[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 11-15589 

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 4:10-cv-00149-HLM

CONNIE STRICKLAND, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

 versus

NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Georgia

 ________________________

(August 27, 2012)

Before JORDAN and FAY, Circuit Judges, and EDENFIELD, District Judge. *

 Honorable B. Avant Edenfield, United States District Judge for the Southern District of *

Georgia, sitting by designation.

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 1 of 22 
FAY, Circuit Judge:

On July 23, 2009, Connie Strickland had been “working on the railroad / All

the live-long day.” In fact, he claims he was working his customary twelve-hour

1

shift when, towards the end of that shift, he suffered a massive shoulder injury as a

result of a faulty handbrake. Strickland, however, could not identify the rail car on

which the handbrake was installed. Nonetheless, he filed suit against his employer,

Norfolk Southern Railway Company (“Norfolk Southern”), stating claims under

the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”), 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq., and the 2

Federal Safety Appliance Act (“FSAA”), 49 U.S.C. § 20301 et seq. Subsequently, 3

 A popular American folk song, the first published version of “I’ve Been Working on the 1

Railroad” seems to have been in a 1894 Princeton University songbook. See James J. Fuld, The

Book of World-Famous Music 309 (Dover, 4th ed. 1996).

 During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the large number of serious and fatal injuries 2

suffered by railroad employees was a growing cause for concern. In response, Congress enacted

the FELA to provide a cause of action to those employees working in interstate commerce. 

Pursuant to the FELA, “[e]very common carrier by railroad . . . shall be liable in damages to any

person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier . . . for such injury or death resulting

in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such

carrier . . . .” 45 U.S.C. § 51. 

“The FELA is meant to provide a broad remedial framework for railroad workers and, in

light of that purpose, is to be liberally construed in their favor.” Lisek v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 30

F.3d 823, 832 (7th Cir. 1994). The basis of FELA liability is negligence and, although what

constitutes negligence for the statute’s purpose is a federal question, this federal question turns

on principles of common law. Consol. Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532, 543 (1994)

(quotations and citations omitted). 

 Although it does not provide a stand-alone cause of action, Moses v. Union Pac. R.R.,

3

64 F.3d 413, 418 (8th Cir. 1995) (“The FSAA[] . . . do[es] not create an independent cause of

action for injured parties.”), a violation of the FSAA may be asserted under the FELA. Lisek, 30

2

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 2 of 22 
Norfolk Southern moved for summary judgment, contending that, in the absence

of an identification of the rail car and the alleged faulty handbrake, there was

insufficient evidence to constitute a genuine issue of material fact to prevent

summary judgment in its favor. Norfolk Southern’s motion implicitly relied upon

the contention that Strickland’s testimony was insufficient in and of itself to defeat

summary judgment. Without addressing the sufficiency of Strickland’s testimony,

the district court granted summary judgment to Norfolk Southern.

On Strickland’s appeal, we are faced with two issues. The first issue is

whether the district court applied the proper standard in adjudicating Norfolk

Southern’s motion for summary judgment; the second is whether summary

judgment was appropriate even if the district court applied the wrong standard.

Finding both that the district court applied the wrong standard and that, even if it

had applied the correct standard, summary judgment would have been improper,

we reverse the district court’s order and remand for proceedings consistent with

F.3d at 825. The FSAA directs that a railroad carrier may use, or allow to be used on any of its

railroad lines, a vehicle only if it is equipped with the enumerated safety devices; relevant here is

the requirement of ensuring that each vehicle contain efficient handbrakes. 49 U.S.C. §

20302(a)(1)(B). 

Under the FSAA, the railroad’s duty is absolute, thus an employee need only prove that

the statute was violated and that harm resulted. See Lisek, 30 F.3d at 825. “In other words, a

failure of equipment to perform as required by the [FSAA] is in itself an actionable wrong, in no

way dependent upon negligence and for the proximate results of which there is liability-a liability

that cannot be escaped by proof of care or diligence.” Id. at 826 (quoting O’Donnell v. Elgin, J.

& E. Ry. Co., 338 U.S. 384, 390 (1949) (internal quotations omitted) (alteration in original)). 

