# Patent

## Title
Atraumatic ureteral access sheath

## Abstract

A ureteral access sheath having nonuniform axial-stiffness adapted for proximal pushability needed for placement while also having distal flexibility to minimize trauma to the body lumen and ureter. Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness jacket encapsulating the reinforcement layer with the inner liner. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness reinforcement layer encapsulated between a single axial-stiffness jacket and the inner liner. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness jacket encapsulating a nonuniform axial-stiffness reinforcement layer with the inner liner.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/561,961 entitled “ATRAUMATIC ACCESS SHEATH DISTAL TIP”, filed Apr. 13, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety for all purposes.


FIELD
The present invention generally relates to access sheaths for insertion into a body cavity or passage, and particularly to ureteral access sheaths.
BACKGROUND
A ureteral access sheath adapted for insertion into a urethra includes an elongate tubular member having a proximal end and a distal end. Known ureteral access sheaths consist of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) inner liner surrounded by a steel coil reinforcement layer surrounded by a polymer jacket. U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,684 is representative and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This layered construction results in the axial-stiffness of the sheath being substantially uniform along its entire length, including the distal tip. While proximal axial-stiffness is desirable for pushability during placement, the resultant distal axial-stiffness can cause trauma to the ureter. Further, the tip construction of known sheaths consists of a stiff polymer material that has little ability to cushion the impact upon tissue that it contacts.
SUMMARY
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness jacket and an inner liner encapsulating a reinforcement layer there between. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness reinforcement layer encapsulated between a uniform axial-stiffness jacket and an inner liner. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness jacket and inner liner encapsulating a nonuniform axial-stiffness reinforcement layer.
Embodiments of the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath provide a ureteral access sheath that is more pushable at the relatively more-stiff proximal end and less traumatic to the tissue, as well as more trackable, at the relatively less-stiff distal end, with the capability to provide a wide range of predictable variations in axial-stiffness and other structural parameters over the length of the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5A is a schematic of a process for making a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5B is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath at various stages of fabrication, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 9 is a side cross-sectional view of another nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness outer jacket and an inner liner encapsulating the reinforcement layer there between. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness reinforcement layer encapsulated between a single axial-stiffness outer jacket and the inner liner. Other embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising a nonuniform axial-stiffness outer jacket and an inner liner encapsulating the reinforcement layer there between.
Embodiments of the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath provide a ureteral access sheath that is more pushable at the relatively more-stiff proximal end and less traumatic to the tissue, as well as more trackable, at the relatively less-stiff distal end, with the capability to provide a wide range of predictable variations in axial-stiffness and other structural parameters over the length of the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath.
FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment accordingly provides a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2 for placement within the ureter system. The nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2 comprises an elongated tubular member having a sheath proximal end 10 and a sheath distal end 12. The elongated tubular member comprises a tubular inner liner 20, a coaxial reinforcement layer 30, and a coaxial outer jacket 40.
FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2 comprising an outer jacket 40 comprising a first jacket portion 42 having a material composition that is more stiff (a higher durometer) at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a second jacket portion 44 having a material composition that is less stiff (a lower durometer) at the sheath distal portion 13, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The inner liner 20 extends essentially the entire length of the ureteral access sheath 2, from a liner proximal end 22 to a liner distal end 24. The reinforcement layer 30 extends coaxially over the inner liner 20 from the liner proximal end 22 to the liner distal end 24. The outer jacket 40 extends coaxially over the reinforcement layer 30 from the liner proximal end 22 to the liner distal end 24.
The inner layer 20 comprises a material suitable for a particular purpose. The ureteral access sheath 2 is used to provide a passageway through which instruments are passed. Therefore, the inner liner 20 must withstand the impact and abrasion that might be caused the passing instruments. Material suitable for comprising the inner liner 20 include, but not limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether ethyl ketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), or any of a variety of other polymers suitable for the particular purpose.
