# Patent

## Title
Developing apparatus and image forming apparatus provided with the same

## Abstract

A housing of a developing apparatus is provided with a conveying member in a developer supplying and recovering portion, and with two agitating members rotating from the below to the above in portions opposed to each other in a developer agitating portion. A guide is provided in an inner bottom surface of the housing between two agitating members. A braking portion suppressing a discharge of a developer is provided in a downstream side of the developer agitating portion in a developer conveying direction of the second agitating member, and a discharge portion is provided in a downstream side of a disc of the braking portion.

## Background
This application is based on application No. 2009-147682 filed in Japan on Jun. 22, 2009, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a developing apparatus of an electrophotographic type image forming apparatus installed according to a monochrome/color and standalone/network connection type of copying machine, printer, facsimile, complex machine of them, and the like, and an image forming apparatus provided with the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, in an electrophotographic developing apparatus, a mono-component development and a two-component development are employed. In the mono-component development, since a toner comes into contact with each of members of a developing device in a portion supplying the toner, a portion charging the toner, a portion discharging the toner, and a portion recovering the toner, a load is applied to the toner. A thermoplastic resin is used for the toner, and inorganic fine particles are attached and treated as a fluidity modifying agent to the surface thereof. Accordingly, the toner surface is thermally changed and the inorganic fine particles are embedded due to the load. Since a rotating speed of each of the members becomes high in a high speed machine, a greater load is applied to the toner. Therefore, a speeding up has a limit. Further, in recent years, a diameter of the toner is significantly reduced according to a high image quality and is frequently set to be equal to or less than 6 μm. Since a larger amount of after treatment agent is treated for the toner having the small diameter as mentioned above, and the fluidity is deteriorated, an aggregation of the toner and the embedding of the after treatment agent are significantly caused by the load mentioned above. Further, a tendency of a low temperature fixing is significant as an environmental countermeasure. Accordingly, a thermal resistance of the toner is lowered, causing a further disadvantageous condition with respect to the load mentioned above.
In the two-component development, a toner charged due to triboelectric charging between the toner and a carrier is attached to an electrostatic latent image formed on an image carrier so as to develop. Within a developing device, a charged state of the toner is maintained by keeping a rate of the toner and the carrier constant. However, if the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier is developed with the toner, the toner comes short. Accordingly, the toner is replenished by a replenishing section. The toner replenished by the replenishing section is not charged yet, and is charged while being agitated and conveyed with a developer within the developing device by an agitating and conveying section within the developing device. In this method, since the charging application is carried out by mixing the particles, the load applied to the toner is small. Accordingly, the toner has a longer service life in comparison with the mono-component development, and an excellent high speed response can be obtained.
On the other hand, in recent years, an electrophotographic type of product has been introduced in a field of a high production region, a system having a high speed and a long service life has been proposed. In the developing apparatus, there have been provided an apparatus having a plurality of developing rollers, an apparatus having a trickle mechanism gradually replacing a developer, a hybrid developing apparatus using a two-component developer for a supply roller portion and a mono-component toner for a developing roller portion, and a developing apparatus obtained by combing them. In any developing apparatus, the toner is replenished, and the toner is charged while being agitated and conveyed with the developer within the developing device by the agitating and conveying section within the developing device.
In the toner replenishing type developing apparatus, if a high printing rate of print is continuously carried out, the toner comes short and the uncharged toner is accordingly replenished. Then, if the replenished toner is conveyed in a state in which a charged amount is low, without being sufficiently agitated, and is supplied onto the developing roller, image deterioration such as toner scattering and toner fogging occurs.
Further, since a time for which the replenished toner is conveyed onto the developing roller becomes short due to the recent speeding up of the apparatus, the problem mentioned above becomes further serious. Then, there has been proposed a developing device using two agitating members for providing a developing device which efficiently and well agitates a developer as well as preventing the replenished toner from being conveyed onto the developing roller without being sufficiently agitated, and has no fogging and no scattering.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
However, in developing apparatus having three axes of one supplying and conveying member and two agitating members such as developing apparatuses disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. H09-152774 and 2004-326033, it is necessary to take into consideration a circulation balance with regard to which axis a discharge port discharging the developer should be provided. Further, if the agitating member closer to the supplying and conveying member among two agitating members conveys more developer to the discharge port than the supplying and conveying member, an amount of the developer which the supplying and conveying member can supply to the developing roller becomes too small in the case that images having low printing rate are succeeded, causing a problem that an image defect (an image deficiency and a screw unevenness) is generated.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus which can maintain a suitable amount of developer without discharging the developer too much, and can obtain a good image without deteriorating an image quality even if images having low printing rate images are succeeded.
