Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2506 | August 29, 2019 Page 1 of 11

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Stacy R. Uliana

Bargersville, Indiana

Dorie Maryan

Maryan Law, LLC

Bargersville, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General

Justin F. Roebel

Supervising Deputy Attorney 

General

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Nathaniel Walmsley,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff

August 29, 2019

Court of Appeals Case No.

18A-CR-2506

Appeal from the 

Ripley Circuit Court

The Honorable 

Ryan King, Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

69C01-1711-MR-1

Vaidik, Chief Judge.

Case Summary

[1] A person who kills another human being while committing one of several 

enumerated felonies, including delivery of a narcotic drug, is guilty of felony 
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murder. In this case, the State charged Nathaniel Walmsley with felony 

murder after he injected his wife Rachel with a drug and she died of an 

overdose, claiming that the injection constituted “delivery” of the drug. 

Nathaniel filed a motion to dismiss, which the trial court denied. Because the 

evidence shows that Nathaniel and Rachel jointly acquired possession of the 

drug for their own use, Nathaniel did not “deliver” the drug to Rachel when he 

injected her. We therefore reverse the trial court’s denial of Nathaniel’s motion 

to dismiss the felony-murder charge. 

Facts and Procedural History

[2] On July 30, 2017, Nathaniel texted James Alvin Trimnell asking for a “G” for 

“100.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 18. Later that day, Trimnell delivered either 

fentanyl or a combination of heroin and fentanyl to Nathaniel and Rachel’s 

Batesville home.1 After Trimnell left the Walmsley home, Nathaniel and 

Rachel went into the bathroom, where Nathaniel cooked the drug. Nathaniel 

injected Rachel with her consent and then injected himself. Shortly thereafter, 

Rachel passed out on the bathroom floor. Hours later, Nathaniel took Rachel 

to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. 

 

1 Rachel’s cause of death was acute fentanyl and ethanol intoxication. It’s unclear whether the substance

was heroin and fentanyl or just fentanyl. 
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[3] Following a three-month investigation, on November 9, 2017, the State charged 

Trimnell and Nathaniel with felony murder. Nathaniel’s charging information 

provides as follows: 

On or about July 30, 2017, Nathaniel Walmsley, while 

committing the crime of Dealing a Narcotic Drug, which is to 

knowingly or intentionally deliver a narcotic drug, that is: heroin

(pure or adulterated), did kill another human being, that is: 

Rachel Walmsley[.]

Id. at 21 (formatting altered). The charges against Trimnell and Nathaniel were 

newsworthy, as it was believed to be the first time in Indiana that someone had 

been charged with felony murder for the overdose death of a consenting adult. 

See, e.g., 2 Charged with Felony Murder in Batesville OD Death, The Indiana Lawyer 

(Nov. 9, 2017), https://www.theindianalawyer.com/articles/45338-chargedwith-felony-murder-in-batesville-od-death; Diana Raver, Batesville Men Accused 

of Murder, The Herald-Tribune (Nov. 8, 2017),

https://www.batesvilleheraldtribune.com/news/local_news/batesville-menaccused-of-murder/article_6e5f6a73-bddd-5b67-ba73-ff6dbedb61d6.html

(Ripley County Prosecutor: “This is the first felony murder charge based on an 

overdose case in Ripley County and possibly the first in Indiana. . . . A lot of 

people will be watching to see how this case unfolds.”).

[4] Thereafter, Trimnell and Nathaniel filed motions to dismiss pursuant to Indiana 

Code section 35-34-1-4(a)(5), alleging that the facts recited in their charging 

informations did not constitute felony murder. Pursuant to Indiana Code 

section 35-34-1-8(a)—which allows a defendant to submit affidavits and 
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documentary evidence with a motion to dismiss—Nathaniel designated 

Trimnell’s police interview (Exhibit A) as well as his police interview (Exhibit 

B) and affidavit (Exhibit C). Tr. pp. 8-10. Nathaniel’s affidavit alleges as 

follows: (1) on the day of Rachel’s death, Nathaniel and Rachel agreed to 

purchase heroin from Trimnell; (2) Nathaniel and Rachel “used Rachel’s tip 

money that she retrieved from her purse to buy what [they] believed to be

heroin from Trimnell”; and (3) Trimnell handed Nathaniel the drugs “in 

Rachel’s presence [and] with her knowledge.” Ex. C. Although Section 35-34-

1-8(b) allows the State to submit documentary evidence to refute the allegations 

in a motion to dismiss, the State did not do so here. Following a hearing, the 

trial court denied Trimnell’s and Nathaniel’s motions to dismiss and certified

the orders for interlocutory appeal. We accepted jurisdiction in each case. 

