# Patent

## Title
Matrix structure oscillator

## Abstract

An oscillator having a plurality of operatively coupled ring oscillators arranged in hyper-matrix architecture. The operatively coupled ring oscillators are either identical or non-identical and are coupled through a common inverter or tail current transistors. Due to the arrangement of the ring oscillators in a hyper-matrix structure, the ring oscillators are synchronized and resist any variation in frequency or phase thereby maintaining a consistent phase noise performance

## Background
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to oscillators and, more specifically, to hyper matrix structure oscillators.
2. Description of the Related Art
Of various existing applications, ring oscillators are a prime component in VCOs (Voltage Controlled Oscillators) and CCOs (Current Controlled Oscillators) and are used as clock generators to provide a desired frequency. However there are fluctuations in phase during the operation of a ring oscillator as a clock generator. This results in phase noise, which hinders efficient frequency generation.
To increase the phase noise performance, an increased bias current is required, which further requires an increase in area. MEMS- and LC-based oscillators may be used; however, these oscillators require substantial topographical area and are costly in terms of manufacture and current consumption.
BRIEF SUMMARY
The various embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to an oscillator having a plurality of ring oscillators arranged in a hyper matrix structure. The ring oscillators constituting the oscillator in the present disclosure are either identical ring oscillators or non-identical oscillators. The ring oscillators are operatively coupled to each other either by a common inverter or tail current transistors. The plurality of ring oscillators works in synchronization and converges to a nominal frequency with a nominal phase. In accordance with the principle of synchronization, any shift in the nominal phase and frequency is resisted by the set of oscillators in unison. Therefore, the hyper matrix structure of a plurality of ring oscillators increases power dissipation at a particular frequency using simple VCOs or CCOs or both, and it reduces phase noise. There is no increase in the bias current per VCO, thus simplifying the design of the bias circuit.
Ideally, the output voltages of N identical ring oscillators are added in phase. The total carrier power is multiplied by N2, however, uncorrelated noise power increases by N. Thus, the phase noise relative to the carrier decreases by a factor of N at the cost of a proportional increase in power dissipation.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a system includes an oscillator wherein the oscillator has a plurality of operatively coupled ring oscillators arranged in a hyper-matrix structure. The operatively coupled ring oscillators are either identical or non-identical and are coupled through a common inverter or tail current transistors. Due to the arrangement of the ring oscillators in a hyper-matrix structure, the ring oscillators are synchronized and resist any variation in frequency or phase, thereby maintaining a consistent phase noise performance.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure refers to a method to improve the phase noise performance in an oscillator. The method includes operatively coupling of a plurality of ring oscillators in a hyper—matrix structure. Such an arrangement in a hyper matrix structure ensures that the ring oscillators are synchronized and therefore, any variation in frequency or phase are avoided. Therefore, an efficient phase noise performance is achieved. The ring oscillators in the present embodiment are either identical or non-identical in nature.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure a circuit is provided that includes at least two ring oscillators, each ring oscillator including a plurality of oscillators coupled together via an inverter between each pair of oscillators, the at least two ring oscillators coupled together via at least one tail current transistor or a common inverter or a common ring oscillator to form an oscillator cell.
In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the at least two ring oscillators are coupled to the common ring oscillator via either a common inverter or a direct connection.
In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment of the present disclosure, the circuit includes a plurality of ring oscillator cells coupled together to form a hyper matrix structure oscillator realized in a fractal structure.
In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, each cell is formed of multiple differential ring oscillators.
In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, each cell is formed of a heterogeneous phase coupled ring oscillator formed of non-identical ring oscillators operatively coupled together to provide a coupling of low and high frequency ring oscillators.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
Features and aspects of various embodiments of the disclosure will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 shows a hyper matrix structure ring oscillator in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates a plurality of identical ring oscillators operatively coupled to each other according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates a hyper matrix structure oscillator in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the present disclosure with heterogeneously phase coupled ring oscillators operatively coupled to each other.