The present invention provides a developing apparatus and an image forming apparatus provided with the same, including:
a housing provided with a developer supplying and recovering portion and a developer agitating portion that are communicated with each other and form a circulating conveying path for a two-component developer including a toner and a carrier, so as to be adjacent via a partition wall having communication portions in both end portions;
a developer carrier provided on an opposite side to the developer agitating portion in the developer supplying and recovering portion, and attaching the toner to a photo conductor so as to develop an electrostatic latent image on the photo conductor;
a conveying member arranged in the developer supplying and recovering portion in such a manner as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the developer carrier, supplying the developer to the developer carrier, conveying the developer in a longitudinal direction, and delivering the developer to the developer agitating portion through the communication portion;
a first agitating member arranged in the developer agitating portion so as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the conveying member in adjacent to the partition wall, conveying the developer in an inverse direction to the conveying direction by the conveying member while agitating, and delivering the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion through the communication portion;
a second agitating member arranged in the developer agitating portion so as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the first agitating member in adjacent to the first agitating member, conveying the developer in the same direction as the conveying direction by the first agitating member while agitating, and delivering the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion through the communication portion; and
a projection-shaped guide arranged in an inner bottom surface of the housing positioned between the first agitating member and the second agitating member so as to extend from one side of the direction of the rotating axis of the first agitating member and the second agitating member to the other side,
wherein a cross sectional shape of the guide which is orthogonal to the axial direction of the rotating axis being a mountain shape with wide foot portion,
wherein the guide is arranged in such a manner that gaps between respective outermost portions of the first agitating member and the second agitating member, and the inner bottom surface of the housing and the guide become 1.5 mm or more and 3 mm or less,
wherein the first agitating member and the second agitating member rotate in such a manner that the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in portions which are opposed to each other,
wherein a braking portion inhibiting the developer from being discharged is provided on a downstream side of the developer agitating portion of the housing in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating member, a discharge portion is provided on a downstream side of the braking portion, and the discharge portion is provided with a developer discharge port discharging the developer coming to the discharge portion over the braking portion.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a structure of an image forming apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a developing apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view along a line in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view along a line IV-IV in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a top view of the developing apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view along a line VI-VI in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 8 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 9 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 10 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 11 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 12 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 13 is a view showing positions of ribs of a first agitating member and a second agitating member;
FIG. 14 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 15 is a view showing positions of ribs of a first agitating member and a second agitating member;
FIGS. 16A to 16D are views showing positions of ribs arranged symmetrically with respect to a surface which is orthogonal to a surface connecting axes of respective rotating axes of the first agitating member and the second agitating member;
FIG. 17 is a data table showing viewed results of images printed by image forming apparatuses;
FIG. 18 is a top view showing a modified embodiment of the developing apparatus according to the present invention; and
FIG. 19 is a cross sectional view along a line XIX-XIX in FIG. 18.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A description will be given below of an embodiment according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
(Construction)
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus is roughly provided with an image forming unit 1, a transfer unit 2, an exposure unit 3, a paper feed unit 4, a cleaning unit 5, a control unit (not shown) and the like. However, the present invention is not applied only to this kind of image forming apparatus, but can be applied, for example, a so-called four-cycle type color image forming apparatus, and a monochrome output image forming apparatus. Further, it can be applied to a copying machine, a printer, a facsimile, and a complex machine complexly provided with these functions.
The image forming units 1 are arranged at four positions along an intermediate transfer belt 6 of the transfer unit 2, and form a color image on a surface of the intermediate transfer belt 6 by forming images of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (Bk) from a side close to the cleaning unit 5. Each of the image forming units 1 is provided with a charging apparatus 8, a developing apparatus 9, a cleaning apparatus 10 and the like around a photo conductor drum 7.
The charging apparatus 8 forms a predetermined surface potential on a surface of the photo conductor drum 7. The surface potential comes to an electrostatic latent image by being exposed by the exposing unit 3.
The developing apparatus 9 is structured such as to accommodate a developing roller (a developer carrier) 12, a conveying screw (a conveying member) 13, a first agitating screw (a first agitating member) 14 and a second agitating screw (a second agitating member) 15 within a housing 11. The developing apparatus 9 will be mentioned in detail later.
A hopper 29 replenishing a two-component developer for replenishing (hereinafter, referred simply to as the developer) including a toner and a carrier is detachable above the developing apparatus 9.
The cleaning apparatus 10 recovers and cleans the toner which is left on the surface after being transferred to the surface of the photo conductor drum 7.
The transfer unit 2 is structured such as to bridge the intermediate transfer belt 6 over a pair of support rollers 33, drive one of the pair of support rollers 33 by a driving section (not shown), and move in a circulating manner the intermediate transfer belt 6 in a direction shown by an arrow “a” from the developing apparatus 9 for yellow (Y) toward the developing apparatus 9 for black (Bk), and is provided with a primary transfer portion 34 and a secondary transfer portion 35.
The exposing unit 3 irradiates the photo conductor drum 7 with laser light, and forms an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an image date read by a scanner (not shown).
The paper feed unit 4 feeds a recording medium 37 accommodated in a cassette 36 to the secondary transfer portion 35 via a conveying roller 38 sequentially. The toner image is transferred onto the recording medium 37 fed to the secondary transfer portion 35, and is fed out to a discharge tray 40 after the transferred toner image is fixed by a fixing unit 39.
The cleaning unit 5 can come close to and away from the intermediate transfer belt 6, and recovers and cleans the toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 6 by coming close thereto.
The control unit (not shown) executes a replenishing process of the developer based on a detection voltage inputted from a toner concentration sensor 31 of the developing apparatus 9.
In the present embodiment, the developer includes the toner and the carrier for charging the toner. The toner is not particularly limited, but can use a known toner which is generally used. The developer may be structured such as to further include an external additive agent. A toner particle diameter about 3 to 15 μm is desirable while not being limited to this. A mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier may be regulated in such a manner that a desired toner charging amount can be obtained. A toner ratio is suitably set to 3 to 30% by weight with respect to a total amount of the toner and the carrier, and is preferably set to 4 to 20% by weight.
