[Cite as Bank of Am., N.A. v. Miller, 194 Ohio App.3d 307, 2011-Ohio-1403.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 GREENE COUNTY 

BANK OF AMERICA, NA, : 

: Appellate Case No. 2010-CA-60 

Appellee, : 

: Trial Court Case No. 09-CV-902 

v. : 

: 

MILLER et al., : (Civil Appeal from 

: (Common Pleas Court) 

Appellants. : 

: 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 25th day of March, 2011. 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

Lerner, Sampson and Rothfuss, Patricia Block, and Erin E. Bjerkaas, for appellee Bank of 

America. 

Stephen K. Haller, Greene County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jonathan F. Hung, Assistant 

Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee Greene County. 

Colette Carr, for appellee US Bank 

Alan A. Biegel Co., L.P.A., and Alan A. Biegel, for appellants. 

 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FAIN, Judge. 

{¶ 1} Defendants-appellants, Stephen and Elsie Miller, appeal from a judgment of 

foreclosure rendered in favor of plaintiff-appellee, Bank of America, N.A. (“BOA”). The 
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Millers contend that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether BOA is the real 

party in interest entitled to judgment on the note and mortgage in question. The Millers also 

maintain that a genuine issue of material fact exists concerning whether BOA is the holder of 

the note upon which judgment was sought. Finally, the Millers contend that a genuine issue 

of material fact exists regarding whether BOA is a successor in interest to Society Mortgage 

Company, which was the original payee on the note and the original mortgagee on the 

mortgage. 

{¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor 

of BOA. Genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether BOA is the real party in 

interest and regarding whether BOA is the holder of the note upon which judgment was 

sought. We further conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact regarding whether 

BOA is a successor in interest to the original payee, because BOA failed to submit a proper 

affidavit to support its claims. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and 

this cause is remanded for further proceedings. 

I 

{¶ 3} In August 2009, BOA filed a foreclosure complaint against the Millers. BOA 

alleged that it was the successor by merger to Society Bank and that it was the holder of a 

note, a copy of which was currently unavailable. BOA further alleged that the Millers had 

defaulted on the note and owed $130,059.18, plus interest from March 2009. In addition, 

BOA claimed that the note was secured by a mortgage, the conditions of which had been 

broken. BOA therefore asked the court to foreclose and order the property securing the 

mortgage to be sold. The Millers responded by denying, among other things, that BOA was 
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the holder of the note. 

{¶ 4} In October 2009, BOA filed a document entitled “Notice of Filing Note,” and 

attached a note as Exhibit A. In Paragraph 1 of the note, which is entitled “Borrower’s 

Promise to Pay,” the borrower promises to pay the “Lender,” Society Mortgage Company, the 

sum of $190,000. Paragraph 1 further states that: 

{¶ 5} “I [the borrower] understand that the Lender may transfer this Note. The 

Lender or anyone who takes this Note by transfer and who is entitled to receive payment is 

called the ‘Note Holder.’ ” 

{¶ 6} At the end of the note, the following statement appears: 

“Pay to the order of ___________ 

“___________________________ 

“Without Recourse 

“SOCIETY 

“Mortgage Company 

“By: ________________________ 

“Name: Adair B. Cooper

“Title: Secondary Marketing Officer” 

{¶ 7} Some type of writing appears next to the word “By” that looks like a signature, 

although it is scribbled and illegible. The note also contains signature lines and the apparent 

signatures of the Millers. 

{¶ 8} In early December 2009, BOA filed two documents entitled “Notice of Filing 

Merger Documentation.” Attached to the first notice, as Exhibit A, are copies of documents 

relating to alleged mergers of various banking entities. Many of the copies are of poor quality 

and are illegible in places. The first page of the exhibit is entitled “Bank of America, 

National Association, Certificate of Secretary.” A person identified as an assistant secretary 
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of BOA relates a history of mergers between various entities, and states that the documents 

attached are true and accurate copies of documents filed with certain states or issued by certain 

offices. The certificate of the assistant secretary is not notarized, nor does it contain any 

indication that the matters referred to therein are within the assistant secretary’s personal 

knowledge. Furthermore, the attached documents are copies, not originals, and at times are 

incorrectly ordered. The documents are also illegible in numerous instances. The content of 

the second notice of filing merger documentation appears to be identical to the content in the 

first notice, but some of the copies are slightly more legible. 

