1

Filed 4/2/15 Sisneros v. SF Municipal Transp. Agency CA1/2 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION 2 

ANDREW SISNEROS, 

 Plaintiff and Appellant, 

v. 

SAN FRANCISCO MUNICIPAL 

TRANSPORTATION AGENCY, et al., 

 Defendants and Respondents. 

 A139360 

 (San Francisco County 

 Super. Ct. No. CPF 11-511611) 

 Andrew Sisneros (Sisneros) was a bus driver for San Francisco Municipal 

Transportation Agency (SFMTA) until he was terminated from employment for 

dishonesty in connection with an investigation into tampering with an on-board “DriveCam” video system on an SFMTA bus. Sisneros challenged the decision by filing a 

petition for writ of mandate pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5.1

 After a 

hearing, the trial judge denied the petition in a five-page written order. For the reasons 

set forth below, we find that substantial evidence does not support the trial judge’s denial 

and we reverse. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 Sisneros was a bus driver for SFMTA from March 2002 until his employment was 

terminated on July 20, 2011. The terms and conditions of his employment were governed 

 1

 All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise 

stated. 
2

by a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between SFMTA and Transport Workers’ 

Union Local 250-A (Union), of which he was a member. 

 SFMTA began installing video camera safety devices in SFMTA buses in 

November 2009. These cameras are known as DriveCams. A DriveCam is automatically 

triggered by unusual force such as hard braking, swerving, rapid acceleration or contact. 

It can also be turned on by manually pressing a blue button on the side of the DriveCam. 

Bus drivers were informed they could manually capture an event on their buses such as 

passenger problems, a fall on board, criminal or illegal activity or other security concerns 

by pressing the blue button on the device. A DriveCam captures video and audio. 

 Drivers were told by SFMTA that the DriveCam is working properly if there is a 

green light, a flashing green/red light (which meant the DriveCam was triggered), or a red 

light (meaning something was saved). Drivers were informed in General Bulletin (GB) 

09-045 that if the left LED light was illuminated or flashing red, there was a problem 

with the DriveCam. 

 At the time of this incident, SFMTA had rules prohibiting “tampering” with 

DriveCams, including that “any tampering with the operation of the DriveCam is grounds 

for dismissal.” (GB 09-045.) However, “tampering” was not defined. Further, 

Sisneros’s training instructor had instructed Sisneros and other operators that 

malfunctioning DriveCams could be reset manually by pressing the blue button. 

The Incident 

 On October 5, 2010, Sisneros was driving a bus behind a bus driven by Antonio 

Andino. Later that morning, Andino told Sisneros that his DriveCam was not 

functioning. 

 According to Sisneros, Andino asked him to reset the DriveCam on Andino’s bus 

on October 5, 2010, because it was malfunctioning. Sisneros went in and out of Andino’s 

bus several times and pressed the blue button on the DriveCam to try to reset it. Each 

time Sisneros pushed the button, the DriveCam made a new recording. These DriveCam 

recordings show someone (later identified as Sisneros) wearing sunglasses and a parka 

with the hood pulled up such that much of the person’s face is concealed. 
3

 An SFMTA safety official who routinely reviewed DriveCam photos saw this 

footage and thought it showed someone tampering with the DriveCam device with what 

appeared to be a screwdriver. The safety official (Robert Mattox) forwarded the videos 

to Ayn Antonio, a SFMTA superintendent. Antonio investigated. She interviewed 

Andino, who at first denied knowing that anyone had entered his bus, and would not 

identify Sisneros. 

Sisneros’s Meeting With Superintendent Antonio 

 After Sisneros heard from Andino that he was being questioned, Sisneros asked to 

meet with Superintendent Antonio to explain what happened. Sisneros told Antonio that 

when he got to the end of the line on October 5, 2010, Andino was waiting by the 

restroom and mentioned that the light on his DriveCam was blinking red/green. Sisneros 

told Andino (and Antonio) that he knew from his past instruction that all he needed to do 

was push the blue button to reset the DriveCam. Sisneros offered to help out a co-worker 

and look into it for him. 

 Antonio then showed Sisneros the DriveCam videos and the coach video which 

show events occurring outside the bus at around the same time. Sisneros readily admitted 

to Antonio “that’s me pushing the blue buttons.” Sisneros denied that he was trying to 

inhibit the operation of the device. He told Antonio that he voluntarily went to meet with 

her because he heard that Andino had been placed on “non-driving status,” and Sisneros 

wanted to clarify the incident. 

 Antonio asked Sisneros why he had the hood up over his head as if he were trying 

to conceal himself. Sisneros said that it was cold that morning, that he was wearing a 

Muni issued jacket, and asked, apparently rhetorically, “why does Muni give us hoods?” 

