# United States Court of Appeals **for the Fifth Circuit**

____________ No. 23-10525

____________ Securities and Exch ange Commission, Plaintiff—Appellee ,

versus Christopher A. Novinger; ICAN Investment Group, L.L.C., Defendants—Appellants

.

______________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas USDC No. 4:15-CV-358

______________________________ Before Higginbotham, Smith, and Higginson, Circuit Judges

. Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge : Christopher Novinger and ICAN In vestment Group, L.L.C., entered into consent decrees with the SEC in 2016 as a result of a civil enforcement suit. 1 Codified in the Code of Federa l Regulations and common practice for SEC enforcements, the consent decrees prohibit defendants from casting

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1 Novinger is a principal and managing member of ICAN. He and the investment group raise the same claims, and the decrees ag ainst them do not differ significantly. We refer to both defendants as Novinger. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED March 19, 2024 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

2 doubt on the validity of the SEC’s inve stigation into or enforcement against them. See 17 C.F.R. § 202.5. Additiona lly, defendants may not proclaim their lack of guilt unless they also indicate their lack of innocence. Five years later, dissatisfied with the benefit of his bargain, Novinger sought judicial review of th e decree, contending thatit violated his First Amendment rights as a prior restraint th at improperly compelled his speech. So, he sought relief from judgment un der Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). But the court denied his motion, and this court affirmed. See SEC v. Novinger ( Novinger I) , 40 F.4th 297, 300 (5th Cir. 2022). Disheartened but not dissuaded, Novinger moved for declaratory judgment under the Declaratory Judgmen t Act (“DJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2201, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57. Yet again, the district court denied his motion. It ruled that Novinger had brought a procedurally improper motion and that no change in law or fa cts called for the court to exercise its discretion to modify the decrees. Novinger appeals, and we agree wi th the district court—his motion was procedurally improper. That presen ts us with a question of first impression: whether we have jurisdiction to review a procedurally improper motion denied as such. We do not, so we dismiss the appeal.

I. In 2015, the SEC sued Novinger for fraudulently offering and selling life settlement interests in violation of the Securities and Exchange Acts. The parties entered settlement discussions, and, about a yearafter the SEC’s initial complaint, theyreached an agreement. As part of the “Agreed Final Judg ments,” the parties entered joint consent orders. Most impo rtantly to Novinger’s a ppeal, the parties agreed to comply with Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 2 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

3the Commission’s policy “not to permit a defendant or respondent to consent to a judgment or order that imposes a sanction while denying the allegations in the complaint or order for proceedings,” and “a refusal to admit the allegations is equivalent to a denial, unless the defendant or respondent states that he neither admits nor denies the allegations.” . . . [Further,] Defendant: (i) will not take any ac tion or make or permit to be made any public statement denying, directly or indirectly, any allegation in the complaint or cr eating the impression that the complaint is without fa ctual basis; (ii) will not make or permit to be made any public statement to the effect that Defendant does not admit the allegations of the complaint, or that this Consent contains no admission of the allegations, without also stating that defendant does no t deny the allegations . . . . The consent agreements expl ained that “[i]f Defendan t breaches this agreement, the Commission may petition the Court to vacate the Final Judgment and restore this action to its active docket.”In 2016, the district court entered the final judgments and incorporated the consent agreements. Five ye ars later, though, Novinger filed a Rule 60(b) motion to reopen the case an d to obtain relief from judgment. He alleged that the consent agreements were “gag orders” that “violate[d] the First Amendment” and were derived from an SEC rule promulgated in violation of the APA, making the agreements void.
The district court denied that motion, and our court affirmed. See Novinger I, 40 F.4th at 300. Judge Jones added a single-paragraph concurrence, joined by Judge Duncan, explaining that the SEC’s consent policy struck her as a brutally “e ffective prior restraint.” Id. at 308 (Jones, J., concurring) Still, she did not suggest it merited alteration under Rule 60(b). Encouraged by the two-judge concu rrence, Novinger filed a motion for declaratory relief under 18 U.S.C. § 2201 and Rule 57. Effectively raising the same claims as in his Rule 60(b) mo tion, he asserted that the “gag order” Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 3 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

