery. Mosley testified that person would not be an appropriate target. 

Gang members would not rob an apartment at random without knowing what was inside, 

and they would not rob a place where there were security cameras.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The charges against Bailey and Brown

Bailey and Brown were jointly charged with committing the following offenses 

against Garcia: count I, first degree robbery (Pen. Code, § 212.5, subd. (a));7 count II, 

assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2)); count III, first degree burglary (§ 460, subd. 

(a)); and count IV, unlawful participation in a criminal street gang (§ 182.22, subd. (a)).

As to Bailey and Brown, it was alleged as to count I that they were principals in 

the offense, and at least one principal personally used a firearm while committing the 

offense (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (e)(1)); gang enhancements as to counts I, II and III 

(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)); and they personally used firearms as to counts II and III 

(§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). As to Brown, it was alleged he was 16 years of age or older when 

he committed counts I, II, III, and IV (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subds. (b) & (d)(1)).

Bailey was separately charged with count V, unlawful possession of a firearm by a 

felon (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)); count VI, receiving stolen property which belonged to 

 

7 All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
17.

Garcia (§ 496, subd. (a)); and count VII, being an accessory after the fact to a felony by 

harboring, concealing or aiding Brown and/or Andrew Smith with the knowledge they 

had committed offenses against Garcia (§ 32), with gang enhancements alleged as to 

these counts.

Also as to Bailey, it was alleged in counts II and V, that he was a principal in the 

offense and at least one principal personally used a firearm during the commission of the 

offense (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (e)(1)); and he had two serious felony convictions, two 

prior strike convictions, and served two prior prison terms.

Smith’s charges and plea agreement

On October 23, 2010, the felony complaint was filed against Bailey and Brown. 

On November 23, 2010, a separate felony complaint was filed against Andrew Smith for 

the burglary and robbery of Garcia. Smith was not in custody and a felony arrest warrant 

was issued. On January 29, 2011, Smith was arrested.

On February 28, 2011, a separate information was filed charging Smith with first 

degree robbery, assault with a firearm, and first degree burglary, with gang 

enhancements, and separately, with unlawful participation in a criminal street gang. The 

court denied the People’s motion to consolidate Bailey and Brown’s joint case with 

Smith’s case.

On June 2, 2011, Smith accepted a plea agreement in his separate case, and 

pleaded no contest to first degree burglary and admitted a gang enhancement, and was 

sentenced to nine years. The court granted the People’s motion to dismiss the other 

charges and enhancements against Smith.
18.

The verdicts against Bailey and Brown

On May 7, 2012, the joint jury trial began for Bailey and Brown. On May 31, 

2012, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the section 12022.5, subdivision 

(a) personal use allegations as to counts II and III.8

Smith did not testify at the joint trial for or against Bailey and Brown. During 

closing argument, the prosecutor explained the People’s theory: Bailey was the “big 

homie” with authority over younger gang members. Bailey’s GPS tracking data showed 

that he drove Brown and Smith to the apartment complex on Pacheco Road and Bailey 

waited in the car. Brown and Smith broke into Garcia’s apartment and robbed her;

Brown and Smith took the safe back to Bailey’s car. The GPS data showed Bailey drove 

back to his apartment on North Half Moon Drive, and they broke open the safe in the 

 

8 As to count II, assault with a deadly weapon, and count III, burglary, the 

amended information alleged section 12022.5, subdivision (a) personal use enhancements 

against both Bailey and Brown. After the prosecution rested, Brown moved to dismiss 

the personal use enhancements alleged in counts II and III, based on Garcia’s inability to 

determine which suspect held the gun at her head. The prosecutor agreed the section 

12022.5 enhancements should be stricken as to both Bailey and Brown. The court then 

ordered the section 12022.5 personal use enhancements stricken as to both Bailey and 

Brown, as alleged in counts II and III, because there was insufficient evidence either 

defendant personally used a weapon.

At the sentencing hearing, however, the court stated that it only dismissed the 

section 12022.5 enhancements as to Brown, and it should have also dismissed them as to 

Bailey. The court further stated that the jury found the personal use enhancement true 

against Bailey as to count III, burglary, and it ordered that allegation dismissed.

The court’s statements may have resulted from reading a notation in Bailey’s 

probation report, that the jury found the section 12022.5 enhancement true against Bailey 

for count III, burglary. However, there is no evidence the jury received any verdict forms 

to make any findings, or that it found true, any section 12022.5 personal use enhancement 

against Bailey as to any count in this case. The notation in Bailey’s probation report was

erroneous, and the verdict forms clarify the jury never found Bailey personally used a 

weapon in this case.
19.

alley and threw it in the trash. The prosecutor conceded that Garcia’s identification of 

Bailey as one of the burglars was incorrect.

On June 7, 2012, the jury found Brown and Bailey guilty of count I, robbery, with 

the section 12022.53, subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) firearm allegations true, that defendants 

were principals and at least one principal personally used a firearm; count III, burglary; 

and count IV, participation in a criminal street gang; and found the gang allegations true

as to counts I and III. Bailey and Brown were found not guilty of count II, assault with a 

firearm on Garcia.

As to Bailey’s separate charges, he was found guilty of count VI, receiving 

Garcia’s stolen property; and count VII, accessory after the fact; and the attached gang 

allegations were found true. Bailey was found not guilty of count V, possession of a 

firearm by a felon. The court found the prior conviction allegations true.

Sentencing

As to Bailey, the court denied his motion to dismiss the prior strike convictions. 

The court sentenced him to 26 years to life for count I, first degree robbery, plus 10 years 

for the section 12022.53 firearm allegation, and 10 years for the two prior serious felony 

enhancements, for an aggregate term of 26 years to life plus 20 years. The court imposed 

and stayed another 10-year term for the gang enhancement as to count I.

The court imposed and stayed the remaining terms for Bailey as follows: count 

III, burglary, 26 years to life plus 10 years for the gang enhancement, and 10 years for the 

two prior serious felony enhancements; count IV, the substantive gang offense, 25 years 

to life plus 10 years for the prior serious felony enhancements; count VI, receiving stolen 

property, 25 years to life plus four years for the gang enhancement; and count VII, 

accessory after the fact, 25 years to life plus four years for the gang enhancement.

As to Brown, the court sentenced him to the upper term of six years for count I, 

first degree robbery, plus 10 years for the section 12022.53 firearm allegation, for an 
20.

aggregate term of 16 years. The court imposed and stayed another 10-year term for the 

gang enhancement as to count I.

The court imposed and stayed the remaining terms for Brown as follows: Count 

III, burglary, the upper term of six years plus 10 years for the gang enhancement; count 

IV, the substantive gang offense, the upper term of three years.

DISCUSSION

I. Admission of documentary exhibit about Smith’s prior conviction

As noted above, the prosecution’s theory was that Bailey drove Brown and 

Andrew Smith to Garcia’s apartment building. Bailey waited in his car, and Brown and 

Smith broke into her apartment and robbed her. As we have also explained, Smith was 

separately charged and entered into a plea agreement for the burglary of Garcia’s 

apartment. The court excluded any reference to Smith’s plea agreement in defendants’

joint trial.

Bailey contends the court committed prejudicial error when, after all the parties 

rested, it granted the prosecution’s motion to admit all marked exhibits, including exhibit 

No. 3. This exhibit consisted of docket entries for the separate criminal proceedings 

against Smith, which stated that he pleaded no contest to burglary. Bailey contends that 

even though the court had granted his pretrial motion to exclude all references to Smith’s 

plea agreement, including exhibit No. 3, the prosecutor improperly moved this exhibit 

into evidence in violation of Bailey’s confrontation and due process rights.

As we will explain, the entirety of the record suggests this exhibit likely was 

inadvertently admitted into evidence, and that the jury’s verdicts were not influenced by 

these documents.

A. Exhibit No. 3

During the pretrial motions in limine, the prosecutor stated he intended to 

introduce five predicate offenses in support of the gang allegations. One of the proposed 

predicate offenses was Andrew Smith’s plea agreement in case No. BF134637A, where 
21.

he pleaded no contest to first degree burglary of Garcia’s apartment and admitted the 

gang enhancement.

The documents supporting Andrew Smith’s conviction were marked as exhibit 

No. 3, and consisted of 16 pages of docket entries (summarized in the procedural history, 

ante). The docket entries for Smith had a different case number than the case against the 

defendants. Exhibit No. 3 did not include the actual complaint, information, abstract of 

judgment, or any transcripts of Smith’s preliminary hearing, plea agreement or 

sentencing. There were no references to Bailey or Brown in the documents. However, 

one of the docket entries stated that a stay-away order had been imposed between Smith 

and Garcia.

Bailey’s attorney objected to the prosecutor’s proposed use of Smith’s burglary 

conviction as a predicate offense. He argued it should be excluded as prejudicial because 

it was based on the same facts as the charged offenses against Bailey and Brown. The 

prosecutor replied it was a “common practice” to use the criminal acts of other gang 

members to establish a defendant’s knowledge of his gang’s criminal activities.

The court held Smith’s burglary conviction was prejudicial and inadmissible under 

Evidence Code section 352, and could not be used as one of the predicate offenses. The 

court was concerned the evidence might violate the defendants’ confrontation rights in 

their joint jury trial because the jury could rely on Smith’s burglary conviction as 

evidence of defendants’ guilt in this case.

The prosecutor stated he would use another gang crime as one of the predicate 

offenses. However, the prosecutor advised the court that the gang expert was going to 

testify to his opinion that Smith was a member of the West Side Crips, and his opinion 

was partially based on Smith’s burglary conviction. Defendants objected.

The court held the prosecutor could introduce limited evidence that Smith was a 

gang member.
22.

“ ‘[T]he Court anticipates evidence or at least testimony that a person 

named Andrew Smith was involved in this case and his affiliation or 

membership with a gang may become relevant. I have no problem with 

evidence being introduced to support that Andrew Smith is a gang member. 