Notice of Proposed Discipline 

 Antonio issued a Notice of Proposed Discipline recommending Sisneros’s 

dismissal (Notice). The Notice has a section entitled “The Facts Upon Which the 

Charges are Based.” Antonio described in detail what she believed could be seen and 

heard on the DriveCam videos and the coach video and concluded that Sisneros was 

tampering with the DriveCam on Andino’s bus: 
4

 “The coach video starts off with Operator Andino standing outside the front of the 

bus. He can be seen holding his cell phone and eventually lighting up a cigarette and 

walking. An operator (who you have identified as yourself) wearing the foul weather 

jacket, with the hood covering the head, walks into the bus. You can see Op. Andino 

walking towards the front door as you tamper with the drive cam device. You then get 

off the bus and you and Op. Andino walk away from the bus. You then get back on the 

bus to tamper with the device. You then get off the coach and you two get together 

again. You then get on to tamper with the device and Op. Andino is seen walking away 

while on your cell phone. You are then seen as getting off the coach and you look at the 

coach and get back on and tamper with the drive cam device again.” 

 Antonio recommended that Sisneros should be dismissed for “tampering with the 

operation of the drive cam” which is grounds for dismissal per GB 09-045; violating San 

Francisco Municipal Railway Rule (Rule) 2.7.1, which states that “[c]are must be 

exercised in the use of Railway property and every effort made to prevent damage or 

misuse;” and dishonesty, per Rule 2.8.9, which provides “[d]ishonest employees will not 

be retained in the service.” Dishonesty is “sufficient cause for charges for disciplinary 

action involving suspension, or if appropriate, dismissal.” (Rule 2.13.1.) The Notice of 

Proposed Discipline stated on this point: “You were dishonest when you tried to conceal 

your identity as you tampered with the drive cam device and per Rule 2.8.9, dishonest 

employees will not be retained in service. The drive cam video clearly shows your 

attempt to conceal your identity as you tampered with the drive cam device. You can be 

seen holding the collar of the jacket to cover part of your face as you tampered with the 

drive cam device.” 

Step 3 Hearing 

 Pursuant to the MOU, the Union requested a formal “Step 3 hearing,” sometimes 

known as the “Skelly hearing,” on behalf of Sisneros. The Skelly hearing was held on 

November 12, 2010. The DriveCam and coach videos were viewed at the hearing. 

Superintendent Antonio conducted the Skelly hearing, and sustained the same charges of 

tampering and dishonesty set forth in the Notice of Proposed Discipline. She 
5

recommended that Sisneros be dismissed as a transit operator. SFMTA subsequently 

issued a “Step 3 Hearing Decision” upholding the decision to dismiss. 

Step 4 Hearing 

 Sisneros and the Union requested a final administrative appeal of the decision, 

known as a Step 4 hearing under the MOU. In a document entitled “Request for a Step 4 

Hearing,” addressed to the Deputy General Manager, Human Resources, or Designee and 

Impartial Hearing Officer, Sisneros requested a hearing pursuant to section 326 of the 

MOU, and stated in pertinent part, “I would like to meet and confer on a choice of an 

arbitrator so we can mutually agree as per Civil Service Commission Rules. I waive no 

time or give time extensions unless a mutual agreement between myself, Bryan Schwartz, 

and the S.F.M.T.A. (MUNI). At this time I do not agree with Alexander Cohn as the 

arbitrator.” 

 The Step 4 hearing took place on January 26, March 30 and April 26, 2011. The 

parties were given the opportunity to examine and cross-examine witnesses. Alexander 

Cohn, who apparently is the regular hearing officer for these hearings, was the arbitrator.2

 The arbitrator concluded that the hearing was timely, notwithstanding Sisneros’s 

argument that under the MOU it should have been held within 10 calendar days after 

receipt by the hearing officer of the appeal from the Step 3 decision. The arbitrator found 

that the parties “by practice and conduct” had agreed to modify the time limits for “years 

and years” and hold Step 4 hearings once a month on a set day. 

 As to the charge that Sisneros had tampered with the DriveCam on Andino’s bus, 

the arbitrator found that there was “no screw driver visible in the footage,” “there was no 

damage to the Drive Cam device” and SFMTA had not carried its burden of persuasion, 

although SFMTA “left no stone unturned in its effort to demonstrate” otherwise. The 

arbitrator explained his reasoning: “First, in meet and confer sessions, the Union asked 

 2

 Technically, Cohn was the “hearing officer” called for by the MOU. Sisneros 

refers to Cohn throughout as the “arbitrator,” as did the trial court. We do so for clarity. 

Sisneros appears to have dropped his challenge to Alexander Cohn. The record is silent 

on this issue, and Sisneros has not raised it as a ground for appeal. 
6

for a definition of ‘tampering’ from [SFMTA] management. However, no definition was 

given. That means the issue must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. As a general 

rule, the implication of ‘tampering” is an effort to prevent (impair) the device from 

performing its function. Here, no matter how many times the blue button was pushed, a 

person’s covered face is clearly seen. Although it is not clear that it is in fact [Sisneros]. 

Consequently, it was working and, therefore, he did not impair the functioning of the 

Drive Cam. Put simply, evidence that [Sisneros] was tampering with the Drive Cam is 

unpersuasive. 

