Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-521 | October 26, 2020 Page 1 of 13

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Susan D. Rayl

Michael Ray Smith

Hand Ponist Horvath Smith & Rayl

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General of Indiana

Jodi Kathryn Stein

Deputy Attorney General 

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Hayden J. Nix,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff.

October 26, 2020

Court of Appeals Case No.

20A-CR-521

Appeal from the Hancock Superior 

Court

The Honorable Terry K. Snow, 

Judge Pro Tempore

Trial Court Cause No.

30D01-1901-F3-209

Najam, Judge.

Statement of the Case

[1] Hayden J. Nix appeals his conviction for rape, as a Level 3 felony, following a 

jury trial. Nix raises four issues for our review, which we restate as the 

following three issues:
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1. Whether Nix preserved for appellate review his arguments

that he was denied an impartial jury and that the trial 

court erred when it denied his motion for a change of 

venue.

2. Whether the trial court committed fundamental error 

when it did not sua sponte prohibit the State from asking 

certain questions of witnesses, which Nix asserts 

amounted to a drumbeat repetition of the victim’s 

testimony.

3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it 

denied Nix’s motion for funds to hire a mitigation 

specialist to aid his defense at sentencing.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[3] In October of 2017, when they were freshmen at New Palestine High School 

and on fall break, fourteen-year-old R. and her friend B. went to a party 

together. As R. and B. could not drive, they enlisted the assistance of a male 

acquaintance from the high school, E., who drove the two girls to the party. 

After a few hours, the girls wanted to leave, but E. was “unable to drive.” Tr. 

Vol. II at 109. E. then asked his friend, Nix, whom the girls did not know, to 

drive all three of them home.

[4] Around 3:00 a.m., Nix drove the three of them to E.’s house first. There, E. got 

out of the car, and B. also got out of the car to use the restroom. Nix then 

moved from the driver’s seat to the backseat with R. He began touching R.’s 
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legs and ignored her requests for him to stop. Nix then forced himself on top of 

R., removed both of their pants, held her down, and raped her. During the 

attack, R. was “yelling.” Id. at 120. She was able to open the nearest car door 

“[t]wice,” but Nix “was able to pull it shut before [R.] could get it open all the 

way.” Id. at 139-40.

[5] Meanwhile, E. told B. that they had to enter his house through the back door. 

When the two arrived at the back door, it was locked, and E. told B. that she 

should “just hang out with me in the woods.” Id. at 183. B. thought E.’s 

request was “weird,” but she went with him. Id. After several minutes, B. 

wanted to go back home, and she went back to the car and knocked on the back 

window, which B. could not see through. Nix opened the door, told her to go 

away, and then shut the door again. B. then went back to the woods with E. 

and, after some more time, again knocked on the window of the car, only to 

have Nix again open the door, tell her to go away, and close it again. B. 

thought this was “weird,” and she was “uncomfortable.” Id. at 187-88. She 

also heard R. and Nix “arguing,” “yelling,” and “being loud,” but she could not 

make out what was being said. Id. at 188. After B. tried to enter the car a third 

time and failed, she began walking home. 

[6] At that point, E. intervened and picked up B. in the car. Nix and R. were in the 

backseat when E. picked up B. B. recalled that, at that time, “[n]o one was 

talking” inside the car. Id. at 190. After getting to R.’s house, R. and B. both 

exited the car. Some time in the next day or two, R. told B. that Nix had raped 
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her in the back of the car. At R.’s insistence, B. promised not to tell anyone. 

Later, R. told another of her school friends, J., of the attack.

[7] Following the attack, R. quit cheerleading and softball. Her attendance at the 

high school faltered, and her grades dropped. She began to “isolate[]” herself 

from her friends and family. Id. at 130. In February of 2018, R.’s grandmother 

engaged her about what had happened. R. then told her grandmother about the 

attack, and R.’s grandmother promised not to tell anyone, a promise which R.’s 

grandmother kept for about six months. Then R.’s grandmother informed R.’s 

father, who reported it to the Hancock County Sheriff’s Department.

