# Patent

## Title
Increased capacity communications for OFDM-based wireless communications systems/methods/devices

## Abstract

Numerous embodiments are provided that may be used to provide enhanced capacity and/or Quality-of-Service for OFDM-based systems such as LTE and/or WiMAX. Various service/device modes and/or applications are also provided. According to embodiments of the invention, a transformation may be performed on a data vector by a transmitter, prior to the transmitter transmitting the data vector, to distribute elements of the data vector over an available frequency space, thus providing robustness to channel anomalies such as fading and/or interference. The transformation may be based upon a Fourier transform or a truncated Butler matrix. At a receiver, an inverse of the transformation may be applied to recover data. The receiver and/or transmitter may be configured with an antenna array that may comprise a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements, and may further be configured to estimate a number of resolvable signal paths and to form a spatial filter/rake that is matched to the number of resolvable signal paths. Embodiments relating to architectures, systems, methods, devices, software, firmware and/or computer program products are provided.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to wireless and wireline communications systems, methods and/or devices and more particularly to wireless and wireline communications systems, methods and/or devices that transmit/receive information using an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (“OFDM”) and/or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (“OFDMA”) protocol.
In communications systems, wireline and/or wireless, a primary design objective is to reduce or minimize noise and/or interference, while increasing or maximizing desired signal strength, in order to increase or maximize system capacity. Much research has been conducted, and continues to be conducted, towards this objective. It is well known, for example, that a communications receiver that is based upon “matched filter” principles is optimum in terms of maximally rejecting noise while maximally acquiring a desired signal. Further examples relate to the many receiver and/or transmitter “equalization/cancellation” techniques that have been developed to combat effects of non-ideal channels and/or system devices that generate linear and/or non-linear Inter-Symbol Interference (“ISI”), Adjacent Channel Interference (“ACI”) and/or Cross Polarization Interference (“CPI”).
At the current time, it appears that OFDM/OFDMA-based systems will proliferate as is evident by developments in the standardization and deployment of OFDM/OFDMA-based systems, such as, for example, WiFi, WiMAX and LTE.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a communications method is provided comprising: forming a data vector comprising N data elements; N≧2; subjecting the data vector to a transformation and forming a transformed vector responsive to said subjecting; inserting at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector and forming an augmented vector responsive to said inserting; and transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector; wherein subjecting the data vector to a transformation occurs prior to said inserting and prior to said forming an augmented vector; the transformation is based upon a Fourier transform and/or a Butler matrix; and wherein transmitting by a transmitter comprises transmitting by the transmitter concurrently a plurality of N sub-carriers.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise: prior to said transmitting by a transmitter, subjecting the augmented vector to a further transformation that depends upon a characteristic of a channel that exists between the transmitter and a receiver. In some embodiments, the Fourier transform may comprise a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and/or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and/or the Butler matrix may be a truncated Butler matrix; wherein the truncated Butler matrix may be based upon one half of a conventional Butler matrix up to, but not including, a stage of the conventional Butler matrix where amplifiers exist.
In further embodiments of the invention, the method may further comprise: receiving at a receiver a time-domain version of the augmented vector responsive to said transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector; Fourier transforming the time-domain version of the augmented vector; forming an estimate of the transformed vector responsive to said Fourier transforming the time-domain version of the augmented vector; subjecting the estimate of the transformed vector to an inverse of the transformation that the data vector has been subjected to; and forming an estimate of the data vector responsive to said subjecting the estimate of the transformed vector to an inverse of the transformation.
In additional embodiments, the method may further comprise: estimating at the receiver, responsive to a processing of the at least one pilot symbol by the receiver, a state of a communications channel through which said receiving occurs; and providing data to the transmitter responsive to said estimating.
In yet additional embodiments, the method may further comprise: forming a plurality of data vectors comprising data to be transmitted to a respective plurality of receivers; subjecting each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation and forming a respective plurality of transformed vectors responsive to said subjecting each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation; inserting at least one pilot symbol into each one of the respective plurality of transformed vectors thus forming a respective plurality of augmented vectors; and sequentially transmitting by the transmitter the respective plurality of augmented vectors to the respective plurality of receivers; wherein sequentially transmitting comprises sequentially transmitting and avoiding overlapping in time between any two of the respective plurality of augmented vectors that are sequentially transmitted by the transmitter.
In other embodiments the method/system provided may additionally comprise: generating a number of replicas of the augmented vector; wherein the number of replicas is equal to, or is greater than, 2; and wherein each one of the number of replicas of the augmented vector is adjusted by dividing a magnitude thereof by the number of replicas that are generated; transmitting by the transmitter the number of replicas of the augmented vector using a respective number of antenna elements; and prior to said transmitting by the transmitter to the receiver the number of replicas of the augmented vector, subjecting each one of the number of replicas of the augmented vector to a further transformation that depends upon a characteristic of a channel that exists between a respective antenna element, of the respective number of antenna elements, and the receiver, so that the number of replicas of the augmented vector that are transmitted using the respective number of antenna elements arrive at the receiver substantially in phase.
In some embodiments, receiving at a receiver comprises receiving at the receiver using a spatial matched filter and/or a spatial rake; wherein receiving at the receiver using a matched filter and/or a spatial rake comprises: estimating at the receiver a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver; estimating at the receiver a respective number of channel characteristics that is associated with the number of signal paths arriving at the receiver; and forming at the receiver a respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers responsive to said estimating at the receiver a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver and responsive to said estimating at the receiver a respective number of channel characteristics that is associated with the number of signal paths arriving at the receiver.
According to embodiments of the invention, the estimating by the receiver of a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver comprises: forming at the receiver an initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers; and processing at the receiver a respective initial number of signals that is provided by the initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed; wherein the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed at the receiver is greater than the estimated number of signal paths arriving at the receiver. In some embodiments, a combining at the receiver of a respective number of signals that are provided by the respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that are formed, is also provided.
In yet further embodiments, the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed at the receiver spans a grid of two-dimensional space.
In order to reduce a complexity and/or a structural load, in some embodiments, receiving at a receiver further comprises: receiving at an antenna of the receiver that is situated at a distance from a processor of the receiver; amplifying following said receiving at an antenna of the receiver; wirelessly transmitting over a short-range link following said amplifying; and receiving at the processor of the receiver responsive to said wirelessly transmitting; wherein, in further embodiments, the antenna of the receiver comprises a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements.
Embodiments relating to respective/corresponding systems, devices, software, firmware and/or computer programs/algorithms are also presented.
Some embodiments of the present invention provide for receiving a signal comprising N first sub-carriers, wherein N≧2; generating 2N′ samples of the signal, wherein N′≧N; performing a first transformation on a first sub-set of the 2N′ samples; performing a second transformation on a second sub-set of the 2N′ samples; and combining an element of the first transformation with an element of the second transformation.
In some embodiments, the N first sub-carriers are orthogonal therebetween.
In further embodiments of the invention, the signal further comprises M second sub-carriers; M≧0; wherein the M second sub-carriers are superimposed on the N first sub-carriers over a frequency interval of bandwidth B Hz that is substantially occupied by the N first sub-carriers and over a time interval of T seconds in duration over which the N first sub-carriers are defined. The M second sub-carriers may be orthogonal therebetween and at least one of the M second sub-carriers may not be orthogonal to at least one of the N first sub-carriers.
The 2N′ samples may comprise 2N′ time-domain samples and at least one of the 2N′ time-domain samples may comprise a complex value. In some embodiments, the signal comprises a bandwidth of B Hz, wherein B≧N/T and wherein T denotes a signaling interval over which the N first sub-carriers are defined.
In some embodiments of the invention, receiving a signal comprises receiving a passband signal wherein B is centered at a (carrier) frequency f1 and wherein the passband signal is frequency shifted from the (carrier) frequency f1 to a frequency f2 prior to the generating 2N′ samples of the signal. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, f2=B/2, f2=0, f2<f1 or f2≧f1.
Further to the above, a spacing between two adjacent sub-carriers of the N first sub-carriers may be 1/T Hz, a spacing between two adjacent sub-carriers of the M second sub-carriers may be 1/T Hz and a spacing between a first sub-carrier of the N first sub-carriers and a sub-carrier of the M second sub-carriers that is adjacent to the first sub-carrier of the N first sub-carriers may be 1⁄2T Hz.
In additional embodiments, the first sub-set of the 2N′ samples comprises a first set of N′′ samples and the second sub-set of the 2N′ samples comprises a second set of N′′′ samples; wherein 1≦N′′≦2N′ and 1≦N′′′≦2N′. In other embodiments, N′′=N′′′=N′, a spacing between two adjacent samples of the first set of N′′ samples is T/N′seconds, a spacing between two adjacent samples of the second set of N′′′ samples is T/N′seconds and a spacing between a first sample of the first set of N′′ samples and a sample of the second set of N′′′ samples that is adjacent to the first sample of the first set of N′′samples is T/2N′ seconds.
In some embodiments, the first transformation and the second transformation each comprises a time-domain to frequency-domain transformation. The time-domain may be a discrete time-domain, the frequency-domain may be a discrete frequency-domain and the time-domain to frequency-domain transformation may comprise a Discrete Fourier Transform and/or a Fast Fourier Transform.
Some embodiments further comprise modifying the element of the first transformation and/or modifying the element of the second transformation prior to the combining. In some embodiments, combining comprises: forming γTb+δTr ;wherein b comprises the element of the first transformation, r comprises the element of the second transformation, γTb comprises modifying the element of the first transformation, δTr comprises modifying the element of the second transformation and wherein the superscript T denotes vector (or matrix) transpose and/or conjugate transpose, as appropriate.
Yet further embodiments comprise calculating γ and δ such that a statistical expectation, such as, for example, E[|γTb+δTr−Bk|2]is minimized; wherein E[•]denotes statistical expectation, |•| denotes magnitude and Bk denotes a data element that is associated with a kth sub-carrier; k=1, 2, . . . , N. In some embodiments, calculating comprises calculating for at least one value of k; k=1, 2, . . . , N. Some embodiments further comprise using γTb+δT r to determine an estimate of Bk for at least one value of k, wherein γ and δ may depend on k.
Further to the above, communicating information may be provided by forming a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (“OFDM”) and/or a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (“OFDMA”) carrier comprising a first number of sub-carriers that are orthogonal therebetween; forming a second OFDM and/or OFDMA carrier comprising a second number of subcarriers that are orthogonal therebetween but may not be orthogonal to the first number of sub-carriers; superimposing in time and in frequency, the first OFDM/OFDMA carrier with second OFDM/OFDMA carrier such as to generate a level of interference therebetween, that may be substantial interference therebetween; and transmitting the superimposed first and second OFDM/OFDMA carriers. Analogous methods, systems and/or devices may also be provided.
Further embodiments of systems and/or devices may be provided according to the present invention. For example, a communications receiver may be provided comprising a processor that is configured to: receive a signal comprising N first sub-carriers, wherein N≧2; generate 2N′ samples of the signal, wherein N′≧N; perform a first transformation on a first sub-set of the 2N′ samples; perform a second transformation on a second sub-set of the 2N′ samples; and combine an element of the first transformation with an element of the second transformation.
Additional methods/systems/devices may be provided according to additional embodiments of the present invention wherein first and second portions of an OFDM carrier are formed by a transmitter, via respective first and second operations. The first and second operations may be first and second Discrete Fourier Transforms (“DFTs”), Fast Fourier Transforms (“FFTs”), Inverse Discrete Fourier Transforms (“IDFTs”) and/or Inverse Fast Fourier Transforms (“IFFTs”).
The first and second portions of the OFDM carrier may be kept separate, may be amplified by respective different/separate first and second power amplifiers of the transmitter and may then be combined/superimposed, after high-power amplification, prior to transmission over a propagation medium. In other embodiments, the first and second portions of the OFDM carrier are kept separate even after the amplification (are not combined) and are used to excite respective first and second different/separate propagation media and/or channels, such as, for example, first and second different wireline propagation media (different first and second twisted-pair, different first and second coaxial cables and/or different first and second fiber-optical propagation media, etc.) and/or different first and second wireless propagation media via respective first and second antennas (or antenna elements).



