2019 IL App (1st) 172859

Nos. 1-17-2859 & 1-18-0185 (cons.) 

SECOND DIVISION

April 16, 2019 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

In re MARRIAGE OF SLOBODAN 

PAVLOVICH, 

Petitioner-Appellee, 

and

ANETA PAVLOVICH, 

Respondent-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court 

of Cook County. 

No. 14 D 9779 

The Honorable 

Robert W. Johnson, 

Judge Presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justice Hyman concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 In these consolidated appeals, respondent, Aneta Pavlovich, challenges the trial court’s 

grant of her former attorney’s motion to withdraw, denial of her motion for an evaluation under 

section 604.10(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 

5/604.10(b) (West 2016)), and finding that she was in indirect civil contempt of court. For the 

reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s grant of counsel’s motion to withdraw and its 

denial of respondent’s motion for a section 604.10(b) evaluation, but reverse the trial court’s 

finding of indirect civil contempt.
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¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 The parties, both attorneys licensed to practice in Illinois, were married in 2002 and had 

three children together: S.P., born in 2006, and M.P. and K.P., both born in 2008. In 2014, 

petitioner filed a petition for dissolution of the parties’ marriage, citing as grounds irreconcilable 

differences. 

¶ 4 In November 2016, respondent filed a motion requesting that the trial court appoint an 

evaluator under section 604.10(b) to evaluate the children’s best interests in allocation of 

parenting time and parental responsibilities. In that motion, respondent contended that on 

multiple occasions during the litigation of the dissolution proceedings, petitioner had falsely 

accused her of abusing, neglecting, and mistreating the children and had forced the children to 

make statements in support of his false allegations. She also alleged that petitioner would 

threaten her with false reports of abuse in attempts to coerce her into agreeing to his demands in 

the dissolution litigation. As part of her motion, respondent requested that a mental health 

evaluation be conducted of both her and petitioner, as well as of all the children. The trial court 

denied this motion. The trial court’s written order did not contain the reasons for its denial, and 

respondent did not include a transcript of the hearing on the motion in the record on appeal.

¶ 5 In the written order denying respondent’s motion for a section 604.10(b) evaluation, the 

trial court continued the trial on petitioner’s dissolution petition to June 12 and 13, 2017. On 

June 8, 2017, respondent’s then-counsel, Hoffenberg & Block, LLC (Hoffenberg), filed a motion 

to withdraw, citing a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship that made it impossible to 

continue to represent respondent. The motion also noted that respondent, a licensed attorney, had 

filed a pro se appearance in the case on February 3, 2015, and had never withdrawn that 

appearance. The certificate of service attached to the motion to withdraw indicated that the 
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motion was served on respondent by e-mail before 5 p.m. on June 7, 2017. It should be noted 

that Hoffenberg was the fourth firm that had represented respondent since the institution of the 

dissolution proceedings (not including respondent’s appearance). On the same day that the 

motion to withdraw was filed, the trial court granted it. The written order granting the motion 

noted that respondent was present at the hearing. Again, respondent did not include a transcript 

of this hearing in the record on appeal. 

¶ 6 Four days later, on June 12, 2017, respondent’s current counsel, James Macchitelli, filed 

an appearance on respondent’s behalf. The same day, the parties proceeded to trial on 

petitioner’s dissolution petition. In addition, an allocation judgment agreed to by the parties was 

entered by the trial court. Respondent again failed to include a transcript of these proceedings in 

the record on appeal. 

¶ 7 On July 25, 2017, the trial court entered a judgment of dissolution, which it later 

amended on September 7, 2017. In both the initial judgment and the amended judgment, 

respondent was awarded a condo owned by the parties. Among other conditions, respondent was 

required to pay all expenses associated with the condo and to refinance the condo in her name 

only. Respondent was also prohibited from leasing the condo until she had obtained refinancing.

Respondent’s postjudgment motions directed against the initial judgment and the amended 

judgment were all denied.

¶ 8 Shortly after the entry of the amended judgment, petitioner filed a two-count petition for 

rule to show cause against respondent. The first count alleged that respondent had failed to 

comply with certain provisions of the allocation judgment relating to the children’s attendance at 

soccer. The second count alleged that respondent had failed to comply with the judgment of 

dissolution by failing to pay certain expenses associated with the condo awarded to respondent 
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and by leasing the condo prior to obtaining refinancing. Following a hearing on the petition, the 

trial court found respondent in indirect civil contempt for leasing the condo in August and

September 2017, before she had obtained refinancing. Accordingly, the trial court ordered 

petitioner to pay $5300.00—the amount respondent collected in rent—to the clerk of the circuit 

court to purge her contempt. 

