# Patent

## Title
Circuits and methods for driving light sources

## Abstract

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide circuits and methods for driving a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. In one embodiment, a printed circuit board (PCB) includes a bridge rectifier rectifying an AC voltage to a rectified AC voltage, an LED light source, and a first switch coupled to the LED light source in series controlling a current through the LED light source according to a predetermined current reference. The LED light source and the first switch coupled in series receive the rectified AC voltage while the first switch is controlled linearly. The circuit further includes a current path coupled in parallel with the LED light source and an illuminated switch coupled between the AC power source and the bridge rectifier.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of the co-pending U.S. application, Ser. No. 12/953,353, entitled “Circuits and Methods for Driving Light Source”, filed on Nov. 23, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used in many applications such as general lighting. LEDs offer several advantages over traditional light sources such as fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. For example, LEDs have significant lower power consumption. Unlike traditional light sources such as incandescent light bulbs that convert significant electrical current heating up the metal filaments to a temperature high enough to generate light, LEDs generate virtually no heat and utilize a fraction of the energy to produce an equivalent lumen of lighting. For example, in a light bulb application, an LED light source may consume less than 7 Watts to produce the same amount of brightness compared to an incandescent light source consuming approximately 60 Watts.
Furthermore, the operational life of an LED can be extended to over 50,000 hours which is significantly longer than the average life of an incandescent bulb, e.g., 5000 hours, and the average life of a fluorescent lamp, e.g., 15,000 hours. Moreover, LEDs contain no mercury or any other hazardous materials or chemicals and emit zero ultra violet (UV) radiation unlike incandescent or fluorescent lamps. The use of the LEDs materially enhances the environment and conserves energy.
Traditionally, an AC/DC converter converts an AC voltage to a substantial DC voltage to power the LEDs. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical driving circuit 100 for driving a light source, e.g., an LED array 108. The driving circuit 100 includes a bridge rectifier 104 for rectifying the AC voltage to a rectified AC voltage, and an electrolytic capacitor Cbulk having a relatively large size coupled to the bridge rectifier 104 for filtering the rectified AC voltage to provide a substantially constant DC voltage VIN.
The driving circuit 100 further includes a switching-mode DC/DC converter 122 that converts the DC voltage VIN to a DC voltage VOUT across a capacitor 116 to power the LED array 108. In operation, a controller 118 generates an ON/OFF signal to turn a switch 106 fully on and off alternately to control the power for the LED array 108. However, the turn-on and turn-off of the switch 106 generates electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise such that an EMI filter 130 is required to suppress the noise on the power line. In addition, the switching-mode DC/DC converter 122 usually includes elements such as an inductor 112 and a capacitor 116 for energy storage and/or filtering function. Such elements are also relatively large in size and are difficult to be placed into the commercial available lighting fixtures such as E12, E14, E17 LED bulbs or T-5 and T-8 LED light tubes.
SUMMARY
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide circuits and methods for driving light sources, e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. In one embodiment, a printed circuit board (PCB) includes a bridge rectifier rectifying an AC voltage to a rectified AC voltage, an LED light source, and a first switch coupled to the LED light source in series controlling a current through the LED light source according to a predetermined current reference. The LED light source and the first switch coupled in series receive the rectified AC voltage while the first switch is controlled linearly.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Features and advantages of embodiments of the claimed subject matter will become apparent as the following detailed description proceeds, and upon reference to the drawings, wherein like numerals depict like parts, and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional driving circuit for driving a light source.
FIG. 2 shows a driving circuit, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows an example of a rectified AC voltage VREC, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the relationship between system power efficiency and a conduction angle, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows the relationship between a system power factor and a conduction angle, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows a driving circuit, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows an example of a rectified AC voltage VREC1 and a rectified AC voltage VREC2, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows a driving circuit coupled to an illuminated switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows a driving circuit coupled to an illuminated switch, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows a light tube, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows a breakdown view of a light tube, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide circuits and methods for driving one or more light sources such as a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. By way of example, the circuits and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be used in lighting fixtures including, but are not limited to, E12, E14, E17 light bulbs or T-5 and T-8 tubes. In one embodiment, the circuits include an AC/DC linear converter. Advantageously, the AC/DC linear converter in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can achieve relatively high power efficiency as well as relatively high power factor. In one embodiment, the AC/DC linear converter and the light source can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) which is relatively thin, making it easier to be fit into lighting fixtures such as E12, E14, E17 light bulbs or T-5 and T-8 tubes. Moreover, unlike the conventional AC/DC converter cooperating with the switching-mode DC/DC converter, the AC/DC linear converter in accordance with embodiments of the present invention does not generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, and thus does not require EMI filters. In addition, the bulky circuitry components such as inductors in the conventional switching mode DC/DC converter can be omitted. Therefore, the circuits and methods for driving one or more light sources in accordance with embodiments of the present invention achieve improved efficiency and reduced cost.
FIG. 2 shows a driving circuit 200, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In the example of FIG. 2, the driving circuit 200 includes an AC/DC linear converter 240 for receiving an AC voltage and controlling a current flowing through a light source. For illustrative purposes, the light source in FIG. 2 includes an LED array 210 having a plurality of LED strings. The light source can be other types of light sources. In the example of FIG. 2, the AC/DC linear converter 240 includes a rectifier (e.g., a bridge rectifier 204) for rectifying an AC voltage VAC to a rectified AC voltage VREC, a switch Q1 coupled to the LED array 210 in series for controlling a current through the LED array 210 according to a predetermined current reference, control circuitry (e.g., an operational amplifier 206) for controlling the switch Q1 linearly, and a current sensor (e.g., a sensing resistor RSET) for sensing the current flowing through the light source and providing a sensing signal 220 to the control circuitry. In one embodiment, the switch Q1 is a power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
FIG. 3 shows an example of the rectified AC voltage VREC during the period 0 to 2π of the VAC, and is described in combination with FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the rectified AC voltage VREC is a periodic voltage signal. The rectified AC voltage VREC has a peak voltage VP. The forward voltage VO of the LED array 210 intersects with the rectified AC voltage VREC. The LED array 210 is powered on to its rating when the voltage across the LED array 210 is greater than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210. More specifically, in the example of FIG. 3, the LED array 210 is powered on to its rating and is regulated when the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210. In one embodiment, the voltage drop across the sensing resistor RSET is relatively small and can be ignored.
Thus, in operation, the LED array 210 is powered on and regulated depending on the level of the rectified AC voltage VREC. When the LED array 210 is powered on, e.g., when the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210, the control circuitry controls the switch Q1 linearly by comparing a sensing signal 220 indicative of the current through the LED array 210 to a reference signal ADJ indicative of the predetermined current reference such that the current through the LED array 210 is adjusted to the predetermined current reference. By way of example, the operational amplifier 206 compares the sensing signal 220 to the reference signal ADJ and generates an error signal to control the switch Q1 linearly. A current sensor, e.g., a sensing resistor RSET is coupled to the LED array 210 in series and for providing the sensing signal 220.
In the example of FIG. 3, the rectified AC voltage VREC is a half-wave sinusoidal voltage signal. However, the rectified AC voltage VREC is not limited to the example in FIG. 3. The rectified AC voltage can be other periodic signals so long as the forward voltage VO of the light source, e.g., the LED array 210, intersects with the rectified AC voltage assuming that the voltage drop across the sensing resistor RSET can be ignored. Thus, the rectified AC voltage has a peak voltage VP greater than the forward voltage VO of the light source and has a valley voltage less than the forward voltage VO of the light source.
In one embodiment, the current IO flowing through the LED array 210 can be given by:

IO=ADJ/RSET,  (1)

where ADJ represents the voltage level of the reference signal ADJ and RSET represents the resistance of the sensing resistor RSET. The forward voltage VO of the LED array 210 can be given by:

V0=Vp×Sin θ,  (2)

where VP represents the peak voltage of the rectified AC voltage VREC, and θ is the conduction angle at which the rectified AC voltage VREC is substantially equal to the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210. In one embodiment, “substantially equal to” means that at the conduction angle θ, the rectified AC voltage VREC may be slightly different from the forward voltage VO due to the voltage drop across the switch Q1 and the sensing resistor RSET and the non-ideality of the circuitry components in practical applications.

Therefore, the average input power Pin during the period 0 to π can be given by:




  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                in
              
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  1
                  π
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    ∫
                    θ
                    
                      π
                      -
                      θ
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      p
                    
                    ×
                    Sin
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    θ
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      d
                      θ
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      (
                      
                        0
                        <
                        θ
                        <
                        
                          π
                          2
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    1
                    π
                  
                  ×
                  
                    I
                    0
                  
                  ×
                  
                    V
                    p
                  
                  ×
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        -
                        cos
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      θ
                    
                    )
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  |
                  θ
                  
                    π
                    -
                    θ
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    0
                    <
                    θ
                    <
                    
                      π
                      2
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  1
                  π
                
                ×
                
                  I
                  0
                
                ×
                
                  V
                  p
                
                ×
                2
                ×
                cos
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                θ
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      0
                      <
                      θ
                      <
                      
                        π
                        2
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        3
        )
      
    
  




The output power Pout of the LED array 210 during the period 0 to π can be given by:





  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                out
              
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      (
                      
                        π
                        -
                        θ
                        -
                        θ
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  π
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    0
                    <
                    θ
                    <
                    
                      π
                      2
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  I
                  0
                
                ×
                
                  V
                  0
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      
                        2
                        ×
                        θ
                      
                      π
                    
                  
                  )
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      0
                      <
                      θ
                      <
                      
                        π
                        2
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        4
        )
      
    
  




According to equations (3) and (4), the power efficiency η of the AC/DC linear converter 240 can be calculated by:




  
    
      
        
          
            
              η
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  P
                  out
                
                
                  P
                  in
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      (
                      
                        1
                        -
                        
                          
                            2
                            ×
                            θ
                          
                          π
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      1
                      π
                    
                    ×
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    2
                    ×
                    Cos
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    θ
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    0
                    <
                    θ
                    <
                    
                      π
                      2
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      p
                    
                    ×
                    Sin
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    θ
                    ×
                    
                      (
                      
                        1
                        -
                        
                          
                            2
                            ×
                            θ
                          
                          π
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      1
                      π
                    
                    ×
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      p
                    
                    ×
                    2
                    ×
                    Cos
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    θ
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    0
                    <
                    θ
                    <
                    
                      π
                      2
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  1
                  2
                
                ×
                tan
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                θ
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    π
                    -
                    
                      2
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      θ
                    
                  
                  )
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      0
                      <
                      θ
                      <
                      
                        π
                        2
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        5
        )
      
    
  




In addition, the total power dissipation Ploss, e.g., on the switch Q1 and sensing resistor RSET, during the period 0 to π can be obtained by:

Ploss=Pin−Pout=[(1/η)−1]Pout.  (6)

According to equation (5), the relationship between the power efficiency η and the conduction angle θ is shown in the example of FIG. 4.

Therefore, according to a given power efficiency η, the conduction angle θ can be obtained accordingly based on equation (5). If the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is known, the forward voltage VO can be calculated according to equation (2). Accordingly, to design a lamp having a predetermined output power, e.g., Pout=5 W, the current IO flowing through the LED array 210 can be calculated according to equation (4). Thus, the number of LEDs required to generate output power of 5 W can be calculated if the current rating of an LED is known.
By way of example, to design an LED lamp with 5 Watts output power Pout and having a power efficiency η of 80%, assuming that the AC power source 202 generates a 60 Hz 110V AC voltage VAC, and the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is 155V, then the conduction angle θ is approximately 0.81 (46.43 degree) according to equation (5). According to equation (2), the forward voltage VO can be given by: 155*sin(0.81)≈112V. According to equation (4), the current IO is approximately 92 mA. Assuming that an LED has a forward voltage of 3.2V, the number of LEDs in each LED string of the LED array 210 can be given by: 112V/3.2V=35. If an LED has a rated current of 20 mA, then the LED array 210 can include 5 LED strings and each LED string includes 35 LEDs. The power dissipation Ploss, e.g., on the power switch Q1 and the sensing resistor RSET is: Ploss=Pin−Pout=[(1/η)−1]Pout≈1.25 W.
Furthermore, the power factor PF of the system can be calculated by:




  
    
      
        
          PF
          =
          
            
              P
              in
            
            
              
                V
                rms
              
              ×
              
                I
                rms
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        (
        7
        )
      
    
  




where Pin represents the average input power which can be obtained according to equation (3), Vrms represents the root-mean-square of the input voltage VREC and Irms represents the root-mean-square of the input current to the LED array 210. Vrms and Irms can be given by:





  
    
      
        
          
            V
            rms
          
          =
          
            
              V
              P
            
            
              2
            
          
        
        ;
      
    
    
      
        (
        8
        )
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          I
          rms
        
        =
        
          
            I
            0
          
          ×
          
            
              
                1
                -
                
                  
                    2
                    ×
                    θ
                  
                  π
                
              
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        9
        )
      
    
  




Therefore, the power factor PF can be obtained by:





  
    
      
        
          P
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          F
        
        =
        
          
            
              2
              ×
              
                2
              
            
            π
          
          ×
          
            
              
                Cos
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                θ
              
              
                
                  1
                  -
                  
                    
                      2
                      ×
                      θ
                    
                    π
                  
                
              
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        10
        )
      
    
  




FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the power factor PF and the conduction angle θ, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Advantageously, as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the driving circuit can achieve relatively high power efficiency η and also relatively high power factor PF by selecting a proper conduction angle θ. For example, if the conduction angle θ is 0.81, the power efficiency η is approximately 80% and the power factor PF is approximately 0.89. Moreover, the driving circuit can achieve relatively high power factor without additional power factor correction circuit which may include inductors, power switches and control circuitry.

In one embodiment, the switch Q1 and the operational amplifier 206 constitute a controller and can be integrated in an integrated circuit 230. Moreover, the bridge rectifier 204, the integrated circuit 230, and the sensing resistor RSET can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). The light source such as the LED array 210 shown in FIG. 2 can be mounted on a separate PCB, in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the bridge rectifier 204, the integrated circuit 230, the sensing resistor RSET and the light source such as the LED array 210 can be mounted on a single PCB.
FIG. 6 shows a driving circuit 600, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Elements labeled the same as in FIG. 2 have similar functions. The driving circuit 600 includes an AC/DC linear converter 640 which further includes the control circuitry to control the switch Q1. In one embodiment, the LED light source 210 is powered on and regulated when a signal indicative of the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than a DC voltage, and the LED light source 210 is powered off when the signal indicative of the rectified AC voltage VREC is less than the DC voltage.
More specifically, the output of the operational amplifier 206 controls the switch Q1 linearly when a signal V1 indicative of the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than a DC voltage VDC. The output operational amplifier 206 is held to a low voltage, thereby turning off the switch Q1 when the signal V1 indicative of the rectified AC voltage VREC is less than the DC voltage VDC, in one embodiment. In the example of FIG. 6, the AC/DC linear converter 640 further includes a comparator 610 for comparing the signal V1 to the DC voltage VDC to control a switch Q3 coupled to the operational amplifier 206. The signal V1 is proportional to the rectified AC voltage VREC. For example, the driving circuit 600 includes a voltage divider including resistors R1 and R2 for receiving the rectified AC voltage VREC and providing the signal V1. In one embodiment, the DC voltage VDC is proportional to an average level of the rectified AC voltage VREC. For example, the driving circuit 600 includes a voltage divider including resistors R3 and R4. An average filtering capacitor C1 is coupled to the resistor R4 in parallel. Thus, the DC voltage VDC is proportional to an average level of the rectified AC voltage VREC, in one embodiment. In the embodiment, when the voltage V1 is greater than the DC voltage VDC, the comparator 610 turns off the switch Q3 such that the output of the operational amplifier 206 controls the switch Q1 linearly. When the voltage V1 is less than the DC voltage VDC, the comparator 610 turns on the switch Q3 such that the output of the operational amplifier 206 is grounded and thus the switch Q1 is turned off. Advantageously, the driving circuit 600 is capable of controlling the LED array 210 to generate substantially constant brightness even if the input AC voltage VAC fluctuates.
FIG. 7 shows an example of a rectified AC voltage VREC1 and a rectified AC voltage VREC2 during the period 0 to 2π, and is described in combination with FIG. 6. In one embodiment, the rectified AC voltage VREC1 and VREC2 are periodic voltage signals, e.g., half-wave sinusoidal voltage signals. By way of example, if the input AC voltage VAC fluctuates from VAC1 to VAC2, the rectified AC voltage varies from VREC1 to VREC2 accordingly. The rectified AC voltage VREC1 has a peak value VP1 and the rectified AC voltage VREC2 has a peak value VP2. Since the DC voltage VDC is proportional to an average level of the rectified AC voltage VREC, the DC voltage also varies from VDC1 to VDC2 accordingly. Advantageously, as shown in the example of FIG. 7, the switch Q3 is turned on during 0 ̃θ, (π−θ) ̃(π+θ), and (2π−θ) ̃2π, and the switch Q3 is turned off during θ ̃(π−θ) and (π+θ) ̃(2π−θ) regardless of whether the rectified AC voltage is VREC1 or VREC2. In one embodiment, when the switch Q3 is on, the switch Q1 is off, and when the switch Q3 is off, the switch Q1 is controlled linearly to regulate the current through the LED array 210 by comparing the reference signal ADJ to the sensing signal 220. In other words, even if the rectified AC voltage VREC varies which is caused by the fluctuation of the input AC voltage VAC, the switch Q1 is still conducted at the same conduction angle such that the LED array 210 has substantially constant brightness.
In the example of FIG. 6, the DC voltage VDC can be given by:




  
    
      
        
          
            V
            DC
          
          =
          
            
              2
              π
            
            ⁢
            
              V
              p
            
            ×
            
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                4
              
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  3
                
                +
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  4
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        (
        11
        )
      
    
  




where R3 represents the resistance of the resistor R3, and R4 represents the resistance of the resistor R4. By way of example, the voltage divider R3 and R4 is chosen in a way to suit integrated circuit design such as 2.0V DC voltage at the non-inverting input of the comparator 610, e.g., VDC=2.0V. Assuming that the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is 155V, the proportional R3 and R4 divider can be obtained by the following:





  
    
      
        2
        =
        
          
            
              
                2
                π
              
              ×
              155
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ×
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  4
                
                
                  
                    R
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    3
                  
                  +
                  
                    R
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    4
                  
                
              
            
            ⇒
            
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                4
              
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  3
                
                +
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  4
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              π
              155
            
            ≈
            
              0.02
              .
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        12
        )
      
    
  




Knowing that switch Q1 is on when the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210, the voltage V1 at the inverting input of comparator 610 is a fraction of VREC by properly choosing the resistor divider including the resistors R1 and R2. Assuming that the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210 is 112V and the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is 155V, the proportional R1 and R2 divider can be obtained by the following:





  
    
      
        
          
            R
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            2
          
          
            
              R
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              1
            
            +
            
              R
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              2
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            2.0
            112
          
          ≈
          
            0.0178
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        13
        )
      
    
  




Assuming that due to the variation of the AC voltage VAC, the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is changed from 155V to 180V. According to equation (11), the DC voltage VDC is changed to:





  
    
      
        
          V
          DC
        
        =
        
          
            
              2
              π
            
            ×
            
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                4
              
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  3
                
                +
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  4
                
              
            
            ×
            180
          
          ≈
          
            2.322
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              V
              .
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        14
        )
      
    
  




According to equation (2),





  
    Sin
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    θ
  
  =
  
    
      
        V
        DC
      
      
        V
        P
      
    
    ×
    
      
        
          
            R
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            1
          
          +
          
            R
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            2
          
        
        
          R
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          2
        
      
      .
    
  




Thus, θ≈0.81 (46.43 degree), which is the same as the conduction angle when the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is equal to 155V. By switching on the switch Q1 at the same conduction angle ↓ even when the rectified AC voltage VREC varies, the brightness of the LED array 210 is therefore maintained substantially constant.

Referring to FIG. 2, if the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is changed from 155V to 180V due to the variation of the AC voltage VAC, then the conduction angle θ is approximately 0.67 (38.48 degree) according to the following:

V0=Vp×Sin θ112V=180V×sin θθ≈0.67.  (15)

Thus, if the driving circuit 200 in FIG. 2 is employed, the output power Pout can be given by:





  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                out
              
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  I
                  0
                
                ×
                
                  V
                  0
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      
                        2
                        ×
                        θ
                      
                      π
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  I
                  0
                
                ×
                112
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      
                        2
                        ×
                        0.67
                      
                      π
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                ≈
                
                ⁢
                
                  5.91
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  Watts
                
              
              ,
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        16
        )
      
    
  




which indicates that the brightness varies if the peak voltage VP of the rectified AC voltage VREC is changed from 155V to 180V due to the variation of the AC voltage VAC. Moreover, the power dissipation can be obtained by:

Ploss=Pin−Pout=[(1/η)−1]Pout≈2.41 Watts.  (17)

By employing the driving circuit 600 in FIG. 6, the power efficiency is further enhanced. For example, by employing the driving circuit in FIG. 6, the power loss when the rectified voltage is VREC2 having a peak voltage of 180V is:





  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                loss
              
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  P
                  in
                
                -
                
                  P
                  out
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                =
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    
                      1
                      π
                    
                    ×
                    
                      I
                      0
                    
                    ×
                    
                      V
                      p
                    
                    ×
                    2
                    ×
                    cos
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    θ
                  
                  -
                  
                    5
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    Watts
                  
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              =
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                    1
                    π
                  
                  ×
                  
                    I
                    0
                  
                  ×
                  180
                  ×
                  2
                  ×
                  cos
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    (
                    0.81
                    )
                  
                
                -
                
                  5
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  Watts
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              ≈
              
              ⁢
              
                2.27
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  Watts
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        18
        )
      
    
  




In one embodiment, the switches Q1 and Q3, the operational amplifier 206, the comparator 610 and the resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 constitute a controller and can be integrated in an integrated circuit 630. In another embodiment, resistors R1 and/or R3 can be outside the integrated circuit for design flexibility. Moreover, the bridge rectifier 204, the filtering capacitor C1, the sensing resistor RSET, and the integrated circuit 630 can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). The light source such as the LED array 210 shown in FIG. 6 can be mounted on a separate PCB, in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the bridge rectifier 204, the filtering capacitor C1, the integrated circuit 630, the sensing resistor RSET and the light source such as the LED array 210 can be mounted on a single PCB.
FIG. 8 shows a driving circuit 800 coupled to an illuminated switch 808, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The driving circuit 800 is similar to the driving circuit 200 in FIG. 2, and further includes a current path coupled in parallel with the LED array 210. The current path includes a resistor 802, in one embodiment. The illuminated switch 808 includes an illuminating indicator, e.g., an LED 806 as shown in FIG. 8 or other type of light sources such as a neon lamp. The LED 806 is coupled to a resistor 810 in series. The illuminated switch 808 further includes a switch 804 coupled between the AC power source 202 and the bridge rectifier 204. The switch 804 is also coupled in parallel with the LED 806 and the resistor 810.
In operation, if the switch 804 is turned on, the LED array 210 is powered on to its rating and is regulated when the rectified AC voltage VREC is greater than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210. If the switch 804 is turned off, a current flows from the AC power source 202 through the resistor 810, the LED 806, the bridge rectifier 204, the current path including the resistor 802 to ground. Accordingly, the LED 806 is turned on, which allows the user to locate the switch in the dark. The resistance of the resistor 802 is selected in a way that the voltage across the LED array 210 is less than the forward voltage VO of the LED array 210 when the rectified AC voltage VREC reaches its peak voltage VP when the switch 804 is turned off. Therefore, the LED array 210 remains off if the switch 804 is turned off.
FIG. 9 shows a driving circuit 900 coupled to an illuminated switch 808, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The driving circuit 900 is similar to the driving circuit 600 in FIG. 6, and further includes a current path coupled in parallel with the LED array 210. The current path includes a resistor 802, in one embodiment. Similarly, having the current path coupled between the bridge rectifier 204 and the switch Q1, the driving circuit 900 can work with the illuminated switch 808.
FIG. 10 shows a light tube 1000, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 shows a breakdown view of the light tube 1000 in FIG. 10. The light tube 1000 includes an electrical portion 1110 for receiving AC power, a PCB 1104, an LED string 1106, a plastic cover 1102 and a metallic portion 1108 for housing the PCB 1104 and the LED string 1106. Advantageously, the AC/DC linear converter 240 or 640 is mounted on the PCB 1104 with the LED string 1106.
Accordingly, embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide circuits and methods for driving one or more light sources such as a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. Advantageously, the driving circuits employ an AC/DC linear converter, which achieves relatively high power efficiency and power factor, and also relatively small size and low cost unlike the conventional light source driving circuits which may require switching-mode DC/DC converters including bulky inductors, capacitors and switching devices. Moreover, the AC/DC linear converter in accordance with embodiments of the present invention does not generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, and thus does not require EMI filters. Due to the relatively small size, the driving circuits in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be used in lighting fixtures including, but are not limited to E12, E14, E17 light bulbs or T-5 and T-8 tubes. Moreover, circuits and methods disclosed in present invention can work with an illuminated switch, thereby providing convenience to users.
While the foregoing description and drawings represent embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that various additions, modifications and substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the principles of the present invention as defined in the accompanying claims. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be used with many modifications of form, structure, arrangement, proportions, materials, elements, and components and otherwise, used in the practice of the invention, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles of the present invention. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not limited to the foregoing description.

## Claims

1. A printed circuit board (PCB) comprising:
a bridge rectifier for rectifying an AC voltage to a rectified AC voltage;
a light-emitting diode (LED) light source, wherein a terminal of said LED light source receives said rectified AC voltage; and
a first switch coupled to said LED light source in series and for controlling a current through said LED light source according to a predetermined current reference, wherein said first switch is controlled linearly,
wherein said LED light source is powered on and regulated when a signal indicative of said rectified AC voltage is greater than a DC voltage, and wherein said LED light source is powered off when said signal indicative of said rectified AC voltage is less than said DC voltage; wherein the PCB further comprising a current path coupled in parallel with said LED light source, and an illuminated switch coupled between an AC power source and said bridge rectifier, wherein a current flows from said bridge rectifier through said current path to ground if said illuminated switch is turned off.

2. The PCB of claim 1, further comprising:
control circuitry coupled to said first switch and for controlling said first switch linearly by comparing a sensing signal indicative of said current through said LED light source to a reference signal indicative of said predetermined current reference.

3. The PCB of claim 2, further comprising:
a second switch coupled to said control circuitry; and
a comparator for comparing said signal indicative of said rectified AC voltage to said DC voltage and for generating a control signal to control said second switch.

4. The PCB of claim 2, further comprising:
a current sensor coupled to said LED light source in series and for providing said sensing signal.

5. The PCB of claim 2, wherein said control circuitry comprises an amplifier for comparing said sensing signal to said reference signal and for generating an error signal to control said first switch linearly.

6. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said DC voltage represents a forward voltage of said LED light source.

7. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said DC voltage is proportional to an average level of said rectified AC voltage.

8. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said rectified AC voltage comprises a periodic voltage signal.

9. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said rectified AC voltage comprises a half-wave sinusoidal voltage signal.

10. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said LED light source comprises a plurality of LEDs coupled in series.

11. The PCB of claim 1, wherein said current path comprises a resistor.