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a superposition of first and second OFDM/OFDMA carriers according to various embodiments of the invention, where N=number of orthogonal OFDM solid subcarriers, ξ=excess bandwidth factor to accommodate sidelobes of subcarriers(ξ>0) and T =signaling interval (only the main lobes of the subcarriers are illustrated).
FIG. 2 provides Bit Error Rate (“BER”) curves according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 3 provides further BER curves according to further embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 4a illustrates systems/methods/devices of return-link communications according to embodiments of the invention that use a spatial discrimination between two or more receiver/transmitter antennas.
FIG. 4b provides BER curves that are associated with methods, systems and/or devices that are based upon FIG. 4a; Return Link —BER for the black or the red signals with antenna spatial isolation between the two (N =256, QPSK/QPSK).
FIG. 5a illustrates systems/methods/devices of forward-link communications according to embodiments of the invention that use a spatial discrimination between two or more receiver/transmitter antennas.
FIG. 5b provides BER curves that are associated with methods, systems and/or devices that are based upon FIG. 5a; Forward Link —BER for the black signal with antenna spatial isolation between the black and the red (N =256, QPSK/QPSK).
FIG. 6 illustrates methods/systems/devices according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates methods/systems/devices according to embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 8, 9, 10 and 11 illustrate receiver methods/systems/devices according to various embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 12 illustrates a transformation that may be imposed on a data vector by a transmitter, prior to the transmitter transmitting the data vector, in order to distribute elements of the data vector over an available space (frequency space) and/or provide diversity/robustness against channel impairments such as fading and/or interference.
FIG. 13 illustrates functions of a receiver according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 14 illustrates functions of a transmitter that is communicating sequentially in time with a plurality of transceivers.
FIG. 15a illustrates functions of a base station according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 15b illustrates functions of a base station according to further embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 16 illustrates functions of and/or coordination between clusters of proximate base stations according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 17 illustrates a plurality of antennas transmitting a respective plurality of signals (a respective plurality of replicas of a signal vector B) appropriately compensated for a respective plurality of channel characteristics, in order to provide substantial voltage addition at an antenna element of a receiver.
FIG. 18a illustrates a function of a spatial rake receiver and/or a spatial matched filter receiver according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 18b illustrates further functions/characteristics of a spatial rake receiver and/or a spatial matched filter receiver according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 19a illustrates functions of a receiver that is configured to form a spatial rake and/or a spatial matched filter according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 19b illustrates further functions of a receiver that is configured to form a spatial rake and/or a spatial matched filter according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 20 illustrates yet additional functions of a receiver that is configured to form a spatial rake and/or a spatial matched filter and may further be configured to provide equalization, rake receiver processing in a time domain and/or interference reduction, in a co-channel communications environment (including intra-system co-channel interference and/or inter-system co-channel interference) according to embodiments of the invention; Receiver providing co-channel communications to two terminals concurrently using spatial matched filtering (antenna beam forming), equalizer/rake and/or an interference reducer.
FIG. 21 further illustrates functions/characteristics of a transmitter/receiver that is configured to form/provide a spatial rake and/or a spatial matched filter according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 22 illustrates an electrical/mechanical architecture of a base station according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 23 further illustrates the electrical/mechanical architecture of the base station of FIG. 22 according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 24 illustrates a substantially cylindrical electrical/mechanical architecture of a base station comprising a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements, according to additional embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 25 further illustrates a top view of an electrical/mechanical architecture of a base station according to yet additional embodiments of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present application hereby incorporates herein by reference the disclosures of all of the following applications in their entirety as if set forth fully herein: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/481,084, filed Jun. 9, 2009, entitled Increased Capacity Communications Systems, Methods and/or Devices, which claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/078,598, entitled Increased Capacity Communications Systems, Devices and/or Methods, filed Jul. 7, 2008; Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/100,142, entitled Additional Systems, Devices and/or Methods for Increasing Capacity of Communications Systems, filed Sep. 25, 2008; Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/116,856, entitled Further Systems, Devices and/or Methods for Increasing Capacity of Communications Systems, filed Nov. 21, 2008; Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/117,437, entitled Equalizer-Based Increased Capacity OFDM Systems, Methods and Devices, filed Nov. 24, 2008; Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/119,593, entitled Equalizer-Based Increased Capacity OFDM Systems, Methods and Devices, filed Dec. 3, 2008; Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/155,264, entitled Compact OFDM Systems, Devices and/or Methods, filed Feb. 25, 2009; and Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/163,119, entitled Additional Compact OFDM/OFDMA Systems, Devices and/or Methods, filed Mar. 25, 2009, all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
The present invention now will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to further convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that any two or more embodiments of the present invention may be combined in whole or in part to form at least one or more additional embodiments.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. Furthermore, “connected” or “coupled” as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “comprises,” “including” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
It will be understood that although terms such as first and second are used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element below could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element may be termed a first element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The symbol “/” is also used as a shorthand notation for “and/or”. Moreover, as used herein, the term “subset” shall be interpreted to mean a set (a first set) that contains at least one but less than all members/elements of another set (a second set). That is, if S is a subset of SS, then S contains at least one but less than all elements of SS. More specifically, if, for example, SS={s1, s2, s3, s4, s5}, then S={s2}, for example, is a subset of SS. Also, S={s1, s3, s5} is a subset of SS, etc.
As used herein, the term “transmitter” and/or “receiver” include(s) transmitters/receivers of cellular and/or satellite terminals with or without a multi-line display; Personal Communications System (“PCS”) terminals that may include data processing, facsimile and/or data communications capabilities; Personal Digital Assistants (“PDA”) that can include a radio frequency transceiver and/or a pager, Internet/Intranet access, Web browser, organizer, calendar and/or a Global Positioning System (“GPS”) receiver; and/or conventional laptop and/or palmtop computers or other appliances, which include a radio frequency transceiver. As used herein, the term “transmitter” and/or “receiver” also include(s) any other radiating and/or receiving device, equipment and/or source that may have time-varying and/or fixed geographic coordinates and/or may be portable, transportable, installed in a vehicle (aeronautical, maritime, or land-based) and/or situated/configured to operate locally and/or in a distributed fashion in one or more vehicles (land-mobile, maritime and/or aeronautical). A transmitter and/or receiver also may be referred to herein as a “terminal,” “wireless terminal,” “mobile device,” “radioterminal,” “radiotelephone,” “base transceiver station,” “base station,” “access point,” and/or “end-user device.” In addition, it will be understood that a transmitter and/or receiver may be configured to operate in a wireless and/or a wired (wireline, cable, fiber, etc.) mode.
Various embodiments of the present invention are based upon the realization that a time-domain to frequency-domain transformation, such as, for example, a Discrete Fourier Transform (“DFT”) and/or a Fast Fourier Transform (“FFT”), provides information that is associated with a specific number of frequency-domain points only. For example, an N-point FFT provides information that is associated with precisely N frequency-domain points on a frequency axis; wherein N may be equal to, for example, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc. There may be, however, information that is associated with additional frequency-domain points on the frequency axis, other than the N-points. The information that is associated with the additional frequency-domain points on the frequency axis, other than the N-points, may include what may be termed “interference,” but even interference contains energy that may be useful energy, and this interference may lend itself to mitigation/equalization, particularly when a processor is configured to operate on the interference and on other signals that have given rise to and/or are related to the interference. Accordingly, a communications receiver may be configured to observe information associated with, for example, a received Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (“OFDM”) carrier, comprising N sub-carriers, by subjecting a time-domain representation of the received OFDM carrier to an N-point FFT, as is conventionally done, providing an N-dimensional vector of values that is associated with an N-dimensional data vector that is associated with the N sub-carriers of the OFDM carrier.
The time-domain representation of the received OFDM carrier, however, may additionally be subjected to a second N-point FFT (or to a second M-point FFT, wherein M may be greater than, or less than, N) to provide frequency-domain information associated with, for example, N (or M) “transition,” “interstitial” or “in-between” frequencies on the frequency axis. The transition, interstitial or in-between frequencies may be selected/located (on the frequency axis) between orthogonally disposed OFDM sub-carriers. Accordingly, the second FFT may provide information containing interference from a plurality of side-lobes of the orthogonally disposed OFDM sub-carriers. However, information containing interference may still be valuable. Just like in time-domain equalization, information containing interference, such as, for example, Inter-Symbol Interference (“ISI”), may be used advantageously to improve communications performance, frequency-domain information, even though it may contain interference, such as, for example, frequency-domain ISI, may also be used advantageously to improve communications performance.
According to embodiments of the present invention, first and second signals may be transmitted by a transmitter. The first signal may be referred to herein as the blue, black and/or solid signal, whereas the second signal may be referred to herein as the red and/or dotted signal. In some embodiments, the first and second signals represent respective first and second OFDM/OFDMA carriers, wherein each one of the first and second OFDM/OFDMA carriers may comprise a plurality of subcarriers, as is illustrated in FIG. 1. (It will be understood that in FIG. 1 even though only three subcarriers are pointed to as being “dotted” and “solid,” respectively, this is done to minimize clutter in the Figure. All subcarriers that are drawn in solid traces may belong to the “solid” signal and all subcarriers that are drawn in dotted traces may belong to the “dotted” signal.) The first OFDM/OFDMA carrier may comprise a first number, N, of subcarriers that may be orthogonal therebetween (i.e., any two different subcarriers of the first number N of subcarriers may be orthogonal therebetween over a T-seconds signaling interval) and the second OFDM/OFDMA carrier may comprise a second number, M, of subcarriers that may be orthogonal therebetween (i.e., any two different subcarriers of the second number M of subcarriers may be orthogonal therebetween over the T-seconds signaling interval, as is illustrated in FIG. 1 herein, or over a signaling interval that is different than the T-seconds signaling interval, as is illustrated in FIG. 1 of Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/078,598, entitled Increased Capacity Communications Systems, Devices and/or Methods, filed Jul. 7, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein) wherein M may be equal to N, in some embodiments, or M may be different from N in other embodiments. The first number N of subcarriers may not be orthogonal to the second number M of subcarriers as is illustrated in FIG. 1 herein and/or in FIG. 1 of the above cited Provisional Application (i.e., a subcarrier of the first number N of subcarriers may not be orthogonal to a subcarrier of the second number M of subcarriers). In yet other embodiments, the first and/or second signal may represent a signal that is not based upon OFDM/OFDMA; such as, for example, a Nyquist signal or a half-Nyquist signal.
It will be understood that at least one subcarrier of the second number M of subcarriers may be a subcarrier comprising pilot information and that, in some embodiments, each one of the second number M of subcarriers may be a subcarrier comprising pilot information. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the first signal, comprising the first number N of subcarriers, may be relieved from providing pilot information and may thus be configured to provide additional data, thus increasing a capacity measure thereof (i.e., a capacity measure of the blue, black and/or solid signal). In such embodiments, a receiver may be configured to use a priori pilot-related knowledge in order to mitigate interference from the second signal into the first signal, to determine data associated with the first signal, to use the data associated with the first signal that is determined to mitigate interference from the pilots, to further process the pilots to determine channel-related information and to use the channel-related information that is determined to determine additional data of the first signal over a next signaling interval. According to some embodiments, a number of pilots that is included in the second number M of subcarriers (i.e., in the dotted/red signal) over said next signaling interval is reduced relative to a number of pilots that is included in the second number M of subcarriers prior to said next signaling interval. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the second number M of subcarriers may comprise additional data over said next signaling interval compared to a data content/measure thereof over a signaling interval prior to said next signaling interval. The data may be of the type/mode R=B, as is further described below. In some embodiments, the channel-related information that is determined is used by the receiver and/or is sent by the receiver to a transmitter to be used by the transmitter in transmitting (e.g., pre-distorting) the first signal and/or the second signal. The transmitter may use the channel-related information to pre-distort (at least partially) the first signal and/or the second signal prior to transmission thereof. The second number M of subcarriers (i.e., the dotted/red signal) may be transmitted by the transmitter over a polarization that is different than, and, in some embodiments, is substantially orthogonal to, a polarization used by the transmitter to transmit the solid signal.
Responsive to the first and second signals having been transmitted by a transmitter, a receiver may be configured to process respective first and second signals that, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may represent respective first and second frequency-domain signals (or frequency-domain observables), that may be expressed as b=B+āR+n and r=R+ūB+v, respectively. The first and second frequency-domain observables comprise respective desired signal components, B and R, respective components reflecting interference, āR and ūB, and respective components reflecting noise, n and v. The quantities b, r, B, R, n and v may represent vector quantities and the quantities āand ūmay represent matrix quantities. A signal processor of the receiver may be configured to process the first and/or second frequency-domain observables to determine information (data) associated with the first and/or second transmitted signals.
In some embodiments according to the present invention, a receiver may be configured to acquire a minimum of 2N time-domain samples of a received OFDM/OFDMA signal over a signaling interval, “T,” thereof (or over an integer multiple of the signaling interval T; wherein N denotes an FFT/DFT size and/or a number of subcarriers associated with the OFDM/OFDMA signal) and using a first subset of the 2N time-domain samples, that may be a subset comprising N first samples of the 2N time-domain samples, wherein, for example, the N first samples comprise even indexed samples, of the 2N time-domain samples, to form a first FFT/DFT (a conventional FFT/DFT at frequencies k/T); and using a second subset of the 2N time-domain samples, that may be a subset comprising N second samples of the 2N time-domain samples, wherein, for example, the N second samples comprise odd indexed samples, of the 2N time-domain samples, to form a second FFT/DFT at the “in-between” (i.e., at the interstitial or transition) frequencies of (2k+1)/2T=(k+1⁄2)/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; wherein T denotes the signaling interval. The first FFT/DFT may be used to provide a first N-dimensional vector “b” while the second FFT/DFT may be used to provide a second vector “r,” that may be a second N-dimensional vector r. The two vectors, b and r, may then be combined in, for example, a least mean-squared-error sense. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, instead of using the even indexed samples discussed above to form/define b, the odd indexed samples may be used, and instead of using the odd indexed samples discussed above to form/define r, the even indexed samples may be used. Other combinations/subsets of the minimum 2N time-domain samples may also be used, in further embodiments, to form/define b and r.
In other embodiments of the present invention, instead of the above or in combination with the above, a 2N-point DFT/FFT may be performed on the 2N time-domain samples and a first subset of points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, that may be a first subset of N points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, comprising, for example, a subset of N even indexed points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, may be used to define the vector b while a second subset of points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, that may be a second subset of N points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, comprising, for example, a subset of N odd indexed points of the 2N-point DFT/FFT, may be used to define the vector r. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, instead of using the even indexed samples/points discussed above to form/define b, the odd indexed samples/points may be used, and instead of using the odd indexed samples/points discussed above to form/define r, the even indexed samples/points may be used. Other sample/point combinations may also be used, in further embodiments, to form/define b and r.
In some embodiments of the invention, prior to acquiring the minimum of 2N time-domain samples discussed above, a received passband OFDM/OFDMA carrier, whose frequency content and/or whose allocated frequency channel may be centered at a frequency fc, may be shifted down (i.e., translated in frequency) not by fc (as is conventionally done) but instead, may be shifted down by fc−N/2T (or by any other value). This may be necessary, in some embodiments, to provide uncorrelated and/or independent noise vectors n and v.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a signal processor may be configured to jointly process the first and second frequency domain observables b, r. In other embodiments, the signal processor may be configured to perform first and second signal processing operations sequentially (e.g., over respective first and second substantially non-overlapping time intervals or over respective first and second time intervals that overlap therebetween at least partially) in order to determine information (data) associated with the first and/or second transmitted signal vectors B, R.
The signal processor may be configured to form, for example, γTb and δTr and to combine γTb with δTr to form γTb+δTr; wherein the superscript T denotes vector transpose (or matrix transpose) or conjugate transpose, as appropriate, and wherein γ and δ may, according to some embodiments, denote vector quantities that may be complex-valued. The signal processor may be configured to calculate γ and δ such that a statistical expectation, for example, E[|γTb+δTr−Bk|2], is minimized; wherein E[•]denotes statistical expectation, |•| denotes magnitude and Bk denotes a data element (complex, imaginary or real-valued) that is associated with a kth sub-carrier that may represent a kth element of B; k=1, 2, . . . , N.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the signal processor may be configured to reduce and/or minimize (or substantially reduce and/or minimize) a mean-squared error quantity, performance index and/or cost function wherein the first and second transmitted signal vectors, B, R, are substantially independent therebetween (this may be referred to herein as “Case 1”).
In some embodiments relating to Case 1, the values of γ and δ that minimize E[|γTb+δTr−Bk|2] may satisfy the following equations:

