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2020 IL App (3d) 170794 

Opinion filed October 20, 2020. 

Modified upon denial of rehearing February 16, 2021. 

IN THE 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

THIRD DISTRICT 

2020 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court 

ILLINOIS, ) of the 13th Judicial Circuit, 

) Bureau County, Illinois, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) Appeal No. 3-17-0794 

v. ) Circuit No. 99-CF-47 

) 

RANDY L. ROYER, ) Honorable 

) Cornelius J. Hollerich, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. 

JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justice McDade concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justice Schmidt dissented, with opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 The defendant, Randy L. Royer, appeals the second stage dismissal of his postconviction 

petition, arguing that his sentence is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment because the 

sentencing court failed to consider his youth and its attendant characteristics. 

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 The defendant was charged with one count of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) 

(West 1998)). The indictment stated that, on August 3, 1999, the defendant struck Timothy Dildine 
 

 

on the head with a baseball bat, which caused Dildine’s death. The defendant was 17 years old at 

the time. 

¶ 4 The case proceeded to a jury trial, beginning on April 19, 2000. The evidence established 

that Jennifer Tappen was the defendant’s ex-girlfriend. They dated from February to June of 1999. 

During the summer of 1999, the defendant lived with Jennifer; Jennifer’s father, Robert Tappen; 

and her brothers. Dildine would come and stay the night as well, as he was a friend of the 

defendant. On the night of August 2, 2000, Jennifer and Dildine went to Marquette beach around 

7 p.m. They had a bonfire and went swimming. Later that evening, Robert and his girlfriend, 

Annette Rexroad, arrived and the four of them spent the night talking, drinking, and smoking 

marijuana. Eventually, Jennifer and Dildine laid a blanket on the sand and fell asleep in the 

morning hours of August 3. 

¶ 5 While Jennifer and Dildine were at the beach, the defendant, Victor Ceballos, and a couple 

of other guys were drinking, smoking marijuana, and playing cards at a friend’s apartment. The 

defendant also put “four or five hits [of acid] on his tongue” around 10 p.m. Over the course of the 

evening, the defendant had “[a]t least eight or nine hits of LSD.” They were talking about the fact 

that Jennifer and Dildine were at the beach together. The entire evening the guys were needling 

the defendant and telling him that he should go down to the beach “and do something about it.” 

While the guys were needling him, defendant was “pretty messed up,” according to Ceballos. He 

was angry, crying, disoriented, had bloodshot eyes, and had trouble walking, talking, and 

controlling where he was moving around. A little before 6 a.m., Ceballos and the defendant went 

for a ride to the beach and saw Dildine’s car. They stopped, and the defendant got out of the car. 

Ceballos did not see a bat or anything in the defendant’s hand. Ceballos stayed in the car. 

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¶ 6 Rexroad left the fire and started walking away from the beach around 6 a.m. when she met 

the defendant. The defendant asked her where Jennifer and Dildine were, and she pointed to where 

they were sleeping on the beach. He had a bat in his hand. The defendant started walking toward 

them. Rexroad yelled for Jennifer and Dildine, but they did not hear her. The defendant walked 

over to where they were laying and started hitting Dildine with the bat four or five times. Rexroad 

started yelling and saying, “you killed him.” Jennifer woke up and started yelling, and then Robert 

came running towards them. Jennifer woke up and saw the defendant standing over her. She did 

not see a baseball bat in the defendant’s hands. Robert and Rexroad were screaming. Jennifer 

looked down and saw that she was covered in blood. Dildine was convulsing, and Jennifer noticed 

that his head was bleeding. Ceballos stated that the defendant was hysterical and screamed four or 

five times, “I killed him.” He said that the defendant was shaken, crying, disoriented, trembling, 

had bloodshot eyes, and had trouble walking. 

¶ 7 The defendant ran and got into Dildine’s car. The defendant drove Dildine’s car down, and 

the defendant and Robert put Dildine in the car. The defendant was saying that he messed up. The 

defendant drove Dildine to the hospital. The defendant entered the emergency room (ER) after 

pulling the car up in the driveway and said to a nurse, “He’s dying, he needs help.” The defendant 

appeared nervous, desperate, and “jittery.” The nurse followed the defendant out to the car. When 

she came out to the car, she saw Dildine laying between the seats with a head wound and blood 

splattered all over. She stated that the defendant stood outside the car, “[l]ike a little boy that 

probably didn’t know what he could do to help at that point and time.” He shuffled from one foot 

to the other like he was worried. The defendant then ran away. Dildine was brought into the ER. 

He was in poor condition and had to be intubated. 