[8] In January of 2019, the State charged Nix in relevant part with rape, as a Level 

3 felony. In October, Nix moved for a change of venue because, in the six 

months prior to his motion, he had been sentenced in three other, similar cases 

that had been reported in the local media. At a hearing on that motion, the 

State argued that there was no evidence of actual prejudice at the moment, but 

if that evidence came up during the voir dire of prospective jurors the court 

could reconsider the motion. The court then denied Nix’s motion.

[9] During the ensuing voir dire, six prospective jurors1 reported having read about 

Nix’s other cases and suggested that they had already formed an opinion as to 

his guilt in the instant case. The court then permitted, without objection from 

1

 Those prospective jurors were jurors 5, 31, 34, 51, 53, and 55. Another prospective juror, juror 30, stated 

that, if Nix had “been in here before for the same thing” and “he’s gotten off [for] insufficient evidence,” he 

must be “[g]uilty.” Tr. Vol. II at 44. The court removed juror 30 for cause. Id. at 67.
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Nix, to have those prospective jurors share a waiting room with other

prospective jurors without instructing them not to discuss the matter and not to 

read media reports. The parties and the court then discussed which prospective 

jurors to strike. Following that discussion and additional voir dire, none of the 

six prospective jurors who had read about Nix in the media reports were 

selected to sit on his jury. Id. at 78.

[10] During Nix’s jury trial, R. testified about Nix’s attack on her. After R. testified, 

B. testified about her observations and recollections from that night. The State 

also called J., R.’s grandmother, and an investigating detective, who each

testified that R. had told them of the attack. Nix did not object to this 

testimony.

[11] The jury found Nix guilty of rape, as a Level 3 felony, and the trial court set the 

matter for a sentencing hearing. Nix, who was represented by private counsel, 

then asked the court for public funds to aid in the costs of obtaining a 

“mitigation specialist” to assist Nix with his arguments at sentencing. 

Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 179. The court denied Nix’s request. Nonetheless, 

Nix was able to obtain a mitigation specialist, who filed a report with and then 

testified to the court, stating among other things that Nix suffered from “fetal 

alcohol spectrum disorder.” Tr. Vol. III at 192. 

[12] During its closing argument to the court at the sentencing hearing, the State 

argued in relevant part as follows:
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I want to specifically comment with regard to [Nix being] 

asked [in the preparation of the pre-sentence investigation 

report] . . . why he believed he was . . . convicted in this case 

and . . . [Nix] indicated . . . that . . . he feels the jury members

knew about his prior . . . convictions, which le[d] them to convict 

him [in] the [present] case. I want to be very clear that at no 

point in time during the trial did the [S]tate elicit any information 

with regard to [his prior convictions]. . . . [N]ot at any point 

during voir dire . . . was there discussion put forth by the [S]tate

as to prior convictions.

Tr. Vol. III at 207. Nix’s counsel responded to that part of the State’s argument 

by asserting:

In terms of the [S]tate’s argument about . . . the jury, and I don’t 

know why it was brought up because it’s really kind of neither 

here nor there, but they brought it up so I’m going to comment 

on it. . . . [N]o one talked about his prior cases during the trial. 

That is true. However, after the trial when the defense and the 

[S]tate spoke to the jury, the jury foreperson said[,] “I know 

about his prior cases. He’s already proven himself to be a piece 

of sh[*]t.” And there were other jurors back there [who] 

concurred and also said that they had read in the news about 

[Nix’s] other cases. So, even though it wasn’t brought up during 

the trial . . . [,] based off of what we were told in the jury room 

that was something that was considered. And I relayed that 

information to [Nix]. And so, that’s likely why he said that in 

the PSI . . . .

Id. at 209-10. After hearing the evidence and arguments, the court stated that it 

did not find Nix’s evidence or arguments persuasive, and the court then 

sentenced him to sixteen years, with three years suspended to probation. This 

appeal ensued.
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Discussion and Decision

Issue One: Nix’s Impartial-Jury 

and Change-of-Venue Arguments

[13] We first address Nix’s several arguments that he was denied an impartial jury 

and his related argument that he should have received a change of venue. As 

for his impartial-jury arguments, Nix recognizes that the right to an impartial 

jury is protected by the state and federal constitutions. Appellant’s Br. at 41. 