Āγ+Ēδ=1k; and

Ōγ+Ūδ=ū1k;

wherein

Ā=(σR2/σB2)āāT+(1+σn2/σB2)Ī; 

Ē=ūT+(σR2/σB2)ā; 

Ō=ū+(σR2/σB2)āT; and

Ū=ūūT+(σR2/σB2+σv2/σB2)Ī; 

In the above equations, 1k denotes a column vector that includes all zero entries except for the kth entry thereof which is unity, and all quantities with a bar on top and a bar below represent matrices whose elements may be complex-valued, real, and/or imaginary. Further to the above, elements of the matrix ūrepresent levels of interference (leakage) from the blue sub-carriers, B, to the red sub-carriers R, Īdenotes an identity matrix, σn2 denotes variance of a component/element of n, σR2 denotes variance of a component/element of R, σB2 denotes variance of a component/element of B, elements of the matrix ārepresent levels of interference (leakage) from the red sub-carriers, R, to the blue sub-carriers B; and σv2 denotes variance of a component/element of v.
It will be understood that when the symbol “T” is used as a superscript, it will be interpreted to denote vector transpose, matrix transpose and/or conjugate transpose (of a vector or a matrix, as appropriate), not only in the above equations but throughout this specification, unless otherwise specified. It will further be understood that the symbol “T” may also be used to denote a time interval (e.g., a signaling interval) when it is not used as a superscript. Unless otherwise specified, when “T” is used in any way other than a superscript, it will be interpreted to represent a time interval.
In deriving the above equations, the quantities B, R, n and v may be assumed to be statistically independent therebetween and each one of the quantities B, R, n and v may be assumed to be of zero mean. In other embodiments, however, a statistical dependence (a non-zero correlation and/or non-zero covariance matrix) may be assumed between any two of the stated vector quantities and equations corresponding to such assumptions may be derived, as those skilled in the art will appreciate.
In other embodiments of the present invention, a signal processor may be configured to reduce and/or minimize (or substantially reduce and/or minimize) a mean-squared error quantity, performance index and/or cost function wherein the first and second transmitted signal vectors B, R are substantially dependent therebetween (this may be referred to herein as “Case 2”). In some embodiments, the first and second transmitted signal vectors (B, R) may comprise substantially identical information (data) therebetween (e.g., B=R). Computer simulation results associated with Case 2, wherein B=R, show that a channel capacity measure may be increased by 100% in some embodiments of the invention, and by 50% in other embodiments of the invention, as is illustrated in FIG. 2. This may be a significant finding.
In some embodiments relating to Case 2, the values of γ and δ that minimize E[|γTb+δTr−Bk|2] may satisfy the following equations:

Ā′γ+Ē′δ=ā′1k; and

Ō′γ+Ū′δ=ū′1k;

wherein

Ā′=ā′(ā′)T+(σn2/σB2)Ī; 

Ē′=ā′(ū′)T;

Ō′=ū′(ā′)T; and

Ū′=ū′(ū′)T+(σv2/σB2)Ī; 

wherein, as before, 1k denotes a column vector with all zero entries except for the kth entry thereof which is unity, and all quantities with a bar on top and a bar below represent matrices whose elements may be complex-valued, real-valued and/or imaginary-valued. Furthermore, ā′=Ī+āand ū′=Ī+ū;wherein āand ūare as defined above relative to Case 1 with the elements of matrix ārepresenting levels of interference (i.e., leakage) from the red sub-carriers, R, to the blue sub-carriers, and with the elements of the matrix ūrepresenting levels of interference (leakage) from the blue sub-carriers, B, to the red sub-carriers. Also, as defined earlier in connection with Case 1 above, σn2 denotes variance of a component of n, σv2 denotes variance of a component of v, σB2 denotes variance of a component of B and Īdenotes an identity matrix. In deriving the above equations, B, n and v have been assumed to be statistically independent therebetween and each of zero mean. In other embodiments, however, a statistical dependence (a non-zero correlation and/or non-zero covariance matrix) may be assumed between any two of the stated vector quantities and equations corresponding to such assumptions may be derived, as those skilled in the art will appreciate.