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¶ 8 Dr. Merle Piacenti testified that he was a radiologist at St. Margaret’s Hospital. He was 

admitted as an expert in radiology. He reviewed Dildine’s X-rays and stated that he had three main 

fractures and some small fractures in his skull. In the 20 years that he had practiced radiology, this 

was one of the worst skull fractures he had ever seen. Dildine died the next day from blunt force 

trauma to his head. 

¶ 9 The defendant was cooperative with the police and confessed. He said that he had taken 

about nine hits of acid between 8:30 p.m. on August 2 and 4:30 a.m. on August 3. The guys were 

ribbing him and saying that it was not right for Jennifer to be with Dildine. He became angry when 

they kept teasing him about it, and he could not stop thinking about it. The defendant broke down 

crying during the interview, stating that he did not mean to hurt Dildine and he was sorry. After 

Dildine began receiving help, the defendant said he went to the Tappen residence to try to explain 

what he had done and why. He concluded the interview by saying that he was sorry and told the 

officers to tell Dildine that he was sorry because he did not know that Dildine was dying. The 

defendant also gave a written statement, which stated that he took nine hits of acid and “[f]rom 

that point on all I could think about was [Jennifer], so I started freaking out.” The end of the 

statement said, “I got there, I went crazy, I don’t know what was happening.” The jury found the 

defendant guilty of first degree murder. 

¶ 10 A presentence investigation report (PSI) indicated that the defendant had a past juvenile 

criminal history. In 1993, he was adjudicated a delinquent minor for committing the offenses of 

residential burglary, misdemeanor criminal damage to property, felony criminal damage to 

property, misdemeanor theft, felony theft, and misdemeanor battery. He was sentenced to a oneyear term of probation. In 1994, he was adjudicated delinquent for committing the offense of 

reckless conduct. All prior orders were to remain in effect, and he was ordered to be placed in an 

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emergency shelter or group home out of the city of Aurora. The case was then dismissed in 1995, 

and he returned to the custody of his father. In 1996, he was adjudicated delinquent for committing 

burglary and misdemeanor criminal damage to property in Kendall County and burglary in Kane 

County and was sentenced to a one-year term of probation. He was found in violation of his 

probation for committing the offense of domestic battery, and his probation was extended. He was 

required to complete an intensive out-patient substance abuse program and family counseling. His 

probation was terminated unsuccessfully in 1998, and he was ordered to serve 30 days in the Kane 

County Youth Home. 

¶ 11 The PSI stated that the defendant’s mother was deceased. His father had two daughters 

from separate relationships. The defendant had attended Aurora East High School, but was referred 

to the Aurora Education Center, where he was enrolled for five quarters before he withdrew. He 

was an above-average student for the classes he completed. The defendant began using marijuana 

at age 11, alcohol at age 12, and cocaine and LSD at age 13. The defendant received mental health 

treatment on three separate occasions—in 1994, 1995, and 1998. Upon discharge in 1994, he was 

diagnosed with socialized conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and mixed substance 

abuse. In 1995, he was diagnosed with mixed substance abuse and adjustment disorderadolescence. The defendant’s treatment goals in 1998 included stabilizing his mood and behavior, 

promoting general functioning, dealing with stress and frustration, enhancing control over 

impulses, and managing his anger. Upon his discharge, he was diagnosed with polysubstance 

abuse disorder, alcohol abuse, and depressive disorder. His mental health evaluations characterized 

him as impulsive and reckless. 

¶ 12 A sentencing hearing was held on August 15, 2000. Douglas Bernabei testified that he was 

the chief of police for the city of Spring Valley. On July 28, 1999, Francisco Rodriguez filed a 

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battery complaint, alleging that the defendant damaged his vehicle and struck him once in the head 

with a baseball bat. Jennifer had come home to the room she shared with the defendant, and the 

defendant noticed hickeys on her neck and Rodriguez standing outside. The defendant approached 

Rodriguez and asked if he was responsible for the hickeys. The defendant then hit Rodriguez and 

his car with the baseball bat. The defendant was charged with battery and criminal damage to 

property. Another individual had also stated that the defendant hit him in the head with a baseball 

bat in April 1999. He did not file a police report, and the defendant was never charged. The State 

also asked the court to consider in aggravation the evidence from trial and the PSI. 

¶ 13 Debra Lynn Ward testified that she was the defendant’s paternal aunt. She stated that the 

defendant never knew his mother as she deserted him when he was a baby. His father remarried 

Lisa when the defendant was two or three, and they were married for about five years. His father 

then married Terry for about seven years. Before and after Terry, multiple women lived with the 

defendant and his father. Terry and the defendant’s mother ultimately died of AIDS. The 

defendant’s father also had AIDS. Ward described the home environment as “combative.” She 

stated that anytime she was around, the defendant’s father “would be fighting a lot with the current 

Mrs.” and the defendant would be in the middle of it. The defendant was abused; his father would 

hit him hard and leave bruises. The defendant grew up around a lot of drugs and alcohol and little 

supervision. The defendant “was pretty much on his own.” Ward stated: 

“I think [the defendant] pretty much felt alone because everytime [sic] another, the 

first wife, when she had her own child, he kind of got shoved to the side. She pushed 

him down the steps once in anger. Then with Terry, when she met my brother, her 

kids were in foster care, and after she got them back [the defendant] was pushed 

out again, he was always the bad one out, always doing something to her kids, he 

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was the bad guy. And my brother was always fighting with Terry for years about 

[the defendant], *** he was always the subject of fights because her kids were more 

important.” 