He argues that he was denied that right for numerous reasons. But the premise

of his argument is his counsel’s statement to the court, at the close of the 

sentencing hearing, that he had been told by the jury foreperson after the trial

that several jurors knew about Nix’s prior cases. From that statement, Nix 

infers that some of the prospective jurors who acknowledged during voir dire 

that they had read about Nix in the local media must have exposed the other 

prospective jurors to those reports. According to Nix, that exposure reveals that 

the trial court erred in the manner in which it conducted the voir dire and in not 

instructing the prospective jurors not to discuss matters and not to research the 

defendant while they were not in the courtroom.

[14] There are a number of flaws with Nix’s argument. First, the premise of his 

argument—his own counsel’s statement to the court at the close of sentencing—

is not evidence, and Nix cites no other portion of the record to demonstrate any 

apparent bias in a juror from his trial. Deen-Bacchus v. Bacchus, 71 N.E.3d 882, 

886 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). Indeed, Nix did not respond to the jury foreperson’s 

purported disclosure after the trial by immediately informing the court and 
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calling the jurors to question them and make a record. Rather, he waited 

several months to make a passing comment about it at the close of the 

sentencing hearing, and he uses that passing comment on appeal to engage in 

speculation about what it might mean. We conclude that Nix has not met his 

burden of persuasion on appeal.

[15] Second, Nix was the party who used voir dire to inquire about potential biases 

the prospective jurors might have had based on pretrial publicity. He did not 

request that voir dire be individualized. If any exposure to Nix’s criminal 

history among the unaware prospective jurors occurred during voir dire, Nix 

cannot show that it is not the direct result of his own questioning. As such, he 

invited any error in exposing the prospective jurors, and “invited error is not 

reversible error.” B.C. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re J.C.), 142 N.E.3d 427, 

432 (Ind. 2020) (per curiam).

[16] Third, Nix’s unsubstantiated arguments and invited error notwithstanding, he 

did not request the court to separate the prospective jurors before the court 

removed them from the courtroom. He did not ask the court to admonish the

prospective jurors. He did not object to the procedure the court employed with 

the prospective jurors or request an alternative procedure in any respect. For all 

of those reasons, Nix has not preserved his arguments on appeal that the court 

failed to empanel an impartial jury.

[17] Nonetheless, Nix asserts that we should review his claim that the court failed to 

empanel an impartial jury because his claim of error is both structural and 
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fundamental. Nix’s assertion that we should review his unpreserved arguments 

because they allege structural error is a nonstarter. Structural error means that 

the error is never harmless; that is, once an appellant shows structural error, he 

can skip the usual need to show that the error is also not harmless. E.g., Durden 

v. State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 653 (Ind. 2018). But our Supreme Court has made 

clear that “[t]he invited-error doctrine precludes a remedy for . . . structural 

error.” Id. at 655. The Court has further made clear that “almost any claim, 

structural or not, can be forfeited through procedural default.” Whiting v. State, 

969 N.E.2d 24, 32 (Ind. 2012). Accordingly, we will not consider Nix’s invited 

and unpreserved claims under the rubric of structural error.

[18] Likewise, Nix’s claim that we must review his arguments on this issue for

fundamental error is also not correct. “An error is fundamental, and thus 

reviewable on appeal, if it made a fair trial impossible or constituted a clearly 

blatant violation of basic and elementary principles of due process presenting an 

undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 652 

(quotation marks omitted). But invited error “forecloses appellate review 

altogether,” even for claims of fundamental error. Batchelor v. State, 119 N.E.3d 

550, 556 (Ind. 2019). And, in any event, given that Nix’s arguments are 

nothing more than speculation, he has not shown that a fair trial was 

impossible. As such, we decline Nix’s invitation to consider his fundamental

error argument or his other arguments regarding jury impartiality.

[19] This brings us to Nix’s related claim that he was entitled to a change of venue 

based on pretrial publicity. We review the trial court’s denial of Nix’s motion 
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for an abuse of discretion. Myers v. State, 887 N.E.2d 170, 181 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2008), trans. denied. We will affirm the trial court’s denial of a motion for a 

change of venue in a criminal trial where the defendant “fails to demonstrate 

that the jurors were unable to render an impartial verdict.” Id. at 182. As 

explained above, Nix cites no evidence in the record to show that the 

empaneled jury was not impartial. Moreover, before the trial court denied 

Nix’s motion for a change of venue, the State pointed out that, if an impartial 

jury could not be empaneled, Nix could renew the motion, which he did not do. 