[5] On December 31, 2018, this Court reversed the trial court’s denial of Trimnell’s 

motion to dismiss. The majority held that Trimnell could not be tried for felony 

murder for the overdose death of Rachel based on the facts and circumstances 

of the case. Trimnell v. State, 119 N.E.3d 92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. not 

sought. This author concurred in the result, reasoning that the felony-murder 

statute, as a matter of law, cannot apply when the death “occurs after—not 

during—the delivery of drugs.” Id. at 98 (Vaidik, C.J., concurring in result and 
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“express[ing] no opinion as to whether Nathaniel’s act of administering the 

drugs to Rachel constitutes dealing or felony murder.”).2 

[6] Nathaniel’s appeal is now before us. We held oral argument in this case on 

August 6, 2019. 

Discussion and Decision

[7] Nathaniel contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss 

the felony-murder charge. We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to 

dismiss a charging information for an abuse of discretion, which occurs only if a 

trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and 

circumstances. Gutenstein v. State, 59 N.E.3d 984, 994 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), 

trans. denied. 

 

2 After Rachel’s death, the legislature created a new offense—dealing in a controlled substance 

resulting in death—effective July 1, 2018. Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.5; P.L. 198-2018. This statute 

provides, in part:

(a) A person who knowingly or intentionally manufactures or delivers a controlled substance or 

controlled substance analog, in violation of:

(1) IC 35-48-4-1 (dealing in cocaine or a narcotic drug);

(2) IC 35-48-4-1.1 (dealing in methamphetamine);

(3) IC 35-48-4-1.2 (manufacturing methamphetamine); or

(4) IC 35-48-4-2 (dealing in a schedule I, II, or III controlled substance);

that, when the controlled substance is used, injected, inhaled, absorbed, or ingested, results in 

the death of a human being who used the controlled substance, commits dealing in a controlled 

substance resulting in death, a Level 1 felony.

I.C. § 35-42-1-1.5. Although this statute cannot be applied to Trimnell (since it was passed after the 

events in this case), it does apply to people who, like Trimnell, deliver a drug that results in the user’s 

death. 
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[8] A person who “kills another human being while committing or attempting to 

commit” dealing in a narcotic drug commits murder. Ind. Code § 35-42-1-

1(3)(A). As relevant here, “dealing” is committed when a person knowingly or 

intentionally “delivers” a Schedule I or II narcotic drug. Ind. Code § 35-48-4-

1(a)(1)(C). Nathaniel doesn’t dispute that the drug is a Schedule I or II narcotic 

drug. Rather, Nathaniel argues that he didn’t “deliver” the drug to Rachel 

when he injected her. “Delivery” is defined as:

(1) an actual or constructive transfer from one (1) person to 

another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an 

agency relationship; or

(2) the organizing or supervising of an activity described in 

subdivision (1).

Ind. Code § 35-48-1-11. 

[9] The State argues that the Indiana Supreme Court’s decision in Duncan v. State, 

857 N.E.2d 955 (Ind. 2006), controls this case. In Duncan, the defendant had a 

prescription for methadone. She gave 1/4 of a tablet to Noah, a two-year-old in 

her care, and Noah died the next day from methadone poisoning. The State 

charged the defendant with felony murder for killing Noah while committing or 

attempting to commit dealing in a Schedule II controlled substance, and the 

jury found her guilty. On appeal, our Supreme Court recognized that applying 

the felony-murder statute to the facts presented was “unusual.” Id. at 958. It 

stated that although the defendant’s conduct in administering the methadone to 

Noah satisfied “the technical requirements of a dealing conviction,” it
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“seem[ed] at the margins of the conduct targeted by the statute.”3 Id. at 960; see 

also id. at 958 (“The jury found that [the defendant] administered the drug and 

therefore committed the felony of ‘dealing.’”).