4 operated as a prior restraint in violat ion of the First Amendment and violated both the Due Process clause and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Additionally, he contended that the “g ag order” was beyond the scope of the SEC’s powers.
The district court denied that motion too, “find[ing] that a motion for declaratory judgment is not an appr opriate pleading for purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act.” SEC v. Novinger ( Novinger II), No. 4:15-CV00358, 2023 WL 3593254, at *3 (N.D. Te x. Mar. 22, 2023). Further, despite its “inherent authority to modify” a de cree because of its prospective effect, the district court found that “there ha s been [no] change in the underlying law or facts that suggest the Cour t should modify the decrees.” Id. Novinger appeals, contending th at the motion was procedurally proper and that the court abused its di scretion by denying declaratory relief.

II. Though neither party disputes our jurisdiction, we must confirm it sua sponte

. 2 Therefore, before we address th e merits of Novinger’s contentions, we consider whether we have appellate jurisdiction to review a denial of a procedurally improper motion that the district court denied as such. The district court addressed only two issues in its order. First, it denied Novinger’s motion for declarat ory relief as procedurally improper. Second, it declined to exercise its inhe rent discretion to modify the consent decrees. Novinger describes those conclusions as final judgments, reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 because they “disposed of all Appellants’ claims raised in their Motion for Declaratory Re lief.” Brief for the Appellant at 1.

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2 See Doe v. Tangipahoa Par. Sch. Bd. , 494 F.3d 494, 496 n.1 (5th Cir. 2007) (en banc); see also id. at 497 n.5 (citing Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp. , 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007)); Telles v. City of El Paso , 164 F. App’x 492, 495 (5th Cir. 2006). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 4 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

5 Similarly, although the SEC, Brief for the Appellee at 2, cites Cadle Co. v. Neubauer , 562 F.3d 369, 372 (5th Cir. 2009), for the proposition that “most” post-judgment orders are final decision s, it omits the court’s subsequent explanation that “not all are.” Only orders that “dispose complete ly of the issues raised” are final decisions. Id. The order here is not a final decision because it did not dispose of Novinger’s entire claim but merely prevented Novinger from pursuing a claim through the wrong procedural vehicle.
Two other circuits have ruled on the procedural question presented here—whether a party may bring a de claratory judgment motion in a nonDJA action. 3 Both courts held that only final decisions are appealable, but differing procedural histories led to differing conclusions on jurisdiction. The Ninth had jurisdiction, and the Eleven th did not. The procedural history here mirrors the Eleventh’s, not the Ninth’s. In both Ninth Circuit cases, that co urt had jurisdiction because it was ruling on orders that disposed of more than just the procedurally improper motions. In Tucson , the order being appealed had “denied intervenors’ request for declaratory relief and issued a twelve-page opinion approving the consent decrees.” 4 In other words, the court had jurisdiction because of the entry of the consent decrees. Similarly, in Kam-Ko , the district court had ruled on the substantive unconscionab ility of an arbitration clause and a request for a stay— then it dismissed the action. See 560 F.3d at 939. In the instant case, though, the district co urt merely ruled on the motion and

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3 See Arizona v. City of Tucson , 761 F.3d 1005, 1009 (9th Cir. 2014); Kam-Ko BioPharm Trading Co., Ltd-Australasia v. Mayne Pharma (USA) Inc. , 560 F.3d 935, 939 (9th Cir. 2009); Thomas v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n , 594 F.3d 823, 832 (11th Cir. 2010).