{¶ 9} According to the assistant secretary’s “certificate,” Society Mortgage Company 

merged into KeyCorp Mortgage in April 1994. In turn, KeyCorp changed its name to 

Nationsbanc Mortgage Corporation of New York in March 1995. Later the same year, 

Nationsbanc New York merged with a Texas corporation that was also called Nationsbanc 

Mortgage Corporation. In December 1999, Nationsbanc Mortgage Corporation merged with 

and into BA Mortgage, L.L.C. Finally, in April 2003, BA Mortgage, L.L.C., merged into 

BOA. 

{¶ 10} After filing the notices, BOA filed a motion for summary judgment in February 

2010, supported by the affidavit of David Perez. According to his affidavit, Perez is the 

assistant vice president of BAC Home Loans Servicing LP (“BAC”). BAC is identified as 

the servicing agent for BOA. The actual relationship between BOA and BAC is not 

discussed. 

{¶ 11} Perez’s affidavit indicates that he has custody of the accounts of “said 

company,” but it is unclear from the affidavit which company he is referring to, because both 
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BAC and BOA are mentioned in the immediately preceding part of the sentence. The note 

and mortgage to Society Mortgage are attached to the affidavit as Exhibits A and B, 

respectively. Perez indicates that these copies are true and accurate reproductions of the 

originals as they exist in BOA’s files, but he does not explain how he knows this is so, given 

that he is an employee of another company. Perez further indicates that BOA is the holder of 

the note and mortgage, without any indication of why this is so; in other words, his factual 

basis for averring this legal conclusion is missing. Finally, Perez identifies a copy of the loan 

history, which is attached as Exhibit C. Perez’s affidavit was signed and notarized in Dallas 

County, Texas. 

{¶ 12} BOA submitted an additional document entitled “Affidavit of Status of 

Account and Military Affidavit.” This affidavit is signed by Robert Rybarczyk, who is 

identified as an assistant vice president of an entity called “Bank of America (NY) as servicing 

agent for Bank of America, NA.” Rybarczyk states that he has custody and personal 

knowledge of the accounts of “said company” and that the accounts of the Millers are in 

default in accordance with the mortgage and note attached to the complaint. Contrary to 

Rybarczyk’s affidavit, the Millers’ note was not attached to the complaint—it was filed a 

month later. Rybarczyk’s affidavit was signed and notarized in Erie County, New York. 

{¶ 13} These conflicting affidavits, signed and notarized in different states and for 

different companies, raise questions about the identity of the entity that is the actual servicing 

agent for BOA, about the nature of the relationship between BOA and these entities, and about 

who actually has possession of the note. 

{¶ 14} In response to the summary-judgment motion, the Millers submitted an 
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affidavit from Stephen Miller, who denied that BOA is the actual holder of the note and debt. 

Miller stated that he believed that the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) is 

the actual holder of the note and obligation. Miller’s statement was based on a computerized 

search that he conducted on FNMA’s website, which indicates that FNMA (or “Fannie Mae”) 

holds a mortgage on the property. BOA argues that Miller’s averment that FNMA is the 

holder of the note should be disregarded, because it is not made from personal knowledge. 

This may be so, but Miller’s averment concerning who is the holder of the note at least has the 

advantage of specifying some factual basis for the averment, in contrast to Perez’s averment 

that BOA is the holder, which specifies no factual basis for that averment. 

{¶ 15} BOA responded to this argument by noting that the FNMA website advises 

borrowers to contact their mortgage lender for verification. BOA also states that “Fannie 

Mae is the investor on this loan, not the holder of the Note and Mortgage.” 

{¶ 16} In late July 2010, the trial court rendered summary judgment in favor of BOA 

for $130,059.18, plus interest from March 2009. The court also concluded that the conditions 

of the mortgage were broken, and ordered foreclosure. 

{¶ 17} The Millers appeal from the summary judgment and decree of foreclosure. 

II 

{¶ 18} The Millers’ first assignment of error is as follows: 

{¶ 19} “A genuine issue of fact exists in respect to whether the plaintiff is the real 

party in interest entitled to judgment on the note and mortgage in question.” 

{¶ 20} Under this assignment of error, the Millers contend that BOA is not the real 

party in interest, because BOA did not have possession of the note when it filed the complaint. 
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 In this regard, the Millers note that the note was faxed from an entity identified as “U.S. Bank 

Document Custody” on September 21, 2009, nearly a month after the complaint was filed. 

The Millers further contend that there are factual issues regarding whether FNMA is the real 

party in interest, because BOA has admitted that FNMA is the investor on the loan. 

{¶ 21} “A trial court may grant a moving party summary judgment pursuant to Civ. R. 