FIG. 6 shows coupling between multiple differential oscillators in a cell according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 illustrates a graphical representation of reduction in phase noise in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 illustrates a graphical representation of effective area minimization in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 9 illustrates an application of a hyper matrix structure oscillator shown as an embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present disclosure.
FIG. 10 illustrates yet another application of the hyper matrix structure oscillator shown as an embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments. The present disclosure can be modified in various forms. The embodiments of the present disclosure described herein are only provided to explain more clearly the present disclosure to the ordinarily skilled in the art. In the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals are used to indicate like components.
The terms identical ring oscillators and non-identical ring oscillators have been used throughout the disclosure. Identical ring oscillators indicate that all ring oscillators are of the same stage i.e., all ring oscillators are 3-stage ring oscillators or 5-stage ring oscillators etc. Non-identical ring oscillators indicate that all ring oscillators coupled to each other are of different stages i.e., a 3-stage ring oscillator is coupled to a 5-stage ring oscillator which is further coupled to a 7-stage ring oscillator etc. Such non-identical ring oscillators coupled to each other are also referred to as heterogeneously phase coupled oscillators.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cell 100 with ring oscillators operatively coupled to a central oscillator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The figure shows 3-stage ring oscillators 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 operatively coupled to a central oscillator 107. The central oscillator 107 is a general oscillator such as an LC oscillator or a crystal oscillator. Coupling between the oscillators is achieved either through an inverter unit common to two oscillators such as 101 (a) or through a short or direct connection between a ring oscillator and a central oscillator such as 101(b).
Coupling between the oscillators can be in a linear configuration such as resistive, capacitive, and inductive or in a nonlinear configuration such as through OP-AMPs, inverters, and Phase Frequency Detectors (PFDs). This helps achieve predictive and efficient output in terms of phase noise.
FIG. 2 shows a hyper matrix structure ring oscillator in accordance with the present embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 1. The cell as described in FIG. 1 is replicated at multiple stages throughout the system, thus forming a hyper matrix structure ring oscillator. Thus, any variation in frequency or phase is resisted by the oscillators in unison and phase noise is reduced without any increase in the bias current.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure illustrated in FIG. 3, a cell includes a set of identical ring oscillators operatively coupled to each other. As an example of the present embodiment, a 3-stage ring oscillator is coupled to a 3-stage ring oscillator by a common inverter 301 as shown. Such a coupling is also referred to as homogenous coupling of oscillators.
The cell described in the present embodiment is replicated in hyper matrix structure as illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 also, as an embodiment of the present disclosure, reduces the phase noise without increasing the bias current.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure as shown in FIG. 5, a cell includes a set of non-identical ring oscillators operatively coupled to each other. Thus, such a configuration of ring oscillators results in a cell having a set of heterogeneous phase coupled oscillators. The figure shows a 3-stage ring oscillator operatively coupled to a 5-stage ring oscillator further coupled to a 7-stage ring oscillator. A 3-stage ring oscillator will have a higher frequency as compared to a 5-stage or 7-stage ring oscillator. The cell as described is replicated at multiple stages and due to synchronization of the coupled oscillators; the phase noise reduces without increase in bias current.
As another example of the above mentioned embodiment of the present disclosure, a ring oscillator operating at 8 MHz frequency or 16 MHz frequency may be coupled with a ring oscillator operating at 2048 MHz. Therefore there will be multiple cells where 8 MHz ring oscillators are coupled to 2048 MHz ring oscillators and multiple cells where 16 MHz ring oscillators are coupled to 2048 MHz ring oscillators. Due to synchronization of the coupled oscillators; the phase noise reduces without increase in bias current.
The heterogeneous phase coupling as described in the above mentioned embodiments primarily provides a coupling of low and high frequency ring oscillators. Due to such coupling, low phase noise is achieved with low power consumption. The phase noise is reduced more effectively in the case of heterogeneous phase coupling as compared to homogenous coupling.
FIG. 6 shows coupling between multiple differential ring oscillators in a cell according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. Two differential ring oscillators 602 and 603 are fed by a current bias 601. Tail current transistors between the two ring oscillators 602 and 603 are shared to achieve coupling. The cell as shown is then replicated at multiple levels in the system to reduce fluctuation in variation of phase and hence reduce phase noise without the requirement of increasing the bias current.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the hyper matrix structure of a plurality of cells having a set of oscillators is realized in Fractal based structure. In generic terms fractals are described as a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent self-similarity or self-affinity in their geometrical structure. It is a geometric figure, built up from a simple shape, by generating the same or similar changes on successively smaller scales. Fractal based structure leads to higher efficiency in terms of area management.
FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the reduction in phase noise in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The representation is plotted between phase noise which decreases over the y-axis and ring stages, which increases over the x-axis and indicates the number of cells replicated through the system. The graphical representation illustrates that as the number of ring stages are increased, the phase noise is accordingly reduced. As is evident from FIG. 7, gain in phase noise increases by −3 dBc/Octave of stages of ring oscillator.
FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of effective area minimization in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The number of ring stages on the x-axis is plotted against area utilization in mm2 on the y-axis. The increase in area in accordance to the ring stages is minimal and thus results in effective area management.
FIG. 9 illustrates an application of the hyper matrix structure ring oscillator described as an embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present disclosure. The hyper matrix structure ring oscillator is used in a Digitally Controlled Oscillator (DCO) core 901(d), 902(d), 903(d) of an All Digital Phase Locked Loop (ADPLL) 901, 902, 903. ADPLL 903 in the figure refers to Nth ADPLL. Multiple ADPLLs are then coupled to each other by cross coupling such that Phase Frequency Detector (PFDs) 901(b), 902(b), 903(b) of an ADPLL receives clocks from other ADPLLs as has been shown by 900, where N DCO clock outputs 901(e), 902(e), 903(e) achieved after the divider stage 901(a), 902(a), 903(a) are applied to the ADPLLs. Accordingly, an ADPLL is able to align the phase of its Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) to phase of other ADPLLs. Components 901(c), 902(c), 903(c) are Digital Low Pass Filters or Integrators while 901(f), 902(f), 903(f) refer to DCO control bits.
The above mentioned use of ring oscillators in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure for PLLs ensures that smaller area is used and better performance is delivered as compared to charge pump PLLs.
Embodiments of a hyper matrix structure ring oscillator described in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present disclosure are used to replace a clock tree network. The same is illustrated by FIG. 10. This helps in avoiding the effort required to balance and synthesize a clock tree. As the ring oscillators are locked to each other in phase, there is no requirement of balancing the clock trees, which in turn helps save area and power.
The various embodiments of the present disclosure provide better power routing thus achieving better synchronization and consequently effective reduction of phase noise.
Also, mismatches are effectively reduced in the hyper matrix structure of plurality of cells comprising a set of oscillators as described under various embodiments of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure is useful for frequency generation applicable in digital transceivers such as High speed serial links and Digital RF UWB, Bluetooth, WLAN, Sensor Network.
The disclosure shows and describes only the embodiments of the disclosure; however the disclosure is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings and/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing the disclosure and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the disclosure in such, or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit the disclosure as disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

## Claims

1. A system, comprising:
a plurality of cross-coupled all digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) circuits, each ADPLL circuit structured to output a clock signal, and each ADPLL circuit including:
an oscillator having an input terminal and an output terminal, the oscillator having a matrix structure formed of a plurality of oscillator cells, each oscillator cell having a central oscillator and a plurality of ring oscillators that are each coupled to the central oscillator and coupled in series to one another, the oscillator configured to output the clock signal on the output terminal of the oscillator; and
a phase frequency detector having an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the oscillator of the ADPLL circuit, the phase frequency detector structured to receive the clock signals from the ADPLL circuits and having an output terminal coupled to the input terminal of the oscillator of the ADPLL circuit, the phase frequency detector structured to align a phase of the clock signal received from the oscillator of the ADPLL circuit to a phase of the clock signals received from the other ADPLL circuits.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of ring oscillators each have a same number of stages.

3. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of ring oscillators each have a varying number of stages among them.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of ring oscillators are heterogeneously phase coupled to each other.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of ring oscillators are coupled in a linear configuration or nonlinear configuration.

6. The system of claimed in claim 1 wherein the plurality of ring oscillators are coupled through a common inverter.