 “Second, and of critical importance, it is concluded that (1) [Sisernos] was not 

using a screwdriver and (2) at that point in time, (a) the General Bulletin stated that 

Operators could ‘manually capture’ an event by ‘depressing the blue button on the side of 

the device,’ and (b) [SFMTA Training] Instructor Smith not only told Operators that they 

could push the Drive Cam blue button, but he, personally, demonstrated to [Sisneros] that 

he could re-set the device by pushing the blue button. Although Smith testified that he 

did not ‘instruct’ [Sisneros] to do so, no other explanation makes sense. 

 “Finally, it was not the Drive Cam on [Sisneros’s] bus. What did he have to gain 

by impairing Andino’s Drive Cam?” 

 With the tampering and attempt to destroy SFMTA equipment charges eliminated, 

the arbitrator was left with the dishonesty charge as the only possible basis for discipline 

and dismissal, or, as he put it, the “outcome determinative issue.” He aptly described this 

as a “nettlesome issue,” because the SFTMA rules in existence on the day of the incident 

didn’t prevent a bus driver such as Sisneros “from touching the Drive Cam; i.e., pressing 

the blue button.” Moreover, as the arbitrator found, Sisneros came forward and admitted 

that he was the person in the videos. 

 We quote from the arbitrator’s conclusion on dishonesty as a basis for discipline: 

 “The video shows that on each of the four (4) times [Sisneros] got on Andino’s 

coach, he pulled the bottom of his hood to cover his mouth and chin as much as possible. 

He was also wearing sunglasses. Thus, as little facial area as possible was seen. Further, 

he not only gave vague answers to Antonio on the issue when questioned (e.g., it is an 
7

Agency issued coat), only at the Step 4 Hearing did he say for the first time he had a 

medical condition which, in essence, necessitated covering up his head area. Put simply, 

after reviewing the video many times, it is concluded that preponderant evidence 

demonstrates [Sisneros] was purposely trying to conceal his identity, not merely protect 

himself from the weather.” 

 “Accordingly, cause for discipline exists . . . .” The arbitrator concluded that the 

SFMTA had “just cause” to dismiss Sisneros. 

 After the Step 4 hearing and in accordance with the MOU, SFMTA, through its 

acting executive director and CEO, sustained the charges against Sisneros and dismissed 

him by letter dated July 20, 2011, attaching a copy of the arbitrator’s written decision. 

Trial Court Proceedings 

 Sisneros filed a petition for writ of mandate pursuant to section 1094.5 to direct 

SFMTA to reverse its decision terminating his employment and to reinstate him with 

back pay and benefits. The trial judge conducted a hearing and then took the matter 

under submission. 

 The trial court entered an Order Denying Petition for Writ of Mandate (Order) on 

July 5, 2013. The trial judge stated that he was applying the “independent judgment 

standard” to the disputed factual issues. 

 The trial judge found that the arbitrator had the authority to decide the timeliness 

issue, and that the administrative record supported the arbitrator’s finding that the Step 4 

hearing was not untimely. 

 As to the merits of Sisneros’s discharge, the trial judge concluded in his written 

order that “the record as a whole supports the arbitrator’s conclusion that Sisneros acted 

dishonestly by concealing his identity and providing evasive answers during the 

investigation.” 

 This appeal was timely filed from the Order. The Order disposed of all of the 

issues in the case. For purposes of appeal, it serves as a final judgment although no 

separate judgment was entered. “When we determine whether an adjudication is final 

and appealable, the substance and effect of the adjudication is determinative, not the form 
8

of the decree. When no issue is left for further consideration, the decree is final.” 

(Breslin v. City and County of San Francisco (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1064, 1074 

(Breslin) [appeal from order denying petition for writ of mandate and injunctive relief].) 

DISCUSSION 

I. Standard of Review

 Judicial review of SFMTA’s decision to terminate Sisneros is governed by section 

1094.5. It is undisputed that Sisneros’s discharge from employment affected a 

“fundamental vested right.” (Brush v. City of Los Angeles (1975) 45 Cal.App.3d 120, 

123.) As such, the trial court in the first instance must “independently review the 

agency’s findings to determine if they are supported by the weight of the evidence. 

(Welch[ v. California State Teachers’ Retirement Bd. (2012)] 203 Cal.App.4th [1,] 16 

[(Welch)]; see also Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (c) [‘in cases in which the court is 

authorized by law to exercise its independent judgment on the evidence, abuse of 

discretion is established if the court determines that the findings are not supported by the 

weight of the evidence’].) In doing so, however, the court ‘ “must afford a strong 

presumption of correctness concerning the administrative findings, and the party 

challenging the administrative decision bears the burden of convincing the court that the 

administrative findings are contrary to the weight of the evidence.” ’ (LaGrone v. City of 

Oakland (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 932, 940 (LaGrone ).) 