¶ 14 Donald Royer testified that he was the defendant’s grandfather. Every time he went to visit, 

his son would be drinking and would smell like marijuana. Donald testified that when the 

defendant was 10 years old, he climbed out of the window of the house and slept in a car in order 

to escape from his father. 

¶ 15 The defendant gave a statement in allocution, in which he apologized to Dildine’s family 

and said that he did not mean to hurt Dildine. He stated: 

“[Dildine] was my friend. What happened wasn’t supposed to happen. I have thought about 

it for a whole year. If I could trade places with [Dildine], I would. I never once tried to 

blame nobody else. I know what I did, and I know what I did was wrong. I’m sorry.” 

¶ 16 The State said that the defendant faced a sentence of 20 to 60 years’ imprisonment. The 

State said there was no relative chance of rehabilitation in this case and pointed to the defendant’s 

juvenile record and the counseling and hospitalizations that “had no effect on him.” The State 

asked the court to sentence the defendant to the maximum 60-year sentence, noting that it believed 

the crime to be exceptionally brutal, heinous, and indicative of wanton cruelty. Had it not been for 

the United States Supreme Court’s requirement that such brutal nature be proven beyond a 

reasonable doubt, the State said it would ask the extended term sentence of life imprisonment be 

imposed. 

¶ 17 Defense counsel argued that the crime was not premeditated and that the defendant was “a 

young man who acted out of immaturity, out of lack of background and training, out of jealousy 

and out of drug use.” Counsel stated that the defendant “had no opportunity to know anything other 

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than drugs, alcohol and an abusive family life.” Counsel further noted that the defendant confessed 

and showed remorse. 

¶ 18 The court sentenced the defendant to the maximum of 60 years’ imprisonment, stating: 

“In considering the sentence, the factors I find in mitigation are remorse and the 

youth. However, the fact that he was a young man does not mitigate in my 

estimation sufficiently to prevent me for sentencing him severely. The evidence 

here shows that violence and anger was well known and used in the family. The 

incident in question was done in the Court’s opinion in a cold, calculated manner 

because he picked up a bat and went looking for someone. The factors further in 

aggravation are that he attacked a man that was sound asleep, with no offer or ability 

to defend himself. The series of blows in the Court’s opinion indicate wanton 

cruelty to the fact that you attack a sleeping man in the nature of heinous and brutal. 

Considering everything, I find that the society deserves to be protected from [the 

defendant], given his background, almost a custom and usage of violence as a daily 

occurrence aggravated by drugs, two prior incidents in the same year within months 

of the sentence, it is the order and sentence of this Court that you are sentenced to 

the Illinois Department of Corrections for the term as requested by the State’s 

Attorney of sixty years.” 

The court noted that the defendant would serve the entire 60-year sentence. 

¶ 19 The defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence. In denying the motion, the court 

stated: 

“As far as the rehabilitative potential of the defendant, I was reading his [PSI], is 

that he had received this type of treatment through the school system or through 

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other institutions of the State of Illinois and the notation noted on it was that he was 

resentful of authority. So the resentful to authority when he was in rehabilitation 

programs, led the Court to conclude this man just does not like authority and that 

he is not of the type that should be in my opinion not punished to the extent that I 

sentenced him. The incidents immediately prior to this murder demonstrated to me 

is that he likes to solve problems by taking a baseball bat and swinging and hitting 

people. That is the type of conduct that I cannot see. That if there was rehabilitative 

potential that he would have been engaged in had the rehabilitative program that he 

was in succeeded. There was none and he demonstrated that there was no possibility 

of rehabilitation. Now his youthfulness and remorse, I did take into consideration, 

but it was insufficient in the Court’s opinion not to impose a sentence that I did.” 

¶ 20 On direct appeal, the defendant argued, inter alia, that his sentence was excessive. In an 

unpublished order filed on April 11, 2002, this court upheld the defendant’s conviction and 

sentence, finding that the court considered the evidence presented in mitigation, that such evidence 

was outweighed by the brutal and heinous nature of the murder, and that the sentence was not 

manifestly disproportionate to the nature of offense. People v. Royer, No. 3-00-0719 (2002) 

(unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). 

