Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed April 25, 2018.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D17-465

Lower Tribunal No. 15-20238

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Homeowners Choice Property and Casualty Insurance Company,

Inc.,

Petitioner,

vs.

Raul Avila and Doxanne Avila,

Respondents.

A Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Antonio

Arzola, Judge.

Cole, Scott & Kissane, P.A., and Kathryn L. Ender and Therese A. Savona,

for petitioner.

David B. Pakula, P.A., and David B. Pakula (Pembroke Pines); Perry &

Neblett, P.A., and David A. Neblett, James M. Mahaffey III and John A. Wynn,

for respondents.

Before SALTER, EMAS and LOGUE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.
INTRODUCTION

Homeowners Choice Property and Casualty Insurance Company

(“Homeowners Choice”) seeks certiorari review of the trial court’s order requiring

Homeowners Choice to produce certain items from its “claim file” in the

underlying coverage dispute. Because we are bound by our existing precedent,

including Castle Key Ins. Co. v. Benitez, 124 So. 3d 379 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013), we

grant the petition and quash the order under review.

FACTS

The underlying dispute arises out of the Avilas’ insurance claim for damage

caused to their property. The Avilas’ homeowner’s insurer, Homeowners Choice,

made some initial payments following the Avilas’ submission of their claim. 

However, on June 9, 2015, the Avilas’ public adjuster sent a letter to Homeowners

Choice, contesting the adequacy of the payments made. Homeowners Choice

reopened the claim and made an additional payment, which the Avilas allege was

still inadequate to cover the damage caused to their property. 

Thereafter, the Avilas sued for breach of contract, in addition to alleged

statutory violations.1 After the complaint was filed, the Avilas served a request for

production on Homeowners Choice, seeking, inter alia, “[a]ny documents relating

1 The court dismissed the statutory violation counts and they are not at issue in this

appeal.

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to the claim file,” “[a]ll statements obtained by you, your attorneys or

investigators, regarding any aspect of the subject property and/or subject claim, of

Plaintiffs or Defendant, its employees, agents or servants, recorded oral or written .

. . ,” “[a]ny documents relating to evaluations of the loss,” “[a]ny documents

relating to any issues of insurance coverage,” “[a] copy of all documents that

contain or relate to any conclusions of the Defendant’s employees, adjusters or

agents that did any work or rendered any services for this claim,” “[a]ny

documents which would reflect the date litigation was anticipated for the subject

claim,” and “[a]ll claim documents prior to the date litigation was anticipated for

the subject claim.” In response, Homeowners Choice produced several of the

requested items, but also objected to a number of the requests for production,

asserting those items were protected by work product privilege and/or a “claims

file privilege.” 

Homeowners Choice contemporaneously filed a privilege log, and the trial

court conducted an in camera inspection of the disputed items. Despite argument

by Homeowners Choice that many of the documents in its claim file were

privileged, the trial court ordered some of the documents2 be produced, finding that

2 By order of this court, the documents identified in the privilege log and the subset

of documents ordered by the trial court to be produced to the Avilas, were filed

under seal for our review. Upon this court’s review of those documents, it appears

that each item ordered by the trial court to be produced was generated or created

prior to June 9, 2015, which is the date the Avilas’ public adjuster sent a letter to

Homeowners Choice, contesting the amount paid on the claim. The documents (or

3
they were not protected by either the work product privilege or a “claims file

privilege.” This petition followed. 

ANALYSIS

In Nationwide Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Demmo, 57 So. 3d 982 (Fla. 2d DCA

2011), the Second District considered a case with virtually identical underlying

facts. Demmo filed an insurance claim, in 2008, with her insurer, Nationwide, for

damage to her home caused by a sinkhole. Id. at 983. Nationwide approved and

paid that initial claim. Id. On May 4, 2009, Demmo filed a second claim for water

intrusion that she alleged was related to the sinkhole. Id. After investigating,

Nationwide denied this second claim. Id.

Demmo filed a first party breach of contract action against Nationwide, and

during pretrial discovery, Demmo requested that Nationwide produce documents

from its claims file, including claims notes, activity logs, property loss notice

information, and property loss notice forms. Id.

Nationwide refused to produce certain of those documents, claiming work

product privilege, and filed a privilege log. Id. The trial court held a hearing and

granted Demmo’s motion to compel, concluding that “any documents created prior

to Nationwide’s May 28, 2009 denial of Demmo’s claim were not work product

portions of documents) ordered to be produced include items entitled “Claims

Notes,” “Activity Report,” “Status Report,” “Claim Log,” and “Valuation Report.”

