Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-15-00341-CV

BEXAR COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,

Appellant

v.

Carmella GUERRERO,

Appellee

From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2012-CI-08758

Honorable Antonia Arteaga, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Jason Pulliam, Justice

Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Jason Pulliam, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 17, 2016

AFFIRMED

INTRODUCTION

This appeal arises from Carmella Guerrero’s petition to Bexar County District Court 

seeking judicial review of a portion of an administrative order rendered by the Bexar County Civil 

Service Commission (the Commission). After trial on the merits, the district court entered final 

judgment overturning the contested portion of the Commission’s order and awarding Guerrero all 

relief requested. The Commission now appeals asserting the district court did not properly apply 

the substantial-evidence standard of review. Specifically, the Commission asserts the district 
04-15-00341-CV

- 2 -

court’s erroneous application of the appropriate standard of review is demonstrated by the fact that 

the Commission acted within its authority, Guerrero was afforded due process, and substantial 

evidence existed to support the Commission’s action of retaining Guerrero in her demoted position, 

salary and classification. We affirm the district court’s judgment. 

BACKGROUND

Guerrero has been employed as a Bexar County employee since 1993. On October 1, 2010, 

Guerrero was promoted to the position of IT Services Manager, classified as an E–11 position. 

Effective November 30, 2010, Guerrero was demoted to the position of Technology Business 

Analyst, classified as an E–5 position. Guerrero appealed her demotion by filing a complaint with 

the Commission on December 10, 2010. In her appeal, Guerrero sought “reinstatement of my 

former position and back pay.”

On October 1, 2011, before the Commission reached a decision, the Bexar County 

Commissioner’s Court eliminated the IT Services Manager position. On April 26, 2012, the 

Commission issued its ruling overturning Guerrero’s demotion, finding specifically that “the 

demotion of Carmella Guerrero should be overturned.” The Commission granted Guerrero back 

pay and benefits for the difference in pay from the time of demotion “until [her] position was 

eliminated in the budget on October 1, 2011.” The Commission further directed that Guerrero 

remain in her current position as Technology Business Analyst at her current classification and 

salary. At the end of the hearing, the Chairperson of the Commission, Gina Elliott, stated, “there 

is no position to put you. The E-11 position that you were in is abolished.”

Guerrero appealed to the Bexar County District Court for judicial review of the portion of 

the Commission’s order in which the Commission retained Guerrero in her current position, 

classification and salary. In her suit, Guerrero sought reinstatement to “her former pre-demotion 

position”, back pay, reinstatement to her “pre-demotion salary” until her retirement or voluntary 
04-15-00341-CV

- 3 -

work cessation, and reclassification to an E-11 employment status. On December 12, 2014, the 

district court overturned the appealed portion of the Commission’s order in which the Commission 

directed that Guerrero remain in her current position as Technology Business Analyst at her current 

classification and salary. The District Court ordered Guerrero reinstated to her position as IT 

Services Manager and to a level E-11 classification and salary and awarded back pay and benefits 

in addition to pre and post judgment interest. The district court entered findings of fact and 

conclusions of law on April 9, 2015. The Commission now appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A county employee who has been demoted from the employee’s position may appeal such 

demotion by filing a complaint with the Bexar County Civil Service Commission. See TEX. LOC.

GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 158.009, 158.012(a) (West 2008). The employee may appeal a final 

decision of the Commission by filing a petition in a district court in the county. TEX. LOC. GOV’T 

CODE ANN. § 158.012(a). “[T]he judgment of the district court is appealable as in other civil 

cases.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.012(b).

Texas recognizes a range of standards by which a district court must review administrative 

decisions: (1) trial de novo; (2) substantial evidence rule; and (3) mixed review of substantial 

evidence de novo. In re Edwards Aquifer Auth., 217 S.W.3d 581, 586 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

2006, no pet.); G.E. Am. Commc’n v. Galveston Cent. Appraisal Dist., 979 S.W.2d 761, 764 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.). Pure trial de novo review permits the reviewing district 

court to conduct an independent fact-finding proceeding in which new evidence is taken and all 

issues are determined anew. In re Edwards Aquifer Auth., 217 S.W.3d at 586. Review utilizing 

the substantial evidence rule authorizes the reviewing court to consider only the factual record 

made before the administrative body and determine if the administrative body’s findings, 

conclusions and action are reasonably supported by substantial evidence. Id. “Substantial 
04-15-00341-CV

- 4 -

evidence de novo review, a hybrid standard, allows the reviewing court to hear additional evidence 

in existence at the time of the administrative hearing, regardless of whether it was actually 

introduced at the administrative hearing.” Id. 