Subsequently, a description will be given in detail of the developing apparatus 9. FIGS. 2 and 5 show the developing apparatus 9 of a so-called trickle type image forming apparatus structured such as to particularly replenish the developer including a small amount of carrier in addition to the toner, in an electrophotographic type using the two-component developer. The housing 11 of the developing apparatus 9 is formed into a long box shape extending from one end side to the other end side, and an inner portion thereof is divided into two sections including a developer supplying and recovering portion 17 and a developer agitating portion 18 by a partition wall 16 extending in a longitudinal direction. In this case, both end sides of the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 and the developer agitating portion 18 are communicated with each other by communication portions 19a and 19b, respectively, and can move in a circulating manner the developer within the housing 11. In other words, the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 and the developer agitating portion 18 are provided so as to be adjacent via the partition wall 16 having the communication portions 19a and 19b. Further, the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 and the developer agitating portion 18 form a circulating conveying path through the communication portions 19a and 19b. 
The developing apparatus 9 is provided with a braking portion 44 inhibiting a discharge of the developer on a downstream side in a developer conveying direction mentioned below in a range in which the communication portion 19b of the developer agitating portion 18 is positioned. The braking portion 44 is continued to the developer agitating portion 18 in conveying paths 14A and 15A mentioned below.
The developing apparatus 9 is provided with a discharge portion 45 in such a manner as to extend to a downstream side of the braking portion 44 in the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15. The braking portion 44 and the discharge portion 45 are continued to the developer agitating portion 18. Since the discharge portion 45 is provided in the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15, the developer on the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14 is not conveyed to the discharge portion 45. Further, among the developer on the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15, only a part of the excess amount of developer is conveyed to the discharge portion 45. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the discharge portion 45 is provided with a developer discharge port 47 discharging a part of the excess amount of developer on the downstream side of the developer agitating portion 18 coming over the braking portion 44. Appropriately discharging the developer through the developer discharge port 47 prevents the deteriorated carrier from staying within the housing 11 for a long period. The developer discharged from the developer discharge port 47 is conveyed to a discharge and storage portion (not shown).
The developing roller 12 is provided on an opposite side to the developer agitating portion 18 in the developer supplying and recovering portion 17, and is structured such as to attach the toner to the photo conductor drum 7 arranged so as to be opposed and develop the electrostatic latent image on the photo conductor drum 7. As shown in FIG. 4, the developing roller 12 is constructed by a fixedly arranged magnet roller 21 and a rotatable sleeve roller 22 inside enveloping the magnet roller 21. The magnet roller 21 has five magnetic poles including N1, S2, N2, N3 and S1 which are not illustrated, along a rotating direction of the sleeve roller 22. The sleeve roller 22 of the developing roller 12 is set in such a manner as to have the same rotating direction c (an opposite direction to each other in the opposed portions) as a rotating direction b of the photo conductor drum 7. In the developer supplying and recovering portion 17, a regulating member 42 regulating a layer thickness of the toner on the developing roller 12 is arranged.
The conveying screw 13 is arranged in the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 in such a manner as to extend along the direction of the rotating axis of the developing roller 12. The conveying screw 13 is provided with a spiral impeller blade 13b around the rotating shaft 13a. The impeller blade 13b is provided in a direction that the developer is conveyed from the communication portion 19b side to the communication portion 19a side if the conveying screw 13 is rotated. The conveying screw 13 is structured such as to convey the developer in a longitudinal direction (from the communication portion 19b side to the communication portion 19a side as shown by an arrow “d” in FIG. 5) as well as directly or indirectly supplying the developer to the developing roller 12. Further, The conveying screw 13 is structured such as to convey the developer to the developer agitating portion 18 through the communication portion 19a. The developer supplying and recovering portion 17 in which the conveying screw 13 is arranged forms the conveying path 13A.
The first agitating screw 14 is arranged in a range of the developer agitating portion 18 and the braking portion 44 in such a manner as to extend along the direction of the rotating axis of the conveying screw 13 in adjacent to the partition wall 16. The first agitating screw 14 is provided with a spiral impeller blade 14b serving as a forward wound impeller blade in the periphery of the rotating shaft 14a in the range of the developer agitating portion 18. The impeller blade 14b is provided in a direction that the developer is conveyed from the communication portion 19a side to the communication portion 19b side if the first agitating screw 14 is rotated. Further, a backward wound portion 14d is provided in the range of the braking portion 44. The backward wound portion 14d is constructed by a backward wound impeller blade 14e which is backward wound with respect to the impeller blade 14b serving as the forward wound impeller blade. Further, the backward wound impeller blade 14e is formed in such a manner that a pitch becomes smaller in comparison with the impeller blade 14b. The backward wound portion 14d is structured such as to brake the developer with respect to the conveying direction of the developer. On an upstream side in the developer conveying direction of the impeller blade 14b is provided a rib 14c (illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4) protruding in a diametrical direction from the rotating shaft 14a. A side edge of the rib 14c is firmly attached to the impeller blade 14b. The rib 14c is structured such as to deliver the developer in a direction which is orthogonal to the axial direction of the rotating shaft 14a, if the first agitating screw 14 is rotated. In the present embodiment, the rib 14c is formed into a rectangular tabular shape, and has width: 15 mm, height: (outer diameter of first agitating screw 14)—1 mm, and thickness: 2 mm. All the ribs 14c of the first agitating screw 14 are arranged on the same plane which is in parallel to the direction of the rotating axis of the first agitating screw 14. The rotating direction of the first agitating screw 14 is a direction in which the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in the portion which is opposed to the second agitating screw 15. The first agitating screw 14 is structured such as to deliver the developer in the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14 to the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15 over a guide 24 mentioned below while agitating, and convey the developer in an inverse direction (a longitudinal direction heading for the communication portion 19b side from the communication portion 19a side, as shown by an arrow “e” in FIG. 5) to the conveying direction by the conveying screw 13. Further, the first agitating screw 14 is structured such as to deliver the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 through the communication portion 19b. 
