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[Constitution of the United States of America:  Analysis, and Interpretation - 1992 Edition ]
[Amendments to the Constitution]
[Twenty-Fifth Amendment - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

[[Page 1991]]

 
                         TWENTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT
                               __________
 
             PRESIDENTIAL VACANCY, DISABILITY, AND INABILITY

  Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of 
his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
  Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice 
President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take 
office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
  Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro 
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives 
his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and 
duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written 
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged 
by the Vice President as Acting President.
  Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the 
principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as 
Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of 
the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written 
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and 
duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the 
powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
  Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore 
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his 
written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers 
and duties of his office unless the

[[Page 1992]]
Vice President and a majority of either the principle officers of the 
executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law 
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the 
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written 
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and 
duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, 
assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. 
If the Congress within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter 
written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session within twenty-one 
days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds 
vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers 
and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge 
the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the 
powers and duties of his office.

                         PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION

        The Twenty-fifth Amendment was an effort to resolve some of the 
continuing issues revolving about the office of the President; that is, 
what happens upon the death, removal, or resignation of the President 
and what is the course to follow if for some reason the President 
becomes disabled to such a degree that he cannot fulfill his 
responsibilities? The practice had been well established that the Vice 
President became President upon the death of the President, as had 
happened eight times in our history. Presumably, the Vice President 
would become President upon the removal of the President from office. 
Whether the Vice President would become acting President when the 
President became unable to carry on and whether the President could 
resume his office upon his recovering his ability were two questions 
that had divided scholars and experts. Also, seven Vice Presidents had 
died in office and one had resigned, so that for some twenty per cent of 
United States history there had been no Vice President to step up. But 
the seemingly most insoluble problem was that of presidential 
inability--Garfield lying in a coma for eighty days before succumbing to 
the effects of

[[Page 1993]]
an assassin's bullet, Wilson an invalid for the last eighteen months of 
his term, the result of a stroke--with its unanswered questions: who was 
to determine the existence of an inability, how was the matter to be 
handled if the President sought to continue, in what manner should the 
Vice President act, would he be acting President or President, what was 
to happen if the President recovered. Congress finally proposed this 
Amendment to the States in the aftermath of President Kennedy's 
assassination, with the Vice Presidency vacant and a President who had 
previously had a heart attack.

        This Amendment saw multiple use during the 1970s and resulted 
for the first time in our history in the accession to the Presidency and 
Vice-Presidency of two men who had not faced the voters in a national 
election. First, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned on October 10, 
1973, and President Nixon nominated Gerald R. Ford of Michigan to 
succeed him, following the procedures of Sec. 2 of the Amendment for the 
first time. Hearings were held upon the nomination by the Senate Rules 
Committee and the House Judiciary Committee, both Houses thereafter 
confirmed the nomination, and the new Vice President took the oath of 
office December 6, 1973. Second, President Richard M. Nixon resigned his 
office August 9, 1974, and Vice President Ford immediately succeeded to 
the office and took the presidential oath of office at noon of the same 
day. Third, again following Sec. 2 of the Amendment, President Ford 
nominated Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York to be Vice President; on 
August 20, 1974, hearings were held in both Houses, confirmation voted 
and Mr. Rockefeller took the oath of office December 19, 1974.\1\

        \1\For the legislative history, see S. Rep. No. 66, 89th Cong., 
1st Sess. (1965); H.R. Rep. No. 203, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965); H.R. 
Rep. No. 564, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965). For an account of the 
history of the succession problem, see R. Silva, Presidential Succession 
(1951).
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