It may be observed that in embodiments relating to Case 2, the signal processor may be viewed as performing voltage addition of first and second signals received, responsive to the first and second signals that are transmitted comprising the substantially identical (e.g., B=R) information (data) therebetween. It may also be observed that in accordance with embodiments relating to Case 2, the signal processor may be viewed as providing increased desired signal power/energy by making use (and taking advantage) of signal samples at frequencies that conventional receivers neglect. Upon reflection, an analogy may be drawn between the signal processor described herein with respect to Case 2 (and Case 3, as discussed below herein) and a time-domain equalizer or a time-domain rake receiver. As is the case with a time-domain equalizer and/or a time-domain rake receiver, coherently combining desired signal components that are dispersed in time, the signal processor used herein combines coherently desired signal components that may be viewed as being dispersed in frequency.
In some embodiments of the present invention that are associated with what may be referred to herein as Case 3, only one of the first and second signals (B, R) is transmitted (for example, only B is transmitted) and a receiver processor may be configured, in some embodiments, substantially as in Case 1 with R→0, (i.e., with each element/component of the vector R set to zero) to process the receiver observables that, in some embodiments, may be b=B+n and r=ūB+v . Computer simulation results associated with Case 3 (see FIG. 3), show that a power efficiency measure (e.g., Eb/N0) may improve by up to 3 dB over that provided by conventional OFDM/OFDMA systems, devices and/or methods.
As stated earlier, and as may be appreciated by those skilled in the art, according to various embodiments of the present invention, the receiver processor may be envisioned as functioning as a frequency-domain equalizer (that may be viewed as a frequency-domain fractionally-spaced equalizer) and/or as a frequency-domain rake receiver that collects a maximum (or near maximum) available/desired signal energy to increase/maximize capacity and/or power efficiency of communications. This may be achieved, in some embodiments, by utilizing energy of a plurality of frequency-domain points whose respective “noise” components are, at least partially, uncorrelated and/or independent therebetween but whose “desired” signal components comprise a level of correlation/dependence therebetween.
It will be understood that any embodiment or combination/sub-combination of embodiments described herein and/or in any of the U.S. Provisional Applications cited herein may be used to provide wireless and/or wireline systems, devices and/or methods. It will also be understood that even though embodiments are presented herein in terms of a receiver processor reducing/minimizing a mean-squared error quantity, performance index and/or cost function (i.e., a recursive and/or non-recursive receiver processor that yields a Least Mean Squared Error (“LMSE”)), any other quantity, performance index, algorithm (recursive and/or non-recursive) and/or cost function other than LMSE (such as, for example, zero-forcing, least squares, maximum likelihood, maximum a posteriori probability, etc.) may be used in lieu of LMSE or in conjunction with LMSE. Recursive and/or non-recursive algorithms/receiver processors may also be used whether embodied as software, hardware and/or firmware. It will also be understood that the principles described herein are applicable to any wireline and/or wireless transmitter/receiver system, device and/or method, including radar transmitter/receiver systems, devices and/or methods. Furthermore, it will be understood that according with Multiple Input Multiple Output (“MIMO”) embodiments of the invention, the solid signal may, at least partially, be transmitted from a first antenna and the dotted signal may, at least partially, be transmitted from a second antenna.
Further embodiments may be provided as is illustrated by FIG. 4a. These embodiments may be referred to herein as “Case 4.” In these embodiments, a spatial isolation between first and second antennas of a base station (or any other device) is used (relied upon) to attenuate (suppress) matrices āand ūby an amount “a” (|a|<1). A receiver processor as in embodiments relating to Case 1 may be used to process received observable vectors b and r (expressed as b=B+a āR+n; and r=a ūB+v) to derive information (data) associated with transmitted respective first and second end-user device signal vectors B and R, as is shown in FIG. 4a. Computer simulation results are presented in FIG. 4b. Configurations/embodiments of providing return-link communications as illustrated by FIG. 4a, advantageously allow first and second end-user devices to send/transmit return-link information (data) to a base station (and/or any other system element) using respective first (B, blue, or solid) and second (R, red, or dotted) carriers/signals that are transmitted, by the respective first and second end-user devices, staggered in frequency therebetween but substantially co-channel, using substantially the same resources of an available frequency space, channel and/or bandwidth, as is illustrated in FIG. 1, thus increasing a spectral efficiency measure of the return-link communications. In some embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal (or approximately equal) to 1⁄2T (i.e., one half of the inverse of a signaling interval as is illustrated in FIG. 1). In other embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal to one or more other values and/or may vary across the available frequency space.
Additional embodiments of the present invention may be provided as is illustrated in FIG. 5a. In these additional embodiments, which may be referred to herein as relating to “Case 5,” a spatial isolation “a” between first and second antennas of a base station and/or first and second antennas of respective first and second end-user devices is used to provide forward-link communications from the base station to the first and second end-user devices, as is illustrated in FIG. 5a. A receiver processor (at each end-user device), that may, according to some embodiments, be configured substantially as in Case 1, may be used to process received observable vectors b and r (as received by each end-user device) to derive information (data) associated with transmitted signal vectors B and R, as is shown in FIG. 5a. Computer simulation results are presented in FIG. 5b. Configurations/embodiments of providing forward-link communications as is illustrated in FIG. 5a, advantageously can allow first and second end-user devices to receive information (data) from a base station using respective first (B, blue, or solid) and second (R, red, or dotted) carriers that are staggered in frequency therebetween and transmitted by the base station substantially co-channel, using substantially the same resources of an available frequency space/channel/bandwidth, as is illustrated in FIG. 1, thus increasing a spectral efficiency measure of the forward-link communications. In some embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal (or approximately equal) to 1⁄2T (i.e., one half of the inverse of a signaling interval as is illustrated in FIG. 1). In other embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal to one or more other values and/or may vary across the available frequency space.
Still further embodiments of the present invention may be provided. These still further embodiments may be referred to herein as relating to “Case 6.” In accordance with these still further embodiments, an intentionally-introduced attenuation factor (“a”) may be used to simulate a spatial isolation that may not be present because either first and second end-user devices are proximate to one another or because the first and second signals (i.e., the blue/solid and red/dotted signals) are transmitted by a base station in the same direction and are both aimed at a given (same) end-user device. Accordingly, the base station may transmit B and a R (instead of B and R); wherein |a|<1.
For a first embodiment relating to Case 6, a receiver processor at an end-user device may be configured substantially as in Case 1 and may first be used to process the received observable vectors b=B+a āR+n and r=a R+ūB+v to derive information (data) associated with transmitted signal vectors B. Once an estimate of B has been derived, it may be used to perform a cancellation of components related to B (that is, cancellation of the term ūB in r, without noise enhancement of r) thus deriving an estimate of R. Thus, in embodiments of the invention relating to Case 6, a two-stage (or a multi-stage) sequential receiver processor may be used.
For a second embodiment relating to Case 6, a receiver processor at a first end-user device, that may, according to some embodiments, be configured substantially as in Case 1, may first be used to process the received observable vectors b and r to derive information (data) associated with transmitted signal vector B. Once an estimate of B has been derived, the estimate of B may be relayed by the first end-user device to a second end-user device via a link (that may be a short-range link that is established directly between the first and second end-user devices) and the estimate of B may be used by the second end-user device to perform cancellation of components related to transmitted signal vector B (without noise enhancement) thus deriving an estimate of R. Thus, in embodiments of the invention relating to Case 6, a sequential receiver processor may be used wherein the sequential receiver processor may be distributed between the first and the second end-user devices and wherein a processor component that is associated with the second end-user device receives a first data estimate from the first end-user device and uses the received first data estimate from the first end-user device to derive a second data estimate that is intended for the second end-user device; wherein the first data estimate is intended for the first end-user device but is sent by the first end-user device to the second end-user device to aid the second end-user device to derive the second data estimate that is intended for the second end-user device.
Alternatively or in combination with the above, the sequential receiver processor may be included in its entirety in the second and/or in the first end-user device so that, in some embodiments, the second end-user device may not have to rely upon receiving the first data estimate from the first end-user device. Instead, the second end-user device may itself derive the first data estimate (even though the first data and/or any estimate thereof is not intended for the second end-user device) and then, the second end-user device may use the first data estimate that it has derived to derive the second data estimate (that is intended for the second end-user device). In some embodiments, the second end-user device may be configured to derive the first data estimate (via signal processing that is not associated with the first end-user device; via signal processing that is at the second end-user device) and to also receive the first data estimate from the first end-user device (as derived via signal processing that is associated with the first end-user device and is at the first end-user device). It will be understood that the term first end-user device may, in some embodiments, comprise a plurality of first end-user devices (that may be networked therebetween and/or may be configured to communicate therebetween directly or via intervening elements) and/or the term second end-user device may, in some embodiments, comprise a plurality of second end-user devices (that may be networked therebetween and/or may be configured to communicate therebetween directly or via intervening elements).
Accordingly, providing forward-link communications using embodiments associated with Case 6, may advantageously allow first and/or second end-user devices to receive information (data) from a base station using first (B, blue, or solid) and second (R, red, or dotted) carriers that are staggered in frequency therebetween and transmitted by the same base station substantially co-channel, using substantially the same resources of an available frequency space/channel/bandwidth, as is illustrated in FIG. 1, thus increasing a spectral efficiency measure of the forward-link communications. In some embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal (or approximately equal) to 1⁄2T (i.e., one half of the inverse of a signaling interval as is illustrated in FIG. 1. In other embodiments, the staggering in frequency may be equal to one or more other values and/or may vary across an available frequency space. It will be understood that in some embodiments, one or more repeats of a R, over respective one or more signaling intervals, by a transmitter that is transmitting a R, may be used to increase an aggregate signal energy associated with a reception/detection of R (since |a|<1). Accordingly, a probability of error associated with the reception/detection of R may be reduced at a reduction of capacity associated with the second/red signal, R.
It will be understood that even though principles of frequency-domain coherent combining of signal samples have been disclosed herein, the principles disclosed herein are also applicable to coherent combining of time-domain signal samples. Accordingly, first and second time-domain pulse trains may be transmitted, for example, that may be staggered therebetween by, for example, one half of a signaling interval (or any other interval), creating a time-domain interleaved/staggered blue-red pulse train analogous to the interleaved/staggered blue-red frequency-domain pulse train of FIG. 1. It will also be understood that one or more pilot signals, that may be transmitted by a transmitter that is also transmitting the first and/or the second signals, may be used by a receiver to determine/estimate one or more parameters that are needed for signal processing at the receiver. Further, it will also be understood that receiver signal processing embodiments, as described herein, may also be used to reduce a level of intermodulation interference by reducing a power requirement of a transmitter, as will surely be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Also, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more subcarriers of the dotted signal (i.e., of the dotted OFDM carrier; see FIG. 1) may be configured to carry/transport Forward Error Correction (“FEC”) information to further aid in improving communications performance at a receiver.
According to further embodiments of the present invention, first and second receiver chains, comprising respective first and second Low Noise Amplifiers (“LNAs”), may be used by a receiver to derive the frequency-domain observable vectors b and r, respectively. These further embodiments of the present invention may, for example, relate to a multi-antenna receiver/transmitter, method and/or device and/or to a MIMO receiver/transmitter, method and/or device, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the noise vectors n and v may be statistically independent therebetween. It will be understood that a receiver, comprising the first and second receiver chains and/or any other configuration/embodiment associated with the present invention, may be a receiver of a mobile or transportable device (e.g., a receiver of a wireless terminal or computer) or a receiver of a fixed device (e.g., a receiver of a base station, DSL/cable modem or any other access point in a home or business). It will also be understood that in some embodiments, respective first and second antennas that may be associated with the first and second receiver chains may be spaced apart (i.e., may be at a distance) therebetween and/or may be configured to preferentially receive electro-magnetic energy over respective first and second polarizations that may be different therebetween. In other embodiments, the first and second antennas may be substantially co-located. In further embodiments, the first and second antennas may comprise a single antenna subsystem that may be used to provide respective first and second signals to the first and second receiver chains/LNAs.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in some embodiments, a receiver comprising a single receiver chain (and a single antenna subsystem) may be used instead of a receiver comprising two receiver chains (and two respective antennas) as described above. In some embodiments, a correlation that may exist between the noise vectors n and v may not substantially degrade a communications performance, such as, for example, a bit error-rate, or the communications performance may be degraded by a small/acceptable amount. In some embodiments, a correlation that may exist between the noise vectors n and v may not substantially degrade communications performance if the quantity δT (of the decision variable γTb+δTr) is complex-valued and/or represents a rotation. In rotating r, the noise v is also rotated, de-correlating n and v.
Further to the embodiments described above and/or in the U.S. Provisional Applications cited herein, including all combinations and/or sub-combinations thereof, a transmitter may be configured to transmit a signal vector B for the solid signal and the transmitter may also be configured to transmit a signal vector R=ā−1B for the dotted signal (wherein “ā−1” denotes inverse of ā). Accordingly, a receiver may be configured to derive frequency-domain observable vectors b=2B+n and r=(ā−1+ū) B+v. Further, a receiver processor may be configured to combine the two frequency-domain observable vectors b and r, yielding b′k=γTb+δTr, such as, for example, a mean-squared performance measure between b′k and Bk (a kth element of B) is minimized or reduced. It will be understood that the superscript “T” on a vector denotes transpose or conjugate transpose (i.e., Hermitian transpose), as appropriate. Furthermore, it will be understood that Bk may be complex-valued and denotes the kth element of the data vector B (k=1, 2, . . . N). Also, it will be understood that the receiver vectors γ and δ may, in some embodiments, take-on different values for different values of the index k.
In some embodiments, a receiver may be configured to generate at least 2N samples of a received signal, x(t)+N(t), over at least a signaling interval, T, thereof. That is, letting the received signal be y(t)=x(t)+N(t), wherein x(t) denotes a desired signal component and N(t) denotes noise and/or interference, the receiver may be configured to generate a set of 2N samples, {y(t1), y(t2), y(t3), y(t4), y(t5), . . . , y(t2N)}, and to use a first subset of the 2N samples, comprising, for example, N of the 2N samples, that may comprise, for example, odd indexed samples {y(t1), y(t3), y(t5), . . . } of the 2N samples, to form a first Discrete Fourier Transform (“DFT”) and/or a first Fast Fourier Transform (“FFT”), that may be a first N-point DFT and/or a first N-point FFT at the frequencies k/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; and to use a second subset of the 2N samples, comprising, for example, M of the 2N samples, that may comprise, for example, even indexed samples {y(t2), y(t4), y(t6), . . . } of the 2N samples, to form a second DFT and/or a second FFT, that may be a second M-point DFT and/or a second M-point FFT at the frequencies (2n+1)/2T; n=1, 2, . . . , M. In some embodiments, M=N; in other embodiments, M<N; in further embodiments, M>N. The first subset of the 2N samples may also be referred to herein as the first set of samples or the first set of N discrete-time samples and the second subset of the 2N samples may also be referred to herein as the second set of samples or the second set of N discrete-time samples.
It will be understood that the first subset of the 2N samples may, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, comprise a number of samples that is not equal to a number of samples associated with the second subset of the 2N samples. Similarly, the same may be stated with respect to the terminology “first set of samples” and “second set of samples,” and with respect to the terminology “first set of N discrete-time samples” and “second set of N discrete-time samples.” To further clarify, the “N” in “first set of N discrete-time samples” and the “N” in “second set of N discrete-time samples” does not necessarily constrain these terms to be associated with an equal number “N” of samples. A number of samples associated with the “first set of N discrete-time samples” may be different than a number of samples that is associated with the “second set of N discrete-time samples.”
In reference to FIG. 1, it will be understood that, according to embodiments of the present invention, a transmitted/received signal may comprise N0 first sub-carriers (the solid sub-carriers of FIG. 1) that may be orthogonal therebetween and M0 second sub-carriers (the dotted sub-carriers of FIG. 1) that may be orthogonal therebetween but may not be orthogonal to the N0 first sub-carriers (e.g., in some embodiments of the invention, at least one of the M0 second sub-carriers is not orthogonal to any one of the N0 first sub-carriers; or at least one of the M0 second sub-carriers is not orthogonal to at least one of the N0 first sub-carriers); wherein N0≧2 and M0≧N0 or M0<N0, and wherein M0≧0. Further, it will be understood that a receiver may be configured to generate 2N′ samples of the transmitted/received signal; wherein N′≧N0; and to perform a first transformation on a first sub-set of the 2N′ samples, comprising N′′ samples; wherein N′′<2N′; and to perform a second transformation on a second sub-set of the 2N′ samples, comprising N′′′ samples; wherein N′′′≦2N′; and to combine an element of the first transformation with an element of the second transformation (as is further illustrated by the flow-chart of FIG. 11 and by FIGS. 8, 9 and 10). In some embodiments, N′=N′′′=N′.
In some embodiments, the signal y(t)=x(t)+N(t) may be a passband signal, centered at a carrier frequency fc and comprising a bandwidth N/T (i.e., the signal y(t) may occupy and/or be allocated frequencies from fc−N/2T to fc+N/2T), and a receiver may be configured to generate any desired number of samples of y(t) over a T-seconds signaling interval thereof. In other embodiments, the passband signal y(t) may be shifted and/or translated in frequency so as to be centered substantially at the frequency N/2T after it has been frequency shifted/translated (thus comprising frequency content from substantially zero Hz to N/T Hz after it has been frequency shifted/translated), and the receiver may be configured to generate samples of y(t) by operating on the frequency shifted/translated version of y(t). In further embodiments, the passband signal y(t) may be shifted/translated in frequency so as to be centered substantially at zero frequency after it has been frequency shifted/translated (and thus comprise frequency content from substantially −N/2T Hz to N/2T Hz), and the receiver may be configured to generate samples by operating on this frequency shifted/translated version of y(t).
In yet further embodiments, the passband signal y(t) may be shifted/translated in frequency so as to be centered substantially at a frequency fc′; wherein fc′ may be smaller than fc or greater than fc; and the shifted/translated signal may thus comprise frequency content from substantially fc′−N/2T Hz to fc′+N/2T Hz, and the receiver may be configured to generate samples by operating on this frequency shifted/translated version of y(t). In some embodiments, the desired number of samples over the T-seconds signaling interval is 2N. In other embodiments, the desired number of samples over the T-seconds signaling interval is N. In further embodiments, the desired number of samples over the T-seconds signaling interval may be any desired number of samples that may differ from N or 2N.
Accordingly, a receiver may be configured, in some embodiments, to generate at least 2N time-domain samples of the received signal x(t)+N(t) over at least the T-seconds signaling interval using a receiver sampling rate of at least 2N/T. In further embodiments, the receiver may be configured to generate at least N time-domain samples of the received signal x(t)+N(t) over at least the T-seconds signaling interval using a receiver sampling rate of at least N/T. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, a receiver sampling rate may exceed N/T and/or 2N/T, while in other embodiments, a receiver sampling rate may be smaller than N/T and/or 2N/T. In some embodiments, a receiver sampling rate may depend upon an autocorrelation function that is associated with N(t). Given that a spectrum of y(t), on a positive frequency axis, is centered at a frequency fc′, and thus the spectrum of y(t) comprises frequency content from substantially fc′−N/2T Hz to substantially fc′+N/2T Hz, an autocorrelation function of N(t), subject to ideal passband filtering of y(t) about fc′, may be shown to be:

R(τ)=2ηo(N/T){[Sinπ(N/T)τ]/[π(N/T)τ]}Cos2πfc′τ;

wherein ηo may be a constant and may represent a noise density, such as a noise power spectral density or a noise energy spectral density.