 “On appeal from a decision of a trial court applying its independent judgment, we 

review the trial court’s findings rather than those of the administrative agency. (Calderon 

v. Anderson (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 607, 612 . . . .) Specifically, we review the trial 

court’s factual findings for substantial evidence. In doing so, we must resolve all 

conflicts in favor of . . . the party prevailing below. Further, we cannot reweigh the 

evidence. Thus, we do not determine whether substantial evidence would have supported 

a contrary judgment, but only whether substantial evidence supports the judgment 

actually made by the trial court. (Natalie D. v. State Dept. of Health Care Services

(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1449, 1455; see also LaGrone, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 

940.) In sum, ‘[t]he question on appeal is whether the evidence reveals substantial 
9

support—contradicted or uncontradicted—for the trial court’s conclusion that the weight 

of the evidence supports the [agency’s] findings of fact. [Citation.] We uphold the trial 

court’s findings unless they so lack evidentiary support that they are unreasonable. 

(Breslin[, supra,] 146 Cal.App.4th [at p.] 1078 . . . .)’ ” (Duarte v. California Teachers’ 

Retirement System (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 370, 383-384.) 

II. Sufficiency of the Trial Judge’s Findings for Purposes of Appellate Review

 As a threshold issue, Sisneros contends the trial judge’s findings are inadequate 

for appellate review. Sisneros acknowledges that the trial court was required to exercise 

its independent judgment in reviewing SFMTA’s decision, but argues, based on MHC 

Operating Ltd. Partnership v. City of San Jose (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 204, 218 (MHC), 

that the trial judge had a duty to make “independent findings illuminating the ‘factual 

bases for its decision.’ ” Sisneros argues that this duty to make independent findings was 

“neglected” because the trial court’s analysis of the merits of the writ petition consists of 

one sentence which states an “ultimate conclusion,” rather than a finding of fact or 

reference to the record, and it is thus impossible for the appellate court to review the trial 

court’s decision for substantial evidence. Sisneros urges this as a ground for reversing 

and remanding to the trial court. 

 Sisneros’s argument is based on language taken out of context from MHC. It does 

not support his position. MHC was a consolidated appeal regarding a mobile home park 

owner’s application for an extraordinary rent increase under San Jose’s mobile home rent 

control ordinance. In setting out the standards of appellate review, the court in MHC

cited a reference book on administrative mandamus for the proposition that where a 

fundamental vested right is affected and the standard of review in the trial court is the 

independent judgment test, the Court of Appeal reviews the “ ‘trial court’s factual bases 

for its decision, not the findings of the agency.’ ” (MHC, supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at p. 

218.) MHC did not address the nature, form, quality or extent of a trial court’s factual 

bases for its decision. The issue on appeal in MHC did not even involve a fundamental 

vested right. (Ibid.) 
10

 The other cases cited by Sisneros as authority for the proposition that this case 

should be reversed for failure to make specific findings of fact are also distinguishable. 

Allegretti v. Bd. Of Osteopathic Examiners (1956) 145 Cal.App.2d 435 was an appeal 

from a judgment denying a writ of mandate sought by an osteopath whose license was 

suspended because he was identified in the telephone book with the suffix “ ‘M.D.’ ” (Id. 

at p. 436.) The trial court found that the improper listing was the result of a mistake by 

the telephone company and that petitioner was guilty of “at least a technical violation of 

the law” (id. at p. 439), but did not address whether petitioner acted “innocently or with 

ulterior motives.” (Id. at p. 442.) The Court of Appeal reversed for a retrial on this 

unanswered issue; without it the findings did not support upholding the agency’s 

punishment of suspension. The opinion is silent on the standard of review by the trial 

court or the Court of Appeal, or the specificity of fact finding when the court exercises its 

independent judgment. 

Barber v. Long Beach Civil Service Commission (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 652, is 

also inapposite. In that case, the trial judge was required to exercise the “independent 

judgment” standard of review in considering a petition for writ of administrative mandate 

challenging a police officer’s dismissal for misconduct. (Id. at p. 658.) The trial judge 

made statements that clearly showed he misunderstood the standard of review. Because 

the “trial court’s mistake [went] to the heart of this case” (id. at p. 659), the Court of 

Appeal remanded the matter for a new trial. 

 Similarly, Parker v. Contractors State License Bd. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 205 is 

distinguishable. In Parker, the trial court granted a writ of mandate directing the agency 

to set aside its decision to suspend Parker’s license. (Id. at p. 208.) However, the trial 

court failed to make a finding in its statement of decision as to whether Parker’s conduct 

was fraudulent and willful, despite a specific request by the agency for a finding on that 

point. (Id. at p. 210.) Without such a finding, the appellate court could not determine the 

basis for the decision to discipline Parker and could not review the decision. (Id. at p. 