And that’s fine. [¶] ... [¶]

“... To the extent a witness is going to rely on the facts and circumstances 

in this case to prove Andrew Smith is a gang member, outside [of] being 

extremely sanitized so as not to confuse the facts in this case with the 

conviction involving Mr. Smith, that will be allowed, but it has to be 

extremely sanitized.”

The court further ruled:

“The fear the court has is upon proving Mr. Smith is a gang member 

generally or that a predicate offense necessary to prove the pattern of 

criminal activity specifically would – that it would rest on the instant facts 

is – that’s the concern for the Court because I do not want it introduced and 

presented in such a way to this jury that the facts have already been 

established to prove those reasons when it is this jury’s job to determine the 

truth of these allegations and then apply the law to the truth as they find 

them.

“That’s not going to happen in this case. That, in this court’s view, 

would be bootstrapping and would be an end-around way of presenting 

evidence in a manner in which would suggest that the evidence has already 

been proven sufficient, and, therefore, because of that, this jury need not 

concern itself with the facts presented or the evidence in this case because 

that determination’s already been made. So that won’t happen.” (Italics 

added.)

B. Trial references to Andrew Smith

During trial, the prosecutor did not violate the court’s limiting order, and the jury 

never heard about Smith’s conviction for burglary of Garcia’s apartment or any 

references to the documents contained in exhibit No. 3.

The jury heard several references to Smith’s possible involvement in the offenses 

committed against Garcia, all of which were properly based on admissible evidence. At 

the beginning of trial, the court read the information to the jury, including count VII, 

which separately charged Bailey with being accessory to a felony by harboring, 
23.

concealing or aiding Brown and/or Andrew Smith with the knowledge they had 

committed offenses against Ms. Garcia (§ 32).

In the prosecutor’s opening statement, he told the jury that it had heard Andrew 

Smith's name when the court read the information, but the information was not evidence 

and they were not supposed to worry about what happened to Smith and why he was not 

there. In his opening statement, Bailey’s attorney disagreed with this assertion and said 

the jury needed to be concerned about Smith’s role in this case.

As set forth above, the jury heard evidence about Brown’s second statement to the 

police, when he said that Smith told him about the money and drugs in the apartment, 

they broke into the place, and they took the safe.

The prosecution’s gang expert testified that Smith was known as “Baby Rags” and 

he was a member of the West Side Crips. He did not refer to Smith’s burglary 

conviction.

The jury also heard about Smith during Bailey’s trial testimony, when he 

explained that he met Smith for the first time when he drove Brown to his family’s 

residence; that Smith asked for a ride to buy marijuana; that Smith and Brown left the car 

while Bailey waited for them; and that Bailey did not know what they were going to do. 

Tiffany Jackson testified that Smith returned to their apartment with Bailey and Brown, 

and left before she saw the police in the alley.

After the parties rested, Brown’s attorney asked for clarification of the court’s 

ruling regarding Smith’s involvement in this case. The court explained:

“What the court ruled in limine was that the present offense as it relates to 

Andrew Smith and Andrew Smith’s involvement and subsequent 

conviction cannot be used as a predicate offense in this case ....”

C. Admission of exhibit No. 3

Bailey’s claim of appellate error is based on what happened during the following 

discussion about the exhibits. Prior to closing arguments, the court asked the prosecutor 
24.

which exhibits he wanted to move into evidence. The prosecutor said he wanted to 

introduce “everything” except the unredacted transcript and recording of the 911 call, and 

the DVD of the GPS tracking records.

The court asked the defendants if they had any comments. Bailey’s attorney asked 

to look at the exhibits, asked for clarification about the exhibits which the prosecutor said 

he was going to exclude, and did not otherwise object. Brown’s attorney also asked for 

clarification, and did not raise any objections.

The court granted the prosecution’s motion to admit all the marked exhibits. The 

exhibit list attached to the minute order indicates that exhibit No. 3 was included in the 

admitted exhibits. As explained above, exhibit No. 3 consisted of the docket entries 

regarding Andrew Smith’s conviction for burglary, which had been marked during 

pretrial motions.

During the discussion about the exhibits, there were no comments made by the 

court, the prosecutor, or the defense attorneys about the inclusion of exhibit No. 3 in the 

admitted exhibits. When the court asked defendants for their comments on the 

prosecutor’s motion, neither Bailey nor Brown objected to the inclusion of exhibit No. 3

in the exhibit list. In their closing arguments, none of the parties discussed any of the 

documents in exhibit No. 3 or addressed the disposition of the charges against Andrew 

Smith.

D. Analysis

Based on this sequence of events, Bailey contends the admission of exhibit No. 3 

into evidence was prejudicial and violated his due process and confrontation rights

because it allowed the jury to learn that Smith had been convicted of the burglary of 

Garcia’s apartment, contrary to the court’s ruling that such evidence was inadmissible. 

Bailey asserts that since the court excluded exhibit No. 3, the prosecutor committed 

prejudicial misconduct by moving all the exhibits into evidence, even if he did not act in 

bad faith. Bailey further argues his defense attorney was prejudicially ineffective for 
25.

failing to object to the prosecutor’s motion to introduce all the exhibits. Bailey asserts 

the error is of constitutional dimension and not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt 

pursuant to Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 (Chapman).

We begin with the sequence of Bailey’s multiple claims of error. Bailey and 

Brown objected to the prosecution’s pretrial motion to use Smith’s burglary conviction as 

a predicate offense. The court agreed and excluded the evidence. The prosecutor 

complied with the court’s ruling and did not introduce evidence of Smith’s burglary 

conviction during the trial.

After the close of evidence, the prosecutor moved to admit all the marked exhibits, 

and specifically excluded the unredacted 911 call and the GPS data. Bailey suggests the 

prosecutor engaged in prejudicial misconduct because he failed to exclude exhibit No. 3 

from his motion, even though the court had denied his pretrial motion to admit Smith’s 

burglary conviction as a predicate offense. “ ‘ “A prosecutor’s ... intemperate behavior 

violates the federal Constitution when it comprises a pattern of conduct ‘so egregious that 

it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due 

process.’ ” ’ [Citations.] Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial 

fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves 

‘ “ ‘the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court 

or the jury.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 841.)

Bailey asserts the prosecutor’s failure to exclude exhibit No. 3 from his motion is 

indicative of his bad faith and misconduct. “[A] determination of bad faith or wrongful 

intent by the prosecutor is not required for a finding of prosecutorial misconduct. 

[Citation.]” (People v. Crew (2003) 31 Cal.4th 822, 839.) Rather, the issue is whether 

the defendant’s right to fair trial was impacted by the prosecutor’s conduct. (People v. 

Epps (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 691, 706.)

However, “[a]s a general rule a defendant may not complain on appeal of 

prosecutorial misconduct unless in a timely fashion – and on the same ground – the 
26.

defendant made an assignment of misconduct and requested that the jury be admonished 

to disregard the impropriety. [Citation.]” (People v. Samayoa, supra, 15 Cal.4th at 

p. 841.)

Even if the prosecutor sought to avoid the court’s ruling by the introduction of the 

exhibits, and the court did not realize that exhibit No. 3 was still a marked exhibit, there 

was still another opportunity to exclude exhibit No. 3. The court expressly asked both 

defense attorneys if they had any objections to the prosecutor’s motion to admit all the 

marked exhibits. Both defense attorneys asked for time to review the exhibits. Exhibit 

No. 3 was still a marked exhibit and on the exhibit list, but Bailey and Brown did not 

object. If Bailey had objected to the prosecutor’s motion, the court would likely have 

excluded exhibit No. 3. Bailey’s failure to object to the admission of exhibit No. 3 

waives any claim of error on appeal. (Evid. Code, § 353; People v. Partida (2005) 37 

Cal.4th 428, 433–434.)

In the alternative, Bailey asserts his attorney was prejudicially ineffective for 

failing to object. “In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance, a defendant must first 

show counsel’s performance was deficient because the representation fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. [Citation.] 

Second, he must show prejudice flowing from counsel’s performance or lack thereof. 

Prejudice is shown when there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. 

[Citation.]” (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 214–215.)

“Failure to object rarely constitutes constitutionally ineffective legal representation 

[citation] ....” (People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 424.) “If the record on appeal 

fails to show why counsel acted or failed to act in the instance asserted to be ineffective, 

unless counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there 
27.

simply could be no satisfactory explanation, the claim must be rejected on appeal. 

[Citation.]” (People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1068–1069.)

Bailey asserts his defense attorney had no tactical reason for failing to object to 

exhibit No. 3, particularly given counsel’s vigorous pretrial arguments against the 

admission of Smith’s burglary conviction. However, the record suggests that by the end 

of the case, his defense attorney might have decided to change his tactics. Bailey and his 

girlfriend had given numerous accounts of his activities to the police on the day of the 

burglary/robbery. Later that day, the investigating officers heard Bailey yell at Brown to 

“ ‘Tell those officers that I didn’t do anything,’ ” and “ ‘You know my situation. I can’t 

get another case,’ or something similar to that.” Shortly after that, Brown told the police 

that he committed the burglary/robbery with Smith, and did not implicate Bailey. While 

the prosecutor conceded Garcia incorrectly identified Bailey as one of the burglars, 

Bailey’s defense faced damaging inculpatory evidence from the GPS tracking data, which 

placed Bailey at Garcia’s apartment; Bailey’s prior inconsistent statements about his 

activities; and the complete absence of Smith from the trial.

By the end of the trial, Bailey’s attorney may have decided not to object to exhibit 

No. 3 so the jury might learn that Smith really existed, and he had been charged and 

convicted of burglary, which bolstered Bailey’s trial testimony that Smith was the culprit, 

and Brown’s statement to the police that he broke into the apartment with Smith.

Bailey further argues the jury’s receipt of exhibit No. 3 violated his due process 

rights because of the court’s earlier ruling that admission of Smith’s burglary conviction 

would violate defendants’ confrontation rights, in violation of Bruton v. United States

(1968) 391 U.S. 123 and Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36. ‘Confrontation 

clause violations are subject to federal harmless-error analysis under Chapman ....’ 