¶ 9 Respondent filed a motion to reconsider the contempt order, arguing that although the 

trial court stated that it found her in indirect civil contempt, it actually found her to be in indirect 

criminal contempt. As a result, respondent argued, she was entitled to certain procedural 

protections, which she was not afforded. After a hearing on her motion to reconsider, the trial 

court denied respondent’s motion to reconsider with respect to the finding of indirect civil 

contempt but modified the purge amount such that respondent was required to pay $2650 to 

petitioner, representing one-half of the rent respondent collected from leasing the condo.1 The 

trial court also awarded petitioner $3000 in attorney fees incurred in bringing the petition for rule 

to show cause. 

¶ 10 In appeal No. 1-17-2859, respondent appeals from the initial judgment of dissolution and 

amended judgment dissolution, while respondent’s appeal in appeal No. 1-18-0185 relates to the 

trial court’s finding of indirect civil contempt.

¶ 11 II. ANALYSIS

 1

 We observe that this order was not included in the record on appeal nor is the notice of appeal in 

appeal No. 1-18-0185. Normally, this would preclude our consideration of these documents. Babich v. 

River Oaks Toyota, 377 Ill. App. 3d 425, 430 (2007). However, the notice of appeal in appeal No. 1-18-

0185 was filed with this court by the clerk of the circuit court, per Illinois Supreme Court Rule 303(a)(4) 

(eff. July 1, 2017), and a copy of the order on respondent’s motion to reconsider the finding of indirect 

civil contempt was attached to that notice of appeal. We find these circumstances sufficient indicators of 

the authenticity of the notice of appeal and attached order, such that we will consider them. See People v. 

Rogers, 372 Ill. App. 3d 859, 861-62 (2007) (concluding that the notice of appeal transmitted by the 

circuit court clerk to the reviewing court was sufficient evidence of the timely filing of the notice).
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¶ 12 In appeal No. 1-17-2859, respondent argues that the trial court violated Illinois Supreme 

Court Rule 13 (eff. July 1, 2013) in allowing Hoffenberg to withdraw as her counsel without also 

continuing the trial and allowing respondent 21 days to obtain new counsel. She also argues in 

that appeal that the trial court erred in denying her motion for a section 604.10(b) evaluation. In 

appeal No. 1-19-0185, respondent argues that although the trial court stated that it found her in 

indirect civil contempt for leasing the condo before obtaining refinancing, it actually held her in 

indirect criminal contempt, and she was not afforded the procedural protections afforded to 

litigants subject to criminal contempt. We address each of these in turn.

¶ 13 A. Motion to Strike 

¶ 14 Before addressing respondent’s contentions on appeal, we pause to note that petitioner, in 

his response brief, requested that we strike portions of respondent’s brief and appendices.

Petitioner bases this request on the fact that respondent’s brief exceeds 50 pages in violation of 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(b)(1) (eff. May 25, 2018) and contained allegations that were 

not supported by the record on appeal. Petitioner also points out that some of the documents 

included in respondent’s appendix are not in the record on appeal and the record does not contain 

any report of proceedings. Petitioner is correct in pointing out these deficiencies in respondent’s 

brief, and we advise appellate counsel for respondent to review the Illinois Supreme Court Rules 

governing appellate briefs and procedures and make a greater effort to comply with them in 

future appeals. We do not believe, however, that it is necessary to strike respondent’s brief or 

appendix. To the extent that documents or allegations relied on by respondent are not contained 

in or supported by the record on appeal, we will disregard them in addressing respondent’s 

contentions on appeal. 

¶ 15 B. Appeal No. 1-17-2859 
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¶ 16 Respondent first argues that the trial court violated Rule 13 when it allowed Hoffenberg 

to withdraw as her counsel because she did not receive reasonable notice of the motion and 

because the motion was granted within 21 days of trial and without a continuance of trial. In 

addition, respondent contends that the trial court should have denied the motion to withdraw 

because it resulted in an inequitable and unconscionable judgment of dissolution. We conclude 

that respondent has waived these contentions. 

¶ 17 At the time Hoffenberg filed its motion to withdraw, Rule 13(c) provided in relevant part: 

“(2) Notice of Withdrawal. An attorney may not withdraw his appearance for a party 

without leave of court and notice to all parties of record, and, unless another attorney is 

substituted, he must give reasonable notice of the time and place of the presentation of 

the motion for leave to withdraw ***. Such notice shall advise said party that to insure 

notice of any action in said cause, he should retain other counsel therein or file with the 

clerk of the court, within 21 days after entry of the order of withdrawal, his 

supplementary appearance stating therein an address at which service of notices or other 

documents may be had upon him. 