The second agitating screw 15 is arranged in the developer agitating portion 18, the braking portion 44, and the discharge portion 45 on an opposite side to the conveying screw 13 of the first agitating screw 14 in such a manner as to extend along the direction of the rotating axis of the first agitating screw 14. The second agitating screw 15 is provided with a spiral impeller blade 15b in the periphery of the rotating shaft 15a. The impeller blade 15b is provided in such a manner that the developer is conveyed in the same direction (a direction heading for the communication portion 19b side from the communication portion 19a side, as shown by an arrow “f” in FIG. 5) as the conveying direction by the first agitating screw 14, if the second agitating screw 15 is rotated. A backward wound portion 15d is arranged in a range (S10) including the communication portion 19b on a downstream side in the conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15 and an upstream side of the communication portion 19b, and the braking portion 44. The range of the communication portion 19b in this case is S01, and the range including the communication portion 19b and the upstream side of the communication portion 19b is S10. The backward wound portion 15d is constructed by a backward wound impeller blade 15e which is backward wound with respect to the impeller blade 15b serving as the forward wound impeller blade. Further, the backward wound impeller blade 15e is formed in such a manner that a pith becomes smaller in comparison with the impeller blade 15b. A disc 46 in a direction which is orthogonal to the developer conveying direction is provided in a boundary portion between the discharge portion 45 and the braking portion 44 serving as an upstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15. Further, the braking portion 44 is provided with a backward wound portion 15d on an upstream side in the developer conveying direction of the disc 46. An outer diameter of the disc 46 is the same as an outer diameter of the impeller blade 15b. A gap 48 is provided between the disc 46 and the conveying path 15A. A forward wound impeller blade 15f which is backward wound with respect to the backward wound impeller blade 15e is provided in a range of the discharge portion 45 of the second agitating screw 15. The forward wound impeller blade 15f is formed in such a manner that a pitch becomes smaller in comparison with the impeller blade 15b. The backward wound portion 15d is structured such as to brake the developer with respect to the conveying direction of the developer. The forward wound impeller blade 15f of the discharge portion 45 is structured such as to convey the developer in the discharge portion 45 from the disc 46 side to the developer discharge port 47 side. On an upstream side in the developer conveying direction of the impeller blade 15b is provided a tabular rib 15c (illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4) protruding in a diametrical direction from the rotating shaft 15a. A side edge of the rib 15c is firmly attached to the impeller blade 15b. The rib 15c is structured such as to deliver the developer in a direction which is orthogonal to the axial direction of the rotating shaft 15a, if the second agitating screw 15 is rotated. In the present embodiment, the rib 15c is formed into a rectangular tabular shape, and has width: 15 mm, height: (outer diameter of second agitating screw 15)—1 mm, and thickness: 2 mm. All the ribs 15c of the second agitating screw 15 are arranged on the same plane which is in parallel to the direction of the rotating axis of the second agitating screw 15. The rotating direction of the second agitating screw 15 is a direction in which the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in the portion which is opposed to the first agitating screw 14. In other words, the rotating directions of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 are the direction in which the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in the opposed portions to each other. The second agitating screw 15 is structured such as to deliver the developer in the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15 to the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14 over the guide 24 mentioned below while agitating, and convey the developer in an inverse direction (a longitudinal direction heading for the communication portion 19b side from the communication portion 19a side, as shown by an arrow “f” in FIG. 5) to the conveying direction by the conveying screw 13. Further, the second agitating screw 15 is structured such as to deliver the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 through the communication portion 19b. 
The projection shaped guide 24 is arranged in an inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 positioned between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, from one side to the other side in the direction of the rotating axis of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15. A cross sectional shape of the guide 24 orthogonal to the axial direction of the rotating shafts 14a and 15a of the agitating screws 14 and 15 is a mountain shape with wide foot portion 26. The guide 24 is arranged in such a manner that the gaps between the outermost portions 23 of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, and the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 and the guide 24 are 1.5 mm or more and 3 mm or less. In the present embodiment, the gap is 1.5 mm. On the assumption that a height from the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 to the top portion 20 of the guide 24 is set to “h”, and a distance between the centers of the shafts 14a and 15a of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 and the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 is set to “R”, a relationship 0.2×R<h<1.2×R is established. The conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14 is formed on the side in which the first agitating screw 14 is arranged, and the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15 is formed on the side in which the second agitating screw 15 is arranged.
A developer replenishing port (a toner supplying opening portion) 28 is provided in the upper surface of the housing 11 above the second agitating screw 15 on the side close to the communication portion 19a of the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15. As shown in FIG. 3, the developer is replenished to the developer replenishing port 28 from a hopper 29 mentioned below.
A toner concentration sensor 31 is provided as means for detecting a toner amount per unit volume, on a downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the developer agitating portion 18. The toner concentration sensor 31 is a conventionally well-known device which outputs a difference of magnetic permeability of the developer (an iron content included in the carrier) as a frequency, and calculates the toner concentration (a weight rate of the toner with respect to the developer).
The conveying screw 13, the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 are structured such as to be rotated by a driving force from a motor (not shown). The first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 are structured such that gears (not shown) provided respectively in the end portions of the rotating shafts 14a and 15a protruding from the housing 11 are engaged with each other, and synchronously rotate.