[Citation.] We ask whether it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury 

would have reached the same verdict absent the error. [Citation.]” (People v. Loy (2011) 

52 Cal.4th 46, 69–70.)
28.

While Bailey’s attorney might have conceivably had a tactical reason not to object 

to exhibit No. 3, the record strongly suggests the admission of this exhibit was 

inadvertent by the court and the parties in this case, particularly since none of the parties 

addressed Smith’s burglary conviction in their closing arguments. In any event, the 

entirety of the verdicts dispels the possibility that the jury learned of Smith’s burglary 

conviction or, more importantly, the jury was influenced by it, and any error is harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt.

The prosecution’s theory was that Bailey waited in the car, and Brown and Smith 

broke into Garcia’s apartment and robbed her. If the jury looked at the docket entries for 

exhibit No. 3, they would have seen that Smith had been charged with burglary, robbery,

and assault with a deadly weapon, and he was convicted of burglary with the gang 

enhancement. Smith did not plead or admit to any firearm allegations.9 If the jury had 

been influenced by exhibit No. 3, it could have concluded that since Smith was not 

convicted of a weapons offense, then Brown must have been the suspect who held the 

gun to the victim’s head, consistent with Garcia’s account of the robbery.

Instead, the jury found both Bailey and Brown guilty of robbery with the section 

12022.53, subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) firearm allegations true, that defendants were 

principals and at least one principal personally used a firearm. However, defendants 

were found not guilty of assault with a deadly weapon on Garcia, and Bailey was not 

guilty of being a felon in possession of a firearm, thus finding that neither Bailey nor 

Brown were the principals who were armed with a firearm during the robbery. These 

verdicts were consistent with Garcia’s inability to identify which suspect held the gun to 

 

9 The People assert there was nothing in exhibit No. 3 to connect Smith’s burglary 

conviction to this case since the docket entries did not mention either Bailey or Brown. 

However, Smith was charged with the same offenses as Bailey and Brown – burglary, 

robbery, assault with a deadly weapon, and the gang charges – and one of the docket 

entries included an order for Smith to stay away from Garcia.
29.

her head, Brown’s statement to the police that Smith was the gunman during the robbery, 

and the GPS tracking data which showed that Bailey was in the car and not one of the 

gunmen who broke into Garcia’s apartment. The verdicts thus demonstrate that the jury 

found defendants guilty and the firearm allegations true based on the testimonial evidence 

and not from the docket entries contained in exhibit No. 3.

II. Prosecutorial misconduct

Bailey and Brown contend the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct 

during his rebuttal argument by vouching for the strength of the People’s case against 

them when he said:

“Remember, look at all the evidence. Don’t just look at the stuff the 

attorneys tell you to because we are biased. I am the most biased person in 

the courtroom. I’ll tell you right now, I believe to the bottom of my feet 

these guys did it. That’s why I am here.” (Italics added.)

Defendants objected and the court immediately admonished the jury to disregard 

those statements. However, they contend the admonishment was insufficient to cure the 

alleged due process violation.

The People assert the prosecutor’s rebuttal was fair commentary on the defense 

closing arguments which attacked the prosecutor’s ethical duties, and any misconduct 

was cured by the court’s timely admonishment to the jury.

A. Legal principles

We begin with the well-settled law on prosecutorial misconduct. “A prosecutor’s 

misconduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution when it 

‘infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.’ 

[Citations.] In other words, the misconduct must be ‘of sufficient significance to result in 

the denial of the defendant’s right to a fair trial.’ [Citation.] A prosecutor’s misconduct 

that does not render a trial fundamentally unfair nevertheless violates California law if it 

involves ‘the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the 

court or the jury.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1202.)
30.

“When the issue ‘focuses on comments made by the prosecutor before the jury, the 

question is whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or applied any 

of the complained-of remarks in an objectionable fashion.’ [Citations.] Moreover, 

prosecutors ‘have wide latitude to discuss and draw inferences from the evidence at trial,’ 

and whether ‘the inferences the prosecutor draws are reasonable is for the jury to decide.’ 

[Citation.]” (People v. Cole, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 1202–1203.)

In reviewing claims of misconduct during closing argument, “we must view the 

statements in the context of the argument as a whole. [Citation.]” (People v. Cole, 

supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1203.) “ ‘A prosecutor is allowed to make vigorous arguments 

and may even use such epithets as are warranted by the evidence, as long as these 

arguments are not inflammatory and principally aimed at arousing the passion or 

prejudice of the jury.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1195.)

B. Closing arguments

Defendants’ claims of misconduct are based on the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument. 

The prosecutor later claimed his rebuttal was fair commentary on the defense closing 

arguments. We thus begin with the defense closing arguments before we turn to 

defendants’ allegations of misconduct.

Bailey’s defense counsel (Mr. Moffat), focused on the conflict between Garcia’s 

infield identification of Bailey as one of the robbers, compared to the prosecution’s trial 

theory that Bailey was really the driver, Brown and Smith broke into the apartment, and 

they robbed Garcia. In light of this inconsistency, defense counsel criticized the 

prosecutor’s “absolute certainty” about “the evidence ... in this case that [Bailey] is 

guilty ....” Bailey’s attorney argued that Bailey felt he had no choice but to lie to the 

police when they initially asked about his activities that day:

“... Mr. Russell [the prosecutor] can go back to his office, and he has 

stature; he has a reputation; he has a good job; he’s got an excellent 

salary. He doesn’t have to worry in his life about whether anybody 

believes him or doesn’t believe him. [W]hereas Mr. Bailey comes from an 
31.

entirely different way of looking at things. What Mr. Bailey decided back 

there ... when he found out that this strongbox had been found in his trash 

can, he didn’t believe that law enforcement would in any way accept the 

possibility that he did not know how or what happened over there on 

Pacheco and Eve Street....” (Italics added.)

Bailey’s attorney argued that “law enforcement” had a “bias” in this case.

“[W]hen officers are testifying in this case, they have a bias. All right? I 

got a bias. Larry Bailey has a bias. [¶] But law enforcement has a bias as 

well. All right? We all have biases. So when – I mean, when gang officers 

testify in this case, it is not because they want to necessarily state those 

things that might be positive for Larry Bailey. Okay? They are here to do 

their job, and their job is to convict Larry Bailey. I am not saying they 

would lie or whatever. I am just saying that they have their preference, 

their bias, just like we all do.” (Italics added.)

Bailey’s attorney argued that the testimony from law enforcement had been 

“shaped by the fact that they believe [Bailey] is a gangster.”

“Law enforcement made that decision a long time ago. Okay? And 

just as I am saying, we are not here to pity Larry Bailey. At the same time, 

it is still important that we understand that law enforcement has a bias, just 

as we all do, and that bias in this case is, regardless of what the facts are, 

Larry Bailey is a gangster.” (Italics added.)

Bailey’s attorney also asserted the prosecutor was uncertain of the strength of his 

case because he was relying on two alternative theories based on the nature of the 

charged offenses: That Bailey was the getaway driver and guilty as a principal of the 

robbery, assault, and burglary as charged in counts I, II, and III; or that he was simply an 

accessory after the fact who was not the getaway driver but helped them get rid of the 

safe, as charged in count VII.

“[T]here’s got to be some question in the People’s mind with regard to the 

facts of this case if they choose to present a theory whereby [Bailey] is 

either the robber or he is not the robber. I mean, it does not make sense. 

This does not match. Okay? But that’s how they’ve chosen to proceed 

with their case.

“Again, the bottom line is this: If they cannot decide what [Bailey’s] 

criminal liability is in this case, then the question is based on the evidence 
32.

presented to you, can you really find without a reasonable doubt that my 

client is criminally liable in this case?” (Italics added.)

In Brown’s closing argument, his attorney attacked the accuracy of Garcia’s 

identification of Bailey as one of the burglary suspects. Brown’s attorney argued that 

Garcia’s incorrect identification of Bailey also undermined her field identification of 

Brown. He argued the GPS data showed Bailey drove back to the alley where the safe 

was found, which supported the theory that Bailey knew what happened at Garcia’s 

apartment and knowingly participated in breaking open the safe.

As for Brown’s confession to the police, his attorney noted Brown repeatedly 

denied any involvement in the crime until the officers heard Bailey yell at him in the 

adjacent holding room. Counsel argued that Brown’s confession was not voluntary 

because he felt threatened by Bailey to implicate himself and shift the blame away from 

Bailey. Brown’s attorney also addressed the timeline of events, and said he “believe[d]”

Bowen’s testimony that he found the safe in the garbage can much earlier in the day than 

he later testified about. He criticized the prosecutor for saying that he understood why 

Tiffany Jackson lied because “[h]e’s not representing somebody looking at a conviction.”

C. The prosecutor’s rebuttal argument

In rebuttal to the defense arguments, the prosecutor conceded Garcia’s 

identification of Bailey as one of the robbers was incorrect, but argued the GPS evidence 

showed that Bailey drove Brown and Smith to Garcia’s apartment to commit the 

robbery/burglary, and he waited in the car while they committed the crimes. The 

prosecutor reviewed the evidence about the GPS tracking data, Bailey’s gang status, and 

the officers’ testimony about hearing Bailey shout to Brown at the police department just 

before Brown confessed. The prosecutor asked the jury to “judge the credibility” of 

Bailey’s trial testimony, in which he denied that he shouted to Brown or that he was a 

gang member, compared to the evidence from the officers on the same issues.
33.

Defendants’ appellate claims of prosecutorial misconduct are based on the 

prosecutor’s very next statement:

“Remember, look at all the evidence. Don’t just look at the stuff the 

attorneys tell you to because we are biased. I am the most biased person in 

the courtroom. I’ll tell you right now, I believe to the bottom of my feet 

these guys did it. That’s why I am here.” (Italics added.)

Bailey’s attorney immediately objected, and said it was an improper argument and 

asked for the jury to be admonished. Brown’s attorney joined the objection.

The court immediately admonished the jury as follows:

“Ladies and gentlemen, the attorneys, as I stated previously, are 

advocates for their side and oftentimes they will make statements or say 

things during their argument that may be somewhat improper or across [sic] 

the line.