211.) The appellate court reversed and remanded to the trial court to make the necessary 

findings. (Id. at p. 212.) 
11

 In contrast to the cases cited by Sisneros, the trial judge here understood the 

standard of review and made the findings necessary for this court’s review. He stated 

that he had “independently reviewed the evidence,” and identified the portions of the 

arbitrator’s conclusion that he found were supported by the “record as a whole.” The trial 

judge’s five-page order began with a page and a half statement of the underlying facts 

and procedural history of the case. The 25-page hearing transcript is studded with 

questions that reflect the trial judge’s familiarity with the record, and his observations on 

the evidence. We presume that the trial court carried out its duties as it stated it did. 

(Evid. Code, § 664; see Christian Research Institute v. Alnor (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 

1315, 1324 [“it is the trial court’s role to examine the evidence, and we presume the court 

performed its duty,” citing Evid. Code, § 664]; Adams v. Adams (1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 

654, 656 [“the agreement was admitted in evidence and we must assume that it was 

considered by the court in connection with all the other evidence”].) No remand for 

findings is required. 

III. Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Finding Regarding the Timing 

 of the Step 4 Hearing

 As another threshold issue, Sisneros contends it was error to deny the petition for 

writ of mandate because the Step 4 hearing was held more than 10 days after Sisneros 

filed his notice of appeal from the Step 3 decision, contrary to the terms of the MOU. 

Sisneros argues the MOU compelled the arbitrator to grant the grievance because of the 

delay, without reaching the merits, and the arbitrator acted in excess of his power by 

conducting the late hearing. Compounding the error, SFMTA allegedly acted in excess 

of its jurisdiction within the meaning of section 1094.5, subdivision (b) when it accepted 

and acted upon the arbitrator’s recommendation rather than concluding that the grievance 

had to be granted because of the delay. Sisneros contends that we should review this 

issue de novo because it is a conclusion of law and involves the interpretation of a 

contract. 

 We disagree. Although Sisneros tries to frame the issue as one of law regarding 

whether an agency acted in excess of its jurisdiction, the issue actually presented here is 
12

the propriety of the trial judge’s finding that there was a waiver of the 10-day 

requirement. Waiver is generally a question of fact. (Saint Agnes Medical Center v. 

PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187, 1196.) We review the trial court’s 

finding on this issue for substantial evidence. 

 A. Grievance Procedure in the MOU

 Article 27 of the MOU, entitled “Grievance Procedure,” sets out the pertinent 

language. Regarding Step 4, known as the “arbitration level,” the MOU states the 

following: 

 “The Union or the grievant may, at any time within seven (7) days after the 

mailing of the Step 3 decision, appeal from such decision to the impartial hearing officer 

by filing written notice of the appeal with the Deputy General Manager, Human 

Resources or designee and impartial hearing officer, except where the appeal is from a 

proposed disciplinary dismissal, in which event the appeal must be initiated within one 

(1) day of the Step 3 decision. The impartial hearing officer shall conduct a hearing on 

the grievance or grievances submitted to him/her within ten (10) days after receipt by 

him/her, except when the grievance involves a proposed disciplinary dismissal . . . in 

which event the hearing shall begin within (10) calendar days. . . .” (MOU § 326, 

emphasis added.) 

 The MOU also contains these pertinent sections regarding timeliness: 

 “The time limits in the grievance procedure will be strictly adhered to.” (MOU 

§ 317.) 

 “Extensions will be granted only in writing by mutual agreement, and only in 

exceptional cases.” (MOU § 318.) 

 “If management fails to meet the time limits at any point in the procedure, the 

grievance will be granted. If the Union fails to meet the time limits at any point in the 

procedure, the grievance will be withdrawn.” (MOU § 320, emphasis added.) 

 “In computing the time within which any action must be taken under the foregoing 

procedure, Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays shall not be counted. A grievance may be 

denied at any level because of failure to adhere to the time limitations.” (MOU § 328.) 
13

 Finally, the MOU addresses the choice of hearing officer and sharing of costs: 

 “The MTA Executive Director or designee and the Union shall endeavor to agree 

upon an impartial hearing officer to serve for an agreed period of time. Should these 

parties fail to reach such agreement within twenty (20) days after the execution of this 

agreement, then, upon the written request of either party, the American Arbitration 

Association shall have the authority to appoint an impartial hearing officer pursuant to its 

rules, who shall serve for an agreed period of time. The cost of the services of the 

impartial hearing officer shall be shared equally by the Union and MUNI, except that if 

the grievant reaches Step 4 without Union participation, the cost shall be shared by the 

grievant and MUNI. In the event the grievant does not desire to share in the cost, Step 4 

shall be bypassed.” (MOU § 331.) 

 B. Analysis

 The trial court found that the arbitrator had the authority to consider Sisneros’s 

timeliness objection, including whether a term in the MOU had been waived or modified. 

In rejecting Sisneros’s argument that the terms of the MOU mandated that the arbitrator 

simply grant the grievance, the trial court relied on Gueyffier v. Ann Summers, Ltd.

(2008) 43 Cal.4th 1179 for the proposition that an arbitrator may apply equitable defenses 

to excuse a party from performing a material condition of an agreement. 