56 if there are no genuine issues of material fact remaining to be litigated, the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can come to only one 

conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party, who is entitled to have the 

evidence construed most strongly in his favor.” Smith v. Five Rivers MetroParks (1999), 134 

Ohio App.3d 754, 760. “We review decisions granting summary judgment de novo, which 

means that we apply the same standards as the trial court.” GNFH, Inc. v. W. Am. Ins. Co., 

172 Ohio App.3d 127, 2007-Ohio-2722, ¶ 16. 

{¶ 22} Regarding the real-party-in-interest issue, Civ.R. 17(A), states: 

{¶ 23} “Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. * * * 

* No action shall be dismissed on the ground that it is not prosecuted in the name of the real 

party in interest until a reasonable time has been allowed after objection for ratification of 

commencement of the action by, or joinder or substitution of, the real party in interest. Such 

ratification, joinder, or substitution shall have the same effect as if the action had been 

commenced in the name of the real party in interest.” 

{¶ 24} “Standing is a threshold question for the court to decide in order for it to 

proceed to adjudicate the action.” State ex rel. Jones v. Suster (1998), 84 Ohio St.3d 70, 77. 

The issue of lack of standing “challenges the capacity of a party to bring an action, not the 
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subject matter jurisdiction of the court.” Id. To decide if the requirement has been satisfied 

that an action be brought by the real party in interest, “courts must look to the substantive law 

creating the right being sued upon to see if the action has been instituted by the party 

possessing the substantive right to relief.” Shealy v. Campbell (1985), 20 Ohio St.3d 23, 25. 

{¶ 25} The real party in interest in foreclosure actions is the current holder of the note 

and mortgage. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Sessley, Franklin App. No. 09AP-178, 

2010-Ohio-2902, ¶ 11. Because promissory notes are negotiable, they may be transferred to 

someone other than the issuer. That person then becomes the holder of the instrument. R.C. 

1303.21(A). However, under R.C. 1301.21(B), if the note is payable to an identified person, 

negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and endorsement by the holder. 

{¶ 26} In the case before us, the note is payable to an identified person—Society 

Mortgage. Therefore, only Society could have negotiated the note, through transfer of 

possession and by either endorsing the note to a specific person or endorsing it to “bearer.” A 

bearer is defined as “the person in possession of an instrument, document of title, or 

certificated security payable to bearer or endorsed in blank.” 

{¶ 27} Because Society endorsed the note in blank, any entity in possession of the note 

would be the holder of the note. BOA does not dispute the fact that the note was not attached 

to the complaint. BOA also does not dispute the fact that a copy of the note was later faxed 

by U.S. Bank. BOA contends, however, that U.S. Bank was merely a custodian of the note, 

not the holder. In this regard, BOA provides a link to a website 

(http://www.usbank.com/cgi_w/cfm/commercial/document_custody_services_ps.cfm), and 

asks that we take judicial notice under Evid.R. 201 that U.S. Bank Document Custody services 
9

is an agency-approved document custodian. 

{¶ 28} Evid.R. 201(D) provides that “a court shall take judicial notice if requested by 

a party and supplied with the necessary information.” Regarding the kinds of facts that may 

be judicially noticed, Evid.R. 201(B) states: 

{¶ 29} “A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that 

it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) 

capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot 

reasonably be questioned.” 

{¶ 30} BOA argues that the website information is capable of ready determination 

because a link has been provided to the site. In Malone v. Berry, 174 Ohio App.3d 122, 

2007-Ohio-6501, the Tenth District Court of Appeals took limited judicial notice of the fact 

that a certain website was an online website providing a forum for buyers and sellers, much 

like eBay. Id. at ¶ 13. The court also cited other cases that had taken judicial notice of 

factual information found on websites. However, the basis for this generally is that a party 

should not be able to deny information that it has posted on a website. For example, in one of 

the cases cited, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals took judicial notice of retirement-fund 

earnings that a party had posted on its website. O'Toole v. Northrop Grumman Corp. (C.A. 

10, 2007), 499 F.3d 1218; id. at 1224-1225. The court also relied on the party’s failure to 

dispute this information at the trial level, which contributed to the indisputability that is a 

prerequisite under Evid.R. 201. Id. at 1225. 

{¶ 31} The link provided by BOA is to a web page entitled “Document Custody 

Services.” These services are apparently provided by an entity named U.S. Bank Corporate 
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Trust. The website states that “Document Custody Services group at U.S. Bank Corporate 

Trust Services is an agency-approved custodian that has extensive experience in the 

safekeeping of collateral loan files and all related services.” Consistent with the view taken 

by the Tenth District Court of Appeals, we could, perhaps, take judicial notice that this 

website advertises document-custody services for various customers. 