4 761 F.3d at 1009 (emphasis added). For the district court’s order, see Arizona v. Ashton Co., Inc., No. CIV 10-634, 2012 WL 569018, at *7 (D. Ariz. Feb. 22, 2012). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 5 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

6 declined to exercise its inherent disc retion. Thus, we distinguish the Ninth Circuit cases in our jurisdictional analysis. The Eleventh Circuit case, th ough, is on point. In Thomas , the court reviewed a denied motion for declar atory judgment and—exactly as here— dealt with no other issues. 5 See 594 F.3d at 827–28. Al so as here, “neither party challenge[d the court’ s] jurisdiction to entert ain th[e] appeal” because both believed the order was final, orat least a ruling under the DJA. Id. at 828. But the court addressed the issue sua sponte

. Id. It began by evaluating whether th e order was a final judgment giving rise to § 1291 jurisdiction. It concluded first that the district court’s order “did not ‘finally settle the matter in litigation.’” 6 “Second,” the court ruled, “the order did not dispose of the matter because it did not hold the movant in contempt or impose any sanction for violating the injunction.” 7 Thus, the order was not a final judgment, and the co urt did not have § 1291 jurisdiction.
The Eleventh Circuit considered an d quickly rejected jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine. The order did not “conclusively determine the disputed question.” Id. at 831. Finally, thatcourt rejected the possibility of interlocutory appellate jurisd iction under § 1292(a)(1) because the district court had not ch anged the injunction. Id. at 832.

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5 At oral argument, the SEC described the motion at issue in Thomas as akin to a motion for clarification, whereas Novinger’s motion was more like a Rule 60(b) motion. Thus, SEC offered, denial of that motion was not reviewable as a final judgment, whereas this denial is. As explained infra , we disagree.

6 594 F.3d at 830 (alteration accepted) (quoting Delaney’s Inc. v. Ill. Union Ins. Co. , 894 F.2d 1300, 1305 (11th Cir. 1990)).

7 Id. (cleaned up); see also id. at 829 (“The most we can say about the order . . . is that it did not alter the status quo . . . . The order left the parties in the same position as before Robertson filed his motion.”) Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 6 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

7 We follow the path of the Eleventh Circuit. But, unlike the district court in Thomas , the district court here provided a detailed and clear justification for its denial of Novinger’s motion. 8 So, we need not “put words into the mouth of the district court . . . .” Thomas , 594 F.3d at 830. All we need to do is determine whether its ruling was a “final decision of the district court.” La Union del Pueblo Entero v. Abbott , 93 F.4th 310, 319 (5th Cir. 2024) (cleaned up). “A final decision is one that ‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing more for the court to do but execute the judgment.’” 9 As in Thomas , though, the district court merely denied a post-judgment motion in an order that “does not declare anything except that [the] motion is denied” as procedurally improper. 594 F.3d. at831. Further, an unpublished opinion of our court has already held that we lack§ 1291 jurisdiction over such denials of procedurally improper motions because they are not final. See Telles , 164 F. App’x at 495. Although we are not bound by unpublished opinions, we agree with Telles , and we now adopt its reasoning: We lack jurisdiction to review an order, denying a procedurally improper motion, that “did not adjudicate or dispose of any substantiv e issues” because that ruling “is not a final judgment . . . .” Id. 10 The district court’s order did not change the status quoor resolve any substantive issues. That court remains capable of exercising its discretion to

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8 Compare id. at 828 (“[T]he district court did not discuss the merits of [the] motion . . . .”), with Novinger II , 2023 WL 3593254, at *1–4.

9 Vantage Health Plan, Inc. v. Willis-Knighton Med. Ctr. , 913 F.3d 443, 448 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Digit. Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc. , 511 U.S. 863, 867 (1994)).