The reinforcement layer 30 comprises a material suitable for a particular purpose, such as for providing a desired predetermined axial-stiffness, such as to resist buckling, along the length of the ureteral access sheath 2. Material suitable for the reinforcement layer 30 includes, but is not limited to fibers comprising a polymer, metal, or both.
Embodiments of the reinforcement layer 30, include, but are not limited to, a braid, mesh or coil. The reinforcement layer 30 can consist of longitudinal, angled or circumferential windings of high strength fibers which are bonded to the inner liner 20 and covered by the outer jacket 40. Embodiments of the reinforcement layer 30 further comprises a matrix of material between the fibers, such as, but not limited to the outer jacket 40 conforming to the spaces between the fibers, braid, mesh or coil, among others.
In an embodiment, the reinforcement layer 30 is a coil, such as a round or flat wire coil. The coil is coaxially placed over the inner liner 20 and the assembly is encased within an outer jacket 40 providing a smooth, low friction outer surface. In another embodiment, the reinforcement layer 30 is a tubular mesh braid, such as, but not limited to, stainless steel and composite. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the orientation and composition of the reinforcing fibers along and about the inner liner 20 can be altered over a wide range to provide a predetermined axial-stiffness. The reinforcement layer 30 is attached over the inner liner and adhesively or mechanically bonded to the inner liner 20.
In another embodiment, the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2 comprises an outer jacket 40 comprising at least two tandemly disposed coaxial tube portions, including a proximal jacket portion 42 and a distal jacket portion 44, the tube portions having dissimilar axial-stiffness, with the stiffest being located at the sheath proximal portion 11 and the least stiff located at the sheath distal portion 13 of the ureteral access sheath 2. This construction provides the ureteral access sheath with a minimum of two regions of different axial-stiffness and flexibility.
The outer jacket 40 comprises a material suitable for a particular purpose. The material provides a smooth and low friction outer surface while encapsulating the reinforcement layer 30 in cooperation with the inner liner 20. Any of a variety of polymeric material is suitable for the particular purpose for providing a desired predetermined axial-stiffness to thereby provide desired axial-stiffness along the length of the ureteral access sheath 2. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the durometer of the polymer of the sheath proximal portion 11 is substantially higher than the durometer of the polymer of the sheath distal portion 13. This allows the ureteral access sheath 2 to have the proximal pushability needed for placement and distal flexibility to minimize trauma to the ureter. In other embodiments to be explained below, the sheath distal portion 13 includes an end formed of the softer polymer that cushions the impact or irritation to tissue.
In an embodiment in accordance with the present invention, the jacket proximate portion 42 is made of a higher durometer elastomeric and the jacket distal portion 44 is made of a lower durometer polymer. Various material compositions can provide the desired durometer properties, such as, but not limited to Nylon, Urethane, and Hytrel, which are known in the art.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of polymers, including those filled with reinforcing fibers or other material may be used to reinforce the outer jacket 40 in order to provide a structure with specific and desired combinations of axial-stiffness, torqueability, and pushability over the length of the ureteral access sheath 2. For example, the characteristics of the materials to be used may be optimized by use of joining adjacent portions of different materials against one another longitudinally in end to end fashion in a butt transition 47 to thus provide a constant outer diameter. In such a construction, the outer jacket 40 is formed of joined, such as by heat and/or pressure, or adhering bonded sections surrounding specific portions of the assembly of the inner liner 20 and reinforcement layer 30. Similarly, such a construction can be combined with an outer jacket 40 to provide a smooth overall exterior to the finished nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2.
A variety of techniques can be used within the scope of the invention to accomplish the nonuniform axial-stiffness of the outer jacket 40. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, the butt welding of tubular segments of material with a different axial-stiffness from one another to form the outer jacket 40, and use of an adhesive to bond the outer jacket 40 to the assembly comprising the inner liner 20 and the reinforcement layer 30. In other embodiments of methods of fabricating the ureteral access sheath 2, heat is applied to the coaxial layers, resulting in consolidation to encapsulate the reinforcement layer 30 between the inner liner 20 and the outer jacket 40.
The embodiment of the nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 2 shown in FIG. 1 further comprises a distal end 10 that is flared to accept and guide medical instruments therein and through the lumen 20, shown by way of example. It is understood that the distal end 10 may not be flared, as is common in the art. It is also understood that the distal end 10 may be adapted to couple with a flared portion so as to provide a flared distal end 10 where it would otherwise be a distal end 10 having the same diameter as the rest of the proximal portion 11.
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 3 comprising an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition that is less stiff at the sheath distal portion 13, wherein the outer jacket 40 extends beyond the inner liner 20 and reinforcement layer 30 to define a distal tip 14, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