Instead, he accepted the jury. Accordingly, we cannot say the court abused its 

discretion when it denied Nix’s motion for a change of venue.

Issue Two: Purported Drumbeat Evidence

[20] Nix next asserts that the trial court committed fundamental error when it did 

not sua sponte prohibit the State from questioning B., R.’s grandmother, an 

investigating officer, and J. regarding whether R. had told them that Nix raped 

her. According to Nix, the testimony of those witnesses was “drumbeat 

repetition” used by the State “to vouch for [R.’s] credibility.” Appellant’s Br. at 

50, 54. Again, he did not object to the testimony at trial.

[21] Nix misapplies our fundamental-error doctrine here. Again, fundamental error

makes “a fair trial impossible.” Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 652. And “fundamental 

error in the evidentiary decisions of our trial courts is especially rare.” Merritt v. 

State, 99 N.E.3d 706, 709-10 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. That is because

fundamental error
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is extremely narrow and encompasses only errors so blatant that 

the trial judge should have acted independently to correct the 

situation. At the same time, if the judge could recognize a viable 

reason why an effective attorney might not object, the error is not blatant 

enough to constitute fundamental error.

Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 652 (emphasis added; quotation marks and citations 

omitted).

[22] An attorney’s decision not to object to certain evidence or lines of questioning is 

often a tactical decision, and our trial courts can readily imagine any number of 

viable reasons why attorneys might not object. Cf. Merritt, 99 N.E.3d at 710 

(“The risk calculus inherent in a request for an admonishment is an assessment 

that is nearly always best made by the parties and their attorneys and not sua 

sponte by our trial courts.”). Fundamental error in the erroneous admission of 

evidence might include a claim that there has been a “fabrication of evidence,”

“willful malfeasance on the part of the investigating officers,” or otherwise that

“the evidence is not what it appears to be.” Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 

(Ind. 2010). But absent an argument along those lines, “the claimed error does 

not rise to the level of fundamental error.” Id. 

[23] Nix does not assert that the evidence against him was not what it appeared to 

be. Rather, his argument is simply that the purportedly erroneous admission of 

this evidence implicated his due-process rights because it made the State’s 

evidence appear stronger than it might have actually been. See Appellant’s Br. 

at 56-57. But Nix’s argument on this issue would turn fundamental error from 

a rare exception to the general rule for appellate review. There are often tactical 
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reasons for an attorney not to object to the admission of evidence or the 

questioning of witnesses, and, however discerning our trial courts may be, they 

are not expected or required to divine the mind of counsel. And, if a defense 

counsel lacks a tactical reason for not objecting to prejudicial evidence that 

would not have been admitted with a proper objection, the defendant has the 

post-conviction process available to him to pursue relief. Accordingly, we reject 

Nix’s argument on this issue and conclude that it fails to meet the high bar of 

fundamental error.

Issue Three: The Trial Court’s Denial of

Nix’s Motion for Funds to Hire Mitigation Specialist

[24] Nix’s final argument on appeal is that the trial court abused its discretion when 

it denied his motion for funds to hire a mitigation specialist to assist Nix’s 

arguments at the sentencing hearing. In particular, Nix asserts that the court 

abused its discretion because it had found him indigent at his initial hearing and 

had appointed him a public defender. Although his family later hired a private 

attorney for him, he continues, he remained indigent.

[25] The trial court denied Nix’s motion on the ground that he apparently had 

access to funds to obtain private counsel and therefore could cover his own 

costs for a mitigation specialist. Nix’s argument on appeal is simply a request 

for this Court to reassess the facts and circumstances that were before the trial 

court, which we will not do. We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of 

Nix’s motion for funds to hire a mitigation specialist.
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Conclusion

[26] In sum, we affirm Nix’s conviction in all respects.

[27] Affirmed.

Bradford, C.J., and Mathias, J., concur.