3

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 3 of 22 
this opinion.

 I.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing

all evidence and drawing all reasonable factual inferences in favor of the

nonmoving party. Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000)

(en banc). Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. In other

words, “[t]he District Court [must] consider all evidence in the record when

reviewing a motion for summary judgment—pleadings, depositions,

interrogatories, affidavits, etc.—and can only grant summary judgment if

everything in the record demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact

exists.” Tippens v. Celotex Corp., 805 F.2d 949, 952 (11th Cir. 1992) (internal

citation and quotation omitted). “Credibility determinations, the weighing of the

evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury

functions, not those of a judge, whether he is ruling on a motion for summary

judgment or for a directed verdict.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

255 (1986). However, we may affirm the district court's judgment “on any ground

that finds support in the record.” Lucas v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 257 F.3d 1249,

1256 (11th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

4

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 4 of 22 
II.

 The relevant facts of this case can fairly be condensed as follows: An

experienced railroad worker for over 30 years, Strickland was employed by

Norfolk Southern as a switchman. As a switchman, Strickland’s duties required

him to mount and climb rail cars, as well as lift, pull, and twist handbrakes once

aboard those rail cars. He was operating as a switchman on July 23, 2009. His

4

work day began at 7:30 a.m. Towards the end of his shift, around 5:45 p.m., one

rail car in particular—a tank car, although Strickland recalls no other

characteristics— gave Strickland a harder time than normal in releasing the 5

handbrake. Strickland was on the car alone and saw that the handbrake appeared

normal, without corrosion or any apparent mechanical failure. He attempted to

disengage the quick release of the brake; it moved but the brake did not release.

This was not “an out-of-the-blue thing.” He therefore assumed the stance taught by

Norfolk Southern and required for use of the second stage of the handbrake and

 A typical handbrake apparatus includes both a quick-release lever (“first stage”) and a 4

wheel (“second stage”), which can be turned to operate the braking system on a railcar. The

quick-release lever is designed so that it will release the entirety of the chain that is engaging the

brake beneath the rail car. Under normal operations, a switchman first seeks to use the first stage.

If the first stage does not suffice, he then turns to the second stage. The second stage of the

handbrake requires the switchman to rotate a wheel counterclockwise.

 Strickland, however, contended that it was possible for Norfolk Southern, by reference 5

to a Switch List, to narrow down the possible number of rail cars that could have been involved.

5

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 5 of 22 
attempted to turn the brake wheel using “reasonable effort.” It would not turn.

6

The failure of the handbrake wheel to turn was uncommon. It was only when he

exerted more force on a second attempt that Strickland felt the handbrake release.7

At different times, he described this effort as putting “a little bit more [steady]

pressure on it” and “a very high amount of effort” without changing his stance or

his grip. After turning the wheel, he felt a twinge in his shoulder. He continued to

work and completed his twelve-hour shift. Afterwards, his shoulder felt sore, 8

which he may have mentioned in general conversation to his co-workers but did

not report to Norfolk Southern. However, when he got home, he mentioned to his

wife that his shoulder was sore and that he thought it was because of one particular

handbrake he had to release. Nonetheless, Strickland continued to go to work.

Soon after, Strickland began experiencing pain that he had never before

experienced in his shoulder. Strickland believed that the actions he took in

disengaging the handbrake in question caused his shoulder injury. Strickland

 According to Strickland, “the effort [he] used seemed reasonable to [him], but was 6

almost certainly at the top end of what the average railroad worker would use to attempt to

accomplish the same task.” 

 It is the amount of force exerted by Strickland which Norfolk Southern now relies upon 7

in support of the district court’s summary judgment order. It argues that Strickland expended

excessive effort to effectuate the handbrake release, while Strickland counters that he “did not

use excessive effort as [he] define[s] that term.”

 In total, Strickland released between ten and twelve handbrakes that day. He reapplied 8

about the same number, as well.