¶ 21 On September 28, 2015, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition, which is the 

subject of this appeal. Citing Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and its progeny, the 

defendant argued that his sentence violated the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties 

clause. The court advanced the petition to the second stage and appointed counsel. Counsel 

adopted the defendant’s petition and advanced the argument. The State filed a motion to dismiss, 

arguing that Miller did not apply and the sentence was not disproportionate to the offense. 

9 
¶ 22 The case proceeded to a second-stage hearing. The court stated that the PSI contained 

information regarding the factors enumerated in People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46, so by 

considering the PSI, the sentencing court considered the factors. The court granted the State’s 

motion to dismiss. 

¶ 23 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 24 On appeal, the defendant argues that the court erred in dismissing his postconviction 

petition at the second stage. Specifically, he argues that his 60-year sentence is unconstitutional 

under the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause because the sentencing court 

failed to consider his youth and its attendant circumstances when sentencing him to the maximum 

sentence. 

¶ 25 The eighth amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual 

punishment. U.S. Const., amend. VIII. It has been well established that “[w]hen the offender is a 

juvenile and the offense is serious, there is a genuine risk of disproportionate punishment.” 

Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 33. Therefore, “children are constitutionally different from adults for 

purposes of sentencing.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 471. As our awareness of the “incompetencies 

associated with youth” have increased (id. at 477), the caselaw has continued to evolve. In 2005, 

the United States Supreme Court determined that the eighth amendment prohibited capital 

sentences for juveniles who commit murder. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 578 (2005). This 

was followed by decisions in 2010 and 2012 that the eighth amendment prohibited mandatory life 

sentences for juveniles who commit nonhomicide offenses (Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 74 

(2010)) and murder (Miller, 567 U.S. at 489). This rule espoused in Miller has since been held to 

be retroactive. Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016); People v. Davis, 

2014 IL 115595, ¶ 39. 

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¶ 26 More recently our supreme court has considered the effects of Miller. In Holman, the court 

held that both mandatory and discretionary life sentences violate the eighth amendment unless the 

sentencing court considers as mitigation the defendant’s youth and its attendant characteristics. 

Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 37, 40. The court stated that a juvenile defendant may still be 

sentenced to life imprisonment “but only if the trial court determines that the defendant’s conduct 

showed irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or irreparable corruption beyond the 

possibility of rehabilitation.” Id. ¶ 46. The court may only make this determination after 

considering the mitigating characteristics of youth, which 

“include, but are not limited to, the following factors: (1) the juvenile defendant’s 

chronological age at the time of the offense and any evidence of his particular 

immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences; (2) the 

juvenile defendant’s family and home environment; (3) the juvenile defendant’s 

degree of participation in the homicide and any evidence of familial or peer 

pressures that may have affected him; (4) the juvenile defendant’s incompetence, 

including his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors and his incapacity 

to assist his own attorneys; and (5) the juvenile defendant’s prospects for 

rehabilitation.” Id. 

See also id. ¶ 44. These factors are referred to as “the Miller factors.” Id. ¶ 50. Our legislature has 

codified these factors, and now requires that, when a person commits an offense and is under 18 

years of age, the court 

“shall consider the following additional factors in mitigation in determining the 

appropriate sentence: 

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(1) the person’s age, impetuosity, and level of maturity at the time 

of the offense, including the ability to consider risks and consequences of 

behavior, and the presence of cognitive or developmental disability, or both, 

if any; 

(2) whether the person was subjected to outside pressure, including 

peer pressure, familial pressure, or negative influences; 

(3) the persons’ family, home environment, educational and social 

background, including any history of parental neglect, physical abuse, or 

other childhood trauma; 

(4) the person’s potential for rehabilitation or evidence of 

rehabilitation, or both; 

(5) the circumstances of the offense; 

(6) the person’s degree of participation and specific role in the 

offense, including the level of planning by the defendant before the offense; 

(7) whether the person was able to meaningfully participate in his or 

her defense; 

(8) the person’s prior juvenile or criminal history; and 

(9) any other information the court finds relevant and reliable, 

including an expression of remorse, if appropriate. However, if the person, 

on advice of counsel chooses not to make a statement, the court shall not 

consider a lack of an expression of remorse as an aggravating factor.” 730 

ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2018). 

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¶ 27 Finally, in People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 40-41, the court held that these prior 

holdings also applied to de facto life sentences, which included sentences greater than 40 years. 

The court stated that, in order to prevail on a claim under this line of cases, a defendant who 

committed the offense while a juvenile must show (1) the defendant was subject to a life sentence, 

whether mandatory or discretionary, natural or de facto, and (2) the sentencing court failed to 

consider youth and its attendant characteristics, as set forth in Holman. Id. ¶ 27. 