10 Ultimately, Telles focused on the plaintiff’s failure to follow the district court’s local rules on serving moving papers. That fa ctual distinction, and that we did not publish Telles , limits its precedential value. Still, its analysis deftly explains why we lack jurisdiction over orders denying similarly procedurally deficient motions. See 164 F. App’x at 495. Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 7 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

8 modify the consent decree; the parties remain bound by it and are free to pursue their desired relief through other procedural vehicles. In other words, that court made no final decision , so we lack § 1291 jurisdiction. We also lack interlocutory appellate jurisdiction. As Telles explained, “a motion for declaratory judgment is not one of the specified types of interlocutory orders subject to appeal in § 1292(a).” 164 F. App’x at 495. Therefore, if we concur with the district court that the motion was procedurally improper, we la ck jurisdiction to review that denial. Not only does such a conclusion flow from the Eleventh Circuit’s logical and persuasive analysis, but also, were we to rule that we had appellate jurisdiction, we would dramatically undercut the fi nal-judgment requirement: Assuming Novinger filed a procedurally improper motion, our exercise of appellate jurisdiction would erroneously establish that our court is willing to consider future post-judgment orders on procedurally improper motions denied as such. We decline to open that Pandora’s box of frivolous appeals. 11

III. We always have jurisdiction to determine our jurisdiction. 12 So, we must review de novowhether the district court correctly determined the motion’s procedural impropriety. 13

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11 Consider, for example, improper post-judgment motions to correct the record. See United States v. Zavala , No. 22-50751, 2023 WL 2570550, at *1 (5th Cir. Mar. 17, 2023) (per curiam) (unpublished), cert. denied , 144 S. Ct. 400 (2023). Or to amend petitions. See Johnson v. Farris , No. 22-30648, 2023 WL 3295200, at *1 (5th Cir. Jan. 12, 2023) (per curiam) (unpublished).

12 See Brownback v. King , 141 S. Ct. 740, 750 (2021) (quoting United States v. Ruiz , 536 U.S. 622, 628 (2002)).

13 See Ran-Nan Inc. v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co. of Am. , 252 F.3d 738, 739 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (citations omitted). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 8 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

9 A. The DJA creates a remedy under whic h “any court, upon the filing of

an appropriate pleading , may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a) (cleaned up). Rule 57 then establishes that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply “for obtaining a declaratory judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 2201.” Fed. R. Civ P. 57. Further, a “court may orde r a speedy hearing of a declaratoryjudgment action .” Id. (emphasis added). Finally, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7(a) defines pleadings, wher eas Rule 7(b) discusses motions. Whether Novinger’s motion was proc edurally proper appears to be a question of first impression in our circuit. 14 As mentioned above, however, the Ninth and the Eleventh have previo usly determined that “[r]equests for declaratory judgment are not properly befor e the court if raised only . . . by motion.” 15 To “obtain a declaratory judgment, [movants] must either file a

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14 Novinger cites United Teacher Associations Insurance Co. v. Union Labor Life Insurance Co. ( UTA ), 414 F.3d 558, 572 (5th Cir. 2005), for the proposition that our court permits motions for declaratory judgment. But UTA explicitly dealt wi th a motion filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2202, not § 2201. The di strict court there had already ruled on the declaratory judgment action , and Union had filed a motion un der § 2202 to obtain the relief granted in the declaratory judgment action. Thus, as far as we can tell, we have never ruled on whether someone can bring a 28 U.S.C. § 2201 motion in a non-DJA action.

15 Tucson , 761 F.3d at 1009 (citing Kam-Ko , 560 F.3d at 943); accord Thomas , 594 F.3d at 830–31. Along with the district court here, legions of district and magistrate judges in our circuit have also adopted that standard. See, e.g., Roberts v. Am. Bank & Tr. Co., 835 F. Supp. 2d 183, 209 & n.4 (E.D. La. 2011); Rodriguez v. CHRISTUS Spohn Health Sys. Corp. , No. CIV.A. C-09-95, 2011 WL 4074389, at *1 n.1 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 12, 2011); Enniss Fam. Realty I, LLC v. Schneider Nat’l Carriers, Inc. , 916 F. Supp. 2d 702, 711 (S.D. Miss. 2013); United States v. Bolivar Cnty. , No. 4:15-CV-165, 2016 WL 7471319, at *2 & n.2 (N.D. Miss. Dec 28, 2016); Stephenson v. Caterpillar Inc. , No. 2:16-CV-00071, 2019 WL 498337, at *2 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 8, 2019) (quoting Matrix Partners VIII, LLP v. Nat. Res. Recovery, Inc. , No. 1:08-CV-547, 2009 WL 10677790, at *1 (E.D. Tex. May 22, 2009)); Burkette v. Travis , No. CV 18-996, 2023 WL 5199541, at *2 & n.13 (M.D. La. July 11, 2023), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Burkette v. E. Feliciana Par. Sheriff , No. CV Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 9 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

