# Patent

## Title
Contactless device with miniaturized antenna

## Abstract

A contactless device includes a miniaturized antenna. The antenna includes an inductive coupling element that presents a field coupling surface area to couple to a magnetic field. The inductive element may be made of layers where conductive loops are formed parallel to the layers or perpendicular to the layers. When conductive loops are formed perpendicular to the layers, the effective field coupling surface area is increased. The inductive element is positioned on an outside edge of a memory card compatible device with the field coupling surface area perpendicular to the card.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
Benefit is claimed under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/155,144, entitled “Contactless Device with Miniaturized Antenna” by Narendra et al., filed Feb. 24, 2009, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference for all purposes.


FIELD
The present invention relates generally to contactless devices, and more specifically to small contactless devices.
BACKGROUND
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B show prior art. FIGS. 1A and 1B show antennas parallel to substrate. This is typical of credit cards that include contactless technology. FIGS. 2A and 2B show the prior art cards being held substantially parallel to the card reader in order to couple magnetic energy from the reader to the coil.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B shows prior art contactless cards and their usage;
FIG. 3 shows how the prior art antenna will affect usage of a memory card;
FIG. 4 shows how the prior art antenna will affect usage of a memory card when inserted in a mobile device;
FIG. 5 shows placement of a miniaturized antenna on a memory card;
FIG. 6 shows orientation of a miniaturized antenna on a memory card;
FIG. 7 shows orientation of a memory card with respect to a reader;
FIG. 8 shows orientation of a mobile device with respect to a reader;
FIG. 9 shows orientation of a miniaturized antenna with respect to a magnetic field emitted from a reader;
FIG. 10 shows transformer design;
FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 12-14 show miniaturized antennas;
FIG. 15 shows dimensions of inductive coils;
FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 17 and 18 show inductive element layers in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 19 shows layers in an inductive element; and
FIGS. 20-23 show cross sections of inductive elements in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that show, by way of illustration, various embodiments of an invention. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is to be understood that the various embodiments of the invention, although different, are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with one embodiment may be implemented within other embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, it is to be understood that the location or arrangement of individual elements within each disclosed embodiment may be modified without departing from the scope of the invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, appropriately interpreted, along with the full range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled. In the drawings, like numerals refer to the same or similar functionality throughout the several views.
FIG. 3 shows how the prior art antenna will affect usage of a memory card. If a memory card 320 has a loop antenna wound parallel to the substrate, then the card will be held parallel to the reader 310 as shown.
FIG. 4 shows how the prior art antenna will affect usage of a memory card when inserted in a mobile device. The field is flowing perpendicular to the reader 410. If the memory card 320 has a loop antenna wound parallel to the substrate, the mobile device 420 will be held parallel to the reader 410 as shown in FIG. 4. For consumer convenience, the memory card is usually not taken out of the mobile device 420. If the mobile device 420 is held as in FIG. 4, the system may not work because there are other metal regions between the memory card antenna and the reader 410. These other metal regions could be because of the memory card's holder inside the mobile device as well as the mobile device's printed circuit board (PCB) metal routing and components/solder. Accordingly, the field from the reader 410 may not reach the antenna's conducting metal since it may be absorbed by other metal regions.
FIG. 5 shows placement of a miniaturized antenna on a memory card. Memory card 500 is shown with RFID tag 520, RFID antenna 540, memory 530, and various other components. The miniaturized antenna 540 is formed from an inductive device with at least one coil. The inductive device is positioned at the outer edge of the memory card 500 as shown. The memory card 500 may be any form factor including secure digital (SD), mini-SD, micro-SD, or the like.
To allow for capturing the field from the reader that is flowing perpendicular to the reader, the miniaturized antenna 540 is placed at the very edge of the memory card 500 so it is near the outer edge of the memory card slot when inserted in a mobile device.
Various embodiments of the present invention provide for manufacturing an inductive coil that is small enough to be placed at the outer edge, and placement and orientation of the coil that allows for the field from the reader to flow into the antenna.
FIG. 6 shows orientation of a miniaturized antenna on a memory card. Miniaturized antenna 540 is a three dimensional (3D) inductive coil encased in a filler material 614. The inductive device is positioned at the outer edge of the memory card as shown. The orientation of antenna 540 is such that the field from 610 couples to the 3D inductive coil of the antenna. The memory card may be any form factor including secure digital (SD), mini-SD, micro-SD, or the like.
FIG. 7 shows orientation of a memory card with respect to a reader. Memory card 500 includes a miniaturized antenna at the edge of the card. See FIGS. 5, 6. When the antenna is positioned on memory card 500 as shown in FIG. 6, the memory card 500 can be positioned perpendicular to the reader 410 as shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 8 shows orientation of a mobile device with respect to a reader. When the memory card 500 of FIG. 7 is inserted in the mobile device 420 of FIG. 8, then the mobile device 420 may be oriented as shown. This allows the magnetic field to enter the antenna at the edge of the memory card 500 without first having to penetrate the back of the mobile device.
FIG. 9 shows orientation of a miniaturized antenna with respect to a magnetic field emitted from a reader. Reader 410 emits electromagnetic energy at a particular frequency such as 13.56 MHz. As described above, the miniaturized antenna includes an inductive coil 612. The coil 612 is designed to couple as much magnetic field from reader 410 as possible.
The reader coil and the inductive coil 612 can be viewed as two coils in a transformer. The reader coil is fixed, and so coil 612 is designed as a secondary coil of the transformer coupling to the field from the reader coil (primary coil). Maximizing coupling area of the inductive coil 612 will increase the coupling between the reader coil and the antenna coil.
FIG. 10 shows transformer design. The reader (primary coil of the transformer) is shown modeled with inductor L1, series resistance RL1, series capacitance C1S, and parallel capacitance C1P. The miniaturized antenna (secondary coil of the transformer) is shown modeled with inductor L2, series resistance RL2, and parallel capacitance C2.
Transformer coupling does not lend itself well to an exact design procedure because there are so many factors which influence the degree of coupling. The geometry of the coils, the spacing between them, the core materials used, and the shielding, all have a pronounced effect on the degree of coupling attained in any design. Decreasing the spacing between the primary and secondary coils increases the coupling. Increasing the permeability of the magnetic path increases the coupling. And shielding a transformer decreases its loaded Q and has the effect of increasing the coupling.
FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Flowchart 1100 discusses factors to consider when designing a secondary transformer coil for use as a miniaturized antenna. At 110, it is recognized that for effective coupling, the secondary transformer coil should be strongly coupled to the reader coil, resonant at substantially 13.56 MHz, and have a high Q, but not too high since it will limit bandwidth (BW).
At 1120, it is recognized that coupling depends strongly on surface area, while inductance depends strongly on number of turns. At 1130, it is recognized that for any given value of inductance, resonance can be achieved by adjusting the value of an external capacitor.
At 1140, the surface area is chosen to maximize coupling, the number of turns in the coil is chosen to define the inductance, and width/length of wire is chosen to increase Q.
FIGS. 12-14 show miniaturized antennas. FIGS. 12 and 13 show an inductive element suitable for use as a miniaturized antenna at an outer edge of a memory card. The side view is the direction that is exposed to the magnetic field when in use. FIG. 12 defines “A” as the overall length, “B” as the overall height, and “C” as the overall depth. FIG. 12 also defines “D” as the length of the conductive end regions that couple the coil to the memory card. Example dimensions when used in an SD format are A=10.4 mm, B=0.7 mm, C=2 mm, and D=0.5 mm. These dimensions are provided as examples only, and the various embodiments of the invention are not so limited. For example, an inductive element for use in a micro-SD card will generally have smaller dimensions.
FIG. 14 shows the magnetic field entering the side view of the inductive element. FIG. 14 also defines the field coupling surface area 1410. When installed on a board, the field coupling surface area is substantially perpendicular to the board.
The mechanical structure of the antenna occupies the three dimensions of length A, height B, and depth C. The structure includes metal 1420 for forming the coil and a filling material 1430 to occupy the remaining volume. The filling material 1430 may be a composite of magnetic material or ceramic material. The metal winding for the 3D coil is made to occupy the perimeter tracing the length and height of the antenna to form its one turn. Additional turns are accomplished by repeating the perimeter tracing along the depth with ohmic connections between immediate turns to create a continuous rectangular coil like a rectangular spring.
The field coupling surface area 1410 is the surface area along the two dimensions that form the perimeter tracing. This area couples the field from an external source (such as reader 410) to the 3D antenna coil inducing voltage and current in the 3D antenna coil.
In some embodiments, antenna 540 is placed in the memory card 500 so that the length of the coil aligns with what will be the outer edge of the memory card when it is inserted into a host device. The inner edge of the memory card is where there will be the electrical connectors for the memory card bus to connect to the memory card slot.
In some embodiments, antenna 540 is oriented so that when the memory card is inserted in a host device the field coupling surface area 1410 is in parallel to the outer surface of the host device. This orientation will make the incident field from the external source predominately 90 degrees to the field coupling surface area. In combination with the placement this orientation will enable the field coupling surface area to be closest to the outer surface of the host, thereby maximizing the induced voltage and current in the 3D coil due to an external field source.
FIG. 15 shows dimensions of inductive coils. As shown in the top view a single antenna may include multiple coils in parallel. In the example of FIG. 15, M=6 coils are included with each coil having N=5.5 turns, although M and N may take on any value. The conductor length is given by 2(Ai+Bi+2w)(N−0.5)+Ai, where Ai and Bi are the inner dimensions of the coil and w is the width of the conductor. As shown in the side view, the effective coupling surface area is increased when f and w are kept small to maximize Bi.
FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of design process methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. At 1610, the manual winding and read distance measurements are provided. At 1620, the coupling surface area, the number of turns, and the width/length of wire are chosen. See FIG. 11.
At 1630, the dimensions A, B, C, and D are given. These values are constrained by the form factor of the memory card. At 1632, Ai and Bi are maximized to maximize coupling. Referring now back to FIG. 15, it is shown that the field coupling surface area is increased as Ai and Bi are increased.
At 1634, M is used to increase Q (decreasing the DC resistance) if possible. This corresponds to increasing the number M of parallel coils. See FIG. 15. At 1636, N is chosen to arrive at the desired inductance, taking into account increased number of turns N will increase DC resistance and lower Q.
At 1638, the read distance is measured. The various parameters can be modified and the read distance measured in an iterative process. At 1650, the various parameters are finalized to arrive at a final design. The DC resistance, the inductance, the material, and the dimensions A, B, C, and D can be finalized. The external capacitor (see C2, FIG. 10) on the printed circuit board can also be finalized given the inductance and the desired 13.56 MHz resonance.
FIGS. 17 and 18 show inductive element layers in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Layers include conductive materials and insulating materials. FIG. 17 shows a traditional method of forming a surface mount inductive element. Each layer includes a conductive loop, and the layers, when stacked, form multiple conductive loops. The minimum dimension w (FIG. 15) is limited by process requirements. The inductor is mounted on the board on its “side” to expose the field coupling surface area at the outer edge of the card. In these embodiments, the layers are perpendicular to the board. FIG. 18 shows an improved manufacturing method. Each layer forms only a portion of a conductive loop. For example, referring now to FIG. 19, the bottom layer 1970 include traces with trace ends. Intermediate layers 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, and 1960 include through-traces at locations to electrically contact the trace ends on the lower layer, and upper layer 1910 has at least one conductive surface trace aligned to electrically contact the conductive through-traces to form a conductive coil having at least one turn. The traces on layers 1910 and 1970 can be on either side of the substrate.
In some embodiments, the inductive elements include magnetic material such that a magnetic core is formed inside the conductive coil. Further, in some embodiments, the inductive elements include magnetic material outside the conductive coils.
FIGS. 20-23 show cross sections of inductive elements in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 21 and 23 show inductive elements that are made using layers in the same plane as the field coupling surface area. FIGS. 21 and 22 show inductive elements that are made using layers perpendicular to the field coupling surface area. Note that the width w of the traces is smaller in the FIGS. 21 and 22, thereby increasing the effective field coupling surface area. The effective field coupling surface area is further increased in FIGS. 22 and 23 by extending the conductive traces to the end of the device.
Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with certain embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the scope of the invention as those skilled in the art readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the invention and the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An inductive element comprising:
a bottom surface; and
a plurality of layers substantially parallel to the bottom surface, the plurality of layers including a combination of electrically conductive material and electrically insulating material such that when bonded together the plurality of layers form at least one conductive coil having a field coupling surface area substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface.

2. The inductive element of claim 1 further comprising bonding areas on the bottom surface.

3. The inductive element of claim 1 wherein the plurality of layers include magnetic material forming a magnetic core within the at least one conductive coil.

4. An electronic device comprising:
a circuit board with a memory card slot interface;
a contactless communications device affixed to the circuit board, the contactless communications device having an antenna port; and
an inductive element affixed to the circuit board and electrically coupled to the antenna port, the inductive element having a conductive coil with a field coupling surface area substantially perpendicular to the circuit board.

5. The electronic device of claim 4 wherein the inductive element comprises a multilayer surface-mount inductor.

6. The electronic device of claim 5 wherein the multilayer surface-mount inductor is formed with layers substantially parallel to the circuit board.

7. The electronic device of claim 5 wherein the multilayer surface-mount inductor is formed with layers substantially perpendicular to the circuit board.

8. The electronic device of claim 4 wherein the memory card slot interface comprises a Secure Digital (SD) compatible interface.

9. The electronic device of claim 4 wherein the memory card slot interface comprises a micro Secure Digital (SD) compatible interface.

10. The electronic device of claim 4 wherein the memory card slot interface comprises a mini Secure Digital (SD) compatible interface.

11. An apparatus comprising:
a memory card compatible substrate having at least one surface, an inner edge, and an outer edge opposite the inner edge;
electrical contacts on the at least one surface and situated along the inner edge; and
a conductive coil situated along the outer edge, the conductive coil having a field coupling surface area substantially perpendicular to the at least one surface.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein:
the at least one surface includes a top surface and a bottom surface substantially parallel to each other; and
the electrical contacts are on the top surface, and the conductive coil is on the top surface.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein:
the at least one surface includes a top surface and a bottom surface substantially parallel to each other; and
the electrical contacts are on the top surface, and the conductive coil is on the bottom surface.

14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the conductive coil comprises a multilayer surface-mount inductor.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the multilayer surface-mount inductor is formed with layers substantially parallel to the at least one surface.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the multilayer surface-mount inductor is formed with layers substantially perpendicular to the at least one surface.

17. An apparatus comprising:
a memory card compatible substrate having at least one surface, an inner edge, and an outer edge opposite the inner edge;
electrical contacts on the at least one surface and situated along the inner edge; and
a three dimensional conductive coil situated along the outer edge;
wherein the apparatus has a micro secure digital (microSD) form factor, and wherein the three dimensional conductive coil has a field coupling surface area substantially perpendicular to the at least one surface of the memory card.