The inner liner 20 extends essentially the entire length of the ureteral access sheath 3, from a liner proximal end 22 to a liner distal end 24. The reinforcement layer 30 extends coaxially over the inner liner 20 from the liner proximal end 22 to the liner distal end 24. The outer jacket 40 extends over the reinforcement layer 30 from the liner proximal end 22 to a predetermined distance beyond the liner distal end 24 defining an extended tip portion 14 that is not co-layered with the reinforcement layer 30 and the inner liner 20; the outer jacket 40 defining essentially the entire length of the ureteral access sheath 3.
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 4 comprising an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition, comprising a tapered transition portion 46 between the less-stiff portion and the more-stiff portion, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5A is a schematic of a process for making a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 4 comprising an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition that is less stiff at the sheath distal portion 13, comprising a tapered transition between the less-stiff, portion and the more-stiff portion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Two different polymers are deposited at complementary rates in successive dies to provide a double tapered jacket of consistent outside diameter.
In the process of FIG. 5A, an assembly 38 comprising the inner liner 10 and reinforcement layer 30 is passed at a controlled speed by a feeding mechanism (not shown) through a first die 50 receiving a polymer material from a supply 51 to be deposited on the assembly 38 at a rate controlled by the speed of the assembly 38 through the first die 50. The size of the first die 50 and the temperature and composition of the polymer and the speed can be varied to deposit a thicker or thinner layer and to taper the deposit as shown at 54. If desired, quenching jets 52 can be used to cool the polymer after deposit. One or more additional dies 56 applies a second polymer from supply 57 to create an additional layer of polymer of a different characteristic from the first and to form a consistent diameter as shown at 55.
In practice, this construction allows for control of both the outer diameter of the finished ureteral access sheath and wide variations in the axial-stiffness of the ureteral access sheath over its length, depending on the material being deposited and the relative thickness of the softer and harder layers.
FIG. 5B is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition that is less stiff at the sheath distal portion 13, and comprising a tapered transition 46 between the less-stiff portion and the more-stiff portion, at various stages of fabrication, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5B illustrates a cross section of the ureteral access sheath 4 according to this embodiment, showing the increased tapering of softer and harder portions of the deposited outer jacket 40 to provide a desired nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 40 during the course of manufacture.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of the above described embodiments can be combined to provide a wide range of desired characteristics to the finished composite ureteral access sheath.
FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 5 comprising a reinforcement layer 31 that is stiffer at a reinforcement layer proximal portion 32 and less stiff at a reinforcement layer distal portion 34, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. By using the construction according to the invention, a reinforcement layer 31, such as, but not limited to, a braid or coil, of a predetermined non-uniformity of longitudinal axial-stiffness encapsulated between the inner liner 20 and a uniform axial stiffness outer jacket 41, provides a lower axial-stiffness at the sheath distal portion 13 providing a softer, better tracking device, and a higher axial-stiffness at the sheath proximal end 11 to provide improved pushability.
The reinforcement layer 31 has a composition such as a polymer, metal, or both, for providing a predetermined multiple longitudinal axial-stiffness to thereby provide desired variations in axial-stiffness along the length of the ureteral access sheath 5.
In yet other embodiments of the present invention, the reinforcement layer 31 comprises longitudinal, angled or circumferential windings of high strength fibers which are bonded to the inner liner 20 and covered by the outer jacket 41. By use of such a construction, wide variations in axial-stiffness and other physical parameters are obtained.
As is illustrated in FIG. 6, an embodiment of a reinforcement layer 31 is a coil, such as a round or flat wire coil, applied over the inner liner 20. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the orientation and composition of the reinforcing strands along and about the ureteral access sheath 5 can be altered over a wide range to provide any number of desirable characteristics related to flexibility and axial-stiffness.
The proximal and distal axial-stiffness of the reinforcement layer 31 can also be further modified by the type of reinforcement wire used, the size of the wire used, the pitch between the coils of the wire or between the strands of the braid and the number of strands of wire that are used.
In embodiments in accordance with the present invention, the reinforcement layer 31 comprises a tubular metal wire braid, such as, but not limited to stainless steel, is adhesively or mechanically bonded to the inner liner 20. The reinforcement layer 31 can alternatively be formed of a reinforcing composite material, such as, but not limited to, glass fiber.
FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 6 comprising a nonuniform axial stiffness outer jacket 40 and a nonuniform axial stiffness reinforcement layer 31 that is more stiff at the sheath proximal end 11 and less stiff at the sheath distal end 13, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The combination of a nonuniform axial stiffness outer jacket 40 and nonuniform axial stiffness reinforcement layer 31 provides predetermined nonuniform axial stiffness to the ureteral access sheath 6 suitable for a particular purpose.
FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 7, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprises an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a outer jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition that is less stiff at the sheath distal portion, wherein the outer jacket 40 and the inner liner 20 extend beyond the reinforcement layer 30 to define a distal tip 15. The extension of the outer jacket 40 and the inner liner 20 defines a space there between, wherein a radiopaque element 28 is disposed. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the radiopaque element 28 is in the form of a band.
Radiopaque markers are commonly used in medical devices so that the device can be located within the body using radiological imaging. For example, having the radiopaque element 28 in the distal tip 15 as provided in the embodiment of FIG. 8, the distal tip 15 can be visualized during insertion into the ureter for proper placement.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of constructing the nonuniform stiffness ureteral access sheath comprises: providing an elongated tubular inner liner, the elongated tubular inner liner having a liner proximal end and a liner distal end; coaxially placing a tubular reinforcement layer over the inner liner extending from the liner proximal end and spaced a predetermined distance from the liner distal end; coaxially placing a tubular radiopaque element on the inner liner extending from the reinforcement layer to the liner distal end; and applying at least one layer of material over the reinforcement layer and the radiopaque element.
In other embodiments in accordance with the present invention, a radiopaque element comprises the reinforcement layer 30 itself, the reinforcement layer 30 comprising a radiopaque material. Radiopaque material is known in the art, including, but not limited to, platinum, gold and tungsten.
FIG. 9 is a side cross-sectional view of a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath 8, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprises an outer jacket 40 having a jacket proximal portion 42 comprising a first composition that is more stiff at the sheath proximal portion 11 and a outer jacket distal portion 44 comprising a second composition that is less stiff at the sheath distal portion, wherein the outer jacket 40 and the inner liner 20 extend beyond the reinforcement layer 30 to define a distal tip 15. The extension of the outer jacket 40 and the inner liner 20 defines a space there between, wherein a radiopaque element 28 is disposed. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the radiopaque element 28 is in the form of a band.
FIG. 9 illustrates how the outer jacket 40 conforms to the profile of the elements of the reinforcement layer 30, encasing the reinforcement layer 30 in cooperative arrangement with the inner liner 20, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that the cooperative arrangement between the outer jacket 40 and the inner liner 20 as shown in FIG. 9 is also applicable to any of the above embodiments previously presented. Material properties of the material used for outer jacket 40 can be predetermined so as to deform, flow, conform to, and otherwise encapsulate the fibers of the reinforcement layer 30 during the manufacturing process.
Embodiments of the reinforcement layer 30, include, but are not limited to, a braid, mesh or coil. The reinforcement layer 30 can consist of longitudinal, angled or circumferential windings of high strength fibers which are bonded to the inner liner 20 and encased by the outer jacket 40. The outer jacket 40 conforms to the spaces between the fibers, braid, mesh or coil, among others.
In an embodiment of the method in accordance with the present invention, the invention comprises providing an elongated tubular inner liner, the elongated tubular inner liner having a proximal end and a distal end; coaxially placing a tubular reinforcement layer over the inner liner; applying at least a first composition layer of first material over the reinforcement layer at the proximate end and a second composition at the distal end.
Embodiments of the present invention can also be embodied in a variety of structures which provide nonuniform axial-stiffness over the length of the ureteral access sheath. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that combinations of the above referenced embodiments may be used in order to provide a structure with specific and desired combinations of axial-stiffness, torqueability, and pushability over the length of the ureteral access sheath.
For ureteral use, the overall length of the ureteral access sheath can be, for example, from 20 cm to 55 cm, with the outer diameter being less than 16 Fr (1 Fr=0.0135 inch). These dimensions are approximate, and in practical terms, depend upon sizes suitable for a particular purpose.
By using the construction according to an embodiment of methods of the present invention, include coating, extruding, or otherwise forming the outer jacket so as to have a predetermined non-uniformity of axial-stiffness wherein a lower axial-stiffness at the distal end provides a softer, better tracking ureteral access sheath, and a higher axial-stiffness at the proximal end to provide improved pushability.
By using the construction according to an embodiment of methods of the present invention, coating, extruding, and otherwise forming the outer jacket so as to have a predetermined non-uniformity of axial-stiffness in cooperative arrangement with a reinforcement layer of a predetermined non-uniformity of longitudinal axial-stiffness encapsulated between the inner liner and outer jacket, wherein a lower axial-stiffness at the distal end provides a softer, better tracking device, and a higher axial-stiffness at the proximal end to provide improved pushability.