 The trial judge wrote on this issue, “The arbitrator found ‘For years and years, the 

parties have agreed to have one day a month wherein multiple Step 4 hearing [sic] are 

held in order to not only save resources but to be able to have a full time, permanent 

neutral Hearing Officer hear and decide the cases on an advisory basis. . . . Put simply, 

the parties—by practice and conduct—have agreed to modify otherwise unambiguous 

time limits in the grievance handling process.’ This Court agrees with the arbitrator, and 

the administrative record supports a finding that the Union entered into a longstanding 

waiver of time limits for Step 4 grievance hearing.” 

 The trial judge also found that the Union was the exclusive bargaining agent for 

Sisneros, and Sisneros was bound by the Union’s longstanding waiver. 
14

 Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings. It is undisputed that 

Sisneros was a member of the Union. There was substantial evidence that Sisernos was 

not pursuing the Step 4 proceeding on his own. On November 12, 2010, the Union sent a 

letter on Union stationery to SFMTA requesting a Step 3 grievance “on behalf of” 

Sisneros. When it was time to appeal the Step 3 grievance, Sisneros’s attorney wrote to 

SFMTA (copying the acting president of the Union local) that Sisneros “would like to 

pursue the Step 4 grievance, in cooperation with the Union.” (Emphasis added.) The 

arbitrator found that “[a]lthough it is apparent that [Sisneros’s] attorney was used, the 

Union ultimately took responsibility for bringing this case to Step 4.” The Union and 

Sisneros did not make separate arguments at the hearing.3

 

 The evidence showed that for at least 10 years, the Union, SFMTA and the hearing 

officer held Step 4 arbitrations once a month, rather than adhering to the 10-day rule. 

The two parties to the MOU (SFMTA and the Union) agreed to this procedure as a way 

to save resources, have a neutral hearing officer available to hear cases, and avoid 

scheduling problems. The executive vice president of the Union testified that it was “set 

policy” for the Union to waive the 10-day rule, and that the Union did not always put its 

waiver in writing. 

 There was thus substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that the 

Union, as Sisneros’s exclusive bargaining agent, waived the 10-day rule, and that it was 

binding on Sisneros in this case. 

 Further, we note that Sisneros has not established that SFMTA failed to meet the 

grievance time line. The December 1, 2010, letter (“Request for a Step 4 Hearing”) is 

addressed to SFMTA and to “Impartial Hearing Officer.” The MOU states “[t]he 

impartial hearing officer shall conduct a hearing on the grievance . . .” (MOU § 326, 

 3

 The arbitrator’s recommended opinion and award captions the case “In the 

Matter of A Controversy between TWU, Local 250-A and SFMTA,” and lists the two 

parties as the Union and the Agency. The arbitrator called on Sisneros’s attorney to make 

closing argument by asking “is the Union ready,” and Sisneros’s counsel did not correct 

him. 
15

emphasis added), but Sisneros points to no evidence as to who is responsible for 

scheduling the hearing. Since Sisneros has not established that SFMTA, i.e., 

“management,” “fail[ed] to meet the time limits” under MOU section 320, there is no 

basis to automatically grant the grievance for lack of timeliness under that section. 

IV. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support the Trial Court’s Order Denying 

 the Petition On the Ground that Sisneros Acted Dishonestly 

 In his written order, the trial court found that the DriveCam videos show Sisneros 

wearing “sunglasses and a parka with the hood pulled up,” and that Sisneros “arranges 

the hood to conceal his face.” On the merits, the trial court denied the petition because 

“the record as a whole supports the arbitrator’s conclusion that Sisneros acted dishonestly 

by concealing his identity and providing evasive answers during the investigations.”4

 We conclude that substantial evidence does not support the trial court’s finding 

that Sisneros was dishonest. 

 We start with the clothing. Sisneros was wearing a hooded parka issued by 

SFMTA. There was no regulation that prohibited Sisneros from wearing the parka or 

pulling up the hood and closing the side flaps. Wearing the parka during work hours on a 

bus is not substantial evidence of concealing identity. When Sisneros’s supervisor asked 

him why he was wearing the jacket with the hood, he said he was cold. 

 Similarly with the sunglasses. There is nothing in the record to support that 

wearing sunglasses violated SFMTA rules. Further, it was undisputed that Sisneros’s 

 4

 The trial court clearly agreed with the arbitrator that the tampering charge was 

not supported by the evidence, although this is not explicitly stated in the written order. 

At the hearing on the petition, the trial court recognized that the arbitrator “quite carefully 

found” that the SFMTA rules at the time did not prevent Sisneros from manipulating the 

DriveCam. The trial court acknowledged that there was “no evidence that Sisneros had a 

tool,” including the screwdriver that SFMTA accused Sisneros of using. The trial court 

observed that the arbitrator “goes through and basically dismantles any claim that Mr. 