¶ 28 There is no dispute that the defendant’s 60-year sentence constitutes a de facto life sentence 

under Buffer. Therefore, we turn to the question of whether the sentencing court properly 

considered the defendant’s youth and its attendant characteristics. 

¶ 29 Holman does not solely require the court to “consider specifically” the Miller factors 

(Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 43, 46), but requires the court to consider them as mitigation. See 

id. ¶¶ 37, 44-45; see also 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2018). We cannot say that the court did so. 

Here, when sentencing the defendant, the court stated: 

“In considering the sentence, the factors I find in mitigation are remorse and the 

youth. However, the fact that he was a young man does not mitigate in my 

estimation sufficiently to prevent me for sentencing him severely. The evidence 

here shows that violence and anger was well known and used in the family. The 

incident in question was done in the Court’s opinion in a cold, calculated manner 

because he picked up a bat and went looking for someone. The factors further in 

aggravation are that he attacked a man that was sound asleep, with no offer or ability 

to defend himself. The series of blows in the Court’s opinion indicate wanton 

cruelty to the fact that you attack a sleeping man in the nature of heinous and 

brutal.” 

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The court stated that it found remorse and youth as mitigation, stating that it did not provide enough 

mitigation to prevent a severe sentence considering the aggravating evidence. The court then 

moved on to discuss the aggravating circumstances, including the violent, angry home 

environment the defendant grew up in. The court thus specifically considered one of the Miller 

factors, the defendant’s family and home environment, as aggravation instead of mitigation. This 

directly contradicts the edict of Miller and its progeny that the court consider these characteristics 

of youth as mitigation. Though the court may have had evidence relating to the rest of the Miller 

factors, we cannot say that it considered the evidence as mitigation, particularly where it did not 

explicitly mention it, other than his rehabilitative potential, and where it considered one of the 

factors as aggravation. 

¶ 30 Even accepting the State’s contention that the court’s comments do not show that it 

considered the defendant’s family and home environment as aggravation, we find that merely 

having evidence of the Miller factors before the court is not enough to show that the court 

considered it in mitigation. In Buffer, the court concluded that the sentencing court had failed to 

consider the defendant’s youth and its attendant characteristics in imposing the sentence. Buffer, 

2019 IL 122327, ¶ 42. During sentencing, the court had stated that it considered the evidence at 

trial, the seriousness of the offense, the PSI, the financial impact of incarceration, the defendant’s 

age and lack of dependents, the evidence in aggravation and mitigation, his substance abuse issues 

and treatment, the potential for rehabilitation, the possibility of alternative sentencing, the 

statement in allocution, the victim impact statement, and all relevant and reliable hearsay from the 

sentencing hearing. Id. ¶ 5. Nonetheless, the supreme court stated that “the record [did] not indicate 

that the court considered defendant’s youth and its attendant characteristics.” Id. ¶ 46. Based on 

this, other courts have found that the mere awareness of the defendant’s age and consideration of 

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the evidence that was presented does not show that the court specifically considered the Miller 

factors as mitigating evidence. See People v. Peacock, 2019 IL App (1st) 170308, ¶ 24; People v. 

Thornton, 2020 IL App (1st) 170677, ¶ 25; People v. Harvey, 2019 IL App (1st) 153581, ¶ 13. 

¶ 31 In this case, it is clear that the proceedings at trial and sentencing and the PSI all developed 

evidence of the various factors, including, for example, prior mental health evaluations 

characterizing the defendant as impulsive and reckless, encouragement from his peers to “do 

something” about Dildine and Jennifer, and the history of abuse and neglect the defendant received 

at home. The mere inclusion of this information in the evidence before the court was not enough 

to show that it considered it in mitigation. 

¶ 32 In coming to this conclusion, we reject the State’s reliance on People v. Walker, 2018 IL 

App (3d) 140723-B, and Holman, 2017 IL 120655, for the proposition that the evidence presented 

at sentencing was sufficient to show that the court considered the defendant’s youth and its 

attendant characteristics. In Walker, this court stated that, where the sentencing hearing transcripts 

and PSI provided information regarding the defendant’s age and life circumstances, “there [was] 

no reasonable possibility that the trial court, during defendant’s sentencing hearing, was unaware 

of, or failed to consider, the fact that defendant was 17 years old with a grossly unstable living 

environment when he committed murder.” Walker, 2018 IL App (3d) 140723-B, ¶¶ 23-24. The 

court in Holman found that the evidence presented to the court was considered and passed 

constitutional muster under Miller. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 48-50. First, both Walker and 

Holman were decided before our supreme court decided Buffer, where, as stated above (supra 

¶ 30), the mere inclusion of such information as evidence at sentencing was not enough. Buffer, 

2019 IL 122327, ¶ 46. Second, unlike the sentencing court here, there was no evidence in Walker 

and Holman that the court may have considered one of the Miller factors as aggravation instead of 

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mitigation. Third, Holman is factually distinguishable, where the defendant told his attorney not 

to offer any mitigating evidence and the supreme court specifically found that none of the Miller 

factors were present to mitigate the defendant’s sentence. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 48-50. 