[10] Nathaniel argues that Duncan is distinguishable because it involved a “two-yearold who did not voluntarily choose to ingest methadone,” while this case 

involves “an adult who dies after choosing to use drugs.” Appellant’s Br. p. 23. 

We agree with Nathaniel: an adult choosing to do drugs is much different than 

a two-year-old being given drugs. Because the State concedes that Rachel

consented to the injection, Duncan does not control this case. 

[11] Nathaniel then argues that the felony-murder statute does not apply to him

because “[a] husband who jointly purchase[s] and possess[es] drugs with his 

wife cannot thereafter deliver the drugs to her.” Appellant’s Br. p. 11. 

Nathaniel cites cases from other jurisdictions to support this proposition.

[12] In United States v. Swiderski, 548 F.2d 445 (2d Cir. 1977), an engaged couple

purchased cocaine from an informant, and each of them was charged in federal 

court with possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, as opposed to simple 

possession, for sharing the cocaine with each other. The Second Circuit held:

[W]here two individuals simultaneously and jointly acquire 

possession of a drug for their own use, intending only to share it 

 

3 The issue on appeal was whether Noah was killed during the commission of the dealing, since he died the 

next day. Our Supreme Court held, “Although Noah died the next day, the dealing was the first step in a 

chain of events that led to his death. This rendered the act ‘killing’ that occurred ‘during’ the felony even 

though the victim survived for some period of time.” Duncan, 857 N.E.2d at 958. 
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together, their only crime is personal drug abuse—simple joint 

possession, without any intent to distribute the drug further. 

Since both acquire possession from the outset and neither intends 

to distribute the drug to a third person, neither serves as a link in 

the chain of distribution. [T]hey must therefore be treated as 

possessors for personal use rather than for further distribution.

Id. at 450. Accordingly, the Second Circuit vacated the couple’s convictions 

and ordered that convictions be entered on the lesser-included offense of simple 

possession. 

[13] The Seventh Circuit cited Swiderski with approval in Weldon v. United States, 840 

F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2016), a case similar to this one. There, the defendant, his 

girlfriend Andrea, and their friend David pooled their money to buy heroin

from the defendant’s dealer. David drove the trio to meet up with the dealer, 

and the defendant got out of David’s car and into the dealer’s car, where he 

exchanged money for heroin. The defendant got back into David’s car, and 

David drove them to his house, where Andrea injected all three of them with 

the heroin. David died. The defendant was charged with distributing an illegal 

drug resulting in death. (Andrea was also charged for her role in David’s death

but argued to the jury that what she did in injecting David was not distribution, 

and the jury acquitted her). The Seventh Circuit noted the Second Circuit’s 

holding in Swiderski:

United States v. Swiderski, 548 F.2d 445, 450 (2d Cir. 1977), holds 

that individuals who “simultaneously and jointly acquire 

possession of a drug for their own use, intending only to share it 

together,” are not distributors, “since both acquire possession 
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from the outset and neither intends to distribute the drug to a 

third person,” and so “neither serves as a link in the chain of 

distribution.” This reasoning has been approved in several cases, 

see United States v. Layne, 192 F.3d 556, 569 (6th Cir. 1999);

United States v. Hardy, 895 F.2d 1331, 1334-35 (11th Cir. 1990);

United States v. Rush, 738 F.2d 497, 514 (1st Cir. 1984); cf. United

States v. Mancuso, 718 F.3d 780, 798 and n.10 (9th Cir. 2013), 

though our court has had no occasion to opine on it.