10 separate action seeking such relief, ormove to amend their complaints on remand.” Tucson , 761 F.3d at 1009 (citation omitted). We agree with our sister circuits and read “pleading” with the meaning Rule 7 gives it, that is, as exclusiv e of motions. “No other paper will be considered a pleading except those specif ically named in Rule 7(a). A motion in any other form cannot st and as a pleading.” 2 James W. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 7.02[1][b], at 7-5 (3d ed. 2023). “Motions are not pleadings.” Vikas WSP, Ltd. v. Econ. Mud Prods. Co. , 23 F.4th 442, 454 (5th Cir. 2022). That maxim also fits with the typi cal treatment of declaratory judgment motions in other settings. The DJA does not create a new type of “motion,” and, in cases where parties f ile them, courts inevitably treat them as other types of motions. In most DJA actions, the party se eking declaratory judgment usually files a motion asking explicitly for that relief, but the court construes it as a motion for summary judgment. 16 Similarly, in crimin al cases, courts have typically treated such a motion as one to amend a criminal judgment. 17 But, just as Hatten’s “proper course of action [was] to petition the district court to modify its restitution order,” so t oo here. 167 F.3d at 887. Novinger’s

_____________________ 18-996, 2023 WL 5185137 (M .D. La. Aug. 11, 2023); Ragnar Dev. LLC v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co. , No. 4:23-CV-02191, 2023 WL 8480061, at *1 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 7, 2023).

16 See Bolivar Cnty. , 2016 WL 7471319, at *2 n.3. But “[s]ummary judgment after the entry of a final judgment is procedurally improper.” Id. (citation omitted). Thus, it would be improper to treat Novinger’s moti on for declaratory judgment as a motion for summary judgment.

17 See United States v. Hatten , 167 F.3d 884, 885, 887 (5th Cir. 1999) (ruling that the district court lacked jurisdiction to review a motion for declaratory judgment, even treating it as a motion to amend Hatten’s criminal judgment). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 10 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

11 “proper course of action ,” was what he tried fi rst: a Rule 60 motion. 18

B. Finally, we reject Novinger’s conten tion that because he finds himself constrained by a “proce dural straightjacket [ sic ],” he merits the court’s mercy. He acknowledges that the motion is not a pleading but suggests that we create an exception to the plain la nguage of the DJA and Rule 57 because (1) he lacks alternative routes, (2) the mo tion is facially similar to a pleading, (3) the motion could be viewed as a motion for summary judgment, and (4) the Ninth Circuit and Eleventh Circ uit cases are allegedly not on point. Novinger claims first that, after the Rule 60(b) motion failed in Novinger I , he had no other way to challenge the “gag orde r.” Specifically, he explains that he cannot bring a separate action nor violate the consent decree because of, respectively, the collatera l-attack and collateral-bar rules. Assuming, arguendo , that Novinger is correct that no other avenues exist by which to obtain relief, that makes no difference. As the SEC points out, Novinger can, and did, seek relief under Rule 60(b). That he failed does not entitle him to some other form of relief. Novinger’s second claim is that our circuit, and others, have construed motions for declaratory judgment as other motions, so we should similarly liberally construe his motion. Novinger points first to Castle v. United States , 399 F.2d 642 (5th Cir. 1968), to support the contention that we have allowed parties to seek declaratory relief by motion. But his theory overreads dictum in Castle . There, the defendant had filed a motion under 28 U.S.C.