¶ 33 Two days after this opinion was filed, our supreme court issued its decision in People v. 

Lusby, 2020 IL 124046. The State filed a petition for rehearing, arguing that Lusby warrants a 

different analysis and conclusion in this case. We disagree. Lusby did not change the framework 

for considering Miller claims, but instead applied the existing framework to the facts of the case. 

We find Lusby factually distinguishable from this case. As stated above, (supra ¶ 29) here the trial 

court incorrectly considered one of the mitigating Miller factors as aggravating evidence, which 

did not happen in Lusby. Moreover, the PSI and evidence presented before the trial court in Lusby 

did not show any of the Miller factors. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, ¶¶ 11-12. The evidence showed 

that the defendant had an extensive criminal history. Id. ¶ 13. He raped the victim (who was a 

stranger), cut her throat while she was still alive, and then shot her in the head. Id. ¶¶ 4, 8. The 

defendant in Lusby did not present any evidence at sentencing, a fact mentioned three times in the 

opinion. Id. ¶¶ 15, 48, 52. In fact, defense counsel’s only argument was that the court should 

consider the defendant’s young age. Id. ¶ 17. Here, the PSI showed extensive evidence of the 

Miller factors. Supra ¶¶ 10-11. The defendant also presented two witnesses at the sentencing 

hearing that spoke about the defendant’s abusive childhood and tough home life. Supra ¶¶ 13-14. 

We do not believe that the record shows that the court considered this evidence in mitigation as 

necessary under Miller and its progeny, and Lusby does not change this. Thus, we deny the State’s 

petition for rehearing. 

¶ 34 Because the sentencing court failed to consider the defendant’s youth and its attendant 

characteristics as mitigation, his sentence violates the eighth amendment. See Buffer, 2019 IL 

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122327, ¶ 46. While the defendant’s postconviction petition was dismissed at the second stage, 

“the proper remedy is to vacate defendant’s sentence and to remand for a new sentencing hearing.” 

Id. ¶ 47. On remand, the defendant “is entitled *** to be sentenced under the scheme prescribed 

by section 5-4.5-105 of the Unified Code of Corrections.” Id.; 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2018). 

As we grant relief on this issue, we do not consider the defendant’s alternative argument. 

¶ 35 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 36 The judgment of the circuit court of Bureau County is reversed and remanded. 

¶ 37 Reversed and remanded. 

¶ 38 JUSTICE SCHMIDT, dissenting: 

¶ 39 The majority finds defendant’s de facto life sentence unconstitutional under the eighth 

amendment. According to the majority, the sentencing court failed to properly consider his youth 

and its attendant circumstances as mitigating factors as required by Miller and its progeny. I 

disagree. The sentencing court received and considered evidence of defendant’s youth and its 

attendant circumstances at the sentencing hearing. Accordingly, I would find the discretionary 

de facto life sentence defendant received constitutional under Miller. 

¶ 40 In Holman, our supreme court explained that a discretionary life sentence for a juvenile 

offender is constitutional so long as the sentencing court considered defendant’s youth and its 

attendant circumstances at sentencing. 

¶ 41 “Those characteristics include, but are not limited to, the following factors: (1) the juvenile 

defendant’s chronological age at the time of the offense and any evidence of his particular 

immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences; (2) the juvenile 

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defendant’s family and home environment; (3) the juvenile defendant’s degree of participation in 

the homicide and any evidence of familial or peer pressures that may have affected him; (4) the 

juvenile defendant’s incompetence, including his inability to deal with police officers or 

prosecutors and his incapacity to assist his own attorneys; and (5) the juvenile defendant’s 

prospects for rehabilitation. [Citation.]” Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46. 

¶ 42 These factors were codified by our legislature. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2018). 

¶ 43 The record in this case shows that defendant’s youth and its attendant circumstances were 

detailed at length and considered by the trial court at the sentencing hearing. In fact, the bulk of 

the defense’s argument centered around defendant’s age. The defense also argued that defendant 

acted out of impulsivity and immaturity. The PSI contained a detailed history of defendant’s 

youthful characteristics and his home life. The PSI described defendant as an excellent student, 

having prior mental health problems, and having twice assaulted another person with a baseball 

bat. In both instances, defendant assaulted the other person based on their relationships with 

Tappan. Defendant’s criminal history showed that defendant lacked any rehabilitative potential. 