Accordingly, setting 2πfc′τ=π/2 yields R(τ)=0 for τ=1/(4fc′). We thus observe, that if, for example, we set fc′=N/2T, we will have R(τ)=0 for τ=T/2N and, a receiver that is configured to sample at a rate of 2N/T will yield 2N samples over T; wherein each sample of the 2N samples comprises a noise component that is uncorrelated from any other noise component associated with any other of the 2N samples. Those skilled in the art know that uncorrelated noise components imply independent noise components, assuming Gaussian noise statistics. Accordingly, if all 2N noise components are independent therebetween, and a first set of the 2N samples is used to form b, while a second set of the 2N samples is used to form r; wherein the second set of the 2N samples does not intersect (i.e., does not have any elements in common with) the first set of the 2N samples, the n and the v noise vectors will be uncorrelated and independent therebetween.
It may be observed from the R(τ) equation above that if fc′ is, for example, doubled, a sampling rate of the receiver may also be doubled, while the receiver may continue to provide samples of y(t) comprising noise components that are uncorrelated and/or independent therebetween. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a receiver may be configured to shift/translate, in frequency, a received signal y(t) such as to center a spectrum of y(t) at a value of fc′ that allows the receiver to take more than 2N samples of y(t), over T, while maintaining noise components between samples uncorrelated and/or independent. As such, the more than 2N samples may now be used to define more than two subsets. The more than two subsets of the more than 2N samples may be used to provide more than two DFTs and/or FFTs, which may be combined, according to the principles disclosed herein, to allow further improvements in communications performance and/or capacity.
Specifically, R(τ)=0 for τ=1/(4fc′), as was stated earlier. Accordingly, if, for example, we set fc′=N/T, we will have R(τ)=0 for τ=T/4N and, a receiver that is configured to sample at a rate of 4N/T will yield 4N samples over T; wherein each sample of the 4N samples comprises a noise component that is uncorrelated from any other noise component associated with any other of the 4N samples. Thus, if all 4N noise components are independent therebetween, a first subset of the 4N samples comprising, for example, N samples, may be used via a first N-point FFT to form a “b′,”at, for example, the frequencies (k+N)/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; while a second subset of the 4N samples comprising, for example, N samples, may be used to form a “r′,” at, for example, the frequencies (k+N+1⁄2)/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; wherein, as before, the second subset of the 4N samples does not intersect the first subset of the 4N samples, thus allowing the n′ noise vector (i.e., the noise component of b′) and the v′ noise vector (i.e., the noise component of r′) to be uncorrelated and independent therebetween. But there are still 2N samples that have not been used. These remaining 2N samples may be used to form a further b′′ at, for example, the frequencies (k+N+1⁄4)/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; and a further r′′ at, for example, the frequencies (k+N+3⁄4)/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; and wherein at least some of b′, r′, b′′ and r′′ (and in some embodiments all of b′, r′, b′′ and r′′) may be combined therebetween, for example, using a LMSE criterion, or any other criterion, as has previously been discussed herein. This technique may clearly be applied to any case wherein a number of samples of y(t), over T, is an integer multiple of N. In other embodiments, the number of samples of y(t), over T, may not be an integer multiple of N.
In some embodiments, a second set of samples (or a second set of discrete-time samples), that may comprise N samples, may be based upon a first set of samples (or a first set of discrete-time samples), that may comprise N samples. In further embodiments, the second set of samples may be derived from the first set of samples by multiplying the first set of samples by a sinusoidal function or by an exponential function that may be a complex exponential function (e.g., a complex sinusoidal function). In additional embodiments, the first set of samples may be used to generate a first Discrete Fourier Transform (“DFT”) and/or a first Fast Fourier Transform (“FFT”), at frequencies of k/T; k=1, 2, . . . , N; and the second set of samples may be used to generate a second DFT and/or a second FFT at frequencies of (2n+1)/2T; n=1, 2, . . . , M; wherein M may be equal to N, M may be greater than N or M may be less than N.
It will be understood that any embodiment or combination/sub-combination of embodiments described herein and/or in any of the U.S. Provisional Applications cited herein may be used to provide wireless and/or wireline systems, devices and/or methods. It will also be understood that even though embodiments of the present invention are presented herein in terms of a receiver processor that is configured to reduce/minimize a mean-squared error quantity, performance index and/or cost function (i.e., a receiver processor that yields one or more Least Mean Squared Error (“LMSE”) receiver observables), any other quantity, performance index and/or cost function other than LMSE and/or any variation of LMSE (such as, for example, Kalman, fast Kalman, LMS/Newton, sequential regression, random-search, lattice structure/predictor, zero-forcing, least squares, recursive least squares, maximum likelihood sequence estimation, maximum a posteriori probability, maximum ratio combining and/or any variations, combinations and/or sub-combinations thereof, etc.) may be used, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in lieu of LMSE or in conjunction and/or in combination with LMSE.
It will be understood that in some embodiments such as, for example, in OFDM/OFDMA embodiments, wherein a plurality of spatially diverse channels and/or communications links may be associated with a single carrier, wherein the plurality of spatially diverse cannels and/or communications links may correspond to a respective plurality of users, a respective plurality of receiver vectors (in γ and/or in δ) may be used to accommodate the plurality of channels/users. Each channel of the plurality of channels may be associated with a different signal-to-noise ratio, necessitating, according to some embodiments, its own (individually optimized) γ and/or δ vectors. The γ and/or δ vectors may be updated (iteratively and/or non-iteratively) responsive to, for example, one or more measurements of, for example, a channel's signal-to-noise ratio.
In a conventional OFDM system, an OFDM carrier, comprising a plurality of sub-carriers, may be amplified, prior to transmission, via a single Power Amplifier (“PA”). As such, owing to an output power requirement of the conventional OFDM system, the PA may be driven to operate (at least to some extent) in a non-linear region thereof, generating non-linear distortion which may adversely impact the conventional OFDM system, particularly when the OFDM carrier includes at least some sub-carriers that are based upon a high-order modulation alphabet, such as, for example, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, etc.
In some embodiments of the present invention, at least two PAs are provided wherein at least a first one of the at least two PAs is used to amplify at least a portion of the “solid” waveform/signal (see FIG. 1), at least a second one of the at least two PAs is used to amplify at least a portion of the “dotted” waveform/signal (see FIG. 1) and wherein respective outputs of the at least two PAs are combined, using a signal combiner, prior to the two amplified signals being transmitted over one or more propagation media/channels via one or more antennas. FIG. 6 is illustrative of a wireless OFDM/OFDMA system and/or method, according to various embodiments of the present invention. It will be understood, however, that the principles disclosed herein are also applicable to non-wireless OFDM/OFDMA systems and/or methods. It will also be understood that the respective outputs of the at least two PAs of FIG. 6 need not be combined, according to some embodiments of the present invention, but instead, may be used to excite respective at least first and second antenna elements (not illustrated in FIG. 6) or respective at least first and second non-wireless transmission media. Further to the above, it will be understood that the label “Solid Waveform” as it appears in FIG. 6 means “at least a portion of the Solid Waveform,” or “at least some subcarriers of the Solid Waveform.” Similarly, it will be understood that the label “Dotted Waveform” as it appears in FIG. 6 means “at least a portion of the Dotted Waveform,” or “at least some subcarriers of the Dotted Waveform.” Accordingly, each one of the PAs, as illustrated in FIG. 6, may operate at a lower output power level, providing greater linearity, reducing a non-linear distortion thereof and allowing for improved performance of an OFDM/OFDMA carrier, that may include at least some sub-carriers that are based upon a high-order modulation alphabet, such as, for example, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, etc.
According to further embodiments of the present invention, an OFDM/OFDMA carrier comprising N sub-carriers (N≧2), which may conventionally be based upon a single N-point FFT and/or a single N-point IFFT (or a single N-point DFT/IDFT) may instead be based upon Q, Q≧2, J-point FFTs and/or Q J-point IFFTs (or Q J-point DFTs/IDFTs), wherein J≦N in some embodiments. In other embodiments, however, J>N. (It will be understood that, according to some embodiments, at least one FFT and/or IFFT of the Q “J-point FFTs and/or IFFTs” may be based upon and/or include a number of points that is different than J.) Each one of the Q “J-point FFTs and/or IFFTs,” which may be representing a grouping of less than N sub-carriers (and in some embodiments a grouping of up to N sub-carriers or more), may be provided to one of Q respective PAs, as is illustrated in FIG. 7. (It will be understood that FIG. 7 is only illustrative and assumes a wireless environment and that the principles disclosed herein also apply to any other non-wireless environment and/or transmission medium.) Following amplification, Q respective outputs of the Q respective PAs may be combined by a signal combiner and used to excite an antenna or antennas (or any other element of a wireless/non-wireless transmission medium), as is, for example, illustrated in FIG. 7. It will be understood that in some embodiments, at least a first and a second output of respective first and second PAs, of the Q PAs, may be used to excite respective first and second antennas (not illustrated in FIG. 7). Some embodiments of systems, methods and/or devices according to FIG. 6 and/or FIG. 7 are devoid of the signal combiner that is illustrated in FIG. 6 and in FIG. 7. In such embodiments, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a number of PA outputs and a number of antenna elements, wherein each PA output is associated with, and is used to excite/feed/drive, a respective antenna element.
It will also be understood that any OFDM/OFDMA system/method/device, conventional or otherwise, including wireless and non-wireless (i.e., wireline, cable, fiber optical, etc.) systems, methods and/or devices, or any other multi-carrier system, method and/or device (that may not be based upon OFDM/OFDMA principles), may be based on a transmitter architecture/method as is described herein and is illustrated in FIG. 6 and/or FIG. 7, to reduce (or minimize) an output power level requirement of one or more individual PAs, improve linearity associated with amplification and/or reduce (or eliminate) a communications performance penalty due to non-linear distortion, while increasing a system throughput (or capacity) by allowing higher-order constellation/modulation alphabets to be used, such as, for example a 256-QAM or even a 1024 QAM constellation/modulation alphabet. In will also be understood that embodiments as described herein and illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9, 10 and/or 11, may be combined in part or in whole with embodiments as described herein and illustrated in FIGS. 6 and/or 7.
Additional embodiments relating to pre-distortion of data by a transmitter will now be presented. In Provisional Application No. 61/163,119, filed on 25 Mar. 2009 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein, at the top of page 3 thereof, it is stated that “the vector R may be set equal to εB . . . ” and that “ . . . ε may be a scalar (complex-valued, real or imaginary) or a matrix (complex-valued, real or imaginary).” Accordingly, a second data vector, such as, for example, the data vector R, may be generated via a transformation, that may be a linear and/or a non-linear transformation, of a first data vector, such as, for example, the data vector B, such that an element/component of the second data vector (e.g., an element/component of R) may depend upon a plurality of elements/components of the first data vector (e.g., may depend upon a plurality of elements/components of B), wherein the element/component of the second data vector may comprise a linear and/or non-linear combination of elements/components of the first data vector. In some embodiments of the invention, the second data vector (e.g., the data vector R) may comprise a frequency-shifted version of at least some elements/components/dimensions of the first data vector (e.g., the data vector B) and, the second data vector, may, according to some embodiments, also include a phase rotation relative to the first data vector; wherein the phase rotation may be 90° (or π/2 radians), in some embodiments. The phase rotation may be used advantageously to further de-correlate noise/interference components of the second data vector (R) relative to noise/interference components of the first data vector (B) at a receiver that is configured to process the two data vectors (B and R), for example, as described earlier.
Further to the above, in Provisional Application No. 61/119,593, that was filed on 3 Dec. 2008 and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein, towards the middle of page 3 thereof, it is stated that “In additional embodiments, a signal (solid and/or dotted), or at least a portion thereof, may be subjected to a partial pre-distortion by a transmitter, whereby a residual level of interference remains therein upon reception by a receiver, and may also be subjected to equalization by the receiver in order to reduce the residual level of interference.” Accordingly, a partial pre-distortion level may be provided by a transmitter to a signal (e.g., to a data vector) such that a level of interference remains upon reception of the signal by a receiver and the receiver may then be relied upon to further process the signal in order to reduce the level of interference that remains.
Based on the above, additional embodiments of systems/devices/methods may be provided wherein a content/element/component of a signal, wherein said signal may comprise, for example, an OFDM/OFDMA carrier comprising N data elements and/or N sub-carriers (that may be orthogonal therebetween), may be subjected to a pre-distortion, that may be a partial pre-distortion, such that the content/element/component of the signal may be spread, for example, in frequency and/or in time, over an available/predetermined frequency space (and/or time space) in order to provide frequency/time diversity protection. In some embodiments, said signal may comprise, for example, an OFDM/OFDMA carrier comprising N data elements and/or N sub-carriers that may be orthogonal therebetween, non-orthogonal therebetween or partially orthogonal therebetween (e.g., a second element/subcarrier is orthogonal to a first element/subcarrier while a third element/subcarrier is not orthogonal to the first element/subcarrier).
Accordingly, the data vector C′ may be generated from the data vector C in many different ways, by subjecting C to linear and/or non-linear processing. In some embodiments, C′ may be generated from C by subjecting C to a linear transformation (e.g., by multiplying C by a matrix, that may, according to some embodiments of the present invention, be a square N×N matrix). In some embodiments, C′ may comprise N elements/components/dimensions, wherein at least one element/component/dimension of C′ comprises a linear superposition of elements/components/dimensions of C and wherein, in some embodiments, each element/component/dimension of C′ comprises a linear superposition of elements/components/dimensions of C. In some embodiments, the linear superposition of elements/components/dimensions of C comprises a rotation (and is devoid of amplitude modification) wherein the elements/components/dimensions of C are each rotated (by an angle that is negative, positive or zero) and are then summed therebetween to form the linear superposition. According to further embodiments of the present invention, the linear superposition of elements/components/dimensions of C is based upon/includes all N elements/components/dimensions of C, as would be the case, for example, if the N elements/components/dimensions of C were subjected to a Fourier transform, such as, for example, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and/or a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