4
because they were not prepared in anticipation of litigation,” and ordered

Nationwide to produce those documents. Id. at 984. 

On certiorari review, the Second District quashed the order compelling

discovery, finding, of significance, that it was unnecessary for the trial court to

have reviewed the disputed documents in an effort to determine which were

prepared in anticipation of litigation and which were not. Id. Instead, the Demmo

court held: 

[T]he trial court focused on the question of what is and what is not

work product with regard to the documents sought. But that is not the

determinative issue. Rather, the issue turns on what type of action

Demmo has brought. Here she is not pursuing a bad faith claim, but

rather seeks relief for breach of contract. “A trial court departs from

the essential requirements of the law in compelling disclosure of the

contents of an insurer’s claim file when the issue of coverage is in

dispute and has not been resolved.” Seminole Cas. Ins. Co. v.

Mastrominas, 6 So. 3d 1256, 1258 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009)). 

Id.3 

This court has followed and cited approvingly to Demmo on several

occasions. 

3

 At the conclusion of its opinion in Demmo, the Second District included a

footnote: “As this court did in Mastrominas, 6 So. 3d at 1258 n. 2, we emphasize

that [o]ur opinion should not be read as precluding appropriate discovery to the

extent specific materials are discoverable. See [Am. Home. Assur. Co. v.]

Vreeland, 973 So. 2d [668], 672 [Fla. 2d DCA 2008)]. Although a claims file is

generally not discoverable, to the extent that materials contained therein are relied

on at trial, those materials may be discoverable. See Northrup v. Acken, 865 So.

2d 1267, 1271 (Fla. 2004) (holding that materials reasonably expected or intended

to be used at trial are subject to discovery).” Demmo, 57 So. 3d at 984 n. 2.

5
In State Farm Florida Insurance Co. v. Ramirez, 86 So. 3d 1198 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2012), this court granted certiorari relief where the trial court compelled the

insurer to produce its entire claims file, citing to Demmo for the proposition that

“claims file documents are protected from disclosure in a breach of contract action

without a bad faith claim and the issue of coverage not yet resolved.” Id. 

Although there was no discussion in Ramirez as to whether the trial court could

have made an individualized determination of privilege through an in camera

review of the disputed documents, the Ramirez court did hold that the petition was

“premature” as to a subsequent trial court order directing the insurer to create a

privilege log and provide the documents for in camera inspection, citing to Gaton

v. Health Coalition, Inc., 774 So. 2d 59 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000).4 Thus, while this

court held in Ramirez that the trial court cannot order production of an entire

claims file, it did not appear to reject altogether the proposition that a trial court

may order the disputed documents within the claims file be reviewed in camera for

an individualized determination, at least suggesting that this court may not have

fully adopted the Demmo holding. 

Nevertheless, and well before our decision in Ramirez, this court has granted

certiorari relief under similar circumstances, and in seemingly broad terms. See,

4

In Gaton, 774 So. 2d at 60, which dealt with a claim of trade secret privilege, we

held that a certiorari petition was premature where the court’s order merely ordered

a party to produce requested materials for in camera inspection. 

6
e.g., Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Camara de Comercio Latino-Americana de los Estados

Unidos, Inc., 813 So. 2d 250, 251-52 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002) (granting certiorari relief

and quashing the trial court’s order denying Scottsdale’s motion for protective

order, holding: “Neither the insured nor the injured third party is entitled to

discovery of the claims file in a declaratory action to determine coverage, because

the claims file is the insurer’s work product”); State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v.

Valido, 662 So. 2d 1012, 1013 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (granting certiorari, quashing

the trial court’s discovery order “in its entirety,” and holding that “(a) State Farm’s

claims files, manuals, guidelines and documents concerning its claims handling

procedures were irrelevant to the first party [coverage] dispute” and “(b) the

defendant’s surveillance photographs, witness statements and repair estimates were

protected by the work product privilege”). See also State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v.

Desai, 106 So. 3d 5, 6 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013) (in a declaratory action to determine

coverage, the trial court entered a discovery order requiring State Farm to produce

claims manuals and/or guidelines relating to certain policy language and to provide

a representative to testify as to the claims manual, guidelines, and insurance policy;

this court granted certiorari relief and quashed the order, holding that Florida law

“prohibits insureds from obtaining discovery into an insurer’s claims files and

claims handling materials until contract/coverage litigation has been concluded”).