“At this time, based on [the prosecutor’s] last statement, I am going 

to order that you disregard his last statement regarding believing from the 

bottom of his feet.” (Italics added.)

Both defense attorneys asked to address the issue at a later time outside the jury’s 

presence. The court agreed and directed the prosecutor to continue.

The prosecutor continued with rebuttal and made the following comments:

“[T]here have been statements made that witnesses are biased, law 

enforcement came in and made stuff up, and specifically the reference or 

comment made by [Bailey’s attorney] where he said that I cannot decide 

when I charged this case between the [accessory after the fact charge] ... 

and the charges involving the robbery, the burglary, and the assault with the 

gun, and if I can’t decide, then neither can you, and that’s reasonable doubt 

because everybody is biased in the case.

“I am here to tell you that you are chosen because you are neutral, 

unbiased jurors who will look at all the evidence as presented, not just the 

parts that the participants direct you to look at. Look at all of it....” (Italics 

added.)

The prosecutor reviewed the evidence and concluded his rebuttal argument without 

further objection.
34.

D. Postargument objections

After the conclusion of closing arguments, the jury left the courtroom and 

Brown’s defense attorney moved for a mistrial based on the prosecutor’s rebuttal 

argument:

“[The prosecutor] told the jury in so many words that he knew and 

believed these people were guilty. And that is thoroughly poisonous. This 

jury now has to call him a liar, has to call ... has to impugn [the prosecutor] 

in order to bring back an acquittal. And it was a statement beyond the

pale.”

In the alternative to a mistrial, Brown’s attorney requested to reopen his closing 

argument and briefly address the jury to cure the prosecutor’s misconduct.

Bailey’s attorney conceded the prosecutor might have made his rebuttal comments 

in response to his own closing argument, and requested a recess to research the impact of 

the prosecutor’s misconduct.

The prosecutor replied the law allowed him to respond to the defense attorneys’

statements during their closing arguments.

“There was extensive comment by both [defense] counsel about 

bias, motive of law enforcement agencies, the bias and the power of the 

state in prosecuting the defendants, the intent of my office, me in particular, 

my qualifications as a prosecutor, my abilities as a prosecutor during the 

time that we were prosecuting this case. And those comments came up 

specifically in closing arguments by both [defense] counsel.”

The prosecutor added that if any of his comments were unwarranted, “the remedy 

for most everything is as was done, objections by both counsel, sustained objections by 

the Court, admonishments to the jury and admonishments to myself.”

After a recess, Brown filed a formal motion for mistrial, and argued the harm 

caused by the prosecutor’s misconduct was so prejudicial that it could not be cured by 

any type of admonishment. Bailey joined Brown’s argument.
35.

E. The court’s ruling

The court denied defendants’ motions for mistrial and made extensive findings 

based on the entirety of the trial and all the closing arguments. The court noted that 

defendants objected to the prosecutor’s statement that he believed the defendants were 

guilty.

The court further noted that both defense attorneys used similar phrases about their 

“belief” whether witnesses were being truthful: Bailey’s attorney said he did not believe 

Tiffany Jackson’s testimony, and Brown’s attorney said he did not believe some aspects 

of Bowen’s testimony about what time he found the safe in the garbage can.

The court turned to the first part of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument, about 

biases:

“It does appear to the Court that a number of phrases have been 

utilized during closing arguments by all sides, including the word ‘bias’ as 

it related to Tiffany Jackson, Jacqueline Garcia, the confession, and law 

enforcement. To the extent that it’s [sic] been argued these persons have a 

reason to not tell the truth or at least have an underlying bias to direct their 

testimony, the point has certainly been made to the jury.

“Insofar as and in line with those particular attacks to law 

enforcement generally as they may have and, in fact, have been commented 

on having biases of some sort, to the extent that it would be detrimental to 

the defense, it appears that [the prosecutor], as a representative of the 

People, ostensibly from the District Attorney’s Office, was commenting on 

a bias that he may likewise have to the extent that most would lump [the 

prosecutor] in with law enforcement. Insofar as that is concerned, that is 

of a less concern to the Court insofar as how this jury would interpret that 

particular phrase and argument to them when presented by [the 

prosecutor].” (Italics added.)

The court then turned to the prosecutor’s second phrase, which it found was 

“somewhat different” and “more testimonial in this Court’s view insofar as the comment, 

quote, I believe to the bottom of my feet these guys did it, end quote.”

“In considering that phrase in isolation, it might appear, as the 

defense proposes, that it is completely misconduct by the prosecutor 
36.

because the prosecutor is lending his own personal beliefs to what this jury 

should do in how this jury should decide this case. One phrase in isolation, 

that certainly is a reasonable interpretation.

“However, the Court, in considering [the prosecutor’s] rebuttal 

argument, which occurred and began approximately eight minutes before 

that, as well as his closing argument initially given ..., [it] does appear to 

the Court, in addition to his comments made directly after that statement, 

that he was going through yesterday quite effectively the evidence 

presented in this case, including witnesses[’] testimony, as well as physical 

evidence insofar as photographs and GPS information.

“[The prosecutor] began his rebuttal argument going directly toward 

rebutting comments made by defense counsel to the extent evidence would 

deal and be contrary to their comments to the jury and began, after the jury 

was admonished, with an analysis of the evidence to the extent that it was 

supporting his opinion that the defendants did it.” (Italics added.)

The court concluded the prosecutor’s misconduct “in isolation” was addressed by 

its admonition:

“In that regard, the Court does find that that statement in isolation 

was misconduct, and, however, viewed in the totality, while it is still 

misconduct, the Court does feel that the appropriate remedy in this case 

would be an admonition to the jury.

“If this Court recalls correctly, upon making the completion of that 

phrase previously stated, both defense counsel objected, [the prosecutor] 

stopped his argument, I sustained the objection, and I admonished the jury 

not to consider that statement made, and then I paraphrased that particular 

statement. Upon doing so and making contact with the jury, I did get nods 

and so forth indicating that they did understand the admonition, and [the 

prosecutor] proceeded to complete his rebuttal argument.

“To the extent that anything else needs to be done for this jury, the 

Court finds that the admonition previously given is sufficient to address this 

particular issue and finds that no further action is necessary.” (Italics 

added.)
37.

F. Analysis

Bailey and Brown argue that the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument constituted 

prejudicial misconduct because he vouched for the strength of the People’s case, and it 

was impossible to cure the misconduct with any type of admonition.

“A prosecutor may comment upon the credibility of witnesses based on facts 

contained in the record, and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them, but 

may not vouch for the credibility of a witness based on personal belief or by referring to 

evidence outside the record. [Citations.]” (People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 

958.) “It is misconduct for prosecutors to bolster their case ‘by invoking their personal 

prestige, reputation, or depth of experience, or the prestige or reputation of their office, in 

support of it.’ [Citation.] Similarly, it is misconduct ‘to suggest that evidence available 

to the government, but not before the jury, corroborates the testimony of a witness.’ 

[Citation.] The vice of such remarks is that they ‘may be understood by jurors to permit 

them to avoid independently assessing witness credibility and to rely on the government’s 

view of the evidence.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 336.)

However, “[p]rosecutorial assurances, based on the record, regarding the apparent 

honesty or reliability of prosecution witnesses, cannot be characterized as improper 

‘vouching,’ which usually involves an attempt to bolster a witness by reference to facts 

outside the record. [Citation.]” (People v. Medina (1995) 11 Cal.4th 694, 757, italics in 

original.) Thus, it is not misconduct “to ask the jury to believe the prosecution’s version 

of events as drawn from the evidence.... It is not misconduct for a party to make explicit 

what is implicit in every closing argument ....” (People v. Huggins (2006) 38 Cal.4th 

175, 207.)

In this case, the prosecutor did not commit misconduct during the entirety of his 

rebuttal argument as he addressed the defendants’ attack upon the evidence. The 

prosecutor sought to respond to the remarks by Bailey’s defense attorney, who attacked 

the collective “bias” of law enforcement and the prosecutor in bringing the case against 
38.

Bailey. The prosecutor also responded to the assertions by both defense attorneys, that 

certain witnesses could not be believed because of various inconsistencies. In doing so, 

however, the prosecutor relied on the evidence which refuted the defendants’ version of 

events and summarized the evidence in support of the People’s case, particularly the GPS 

tracking data of Bailey’s movements, the gang evidence about both defendants, and the 

officers’ testimony about hearing Bailey shout to Brown at the police department just 

before Brown confessed and implicated Smith instead of Bailey. The prosecutor asked 

the jury to “judge the credibility” of Bailey’s trial testimony, in which he tried to explain 

his numerous inconsistent statements and denied that he shouted to Brown or that he was 

a gang member, compared to the evidence from the officers on the same issues.

As noted by the court, the prosecutor’s comments about believing “to the bottom 

of my feet these guys did it[,]” taken in isolation, appeared to amount to impermissible 

vouching. But as the court also noted, this brief remark was made in the midst of the 

prosecutor’s summation of evidence in support of the People’s case. In the context of the 

prosecutor’s rebuttal argument, there was no inference that he was vouching for evidence 

which had not been introduced at the trial.

Defendants assert the prosecutor’s stated belief in defendants’ guilt constituted 

prejudicial misconduct which could not have been cured by an admonition. They rely on 

People v. Alvarado (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1577 (Alvarado), where the court found the 

prosecutor committed misconduct by arguing:

“ ‘I have a duty and I have taken an oath as a deputy District Attorney not 

to prosecute a case if I have any doubt that that crime occurred. [¶] The 

defendant charged is the person who did it.’ ” (Id. at p. 1583, italics 

omitted.)

Alvarado held the prosecutor had “impermissibly invited the jury to convict [the 

defendant] based on her opinion that he was guilty and on the prestige of her office ....” 