(Operation)
Next, operation of the image forming apparatus structured as mentioned above will be described.
At a time of forming an image, a color image data obtained by reading an image or an image data outputted from the personal computer or the like is transmitted as image signals of the respective colors yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (Bk) to each of the image forming unit 1 after a predetermined signal process is applied thereto.
In each of the image forming units 1, a laser light which is modulated is projected onto each of the photo conductor drums 7 to form an image latent image. Further, the toner is supplied to the photo conductor drum 7 from the developing apparatus 9.
In the developing apparatus 9, the developer accommodated within the housing 11 is circulated while being agitated, by rotationally driving the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15. Further, the developer is supplied from the conveying screw 13 to the developing roller 12. The developer is scraped off by the regulating member 42 so as to be a fixed amount, and is fed to the photo conductor drum 7.
Accordingly, the toner images of yellow, magenta, cyan and block are formed on the respective photo conductor drums 7. The formed toner images of yellow, magenta, cyan and black are subsequently overlapped on the moving intermediate transfer belt 6 by the primary transfer portion 34 so as to be primarily transferred. The overlapped toner image formed on the intermediate transfer belt 6 as mentioned above moves to the secondary transfer portion 35 according to the movement of the intermediate transfer belt 6.
Further, the recording medium 37 is supplied from the paper feed unit 4. The supplied recording medium 37 is conveyed between the second transfer portion 35 and the intermediate transfer belt 6 by the conveying roller 38, and the toner image formed in the intermediate transfer belt 6 is transferred to the medium 37. The recording medium 37 to which the toner image is transferred is conveyed further to the fixing unit 39, where the transferred toner image is fixed. After that, the recording medium is discharged to the discharge tray 40.
Next, agitation and circulation of the developer of the developing apparatus 9 according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 3. The developer replenished from the developer replenishing port 28 falls to the second agitating screw 15. Since the rotating direction of the second agitating screw 15 is the direction in which the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in the portion opposed to the first agitating screw 14, the replenished developer is conveyed from the above to the below along the housing 11 on the opposite side to the first agitating screw 14 by the second agitating screw 15. Thereafter, the developer goes over the guide 24 so as to be delivered to the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14, and is also conveyed in the longitudinal direction (the direction of the arrow “f” in FIG. 5) while being agitated within the developer conveying path 15A. Further, the developer goes over the guide 24 so as to be delivered to the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15, and is also conveyed in the longitudinal direction (the direction of the arrow “e” in FIG. 5) while being agitated within the developer conveying path 14A. As mentioned above, the developer within the developer conveying paths 14A and 15A is agitated and conveyed by the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15. In this case, the guide 24 existing between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 is provided with an assisting function of delivering the developer from the developer conveying path 15A to the developer conveying path 14A and vice versa as well as a function of assisting in the improvement of the speed at a time of conveying the developer in the longitudinal direction. The first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 rotate from the below to the above in the opposed portions to each other, and the developer is conveyed in a rotating direction along the guide 24 while obtaining a propelling force based on the rotating motions of the ribs 14c and 15c. Accordingly, it is possible to well agitate the developer.
In the conveying path 14A, since the first agitating screw 14 has the backward wound portion 14d in the range of the braking portion 44, the developer is braked with respect to the conveying direction by the braking portion 44. Further, in the conveying path 15A, since the second agitating screw 15 has the backward wound portion 15d in S10 and the range of the braking portion 44, the developer is braked by S10 and the braking portion 44 with respect to the conveying direction. Further, a part of the braked developer is pushed out by the subsequently conveyed developer so as to be delivered to and join the developer conveying path 14A. Further, the developer conveyed by the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 is delivered to the developer supplying and recovering portion 17 (the conveying path 13A on the upstream side of the developer conveying direction of the conveying screw 13) from the communication portion 19b on the downstream side of the developer conveying direction. Since a force which the housing 11 of the developing apparatus 9 receives in the developer conveying direction, and a force which the second agitating screw 15 receives are lightened by the backward wound portion 15d, it is possible to reduce a torque necessary for driving the developing apparatus 9.
In the developer conveying path 14A in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the first agitating screw 14, a whole amount of the developer of the developer conveying path 14A is conveyed to the conveying path 13A through the communication portion 19b. On the contrary, in the developer conveying path 15A in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15, a whole amount of the developer of the developer conveying path 15A is not conveyed to the conveying path 13A through the communication portion 19b. In other words, in the developer conveying path 15A in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15, the developer becomes excess. Accordingly, only a part of the excess developer in the downstream side of the developer agitating portion 18 can be conveyed to the discharge portion 45, by providing the discharge portion 45 having the developer discharge port 47 in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15. Specifically, in the developer conveying path 15A in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15, the developer goes into the braking portion 44 from the developer agitating portion 18 while being braked by the backward wound portion 15d. Then, the developer is dammed in front of the discharge portion 45 by the disc 46 so as to be reserved in the braking portion 44. However, if a fixed amount of developer is reserved in the braking portion 44 and the developer is thereafter conveyed further, the developer goes over the disc 46 so as to go forward to the discharge portion 45 from the gap 48. In other words, the developer in the developer conveying path 15A goes over the braking portion 44 so as to be conveyed to the discharge portion 45. The developer conveyed to the discharge portion 45 is discharged from the developer discharge port 47. In this manner, since the developer is not conveyed to the discharge portion 45 until the developer going beyond the certain fixed amount is conveyed, the developer is not reduced in an unnecessary case. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid the matter that the amount of the developer becomes too small within the circulating conveying path.