(3) Motion to Withdraw. The motion for leave to withdraw shall be in writing and, 

unless another attorney is substituted shall state the last known address of the party 

represented. The motion may be denied by the court if the granting of it would delay the 

trial of the case, or would otherwise be inequitable.” (Emphases in original.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 

13(c) (eff. July 1, 2013). 

Courts have interpreted these provisions as requiring a continuance of at least 21 days after the 

entry of the order granting withdrawal to allow the party to retain counsel or enter his own 

supplementary appearance. In re Marriage of Ehgartner-Shachter, 366 Ill. App. 3d 278, 289 
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(2006). During that 21-day period, the trial court is not to render any rulings that would prejudice 

the party’s rights. Id. A trial court’s failure to grant a continuance to allow for the 21-day period 

may constitute reversible error. Id. 

¶ 18 Respondent argues that the trial court should have denied the motion to withdraw because 

she did not receive reasonable notice of the motion because she was served with the motion less 

than 24 hours before it was presented to the trial court. Respondent does not, however, make any 

further legal argument in support of this contention. For example, she does not explain how the 

notice was unreasonable or how she was prejudiced by the short notice in light of the fact that 

she appeared at the hearing on the motion. Respondent also has not cited any authority 

establishing what constitutes reasonable notice under Rule 13 or holding that a failure to comply 

with the notice provision is reversible error, even when the party appears at the hearing. Because 

respondent fails to support this contention with legal argument or authority as required by Rule 

341(h)(7), we must conclude that she has forfeited it. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. May 25, 

2018) (requiring that the argument section of an appellant’s brief contain “the contentions of the 

appellant and the reasons therefor, with citations of the authorities and the pages of the record 

relied on”); First National Bank of LaGrange v. Lowrey, 375 Ill. App. 3d 181, 208 (2007) 

(concluding that the appellant waived his contention by failing to cite pertinent authority in 

support as required by Rule 341(h)(7)); see also Thrall Car Manufacturing Co. v. Lindquist, 145 

Ill. App. 3d 712, 719 (1986) (“A reviewing court is entitled to have the issues on appeal clearly 

defined with pertinent authority cited and a cohesive legal argument presented. The appellate 

court is not a depository in which the appellant may dump the burden of argument and 

research.”).
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¶ 19 Respondent also argues that the trial court violated Rule 13 by granting the motion to 

withdraw without continuing the trial and affording respondent 21 days in which to obtain new 

counsel. As mentioned above, courts have held that the spirit of Rule 13 requires that a party be 

given a 21-day transition period following the withdrawal of their attorney to obtain new counsel 

or file their own supplementary appearance and that the trial court take no action during that 

period that might prejudice the party’s rights. In re Marriage of Miller, 273 Ill. App. 3d 64, 69 

(1995). Not all failures to allow for such a 21-day transition period constitute reversible error, 

however. In determining whether such a failure constitutes a reversible error, courts have 

considered the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the particular motion to withdraw

including whether the party fired the attorney, when the motion to withdraw was filed in relation 

to upcoming proceedings, whether the party claims they were prejudiced by actions taken within 

21 days of the withdrawal, whether the party appeared at the hearing that resulted in the order 

challenged on appeal, how soon after granting the withdrawal the trial court took allegedly 

prejudicial action, whether subsequently retained counsel appeared and was ready to proceed at 

proceedings within 21 days, and whether the party had notice of the intent to withdraw and/or the 

order granting withdrawal. See, e.g., K&K Iron Works, Inc. v. Marc Realty, LLC, 2014 IL App 

(1st) 133688, ¶ 41 (holding that the trial court did not commit reversible error in denying motion 

to continue trial and that 21-day transition period under Rule 13 was not required where the party 

fired counsel on the morning of trial, despite other prior opportunities to do so); EhgartnerShachter, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 289 (trial court’s actions taken within 21 days of granting attorney 

withdrawal not reversible error where the party did not argue that he was prejudiced by those 

actions and did not file a motion to reconsider those actions); In re Robert S., 357 Ill. App. 3d 

214, 218 (2005) (trial court committed reversible error where it granted the mother’s attorney’s 
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motion to withdraw and then immediately conducted a hearing on the State’s petition to 

terminate the mother’s parental rights while the mother was not present); Miller, 273 Ill. App. 3d 

at 69 (concluding that any error in trial court’s failure to grant 21-day transition period after 

attorney withdrawal waived because subsequent counsel appeared at the next hearing and 

answered “ready” instead of requesting continuance); In re Marriage of Santa Cruz, 179 Ill. 