(Id. at pp. 1584–1585.) The impermissible inferences from the prosecutor’s comments 

were that “(1) the prosecutor would not have charged [the defendant] unless he was 
39.

guilty, (2) the jury should rely on the prosecutor’s opinion and therefore convict him, and 

(3) the jurors should believe [the witness] for the same reason.” (Id. at p. 1585.) 

Alvarado held an admonishment would not have cured the harm because the evidence 

against the defendant was not overwhelming, and the prosecutor suggested more than 

once that she had additional evidence of his guilt that had not been presented. (Id. at 

p. 1586.)

A contrary conclusion was reached in People v. Sully (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1195

(Sully), where the defendant also claimed the prosecutor vouched for the credibility of the 

People’s case and certain witnesses. Sully rejected these claims of misconduct:

“Considered in context, almost all of the examples cited amounted to 

argument from facts in the record directed to the credibility of witnesses, 

not the personal statement of the prosecutor vouching for their credibility. 

Such argument is proper; no misconduct occurred. [Citation.] The one 

personalized reference – a remark that the prosecutor had not deceived the 

jury and would not lie to it – was brief, innocuous, and followed 

immediately by references to evidence bearing on witness credibility. 

There was no conceivable prejudice to defendant in the remark.” (Id. at 

pp. 1235–1236, italics added.)

In People v. Lopez (2008) 42 Cal.4th 960 (Lopez), the defendant argued the 

prosecutor improperly vouched for the People’s case during rebuttal when she said: “ ‘I 

don’t think [defense counsel] is mean or stupid. But I think his client is guilty.’ ” (Id. at 

p. 971, italics added in original.) Lopez rejected the defendant’s claim of prejudicial 

misconduct:

“[T]he prosecutor’s comment did not imply that she based her belief in 

defendant’s guilt on evidence not presented at trial. To the contrary: 

Because her statement that she believed defendant was guilty immediately 

followed her comment that, in her view, defense counsel’s crossexamination of the victims demonstrated that they were credible, a 

reasonable juror would most likely infer that the prosecutor based her belief 

in defendant’s guilt on the credibility of the victims’ testimony at trial.” 

(Ibid., italics added.)
40.

As in Sully, we find the prosecutor’s rebuttal remark in this case about his belief in 

the People’s case was also brief and innocuous. As in Lopez, the prosecutor’s statement 

was made in the midst of his summation of evidence which supported the People’s case 

and refuted the defense theories. More importantly, the prosecutor’s statement was 

immediately followed by the court’s express admonishment for the jury to disregard the 

prosecutor’s statement of belief. Indeed, the court made the factual finding that when it 

admonished the jury, “I did get nods and so forth indicating that they did understand the 

admonition.” Given the court’s findings, we presume the jury followed the court’s 

immediate admonishment which cured any possible misconduct. (People v. Sanchez

(2001) 26 Cal.4th 834, 852.)

Finally, even if the rebuttal argument was considered misconduct, the entirety of 

the record refutes any possibility that the jury was influenced by the prosecutor’s 

purported vouching for the strength of the People’s case. The jury did not return blanket 

guilty verdicts against the defendants. Instead, the jury found Bailey and Brown not 

guilty of assault with a deadly weapon on Garcia, and found Bailey not guilty of being a 

felon in possession of a firearm. These findings indicate the jury returned the verdicts 

based on its evaluation of the evidence and not because the prosecutor declared his belief 

in the defendants’ guilt.

III. CALCRIM No. 301

Bailey argues the court improperly instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 301, 

that it could not rely on Bailey’s trial testimony to acquit him unless it found supporting 

corroborative evidence. Bailey argues the court should have clarified CALCRIM 

No. 301 to explain that Bailey could exonerate himself with his trial testimony, and 

certain cautionary language only applied if Bailey was determined to be an accomplice

and he implicated Brown in the burglary/robbery. Bailey’s argument is meritless given 

the entirety of the instructions.
41.

A. Failure to object

“ ‘It is well established in California that the correctness of jury instructions is to 

be determined from the entire charge of the court, not from a consideration of parts of an 

instruction or from a particular instruction. [Citations.] “[T]he fact that the necessary 

elements of a jury charge are to be found in two instructions rather than in one instruction 

does not, in itself, make the charge prejudicial.” [Citation.] “The absence of an essential 

element in one instruction may be supplied by another or cured in light of the instructions 

as a whole.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 328.)

Defendant contends CALCRIM No. 301 should have been modified in certain 

aspects. Defendant asserts that he has not forfeited review of this issue because the 

alleged instructional errors affected his substantial rights. In the alternative, he claims 

that his defense attorney’s failure to object to these issues constitutes prejudicial 

ineffective assistance.

Defendant is correct that an instructional error that affects defendant’s substantial 

rights may be reviewed on appeal despite the absence of an objection. (§ 1259; People v. 

Prieto (2003) 30 Cal.4th 226, 247.) We will therefore address the merits of his 

instructional challenge. “[I]n reviewing an ambiguous instruction ..., we inquire 

‘whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged 

instruction in a way’ that violates the Constitution. [Citation.]” (Estelle v. McGuire

(1991) 502 U.S. 62, 72, fn. omitted.)

B. Accomplice instructions

The instruction at issue in this case is CALCRIM No. 301, testimony of a single 

witness. The pattern instruction states:

“[Except for the testimony of <insert witness’s name>, which requires 

supporting evidence [if you decide (he/she) is an accomplice],] (the/The) 

testimony of only one witness can prove any fact. Before you conclude that 

the testimony of one witness proves a fact, you should carefully review all 

the evidence.”
42.

The court has a sua sponte duty to give this instruction. (People v. Rincon-Pineda

(1975) 14 Cal.3d 864, 884–885.) The court should insert the first bracketed language if 

the testimony of an accomplice or other witness requires corroboration. (People v. 

Chavez (1985) 39 Cal.3d 823, 831.)

The court also has a sua sponte duty to give CALRIM No. 334, the cautionary 

instructions about accomplice testimony, including the need for corroboration, when 

there is sufficient evidence that a witness was an accomplice. (People v. Tobias (2001) 

25 Cal.4th 327, 331.)

C. Analysis

In this case, the jury received the following version of CALCRIM No. 301:

“Except for the testimony of Larry Bailey, which requires supporting 

evidence, the testimony of only one witness can prove any fact. Before you 

conclude that the testimony of one witness proves a fact, you should 

carefully review all the evidence.”

Defendant did not object to this instruction. He now contends that the italicized phrase 

was legally incorrect and likely led the jury to believe that it could not believe Bailey’s 

trial testimony about his innocence in the absence of supporting evidence.

Bailey complains the court omitted the second part of the bracketed phrase in the 

pattern version of CALCRIM No. 301, which would have modified the instruction to 

read: “Except for the testimony of Larry Bailey, which requires supporting evidence [if 

you decide he is an accomplice] ....” The record is silent as to why the court did not 

include this bracketed phrase, and Bailey did not object to the instruction or request 

modification.

In any event, the omission of this bracketed language was not prejudicial given the 

entirety of the instructions because the jury also received CALCRIM No. 334, which 

clarified CALCRIM No. 301’s cautionary language about Bailey’s trial testimony:

“Before you may consider the statement or testimony of Larry Bailey 

as evidence against Rayshaun Brown, you must decide whether Larry 
43.

Bailey was an accomplice to those crimes. A person is an accomplice if he 

or she is subject to prosecution for the identical crime charged against the 

defendant. Someone is subject to prosecution if, one, he or she personally 

committed the crime or, two, he or she knew of the criminal purpose of the 

person who committed the crime; and, three, he or she intended to and did, 

in fact, aid, facilitate, promote, encourage, or instigate the commission of 

the crime or participate in a criminal conspiracy to commit the crime. [¶] 

The burden is on the defendant to prove that it is more likely than not that 

Larry Bailey was an accomplice.” (Italics added.)

CALCRIM No. 334 defined an accomplice and further stated:

“If you decide that a declarant or witness was an accomplice, then 

you may not convict Defendant Brown based on Defendant Bailey’s 

statement or testimony alone. You may use the statement or testimony of 

an accomplice to convict the defendant only if, one, the accomplice’s 

statement or testimony is supported by other evidence that you believe; 

two, that supporting evidence is independent of the accomplice’s statement 

or testimony; and, three, that supporting evidence tends to connect the 

defendant to the commission of the crimes.” (Italics added.)

CALCRIM No. 334 concluded with definitions of supporting evidence, and to view 

incriminating statements with caution.

Based on the entirety of the instructions, no reasonable jury would have so 

narrowly interpreted CALCRIM No. 301 as suggested by Bailey, particularly given the 

clarifying language of CALCRIM No. 334. We thus conclude that the omission of the 

bracketed language in CALCRIM No. 301 was harmless under any standard given 

CALCRIM No. 304’s clarification of the cautionary language contained in CALCRIM 

No. 301.

IV. Failure to instruct on lesser included offense

Bailey contends the court erroneously denied his motion to instruct the jury on 

theft as a lesser included offense of count I, robbery of Garcia. Bailey argues the 

instructional error was prejudicial because the lesser offense was supported by substantial 

evidence and Garcia could not identify which suspect held the gun at her head.
44.

A. Background

Bailey and Brown were both charged with count I, robbery of Garcia. After the 

parties rested, defendants requested instructions on grand or petty theft as lesser included 

offenses to robbery.

The court denied defendants’ motion for any lesser included offenses. The court 

considered grand theft because it was closely related to robbery, but decided that the 

offense did not “factually fit with the evidence that’s been presented in this case.” The 

court further explained:

“[W]hile petty theft and grand theft are lesser included offenses, it is this 

court’s position that the evidence presented in this case is sufficient to 

sustain a conviction for robbery given the circumstances as testified to by 

the alleged victim, as well as comments that have been presented from Mr. 

Brown during the investigation.

“For those reasons, the Court feels there’s been sufficient evidence 

to support a conviction of robbery, and because of that, will not give a 

lesser included offense to Count 1.”

Bailey and Brown were convicted of robbery.

