COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Benton, Willis and Elder 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

GARY JOHN WAGSTAFF 

v. Record No. 1040-95-2 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

 JUDGE JERE M. H. WILLIS, JR. 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA JULY 2, 1996 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY 

William H. Ledbetter, Jr., Judge 

 Benjamin H. Woodbridge, Jr. (Woodbridge & 

Reamy, on brief), for appellant. 

 Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General 

(James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on 

brief), for appellee. 

 On appeal from his conviction of attempted abduction with 

the intent to defile, Gary John Wagstaff contends that the 

evidence is insufficient to support his conviction. We disagree 

and affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences 

fairly deducible therefrom. Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 

Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975). "The jury's verdict 

will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or 

without evidence to support it." Traverso v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. 

App. 172, 176, 366 S.E.2d 719, 721 (1988). 

 On August 1, 1994, at approximately 3:00 p.m., Donna Fortney 

 

 *Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
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exited the Spotsylvania Mall building and walked to her car in 

the parking lot. After she entered her car and closed the door, 

Wagstaff approached the open driver's-side window. Startling Ms. 

Fortney, he told her that he had seen fire coming from the tail 

pipe of her car when she arrived at the mall. As they conversed 

briefly about the car, Wagstaff crouched down beside Ms. 

Fortney's car placing his hands on the window ledge. 

 Suddenly, Wagstaff's voice changed to a "threatening" or 

"controlling" tone. He opened the driver's-side door without Ms. 

Fortney's permission and ordered her to "move over." Wagstaff's 

hand was on the fly of his pants and his fly was unzipped. Ms. 

Fortney kicked Wagstaff in the torso. He fell backwards against 

a van parked in the next space. Ms. Fortney screamed for help, 

attracting the attention of another woman, who also screamed. 

Wagstaff fled, but was apprehended by three men. When Ms. 

Fortney saw Wagstaff after he had been caught, she noticed that 

the fly of his pants was still open and that a toy gun was 

protruding from the waistband. 

 The jury found Wagstaff guilty of attempted abduction with 

intent to defile. "An attempt to commit a crime consists of (1) 

the specific intent to commit the particular crime, and (2) an 

ineffectual act done towards its commission." Bell v. 

Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 530, 533, 399 S.E.2d 450, 452 (1991) 

(citing Lynch v. Commonwealth, 131 Va. 762, 109 S.E. 427 (1921)). 

 "[A]bduction with intent to defile requires an intent to 
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sexually molest a victim . . . . Sexual molestation, while 

including sexual intercourse, also embraces many acts which are 

distinct from sexual intercourse." Simms v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. 

App. 614, 617, 346 S.E.2d 734, 735 (1986). "[I]ntent may be 

shown by circumstantial evidence." Patterson v. Commonwealth, 

215 Va. 698, 699, 213 S.E.2d 752, 753 (1975). "However, . . . 

intent must be established as a matter of fact, and '[s]urmise 

and speculation as to the existence of intent are not 

sufficient.'" Hughes v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 510, 519, 446 

S.E.2d 451, 457 (1994) (en banc) (quoting Dixon v. Commonwealth, 

197 Va. 380, 382, 89 S.E.2d 344, 345 (1955)). 

 Acknowledging that the evidence was sufficient to support 

his conviction for attempting to abduct Ms. Fortney, Wagstaff 

contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he did 

so with the intent to defile. He argues that the evidence 

equally supports the conclusion that he acted with intent to 

steal Ms. Fortney's car, to rob her, or to accomplish some 

purpose other than sexual molestation. We disagree. Wagstaff's 

fly was open. The presence of his hand at his fly supports the 

inference that he had just unzipped his fly. This supports the 

inference that he intended a sexual advance against Ms. Fortney 

when he had subdued her and taken control of her car. 

 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is 

affirmed. 

 Affirmed.
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Benton, J., dissenting. 

 Although the evidence obviously would have been sufficient 

to prove attempted abduction, see Code § 18.2-47, the evidence 

was not sufficient to prove intent to defile as required by Code 

§ 18.2-48. Whenever intent is an element of an offense, it must 

be proven as a matter of fact. "Surmise and speculation as to 

the existence of the intent are not sufficient." Dixon v. 

Commonwealth, 197 Va. 380, 382, 89 S.E.2d 344, 345 (1955). To 

support a conviction when intent is an element of an offense, the 

evidence must prove that element beyond a reasonable doubt. In 

re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). 

 "Intent is a state of mind which can be evidenced only by 

the words or conduct of the person who is claimed to have 

entertained it." Banovitch v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 210, 216, 83 

S.E.2d 369, 373 (1954). When, as in this case, evidence of 

intent is wholly circumstantial "all necessary circumstances 

proved must be consistent with guilt and inconsistent with 

innocence and exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence." 

Inge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 360, 366, 228 S.E.2d 563, 567 

(1976). 

 Although the evidence proved that the zipper on Wagstaff's 

pants was unzipped, that fact did not permit a trier of fact to 

infer beyond a reasonable doubt that Wagstaff had the intent to 

defile the woman. The evidence did not prove Wagstaff knew that 

his trousers were unzipped. He made no comment or committed any 
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act to suggest that his trousers had been unzipped intentionally. 

 Furthermore, the evidence proved that Wagstaff "had a 

plastic water pistol stuck down" in the waist of his trousers 

"[r]ight where the button would be" above the zipper. Only the 

handle of the gun protruded. Thus, the woman's testimony, that 

Wagstaff's "hand was on his pants, on his zipper" when he asked 

her to open the door, does not exclude the reasonable hypothesis 

that he was reaching for the gun to intimidate her. 

 In Dixon, the Supreme Court had to consider whether the 

evidence proved Dixon had the intent to commit rape during a 

prosecution for burglary. The evidence proved that Dixon made a 

number of telephone calls to the victim including one which was 

sexually suggestive. Following these conversations, Dixon went 

to the victim's place of business while she was working and 

entered an unlocked rear door. When the police, who had been 

contacted and were waiting for Dixon, apprehended Dixon, "the 

zipper on [Dixon's] trousers was open 'about halfway down.'" 197 

Va. at 381, 89 S.E.2d at 345 (emphasis added). Reversing the 

conviction, the Court held as follows: 

 It is the law of this jurisdiction that 

where a statute makes an offense consist of 

an act combined with a particular intent, 

such intent is as necessary to be proved as 

the act itself, and it is necessary for the 

intent to be established as a matter of fact 

before a conviction can be had. Surmise and 

speculation as to the existence of the intent 

are not sufficient. 

Id. at 382, 89 S.E.2d at 345. 
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 In this case, as in Dixon, the accused made no statement 

that had a sexual innuendo and did nothing to suggest he intended 

to defile the woman. Almost every person who has worn trousers 

has on one occasion or another discovered them unintentionally 

unzipped. The evidence in this case does not exclude that 

ordinary circumstance, and, therefore, the evidence does not 

"exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence" concerning his 

intent and conduct. Inge, 217 Va. at 366, 228 S.E.2d at 563. 

Thus, I would hold that the evidence failed to rise above surmise 

and speculation.