App. 3d 611, 621 (1989) (trial court’s failure to allow a 21-day transition period after withdrawal 

was reversible error where the trial court entered a visitation order just two days after the party 

received notice of the motion to withdraw, the party did not receive notice that withdrawal had 

been granted, and the party was not present at the hearing on the visitation issue). 

¶ 20 Here, respondent failed to include in the record on appeal transcripts of the hearing on the 

motion to withdraw or of the trial. As a result, we are unable to review the specific facts and 

circumstances of the trial court’s grant of the motion to withdraw without allowing for a 21-day 

transition period. Based on the common law record—which is all that respondent provided for 

our review—all we know is that after notice to respondent, Hoffenberg filed its motion to 

withdraw four days before trial and the trial court granted the motion the same day. Respondent 

was present at that hearing. On the first day of trial, respondent had retained new counsel and the 

parties proceeded with the trial. With only the common law record and no reports of 

proceedings, we are unable to determine whether respondent ever objected to, agreed to, or even 

requested Hoffenberg’s withdrawal; whether respondent had her new counsel waiting in the 

wings for Hoffenberg’s withdrawal to be granted; whether respondent requested a continuance 

following Hoffenberg’s withdrawal or whether she agreed and/or insisted on proceeding to trial 

as scheduled; or whether respondent’s new counsel answered “ready” for trial or requested that it 

be continued. In fact, based on the meager record before us, we are unable to determine whether 
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the trial court offered respondent a continuance and respondent declined the offer or whether the 

trial court actually, as respondent contends without support, denied her request for a continuance.

Because respondent has failed to provide us with a sufficient record on which to determine 

whether the trial court committed reversible error in this respect, we must assume that the trial 

court’s action acted in conformance with the law. See Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 

(1984) (“[A]n appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently complete record of the 

proceedings at trial to support a claim of error, and in the absence of such a record on appeal, it 

will be presumed that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity with law and had a 

sufficient factual basis. Any doubts which may arise from the incompleteness of the record will 

be resolved against the appellant.”). 

¶ 21 We also note that at the time that Hoffenberg filed its motion to withdraw, respondent 

still had on file the pro se appearance that she had filed in February. Respondent argues that her 

appearance has no relevance because, although she is a licensed attorney, she has no family law 

experience. While this may be true (we have no way of knowing the depth or type of 

respondent’s legal experience), it should be noted that Rule 13, as interpreted by other appellate 

courts, allows a party 21 days to either retain new counsel or file a supplementary appearance on 

his or her own behalf. Here, respondent already had her own, supplementary appearance on file, 

which raises the question of whether she was still entitled to the 21-day continuance. None of the 

cases cited by respondent address this issue, but we need not resolve it any case, because, as 

discussed above, respondent waived any error with respect to the trial court’s grant of 

Hoffenberg’s motion to withdraw.

¶ 22 Respondent also argues that the trial court should have denied Hoffenberg’s motion to 

withdraw because it resulted in an inequitable and unconscionable judgment of dissolution. More 
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specifically, respondent contends that she was forced to go to trial with an attorney who had only 

one day to prepare and did not have the opportunity to subpoena witnesses or present medical 

bills. As a result, respondent contends, the trial court refused to acknowledge her outstanding 

medical bills, awarded petitioner a disproportionate share of the equity in the marital real estate, 

ignored respondent’s testimony regarding her contribution of nonmarital funds to the purchase of 

marital real estate, erroneously accepted petitioner’s self-serving testimony regarding an 

outstanding loan, disregarded evidence that petitioner dissipated marital funds, failed to credit 

evidence regarding petitioner’s use of and failure to repay credit cards, and erroneously credited 

petitioner’s testimony regarding the value of his law firm. According to respondent, all of this 

led to an inequitable judgment of dissolution and amended judgment of dissolution. 