In 1993, defendant was adjudicated delinquent for residential burglary, felony theft, 

misdemeanor theft, and battery. Five months later, the State filed a petition to revoke defendant’s 

probation. Defendant admitted to the allegations in the petition that he committed reckless 

conduct. In 1996, defendant was found delinquent again after he was charged with burglary and 

criminal damage to property. The same year, defendant was found delinquent again for 

committing burglary. Four months after that, defendant’s probation was revoked for committing 

domestic battery. 

¶ 44 Additionally, the sentencing hearing revealed that defendant’s mother abandoned him at a 

young age. Defendant’s father abused drugs, and drug use was prevalent in the family. 

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Defendant also received mental health treatment on three occasions. Defendant received 

diagnosis for conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mixed substance abuse, adjustment 

disorder, polysubstance abuse disorder, alcohol abuse, and depressive disorder. Although 

defendant received mental health treatment in the past, there is no evidence that defendant was 

incompetent, unable to deal with police or prosecutors, or unable to assist his attorney. 

¶ 45 After hearing the evidence at trial and sentencing, as well as the arguments of the 

prosecution and defense, the sentencing court found that defendant’s youth and remorse were 

mitigating factors, but it found that these factors were insufficient to prevent it from imposing a 

severe sentence. The court rejected the notion that defendant committed the crime out of 

impulsivity. Instead, the court found that defendant committed the murder “in a cold, calculated 

manner because [defendant] picked up a bat and went looking for [the victim.]” What is more, 

this court rejected defendant’s claim that the sentencing court failed to properly consider his 

youth and potential for rehabilitation as mitigating factors. People v. Royer, No. 3-00-0719 

(2002) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). The fact that Miller was 

decided after the direct appeal does not mean this court’s conclusion is wrong. 

¶ 46 Moreover, in Holman, our supreme court recognized that “a juvenile defendant may be 

sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, but only if the trial court determines that the 

defendant’s conduct showed irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or irreparable 

corruption beyond the possibility of rehabilitation.” Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46. Defendant 

here did not act out of impulsivity. To the contrary, defendant murdered the victim in a cold, 

calculated, and premeditated manner. He got upset. He continued to drink and take drugs with 

his friends throughout night. Then, in the early morning, he took a baseball bat, sought out the 

victim, found the victim asleep, and beat him over the head with the baseball bat. The victim 

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later died from injuries that one doctor described as the worst he had ever seen. In fact, this court 

found that “[t]he offense was clearly brutal and heinous given the evidence that defendant 

attacked [the victim] while he was sleeping, repeatedly struck him with a baseball bat and 

inflicted injuries of a severity rarely seen by the medical professionals who testified.” Royer, No. 

3-00-0719. Defendant’s conduct showed irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, and 

irreparable corruption beyond the possibility of rehabilitation. Further, it is clear from 

defendant’s repeated criminal behavior that he had a complete disregard and disrespect for the 

punishments he already received. He had no rehabilitative potential. The trial court’s sentencing 

passes the constitutional requirements of Miller. 

¶ 47 The majority insists that the sentencing court improperly considered defendant’s violent, 

angry home environment as a factor in aggravation. The majority misapprehends the trial court’s 

statement. The statement in question is: 

¶ 48 “In considering the sentence, the factors I find in mitigation are remorse and the youth. However, 

the fact that he was a young man does not mitigate in my estimation sufficiently to prevent me 

for sentencing him severely. The evidence here shows that violence and anger was well known 

and used in the family. The incident in question was done in the Court’s opinion in a cold, 

calculated manner because he picked up a bat and went looking for someone. The factors further 

in aggravation are that he attacked a man that was sound asleep, with no offer or no ability to 

defend himself. The series of blows in the Court’s opinion indicate wanton cruelty in the fact that 

you attack a sleeping man in the nature of heinous and brutal.” 

¶ 49 Contrary to the majority’s interpretation, the sentencing court’s statement does not show that it 

considered defendant’s home life in aggravation. The court’s comment about defendant’s home 

life came immediately after it explained that it had considered defendant’s youth as a mitigating 

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factor. In other words, the court merely mentioned that defendant’s home life and environment 

did not mitigate enough to prevent the court from imposing a severe sentence. In any event, the 

sentencing court never stated that it considered defendant’s home environment as an aggravating 

factor. Instead, the court limited its discussion of aggravating factors to defendant’s lack of 

rehabilitative potential and the cold, calculated manner in which he murdered the victim. The 

court did not improperly consider defendant’s home environment as an aggravating factor. 

¶ 50 The State filed a petition for rehearing in light of our supreme court’s recent decision in 

People v. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046. The majority finds that Lusby does not change the outcome in 

this case. Contrary to the majority’s opinion, Lusby further supports the conclusion that 

defendant here received a sentencing hearing that comports with Miller. As stated in Lusby, 

review of the sentencing proceedings is “to ensure that the trial court made an informed decision 

based on the totality of the circumstances that the defendant was incorrigible and a life sentence 

was appropriate.” Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, ¶ 35. To that end, the sentencing court is not required 

to comment on each of the factors in mitigation and aggravation. 