The data vector C′ may be augmented by one or more pilot symbols and then transmitted over a plurality of frequency/time channels that may be orthogonal therebetween. Prior to the augmentation of C′ by the one or more pilot symbols, C′ is limited to N elements/components/dimensions and/or data sub-carriers. In some embodiments, following the augmentation of C′ by the one or more pilot symbols, the augmented C′, denoted as AC′, may comprise N+P, P≧1, elements/components; wherein P of said pilot symbols are associated with respective P pilot sub-carriers that are provided over-and-above the N data sub-carriers. In other embodiments, following the augmentation of C′ by the one or more pilot symbols, C′ remains limited to N elements/dimensions; wherein said pilot symbols are provided as imbedded within the N elements/dimensions and/or data sub-carriers of C′.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, AC′ may be transmitted over N+P frequency/time channels wherein, in some embodiments, a first portion of the N+P frequency/time channels may occupy a first frequency/time interval and wherein a second portion thereof may occupy a second frequency/time interval that may not be contiguous with the first frequency/time interval. The N+P frequency/time channels may correspond to respective N+P sub-carriers that may be orthogonal therebetween. It will be understood that the terminology that is used above, in referring to the first and second non-contiguous frequency/time intervals, refers to embodiments wherein AC′ is transmitted using, for example, frequencies from fx to fx+Δx and frequencies from fy to fy+Δy, wherein Δx+Δy denotes an aggregate RF bandwidth that is required for the transmission of AC′, using an OFDM/OFDMA technology, over a signaling interval T.
In some embodiments, fy is separated from fx+Δx by a substantial frequency interval over which an authority for the transmission of AC′ has not been provided; wherein said authority may be a regulatory/government/industrial authority or any other authority that may relate to a commercial, business, financial, political and/or interference concern. For example, according to a broadband embodiment, the aggregate RF bandwidth may have a value of 100 MHz (Δx+Δy=100 MHz), that may not be available contiguously (i.e., may not be available as one continuous block of spectrum) to an entity desiring to transmit AC′. Accordingly, the entity may select to transmit AC′using, for example, the following parameters: fx=1 GHz, Δx=40 MHz, fy=1.4 GHz and Δy=60 MHz. It will be understood that any other set of values for the parameters listed above may be used to define a broadband (or non-broadband) embodiment. It will also be understood that the broadband (or non-broadband) embodiment may be based upon a Time Division Duplex (TDD) protocol and/or a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) protocol.
In an analogous way to using non-contiguous frequency intervals, as described above, two or more non-contiguous time intervals may be used, according to further embodiments, in conjunction with (or without the use of) two or more non-contiguous frequency intervals to transmit an augmented (by the one or more pilot symbols) vector C′ and/or a sequence of augmented vectors C′.
It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that by having constructed C′ based upon C, as is illustrated above, at least one data element/component of C′, and in some embodiments each one of the N data elements/components of C′ comprises a value (complex, imaginary or real) that is related to (i.e., is a function of and/or depends upon) a plurality of data elements/components of C and that according to further embodiments, at least one data element/component of C′, and in some embodiments each one of the N data elements/components of C′ comprises a value (complex, imaginary or real) that is related to (i.e., is a function of and/or depends upon) all N data elements/components of C. Stated differently, at least one element/component of C is distributed (e.g., a power and/or energy content thereof is distributed) over at least first and second elements/components/dimensions of C′. Accordingly, if during transmission of C′ the second element/component of C′, for example, is degraded due to a channel anomaly such as, for example, a fade and/or interference, a receiver that is configured to receive and process C′ in order to derive an estimate of C may still be able to derive a reliable estimate of C based upon a frequency/time diversity that is provided by C′.
It will be understood that in some embodiments, prior to transmission of AC′, AC′ may be further pre-distorted/transformed by using a channel matrix, whose elements comprise (and/or are based upon) an inverse of a channel response and/or a complex conjugate of a channel response. Having further pre-distorted/transformed AC′by, for example, having multiplied AC′ by the channel matrix, as the further pre-distorted vector AC′ propagates through the channel, a channel-induced degradation, such as, for example, a channel fading may be reduced. The channel matrix may be used, as described above, to further pre-distort/transform the vector AC′ in any Time Division Duplex (TDD) embodiment and particularly in broadband TDD embodiments wherein a signaling interval T is small compared to a variation that may be experienced by the channel matrix. Other embodiments that are not based upon TDD may also use a channel matrix to further pre-distort/transform the vector AC′. FIG. 12 illustrates embodiments of systems/methods that are based upon the above description.
As is illustrated in FIG. 12 (top trace), a data vector C, that may, according to some embodiments, be a data vector that is defined in a frequency domain, comprising N data elements (C0, C1, CN−1) is to be transmitted by a transmitter. Each one of the N data elements may be real-valued, imaginary-valued or complex-valued and each one of the N data elements may take-on values from any desired signal constellation such as, for example, BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc. Prior to transmission of C by the transmitter, C is subjected to a transformation (pre-distortion) which, as is illustrated by the second trace of FIG. 12, may be based upon a Fourier Transform, which may be based upon a N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and/or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with any desired/appropriate scaling factor, such as, for example, (1/N)1/2, instead of the conventional scaling factor of 1/N. The Fourier transform operation is labeled as “FFT(T)” in FIG. 12; “FFT” for Fast Fourier Transform and “(T)” for Transmitter. It will be understood, however, that what is shown in FIG. 12 is illustrative, may relate to some embodiments, and that, in other embodiments, C may be subjected to any other transformation/pre-distortion (linear or otherwise) as desired and/or appropriate. A transformed C will be denoted as C′. In some embodiments, in addition to the above (or instead of the above), a number of null subcarriers may be added to C′ (or to C) so that a dimensionality of C′ (or C) increases beyond N; wherein each one of the null subcarriers comprises zero amplitude/magnitude and may be placed/positioned anywhere, as desired, on a frequency axis. In further embodiments, in addition to the above (or instead of the above), one or more subcarriers of C′ (or C) that include a non-zero amplitude/magnitude may be deleted and replaced with respective null subcarriers each comprising a zero amplitude/magnitude. This technique of deleting and replacing one or more non-zero amplitude/magnitude subcarriers of C′ (or C) with respective null subcarriers may be used, in some embodiments, to provide a frequency-domain pulse position modulation system/method/device as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. It is understood that the one or more subcarriers of C′ (or C) that are deleted and replaced by null subcarriers may be kept and transmitted over one or more successive signaling intervals.
Following the transformation (pre-distortion) of C, as is described above and/or is illustrated by the second trace of FIG. 12, a number P (P≧1) of pilot symbols (e.g.,pilot sub-carriers) may be added to the transformed C, denoted as C′, thus forming an Augmented C′, denoted as AC′ in FIG. 12. It will be understood that in some embodiments, in forming AC′ from C′, one or more elements of C′ may be rearranged (e.g., the first element of C′ (C′0) may become the last element of AC′ (AC′N+P−1)). It will also be understood that pilot symbols may be inserted in locations other than those illustrated by the third trace of FIG. 12. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that C may initially including only M data elements (M≦N); C may then be mapped onto N≧M subcarriers (with at least one subcarrier having zero magnitude if M<N) thus generating a frequency-domain version/representation of C; an N-point FFT may then be performed on C, following the mapping of C onto the N subcarriers, in order to generate C′; the pilot symbols may then be added to C′ in order to create AC′, as described earlier, and then a N+P point IFFT may be performed on AC′ prior to transmission thereof over a channel. Further to the above, prior to transmission of AC′ over the channel, AC′ may be operated upon by another matrix (see bottom trace of FIG. 12), that, according to some embodiments, depends upon a channel matrix/characteristic and may be an estimate of an inverse of the channel matrix/characteristic and/or an estimate of a complex conjugate of the channel matrix/characteristic. The bottom trace of FIG. 12 illustrates that, prior to transmitting AC′, AC′ may be pre-multiplied by a matrix that, in some embodiments, may be an estimate of an inverse of the channel matrix. Further, the bottom trace of FIG. 12 illustrates that, provided that the estimate of the inverse of the channel matrix is accurate, a channel-induced distortion (or a channel-induced amplitude and/or phase perturbation) may be substantially negated by the pre-multiplied AC′, allowing AC′ to be received by a receiver, substantially devoid of channel-induced distortion/perturbation, as is illustrated by the bottom trace of FIG. 12. It will be understood that the matrix which is used to pre-multiply AC′, as is discussed above and is illustrated by the bottom trace of FIG. 12, may be any matrix, including but not limited to an estimate of an inverse of the channel matrix (or a variant thereof) and an estimate of a complex conjugate of the channel matrix or a variant thereof.
In further embodiments, AC′ may be transmitted by a transmitter devoid of any pre-distortion and/or pre-multiplication by a matrix that is related to a channel matrix or to an estimate of the channel matrix. In such embodiments, a receiver may be relied upon to compensate for a channel-induced distortion, as is illustrated in FIG. 13. The receiver of FIG. 13 is configured to force the channel-induced distortion to zero by estimating and using an inverse of a channel matrix. However, as those skilled in the art know, other receiver processors, such as, for example, Least Mean Squared Error (LMSE) may be used instead of (or in combination with) the receiver of FIG. 13.
In some embodiments, the matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′comprises at least one element that is determined pseudo-randomly in accordance with a statistical distribution, such as, for example, a statistical distribution that is Normal/Gaussian, Bernoulli, Geometric, Pascal/Negative Binomial, Exponential, Erlang, Weibull, Chi-Squared, F, Student's t, Rice, Pareto, Poisson, Binomial, Uniform, Gamma, Beta, Laplace, Cauchy, Rayleigh, Maxwell and/or any other statistical distribution. In some embodiments each one of the elements of the matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′ is determined pseudo-randomly in accordance with a statistical distribution. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, different elements of the matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′ may be determined pseudo-randomly by respective different statistical distributions; however, this may not be necessary in some embodiments. Accordingly, in some embodiments, all elements of said matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′ are determined based upon one statistical distribution. It will also be understood that a statistical distribution may be a truncated statistical distribution wherein a random variable that is associated with the statistical distribution is precluded from taking-on values over one or more ranges.
In further embodiments, the matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′comprises a first matrix and a second matrix and, in some embodiments, the matrix that is used to pre-multiply AC′ comprises a product of the first matrix and the second matrix wherein the first matrix is multiplied from the right (i.e., post-multiplied) by the second matrix. In some embodiments, the first matrix is related to the channel matrix (or an estimate of the channel matrix) and the second matrix is not related to the channel matrix (is independent of the channel matrix) and includes at least one element that is determined pseudo-randomly based upon a statistical distribution, as discussed above. Said second matrix that includes at least one element that is determined pseudo-randomly, may be used to scramble and/or further pre-distort/alter AC′ prior to transmission thereof to thereby provide increased communications security, covertness and/or privacy. In some embodiments of the invention, the second matrix may be used to scramble/alter at least one (and in some embodiments all) of the data elements of AC′while leaving at least one (and in some embodiments all) of the pilot symbols of AC′unscrambled/unaltered. In further embodiments, all pilot symbols of AC′ are also scrambled.
It will be understood that any element, row and/or column of said second matrix, may be generated pseudo-randomly (as mentioned above) using, for example, one or more of the teachings of application Ser. No. 12/620,057, entitled Waveforms Comprising a Plurality of Elements and Transmission Thereof filed on 17 Nov. 2009 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein. Further, the disclosures of all Applications that are cited in the “CLAIM FOR PRIORITY” section of application Ser. No. 12/620,057 are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if set forth fully herein. It will be understood that an element of said second matrix may be real-valued, imaginary-valued or complex-valued. Further, it will be understood that, in some embodiments, a magnitude/amplitude remains substantially invariant in going from element-to-element of said second matrix, while a phase changes in going from element-to-element of said second matrix, and that, in such embodiments, it is a pseudo-random variation of said phase that changes from element-to-element of said second matrix, that is used to provide said scrambling. It will also be understood that in some embodiments wherein a transmitter is configured to use said second matrix (alone or in combination with said first matrix), to scramble and transmit one or more data vectors, a receiver may be configured so as to know said second matrix in order to descramble the one or more scrambled data vectors that it receives from said transmitter.
Still referring to the bottom trace of FIG. 12, a receiver may be configured to receive a time-domain version of a vector signal (e.g., AC′), comprising at least one data element and at least one pilot symbol, via an antenna (that may comprise a plurality of antenna elements), amplify the time-domain version of the vector signal via one or more Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs), sample the amplified time-domain version of the vector signal via one or more samplers (thus generating a discrete-time signal {xn}; wherein the subscript “n” denotes discrete time and is to be distinguished from the vector n which denotes noise) and perform a Fourier transform on {xn}; wherein the Fourier transform that is performed on {xn} is denoted as FFT(R) in FIG. 12; “(R)” for Receiver; and wherein the FFT(R) may be a Fast Fourier Transform. An output of the FFT(R) may be used to provide a measure of the at least one pilot symbol which may be processed to derive an estimate of the channel matrix. The estimate of the channel matrix may then be used to equalize the at least one data element of the received vector signal. Subsequent to the equalization, the equalized vector signal, minus the at least one pilot symbol thereof, may be subjected to an inverse Fourier transform, which may be an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform, denoted as IFFT in FIG. 12, yielding an estimate of the data vector C of the top trace of FIG. 12.