¶ 23 As discussed above, respondent did not include a transcript of the trial proceedings in the 

record on appeal. As a result, we are completely unable to assess the veracity of any of 

respondent’s allegations regarding the evidence that was presented to the trial court and whether 

the trial court properly considered or rejected it. In addition, without the ability to review the 

evidence and testimony presented to the trial court, we have no way to assess whether the trial 

court’s ultimate division of the marital property was just or equitable. Accordingly, because we 

lack a sufficient record to review respondent’s contention in this respect, we must conclude that 

that the trial court did not err in granting the motion to withdraw. See id. (“[A]n appellant has the 

burden to present a sufficiently complete record of the proceedings at trial to support a claim of 

error, and in the absence of such a record on appeal, it will be presumed that the order entered by 

the trial court was in conformity with law and had a sufficient factual basis. Any doubts which 

may arise from the incompleteness of the record will be resolved against the appellant.”). 
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¶ 24 Respondent next argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion for a section 

604.10(b) evaluation. According to respondent, petitioner failed to participate in the dissolution 

proceedings in good faith and attempted to alienate the children from respondent by encouraging 

them to develop negative feelings towards respondent. In support, respondent cites to her 

allegations of misconduct by petitioner in her motion for a section 604.10(b) evaluation, an email drafted by the guardian ad litem on the case, and letters sent to the trial court by the 

children. Despite referring to the allegations in her motion, the e-mail to the guardian ad litem, 

and the children’s letters as “evidence,” the allegations are nothing but allegations with no 

substantiation in the record on appeal, and the e-mail and letters are not included in the record on 

appeal. Again, because respondent failed to include any reports of proceedings in the record on 

appeal—including a transcript of the hearing on her motion for section 604.10(b) evaluation—

we have no way of determining whether respondent presented this or any other “evidence” to the 

trial court in support of her motion. 

¶ 25 More importantly, however, is respondent’s failure to make any argument regarding how 

this “evidence” relates to the trial court’s determination of whether to order an evaluation under 

section 604.10(b). In fact, respondent does not discuss the method by which the trial court was to 

make the determination of whether to order a section 604.10(b) evaluation, cite any authority 

relating to section 604.10(b) evaluations, identify in what respect the trial court erred in denying 

her motion, or otherwise provide a basis on which we may reverse. Instead, respondent merely 

argues that, based on her unsubstantiated allegations and nonrecord e-mails and letters, the trial 

court failed to protect the children’s best interests by denying her motion for a section 604.10(b).

Given respondent’s lack of legal argument and failure to cite relevant authorities, we conclude 

that respondent has waived this contention. See Lowrey, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 208; Thrall, 145 Ill. 
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App. 3d at 719. Moreover, even if she had not waived this contention, her failure to provide a 

sufficient record for review prevents us from finding any error in the trial court’s denial of 

respondent’s motion. See Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391-92. 

¶ 26 C. Appeal No. 1-18-0185 

¶ 27 In her second appeal, respondent argues that the contempt finding against her must be 

reversed, because although the trial court claimed to find her in indirect civil contempt, it 

actually found her in indirect criminal contempt but did not afford her the procedural protections 

required when finding a litigant in criminal contempt. We agree.

¶ 28 The distinction between civil and criminal contempt is well established in Illinois case

law. Generally, “[c]riminal contempt punishes a contemnor for violating a court order, while 

civil contempt coerces the contemnor to comply with a court order.” In re Marriage of Carpel, 

232 Ill. App. 3d 806, 822 (1992). Thus, we must consider the purpose for which the trial court 

imposed the contempt sanctions. In re Marriage of O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 26. In 

determining whether to vacate a contempt finding, we must consider the individual facts of this 

specific case. Id. ¶ 25. Our standard of review on the trial court’s decision to find the respondent 

in contempt is whether the trial court abused its discretion. Id. 

¶ 29 With respect to civil contempt, because it is intended to compel the contemnor to comply 

with the underlying court order in the future, the contemnor must be able to avoid or purge 

himself by complying with the terms of the underlying court order. Id. ¶ 26. Once the contemnor 

complies with the underlying order, the sanctions must cease. Helm v. Thomas, 362 Ill. App. 3d 

331, 334 (2005). Where the underlying order cannot be complied with, there can be no finding of 

civil contempt. O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 26. In other words, civil contempt exists 

where (1) the contemnor has the ability to comply with the underlying court order, and (2) so 
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long as the contemnor complies with the underlying order, no further sanctions are imposed. Id.

¶ 27. 

¶ 30 Unlike civil contempt sanctions, criminal contempt sanctions are not intended to compel 

future compliance with the underlying order but, instead, are retrospective in that they are 

intended to punish the contemnor for past conduct that cannot be undone. Id. “[C]riminal 

contempt consists of punishing for doing what has been prohibited or not doing what has been 

ordered ***.” Id. Unlike a contemnor in civil contempt who may relieve themselves of 

punishment through compliance with the underlying order, a contemnor in criminal contempt is 

punished without the possibility of relieving themselves of the contempt or punishment.