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Most recently, in Castle Key Ins. Co. v. Benitez, 124 So. 3d 379, 380 (Fla.

3d DCA 2013), this court appeared to adopt fully Demmo’s holding and analysis:

In considering objections to discovery requests for claims file

materials, the “determinative issue” is “what type of action” the

insured has brought. Nationwide Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Demmo, 57 So.

3d 982, 984 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011. Where, as here, the insured

is not pursuing a bad faith claim, but rather seeks relief

for breach of contract[,][a] trial court departs from the

essential requirements of the law in compelling

disclosure of the contents of an insurer’s claim file when

the issue of coverage is in dispute and has not been

resolved.

Id. at 380 (quoting Demmo, 57 So. 3d at 984).

Thus, we granted the petition and quashed the order, holding that “[b]ecause

the trial court order at issue directed the production of Castle Key’s claims file

when the issue of coverage is still in dispute, the order departs from the essential

requirements of law.” Id.

Again, it appears that the trial court in Castle Key ordered production of the

entire claims file, and this court noted, in a footnote, that although the insureds

asserted they were not seeking “claims handling material,” “case law prohibiting

the disclosure of ‘claims file’ material . . . clearly encompasses items such as notes

in the claims file, property loss information, and property loss notice forms, which

are all specific to the handling of an individual claim.” Id. at 380 n.1. This is fully

consistent with the holding in Demmo, which negates any requirement that a trial

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court review those categories of disputed documents to determine the applicability

of privilege.

Finally, in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Premier

Diagnostic Centers, LLC, 185 So. 3d 575 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016), we granted secondtier certiorari relief to an insurer in three first-party, non-bad-faith cases, where the

trial court ordered it “to produce portions of its adjusters’ claims files to a medical

care provider.” Id. at 575. (Emphasis added.) Citing to, inter alia, Castle Key,

Ramirez and Demmo, we held that “[b]ecause this and other courts have repeatedly

held that an insurer’s claims file is not discoverable in cases such as this, we find

not only that the wrong law was applied below but also that an irreparable

departure from the essential requirements of the law resulting in manifest injustice

has occurred as well.” Id. at 575-76. We quashed the trial court’s order, which

required State Farm to produce its adjuster’s notes.

We do observe, however, that counsel for both parties in this case referred to

a “claims file privilege” during the hearing on Homeowners Choice’s motion for a

protective order. There is no such privilege by that designation in the cited cases

or Florida’s Rules of Procedure or Evidence Code. Thus, a specifically-articulated

document request for “photographs of the alleged property damage” may require

either (a) production of such photographs, or (b) disclosure on a privilege log with

a specifically-articulated basis for protection from discovery, even if those

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photographs have been filed with other non-discoverable, claim-related documents

in the insurer’s “claims file” and coverage remains in dispute. We further observe

that the Fourth District adopted a more specific approach to the various types of

records that may be in an insurer’s claims file in State Farm Florida Insurance Co.

v. Aloni, 101 So. 3d 412, 414 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (recognizing that an insured

may, in a specific case and as to a specific record in an insurer’s claims file,

establish the necessity/good cause exception to the work product doctrine as

provided by Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.280(b)(4)).5

CONCLUSION

Given our prior precedent, particularly the recent decisions in Ramirez,

Castle Key and Premier Diagnostic Centers, by which this panel is bound, we grant

the instant petition and quash the trial court’s order.

SALTER and EMAS, JJ., concur.

5

 In view of the facts recited in Aloni and the record in the present case, however,

we decline to certify an express and direct conflict to the Florida Supreme Court

under Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.030(a)(2)(A)(vi).

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Homeowners Choice Property & Casualty Ins. Co. v. Avila

Case No. 3D17-465

LOGUE, J. (concurring).

I concur in the result reached by the majority opinion but write to emphasize

that the law that shields from discovery materials in claims files is not new and it is

not based solely on the work product privilege.

The petition under review arises from a first-party litigation where the

insureds sued their insurer for damages arising from a breach of the policy because

the insurer paid less than the entire amount claimed. The majority opinion grants

certiorari and quashes an order requiring the production of adjusters’ notes

contained in the insurer’s claims file. This result is mandated by long-standing

precedent of the Florida Supreme Court,6 by the precedent of this District for

nearly half a century,7 and by numerous decisions by the other Florida district

6 See Allstate Indem. Co. v. Ruiz, 899 So. 2d 1121, 1129 (Fla. 2005) (quoting and

approving the language in Fidelity & Casualty Insurance Co. of New York v.