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18 Hatten sheds no light on the question of ju risdiction here because that district court (1) treated the motion as a motion to amend a criminal judgment and (2) amended the restitution order. 167 F.3d at 885–86. At the very least, that alteration of the order functioned as a modified injunction; we do not have that here. Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 11 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

12 § 2255 to vacate his conviction. Id. at 644. We explained that we had federal jurisdiction despite Castle’s release be cause Castle had filed his motion while he was in custody. Id. Then, we acknowledged that the case presented a “real and substantial controversy,” and, finally, we stated off-hand that, in the alternative, the motion “could be tr eated as a motion for declaratory judgment . . . .” Id. Not only does that statement not control here because it is dictum , but also, our court has since adopted a rule ag ainst using the DJA to appeal criminal convictions, casting a cloud over that dictum

. 19 We decline to overread and extend Castle to create a brand-new motion. Alternatively, Novinger suggests that we treat the motion for declaratory judgment as a new action. As support, he claims that in Gully v. International Natural Gas Co. , the plaintiffs filed a “sup plemental bill and petition for a declaratory judgment” on which the court ruled. 82 F.2d 145, 146 (5th Cir. 1936). But Novinger mistakes hi s historical lexicology. A supplemental bill was “[a] bill filed for the purpose of adding something to an original bill.” Supplemental Bill , Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). And an original bill was a pleading. Bill , Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). In other words, to mirror Gully , Novinger would have to file a suit seeking declaratory judgment in its pleadings. We reject those, and other, comparisons because Novinger’s motion is unlike the other motions for declaratory judgment that we have previously interpreted liberally. See also supra Part III.A. Third, Novinger claims that the Ni nth and Eleventh Circuit cases the district court cited are inapplicable. Not so. Novinger attempts to distin-

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19 See Johnson v. Onion , 761 F.2d 224, 226 (5th Cir. 1985) (citing Shannon v. Sequeechi , 365 F.2d 827, 829 (10th Cir. 1966)) (“In effe ct, he is seeking to use the [DJA] to appeal his criminal conviction. This he may not do.”). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 12 Date Filed: 03/19/2024No. 23-10525

13 guish Thomas and Kam-Koby pointing to the factthat those motions were brought not by defendants but, instead, by plaintiffs who could have amended their complaints, and that in the movant in Tucson was an intervenor. But the status of the moving party is irrelevant to whether th e type of motion is procedurally proper. Novinger falls back to the claim that without a motion for declaratory judgment, he cannot obtain any relief. But that ignores the attempted, and denied , Rule 60(b) motion. Finally, Novinger claims that the di strict court should have ignored the Federal Rules and construed the moti on for declaratory relief as an appropriate pleading under the DJA. As with his others, we reject that assertion. Accepting such a claim would undermin e the differentiation between a pleading as an initial filing in a case and a motion as a subsequent filing. 20 That the motion complies with the facial requ irements of a pleading alone does not make it one. * * * * * Novinger cites Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137, 147 (1803), to claim that he must have an avenue by which to vindicate his rights. He is correct— Rule 60(b) provides that relief. But a motion for declaratory judgment does not lie where the action is not, itself, for declaratory judgment. So, Novinger brought a procedurally improper motion . Having confirmed that, we lack appellate jurisdiction to review a motion properly denied as procedurally improper. Therefore, the appeal is DISMISSED for want of jurisdiction.

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20 For example, we use that distinction to decide whether implicitly to convert a granted Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss into a summary judgment. See Hodge v. Engleman , 90 F.4th 840, 843–44 (5th Cir. 2024) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d)). Case: 23-10525 Document: 57-1 Page: 13 Date Filed: 03/19/2024