6

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 6 of 22 
reported the incident to Norfolk Southern on August 3, 2009, almost two weeks

after the accident occurred. Strickland then went to an urgent care facility, where

the doctor took some x-rays and gave him some anti-inflammatory pills. He

returned to the same doctor a week later, at which time the doctor told him an MRI

was needed. Strickland was referred to an orthopedic surgeon, who ordered the

MRI and eventually told him that his shoulder was “torn pretty bad” and that he

had a “severed bicep tendon in [his] shoulder.” The surgeon recommended

surgery, which Strickland subsequently underwent. 

On September 20, 2010, Strickland filed suit against Norfolk Southern. In

his complaint, he alleged two counts: Count I alleged a claim under the FELA,

claiming that Norfolk Southern was negligent in failing to provide Strickland with

safe and adequate equipment, tools, assistance, and the like. Count II alleged a

claim under the FELA and the FSAA, claiming that the “inefficiencies” of the

handbrake in question caused his injury and that Norfolk Southern was liable.9

After the parties conducted discovery, Norfolk Southern moved for

summary judgment, contending that “there [was] insufficient evidence to support

[Strickland’s] claims.” In support of that contention, Norfolk Southern argued that

 The FSAA uses “inefficiency” as a term of art to describe mechanisms that either do not 9

function or do not function as intended by the manufacturer. See Myers v. Reading Co., 331 U.S.

477, 483 (1947); Spotts v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 102 F.2d 160, 162 (7th Cir. 1938).

7

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 7 of 22 
Strickland could not “advance[] evidence that the [handbrake] was defective”; that

Norfolk Southern “had actual or constructive knowledge that the [handbrake] in

question was defective”; or that Strickland’s injuries arose from Norfolk

Southern’s negligence. Moreover, Norfolk Southern argued that, “because [it] had

no way to defend itself” against Strickland’s claims because he could not identify

the particular rail car on which he was injured, Strickland’s case had to be

dismissed.10

Strickland opposed summary judgment, contending that his

evidence—namely, his testimony and that of his treating physician—demonstrated

Norfolk Southern’s liability under the FELA and the FSAA. Noting that an

employee may recover under the FELA if his employer’s negligence “played any

part, even the slightest, in producing the injury or death for which damages are

sought,” Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 352 U.S. 500, 506 (1957),

Strickland argued that summary judgment is disfavored in FELA actions. See

generally CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride, 564 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2630 (2011).

Moreover, Strickland argued that the determining factor in his action was neither

 Strickland withdrew certain of his claims after Norfolk Southern filed its motion for 10

summary judgment. Specifically, he withdrew his claims under Count I and instead proceeded

“solely in reliance on [Norfolk Southern’s] violation of the [FSAA] that requires efficient

[handbrakes] and imposes strict liability for [Norfolk Southern’s] failure to provide them.” The

district court considered Count I abandoned, and we need not review that determination at this

time.

8

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 8 of 22 
whether he could identify a “mechanical defect or broken part” in the handbrake at

issue, nor whether he could identify the number of the car on which the handbrake

was installed; instead, the issue was whether his testimony alone constituted

sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment. He submitted a supporting

affidavit in opposition to Norfolk Southern’s motion for summary judgment.11

The district court granted summary judgment to Norfolk Southern.

Although the court recognized the summary judgment standard and the

“featherweight” burden of a FELA claim to withstand summary judgment, Dist.

Ct. Order at 23 (quoting Diamond Offshore Management Co. v. Horton, 193

S.W.3d 76, 79 (Tex. App. 2006)), it nonetheless held that Strickland’s failure to

“identify with any certainty the rail car that allegedly had the defective

[handbrake],” Dist. Ct. Order at 28-29, would result in “the Court and the parties []

only specula[ting] about which rail car contained the allegedly defective

[handbrake].” Id. at 33. Citing two non-binding cases in support, Tezak v. BNSF

Railway. Co., No. C09-0512BHS, 2010 WL 3211693, *1 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 12,

 As pointed out by Norfolk Southern, Strickland’s affidavit arguably differed from his 11

earlier testimony in at least one respect. At his deposition, Strickland said that he had put “a little

bit more pressure” on the wheel of the handbrake to get it to disengage after it failed to do so the

first time. In his affidavit, Strickland testified that he had actually intended to say that he had

applied “a very high amount of effort.” Strickland, in his affidavit, explained any discrepancy in

the two statements was due to his colloquial manner of speech. We will further discuss this

apparent discrepancy in Section IIIB, infra.

9

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 9 of 22 
2010), and O’Neill v. BNSF Railway Co., No. A10-1987, 2011 WL 4008276

(Minn. Ct. App. Sept. 12, 2011), the district court held that such speculation could

not demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact or satisfy the featherweight

burden required under the FELA. Dist. Ct. Order at 27-34. Nowhere in its order

did the district court directly address Strickland’s testimony in support of his

claims. Id. at 35 n.3. Strickland appeals the district court’s order. 

III.

As noted above, there are now two issues on appeal. The first issue relates

to whether the district court applied the proper standard in granting summary

judgment. The second issue requires us to consider whether, even if the proper

standard had been applied by the district court, Strickland put forth sufficient

evidence to survive summary judgment. We address each in turn.

A.

Strickland contends that the summary judgment order must be reversed

because the district court improperly based that order upon Strickland’s failure to

identify the rail car on which his injury occurred. The district court concluded that

this failure left Norfolk Southern in an untenable defensive posture and therefore

granted it summary judgment. Upon consideration of the district court’s reasoning,

we agree with Strickland that such a basis for summary judgment was improper.

10

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 10 of 22 
The district court properly recited the controlling standards for summary

judgment. It recognized that, to survive a motion for summary judgment, a

plaintiff asserting a FELA claim must demonstrate that a question of fact exists

concerning whether the employer’s negligence played a part, however slight, in

the employee’s injuries. Dist. Ct. Order at 24 (citing Rogers, 352 U.S. at 505-07).

The district court also noted that it “may not make credibility determinations,

weigh conflicting evidence to resolve disputed factual issues, or assess the quality

of the evidence presented.” Dist. Ct. Order at 20. 

However, despite recognizing the “liberal principles underlying the FSAA

and its related relaxed burden of proof,” the district court held that “allowing

[Strickland’s] FSAA claim to proceed to a jury on the basis of speculation would

effectively convert [Norfolk Southern] into an insurer of all workplace injuries,

and could create liability simply based on allegations, not actual evidence.” Dist.

Ct. Order at 33. Thus, the district court found that no question of fact could exist

because Strickland “did not recall the particular car number, . . . [or whether] the

car in question was being pulled or placed.” Id. at 5. 

The district court misconstrued the issue before it. Rather than considering

the only question relevant to Norfolk Southern’s motion for summary judgment,

whether there was evidence of an inefficient handbrake, the court instead

11

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 11 of 22 
considered whether Strickland’s failure to identify the rail car was fatal to his

claim. Such a consideration is improper in the context of a motion for summary

judgment.

No authority exists for the proposition that the failure to identify the rail car,

standing alone, provides a sufficient basis for summary judgment in Norfolk

Southern’s favor. While Strickland’s failure to identify a specific rail car may

hinder Norfolk Southern’s defense, Norfolk Southern cited no authority, either in

its brief or at oral argument, that would have supported the granting of a motion

for summary judgment on such a basis. Nor were we able to locate any controlling

or persuasive authority authorizing such action.

Neither of the cases cited by the district court, either O’Neill or Tezak, is

applicable to the facts here. In O’Neill, a railroad worker who was employed by

12

the BNSF Railway Company (“BNSF”) filed suit ten years after he stopped

working in the physically demanding positions of brakeman and switchman.

O’Neill, 2011 WL 4008276, at *1. At the time he brought suit, he was already a

full-time yardmaster. Id. In his suit, he alleged that, as a result of repetitive activity

 Most obviously, neither of those cases is binding upon the district court nor us. See 12

Solymar Invs., Ltd. v. Banco Santander S.A., 672 F.3d 981, 993 n.10 (11th Cir. 2012). More

subtly, neither of those cases were decided on a similar factual basis, as we will discuss, infra.

Even if they were, we would still find that they were contrary to the stated purposes of the FELA

and the FSAA.

12

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 12 of 22 
in an unsafe environment over a period of 25 years, he suffered cumulative

physical dysfunction and impairment of his upper body, shoulders, and torso. Id.

At trial, the judge granted BNSF a directed verdict as to the FSAA claim and

allowed his FELA claim to go to the jury. Id. at *3. The jury found that both

parties were negligent but that neither party’s negligence was directly responsible

for the alleged shoulder injuries and awarded O’Neill damages for past and future

pain and suffering, medical expenses, and lost wages. Id. O’Neill appealed the

directed verdict granted in BNSF’s favor on the FSAA claim. The Minnesota

Appeals Court affirmed the directed verdict, finding that O’Neill could not

establish causation due to the fact that the injuries he alleged were too far removed

from his employment as a brakeman and switchman. Id. at *8. 

O’Neill is distinguishable on two important grounds. First, O’Neill’s case

survived summary judgment. Although the court granted BNSF’s motion for

directed verdict as to the FSAA claim, id. at *3, his FELA claim was submitted to

a jury. Second, his allegations were based on the cumulative effects he endured

from a lifetime of working as a railroad worker. Id. at *1. Unlike Strickland,

O’Neill was seeking to make BNSF an insurer of all workplace injuries. Cf.

Inman v. Balt. & Oh. R.R. Co., 361 U.S. 138, 140 (1959) (holding the FELA is not

intended to make railroad corporations insurers of their employees). He could not

13

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 13 of 22 
point to documentation showing that he had ever complained about any of the

equipment that allegedly caused his injuries; nor did he ever notice or report any

pain in his shoulder until 2005. O’Neill, 2011 WL 4008276, at *2. He also never

alleged that he suffered one specific injury or that BNSF failed to comply with any

of the statutory requirements to make working on a railroad a safe environment.

Id. at *4.

Here, Strickland was not given the opportunity to go to trial or present his

case to a jury. Instead, the district court acted as the trier of fact and determined

that his claims lacked merit. More importantly, unlike O’Neill, Strickland does

not seek broad redress for the side effects of working as a switchman; instead, he

alleges he suffered a specific injury as a result of Norfolk Southern’s failure to

comply with the specific statutory requirement to provide efficient handbrakes. Id.

at *2. For these reasons, O’Neill does not support the district court’s

determination. 

For similar reasons, neither does Tezak. In Tezak, the railroad worker, like

O’Neill, alleged that he suffered disabling injuries as a result of cumulative trauma

stemming from required activities during his employment by BNSF. Tezak, 2010

WL 3211693, at *1. Tezak alleged that he “encountered” defective handbrakes

and defective pin lifters over the course of his employment. Id. He failed,

14

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 14 of 22 
however, to identify in what ways those devices violated the FSAA. The trial court

granted summary judgment to BNSF because Tezak could not point to any

particular injury-causing event or any particular defective device on any particular

in-use rail car. Id. at *2. 

In the facts before us, Strickland makes the specific allegations lacking in

O’Neill and Tezak: he provides allegations about a specific injury-causing event,

identifies a specific date, and narrows the number of railcars which could have

contained the defective handbrake. Strickland, unlike the plaintiffs in Tezak and

O’Neill, does not seek redress for cumulative trauma suffered throughout his

employment. The claim he brings is precisely what the FELA was meant to

remedy. See Atchison, Topeka, & Sante Fe Ry. Co. v. Buell, 480 U.S. 557, 561

(1987) (“Congress enacted the FELA to provide a federal remedy for railroad

workers who suffer personal injuries as a result of the negligence of their

employer . . . .”). 

Considering these differences, the legislative purpose behind the FELA and

the FSAA also weighs against summary judgment for Norfolk Southern. As the

Supreme Court noted in McBride, the FELA was enacted to counteract the “harsh

and technical” rules of state common law. McBride, 564 U.S. at __, 131 S.Ct. at

2638 (internal quotation omitted). Permitting summary judgment to Norfolk

15

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 15 of 22 
Southern would fly in the face of that forgiving standard. See also Rogers, 352

U.S. at 509 (“Congress . . . removed the fetters which hobbled the full play of the

basic congressional intention to leave to the fact-finding function of the jury the

decision of the primary question raised in [FELA] cases-whether employer fault

played any part in the employee's mishap.”). Although the FELA does not and was

never intended to convert railroad employers into insurers, Ellis v. Union Pacific

Railroad Co., 329 U.S. 649, 653 (1947), it certainly was intended to protect and

compensate those employees who were injured in the line of duty by deficient or

defective equipment. 

Like the Rogers Court, we are “[c]ognizant of [our] duty to effectuate the

intention of the Congress to secure the right to a jury determination.” Rogers, 352

U.S. at 509. Imposing a judge-made rule to grant summary judgment because a

plaintiff is unable to identify the rail car on which his injury takes place is contrary

to such an intent.

B.

Next, we consider the second issue of whether, even if the district court had

applied the proper standard, summary judgment for Norfolk Southern would still

have been appropriate. This issue hinges upon the sufficiency of Strickland’s

testimony to defeat the motion for summary judgment.

16

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Norfolk Southern contends that, even if the district court’s order cannot be

upheld on its own reasoning, it should nonetheless be affirmed on alternative

grounds. Specifically, even though the district court order made no explicit

mention of the sufficiency of Strickland’s testimony, Norfolk Southern urges us 13

to find that Strickland’s deposition testimony is insufficient, standing alone, to

demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact. Even were that not the case, Norfolk

Southern argues, Strickland’s deposition testimony materially differs from the

affidavit he submitted to the district court, which demonstrates the impropriety of

relying on his testimony as the sole basis for his claim. Under either argument,

Norfolk Southern contends that summary judgment was properly entered on its

behalf.

We need not spend much time discussing Norfolk Southern’s first

contention. Effectively, Norfolk Southern argues that some evidence is more

compelling than other evidence. Our case law makes no such distinction; nor do

the Federal Rules of Evidence assign different weight to different types of

 Upon review of the district court’s failure to recognize Strickland’s testimonial 13

evidence, we are left with only one conclusion: that the district court engaged in exactly the type

of weighing that it itself recognized as improper. The district court’s 35-page order failed to

explain why, even in the face of Strickland’s testimony, there were no genuine issues of material

fact that would require a fact-finder. Instead, the district court discredited and disregarded

Strickland’s testimony, concluding that it constituted “allegations, not actual evidence.” Dist. Ct.

Order at 33. This distinction is flawed and is not supported by our case law. 

17

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 17 of 22 
evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 402 (“Relevant evidence is admissible . . . .”). While some

testimony may be subject to credibility determinations, such credibility

determinations are for the fact finder, which in this case is the jury. Anderson, 477

U.S. at 255. Our case law recognizes that, even in the absence of corroborative

evidence, a plaintiff’s own testimony may be sufficient to withstand summary

judgment. See Kennett-Murray Corp. v. Bone, 622 F.2d 887, 893-94 (5th Cir.

1980) (holding that plaintiff’s deposition testimony, even in the context of a

possibly contradictory subsequent affidavit, was sufficient to survive defendant’s

summary judgment motion). Employing the district court’s reasoning, without

14

more, would result in summary judgment in a defendant’s favor on every occasion

where the plaintiff cannot point to supporting extrinsic evidence. Such a result was

neither intended by Congress in passing the FELA and the FSAA, nor by this

Circuit in its application of standards for summary judgment.

Norfolk Southern’s second contention demands more attention. As

discussed above, supra, Norfolk Southern disputes the force of Strickland’s

testimony in light of apparent contradictions in its substance. The most apparent

contradiction relates to the level of force exerted by Strickland in disengaging the

 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the 14

Eleventh Circuit adopted all Fifth Circuit case law decided prior to October 1, 1981. 

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Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 18 of 22 
handbrake through the use of the handbrake wheel. In his deposition taken on

March 9, 2011, Strickland testified that he applied “normal” and “reasonable”

force to the wheel in an effort to disengage the handbrake. Later, after Norfolk

Southern filed its motion for summary judgment, Strickland submitted an affidavit

on October 11, 2011, modifying that earlier statement. In the affidavit, he states 15

that his efforts were greater than normal and were “beyond the usual and

reasonable force that should have been necessary to release that [handbrake].”16

Norfolk Southern now argues that these statements cannot co-exist and that, there

being no reliable testimony regarding the cause of Strickland’s injury, summary

judgment is proper.