¶ 51 Here, the sentencing court stated that it considered “everything” in fashioning 

defendant’s sentence. The PSI included a detailed discussion of defendant’s youth and the 

relevant attendant circumstances. The court explicitly noted defendant’s remorse and youth as 

mitigation. However, the court found that it did not provide sufficient mitigation to prevent a 

severe sentence considering the aggravating evidence. Similarly, the sentencing court in Lusby 

commented that defendant’s age was a factor. Id. ¶ 39. That court acknowledged that defendant 

committed the offenses at a young age and that youthful decisions can be in very poor judgment, 

but the court concluded that defendant’s conduct could not be considered minor. Id. The trial 

court’s consideration of defendant’s youth in this case is no different than the trial court’s 

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consideration in Lusby. Consequently, the trial court in this case made a sufficient consideration 

of defendant’s youth and its attendant circumstances when it sentenced defendant. Rehearing 

should be granted, and the trial court’s decision should be affirmed. 

¶ 52 As I would find defendant’s sentence constitutional, I must address defendant’s 

alternative argument that the truth-in-sentencing statute, section 3-6-3(a)(2)(i) of the Unified 

Code of Corrections (Code) (730 ILCS 5/3-6-3(a)(2)(i) (West 2000)), which requires him to 

serve his entire sentence without the possibility of parole, violates the Illinois Constitution’s 

proportionate penalties clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). Defendant argues that this provision 

of the Code is unconstitutional as applied to him and similarly situated juvenile defendants. 

¶ 53 The Illinois Supreme Court has held that the proportionate penalties clause is “coextensive with the eighth amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment clause.” People v. 

Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 106 (citing In re Rodney H., 223 Ill. 2d 510, 518 (2006)). 

Therefore, if defendant fails to demonstrate an eighth amendment violation, his proportionate 

penalties claim must also fail. 

¶ 54 Defendant claims that the truth-in-sentencing statute is unconstitutional based on a newly 

enacted juvenile sentencing statute. Generally, this new law provides that defendants under the 

age of 21 at the time they committed first degree murder are eligible for parole review after 

serving 20 years of their sentence. 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-110 (West 2018). This statute applies to 

sentencing hearings on or after June 1, 2019. Defendant’s sentencing hearing occurred well 

before the new statute became effective. Consequently, he is ineligible for parole hearings. 

According to defendant, this new change in the law demonstrates that the truth-in-sentencing 

statute, which requires him to serve 100% of his de facto life sentence, violates the proportionate 

penalties clause. Because the Illinois Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court have 

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both found that a juvenile life sentence does not violate a defendant’s eight amendment rights, I 

would find the truth-in-sentencing statute is constitutional as applied to defendant under the 

proportionate penalties clause. 

¶ 55 The Illinois Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court have already held that, 

under the eighth amendment, a juvenile may be sentenced to life imprisonment so long as the 

sentence is discretionary, and the court had the opportunity to consider defendant’s youth in 

mitigation. Miller, 567 U.S. at 489; Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 24; Holman, 2017 IL 120655, 

¶ 40; People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9. To the extent that Miller requires the trial court to 

consider the juvenile’s age at the time of the event, that requirement was satisfied here. As 

discussed above, the trial court considered the Miller factors at sentencing. No violation of 

defendant’s eight amendment occurred. Therefore, his proportionate penalties claim also fails. 

¶ 56 Even though our legislature chose to enact the new law allowing certain juvenile 

offenders to receive parole hearings after 20 years of imprisonment, the statute did not create a 

new constitutional right. The statute explicitly requires such hearings for offenders sentenced 

after June 1, 2019. Had the legislature intended to create a broad rule to allow offenders like 

defendant to have the opportunity to receive a parole hearing, the legislature would not have 

included an effective date. Simply because the legislature created a new rule for sentencing 

juvenile defendants does not change the fact that discretionary life sentences have been held 

constitutional. Again, this statute does not change the longstanding law holding that juvenile 

offenders may be sentenced to a discretionary life sentence. 

¶ 57 I would affirm the trial court. 

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No. 3-17-0794 

Cite as: People v. Royer, 2020 IL App (3d) 170794 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Bureau County, No. 99-CF-47; 

the Hon. Cornelius J. Hollerich, Judge, presiding. 

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Karalis, and Steven Varel, of State 

for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant. 

Appellant: 

Attorneys Geno Caffarini, State’s Attorney, of Princeton (Patrick 

for Delfino and Thomas D. Arado, of State’s Attorneys Appellate 

Appellee: Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People. 

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