Sisneros was deliberately trying to erase something on the device.” The trial court later 

characterized the state of the evidence in this colloquy with Sisneros’s counsel: “And for 

purposes of your argument, you should think that the [SFMTA’s] case fell apart pretty 

badly. There’s some suspicion that Mr. Sisneros was trying to eliminate evidence that he 

was driving unsafely, that’s pretty murky.” 
16

sunglasses are “transitionals” that he wears indoors and outside, meaning that they “clear 

up” depending on the light. The DriveCam videos show the glare of sun in the 

windshield. 

 There is no evidence that Sisneros attempted to conceal his identity from SFMTA 

after the incident. He came forward on his own, and made an appointment to see Antonio 

the day after she met with Operator Andino. As Superintendent Antonio wrote in the 

Skelly decision, “you [Sisneros] asked to meet with me to explain the incident.” 

(Emphasis added.) 

 There is no evidence that Sisneros attempted to conceal his identity from SFMTA 

at his meeting with Superintendent Antonio. Sisneros presented his explanation of what 

happened on the day in question. He did not deny that he was on Andino’s bus. 

According to Superintendent Antonio, Sisneros readily identified himself in the 

DriveCam and coach videos. As Antonio wrote in the Notice of Skelly Decision, “I then 

showed you the drive cam videos. You identified yourself as being the person on the 

drive cam video. [¶] We then viewed the coach video. You again stated, ‘ya, that’s me 

pushing the blue buttons.’ ” (Emphasis added.) There is no evidence that Sisneros ever

denied that he was the person in the DriveCam or coach videos. The acts he told 

Antonio he engaged in—depressing the blue button repeatedly to reset the camera—were 

the acts that SFMTA characterized as tampering but ultimately failed to establish as a 

basis to dismiss him. 

 Nor is there substantial evidence that Sisneros provided “evasive answers during 

the investigations.” Although the trial judge does not identify the evasive answers in the 

Order, it is apparent that he is referring to Sisneros’s responses to the question that 

Antonio asked him at their meeting on or around October 27, 2010, to discuss the 

incident: why he was wearing a coat and covering his head. These are the “vague 

answers” referred to in the arbitrator’s decision, quoted above. 

 We conclude that Sisneros’s answers are not substantial evidence of dishonesty. 

We look to Superintendent Antonio’s own words in the Notice she sent to Sisneros 

apparently on or shortly after the day she met with him. After writing that Sisneros 
17

explained the incident (including that he had reset the blue button) she wrote: “When 

asked as to why you had your hood up over your head as though attempting to conceal 

yourself, you stated that it was cold out there. You also said, ‘why does Muni give us 

hoods?’ ” 

 Sisneros never varied from his statement that he was cold, and the evidence that he 

felt cold was never rebutted. At the Step 4 grievance hearing, when he was asked by 

SFMTA’s attorney why he was bundled up in a coat with a hood over his face, Sisneros 

answered that “[w]e’ve suffered some cold mornings, and I suffer from a medical 

problem, and I have cold spells.” When he was asked the “nature of that [medical] 

problem,” Sisneros testified that he did not want to discuss the nature of his medical 

problem. When SFMTA’s counsel replied, “[w]ell, I mean, I don’t want to intrude 

unduly at [sic] your privacy, but you raised it,” the arbitrator interjected: “You can argue 

the inference; let’s move on.” 

 In response to further questioning at the hearing, Sisneros testified that he had “hot 

and cold spells” frequently “[t]hroughout the day.” He could not predict when they come 

on, and they occur without regard to the weather.5

 Sisneros testified that he did not tell 

Antonio about his medical condition at the time of their interview because it was “[k]ind 

of private.” 

 When Sisneros’s counsel questioned Sisneros later in the Step 4 hearing, he asked 

why Sisneros was wearing a coat with a hood on the day of the incident, and elicited this 

testimony: 

 “Q: Now, previously, you testified you were reluctant to give details about your 

medical condition, and we’ve had a chance to talk since then. Just very briefly, in the 

most basic way for the sake of this proceeding, what medical condition is it that relates to 

you wearing a coat with a hood that day? 

 5

 “[S]ometimes I’ll be very cold when it’s nice outside, or I’ll be very hot and it’s 

cold.” Sisneros testified that people sometimes comment to him about why he is wearing 

a jacket when it’s hot outside, and vice versa. 
18

 “A: For the record, I don’t want to state this willingly, but I’m going to on my 

behalf. I have prostate and kidney problem, and it creates a hormonal imbalance. 

 “Q: Have you seen a doctor about that? 

 “A: Yes. 

 “Q: Do you take medications related to those problems? 

 “A: Yes. 

 “Q: What medications do you take? 

 “A: Flomax for one, and I don’t know the name of the other one until I see it in 

front of me, but they’re on a daily basis. 

 “Q: So what are some situations in which the hormonal imbalance might cause 

hot or cold spells? 

 “A: I don’t know. They come and go. 

 “Q: How often? 

 “A: On a good day, three. On a bad day, nine. . . . 

 “Q: Were you undergoing a hot or cold spell at that time when you were wearing 

the coat with a hood? 

 “A: Yes. 

 “Q: Which one? 

 “A: I was having a cold spell when I got off the bus and went to the restroom. 