It will be understood that the channel matrix that is estimated by the receiver and used for said equalization of the received vector signal may also be relayed by the receiver to the transmitter. It will also be understood that relaying an estimate of the channel matrix from the receiver to the transmitter may comprise relaying an “up” or “down” command/increment wherein the transmitter, based upon an initial estimate of the channel matrix, uses the up or down command/increment to update said initial estimate of the channel matrix. It will further be understood that the up or down command/increment may relate to a real component, an imaginary component, an in-phase component, a quadrature component, a magnitude/amplitude and/or a phase of an element of the channel matrix, and that, in some embodiments, a plurality of up or down commands/increments may be relayed from the receiver to the transmitter in order to accommodate a respective plurality of elements of the channel matrix.
It will be understood that the bottom trace of FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment wherein an estimate of the channel matrix is known by the transmitter and is used by the transmitter to pre-distort AC′, prior to transmission thereof, in order to compensate at least partially (i.e., to pre-compensate at least partially) a channel distortion, such as, for example, fading. However, a channel matrix represents a transmission characteristic between a transmitter and a receiver, as is illustrated by the bottom trace of FIG. 12, and in embodiments where a transmitter needs to serve a plurality of receivers, there is a corresponding plurality of channel matrices, each one of which is associated with a respective one of the receivers. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the transmitter may be configured to sequentially, in time, communicate with the plurality of receivers such that over a first time interval 0<t≦τ1 the transmitter is communicating only with a first receiver, over a second time interval τ1<t≦τ2 the transmitter is communicating only with a second receiver, etc. Accordingly, over the first time interval the transmitter may use an estimate of a channel matrix that relates to a transmission characteristic and/or response between the transmitter and the first receiver, and over the second time interval the transmitter may use an estimate of a channel matrix that relates to a transmission characteristic and/or response between the transmitter and the second receiver.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and/or a sector thereof, that may be of any physical structure and/or size, and may be fixed, transportable and/or mobile, may be configured to only transmit information (data, voice, signaling, pilot signals, etc.) to a first transceiver over a portion of a first time interval, to only receive information (data, voice, signaling, pilot signals, etc.) from the first transceiver over a portion of the first time interval, to only transmit information (data, voice, signaling, pilot signals, etc.) to a second transceiver over a portion of a second time interval and to only receive information (data, voice, signaling, pilot signals, etc.) from the second transceiver over a portion of the second time interval; wherein the first and second time intervals do not overlap therebetween. It will be appreciated that over at least a portion of an ith time interval (τi−1<t≦τi) the BTS and/or the ith transceiver may use an entire available frequency space/channel owing to all other transceivers associated with the BTS not using any time/frequency resources during the ith time interval. FIG. 14 illustrates systems/methods based on the above, wherein communications (including data, voice, signaling, pilot signals, etc.) between a BTS and/or a sector thereof and a plurality of transceivers (e.g., mobile terminals, transportable terminals, fixed terminals, terminals installed on vehicles, etc.) occur sequentially in time over a respective plurality of non-overlapping (e.g., mutually exclusive) time intervals.
According to further embodiments of the present invention, a BTS may be configured such that its sectors take turns in transmitting over mutually exclusive time intervals, as is illustrated in FIG. 15a. In some embodiments, at least two sectors of the BTS are configured to receive simultaneously in order to maximize signal energy at the BTS from a transmitting transceiver (e.g., mobile terminal). It will be understood that a BTS, such as that illustrated in FIG. 14 and/or FIG. 15a, may be configured to provide service based upon a Time Division Duplex (TDD) protocol and/or a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) protocol (such as, for example, WiFi, WiMAX, UMB and/or LTE).
In yet other embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in FIG. 16, a first cluster of BTS (Cluster 1), comprising a number of Ω≧1 BTSs and at least one transceiver (a radioterminal) that is communicating therewith (not illustrated in FIG. 16), communicate over a first time interval (0<t≦αΩ) while at least one other cluster of BTS (including at least one transceiver/radioterminal that is communicating therewith; e.g., Cluster 2 and/or Cluster 3; see FIG. 16) that is/are adjacent and/or proximate to the first cluster of BTS remains silent (i.e., remains devoid of transmissions) during the first time interval. Furthermore, as is illustrated in FIG. 16, Cluster 4 and/or Cluster 5, being geographically distant from Cluster 1, may be configured to provide communications (i.e., to radiate waveforms) concurrently with Cluster 1, using at least some of the spectrum that is also used by Cluster 1, while avoiding harmful interference with Cluster 1 owing to said being geographically distant relative to Cluster 1.
Still referring to FIG. 16, after Clusters 1, 4 and 5 have provided their respective communications over the time interval 0<t≦αΩ, Cluster 2 (and other Clusters associated therewith not shown) provide their respective communications over a time interval, such as, for example, αΩ<t≦α2Ω, as is illustrated in FIG. 16. Similarly, after Clusters 1, 4 and 5 have provided their respective communications over the time interval 0<t≦αΩand after Cluster 2 (and the other Clusters relating to Cluster 2 not shown) provide their respective communications over the time interval αΩ≦t≦a2Ω, Cluster 3 (and other Clusters associated therewith not shown) provide their respective communications over a time interval, such as, for example, α2Ω≦t≦α3Ω, as is illustrated in FIG. 16. It will be understood that a number of radioterminals per Cluster and a number of BTSs per Cluster may vary from Cluster-to-Cluster and that a time interval that is allocated to a Cluster for the provision of communications may vary from Cluster-to-Cluster. Further, it will be understood that FIG. 16 is only illustrative, that shapes of clusters other than those illustrated in FIG. 16 may be provided and that frequency re-use distances other than what is illustrated in FIG. 16 may be provided.
According to some embodiments, a time interval that is allocated to a Cluster and/or a particular BTS for the provision of communications may depend upon a number of wireless transceivers (i.e., wireless/mobile terminals) that are engaged in communications within the Cluster and/or the particular BTS. In some embodiments, as a time interval that is allocated to a first Cluster and/or BTS for the provision of communications increases, a time interval that is allocated to another Cluster that may be adjacent and/or proximate to the first Cluster decreases in order to maintain substantially invariant a periodicity associated with providing an opportunity for communications.
In further embodiments of the invention, a BTS may comprise an even number of sectors (e.g., four sectors), as is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 15a, and the data vector B may be transmitted/radiated over, for example, sector 1 while the data vector R is transmitter/radiated substantially concurrently with the data vector B over substantially an opposite sector, such as, for example, sector 3; wherein at least some of the remaining sectors (i.e., sectors 2 and 4) are kept silent/inactive; as is illustrated in FIG. 5b. Upon having transmitted/radiated B and R substantially concurrently, as described above, and having received at the BTS any responses/transmissions from respective transceivers (mobile terminals), sectors 1 and 3 may go silent/inactive (in terms of transmitting) while sectors 2 and 4 may become active (sectors 1 and 3 may remain active in terms of receiving). In these further embodiments of the invention, B and R may be statistically independent and/or uncorrelated therebetween (i.e., at least some data included in B may be independent/uncorrelated to at least some data included in R) and/or B and R may be congruent in a frequency space (e.g., data elements/sub-carriers of R may not be shifted in frequency relative to data elements/sub-carriers of B). Accordingly, frequency reuse may take place between, for example, sector 1 and sector 3 (e.g., between substantially opposite sectors of a BTS), as is illustrated in FIG. 15b. A sequence of transmissions activity between different BTSs may remain as described earlier or may be modified so that sectors radiating in substantially non-interfering directions are allowed transmissions activity concurrently with sectors 1 and 3 (or sectors 2 and 4) of the BTS of FIG. 15b. Accordingly, significant spatial isolation may advantageously be relied upon to conduct receiver processing as described earlier in reference to FIG. 4a and/or FIG. 5a. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, BTS sectors that are specified as “silent/inactive” are silent/inactive only in that they refrain from transmitting. Such sectors may remain active in terms of receiving.
In yet further embodiments, a transceiver (e.g., a mobile terminal) that is communicating with a BTS may be configured to radiate information based upon a single carrier (as opposed to using a plurality of carriers/sub-carriers as in OFDM) in order to limit a peak-to-average power ratio of a waveform that is being amplified by an amplifier prior to transmission thereof. However, using a single carrier, instead of a plurality of carriers/sub-carriers, may require an equalizer at the BTS receiver if the single carrier is sufficiently broadband. Alternatively, an equalizer at the BTS receiver may not be necessary if the single carrier is sufficiently narrowband. However, limiting the single carrier to a sufficiently narrow bandwidth also limits a data throughput from the transceiver to the BTS. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the transceiver is configured to include a plurality of amplifiers, thus allowing a respective plurality of carriers/sub-carriers to be formed by the transceiver and be distributed over the plurality of amplifiers such that any one of the plurality of amplifiers amplifies a number of carriers/sub-carriers that is less than the plurality of carriers/sub-carriers. In some embodiments, each one of the amplifiers of the plurality of amplifiers is amplifying a single carrier/sub-carrier.
A respective plurality of outputs of the plurality of amplifiers may be combined therebetween and used to excite an antenna of the transceiver, a subset of the respective plurality of outputs may be combined therebetween and used to excite an antenna of the transceiver and/or a single output of the respective plurality of outputs may be used by itself to excite an antenna of the transceiver. In some embodiments, the transceiver is configured with a respective plurality of antennas wherein each antenna of the respective plurality of antennas is excited by a single output of the respective plurality of outputs of the plurality of amplifiers. In further embodiments, the plurality of amplifiers may be arranged in accordance with a Butler matrix architecture. It will be understood that the transceiver may be a mobile terminal, a BTS or any other device that may be mobile, transportable, fixed, localized, distributed in space, installed in/on a vehicle, etc. It will also be understood that at least two antennas of the respective plurality of antennas may be spaced apart therebetween or may be substantially co-located therebetween.
In yet further embodiments of the invention, N antennas are provided (N>2), each being excited by, and/or radiating, one Nth of a total signal power (that may, otherwise, have been radiated by a single antenna, or that may otherwise have been used to excite the single antenna). In addition to the above, in some embodiments of the invention, a signal that is used to excite an ith antenna (or a signal that is being radiated by the antenna; i=1, 2, . . . , N) is multiplied by an inverse of a channel response, 1 /hi (or by any other function of the channel response) that relates to a propagation characteristic between the ith antenna and an antenna of a transceiver/terminal, that may be a mobile terminal, that is receiving, as is illustrated in FIG. 17. It will be understood that if the channel response and/or propagation characteristic is frequency selective over a bandwidth of B, then the channel response and/or propagation characteristic may be represented by a matrix (which may include complex elements and may be a diagonal matrix) instead of a scalar (which may be a complex scalar), as those skilled in the art will appreciate. Subject to the above, it may be appreciated that a signal-to-noise ratio (and/or a signal-to-interference ratio) at the mobile terminal increases by a factor of N relative to having used a single antenna at the BTS to transmit to the mobile terminal. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, this is a result of N desired signal replicas arriving at the mobile terminal coherently and adding in-phase, on a voltage basis, while the noise/interference variance at the mobile terminal remains invariant, at σ2. It will be understood that although the BTS antennas of FIG. 17 are illustrated as transmitting, one or more of these antennas may also be configured to receive and, in some embodiments, at least two of these antennas may be substantially collocated. Further, it will be understood that although a single mobile terminal antenna is illustrated in FIG. 17, two or more mobile terminal antennas may be provided, in some embodiments, and that the two or more mobile terminal antennas may be substantially collocated. Additionally, it will be understood that although FIG. 17 illustrates a specific power distribution across the N antennas, any other power distribution across the N antennas may be provided in other embodiments. Also, in calculating (S/N), FIG. 17 assumes that |B|=1, but this need not be the case in general (wherein |•| denotes magnitude of “•”).
The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 17 suggests that the BTS serves each one of a plurality of mobile terminals sequentially, over non-overlapping time intervals (as discussed earlier), since different channel responses would generally apply between the BTS and different mobile terminals. Accordingly, FIG. 17 suggests a broadband embodiment wherein a significant amount of spectrum is available (e.g., an amount of spectrum that is greater than, or equal to, 50 MHz and, in some embodiments, an amount of spectrum that is greater than, or equal to, 100 MHz) in order to sequentially serve different mobiles within a BTS sector, different sectors of the same BTS, different BTSs (up to 3 or 4, or more) of a BTS cluster and/or different BTS clusters, as described earlier in reference to FIGS. 14-16, while maintaining a throughput relative to any mobile at, or above, a desired threshold, and maintaining interference at, or below, a desired limit. It will be understood that in some embodiments, first and second groups of mobiles, first and second groups of sectors of a BTS, first and second BTSs of a BTS cluster and/or first and second BTS clusters may be served via respective different first and second sets of frequencies which may be non-overlapping and mutually exclusive therebetween. In such embodiments, the first and second groups of mobiles, the first and second groups of sectors of a BTS, the first and second BTSs of a BTS cluster and/or the first and second BTS clusters that communicate via the respective different first and second sets of frequencies may communicate concurrently without incurring harmful interference. In some embodiments, the respective different first and second sets of frequencies are provided, at least partially, by respective different first and second entities; wherein the first entity and/or the second entity is a wireless service provider, commercial entity, not for profit entity and/or government entity; so as to share the BTS and/or other wireless network infrastructure.
It will be understood that any of the embodiments described herein (or any element/portion of any embodiment described herein) may be combined with any other embodiment described herein (or element/portion thereof) to provide yet another embodiment. This is stated for clarity of scope of the invention since the number of different embodiments that are provided by the present invention are too numerous to list and describe individually and in whole. For example, elements of the embodiment of FIG. 17 may be combined with elements of the embodiment of FIG. 15b to provide yet another embodiment wherein first and second sectors of a BTS each comprises a plurality of radiating antenna elements and wherein the first sector is configured to radiate waveforms in a first direction based upon B over a time interval and wherein the second sector is configured to radiate waveforms in a second direction, that is substantially opposite to the first direction, based upon R over substantially the same time interval.