Judicial review on appeal of a final decision of a county civil service commission, as in 

this case, is conducted using the “substantial evidence rule”. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. 

§ 158.012(b). The Texas Local Government Code goes further to define this “review under the 

substantial evidence rule.” Id. at § 158.0121 (West 2008). Under this guidance, 

the district court may not substitute its judgment for the judgment of the 

commission on the weight of the evidence on questions committed to the 

commission’s discretion but: 

(1) may affirm the Commission’s decision in whole or in part; and 

(2) shall reverse or remand the case for further proceedings if substantial rights of 

the petitioner have been prejudiced because the Commission’s findings, 

inferences, conclusions, or decisions are: 

(A)in violation of a constitutional or statutory provision; 

(B) in excess of the Commission’s authority;

(C) made through unlawful procedure;

(D) affected by other error of law;

(E) not reasonably supported by substantial evidence considering the reliable 

and probative evidence in the record as a whole; or 

(F) arbitrary or capricious, characterized by abuse of discretion, or clearly an 

unwarranted exercise of discretion.

Id.; see also TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.012(b). Following this established guideline, the 

substantial-evidence standard of review allows the reviewing court to address aspects of the 

Commission’s decision other than the sole issue whether it is supported by substantial evidence. 

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.0121; see Tex. Dep’t of Ins. v. State Farm Lloyds, 260 S.W.3d 

233, 242 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.) (referencing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174, 

which is identical to TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.012); Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Varme, 262 

S.W.3d 34, 38 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (same). 
04-15-00341-CV

- 5 -

The party appealing to the district court has the burden to show the Commission’s decision 

prejudiced a substantial right and violated at least one of the six elements enumerated in Section 

158.0121. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Varme, 262 S.W.3d at 38; see also TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. 

§ 158.0121(2). Because judicial review under Section 158.0121 utilizes the substantial evidence 

rule, the district court must give significant deference to the Commission’s factual findings, 

inferences, conclusions, and decisions. R.R. Comm’n of Texas v. Torch Operating Co., 912 S.W.2d 

790, 792–93 (Tex. 1995); Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Hirschman, 169 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2005, pet. denied). With regard to findings of fact, the district court may not substitute its 

judgment for that of the Commission as to the weight of the evidence or resolution of disputed 

facts. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.0121(2); see also Tex. Health Facilities Comm’n v. 

Charter Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d 446, 452 (Tex. 1984). Thus, judicial review under the 

substantial evidence rule presents purely a legal issue, and a trial of the fact issues by a judge or 

jury is avoided. In re Edwards Aquifer Auth., 217 S.W.3d at 586–87 (citing Bank of North America 

v. State Banking Board, 492 S.W.2d 458, 459 (Tex. 1973)). If the reviewing district court 

determines substantial evidence supports the Commission’s findings on any of the six matters 

listed in Section 158.0121(2), the administrative decision must be upheld. See Dep’t of Pub. Safety 

v. Pruitt, 75 S.W.3d 634, 639–40 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.).

An appellate court’s review of the district court’s determination under Section 158.012 and 

158.0121 is undertaken de novo. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Pruitt, 75 S.W.3d at 640; Dep’t of Pub. 

Safety v. Cuellar, 58 S.W.3d 781, 783–84 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.). In such a 

review, the appellate court must review questions of law without affording any deference to the 

district court’s conclusion. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Pruitt, 75 S.W.3d at 639–40; Dep’t of Pub. 

Safety v. Cuellar, 58 S.W.3d at 784. The question whether the Commission’s determination 
04-15-00341-CV

- 6 -

satisfies the substantial evidence rule as outlined in Section 158.0121 is one of law. Dep’t of Pub. 

Safety v. Hirschman, 169 S.W.3d at 336–37 (referencing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174).

ANALYSIS

On appeal to the district court, Guerrero argued the Commission’s order that she remain in 

the demoted position, classification and salary violated all six elements of Section 158.0121(2). 

The district court reversed the Commission’s order, finding it violated four of the six listed 

elements: (A) violated a constitutional or statutory provision; (B) was in excess of the 

Commission’s authority; (C) was made through unlawful procedure; and (E) was not reasonably 

supported by substantial evidence. As stated previously, we review the district court’s judgment 

de novo and utilize the substantial-evidence standard of review. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Pruitt, 75 

S.W.3d at 640.

On appeal to this court, the Commission contends the district court abused its discretion by 

disregarding the substantial-evidence standard of review, and instead, substituted its own decision. 

The Commission argues this is evidenced by the fact that the administrative record shows it acted 

within its authority in ordering that Guerrero remain in her demoted position.1

 The Commission 

contends it did not have authority to order that Guerrero be reinstated to her pre-demotion position 

and classification because the position had been abolished. In addition, the Commission asserts 

Guerrero was afforded due process.2

 Finally, the Commission contends its action was reasonably 

supported by substantial evidence.3

 Because it awarded Guerrero all of the relief it possibly could 

due to the elimination of her position, the Commission contends the facts and law support its 

 1 This argument pertains to the district court’s reversal based upon the substantial evidence rule outlined in Section 

158.0121, Factor (2)(B). 2 This argument pertains to the district court’s reversal based upon the substantial evidence rule outlined in Section 

158.0121, Factor (2)(A). 3 This argument pertains to the district court’s reversal based upon the substantial evidence rule outlined in Section 

158.0121, Factor (2)(E).
04-15-00341-CV

- 7 -

decision to overturn Guerrero’s demotion, yet require that she remain in her current position, 

classification and salary. Therefore, the Commission contends the district court abused its 

discretion when it ignored the decision of the Commission and substituted its own judgment.4 

1. The Commission’s Third Issue on Appeal: Its Action was Reasonably Based Upon 

Substantial Evidence

We begin analysis with the Commission’s third issue on appeal, argument that its action, 

or order that Guerrero remain in her demoted position, classification and salary, was supported by 

substantial evidence. The Commission contends the substantial evidence supporting this action is 

the fact that Guerrero’s position was eliminated. 

Applicable Law

Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla of evidence, but less than a 

preponderance of the evidence. R.R. Comm’n of Tex. v. Torch Operating Co., 912 S.W.2d at 792–

93. In determining whether the Commission’s conclusions or decisions are reasonably supported 

by substantial evidence as required by Section 158.0121(2)(E), the issue for the reviewing district 

court is not whether the Commission reached the correct conclusion, but rather whether “some 

reasonable basis exists in the record for the action taken by the [Commission].” City of El Paso v. 

Public Util. Comm’n, 883 S.W.2d 179, 185 (Tex. 1994); Charter Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 

S.W.2d at 452. Thus, the existence of substantial evidence turns on the question of reasonableness. 

City of El Paso v. Public Util. Comm’n, 883 S.W.2d at 185 (stating, “At its core, the substantial 

evidence rule is a reasonableness test or a rational basis test.”). Thus, in conducting review for 

 4 While the Commission does not specifically challenge the district court’s reversal based upon Section 

158.0121(2)(C), that is, it was “made through unlawful procedure”, the Commission’s arguments with regard to 

Factors (2)(A), (B), and (E) do incorporate this challenge and can be liberally construed to pertain to Factor (2)(C). 

See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9; Davis Apparel v. Gale-Sobel, a Div. of Angelica Corp., 117 S.W.3d 15, 19 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2003, no pet.) (Court of Appeals is permitted to consider argument contained in appellant’s brief that was 

not expressly stated in appellant’s appellate issues under the liberal rules of construction applicable to briefs.); 

Gutierrez v. Hachar’s Dep’t Store, 484 S.W.2d 433, 434 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1972, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (same).
04-15-00341-CV

- 8 -

substantial evidence, the district court must determine whether the evidence as a whole is such that 

reasonable minds could have reached the conclusion the Commission reached in order to justify 

taking the disputed action. City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 883 S.W.2d at 186; 

Charter Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d at 452-53.

Application

Most administrative appeals in similar circumstances focus on the issue whether the 

Commission’s decision to uphold a demotion is supported by substantial evidence. However, in 

this case, the Commission overturned Guerrero’s demotion, and the Commission concedes its 

decision to overturn Guerrero’s demotion is final and binding. 

A court conducting substantial evidence review of an administrative order must presume 

the agency decision is valid and that substantial evidence supports it. See Collingsworth Gen. 

Hosp. v. Hunnicutt, 988 S.W.2d 706, 708 (Tex. 1998); Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Varme, 262 

S.W.3d at 38–39. In addition, “[t]he findings, inferences, conclusions, and decisions of an 

administrative agency are presumed to be supported by the substantial evidence.” City of El Paso 

v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 883 S.W.2d at 185.

In this administrative appeal, the Commission, itself, overturned Guerrero’s demotion. 

Neither party challenges this conclusion in any way, nor does either party seek judicial review of 

this determination. Therefore, this conclusion that Guerrero’s demotion is overturned is presumed 

valid and is binding on this court, and we begin judicial review with this foundational finding and 

conclusion. See City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 883 S.W.2d at 185–86; Charter 

Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d at 453.

Accepting and beginning with the Commission’s determination that Guerrero’s demotion 

was validly overturned, we also begin with the premise that substantial evidence must, necessarily, 

support this decision. See City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 883 S.W.2d at 185–86. 
04-15-00341-CV

- 9 -

Thus, the disputed issue on judicial review becomes the reasonableness of the Commission’s 

action in retaining Guerrero in her demoted position, classification and salary following its 

resolution of the disputed facts and ultimate decision to overturn Guerrero’s demotion, i.e., 

whether reasonable minds could have reached the conclusion the Commission reached in order to 

take the disputed action. See City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Texas, 883 S.W.2d at 186; 

Charter Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d at 452.

The Commission’s action in keeping Guerrero in her current demoted position at her 

demoted classification and salary effectively repeals its decision to overturn the demotion, in spite 

of the reasonable basis presumed to support this decision. See Guerrero v. Bexar County Civil 

Serv. Comm’n, 04-12-00523-CV, 2012 WL 6728260, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 28, 

2012, no pet.) (holding “Under the circumstances of this case, Guerrero is clearly demoted. She 

previously held an E–11 position and currently holds an E–5 position with a lower pay.”). Because 

Guerrero, effectively, remained demoted, reasonable minds could not have reached the 

irreconcilable conclusion the Commission reached in retaining Guerrero in her demoted position 

and salary. See City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Texas, 883 S.W.2d at 186; Charter 

Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d at 452. 

Upon conclusion that the Commission’s action violated a factor in Section 158.0121(2), 

reversal is warranted only if such action also prejudiced a substantial right of Guerrero. TEX. LOC.

GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.0121(2); see also Bexar County Civil Serv. Comm’n v. Casals, 63 S.W.3d 

57, 61 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.).

Did the Commission’s decision affect a substantial right?

A “substantial right” is an essential right capable of legal enforcement and protection, as 

distinguished from a mere technical or procedural right. Right (substantial right), BLACK’S LAW 

DICTIONARY (8th Ed. 2004), p. 1349. 
04-15-00341-CV

- 10 -

An employee’s salary grade and classification affect annual income, benefits received and 

retirement benefits. Such a right to receive a certain salary and retain a certain classification is an 

essential right capable of legal protection. See id.; see also Bexar County Civil Serv. Comm’n v. 

Casals, 63 S.W.3d at 61. 

For these reasons, we conclude the Commission’s decision to keep Guerrero in the demoted 

position at the corresponding classification and salary violated a substantial right. 

Was Guerrero’s substantial right prejudiced?

The Commission’s decision to overturn Guerrero’s demotion, yet to not reinstate her 

obviously prejudiced Guerrero’s substantial right to the benefits and salary it inherently determined 

she was due. Therefore, we conclude the Commission’s decision to retain Guerrero in her demoted 

position, salary and classification prejudiced a substantial right. 

Conclusion

Because this court concludes the Commission’s action taken of retaining Guerrero in her 

demoted position, salary, and classification was not supported by substantial evidence and such 

action prejudiced a substantial right of Guerrero, the Commission’s third issue on appeal is 

overruled.

2. First Issue on Appeal: Whether the Commission Acted Within Its Authority

Having affirmed the district court’s reversal of the Commission’s action based upon one 

of the factors listed in 158.0121(2), this court need not address the remaining arguments on appeal. 

However, the Commission’s first issue on appeal can be construed to relate to or potentially dispel 

this court’s previous discussion and conclusion regarding the issue whether substantial evidence 

supported the Commission’s action in retaining Guerrero in her demoted position, classification 

and salary. Therefore, this court will address the Commission’s first issue on appeal as well. 
04-15-00341-CV

- 11 -

In its first issue on appeal, the Commission argues that even though it overturned 

Guerrero’s demotion, it held no authority to order that Guerrero be reinstated to her pre-demotion 

position, classification and salary because the Bexar County Commissioner’s Court eliminated her 

position.5

First, the evidence in the record reveals the Commissioner’s Court only eliminated 

Guerrero’s position as IT Services Manager. This elimination of position did not affect Guerrero’s 

pre-demotion classification and salary, nor did it preclude the Commission from reinstating 

Guerrero to her pre-demotion classification and salary. Therefore, the elimination of Guerrero’s 

position could not constitute a rational basis of precluding the Commission’s reinstatement to her 

pre-demotion classification and corresponding salary. See City of El Paso v. Pub. Util. Comm’n 

of Texas, 883 S.W.2d at 186; Charter Medical–Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d at 452–53.

Second, the Commission did have authority to reinstate Guerrero following determination 

that her demotion should be overturned. The Commission’s authority to act in accordance with its 

finding and conclusion to overturn Guerrero’s demotion and provide back pay is derived from the 

Local Government Code and from its own administrative rules. See generally TEX. LOC. GOV’T

CODE ANN. § 158.001 et seq.; BEXAR COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION RULES AND 

REGULATIONS, Policy Number 7.6.14. Section 158.009 of the Local Government Code establishes 

the “Powers of the Commission”, and therein states the Commission shall adopt and enforce rules 

regarding disciplinary actions and grievance procedures. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.009 

(West 2008). In accordance with Section 158.009, the Commission adopted the “Civil Service 

Commission Rules and Regulations”, specifically Policy Number 7.6.14, titled “Suspension, 

 5 Essentially, this argument also corresponds to Section 158.0121(2)(B), in that the Commission argues that it would 

have acted in excess of its authority if it had reinstated Guerrero to her pre-demotion position, classification and salary 

because the position was eliminated. See TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 158.0121(2)(B).
04-15-00341-CV

- 12 -

Demotion or Termination – Appeal & Hearing”. Under the subtitle “Hearing”, component 17 

states, “[i]f the employee is to receive back pay by order of the Commission, the employee shall 

receive full compensation at the rate of pay that was provided for their position at the time of their 

appeal or the amount of compensation considered fair. . . . Should the office or department refuse 

to reinstate the employee as ordered by the Commission, the employee shall be entitled to their 

full salary just as though they had been reinstated as ordered.” BEXAR COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE 

COMMISSION RULES AND REGULATIONS, Policy Number 7.6.14, Hearing (17). 

Thus, Policy Number 7.6.14, requires that upon concluding Guerrero’s demotion should 

be overturned and she should receive back pay, Guerrero must receive full compensation at her 

rate of pay at the time she filed the appeal of her demotion. Policy Number 7.6.14 directs, and 

therefore, provides the Commission the authority to reinstate Guerrero. The policy goes further to 

provide a resolution should Guerrero’s department refuse to reinstate her as specifically directed 

by the Commission, that is, she must continue to receive her full salary (and presumptively her 

corresponding pre-demotion classification to be entitled to this salary). 

Therefore, the directive in Policy No. 7.6.14 that Guerrero continue to receive full salary 

as though she was reinstated to her pre-demotion position provides the Commission authority to 

reinstate her at her pre-demotion salary and classification even though her specific position no 

longer exists. This policy precludes the dichotomous situation that occurred in this case, in that 

the Commission overturned Guerrero’s demotion, yet ordered that she remain in her demoted 

position, classification and salary. 

For this reason, the Commission’s first argument on appeal must fail and does not dispel 

this court’s determination that the Commission’s action of retaining Guerrero in the demoted 

position, classification and salary was not reasonably supported by the substantial evidence. 
04-15-00341-CV

- 13 -

Because this court affirms the district court’s judgment based upon Factor (2)(E), finding 

the Commission’s action of retaining Guerrero in the demoted position, classification and salary 

was not supported by substantial evidence, it need not reach the Commission’s argument on appeal 

that its action did not violate Guerrero’s due process rights (correspondent to Factor (2)(A)).

CONCLUSION

The record reveals the Commission overturned Guerrero’s demotion with no attenuation, 

and this decision is final and binding. The reasonable action upon making this determination is to 

reinstate Guerrero to her pre-demotion position, classification and salary. The Commission’s 

authority to reinstate Guerrero derives from the Local Government Code and its own Policy 

Number 7.6.14. 

Because we conclude the Commission’s action of retaining Guerrero in her demoted 

position, salary and classification is not reasonably supported by the substantial evidence, and this 

error prejudiced a substantial right, we affirm the district court’s judgment. 

Jason Pulliam, Justice