The developer which can be sufficiently agitated and conveyed and be normally charged in the developing apparatus 9 is conveyed in the longitudinal direction while being supplied to the developing roller 12 within the developer conveying path 13A. The developer conveyed by the conveying screw 13 is delivered to the developer conveying path 14A from the developer conveying path 13A through the communication portion 19a on the downstream side in the developer conveying direction. Further, the developer goes over the guide 24 to be delivered to the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15 from the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14. In this manner, the circulating property of the developer in the developing apparatus 9 is secured.
On the other hand, in the developing apparatus 9, the toner concentration is detected by the toner concentration sensor 31 on the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the developer agitating portion 18. Further, a developer replenishing amount is decided based on the toner concentration and the image information at a time of forming the image, and the developer is replenished from the hopper 29 in which the developer is filled to the developer replenishing port 28.
Experimental examples for confirming an effect whether or not a good image can be obtained without deteriorating the image quality even if the low printing images succeed in the developing apparatus 9 according to the present invention and the image forming apparatus provided with the same will be described below.
Experimental conditions are as described in FIGS. 7 to 12 and FIGS. 14 and 17. With regard to the image forming apparatus, the conveying screw (the agitating member) 13 was structured such as to have an outer diameter φ30 and a rotating speed 400 rpm, the first agitating screw (the first agitating member) 14 was structured such as to have an outer diameter φ30 and a rotating speed 300 rpm, the second agitating screw (the second agitating member) 15 was structured such as to have an outer diameter φ30 and a rotating speed 300 rpm, and an inner diameter of each of the screws 13, 14 and 15 was set to 8 mm. A distance between the impeller blade 14b of the first agitating screw 14 and the impeller blade 15b of the second agitating screw 15 was set to 2 mm, and a distance between the bottom surface (the inner bottom surface) 27 and the impellers 14b and 15b was set to 1.5 mm. A height of the guide 24 was set to h in a height from the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 to the top portion 20 of the guide 24, and a distance from the centers of two agitating shafts 14a and 15a to the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 was set to R. A rotating direction of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 was set to a direction from the below to the above in the opposed portions to each other. The replenishing position of the developer was set to a portion between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 (between two shafts). In the drawing, “wall side” indicates the second agitating screw 15 side. The expression of “rear of second agitating” of the discharge position indicates the discharge portion 45 of the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15. The experiment was carried out under the conditions mentioned above. With regard to whether or not the image is good, fogging in the white background was determined by visually checking the image at a time of continuously printing one thousand A4 sheets with printing rate 1% and fifty A4 sheets with printing rate 50%, under a printing speed 100 ppm, as an image output condition, and a durability was evaluated. The fogging means a case that the toner flies to the portion having no image. With regard to the fogging, mark “×” was applied to the case in which the fogging is apparently recognized, mark “Δ” was applied to the case in which it is slightly recognized, and mark “◯” was applied to the case in which it is never recognized.
Experimental Example 1
FIG. 7 shows the presence or absence of a screw unevenness (Sc unevenness) caused by a difference of the position of the discharge portion 45, and the presence or absence of the fogging with regard to the image which is printed by changing the height of the guide 24 of the housing 11. The screw unevenness means a state in which the concentration unevenness corresponding to the shape of the impeller blade 13b appears on the image because the amount at which the conveying screw 13 pulls up the toner to the developing roller 12 is extremely different locally in a longitudinal direction of the conveying screw 13. In the case that the developer was discharged from the discharge portion 45 provided in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the first agitating screw 14, the Sc unevenness was generated, however, in the case that the developer was discharged from the discharge portion 45 provided in the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15, the Sc unevenness was not generated. In the range of the height of the guide 24 between 0.2 R and 1.2 R, the fogging became to “◯”, and the good image could be obtained. However, the fogging became to “×” in the case that the height of the guide 24 is equal to or less than 0.1 R and 1.3 R, and the good image could not be obtained. In other words, since the delivery of the developer between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 was not generated even if the replenishing developer is not taken in the case that the height of the guide 24 of the housing 11 is equal to or less than 0.1 R and 1.3 R, the deflection was caused in the developer. As a result, the generation of the fogging was confirmed.
Experimental Example 2
In FIG. 8, the same experimental conditions as the conditions shown in FIG. 7 were employed except that the outer diameter of each of the screws 13, 14 and 15 was changed to φ20 mm, the distance between the impeller blades and the distance between the bottom surface and the impeller blades were set to the same as the experimental example 1. It was confirmed that the same relationship was established even if the outer diameter of each of the screws 13, 14 and 15 was changed from φ30 to φ20.
Experimental Example 3
FIG. 9 shows the presence or absence of the fogging with regard to the printed image, in the case of setting the height of the guide 24 to 0.2 R (a threshold value at which the fogging was not generated in FIG. 7), and changing the distance between the bottom surface (the inner bottom surface) 27 and the impeller blades 14b and 15b. Even if the distance between the bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 and each of the screws 14 and 15 was changed to 3 mm, the fogging became “◯” in the same manner as the case of 1.5 mm, and the good image could be obtained. However, in the case of changing to 5 mm, the fogging became to “×”, and the good image could not be obtained.
Experimental Example 4
FIG. 10 shows a result obtained by changing the rotating speed of the conveying screw 13 from 400 rpm to 800 rpm. In all the range between 400 rpm and 800 rpm, the fogging became to “◯”, and the good image could be obtained. The rotating speed is not limited to the above range.