We find Rollins v. TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525 (11th Cir. 1987),

although decided in a different context, persuasive. In Rollins, a woman sued her

former employer for age and sex discrimination. At her deposition, she had

testified regarding numerous age-biased statements that she claimed her coworkers had made. Rollins, 833 F.2d at 1530. Nonetheless, the district court

granted summary judgment in her employer’s favor, finding that those statements,

 Indeed, therein Strickland stated that he “believe[d] that [his] deposition testimony has 15

been taken out of context” and that the “meanings [Norfolk Southern] attached to [his]

deposition testimony are not consistent with what [he] intended to communicate.” 

 This difference is an important one, as Norfolk Southern argues that, if the level of 16

force used was “normal,” it cannot be held liable as a matter of law. 

19

Case: 11-15589 Date Filed: 08/27/2012 Page: 19 of 22 
which were the bulk of Rollins’ evidence, were insufficient to raise an inference

under the McDonnell Douglas standard employed in the context of discrimination

cases. This decision was predicated, in part, on the fact that an affidavit later 17

submitted by Rollins could have been interpreted as conflicting with her prior

deposition testimony, and in certain limited circumstances, such an affidavit could

be disregarded as a sham. Id. at 1530 (citing Van T. Junkins & Assocs., Inc. v. U.S.

Indus., Inc., 736 F.2d 656, 658-59 (11th Cir. 1984)).

On review, we held that Rollins’ testimony was sufficient to demonstrate a

genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 1530-31. After considering Rollins’

deposition testimony in conjunction with her subsequent affidavit, we stated that

“[w]e do not believe that Rollins’ affidavit so completely contradicts her

deposition as to warrant its exclusion.” Id. at 1531. Instead, her affidavit merely

elaborated upon an area of inquiry that had not been raised at deposition. Id. In

finding otherwise and “evaluating the quality of” Rollins’ evidence, the district

court had “strayed from its proper role and made credibility determinations.” Id. at

1531. Such credibility determinations, based upon the district court’s decision to

weigh the competing evidence, should have demanded that the defendant’s motion

 Of course, the district court was referring to the burden-shifting framework enunciated 17

by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).

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for summary judgment be denied. Id.

Our reasoning in Rollins is no less appropriate here. Without any doubt,

Strickland’s deposition testimony may be read to contradict his sworn affidavit,

particularly as it pertains to the level of force he used to disengage the wheel of

the handbrake in question. If there were no way that Strickland’s statements could

be read together, perhaps Norfolk Southern would be correct and Strickland’s

affidavit could be disregard as a sham. See Van T. Junkins & Assocs., Inc., 736

F.2d at 657 (noting that, under sham affidavit concept, “[w]hen a party has given

clear answers to unambiguous questions which negate the existence of any

genuine issue of material fact, that party cannot thereafter create such an issue

with an affidavit that merely contradicts, without explanation, previously given

clear testimony.”). However, we do not believe that Strickland’s deposition and

affidavit are necessarily so directly contrary to one another that a determination as

a matter of law may be made. Accord Bone, 622 F.2d at 893-95 (holding, in

similar context, that summary judgment was improper). Instead, as Strickland

points out in his affidavit, it is possible that the apparent contradiction derives not

from purposeful fabrication but instead from dialectical misunderstanding. Under

such circumstances, any apparent contradiction becomes “an issue of credibility or

go[es] to the weight of the evidence.” Tippens, 805 F.2d at 953.

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Where a fact-finder is required to weigh a deponent’s credibility, summary

judgment is simply improper. Accord Rollins, 833 F.2d at 1531-32. Summary

judgment operates as a judicial safety-valve, permitting the court to decide a case

as a matter of law only where there are no genuine issues of material fact that are

relevant to the parties’ dispute; it does not permit, however, the court to make a

final determination where such genuine issues of material fact exist. Id. Here, even

given the potential conflict between Strickland’s deposition testimony and his

affidavit, we have no doubt that the “featherweight” standards of a FELA action

are satisfied. It is for a jury to make the necessary credibility determinations.

IV.

Accordingly, having reviewed the record and entertained oral argument, we

REVERSE the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Norfolk

Southern and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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