[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-10911

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 0:17-cv-60208-BB

JAMES BAER, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

SILVERSEA CRUISES LTD.,

 Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(October 19, 2018)

Before WILSON, MARTIN, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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James Baer was injured on a cruise ship. He sued the cruise line, Silversea 

Cruises Ltd., alleging it was negligent in arranging his medical care. He appeals 

the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Silversea on a finding that his 

claim is barred by a contractual limitations period. After careful review, we 

affirm. 

I.

A. Factual Background

In 2014, Baer instructed his travel agent, Mary Nichols, to book a cruise for 

him and his wife on Silversea’s M/V Silver Spirit. The cruise was scheduled to 

sail from Fort Lauderdale on January 6, 2015, and arrive in Los Angeles on 

January 22. At the time, Baer and his wife were 89-years old and typically went 

on two cruise vacations each year. 

Silversea sent Nichols an email with a link to the guest information form, 

which included a copy of the passenger ticket contract, and asked her to 

acknowledge receipt of those documents. Nichols sent back the “Passage Contract 

Acceptance” on Baer’s behalf. Silversea then sent Nichols a copy of the ticket and 

ticket contract, and she forwarded them to Baer. 

The front page of the contract reads:

ISSUED SUBJECT TO IMPORTANT TERMS AND 

CONDITIONS

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE ACCEPTING

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IMPORTANT NOTICE TO PASSENGERS

. . .

THERE ARE IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS ON YOUR 

RIGHTS AS A PASSENGER TO ASSERT CLAIMS AGAINST 

THE CARRIER, THE VESSEL AND RELATED ENTITIES.

YOU ARE DIRECTED TO CAREFULLY READ AND 

UNDERSTAND SECTIONS 11, 12, 13, 14 AND 17 OF THIS 

PASSAGE CONTRACT, AS THEY CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT 

LIMITATIONS ON YOUR RIGHTS TO ASSERT CLAIMS 

AGAINST THE CARRIER, THE VESSEL, THE CRUISE LINE, 

RELATED ENTITIES AND THEIR OFFICERS, AGENTS AND 

EMPLOYEES.

CARRIER’S LIABILITY TO YOU AND/OR YOUR RIGHT TO 

RECOVER FROM CARRIER IS LIMITED BY THESE TERMS 

AND CONDITIONS AND YOU ARE DIRECTED TO READ 

AND FULLY UNDERSTAND THE LIMITATIONS OF 

LIABILITY CONTAINED IN THIS PASSAGE CONTRACT

AND ESPECIALLY THOSE LIMITATIONS CONTAINED IN 

SECTIONS 11, 12, 13 AND 14 OF THIS PASSAGE 

CONTRACT. SECTIONS 11, 12, 13 AND 14 LIMIT YOUR 

RIGHT TO SUE AND RECOVER FROM CARRIER. SECTION 

17 GOVERNS THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL AND OTHER 

PERSONAL SERVICES ONBOARD THE VESSEL.

Section 13 is titled “TIME LIMIT FOR REPORTING INJURY OR LOSSES AND 

CLAIMS.” It states: 

ANY INCIDENT OR ACCIDENT RESULTING IN INJURY, 

ILLNESS, OR DEATH TO THE PASSENGER MUST BE 

REPORTED IMMEDIATELY TO THE VESSEL’S OFFICERS. 

CARRIER WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS UNLESS 

A DETAILED WRITTEN CLAIM IS PRESENTED TO 

CARRIER WITHIN SIX (6) MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF 

THE INCIDENT OR ACCIDENT. LAWSUITS MUST BE 

FILED BY PASSENGER WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR OF THE 

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DATE OF THE INCIDENT OR ACCIDENT CLAIMED OR 

ALLEGED TO HAVE CAUSED THE INJURY, ILLNESS, OR 

DEATH.

. . . 

IF A WRITTEN CLAIM IS NOT MADE AND SUIT IS NOT 

FILED WITHIN THE TIME PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 

13, THEN THE PASSENGER WAIVES AND RELEASES ANY 

RIGHT HE OR SHE MAY HAVE TO MAKE ANY CLAIM 

AGAINST CARRIER ARISING UNDER, IN CONNECTION 

WITH, OR INCIDENT TO THIS TICKET OR THE VOYAGE.

Baer and his wife boarded the ship in Fort Lauderdale. Baer turned in the 

front page of the contract when he boarded the cruise. On January 17, 2015, while 

on board the ship, Baer fell near a bar area. X-rays taken aboard the ship revealed 

Baer had a broken femur. After initial treatment, Baer remained in his cabin. 

Silversea personnel told Baer he would need to disembark for further 

treatment at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, which was the next port of call. Baer 

objected, and asked to stay onboard until the cruise reached Los Angeles so he 

could get treatment in the United States. Silversea told Baer he could not remain 

on the ship with a broken leg. 

On January 19, Silversea personnel transferred Baer on a stretcher to a water 

taxi. The water taxi took Baer to Amerimed Hospital in Cabo San Lucas. On 

January 20, Baer underwent surgery. 

On January 22, an air ambulance took Baer to Tampa, Florida, his home. 

There an orthopedic surgeon determined the Mexican surgeon had improperly 

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installed a surgical screw and that the surgical site was infected. Baer had a second 

surgery to fix the installation of the screw. While recovering from the second 

surgery, Baer had a reaction to the antibiotics that resulted in temporary kidney 

failure. When his leg did not fully heal, Baer underwent hip replacement surgery 

as well. As a result of the surgeries, Baer suffered a loss of mobility and must now 

use a cane. 

B. Procedural History

On January 26, 2017, Baer sued Silversea, alleging Silversea negligently 

sent him to a medical facility that could not provide competent care. 

Silversea moved for summary judgment, arguing, among other things, that 

Baer’s claim was barred by the limitations provision in the ticket contract. Baer 

responded that his claim was timely because the limitations period was not 

reasonably communicated to him and didn’t cover the claim in any event. 

The district court granted summary judgment to Silversea. It found the oneyear limitations period in the ticket contract was enforceable because it was 

reasonably communicated to Baer. It further found that the limitations period 

covered the claim Baer asserted. 

Baer brought this appeal. 

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II.

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Josendis 

v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc., 662 F.3d 1292, 1314 (11th Cir. 2011). 

Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). We “view the evidence and all factual inferences therefrom in the light most 

favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all reasonable doubts about the 

facts in favor of the non-movant.” Carter v. City of Melbourne, 731 F.3d 1161, 

1166 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted).

III.

A. The Limitations Period is Enforceable

The parties agree that this maritime action is governed by federal admiralty 

law. See Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 741 F.2d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 

1984). Federal law permits cruise lines to impose a one-year limit on the time 

passengers have to bring a civil action.1

 46 U.S.C. § 30508(b)(2). Such limits are 

enforceable “if the cruise ticket provided the passenger with reasonably adequate 

 1 In a footnote, Baer argues this provision does not apply and that this case is instead 

governed by Florida’s four-year statute of limitations. This Court generally will not consider a 

claim raised only in a footnote. See Asociacion de Empleados del Area Canalera (ASEDAC) v. 

Panama Canal Comm’n, 453 F.3d 1309, 1316 n.7 (11th Cir. 2006). In any event, Baer did not 

raise this issue below, and he is not permitted to raise it for the first time on appeal. See Troxler 

v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 717 F.2d 530, 532–34 (11th Cir. 1983).

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notice that the limits existed and formed part of the passenger contract.” Nash v. 

Kloster Cruise A/S, 901 F.2d 1565, 1566 (11th Cir. 1990) (per curiam). 

This “reasonable communicativeness” test has two prongs. Krenkel v. 

Kerzner Int’l Hotels, Ltd., 579 F.3d 1279, 1281 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam)

(quotation marks omitted). First, courts look to the physical characteristics of the 

limitations provision, including the size of the text, its conspicuousness, and its

typeface. Estate of Myhra v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 695 F.3d 1233, 1245–

46 (11th Cir. 2012). The second prong analyzes whether the passenger “had the 

ability to become meaningfully informed of the clause and to reject its terms.” 

Krenkel, 579 F.3d at 1281. 

First, the limitations provision is clear and conspicuous in the travel contract. 

The second paragraph of the contract, which is in all-caps and bolded, alerts

passengers that they should read the contract terms carefully and that the terms 

“limit[] . . . your rights as a passenger to assert claims against the carrier, the 

vessel, and related entities.” The next paragraph specifically directs the passenger 

to “carefully read and understand Sections 11, 12, 13, 14 and 17” because “they 

contain significant limitations on your rights to assert claims.” The next paragraph 

contains two further mentions of the importance of reading those same sections. 

This language sufficiently communicates that the five particular sections

mentioned will limit passengers’ rights. See Myhra, 695 F.3d at 1246 (finding 

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reasonable communicativeness where “an all-capital headline on the very first page 

of a large travel packet . . . directed the [passengers’] attention to the terms and 

conditions”); Nash, 901 F.2d at 1567–68 (affirming finding of reasonable 

communicativeness where first page of contract directed passengers to specific 

paragraphs that contained limitations provision). 

Section 13 is bolded and titled “Time Limit for Reporting Injury or Losses 

and Claims.” Section 13(A) requires passengers to immediately report “any 

incident or accident resulting in injury” to the ship’s officers, and disclaims any 

liability unless “a detailed written claim is presented to [Silversea] within six (6) 

months after the date of the incident or accident.” It further requires that

“[l]awsuits must be filed by passenger within one (1) year of the date of the 

incident or accident claimed or alleged to have caused the injury.” Section 13(C)

expressly provides that “[i]f a written claim is not made and suit is not filed within 

the time provided in this Section 13, then the passenger waives and releases any 

right he or she may have to make a claim.” This straightforward language clearly 

communicates that there is a one-year limitation on claims arising from personal 

injuries. See Krenkel, 579 F.3d at 1281–82 (holding that a forum-selection 

provision that was “not hidden or ambiguous,” was set apart in a separate 

paragraph, and contained “plain” language satisfied the reasonable 

communicativeness test).

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Baer argues the language in the limitations provision was not clearly 

communicated because it left ambiguity as to whether onshore injuries were 

covered by the provision. However, as explained below, the provision is not 

ambiguous, and therefore it provided adequate notice of how the contract terms 

limited Baer’s legal rights. See Nash, 901 F.2d at 1567 (analyzing whether the 

content of the notice “reasonably communicate[s] to passengers the existence 

within the ticket of important terms and conditions which affect legal rights” 

(alterations adopted and quotation marks omitted)).

Second, Baer had ample opportunity “to become meaningfully informed” of 

the limitations provision. Krenkel, 579 F.3d at 1281. The ticket contract was sent 

to his agent, Nichols, who then sent it to him. Baer also submitted a portion of the 

contract package when he boarded the cruise, showing he received the materials. 

Baer argues that only Nichols had access to the full terms of the contract, and that 

he was unaware of the terms at the time he boarded the cruise. But the second 

prong of the reasonable communicativeness test concerns not whether Baer 

actually read the contract, but whether he had the opportunity to. See Myhra, 695 

F.3d at 1246 n.42 (“We note that whether the Myhras chose to avail themselves of 

the notices and to read the terms and conditions is not relevant to the reasonable 

communicativeness inquiry.”). The record reflects that Baer communicated 

regularly with Nichols, authorized her to book the cruise on his behalf, and 

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received relevant documents from her. Based on this, Baer had the opportunity to 

avail himself of the notices contained in the ticket contract. Further, we typically 

find constructive notice in other contexts where an agent accepts contract

documents on behalf of a principal. See, e.g., Windward Traders, Ltd. v. Fred S. 

James & Co., 855 F.2d 814, 820 (11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (finding 

constructive notice of the identities of contracting parties where agent possessed 

cover letter identifying the parties); see also MacArthur v. Kerzner Int’l Bahamas, 

Ltd., 607 F. App’x 845, 847–48 (11th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (unpublished) 

(finding constructive notice of forum selection clause where travel agent possessed 

terms and conditions of the contract). This means Baer had both actual and 

constructive notice of the contract terms.

In sum, the limitations provision was sufficiently communicated to Baer, 

and that provision is enforceable. 

B. Baer’s Claim is Covered by the Limitations Provision

Section 13 of the ticket contract establishes a one-year limit for bringing 

claims against Silversea. Baer argues his claim falls outside the terms of Section 

13. 

Under federal maritime law, contract interpretation begins with the plain 

meaning of the contract terms. See Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Kirby, 543 U.S. 14, 31–

32, 125 S. Ct. 385, 397–98 (2004). Where a contractual term is ambiguous, courts 

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typically “construe the contract language most strongly against the drafter.” 

Edward Leasing Corp. v. Uhlig & Assocs., Inc., 785 F.2d 877, 889 (11th Cir. 

1986) (quotation marks omitted); see also St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co. v. 

Lago Canyon, Inc., 561 F.3d 1181, 1191 n.19 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[A]n ambiguous 

provision in a maritime contract is interpreted against the drafter.”). 

Per Section 13(C), the time limit applies to “any claim against the carrier 

arising under, in connection with, or incident to this ticket or voyage.” This broad 

language indicates that all possible claims related to the cruise must fit within one 

of the time limits outlined in Section 13. See, e.g., Myhra, 695 F.3d at 1236–37, 

1246–47 (holding that forum selection clause covering “any dispute, claim or other 

matter arising out of or in connection with your contract or your holiday” was 

broad enough to cover a passenger’s death after he contracted Legionnaire’s 

Disease aboard a cruise (quotation marks omitted)). 

Section 13(C) does not itself establish the one-year limitation for personal 

injury lawsuits. That is instead found in Sections 13(A). Section 13(A) pertains to 

“any incident or accident resulting in injury, illness, or death to the passenger.” It 

also contains language explaining that lawsuits “must be filed by passenger within

one (1) year” of either the incident or accident. 

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Section 13(A) by its terms covers Baer’s claim. Baer’s fall on the ship 

certainly qualifies as an accident resulting in injury, and any negligence in the 

medical care he received or the medical provider chosen flowed from that incident. 

Baer argues instead that the true injury occurred offshore, when Silversea 

selected a subpar hospital. According to Baer, this puts his claim outside Section 

13(A) because this provision requires passengers to notify “the vessel’s officers” of 

any injury, meaning Section 13(A) must cover only incidents that happen onboard 

the ship. 

We reject Baer’s interpretation. There is nothing in the plain language of

Section 13(A) that would exclude claims arising from onshore incidents. See

Norfolk S. Ry., 543 U.S. at 31, 125 S. Ct. at 397 (“Read naturally, the word ‘any’ 

has an expansive meaning . . . .” (quotation marks omitted)). And cruise lines have 

typically been held liable for claims arising from incidents that take place on shore. 

See, e.g., Chaparro v. Carnival Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2012) (per 

curiam) (holding that cruise lines owe passengers “a duty to warn of known 

dangers beyond the point of debarkation in places where passengers are invited or 

reasonably expected to visit”). It would follow that Section 13, absent express 

language, would not be limited to claims arising from only on-board incidents.2

 2 Because the terms of Section 13 plainly cover Baer’s claim, we need not reach Baer’s 

argument that Section 13 is ambiguous and should be construed against Silversea. 

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Baer nonetheless urges us to follow the First Circuit decision in Rams v. 

Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Inc., 17 F.3d 11 (1st Cir. 1994), and conclude the 

limitations provision is ambiguous and therefore does not apply to injuries arising 

from events that occurred off-ship. We agree with the district court that Rams is 

distinguishable. Unlike the provision at issue in Rams, the limitations provision 

here explicitly applies to “any claim . . . arising under, in connection with, or 

incident to this ticket or the voyage.” Indeed, the First Circuit indicated in its 

opinion that had this language—or something similar—been included in the 

limitation provision at issue in Rams, it would likely have reached the outcome we 

do here. 17 F.3d at 12. 

Because Baer’s claim is covered by the limitations provision in Section 13, 

he was required to bring his claim within one year or else “waive[] and release[] 

any right he . . . may have to make [the] claim.” Baer brought suit in January 

2017, just more than two years after the incident occurred. His claim is barred by 

the limitations provision.

AFFIRMED.

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