Pancotto v. Mayes, 304 Ill. App. 3d 108, 111 (1999). 

¶ 31 Where a litigant is charged with criminal contempt, he or she is entitled to constitutional 

protections and procedural rights similar to those afforded to a criminal defendant. O’Malley, 

2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 31. Those protections and rights include (1) the right to a jury trial 

when incarceration exceeds six months or the fine exceeds $500; (2) the right to counsel; (3) the 

right to a change of judge; (4) the right to be charged with a written complaint, petition, or 

information; (5) the right to personal service and to know the nature of the charges; (6) the right 

to file an answer and have a public trial; (7) the right to present evidence, subpoena witnesses, 

and to confront and cross-examine witnesses; (8) the right to be presumed innocent and against 

self-incrimination; (9) the right to be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and (10) the right 

to be admonished as to his constitutional rights. Id. The failure to provide a contemnor subject to 

criminal contempt these protections and rights is grounds to vacate the contempt finding. Id.

¶ 32 Here, the contempt order stated that respondent had failed to comply with the judgment 

of dissolution by leasing the condo for $2650 per month during the months of August and 
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September 2017, before she had obtained refinancing. Therefore, the trial court ordered 

respondent to pay the $5300 she had collected in rent to the clerk of the circuit court by 

December 18, 2017, in order to purge her contempt. Respondent argues that this was a criminal 

contempt finding because it sought to punish her for her past conduct of leasing the condo in 

August and September, a violation of the judgment of dissolution that could not be undone.

Petitioner disagrees and contends that the order was intended to compel petitioner to refrain from 

leasing the condo in the future. Petitioner also argues that because respondent failed to include a 

transcript of the hearing on his petition for rule to show cause in the record on appeal, we lack a 

sufficient record to determine the trial court’s intent in imposing the sanctions. 

¶ 33 We agree with respondent. Although the record on appeal does lack a transcript of the 

contempt hearing, the common law record is sufficient to conclude that the trial court actually 

found respondent in indirect criminal contempt, not indirect civil contempt, even though the trial 

court called it indirect civil contempt.

¶ 34 The trial court’s written contempt order makes clear that notwithstanding its own 

characterization as indirect civil contempt, the court intended to punish respondent for the act of 

leasing the condo for two months without a court order changing the terms of the dissolution 

judgment. Respondent was not at liberty to change the terms of the dissolution judgment 

unilaterally. If respondent wanted to lease the condo, the trial court needed to change the order 

first. That did not happen. The act that was contemptuous was the leasing of the condo in 

contravention of a direct order from the trial court. The fact that rent was paid for the lease only 

proved that it was, in fact, leased. First, the respondent clearly violated the court’s order not to 

lease the condo; that was the contempt. See Shillitani v. United States, 384 U.S. 364, 368 (1966) 

(noting that a distinction between civil and criminal contempt is that civil contempt involves a 
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failure or refusal to do what the court ordered, while criminal contempt involves doing what the 

trial court prohibited). Second, it was outside the presence of the court; that made the contempt 

indirect. See Windy City Limousine Co. v. Milazzo, 2018 IL App (1st) 162827, ¶ 40 (indirect 

contempt takes place outside the presence of the court, while direct contempt takes place in the 

presence of the court). Third, the trial court sought to punish the respondent for an act that could 

not be undone, that is, an act that was already in the past and could not be corrected; that made it 

criminal contempt. See O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 27 (criminal contempt punishes 

for past acts that cannot be undone). 

¶ 35 We also observe that there is no indication in the trial court’s order that the trial court 

sought to compel future compliance by respondent. The trial court’s order provided no method 

by which respondent could purge herself of contempt by refraining from leasing the condo in the 

future, which is the very hallmark of civil contempt. See id. ¶ 26 (“A person held in civil 

contempt must have the ability to purge the contempt by complying with the court order.”). In 

fact, the only way that respondent could purge herself of contempt was to pay the money ordered 

by the trial court. See Pancotto, 304 Ill. App. 3d at 111 (“Where the contemnor is being punished 

without the possibility of relief from punishment, the finding is one of criminal contempt.”).