Weldon, 840 F.3d at 866-67. Judge Posner described the situation in commonsense fashion:

Suppose you have lunch with a friend, order two hamburgers, 

and when your hamburgers are ready you pick them up at the 

food counter and bring them back to the table and he eats one 

and you eat the other. It would be very odd to describe what you 

had done as “distributing” the food to him. It is similarly odd to 

describe what either [the defendant] or [Andrea] did as 

distribution. They had agreed to get high together, they shared 

the expense, they all went together to the drug dealer, and they 

shared the drug that they bought from him. It’s true that only 

[the defendant] transferred the money for the drug to the dealer, 

but it was the pooled money that he was handing over, although 

his contribution to the pool had been slight. It’s true that having 

paid he carried the drug back to [David’s] car. But it would have 

been absurd for all three to have gone up to the dealer and each 

pay him separately, and even more absurd for them to have 

carried the minute package, containing less than half a gram of 

powder, together to the car and from the car to [David’s]

residence. 

Id. at 866 (emphasis added). Other courts have reached similar conclusions. 

See, e.g., People v. Coots, 968 N.E.2d 1151 (Ill. App. Ct. 2012) (collecting cases); 

State v. Lopez, 819 A.2d 486, 492-93 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2003) (“[O]ne 
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cannot acquire something one already possesses. Having an object with the 

intent to distribute presumes that the intended recipient does not have 

possession of it. Therefore, as a matter of law, two or more defendants cannot 

intend to distribute to each other drugs they jointly possess.”); People v. Edwards, 

702 P.2d 555, 559 (Cal. 1985) (“The distinction . . . between one who sells or 

furnishes heroin and one who simply participates in a group purchase seems to 

be a valid one, at least where the individuals involved are truly ‘equal partners’ 

in the purchase and the purchase is made strictly for each individual’s personal 

use. Under such circumstances, it cannot reasonably be said that each 

individual has ‘supplied’ heroin to the others.”). 

[14] We agree with the rationale of these courts and likewise hold that, as a matter 

of law, two or more people cannot deliver to each other drugs that they jointly 

possess. In other words, when two or more people jointly acquire possession of 

a drug for their own use, intending only to share it together, they do not 

“deliver” the drug when they inject or hand the drug to the other person, since 

they acquired possession from the outset and did not intend to distribute the 

drug to a third person. Here, the basis of the State’s felony-murder charge 

against Nathaniel is that he delivered the drug to Rachel by injecting her. 

Nathaniel’s affidavit, however, provides that Nathaniel and Rachel agreed to 

purchase heroin from Trimnell, they used Rachel’s tip money to purchase it, 

and Trimnell handed the drug to Nathaniel “in Rachel’s presence [and] with 

her knowledge.” Ex. C. The State did not submit any evidence to dispute these 

allegations and at oral argument maintained that Rachel’s involvement in the 
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purchase of the drug was not “relevant.” Oral Arg. Video at 27:20. Because 

the evidence shows that Nathaniel and Rachel jointly acquired possession of the 

drug for their own use the moment Trimnell dropped it off at their house, 

Nathaniel did not “deliver” the drug to Rachael when he injected her.

4

 

Therefore, he can’t be charged with felony murder for injecting her.

5

 We

therefore reverse the trial court’s denial of Nathaniel’s motion to dismiss the 

felony-murder charge. 

[15] Reversed. 

Kirsch, J, and Altice, J. concur.

 

4 As noted above, delivery is defined as “an actual or constructive transfer from one (1) person to another of a 

controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.” I.C. § 35-48-1-11 (emphasis added). 

In its brief, the State didn’t make any argument based on the emphasized language. After oral argument, the 

State filed a notice of additional authority citing two cases in which the courts discussed this language in 

upholding convictions for “delivery” of drugs to co-users. See Graham v. State, 971 N.E.2d 713 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2012), trans. denied; State v. Moore, 529 N.W.2d 264 (Iowa 1995). Swiderski considered this same issue, 

holding that the language “whether or not there exists an agency relationship” did not mean that joint 

possessors who share drugs are guilty of distributing the drugs: “Purchasers who simultaneously acquire a 

drug jointly for their own purpose, however, do not perform any service as links in the chain; they are the 

ultimate users.” 548 F.2d at 451. To the extent that Graham and Moore conflict with the Swiderski line of 

cases, we think that Swiderski got it right. 

5 This doesn’t mean that Nathaniel didn’t commit a crime. As defense counsel conceded at oral argument, 

Nathaniel could be convicted of drug possession or even reckless homicide (depending on what the 

developed facts showed). Oral Arg. Video at 40:22-41:20.