Further, it was confirmed that the same effect could be obtained even by using the developer having the carrier particle diameter 20 μm, 40 μm or 60 μm in place of the carrier particle diameter 50 μm. The developer is not limited to the above range.
Based on the results mentioned above, it is possible to avoid the matter that the amount of the developer becomes too small within the circulating conveying path, by providing the discharge portion 45 in the conveying path 15A of the second agitating screw 15. Further, the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 rotate in such a manner that the developer is conveyed from the below to the above in the opposed portions to each other, and are arranged in such a manner that the shape of the guide 24 establishes the relationship 0.2×R<h<1.2×R on the assumption that h is set to the height from the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 to the top portion 20 of the guide 24, and R is set to the distance between the centers of the shafts 14a and 14b of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 and the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11, and the gaps between the respective outermost portions 23 of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, and the inner bottom surface 27 of the housing 11 and the guide 24 become 1.5 mm or more and 3 mm or less, and the base portion thereof is formed into a mountain shape with wide foot portion, whereby it is possible to well agitate the developer. Further, it is possible to well circulate the developer within the circulating conveying path through the communication portions 19a and 19b. Accordingly, it is possible to maintain the developer at a suitable amount without excessively discharging, and the good image can be obtained without deteriorating the image quality even if the images having low printing rate are succeeded.
Experimental Example 5
FIG. 11 shows a change of a rotational torque in the case that the backward wound portion 15d is provided in the range including the communication portion 19b on the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15 and the upstream side of the communication portion 19b. This was compared with a reference developing apparatus. The expression of “to communication portion” indicates that the backward wound position was in the range S01 (see FIG. 5). The expression of “over communication portion” indicates that the backward wound position was in the range of S10. In the present embodiment, S01 is 40 mm, and S10 is 50 mm. It can be confirmed that if the backward wound portion 15d was provided “to communication portion”, that is, in the range S01, the rotational torque was 10% reduced with reference to the reference, and if it was provided “over communication portion”, that is, in the range S10, it was 20% reduced.
From the results mentioned above, according to the present invention, it is possible to reduce the torque which is necessary for driving the developing apparatus 9, by arranging the backward wound portion 15d in the range including the communication portion 19b on the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating screw 15 and the upstream side of the communication portion 19b. 
Experimental Example 6
FIG. 12 shows the presence or absence of the fogging with regard to the image printed in the case that the height of the guide 24 is 0.1 R (the threshold value at which the fogging is generated in FIG. 7), and the ribs 14c and 15c are provided in the rotating shafts 14a and 15a of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15.
In this case, the expression of “rib 0 degree” of the second screw 15 indicates a state as shown in FIG. 13 in which the rib 14c of the first screw 14 exists at a position of 0 degree at rest (a direction heading for the rotating shaft 15a from the rotating shaft 14a on a surface connecting the centers of the rotating shaft 14a and the rotating shaft 15a in the case of viewing the rotating shaft 14a from the communication portion 19a side), and in which the leading end of the rib 15c of the second screw 15 protrudes from the rotating shaft 15a in the same direction as the leading end of the rib 14c of the first screw 14. When the rotating speed is same, the ribs 14c and 15c come to this position every rotating cycle.
In the case that the height of the guide 24 was 0.1 R, and none of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 was provided with the ribs 14c and 15c, the fogging became “X”, and the good image could not be obtained. However, in the case that the rib 14c or 15c was provided in any one of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, or the ribs 14c and 15c were provided in the state of “rib 0 degree” in both of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, the fogging became “Δ”, and it was confirmed that the effect for obtaining the good image existed.
Experimental Example 7
FIG. 14 shows the presence or absence of the fogging due to the difference of the rotating speeds of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 and the set positions of the ribs 14c and 15c. 
In this case, as shown in FIG. 15, the expression of “rib 180 degrees” indicates a state in which the position of the rib 15c of the second screw 15 was deviated at 180 degrees from the “rib 0 degree” mentioned above. When the rotating speed is same, the ribs 14c and 15c come to this position every rotating cycle.
In the case that both of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 rotated at 300 rpm, and the set position of the rib 15c at rest was “rib 0 degree”, the fogging became “Δ”, and it was confirmed that the effect for obtaining the good image existed. Further, in the case that both of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 rotated at 300 rpm, and the set position of the rib 15c at rest was “rib 180 degrees”, the fogging became “×”, and the good image could not obtained. Further, in the case that the first agitating screw 14 rotated at 300 rpm, the second agitating screw 15 rotated at 360 rpm, and the set position of the rib 15c at rest was “rib 180 degrees”, the fogging became “Δ”, and it was confirmed that the effect for obtaining the good image existed.
As shown in FIGS. 16A to 16D, if the respective ribs 14c and 15c of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 are arranged symmetrically with each other at rest with respect to the surface 25 which is orthogonal to the surface connecting the axes of the rotating shafts 14a and 15a, the delivery of the developer to the adjacent conveying paths 14A and 15A is blocked undesirably in the case that the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 are rotated at the same rotating speed. Accordingly, the arrangement mentioned above (FIGS. 16A to 16D) should be avoided. In the arrangement other than FIGS. 16A to 16D, at the same position in the axial direction, there is no case where the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 scoop up the developer at the same timing, and collide the developer with each other at the same timing, the delivery of the developer to the adjacent conveying paths 14A and 15A is not blocked. If the second agitating screw 15 is prevented from coming to the “rib 180 degrees” shown in FIG. 16D with respect to the first agitating screw 14 in the manner as mentioned above, the concentration unevenness does not come to “×”, and there can be obtained the effect for obtaining the good image. In this case, the respective ribs 14c and 15c of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 may be arranged at the deviated positions without being arranged at the same position in the axial direction of the rotating shafts 14a and 15a. 