Taylor, 525 So. 2d 908, 909 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987), that in “an ordinary ‘insured vs.

insurer’ action brought only under the policy . . . the carrier’s claim file is deemed

not producible essentially because its contents are not relevant to the only issues

involved, those of coverage and damages”).

7 See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Premier Diagnostic Ctrs., LLC, 185

So. 3d 575, 576 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016); Castle Key Ins. Co. v. Benitez, 124 So. 3d

379 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013); State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Desai, 106 So. 3d 5, 6 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2013) (finding well taken the insurer’s argument that Florida law “prohibits

insureds from obtaining discovery into an insurer’s claims files and claims

handling materials until contract/coverage litigation has been concluded”);

Granada Ins. Co. v. Ricks, 12 So. 3d 276, 277 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009) (“discovery

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courts of appeal.8

In addition to work product, claims files usually contain confidential and

proprietary claims-handling materials such as adjuster’s notes; reserves placed on

the claim; activity logs; underwriting documents; emails and correspondence;

documents related to adjusting or denying the claim; business policies; claims

handling manuals, policies or guidelines; and more. These claims handling

which concerns only potential issues of bad faith or other purported improprieties

in defending [a] claim are wholly impermissible unless and until it is determined

that the policy indeed provides coverage”); Gov’t Employees Ins. Co. v.

Rodriguez, 960 So. 2d 794, 796 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (stating that in a lawsuit by a

third party against GEICO’s insured, “[t]he content of GEICO’s internal claims

handling procedures is immaterial”); Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Camara De Comercio

Latino–Americana De Los Estados Unidos, Inc., 813 So. 2d 250, 251 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2002) (“When the issue of insurance coverage is unresolved and at issue in

pending court proceedings, a trial court must not order an insurer to produce its

claims files and other work product documents.”); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Shupack,

335 So. 2d 620, 621 (Fla. 3d DCA 1976) (issuing certiorari and quashing order

requiring production of claims file in potential action for bad faith claims handling

until the merits of the uninsured motorist claim had been determined).

8 See, e.g., State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Aloni, 101 So. 3d 412, 414 (Fla. 4th DCA

2012) (“[W]here the issue of coverage is still unresolved at the time of the

insurer’s objection to the request for discovery of its claim file, the trial court

departs from the essential requirements of law in overruling the insurer’s

objection.”); Nationwide Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Demmo, 57 So. 3d 982, 984 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2011) (same); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Swanson, 506 So. 2d 497, 498 (Fla. 5th

DCA 1987) (“Until the right of coverage is first established, a plaintiff claiming to

be an insured cannot compel disclosure of the insurer’s work product and

privileged matters in its claims file.”); American Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. v.

Wheeler, 711 So. 2d 1347 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998) (holding that in a bad faith action,

when the issue of coverage has not been determined, it is a departure from the

essential requirements of the law to order disclosure of the insurer’s claims file and

the insurer’s claims handling manuals and materials).

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materials, while discoverable in a cause of action alleging the insurer adjusted a

claim in bad faith, are not discoverable in a straightforward first-party or thirdparty claim for damages based upon the policy. As the Supreme Court has

explained, these materials “are not relevant to the only issues involved, those of

coverage and damages.” Allstate Indem. Co. v. Ruiz, 899 So. 2d 1121, 1129 (Fla.

2005). See Gov’t Employees Ins. Co. v. Rodriguez, 960 So. 2d 794, 796 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2007) (holding in such cases claims files are “immaterial”); State Farm Fire

& Cas. Co. v. Valido, 662 So. 2d 1012, 1013 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (holding “claim

files, manuals, guidelines and documents concerning its claim handling procedures

[are] irrelevant to [a] first party dispute”) (emphasis added).

Because claims handling materials are not relevant and material in an action

by an insured against the insurer for simple damages and breach of contract when a

potential bad faith claim is not ripe, and because these materials are confidential

and proprietary, an order requiring their production is properly quashed by

certiorari. See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Premier Diagnostic Ctrs.,

LLC, 185 So. 3d 575, 576 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016); Castle Key Ins. Co. v. Benitez, 124

So. 3d 379, 380 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013); State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Desai, 106 So. 3d

5, 6 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013). 

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