{¶ 32} Nonetheless, we conclude that BOA failed to provide sufficient factual 

background on the note before us. In its brief, BOA asks us to assume that U.S. Bank was 

merely a custodian for the note. BOA states in its brief that it endorsed the note in blank and 

gave it to U.S. Bank as its agent to hold on its behalf. No evidence of these facts was 

submitted, however, and summary judgment is not properly rendered on the basis of 

assumptions or statements in briefs. As we stressed in HSBC Bank USA v. Thompson, 

Montgomery App. No. 23761, 2010-Ohio-4158, “ ‘Financial institutions, noted for insisting 

on their customers' compliance with numerous ritualistic formalities, are not sympathetic 

petitioners in urging relaxation of an elementary business practice.’ ” Id. at ¶ 74, quoting 

Adams v. Madison Realty & Dev., Inc. (C.A.3, 1988), 853 F.2d 163, 169. 

{¶ 33} In HSBC, we were discussing the order of allonges accompanying a note, but 

our observation applies equally to documents provided to support a motion for summary 

judgment. There can be little doubt that a home is the single largest asset of most 

homeowners. Banks, therefore, should submit adequate documentation when attempting to 

foreclose on this important asset. 

{¶ 34} BOA’s remaining documentation does not clarify the actual state of affairs, 

because it contains conflicting information about which entity has control or custody of the 
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pertinent records. The Millers’ evidence raises additional questions, because the FNMA 

website indicates that Fannie Mae holds a mortgage on the property. Ironically, BOA 

contends that we should disregard information obtained from the FNMA website, while 

accepting information from U.S. Bank’s website. 

{¶ 35} As with the information on U.S. Bank’s website, the most that can be said of 

the FNMA website is that FNMA appears to provide a process by which individuals may 

research whether FNMA or Fannie Mae holds a mortgage on a particular property. See 

http://www.fanniemae.com/loanlookup/. The results of such a search, however, are hearsay, 

which is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the 

trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Evid.R. 

801(C). 

{¶ 36} A website document can be properly admitted if it fits within an exception to 

the hearsay rule. For example, in Hess v. Riedel-Hess, 153 Ohio App.3d 337, 

2003-Ohio-3912, the court held that an appraisal guide from NADAguides.com was 

admissible under Evid.R. 803(17), which excepts from hearsay matters like market quotations 

and tabulations generally relied upon by the public. The court stressed that “NADA 

guidelines in print form and on the Internet are highly reliable and used widely by the general 

public.” Id. at ¶ 25. 

{¶ 37} In the case before us, the Millers failed to show that the evidence from the 

FNMA website falls within a hearsay exception. Accordingly, that evidence alone would not 

create a genuine issue of material fact for purposes of summary judgment. Under the 

circumstances, however, we conclude that genuine issues of material fact exist, due to BOA’s 
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confusing documentation. We also note that BOA admits that Fannie Mae is an “investor,” 

but claims that Fannie Mae does not own mortgages or notes. To support this contention, 

BOA refers us to a website that contains the following description of Fannie Mae: 

{¶ 38} “Fannie Mae operates in the U.S. secondary mortgage market. Rather than 

making home loans directly to consumers, we work with mortgage bankers, brokers and other 

primary mortgage market partners to help ensure they have funds to lend to home buyers at 

affordable rates. We fund our mortgage investments primarily by issuing debt securities in 

the domestic and international capital markets.”1

{¶ 39} We note that this information conflicts with other information provided by 

Fannie Mae, which allows individuals to research whether Fannie Mae “owns” their loan. 

Given the state of the record, the trial court should not have rendered summary judgment in 

favor of BOA. 

{¶ 40} In Adams v. Madison Realty & Dev., Inc. (C.A.3, 1988), 853 F.2d 163, the 

Third Circuit Court of Appeals stressed that from the maker's standpoint, “it becomes essential 

to establish that the person who demands payment of a negotiable note, or to whom payment 

is made, is the duly qualified holder. Otherwise, the obligor is exposed to the risk of double 

payment, or at least to the expense of litigation incurred to prevent duplicative satisfaction of 

the instrument. These risks provide makers with a recognizable interest in demanding proof 

of the chain of title.” Id. at 168. 

{¶ 41} Accordingly, there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether BOA is the 

real party in interest. 

 

1

See http://www.fanniemae.com/kb/index?page=home&c=aboutus. 
13

{¶ 42} The Millers’ first assignment of error is sustained. 

III 

{¶ 43} The Millers’ second assignment of error is as follows: 

{¶ 44} “A genuine issue of fact exists in respect to whether the plaintiff is the holder 

of the note upon which judgment was sought.” 