Experimental Example 8
FIG. 17 shows the presence or absence of the fogging caused by a difference between the case that the developer replenishing port 28 was provided between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 and the case that the developer replenishing port 28 was provided at the second agitating screw 15 side, in the case that the height of the guide 24 is 0.1 R (the threshold value in which the fogging is generated in FIG. 7). In the case that the developer replenishing port 28 was provided between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 (between two shafts), and the ribs 14c and 15c were not provided in the agitating screws 14 and 15, the fogging became “×”, and the good image could not be obtained. However, in the case that the developer replenishing port 28 was provided above the second agitating screw 15, the fogging became “Δ”, and it was confirmed that there was an effect for obtaining a good image. In FIGS. 7 to 12 and FIG. 14, the replenishing position of the developer was provided between the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15, however, from the experimental results in FIG. 17, it was known that the better result could be obtained in the case that the replenishing position of the developer was provided at the second agitating screw 15 side.
In this case, the outer diameter of each of the screws 13, 14 and 15 and the relationship to the housing 11 are provided for carrying out the present embodiment, and the present invention is not limited to this. In this case, the rotating direction of the developing roller 12 may be set to any rotating direction. Further, the diameter of the developing roller 12 may be the same as the diameter of each of the screws 13, 14 and 15, or may be different from it. Further, the developer conveying amounts of the first agitating screw 14 and the second agitating screw 15 may be the same or different. Further, the applied bias may be the same or different. Further, the rotating speeds of the developing roller 12 and each of the screws 13, 14 and 15 may be the same or different.
In this case, the arrangement of the developer conveying paths 13A and 14A are not limited to be horizontal. The developer may fall down or lift up in a gravitational direction in the communication portions 19a and 19b. 
Further, as shown in FIG. 18, the braking portion 44 may not be provided in the conveying path 14A of the first agitating screw 14.
Although the present invention has been fully described by way of the examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless such changes and modifications otherwise depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention, they should be construed as being included therein.

## Claims

1. A developing apparatus comprising:
a housing provided with a developer supplying and recovering portion and a developer agitating portion that are communicated with each other and form a circulating conveying path for a two-component developer including a toner and a carrier, so as to be adjacent via a partition wall having communication portions in both end portions;
a developer carrier provided on an opposite side to the developer agitating portion in the developer supplying and recovering portion, and attaching the toner to a photo conductor so as to develop an electrostatic latent image on the photo conductor;
a conveying member arranged in the developer supplying and recovering portion in such a manner as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the developer carrier, supplying the developer to the developer carrier, conveying the developer in a longitudinal direction, and delivering the developer to the developer agitating portion through the communication portion;
a first agitating member arranged in the developer agitating portion so as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the conveying member and adjacent to the partition wall, conveying the developer in an inverse direction to a conveying direction by the conveying member while agitating, and delivering the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion through the communication portion;
a second agitating member arranged in the developer agitating portion on an opposite side of to the partition wall from the first agitating member so as to extend along a direction of a rotating axis of the first agitating member in adjacent to the first agitating member, conveying the developer in the same direction as the conveying direction by the first agitating member while agitating, and delivering the developer to the developer supplying and recovering portion through the communication portion; and
a projection-shaped guide arranged in an inner bottom surface of the housing positioned between the first agitating member and the second agitating member so as to extend from one side of the direction of the rotating axis of the first agitating member and the second agitating member to the other side,
wherein a cross sectional shape of the guide which is orthogonal to the axial direction of the rotating axis being a mountain shape with wide foot portion, wherein the guide is arranged in such a manner that gaps between respective outermost portions of the first agitating member and the second agitating member, and the inner bottom surface of the housing and the guide become 1.5 mm or more and 3 mm or less,
wherein the first agitating member and the second agitating member are rotated in such a manner that the developer is conveyed from below to above in portions which are opposed to each other, and
wherein a braking portion inhibiting the developer from being discharged is provided on a downstream side of the communication portion positioned on a downstream side of the developer conveying direction in the developer agitating portion, and a developer discharge port is provided on a downstream side of the braking portion only in a conveying path of the second agitating member to discharge the developer coming over the braking portion.

2. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a backward wound portion is provided in a range including the communication portion on the downstream side in the developer conveying direction of the second agitating member and an upstream side of the communication portion.

3. The developing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a disc of which surface is directed in a direction which is orthogonal to the developer conveying direction is provided in the braking portion of the first agitating member, and a backward wound portion is provided on an upstream side in the developer conveying direction of the disc.

4. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a rib protruding in a diametrical direction from a rotating shaft of the first agitating member is provided.

5. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a rib protruding in a diametrical direction from a rotating shaft of the first second agitating member is provided.

6. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a rib protruding in a diametrical direction from a rotating shaft of the first agitating member is provided, a rib protruding in a diametrical direction from a rotating shaft of the second agitating member is provided, the first agitating member and the second agitating member are rotated at the same rotating speed, and the ribs are arranged in such a manner that the ribs of the first agitating member and the second agitating member are not symmetrical with each other with respect to a surface which is orthogonal to a surface connecting axes of the respective rotating shafts of the first agitating member and the second agitating member.

7. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a toner supplying opening portion is provided above the second agitating member.

8. An image forming apparatus comprising a developing apparatus according to claim 1.