B. Robbery and theft

“A court must instruct sua sponte on general principles of law that are closely and 

openly connected with the facts presented at trial. [Citation.] This sua sponte obligation 

extends to lesser included offenses if the evidence ‘raises a question as to whether all of 

the elements of the charged offense are present and there is evidence that would justify a 

conviction of such a lesser offense. [Citations.]’ [Citations.] As we stated recently, ‘A 

criminal defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense only if 

[citation] “there is evidence which, if accepted by the trier of fact, would absolve [the] 

defendant from guilt of the greater offense” [citation] but not the lesser. [Citations].’ 

[Citation.]” (People v. Lopez (1998) 19 Cal.4th 282, 287–288, italics in original.)
45.

Robbery is the “felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, 

from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accompanied by means of

force or fear.” (§ 211.) “Robbery is essentially larceny aggravated by use of force or 

fear to facilitate the taking of property from the person or presence of the possessor. 

[Citation.]” (In re Albert A. (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1007–1008.)

“Generally, ‘the force by means of which robbery may be committed is either 

actual or constructive. The former includes all violence inflicted directly on the persons 

robbed; the latter encompasses all ... means by which the person robbed is put in fear 

sufficient to suspend the free exercise of ... will or prevent resistance to the taking.’ 

[Citation.] This ‘constructive force’ means ‘force, not actual or direct, exerted upon the 

person robbed, by operating upon [a] fear of injury ....’ [Citation.] ... Included within 

the common meaning of ‘force’ is ‘such threat or display of physical aggression toward a 

person as reasonably inspires fear of pain, bodily harm, or death.’ [Citation.]” (People 

v. Wright (1996) 52 Cal.App.4th 203, 210–211, italics added in original.)

The force required for robbery is more than “just that quantum of force which is 

necessary to accomplish the mere seizing of the property.” (People v. Morales (1975) 49 

Cal.App.3d 134, 139.) However, the degree of force used “ ‘ “is immaterial. All the 

force that is required to make the offense a robbery is such force as is actually sufficient 

to overcome the victim’s resistence ... [citations].” ’ ” (People v. Jones (1992) 2 

Cal.App.4th 867, 870.)

“ ‘[F]orce’ is not an element of robbery independent of ‘fear’; there is an 

equivalency between the two. ‘ “[T]he coercive effect of fear induced by threats ... is in 

itself a form of force, so that either factor may normally be considered as attended by the 

other.” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Wright, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 211.) “To establish 

a robbery was committed by means of fear, the prosecution ‘must present evidence 

“... that the victim was in fact afraid, and that such fear allowed the crime to be 

accomplished.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Morehead (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 765, 772.) 
46.

“ ‘The element of fear for purposes of robbery is satisfied when there is sufficient fear to 

cause the victim to comply with the unlawful demand for his property.’ [Citations.]” (Id. 

at p. 775.)

It is settled that the crime of theft, whether divided by degree into grand theft or 

petty theft, is a lesser included offense of robbery. (People v. Ortega (1998) 19 Cal.4th 

686, 694–697.) “Where the elements of force or fear are absent, a taking from the person 

is grand theft, a lesser included offense of robbery. [Citations.]” (People v. Jones, supra, 

2 Cal.App.4th at p. 869.)

Nevertheless, “the existence of ‘any evidence, no matter how weak’ will not 

justify instructions on a lesser included offense, but such instructions are required 

whenever evidence that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense is ‘substantial 

enough to merit consideration’ by the jury. [Citations.] ‘Substantial evidence’ in this 

context is ‘evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable [persons] could ... 

conclude[]” ’ that the lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed. [Citations.]” 

(People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 162.)

C. Analysis

The primary evidence about the actual robbery was based on Garcia’s trial 

testimony and pretrial statements. Garcia described a harrowing scene as the two 

suspects surprised her while she was in her bedroom. The gunman placed his hand over 

her eyes and mouth, put the gun to her head, and pushed her to the floor. The gunman 

took her around the apartment as the two suspects ransacked the rooms and looked for 

something. Garcia testified the gunman continued to hold the gun to her head. After the 

second suspect found the safe, the gunman again forced her to the floor. He pulled back 

the slide and chambered a round in his gun, and she heard a metallic sound and waited to 

be shot. Fortunately, the two suspects left without firing. The officers later found a live 

Lugar bullet on the floor where she had been pushed down.
47.

In his second statement to the officers, Brown admitted he entered the apartment 

but implicated Smith as the instigator, driver, and gunman. Brown said Smith pointed the 

gun at the victim. Bailey repeatedly denied any involvement in the burglary/robbery, and 

insisted he did not know what Brown and Smith were going to do when they got out of 

his car.

The trial court properly denied Bailey’s request for theft instructions as lesser 

included offenses because there was no contrary evidence the offense was anything other 

than a robbery accomplished by means of force or fear. The gunman’s conduct of 

placing a gun to Garcia’s head, covering her face, keeping the gun at her head as they 

searched the apartment, and chambering a round just as the suspects left, were reasonably 

calculated to intimidate and frighten Garcia, who believed she was going to be shot.

The element of fear was proven, and no instruction on “mere theft” was warranted. 

(People v. Bordelon (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1311, 1320.) While Garcia may not have 

suffered actual physical injuries, “the inference that force was used is compelling. The 

degree of force is immaterial. [Citations.] There was no contradictory version of the 

evidence to support instruction on the lesser offense of grand theft from the person.”

(People v. Jones, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th at p. 871.)

Bailey asserts the lesser included instructions on theft should have been given 

because there was a “scenario” where he may have been part of “an intended burglary to 

accomplish marijuana trafficking but [he had] no knowledge of a plan to commit a 

robbery,” and this scenario was “plausible” based on his trial testimony. Bailey 

speculated that he might have thought Smith and Brown were just going to steal drugs 

during the narcotics transactions in the apartment. This theory was completely 

unsupported by the evidence. At trial, Bailey testified Smith asked him for a ride so he 

could get some marijuana, he followed Smith’s directions to the apartment complex, 

Smith and Brown got out of his car, Bailey waited in the car, and Bailey had no idea what 
48.

Smith and Brown were going to do at that location. There was no evidence to support the 

scenario which Bailey presents on appeal.

V. Bailey was convicted of first degree robbery

Bailey contends his conviction for count I, first degree robbery, must be reduced 

to second degree robbery because the jury failed to specify the degree on the verdict 

form. As we will explain, this argument is refuted by the entirety of the record.

A. Background

Section 212.5 defines the offense of robbery and states in pertinent part:

“(a) Every robbery ... which is perpetrated in an inhabited dwelling 

house ... is robbery of the first degree.

“(b) Every robbery of any person while using an automated teller 

machine or immediately after the person has used an automated teller 

machine and is in the vicinity of the automated teller machine is robbery of 

the first degree.

“(c) All kinds of robbery other than those listed in subdivisions (a) 

and (b) are of the second degree.” (Italics added)

The amended information alleged Bailey and Brown committed count I, robbery, 

as follows:

“[They] did willfully, unlawfully and by means of force or fear take 

personal property from the person, possession [or] immediate presence of 

Jacquelina Garcia, and said offense was perpetrated in an inhabited 

dwelling house ... in violation of Penal Code section 212.5(A), a felony.” 

(Italics added.)

There was overwhelming evidence at trial that the robbery was committed in the 

apartment where Garcia lived.

The jury was instructed as to count I, robbery, that the offense was divided into 

two degrees:

“Robbery is divided into two degrees. If you conclude that the 

defendant committed a robbery, you must then decide the degree.
49.

“To prove that the defendant is guilty of first degree robbery, the 

People must prove that:

“The robbery was committed in an inhabited dwelling. A dwelling 

is inhabited if someone lives there and either is present or has left but 

intends to return.

“All other robberies are of the second degree.

“The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt 

that the robbery was first degree rather than a lesser crime. If the People 

have not met this burden, you must find the defendant not guilty of first 

degree robbery.” (CALCRIM No. 1602, italics added.)

For count I, the jury received a single verdict form which gave the following two 

options on the same page.

“We, the jury, empanelled to try the above entitled cause, find the 

defendant, LARRY BAILEY-BANKS JR, guilty of Felony, to wit: 

Robbery, in violation of Section 212.5(a) of the Penal Code, as charged in 

the first count of the Amended Information.

“We, the jury, empanelled to try the above entitled cause, find the 

defendant, LARRY BAILEY-BANKS JR, not guilty of Felony, to wit: 

Robbery, in violation of Section 212.5(a) of the Penal Code, as charged in 

the first count of the amended information.”

In returning the verdict, the foreperson signed the first option, that the jury found 

Bailey guilty of “Robbery, in violation of Section 212.5(a) ... as charged in the first 

count of the Amended Information.”

B. McDonald-Beamon

Bailey contends that while the jury found him guilty of count I, it never made a 

finding that his conviction was for first degree burglary of an inhabited dwelling, and the 

offense must be reduced to second degree burglary as a matter of law.

Bailey’s argument is based on section 1157, which states:

“Whenever a defendant is convicted of a crime or attempt to commit a 

crime which is distinguished into degrees, the jury, or the court if a jury 

trial is waived, must find the degree of the crime or attempted crime of 

which he is guilty. Upon the failure of the jury or the court to so 
50.

determine, the degree of the crime or attempted crime of which the 

defendant is guilty, shall be deemed to be of the lesser degree.” (Italics 

added.)

Section 1192 is a companion statute, and states a similar rule in cases of guilty 

pleas or bench trials:

“Upon a plea of guilty, or upon conviction by the court without a jury, of a 

crime or attempted crime distinguished or divided into degrees, the court 

must, before passing sentence, determine the degree. Upon the failure of 

the court to so determine, the degree of the crime or attempted crime of 

which the defendant is guilty, shall be deemed to be of the lesser degree.”

Bailey’s argument is also based on the interpretation of section 1157 by People v. 

McDonald (1984) 37 Cal.3d 351 (McDonald) and People v. Beamon (1973) 8 Cal.3d 625 

(Beamon). “Under the McDonald-Beamon rule, a jury in a criminal case is required to 

determine the degree of the crime and if it does not, the offense is deemed to be of the 

lesser degree. [Citations.]” (In re Birdwell (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 926, 928.) “Even if it 

is obvious that the jury intended to find [the greater degree], the McDonald-Beamon rule 

focuses solely on the actual verdict and does not take into account any extrinsic evidence

or findings. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 930, italics added.)

In McDonald, the defendant was charged with murder “in the usual manner, i.e., 

without specification of degree.” He was convicted of murder “as charged in the 

information,” and the jury found the robbery special circumstance true. (McDonald, 

supra, 37 Cal.3d at pp. 379, 381.) The defendant argued the verdict should be fixed at 

second degree murder pursuant to section 1157 because the jury failed to specify the 

degree in its verdict. McDonald agreed: “[T]he key is not whether the ‘true intent’ of the 

jury can be gleaned from circumstances outside the verdict form itself; instead, 

application of [section 1157] turns only on whether the jury specified the degree in the 

verdict form.” (McDonald, supra, at p. 382, italics added, overruled in part by People v. 

Mendoza (2000) 23 Cal.4th 896 (Mendoza); Beamon, supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 629, fn. 2.)
51.

However, there have been limitations placed on the McDonald-Beamon rule. 

Where the verdict includes language equivalent to “first degree,” the degree of the crime 

has been sufficiently specified. (People v. Preciado (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 1244, 1250 

(Preciado).) In Preciado, the information charged the defendant with a “ ‘violation of 

Section 459/460.1/461.1 of the Penal Code (Residential Burglary-1st Degree).’ ” (Id. at 

p. 1247, italics added in original.) The verdict form stated the jury found the defendant 

guilty “ ‘of the crime of felony, to wit: Violation of Section 459 of the Penal Code of the 

State of California, (Residential Burglary) as charged in Count 1 of the Information.’ ” 

(Ibid., italics added in original.)

Preciado held section 1157 did not require reduction of the offense to second 

degree burglary even though the verdict form did not state whether the jury found him 

guilty of first or second degree burglary:

“The verdict described a first degree burglary in so many words, 

‘residential burglary,’ and referred to the information which did specifically 

charge defendant with first degree burglary. There was no evidence 

defendant burglarized anything but an ‘inhabited dwelling house’ [citation]. 

And ‘residence’ and ‘inhabited dwelling house’ are interchangeable terms.

[Citation.]” (Preciado, supra, 233 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1247–1248, italics in 

original.)

Preciado distinguished the McDonald-Beamon line of cases: “[A]pplication of the 

rule of McDonald-Beamon has been confined to those situations in which the prosecution 

was forced to argue from inferences based on collateral findings in circumstances where 

no fixing of the degree or the equivalent was made at all.” (Preciado, supra, 233 

Cal.App.3d at p. 1248, italics added, fn. omitted.) In contrast, Preciado held the case 

involved a situation “where the offense is unmistakably described as a crime that could 

only be of the first degree.” (Id. at p. 1249.)

“[W]e agree that McDonald and Beamon are inapplicable because ‘in those 

cases the [intended] degree of the crime was [only] implied by other 

subsequent findings,’ the purpose of which ‘ “was other than to describe the 

degree of the crime.” ’ [Citation.] And such is not the case here. We are 
52.

required to imply nothing. The information charged first degree residential 

burglary; the evidence would only support first degree burglary; and the 

verdict form, specifically finding burglary of a residence, was just another 

way of saying first degree burglary. There is no reason to reduce the degree 

under these circumstances.” (Id. at pp. 1249–1250, fn. omitted.)

Another example of the McDonald-Beamon rule was examined in People v. 

Bonillas (1989) 48 Cal.3d 757 (Bonillas). The defendant was charged with murder in 

violation of section 187, and also with burglary and the special circumstance of murder 

during a burglary. “[T]he jury was instructed that if it found defendant guilty of murder 

it was required to find the degree of the murder. However, for some unknown reason it 

was not furnished a verdict form by which to specify the degree, and the guilty verdict it 

did return ... specified only that defendant was guilty of murder ‘as charged in the 

information.’ Because the instructions required the jury to specify the degree of the 

murder and the verdict returned failed to do so, the verdict was incomplete under the law 

and the instructions. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 769, fn.omitted.) Bonillas cited to 

McDonald-Beamon and further explained:

“The jury was instructed it should return a finding on the burglarymurder special circumstance only if it found defendant guilty of first degree 

murder, and, of course, it did return a verdict of true as to the burglarymurder special circumstance. While this would plainly indicate the jury did 

in fact conclude the murder was first degree, the decisions of this court 

have insisted on an express finding of the degree to satisfy section 1157, no 

matter how plain the implied finding. [Citations.]” (Bonillas, supra, 48 

Cal.3d at p. 769, fn. 4.)

However, Bonillas’s procedural history did not end with the verdict. The jury had 

only been excused for the guilt phase, and it was due to return for the penalty phase. The 

court learned of the verdict defect before the penalty phase began. The court recalled the 

jury before the penalty phase, and instructed it to resume deliberations and determine the 

degree of murder. The jury quickly found the murder was of the first degree. On appeal, 

the defendant argued the original verdict was for second degree murder under section 

1157 and McDonald-Beamon. Bonillas held the court’s decision to resume deliberations 
53.

did not violate the defendant’s due process rights: “Clearly, the jury here remained 

within the court’s control [citations], their verdict was incomplete, and the court was 

authorized to reconvene the jury to complete its verdict.” (Bonillas, supra, 48 Cal.3d at 

p. 773.)

In Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th 896, the court disapproved of McDonald-Beamon

in certain circumstances. The indictment alleged the defendants committed murder while 

committing robbery and burglary. The prosecution’s only theory was that the defendants 

killed the victim while committing robbery and burglary, and the court instructed only on 

that theory, stating the defendants could be convicted only if the killing occurred during 

the commission of robbery or burglary, and the defendants had the specific intent to 

commit robbery or burglary. Neither the instructions nor the verdict forms gave the 

jurors the option to return verdicts for second degree murder or any lesser form of 

criminal homicide. The verdicts stated that the defendants were “guilty of the offense 

charged in Count I, a felony, to wit, murder in violation of Section 187(a),” and that the 

murder was committed while the defendants were engaged in the commission of robbery 

and burglary. (Id. at pp. 903, 907.)

Mendoza rejected the defendants’ argument that their convictions should be 

reduced from first to second degree murder, and held section 1157 was inapplicable 

because the defendants had not been convicted of a crime which was “ ‘distinguished into 

degrees.’ ” (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 910, fn. omitted.) “[T]he prosecution’s 

only murder theory at trial” was felony murder, “which is first degree murder as a matter 

of law [citation],” and the jury was instructed “to return either an acquittal or a conviction 

of first degree murder.” (Id. at p. 900.) The court reasoned that “the first degree felonymurder rule ‘is a creature of statute,’ ” which, by its terms, makes murder committed 

during robbery or burglary murder of the first degree. (Id. at p. 908.) “Thus, there are no 

degrees of such murders; as a matter of law, a conviction for a killing committed during a 

robbery or burglary can only be a conviction for first degree murder.” (Ibid., italics in 
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original.) Consequently, in such a case “the only guilty verdict a jury may return is first 

degree murder. [Citations.]” (Ibid., italics in original.)

Mendoza held “that under these circumstances, section 1157 did not apply because 

[the defendants were not] ‘convicted of a crime ... which is distinguished into degrees’

within the meaning of that section.” (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 900.) The court 

stressed that where a jury is instructed solely “on first degree felony murder and to find 

the defendant either not guilty or guilty of first degree murder,” “the only crime of which 

a defendant may be convicted is first degree murder, and the question of degree is not 

before the jury.” (Id. at p. 910.) In explaining its rationale, the court articulated the 

purpose of the degree-fixing statute “is to ensure that where a verdict other than first 

degree is permissible, the jury’s determination of degree is clear.” (Ibid., italics in 

original.) But where a factfinder can only convict a defendant of a first degree crime, to 

require a reviewing court to deem the conviction to be of a lesser crime “that was never at 

issue” would produce “absurd and unjust result[s]” and elevate form over substance. (Id.

at p. 911.)

Mendoza partially overruled McDonald, which had mandated that “ ‘the terms of 

the [degree-fixing statute were] unambiguous’ ” and were to be strictly applied without 

exception. (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 913.) In overruling McDonald, Mendoza

was “mindful that [the] Courts of Appeal have been critical of McDonald and have 

adhered to it only grudgingly.” (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 923.)

In Sanchez v. Superior Court (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1266 (Sanchez), a defendant 

charged with first degree murder sought a writ “to compel the trial court to accept his 

guilty plea to murder without specifying its degree and to conduct a hearing under section 

1192 [the degree-fixing statute] to determine the degree of the murder.” (Id. at p. 1268.) 

In denying the writ, Sanchez applied Mendoza’s rationale to conclude that “[w]hen the 

language of the charge can only be first degree murder, an accusatory pleading does not 

charge a crime ‘distinguished or divided into degrees’ and, therefore, [the degree-fixing 
55.

statute] does not apply.” (Sanchez, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1269–1270.) Sanchez

relied on Mendoza and further held: “[The degree-fixing statute] was enacted to assure 

certainty in the degree of a conviction prior to sentencing. [Citation.] It was not intended 

to apply where neither logic nor the accusatory pleading leave any doubt as to the degree 

of the murder charged.” (Sanchez, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 1273, italics added.)

C. Analysis

There was no question from the trial evidence in this case that the robbery 

occurred in an inhabited dwelling house. However, section 1157 and the McDonaldBeamon rule focuses on whether the jury failed to specify the degree of the crime in the 

actual verdict form, and not on circumstances outside the verdict form itself. (McDonald, 

supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 382.)