{¶ 45} Under this assignment of error, the Millers contend that genuine issues of 

material fact exist regarding whether BOA is the holder of the note. We have already 

addressed this issue in our discussion of the first assignment of error. Based on that 

discussion, there are genuine issues of material fact, on this record, regarding BOA’s status as 

holder of the note. 

{¶ 46} The Millers’ second assignment of error is sustained. 

IV 

{¶ 47} The Millers’ third assignment of error is as follows: 

{¶ 48} “A genuine issue of fact exists in respect to whether plaintiff is a successor in 

interest to Society Mortgage which was the original payee of the note and the original 

mortgagee of the mortgage.” 

{¶ 49} Under this assignment of error, the Millers contend that BOA failed to establish 

that it is a successor in interest to Society Mortgage, because the documents were not properly 

certified or authenticated by any public body. BOA contends that the documents are 

domestic public documents under seal and are self-authenticating under Evid.R. 902(1). 
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{¶ 50} Evid.R. 902(1) provides: 

{¶ 51} “Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is 

not required with respect to the following: 

{¶ 52} “(1) Domestic public documents under seal. A document bearing a seal 

purporting to be that of the United States, or of any State, district, Commonwealth, territory, 

or insular possession thereof, or the Panama Canal Zone, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific 

Islands, or of a political subdivision, department, officer, or agency thereof, and a signature 

purporting to be an attestation or execution.” 

{¶ 53} As was noted, the merger documents are copies, rather than originals. In 

Congress Park Business Ctr., L.L.C. v. Nitelites, Inc., Montgomery App. No. 21262, 

2007-Ohio-4200, we considered whether the trial court erred in refusing to consider “a copy of 

a certificate of incorporation bearing the signature of the Ohio Secretary of State, made under 

his seal and dated February 27, 2003.” Id. at ¶ 7. We concluded that the trial court did not 

err in refusing to consider the document. We noted that the certificate met the requirement 

under Evid.R. 902(1) for documents under seal, because it bore the signature of the Secretary 

of State and stated that it was made under his seal. Nonetheless, we rejected the document, 

stating: 

{¶ 54} “[T]he document is clearly a copy, and for that reason its admissibility also 

requires the supporting testimony of a witness who has compared it to the original and testifies 

that it is true and correct.” Id. at ¶ 12, citing Evid.R. 1005 and Deyling v. Flowers (1983), 10 

Ohio App.3d. 19. 

{¶ 55} In the case before us, BOA submitted an unsworn “certificate” from an 
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assistant secretary, who states that the copies attached to her certificate are true and correct 

copies of official articles and certifications filed with various state and national offices. This 

certificate does not comply with Civ.R. 56(C), which allows summary judgment to be 

rendered only if the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, 

affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the 

action show that there is no genuine issue [of] material fact.” Civ.R. 56(C) further states, 

“No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated in this rule.” 

{¶ 56} “An affidavit is a written declaration under oath, made without notice to the 

adverse party.” R.C. 2319.02. The Supreme Court of Ohio has stressed that “[a]n affidavit 

must appear, on its face, to have been taken before the proper officer and in compliance with 

all legal requisites. A paper purporting to be an affidavit, but not to have been sworn to 

before an officer, is not an affidavit.” In re Disqualification of Pokorny (1992), 74 Ohio 

St.3d 1238. Accord, Pollock v. Brigano (1998), 130 Ohio App.3d 505, 509. 

{¶ 57} The evidence submitted by BOA, therefore, does not comply with Civ.R. 

56(C), and cannot be used to support the summary judgment in BOA’s favor. We also note 

that the copies are illegible in many instances, and appear out of order. Accordingly, even if 

the assistant secretary had provided a sworn affidavit, the documents still may not have been 

sufficient. Courts must be able to read and decipher documents that are submitted; otherwise, 

the documents prove nothing. 

{¶ 58} Accordingly, the Millers’ third assignment of error is sustained. 

V 

{¶ 59} All of the Millers’ assignments of error having been sustained, the judgment of 
16

the trial court is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with 

this opinion. 

Judgment reversed 

and cause remanded. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

GRADY, P.J., concurs. 

HALL, J., concurs separately. 

HALL, Judge, concurring. 

{¶ 60} I concur in judgment because the imprecise documentation provided by the 

plaintiff, coupled with that part of defendant’s affidavit that is admissible, raises a genuine 

issue of fact on the singular issue whether plaintiff is the current holder of the note. Although 

the assignments of error are interrelated, I don’t believe that the defendants have satisfied their 

reciprocal burden to provide admissible evidence with regard to other issues. 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . .