<PAGE>

                                                               Exhibit 3.4







                                    BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                  BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION

                            (a Delaware corporation)

                                   ARTICLE I
                                   ---------

                                  STOCKHOLDERS
                                  ------------

        1. CERTIFICATES REPRESENTING STOCK. Certificates representing stock in
the corporation shall be signed by, or in the name of, the corporation by the
Chairman or Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors, if any, or by the
President or a Vice-President and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer or
the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the corporation. Any or all the
signatures on any such certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer,
transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has
been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer
agent, or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the
corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent, or
registrar at the date of issue.

        Whenever the corporation shall be authorized to issue more than one
class of stock or more than one series of any class of stock, and whenever the
corporation shall issue any shares of its stock as partly paid stock, the
certificates representing shares of any such class or series or of any such
partly paid stock shall set forth thereon the statements prescribed by the
General Corporation Law. Any restrictions on the transfer or registration of
transfer of any shares of stock of any class or series shall be noted
conspicuously on the certificate representing such shares.

        The corporation may issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated
shares in place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have
been lost, stolen, or destroyed, and the Board of Directors may require the
owner of the lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate, or his legal
representative, to give the corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify the
corporation against any claim that may be made against it on account of the
alleged loss, theft, or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of
any such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

        2. UNCERTIFICATED SHARES. Subject to any conditions imposed by the
General Corporation Law, the Board of Directors of the corporation may provide
by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series
of the stock of the corporation shall be uncertificated shares. Within a
reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of any uncertificated shares,
the corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof any written notice
prescribed by the General Corporation Law.

        3. FRACTIONAL SHARE INTERESTS. The corporation may, but shall not be
required to, issue fractions of a share. If the corporation does not issue
fractions of a share, it shall (1) arrange for the disposition of fractional
interests by those entitled thereto, (2) pay in cash the fair value of
fractions of a share as of the time when those entitled to receive such
fractions are determined, or (3) issue scrip or warrants in registered form
(either represented by a certificate or

<PAGE>

uncertificated) or bearer form (represented by a certificate) which shall
entitle the holder to receive a full share upon the surrender of such scrip or
warrants aggregating a full share. A certificate for a fractional share or an
uncertificated fractional share shall, but scrip or warrants shall not unless
otherwise provided therein, entitle the holder to exercise voting rights, to
receive dividends thereon, and to participate in any of the assets of the
corporation in the event of liquidation. The Board of Directors may cause scrip
or warrants to be issued subject to the conditions that they shall become void
if not exchanged for certificates representing the full shares or
uncertificated full shares before a specified date, or subject to the
conditions that the shares for which scrip or warrants are exchangeable may be
sold by the corporation and the proceeds thereof distributed to the holders of
scrip or warrants, or subject to any other conditions which the Board of
Directors may impose.

        4. STOCK TRANSFERS. Upon compliance with provisions restricting the
transfer or registration of transfer of shares of stock, if any, transfers or
registration of transfers of shares of stock of the corporation shall be made
only on the stock ledger of the corporation by the registered holder thereof,
or by his attorney thereunto authorized by power of attorney duly executed and
filed with the Secretary of the corporation or with a transfer agent or a
registrar, if any, and, in the case of shares represented by certificates, on
surrender of the certificate or certificates for such shares of stock properly
endorsed and the payment of all taxes due thereon.

        5. RECORD DATE FOR STOCKHOLDERS. In order that the corporation may
determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of
stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and
which record date shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before
the date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors,
the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote
at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next
preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the
close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is
held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to
vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the
meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record
date for the adjourned meeting. In order that the corporation may determine the
stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a
meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall
not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is
adopted by the Board of Directors, and which date shall not be more than ten
days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted
by the Board of Directors. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of
Directors, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to consent
to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action by the
Board of Directors is required by the General Corporation Law, shall be the
first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or
proposed to be taken is delivered to the corporation by delivery to its
registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal place of business, or
an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the book in which
proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the
corporation's registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered
mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has been fixed by the Board
of Directors and prior action by the Board of Directors is required by the
General Corporation Law, the record date for determining stockholders entitled
to 


                                       2
<PAGE>

consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the
resolution taking such prior action. In order that the corporation may
determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other
distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to
exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion, or exchange of stock,
or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be
not more than sixty days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the
record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the
resolution relating thereto.

        6. MEANING OF CERTAIN TERMS. As used herein in respect of the right to
notice of a meeting of stockholders or a waiver thereof or to participate or
vote thereat or to consent or dissent in writing in lieu of a meeting, as the
case may be, the term "share" or "shares" or "share of stock" or "shares of
stock" or "stockholder" or "stockholders" refers to an outstanding share or
shares of stock and to a holder or holders of record of outstanding shares of
stock when the corporation is authorized to issue only one class of shares of
stock, and said reference is also intended to include any outstanding share or
shares of stock and any holder or holders of record of outstanding shares of
stock of any class upon which or upon whom the certificate of incorporation
confers such rights where there are two or more classes or series of shares of
stock or upon which or upon whom the General Corporation Law confers such
rights notwithstanding that the certificate of incorporation may provide for
more than one class or series of shares of stock, one or more of which are
limited or denied such rights thereunder; provided, however, that no such right
shall vest in the event of an increase or a decrease in the authorized number
of shares of stock of any class or series which is otherwise denied voting
rights under the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, except as any
provision of law may otherwise require.

        7.  STOCKHOLDER MEETINGS.

        - TIME. The annual meeting shall be held on the date and at the time
fixed, from time to time, by the directors, provided, that the first annual
meeting shall be held on a date within thirteen months after the organization
of the corporation, and each successive annual meeting shall be held on a date
within thirteen months after the date of the preceding annual meeting. A
special meeting shall be held on the date and at the time fixed by the
directors.

        - PLACE. Annual meetings and special meetings shall be held at such
place, within or without the State of Delaware, as the directors may, from time
to time, fix. Whenever the directors shall fail to fix such place, the meeting
shall be held at the registered office of the corporation in the State of
Delaware.

        - CALL. Annual meetings and special meetings may be called by the
directors or by any officer instructed by the directors to call the meeting.

        - NOTICE OR WAIVER OF NOTICE. Written notice of all meetings shall be
given, stating the place, date, and hour of the meeting and stating the place
within the city or other municipality or community at which the list of
stockholders of the corporation may be examined. 


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The notice of an annual meeting shall state that the meeting is called for the
election of directors and for the transaction of other business which may
properly come before the meeting, and shall (if any other action which could be
taken at a special meeting is to be taken at such annual meeting) state the
purpose or purposes. The notice of a special meeting shall in all instances
state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. The notice of
any meeting shall also include, or be accompanied by, any additional
statements, information, or documents prescribed by the General Corporation
Law. Except as otherwise provided by the General Corporation Law, a copy of the
notice of any meeting shall be given, personally or by mail, not less than ten
days nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting, unless the lapse
of the prescribed period of time shall have been waived, and directed to each
stockholder at his record address or at such other address which he may have
furnished by request in writing to the Secretary of the corporation. Notice by
mail shall be deemed to be given when deposited, with postage thereon prepaid,
in the United States Mail. If a meeting is adjourned to another time, not more
than thirty days thence, and/or to another place, and if an announcement of the
adjourned time and/or place is made at the meeting, it shall not be necessary
to give notice of the adjourned meeting unless the directors, after
adjournment, fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting. Notice need not
be given to any stockholder who submits a written waiver of notice signed by
him before or after the time stated therein. Attendance of a stockholder at a
meeting of stockholders shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting,
except when the stockholder attends the meeting for the express purpose of
objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business
because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to
be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the
stockholders need be specified in any written waiver of notice.

        - STOCKHOLDER LIST. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of
the corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before every meeting
of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders, arranged in alphabetical
order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares
registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the
examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during
ordinary business hours, for a period of at least ten days prior to the
meeting, either at a place within the city or other municipality or community
where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice
of the meeting, or if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be
held. The list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the
meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder
who is present. The stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the
stockholders entitled to examine the stock ledger, the list required by this
section or the books of the corporation, or to vote at any meeting of
stockholders.


                CONDUCT OF MEETING. Meetings of the stockholders shall be
presided over by one of the following officers in the order of seniority and if
present and acting - the Chairman of the Board, if any, the Vice-Chairman of
the Board, if any, the President, a Vice-President, or, if none of the
foregoing is in office and present and acting, by a chairman to be chosen by
the stockholders. The Secretary of the corporation, or in his absence, an
Assistant Secretary, shall act as secretary of every meeting, but if neither
the Secretary nor an Assistant Secretary is present the Chairman of the meeting
shall appoint a secretary of the meeting.

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        - PROXY REPRESENTATION. Every stockholder may authorize another person
or persons to act for him by proxy in all matters in which a stockholder is
entitled to participate, whether by waiving notice of any meeting, voting or
participating at a meeting, or expressing consent or dissent without a meeting.
Every proxy must be signed by the stockholder or by his attorney-in-fact. No
proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date unless such
proxy provides for a longer period. A duly executed proxy shall be irrevocable
if it states that it is irrevocable and, if, and only as long as, it is coupled
with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A proxy may
be made irrevocable regardless of whether the interest with which it is coupled
is an interest in the stock itself or an interest in the corporation generally.

        - INSPECTORS. The directors, in advance of any meeting, may, but need
not, appoint one or more inspectors of election to act at the meeting or any
adjournment thereof. If an inspector or inspectors are not appointed, the
person presiding at the meeting may, but need not, appoint one or more
inspectors. In case any person who may be appointed as an inspector fails to
appear or act, the vacancy may be filled by appointment made by the directors
in advance of the meeting or at the meeting by the person presiding thereat.
Each inspector, if any, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall
take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspectors at such
meeting with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability. The
inspectors, if any, shall determine the number of shares of stock outstanding
and the voting power of each, the shares of stock represented at the meeting,
the existence of a quorum, the validity and effect of proxies, and shall
receive votes, ballots, or consents, hear and determine all challenges and
questions arising in connection with the right to vote, count and tabulate all
votes, ballots, or consents, determine the result, and do such acts as are
proper to conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. On
request of the person presiding at the meeting, the inspector or inspectors, if
any, shall make a report in writing of any challenge, question, or matter
determined by him or them and execute a certificate of any fact found by him or
them.

        - QUORUM. The holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of stock
shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of stockholders for the transaction of
any business. The stockholders present may adjourn the meeting despite the
absence of a quorum.

        - VOTING. Each share of stock shall entitle the holders thereof to one
vote. Directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares
present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote
on the election of directors. Any other action shall be authorized by a
majority of the votes cast except where the General Corporation Law prescribes
a different percentage of votes and/or a different exercise of voting power,
and except as may be otherwise prescribed by the provisions of the certificate
of incorporation and these Bylaws. In the election of directors, and for any
other action, voting need not be by ballot.

        8. STOCKHOLDER ACTION WITHOUT MEETINGS. Any action required by the
General Corporation Law to be taken at any annual or special meeting of
stockholders, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting
of stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and
without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken,
shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the
minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such
action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present
and voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the 


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corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall
be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing. Action taken
pursuant to this paragraph shall be subject to the provisions of Section 228 of
the General Corporation Law.

                                   ARTICLE II
                                   ----------

                                   DIRECTORS
                                   ---------

        1. FUNCTIONS AND DEFINITION. The business and affairs of the
corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of
Directors of the corporation. The Board of Directors shall have the authority
to fix the compensation of the members thereof. The use of the phrase "whole
board" herein refers to the total number of directors which the corporation
would have if there were no vacancies.

        2. QUALIFICATIONS AND NUMBER. A director need not be a stockholder, a
citizen of the United States, or a resident of the State of Delaware. The
initial Board of Directors shall consist of one person. Thereafter the number
of directors constituting the whole board shall be at least one. Subject to the
foregoing limitation and except for the first Board of Directors, such number
may be fixed from time to time by action of the stockholders or of the
directors, or, if the number is not fixed, the number shall be one. The number
of directors may be increased or decreased by action of the stockholders or of
the directors.

        3. ELECTION AND TERM. The first Board of Directors, unless the members
thereof shall have been named in the certificate of incorporation, shall be
elected by the incorporator or incorporators and shall hold office until the
first annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and
qualified or until their earlier resignation or removal. Any director may
resign at any time upon written notice to the corporation. Thereafter,
directors who are elected at an annual meeting of stockholders, and directors
who are elected in the interim to fill vacancies and newly created
directorships, shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders
and until their successors are elected and qualified or until their earlier
resignation or removal. Except as the General Corporation Law may otherwise
require, in the interim between annual meetings of stockholders or of special
meetings of stockholders called for the election of directors and/or for the
removal of one or more directors and for the filling of any vacancy in that
connection, newly created directorships and any vacancies in the Board of
Directors, including unfilled vacancies resulting from the removal of directors
for cause or without cause, may be filled by the vote of a majority of the
remaining directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the sole
remaining director.

        4.  MEETINGS.

        - TIME. Meetings shall be held at such time as the Board shall fix,
except that the first meeting of a newly elected Board shall be held as soon
after its election as the directors may conveniently assemble.

        - PLACE. Meetings shall be held at such place within or without the
State of Delaware as shall be fixed by the Board.

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        - CALL. No call shall be required for regular meetings for which the
time and place have been fixed. Special meetings may be called by or at the
direction of the Chairman of the Board, if any, the Vice-Chairman of the Board,
if any, or the President, or of a majority of the directors in office.

        - NOTICE OR ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE WAIVER. No notice shall be required
for regular meetings for which the time and place have been fixed. Written,
oral, or any other mode of notice of the time and place shall be given for
special meetings in sufficient time for the convenient assembly of the
directors thereat. Notice need not be given to any director or to any member of
a committee of directors who submits a written waiver of notice signed by him
before or after the time stated therein. Attendance of any such person at a
meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when he
attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the
meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully
called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose
of, any regular or special meeting of the directors need be specified in any
written waiver of notice.

        - QUORUM AND ACTION. A majority of the whole Board shall constitute a
quorum except when a vacancy or vacancies prevents such majority, whereupon a
majority of the directors in office shall constitute a quorum, provided, that
such majority shall constitute at least one-third of the whole Board. A
majority of the directors present, whether or not a quorum is present, may
adjourn a meeting to another time and place. Except as herein otherwise
provided, and except as otherwise provided by the General Corporation Law, the
vote of the majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is
present shall be the act of the Board. The quorum and voting provisions herein
stated shall not be construed as conflicting with any provisions of the General
Corporation Law and these Bylaws which govern a meeting of directors held to
fill vacancies and newly created directorships in the Board or action of
disinterested directors.

        Any member or members of the Board of Directors or of any committee
designated by the Board, may participate in a meeting of the Board, or any such
committee, as the case may be, by means of conference telephone or similar
communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the
meeting can hear each other.

        - CHAIRMAN OF THE MEETING. The Chairman of the Board, if any and if
present and acting, shall preside at all meetings. Otherwise, the Vice-Chairman
of the Board, if any and if present and acting, or the President, if present
and acting, or any other director chosen by the Board, shall preside.

        5. REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS. Except as may otherwise be provided by the
General Corporation Law, any director or the entire Board of Directors may be
removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then
entitled to vote at an election of directors.

        6. COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a
majority of the whole Board, designate one or more committees, each committee
to consist of one or more of the directors of the corporation. The Board may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may
replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the 


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committee. In the absence or disqualification of any member of any such
committee or committees, the member or members thereof present at any meeting
and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act
at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such
committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board, shall have
and may exercise the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the
management of the business and affairs of the corporation with the exception of
any authority the delegation of which is prohibited by Section 141 of the
General Corporation Law, and may authorize the seal of the corporation to be
affixed to all papers which may require it.

        7. WRITTEN ACTION. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any
meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof may be taken without
a meeting if all members of the Board or committee, as the case may be, consent
thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of
proceedings of the Board or committee.

                                  ARTICLE III
                                  -----------

                                    OFFICERS
                                    --------

        The officers of the corporation shall consist of a President, a
Secretary, a Treasurer, and, if deemed necessary, expedient, or desirable by
the Board of Directors, a Chairman of the Board, a Vice-Chairman of the Board,
one or more Executive Vice-Presidents, one or more other Vice-Presidents, one
or more Assistant Secretaries, one or more Assistant Treasurers, and such other
officers with such titles as the resolution of the Board of Directors choosing
them shall designate. Except as may otherwise be provided in the resolution of
the Board of Directors choosing him, no officer other than the Chairman or
Vice-Chairman of the Board, if any, need be a director. Any number of offices
may be held by the same person, as the directors may determine.

        Unless otherwise provided in the resolution choosing him, each officer
shall be chosen for a term which shall continue until the meeting of the Board
of Directors following the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his
successor shall have been chosen and qualified.

        All officers of the corporation shall have such authority and perform
such duties in the management and operation of the corporation as shall be
prescribed in the resolutions of the Board of Directors designating and
choosing such officers and prescribing their authority and duties, and shall
have such additional authority and duties as are incident to their office
except to the extent that such resolutions may be inconsistent therewith. The
Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the corporation shall record all of the
proceedings of all meetings and actions in writing of stockholders, directors,
and committees of directors, and shall exercise such additional authority and
perform such additional duties as the Board shall assign to him. Any officer
may be removed, with or without cause, by the Board of Directors. Any vacancy
in any office may be filled by the Board of Directors.


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                                   ARTICLE IV
                                   ----------

                                 CORPORATE SEAL
                                 --------------

        The corporate seal shall be in such form as the Board of Directors
shall prescribe.

                                   ARTICLE V
                                   ---------

                                  FISCAL YEAR
                                  -----------

        The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed, and shall be subject
to change, by the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE VI
                                   ----------

                              CONTROL OVER BYLAWS
                              -------------------

        Subject to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation and the
provisions of the General Corporation Law, the power to amend, alter, or repeal
these Bylaws and to adopt new Bylaws may be exercised by the Board of Directors
or by the stockholders.


                                  ARTICLE VII
                                  -----------

                            LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
                            -----------------------

        No person shall be liable to the corporation for any loss or damage
suffered by it on account of any action taken or omitted to be taken by him as
a director or officer of the corporation if he acted in good faith and in a
manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of
the corporation, or, with respect to any criminal matter, had no reasonable
cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.

                                  ARTICLE VIII
                                  ------------

                                INDEMNIFICATION
                                ---------------

        1. POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS OTHER THAN THOSE
BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section 3 of this Article
VIII, the corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is
threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action,
suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative
(other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the
fact that he is or was a director, officer or employee of the corporation, or
is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer or
employee of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other
enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and
amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in


                                       9
<PAGE>

connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he acted in good faith and
in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or
proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. The
termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgement, order, settlement,
conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of
itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a
manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or
proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

        2. POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS BY OR IN THE
RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section 3 of this Article VIII, the
corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened
to be made a party to any threatened, pending, or completed action or suit by
or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason
of the fact that he is or was a director, officer or employee of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer or employee of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys' fees)
actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the defense or
settlement of such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he
reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any
claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be
liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of
Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine
upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all
the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to
indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court
shall deem proper.

        In addition to the foregoing, subject to Section 3 of this Article
VIII, the corporation shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law,
any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any
threatened, pending, or completed action or suit by or in the right of the
corporation to procure a judgement in its favor by reason of the fact that he
is or was a director, officer or employee of the corporation, or is or was
serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer or employee of
another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise
against judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually incurred by
him in connection with such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a
manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of
the corporation.

        3. AUTHORIZATION OF INDEMNIFICATION. Any indemnification under this
Article VIII (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the corporation upon
a determination that indemnification of the director, officer or employee is
proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable standard of
conduct set forth in Section 1 or Section 2 of this Article VIII, as the case
may be. Such determination shall be made (i) by the Board of Directors by a
majority vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to such
action, suit or proceeding, or (ii) if such a quorum is not obtainable, or,
even if obtainable a quorum of disinterested directors so directs by
independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (iii) by the stockholders.
To the extent, however, that such director, officer or employee of the
corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any
action, suit or proceeding described above, or in defense 


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<PAGE>

of any claim, issue or matter therein, he shall be indemnified against expenses
(including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in
connection therewith, without the necessity of authorization in the specific
case.

        4. GOOD FAITH DEFINED. For purposes of any determination under Article
VII or Section 3 of this Article VIII, a person shall be deemed to have acted
in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to
the best interests of the corporation, or, with respect to any criminal action
or proceeding, to have had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was
unlawful, if his action is based on the records or books of account of the
corporation or another enterprise, or on information supplied to him by the
officers of the corporation or another enterprise in the course of their
duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the corporation or another
enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the
corporation or another enterprise by an independent certified public accountant
or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the
corporation or another enterprise. The term "another enterprise" as used in
this Section 4 shall mean any other corporation or any partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise of which such person is or was serving at
the request of the corporation as a director, officer or employee. The
provisions of this Section 4 shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in
any way the circumstances in which a person may be deemed to have met the
applicable standard of conduct set forth in Sections 1 or 2 of this Article
VIII, as the case may be.

        5. INDEMNIFICATION BY A COURT. Notwithstanding any contrary
determination under Section 3 of this Article VIII, and notwithstanding the
absence of any determination thereunder, any director, officer or employee of
the corporation or of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise who is or was serving at the request of the corporation may
apply to any court of competent jurisdiction in the State of Delaware for
indemnification to the extent otherwise permissible under Sections 1 and 2 of
this Article VIII. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a
determination by such court that indemnification of the director, officer or
employee is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable
standards of conduct set forth in Sections 1 or 2 of this Article VIII, as the
case may be. Notice of any application for indemnification pursuant to this
Section 5 shall be given to the corporation promptly upon the filing of such
application.

        6. EXPENSES PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. Expenses incurred in defending or
investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding may be paid by
the corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or
proceeding as authorized by the Board of Directors upon receipt of an
undertaking by or on behalf of the director, officer or employee to repay such
amount if it shall ultimately be determined that he is not entitled to be
indemnified by the corporation as authorized in this Article VIII.

        7. NON-EXCLUSIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF INDEMNIFICATION. The indemnification
provided by this Article VIII shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights
to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under the certificate of
incorporation, any By-law, agreement, contract, vote of stockholders or
disinterested directors or pursuant to the direction (howsoever embodied) of
any court of competent jurisdiction or otherwise, both as to action in his
official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding official
capacity 


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<PAGE>

and as to action in another capacity while holding office, it being the policy
of the corporation that indemnification of the persons specified in Sections 1
and 2 of this Article VIII, shall be made to the fullest extent permitted by
law. The provisions of this Article VIII shall not be deemed to preclude the
indemnification of any person who is not specified in Sections 1 or 2 of this
Article VIII, but whom the corporation has the power or obligation to indemnify
under the provision of the General Corporation Law, or otherwise. The
indemnification provided by this Article VIII shall continue as to a person who
has ceased to be a director, officer or employee and shall inure to the benefit
of the heirs, executors and administrators of such person.

        8. INSURANCE. The corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on
behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer or employee of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer or employee of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against him
and incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his status as such,
whether or not the corporation would have the power or the obligation to
indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of this Article VIII.

        9. MEANING OF "CORPORATION" FOR PURPOSES OF ARTICLE VIII.
For purposes of this Article VIII, references to "the corporation" shall
include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation
(including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or
merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and
authority to indemnify its directors, officers and employees so that any person
who is or was a director, officer or employee of such constituent corporation,
or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a
director, officer or employee of another corporation partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the
provisions of this Article VIII with respect to the resulting or surviving
corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if
its separate existence had continued.

BY-LAWSFORM
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