## Claims

1. A nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, comprising:
a tubular inner liner;
a reinforcement layer coaxially located over the inner liner; and
an outer jacket coaxially located over the reinforcement layer, the outer jacket having a jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion, the jacket proximal portion having a higher durometer than the jacket distal portion, wherein along a length of the sheath, spanning the jacket distal portion and jacket proximal portion, there are spaces between the tubular inner liner and the outer jacket that are void of reinforcement layer structure.

2. The sheath of claim 1, wherein the outer jacket comprises at least two coaxial tube portions tandemly disposed over the reinforcement layer, the tube portions having dissimilar axial-stiffness.

3. The sheath of claim 1, wherein the outer jacket comprises a butt-joint transition region between the jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion.

4. The sheath of claim 1, wherein the outer jacket comprises a tapered transition region between the jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion.

5. The sheath of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a reinforcement layer proximal portion and a reinforcement layer distal portion, the reinforcement layer proximal portion having a higher axial stiffness than the reinforcement layer distal portion.

6. The sheath of claim 1, wherein the outer jacket extends beyond the reinforcement layer distal portion defining a distal tip.

7. The sheath of claim 1, further comprising a radiopaque element, wherein the outer jacket and the inner liner extend beyond the reinforcement layer distal portion defining a distal tip, the radiopaque element disposed adjacent the reinforcement layer distal portion at the distal tip between the extended inner liner and outer jacket.

8. A nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath, comprising:
a tubular inner liner;
a reinforcement layer coaxially located over the inner liner, the reinforcement layer comprising a reinforcement layer proximal portion and a reinforcement layer distal portion, the reinforcement layer proximal portion having a higher axial stiffness than the reinforcement layer distal portion; and
an outer jacket coaxially located over the reinforcement layer wherein along a length of the sheath, spanning the reinforcement layer proximal portion and the reinforcement layer distal portion, there are spaces between the tubular inner liner and the outer jacket that are void of reinforcement layer structure.