Even if respondent were to comply with the condo provisions of the judgment of dissolution 

going forward, she would still be in contempt until she paid the money ordered by the trial court, 

essentially making it a fine for her past violations. See O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, 

¶ 27 (“[C]riminal contempt consists of punishing for doing what has been prohibited or not doing 

what has been ordered ***.”). Taken together, all of these factors—respondent violated an order 

by performing a prohibited act, respondent’s violation took place outside the presence of the trial 

court, respondent’s past violation could not be undone, and respondent could only purge herself 
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of contempt by paying the fine and not through compliance—all point to the conclusion that the 

trial court held her in indirect criminal contempt. See, e.g., Carpel, 232 Ill. App. 3d at 823 

(concluding that the trial court found the wife in indirect criminal contempt for failing to place 

the parties’ child on the plane to see the husband on the date ordered on two occasions in the past 

because “the court did not condition the penalty on anything she might do in the future (such as 

putting [the child] on the plane on time for future visitations), but rather imposed the fine for 

what she had already done” (emphasis in original)). Based on this, we must conclude that despite 

calling it indirect civil contempt, the trial court actually found respondent in indirect criminal 

contempt. 

¶ 36 Because she was found in indirect criminal contempt, the trial court erred when it did not 

provide respondent the proper procedural safeguards to which she was entitled. Specifically, 

respondent did not receive notice that she could be subject to criminal penalties, rather than just 

civil ones. Petitioner filed a “Petition for Rule to Show Cause,” asking that respondent be held in 

“indirect civil contempt” for her failure to comply with the condo provisions of the judgment of 

dissolution. This is insufficient to place respondent on notice that she is subject to criminal 

penalties, as criminal contempt proceedings must begin with a “petition to adjudicate criminal 

contempt,” not a “petition for rule to show cause.” See id. at 823-24 (wife did not receive 

procedural protections required in criminal contempt proceedings where husband filed a 

“petition for rule to show cause”); see also In re Marriage of Alltop, 203 Ill. App. 3d 606, 616 

(1990) (“[D]ue process requires that before criminal sanctions may be imposed upon a 

respondent as a result of indirect criminal contempt proceedings, notice must be provided to the 

alleged contemnor that such sanctions are being sought and might be imposed. This requirement 

can be met by entitling the initial pleading, ‘petition for adjudication of criminal contempt.’ We 
1-17-2859 & 1-18-0185 (cons.) 

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hold that a pleading entitled ‘petition for rule to show cause’ is not sufficient to provide the due 

process to which an alleged criminal contemnor is entitled.”). Accordingly, the trial court’s 

contempt finding and sanctions must be reversed. See Carpel, 232 Ill. App. 3d at 824 (vacating 

the trial court’s contempt finding and sanctions where the wife was held in indirect criminal 

contempt but not afforded the required protections). 

¶ 37 We note that respondent also argues that she was not afforded these safeguards and 

protections in that she did not receive notice that she was subject to criminal contempt, she was 

not admonished of her constitutional rights, and she was not found guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt. Because respondent did not include a transcript of the contempt hearing in the record on 

appeal, we have no way of determining whether the trial court admonished respondent or made a 

finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391-92. 

¶ 38 Then the trial court further confused the issue with its second order, which provided for a 

nonexistent method to purge the contempt by paying $2650 to the petitioner. When civil 

contempt—which the trial court believed it was finding—results in a fine, that fine must be paid 

to the clerk of the court. See Keuper v. Beechen, Dill & Sperling Builders, Inc., 301 Ill. App. 3d 

667, 669-70 (1998) (noting that “it is well established that civil contempt is an affront to the 

authority of the court and not a private remedy, that any fine imposed pursuant to the contempt is 

payable to the public treasury and not a plaintiff, and that a plaintiff may not recover 

compensatory damages in a civil contempt proceeding” and holding that the trial court lacked 

authority to award the plaintiffs compensatory damages for defendant’s contempt in violating the 

terms of the settlement agreement). The trial court’s attempt to provide restitution to petitioner 

with the $2650 was improper. 
1-17-2859 & 1-18-0185 (cons.) 

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¶ 39 Because we conclude that the trial court’s contempt finding and sanctions must be 

reversed, we must also reverse the trial court’s award of attorney fees to petitioner incurred in 

bringing the petition for rule to show cause. See SKS & Associates, Inc. v. Dart, 2012 IL App 

(1st) 103504, ¶ 28 (reversing award of attorney fees incurred in bringing petition for rule to show 

cause where contempt finding was reversed).

¶ 40 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 41 For the foregoing we reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is 

affirmed in appeal No. 1-17-2859, and the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is 

reversed in appeal No. 1-18-0185. 

¶ 42 No. 1-17-2859, Affirmed.

¶ 43 No. 1-18-0185, Reversed.