 “Q: What was the weather like at—you testified it was at Geneva and Munich. 

What was the weather like at that time? 

 “A: I couldn’t tell you. I mean, is that—it was cold for me. So I got—you know, 

I put on my jacket. It’s a Muni issued jacket. . . .”6

 

 6

 SFMTA points to a weather report from the day in question that the temperature 

at San Francisco International Airport around the time of the incident was 64.9 degrees. 

It is undisputed that the area of Geneva and Munich, where the incident occurred in San 

Francisco, is not the San Francisco Airport. Sisneros testified that he grew up in the 

neighborhood near Geneva and Munich, and the climate there is windy and cold and 

changes quite often. This was not disputed. 
19

 Sisneros did not want to reveal his medical information to Antonio when he went 

to talk to her about the incident in the first instance. He believed his medical information 

was “private,” and the discussion with her “was not going very positive” from his 

perspective. In other words, he believed that she was hostile.7

 The fact that Sisneros was 

reluctant to disclose what he considered private medical information about why he was 

cold is not substantial evidence that he gave evasive answers to his supervisor in 

investigations. There is no substantial evidence to support that Sisneros did not feel cold 

at all on October 5. And the fact that he did not disclose the medical reason until the Step 

4 hearing is not evidence that he was evasive, either. If anything, it is simply further 

evidence explaining why he felt cold that day. 

 Finally, we note that there is no substantial evidence of motive for Sisneros to be 

dishonest about what he was doing with the DriveCam on Andino’s bus. As we 

described above, the arbitrator found that Sisneros had nothing to gain by impairing 

Andino’s DriveCam. SFMTA argues on appeal that Andino testified that Sisneros was 

following him too closely, that Andino testified that at one point on October 5 his 

DriveCam came on when Andino hit a pothole, and that the DriveCam might have picked 

up footage of Sisneros’s bus if Sisneros had been following Andino too closely. On this 

theory, Sisneros might have wanted to tamper with Andino’s DriveCam to destroy 

evidence of Sisneros following too closely behind Andino’s bus, if indeed he was. 

 The problem with this theory is that it is not supported by evidence in the record, 

let alone relied on by the arbitrator or the trial judge. Further, the evidence is to the 

contrary. Antonio admitted that she had no evidence that Sisneros took any action which 

had the effect of hindering the function of the DriveCam.8

 She admitted that the 

 7

 Antonio sought to dismiss Sisneros in 2007, but no action was taken. 

8

 Robert Mattox, a safety manager at SFMTA who testified about the operation of 

the DriveCam, stated that nothing that Sisneros did in touching the blue button on the 

DriveCam in Andino’s bus corrupted any of the data in the DriveCam. 
20

DriveCam is “not designed to capture a bus tailgating another bus.”9

 She further 

admitted that she had no evidence of Sisneros’s motive to touch the DriveCam on 

Andino’s bus. Sisneros was never charged with tailgating Andino’s bus, and there is no 

evidence that supports the existence of a “no tailgating rule” as a ground for termination. 

 In sum, the arbitrator aptly described the dishonesty charge against Sisneros as a 

“nettlesome issue.” At the outset of the investigation, the SFMTA safety officer who 

reviewed the DriveCam footage thought he saw someone holding what appeared to be a 

screwdriver while manipulating the DriveCam. He forwarded the footage to 

superintendent Antonio with his conclusions that this was a DriveCam tampering case. 

Viewed from SFMTA’s prism that Sisneros committed actionable tampering with the 

DriveCam sufficient to warrant his dismissal, it may be understandable that SFMTA 

tacked on a charge of dishonesty based on Sisneros wearing a parka with the hood up and 

saying he was cold when Sisneros denied tampering and offered his explanation of the 

incident. But when SFMTA’s case for tampering was, in the words of the trial judge, 

“dismantle[d]” at the Step 4 arbitration, there simply was no substantial evidence on this 

record to support a finding of dismissal for dishonesty.10 

DISPOSITION 

 The order denying the petition for writ of administrative mandate is reversed. The 

matter is remanded to the trial court with instructions to enter a new order granting the 

writ directing SFMTA to reinstate Sisneros to his position as a bus driver with full back 

pay and benefits, and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Sisneros shall 

recover his costs on appeal. 

 9

 SFMTA safety manager Mattox testified that the DriveCam isn’t triggered by 

tailgating or pulling up close to another bus. This matched Sisneros’s understanding of 

how DriveCams operate. (“The buses are put into barns almost sometimes 12 inches 

from the next bus. We start up the buses in the morning. They’re [DriveCams] not set 

off.”) 

10 In light of our holding, we do not reach the merits of Sisneros’s argument that 

the trial court erred by not holding that SFMTA’s decision was “not supported by the 

findings” pursuant to section 1094.5, subdivision (b) and that this court must review the 

entire record as a whole to make that determination. 
21

 _________________________ 

 Miller, J. 

We concur: 

_________________________ 

Kline, P.J. 

_________________________ 

Richman, J.