9. The sheath of claim 8, wherein the outer jacket has a jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion, the jacket proximal portion having a higher durometer than the jacket distal portion.

10. The sheath of claim 9, wherein the outer jacket comprises at least two coaxial tube portions tandemly disposed over the reinforcement layer, the tube portions having dissimilar axial-stiffness.

11. The sheath of claim 9, wherein the outer jacket comprises a butt-joint transition region between the jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion.

12. The sheath of claim 9, wherein the outer jacket comprises a tapered transition region between the jacket proximal portion and a jacket distal portion.

13. The sheath of claim 9, wherein the outer jacket extends beyond the reinforcement layer distal portion defining a distal tip.

14. The sheath of claim 9, further comprising a radiopaque element, wherein the outer jacket and the inner liner extend beyond the reinforcement layer distal portion defining a distal tip, the radiopaque element disposed adjacent the reinforcement layer distal portion at the distal tip between the extended inner liner and the outer jacket.

15. A method of constructing a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising:
providing an elongated tubular inner liner having a liner proximal portion and a liner distal portion;
providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner, the outer jacket comprising a jacket proximal portion having a higher durometer and a jacket distal portion having a lower durometer; and
providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket, and wherein along a length of the sheath, spanning the jacket distal portion and jacket proximal portion, there are spaces between the tubular inner liner and the outer jacket that are void of reinforcement layer structure.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner comprises providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner extending from the liner proximal portion to the liner distal portion, and
wherein providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket comprises providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket extending from the liner proximal portion to the liner distal portion.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner comprises providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner extending from the liner proximal portion to beyond the liner distal portion forming a distal tip.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket comprises providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket extending from the liner proximal portion and spaced from the liner distal portion, the method further comprising:
disposing a radiopaque element at the distal tip adjacent the reinforcement layer between the liner distal end and the outer jacket.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket comprises providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket, the reinforcement layer comprising a reinforcement layer proximal portion having a higher axial stiffness and a reinforcement layer distal portion having a lower axial stiffness.

20. A method of constructing a nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath comprising:
providing an elongated tubular inner liner having a liner proximal portion and a liner distal portion;
providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner; and
providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket, the reinforcement layer comprising a reinforcement layer proximal portion having a higher axial stiffness and a reinforcement layer distal portion having a lower axial stiffness and wherein along a length of the sheath, spanning the reinforcement layer distal portion and the reinforcement layer proximal portion, there are spaces between the tubular inner liner and the outer jacket that are void of reinforcement layer structure.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner comprises providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner extending from the liner proximal portion to the liner distal portion, and
wherein providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket comprises providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket extending from the liner proximal portion to the liner distal portion.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner comprises providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner extending from the liner proximal portion to beyond the liner distal portion forming a distal tip.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket comprises providing a reinforcement layer coaxially disposed between the inner liner and outer jacket extending from the liner proximal portion and spaced from the liner distal portion, the method further comprising:
disposing a radiopaque element at the distal tip adjacent the reinforcement layer between the liner distal end and the outer jacket.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner comprises providing an outer jacket disposed over the inner liner, the outer jacket comprising a jacket proximal portion having a higher durometer and a jacket distal portion having a lower durometer.

25. The nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a coil configured to provide a non-uniform axial stiffness.

26. The nonuniform axial-stiffness ureteral access sheath of claim 8, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a coil configured to provide a non-uniform axial stiffness.

27. The method of claim 15, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a coil configured to provide a non-uniform axial stiffness.

28. The method of claim 20, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a coil configured to provide a non-uniform axial stiffness.