Nevertheless, the instant case is very similar to the circumstances in Preciado and 

Mendoza because the verdict form for count I included language equivalent to “first 

degree robbery,” and the jury only had the choice to find defendant guilty or not guilty of 

first degree robbery. As explained above, the amended information charged in count I 

that Bailey “did willfully, unlawfully and by means of force or fear take personal 

property from the person, possession [or] immediate presence of Jaquelina Garcia, and 

said offense was perpetrated in an inhabited dwelling house ... in violation of Penal 

Code section 212.5(A), a felony.” (Italics added.) Section 212.5, subdivision (a) defines 

the offense of first degree robbery of an inhabited dwelling house.

The instructions further defined first degree robbery as charged in count I as a 

robbery which occurs in an inhabited dwelling house, that all other robberies were second 

degree, and the People had the burden of proving the robbery “was first degree rather 

than a lesser crime. If the People have not met this burden, you must find the defendant 

not guilty of first degree robbery.” (CALCRIM No. 1602, italics added.)

While the instructions defined all other robberies as second degree, the verdict 

form gave the jury only one choice: Both defendants were either guilty or not guilty in 
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count I of a “[f]elony, to wit: Robbery, in violation of Section 212.5(a) of the Penal 

Code, as charged in the first count of the Amended Information.” The jury did not have 

an option to convict defendant of anything less that first degree robbery. The jury was 

instructed that the People had the burden of proving the crime was first degree robbery of 

an inhabited dwelling. If, for some reason, the jury determined that the prosecution failed 

to prove the robbery occurred in an inhabited dwelling, the instructions required the jury 

to find defendants not guilty of count I, first degree burglary, as charged in the amended 

information. (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 901.)

As in Mendoza and Preciado, count I expressly alleged robbery in a particular 

degree, the jury received instructions on that particular degree, and the verdict form gave 

it only one choice of finding Bailey guilty of that degree. The only verdict the jury could 

return in this case was for first degree burglary. (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 901.) 

Given the nature of the amended information, instructions, and the verdict form, the 

robbery charged in count I was not a crime “distinguished or divided into degrees” to 

trigger the application of section 1157. (See, e.g., Sanchez, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 1269–1273.)

Bailey argues that this case is identical to the first verdict returned in Bonillas, 

which was found to be incomplete in violation of section 1157. Mendoza addressed 

Bonillas only to the extent of approving the trial court’s decision in that case to resume 

deliberations on the degree of murder, and held that such a procedure was not barred by 

section 1157 or McDonald. Mendoza did not address or distinguish the validity of the 

first verdict in Bonillas. (Mendoza, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 918.) In any event, Bonillas is 

distinguishable because the information in that case charged the defendant with murder 

without specifying a degree, which is similar to how the defendant in McDonald was 

charged.
57.

VI. Reversal of count VI, receiving stolen property

In count I, Bailey and Brown were convicted of the robbery of Garcia. In count 

VII, Bailey was separately convicted of receiving Garcia’s stolen property. Bailey was 

sentenced to the third strike term of 25 years to life for count VI, plus four years for the 

gang enhancement, and the court stayed the sentence pursuant to section 654.

A defendant may not be convicted of stealing and receiving the same property. 

(People v. Ceja (2010) 49 Cal.4th 1, 4; People v. Smith (2007) 40 Cal.4th 483, 522.) 

Bailey contends, and the People concede, that he could not be convicted of both offenses,

and that the conviction and sentence for count VI must be reversed.

VII. Bailey’s conviction in count VII as an accessory

In counts I and III, Bailey and Brown were convicted of the robbery and burglary 

of Garcia. In count VII, Bailey was separately charged and convicted of being an 

accessory after the fact to a felony by harboring, concealing or aiding Brown and/or 

Smith with the knowledge they had committed offenses against Garcia (§ 32).

Bailey contends count VII must be reversed because he could not be convicted of 

being a principal in the robbery and burglary, and also as an accessory after the fact of the 

same offenses.

A. Accessory after the fact

Section 32 states: “Every person who, after a felony has been committed, harbors, 

conceals or aids a principal in such felony, with the intent that said principal may avoid 

or escape from arrest, trial, conviction or punishment, having knowledge that said 

principal has committed such felony or has been charged with such felony or convicted 

thereof, is an accessory to such felony.”

“The crime of accessory consists of the following elements: (1) someone other 

than the accused, that is, a principal, must have committed a specific, completed felony; 

(2) the accused must have harbored, concealed, or aided the principal; (3) with 

knowledge that the principal committed the felony or has been charged or convicted of 
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the felony; and (4) with the intent that the principal avoid or escape from arrest, trial, 

conviction, or punishment. [Citations.]” (People v. Plengsangtip (2007) 148 

Cal.App.4th 825, 836.) “[I]n determining whether a defendant had the requisite 

knowledge and intent to commit the crime of accessory, the jury may consider ‘such 

factors as [the defendant’s] possible presence at the crime or other means of knowledge 

of its commission, as well as his companionship and relationship with the principal 

before and after the offense.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 837.)

“[T]here is no bar to conviction as both principal and accessory where the 

evidence shows distinct and independent actions supporting each crime. When a felony 

has been completed and a person knowingly and intentionally harbors, conceals or aids 

the escape of one of the felons, that person is guilty as an accessory to a felony under 

section 32, whatever his or her prior participation in the predicate felony. [Citation.]” 

(People v. Mouton (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1324.)

However, “[a]ttempting to escape after committing a felony is an inherent part of 

committing the felony, involving in most cases acting on a previously formed intent. 

Thus escaping does not create greater criminal culpability. Indeed, although Penal Code 

section 32 does not expressly so state, California long has recognized that a principal to a 

felony cannot become an accessory to that felony by attempting to make his own escape.

[Citations.]” (In re Eduardo M. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1360 (Eduardo M.).) 

Eduardo M. noted that, were the rule otherwise, “every felon who tried to escape 

apprehension by fleeing from the crime scene thereby would become an accessory to his 

own felony, a result that would turn nearly every felony into two separate crimes and thus 

expand accessory liability beyond any reasonable relation to increased criminal 

culpability or societal harm.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.)

Eduardo M. concluded dual liability could not be based on the mere fact that a 

person aided an assault and then fled after the commission of the assault, “even if that 

conduct incidentally helps other principals to escape.” (Eduardo M., supra, 140 
59.

Cal.App.4th at p. 1359.) “[I]n order to find someone to be an accessory after the fact to a 

felony in the commission of which the person is also a principal by virtue of his or her 

having aided and abetted its commission, the acts constituting that felony must have 

ceased at the time of the conduct that violates section 32. Otherwise, the conduct of 

aiding or concealing a principal with the intent that he or she avoid arrest (§ 32) is 

subsumed into the conduct of aiding the commission of the crime with the intent or 

purpose of facilitating commission of the offense [citation], such that the defendant is 

‘concerned in the commission of a crime’ [citation] and is therefore a principal in its 

commission [citation]. This is because an intent to help the perpetrator get away, formed 

before cessation of the acts constituting the felony, constitutes aiding and abetting. 

[Citation.]” (In re Malcolm M. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 157, 171.)

B. Analysis

Bailey’s conviction for being an accessory after the fact is not barred by his 

convictions as a principal for robbery and burglary. Being an accessory to a crime is not 

a defense to principal liability for commission of the offense, but it is a discrete crime 

based on separate acts of aid. (People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 668; People v. 

Riley (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 1808, 1815.)

When Bailey waited for Brown and Smith outside the apartment complex, and 

drove them back to his apartment after they committed the burglary and robbery, his 

conduct of helping them escape was part of the primary substantive offenses and not the 

acts of an accessory after the fact.

According to the GPS tracking data, however, Bailey was back on North Half 

Moon Drive at 11:52 a.m. Bailey’s criminal conduct did not end when the robbery and 

burglary were complete and the suspects reached a place of safety. Once they arrived at 

Bailey’s apartment, the suspects forced open the safe, looked through the contents, and 

dumped everything in Bailey’s trash can. Smith and Brown remained at Bailey’s 

apartment. At 2:45 p.m., the officers responded to the alley and found the safe in the 
60.

garbage can. Bailey and Jackson testified that Smith left at some point before the police 

arrived, and Brown left after Tiffany told them the police were in the alley.

Based on this evidence, the jury could have concluded that Bailey harbored Smith 

and/or Brown in his apartment for several hours after the completion of the burglary and 

robbery. Bailey’s conviction as an accessory after the fact was based on distinct and 

independent actions after the commission, escape, and completion of the burglary and 

robbery, and is not barred by his convictions as a principal for robbery and burglary.

VIII. The prior prison term enhancements

Bailey contends there is insufficient evidence to support the two prior prison term

enhancements which the court found true. The People respond that while evidence was 

introduced to support these allegations, the court should have stricken the prior prison 

term enhancements because it relied on the same underlying convictions to impose the 

two five-year prior serious felony enhancements. Bailey declines to accept the People’s 

concession and insists that the two enhancements were not supported by substantial 

evidence.

While the court found the two prior prison term enhancements true, the abstract of 

judgment does not contain any reference to these two enhancements and Bailey was not 

sentenced on them.

Since the court used the same underlying prior convictions to impose the two prior 

serious felony enhancements, Bailey cannot be sentenced for the two prior prison term 

enhancements. Regardless of whether the prosecution introduced evidence to support 

these allegations, the section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancements must be stricken and 

dismissed.

IX. Cumulative error

Bailey contends the entirety of his convictions must be reversed for cumulative 

error based on his appellate claims. “We have rejected the vast majority of defendant’s 

assignments of error, and when we have found or assumed error, we have determined 
61.

defendant was not prejudiced. Whether such claims are considered separately or 

together, we find no prejudicial error at either phase of the proceedings.” (People v. 

Jackson (2014) 58 Cal.4th 724, 774.)

While we have reversed count VI, receiving stolen property, and ordered the two 

prior prison term enhancements stricken, those findings are based on discrete errors of 

law that did not influence the other verdicts in this case.

DISPOSITION

The conviction as to Bailey in count VI for receiving stolen property is reversed, 

and the prior prison term enhancements are stricken. In all other respects, we affirm the 

judgments of convictions against both Bailey and Brown.

_____________________

Poochigian, J.

WE CONCUR:

______________________

Cornell, Acting P.J.

______________________

Gomes, J.