¶ 44 JUSTICE HYMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part: 

¶ 45 I concur with the majority’s decision to affirm the trial court’s grant of counsel’s motion 

to withdraw and its denial of Aneta Pavlovich’s motion for a section 604.10(b) evaluation. But, I 

disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court’s contempt finding was criminal rather 

than civil in nature. The contempt finding was intended to coerce Aneta to terminate the lease on 

the condominium, as required by the terms of judgment of dissolution. That Aneta also was 

required to pay Slobodan half of the rent she received during the period she improperly rented 

the condominium does not convert the indirect civil contempt into criminal contempt. Thus, I 

respectfully dissent. 

¶ 46 Civil Contempt Versus Criminal Contempt

¶ 47 To determine whether contempt is civil or criminal, we consider why the sanction was 

imposed. In re Marriage of O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 26. Civil contempt involves 
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sanctions with the main purpose to coerce future conduct, and the person held in civil contempt 

must have the ability to purge the contempt by complying with the court order. Id. That is, the 

civil contemnor must be provided with the opportunity to purge himself or herself of contempt 

by complying with the pertinent court order. In re Marriage of Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d 26, 44 

(1990). Contempt based on past actions that cannot be undone constitutes criminal contempt. 

O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶¶ 26-27. 

¶ 48 The majority finds the trial court’s indirect civil contempt order was actually indirect 

criminal contempt because the court intended to punish her for leasing the condominium for two 

months when the judgment for dissolution required her to wait until she had secured refinancing. 

(That provision ensured Slobodan, who was still on the condominium title, did not incur legal 

liability to a tenant.) The majority concludes the trial court was not seeking to compel Aneta’s 

future compliance and that she could purge herself of the contempt only by paying a fine, not by 

refraining from leasing the condominium in the future. 

¶ 49 I disagree. The trial court initially ordered Aneta to pay $5300, the amount she collected 

for two months rent, to the clerk of the court. The trial court never enforced that order. Instead, 

after a hearing on Aneta’s motion to reconsider, the trial court issued a new order, which is the 

controlling order, and the only order we need consider. The second order reduced the amount 

Aneta owed by half and, rather than paying the clerk of the court, the trial court ordered her to 

pay $2650 directly to Slobodan. With that second order, the trial court was not punishing Aneta 

or imposing a fine on her. The court allowed Aneta to keep one-half of the rent she had 

improperly collected, thereby dividing the proceeds of the rent equally between Aneta and 

Slobodan, who was still on the title. Moreover, paying Slobodan his share of the rent does not 
1-17-2859 & 1-18-0185 (cons.) 

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purge the contempt; Aneta can purge the contempt simply by not leasing the condominium until 

she refinances it.

¶ 50 Aneta relies on O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, and the majority cites O’Malley. 

But O’Malley is factually distinct. In O’Malley, the marital settlement agreement allowed the 

husband to maintain exclusive possession of the marital residence, which was owned by both 

parties, until he either bought out the wife’s interest or sold it and gave half of the proceeds to the 

wife. Id. ¶ 3. The husband was required to put the house up for sale by a specific date. Id. The 

husband dragged his feet on making repairs, which delayed the house going on the market. Id.

¶ 6. A buyer eventually made an offer of $1.875 million. Id. The wife signed the contract, but the 

husband instead made a counteroffer. As a result, the sale fell through. Id. The house eventually 

sold for $1.5 million. Id. ¶ 9. 

¶ 51 After the house sold, the trial court, on the wife’s petition, held the husband in indirect 

civil contempt and ordered him to pay an amount equal to half of the $1.875 million offer. Id.

¶ 18. The appellate court reversed, finding that the husband could not comply with the contempt 

order or any orders requiring him to comply because he could not put the house back on the 

market after it was sold to someone else. Id. ¶ 29. Because the purge provision could not provide 

the husband with the opportunity to comply once the house was sold, the appellate court found 

the trial court’s order was criminal rather than civil contempt. Id.

¶ 52 Here, the marital dissolution judgment required that Aneta not rent the condominium 

until she had refinanced it. She violated this directive by renting the condominium for two 

months, and she may have continued to do so if the trial court had not held her in indirect civil 

contempt. The trial court’s contempt order was intended to ensure that she not lease the 

condominium going forward. And, unlike the husband in O’Malley, who could not comply once 
1-17-2859 & 1-18-0185 (cons.) 

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the house was sold, Aneta still owned the condominium and could comply by not renting it to 

anyone until she had refinanced it. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court’s indirect civil 

contempt order.