We observe that in the future, many devices will be wirelessly connected therebetween and will be configured to communicate therebetween frequently and quite transparently (i.e., without active/explicit human intervention). We also observe that as knowledge increases and as more and more applications for the knowledge are identified (presumably and hopefully for the benefit of humanity) a level of communications between devices will increase. Accordingly, any embodiment of any invention that may be used to increase wireless communications capacity may prove of significant value. For example, it is envisaged that in the future a person (in cooperation with his/her doctor) may have an option to be fitted with a sensing/dispensing device that may be configured to sense/detect/estimate a state of a biological function/parameter of the person, such as, for example, a heart function/rate, a blood state/pressure, a blood sugar level, a blood oxygen level, a mental state, etc. and the sensing/dispensing device may also be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one predetermined second device. In some embodiments, the sensing/dispensing device may be configured to communicate wirelessly with a predetermined device of the person such as, for example, a wireless communications device of the person (e.g., a mobile phone of the person) and/or with any other device of the person and/or of another person who may be associated with the person (e.g., a person's spouse, parent, guardian, employer, medical provider/doctor/nurse, etc.).
The sensing/dispensing device may be configured to communicate with the at least one predetermined second device over a wireless link, that may be a short-range wireless link, such as, for example, a Bluetooth link, wherein the wireless link may be a bi-directional wireless link, and to relay data to the at least one predetermined second device. The at least one predetermined second device, that may be a wireless communications device of the person (e.g., a mobile phone of the person), may be configured to communicate information to a medical facility/CPU/doctor in response to having received from the sensing/dispensing device data indicating an “out-of-limits” and/or “marginal” reading associated with the person. Accordingly, the medical facility/CPU/doctor may be informed, in substantially real time, of a state of health of the person and an appropriate response may then be relayed back to the person via, for example, the wireless communications device of the person and to the sensing/dispensing device of the person via the wireless link between the wireless communications device of the person and the sensing/dispensing device. Accordingly, the sensing/dispensing device may be configured to dispense a substance to the person in order to remedy the out-of-limits and/or marginal reading. Thus, substantially real-time closed-loop feedback control, using wireless communications, may be provided to regulate a medical state/condition of the person. According to some applications, the regulation of the medical state/condition of the person may be automatic and substantially transparent to the person (i.e., without any cognizant intervention on the part of the person). In other applications, an intervention/action by the person, such as an authorization/approval by the person, may be required prior to dispensing of the substance by the sensing and/or dispensing device.
In further applications, each one of a plurality of home/office devices (such as, for example, a vehicle, a garage door opener, an electrical system, a power meter, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a heating system, a television/entertainment unit, an alarm system, etc.) may be wirelessly connected, via a respective plurality of wireless links, that may be short-range wireless links, to a transceiver unit that may be installed within the home/office. The transceiver unit may be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other transceiver unit that may be associated with another home/office and may also be configured to communicate wirelessly, via a terrestrial base station and/or via a satellite, with one or more service provider facilities. Accordingly, the transceiver unit may receive information, such as state/diagnostic information, from each one of the plurality of home/office devices and, responsive to an undesirable state/diagnostic, the transceiver unit may inform the other transceiver unit and/or at least one relevant service provider facility of the undesirable state/diagnostic. Accordingly, an appropriate response may be provided by the at least one relevant service provider and/or by the other transceiver unit in order to correct the undesirable state/diagnostic. In some embodiments, the transceiver unit may also be configured to communicate with a device, such as a mobile device, of an occupant and/or owner of the home/office responsive to the undesirable state/diagnostic. It will be understood that the transceiver unit may, in some embodiments, be integrated within a computer and/or connected to the computer and that the transceiver unit may be configured to communicate with the at least one other transceiver unit and/or the one or more service provider facilities via the computer using at least one wireline link (cable, DSL, ADSL, fiber optical, etc.) and/or at least one wireless link (terrestrial, satellite, etc.).
In yet additional applications, a mobile device (such as a mobile phone/terminal) may be configured to conduct communications autonomously and without an intervention (i.e., cognizant intervention) by a user of the mobile device. The communications that may be conducted by the mobile device autonomously and without the intervention may be in response to a predetermined Time-of-Day (ToD), Time-of-Month (ToM), Time-of-Year (ToY), Time of Decade (ToD) and/or Time-of-Century (ToC). Further, the communications that may be conducted by the mobile device autonomously and without the intervention may be in response to a predetermined distance of the mobile device relative to a predetermined location/entity (stationary or not), a sensing of the mobile device of a predetermined signal and/or a characteristic thereof, a health state of the user of the mobile device, a noise/sound level in the vicinity of the mobile device, an acceleration of the mobile device, a municipal/city/state/national emergency and/or a time lapse relative to a predetermined point in time. It will be understood that the communications that may be conducted by the mobile device autonomously and without the intervention may be first communications responsive to a first one of a predetermined Time-of-Day (ToD), Time-of-Month (ToM), Time-of-Year (ToY), Time of Decade (ToD), Time-of-Century (ToC), a predetermined distance of the mobile device relative to a predetermined location/entity (stationary or not), a sensing of the mobile device of a predetermined signal and/or a characteristic thereof, a health state of the user of the mobile device, a noise/sound level in the vicinity of the mobile device, an acceleration of the mobile device, a municipal/city/state/national emergency and a time lapse relative to a predetermined point in time; and a second communications responsive to a second one of a predetermined Time-of-Day (ToD), Time-of-Month (ToM), Time-of-Year (ToY), Time of Decade (ToD), Time-of-Century (ToC), a predetermined distance of the mobile device relative to a predetermined location/entity (stationary or not), a sensing of the mobile device of a predetermined signal and/or a characteristic thereof, a health state of the user of the mobile device, a noise/sound level in the vicinity of the mobile device, an acceleration of the mobile device, a municipal/city/state/national emergency and a time lapse relative to a predetermined point in time; wherein the first communications may differ from the second communications. In some applications, the mobile device may be configured to conduct the communications autonomously and without the intervention even though the mobile device has been placed in an off/inactive mode (e.g., has been turned off) and/or even though a battery of the mobile device has been removed from the mobile device (e.g., the mobile device may include a reserve of power that is separate from the battery of the mobile device). In further embodiments, the mobile device may be configured to detect a proximity state between itself and a television/computer and, responsive to the detected proximity state to wirelessly transfer data (e.g., at least one content thereof) to the television/computer (and, in some embodiments, vice versa). The television/computer may be a predetermined television/computer and the proximity state may be detected by estimating a distance between the mobile device and said television/computer and/or by sensing a signal and/or a characteristic thereof.
Accordingly, it may be appreciated that at least some of the above applications, as well as other numerous applications that may occur to those skilled in the art, may be practiced in the future, requiring additional capacity from wireless networks.
In further embodiments of the present invention, a system/method is provided (that may be a system/method associated with a receiver and/or a transmitter) that includes a spatial rake. A system/method comprising a spatial rake may improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a signal-to-interference ratio and, according to some embodiments, may allow reuse of available radio resources even within a sector of a base station and/or over adjacent sectors of the base station (i.e., co-sector and/or adjacent sector co-channel operation). The well-known rake receiver that is practiced in Code Division Multiplexed (CDM) and/or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communications systems/methods may be viewed as a receiver that rakes-in (i.e., gathers/accumulates) a plurality of replicas of a CDM/CDMA signal; wherein the plurality of replicas are dispersed in time and are resolvable in time. Analogously, a spatial rake may be provided that rakes-in a plurality of replicas of a signal that are dispersed in space and are resolvable in space. As may be appreciated by those skilled in the art, multipath propagation provides a plurality of signal paths, from a transmitter to a receiver, with each path of the plurality of paths characterized by a magnitude (i.e., signal strength) and an angle of arrival; see FIG. 18a. Accordingly, a receiver, comprising a plurality of antenna elements, may be configured to form an antenna pattern, using the plurality of antenna elements, that is optimally (or near optimally) matched to the plurality of signal paths in terms of amplitude (signal strength/gain) and angle of arrival. FIG. 18b illustrates a plurality of signal paths (as in FIG. 18a), comprising three signal paths, and an associated antenna pattern that is matched to the plurality of signal paths. Accordingly, a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a signal-to-interference ratio may be improved, improving a communications performance index such as, for example, a link capacity, a Bit Error Rate (BER), a Quality of Service (QoS), etc.
A receiver, as illustrated in FIG. 19a, may include the plurality of antenna elements and a first processor, labeled as signal processor 1 in FIG. 19a, that processes a respective plurality of signals, provided to the signal processor 1 by the plurality of antenna elements, to form a plurality of antenna patterns (sequentially in time and/or in parallel in time; depending on a speed of operation of the processor). Each one of the plurality of antenna patterns, also referred to herein as lobes, pencil beams and/or spatial fingers (or simply fingers), may be associated with a respective angle of arrival and may be used by the processor to provide a respective signal strength measure. The respective signal strength measure may be determined by processing one or more pilot signals via a respective antenna pattern (i.e., lobe/finger/pencil beam) of the plurality of antenna patterns. Accordingly, the plurality of antenna patterns that may be formed by the processor, providing a respective plurality of signal strength measures corresponding to a respective plurality of angles of arrival spanning a predetermined interval of space, may be used by the processor to determine/estimate an antenna pattern that is spatially matched (or nearly/approximately spatially matched) to the plurality of signal paths (as illustrated in FIG. 18a and/or in FIG. 18b) arriving at the receiver.
According to some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 19a, a receiver may be configured to form a set of signal samples by sampling an output of each one of the plurality of antenna elements, to store the set of signal samples in memory, to provide at least a subset of the set of signal samples to the signal processor 1 (e.g., samples that may be associated with the one or more pilot symbols) so that the signal processor 1 may form the plurality of antenna patterns (lobes/fingers/pencil beams), as discussed above, and determine therefrom the respective plurality of signal strength measures; and, after the processor has estimated an antenna pattern that is spatially matched (or nearly spatially matched) to the plurality of signal paths, responsive to the processor having formed the plurality of antenna patterns, to use the spatially matched (or nearly spatially matched) antenna pattern to process the set of signal samples (or a subset thereof comprising data samples and/or pilot samples) and to provide an output of the spatially matched antenna pattern to a second processor, labeled as signal processor 2 in FIG. 19a, in order to detect data. FIG. 19b provides illustrative additional detail of the receiver that is illustrated in FIG. 19a, for some embodiments.
In further embodiments of the invention, the receiver that has been described above, as illustrated in FIG. 19a and/or in FIG. 19b, may further be configured to detect/estimate a correlation between first and second signals (that may be first and second pilot signals), that are received at respective first and second antenna elements of the plurality of antenna elements. Responsive to the detected/estimated correlation between the first and second signals (and in some embodiments responsive to a detected/estimated correlation between the first and second signals and between at least two more signals) the receiver may be configured to preferentially use signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements to perform signal processing that is different than the spatial matched filtering discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 19a and/or in FIG. 19b. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the receiver may be equipped with a plurality of different signal processing algorithms and the receiver may be equipped/configured with adaptivity/agility so as to preferentially use one algorithm of the plurality of algorithms vs. another algorithm of the plurality of algorithms responsive to a value of said detected/estimated correlation (or any other signal property) between the first and second signals (and in some embodiments responsive to a detected/estimated correlation and/or other signal property between the first and second signals and between at least two more signals).
In some embodiments, the receiver may be configured to process a first set of signals, associated with a respective first set of antenna elements, via a first signal processing algorithm and to process a second set of signals, associated with a respective second set of antenna elements, via a second signal processing algorithm. It will be understood that the first signal processing algorithm may differ from, or be the same as, the second signal processing algorithm and that at least one (and, in some embodiments, each one) of the first and second sets of antenna elements may be a subset of the plurality of antenna elements. It will also be understood that the first and second sets of antenna elements may be intersecting or non-intersecting therebetween. In some embodiments, the first signal processing algorithm comprises spatial matched filtering and the second signal processing algorithm also comprises spatial matched filtering.
Accordingly, in some embodiments of the invention, if said correlation and/or other signal property is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the receiver is configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with a first signal processing algorithm and if said correlation and/or other signal property is less than the predetermined threshold, the receiver is configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with a second signal processing algorithm that is different than the first signal processing algorithm. In yet further embodiments, the receiver may be configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with a third (hybrid) algorithm that comprises at least one aspect/element of the first algorithm and at least one aspect/element of the second algorithm. The third (hybrid) algorithm may be used over a transition interval wherein said correlation and/or other signal property is greater than a lower threshold but less than an upper threshold.
Accordingly, in such embodiments, if said correlation and/or other signal property is greater than or equal to the upper threshold, the receiver is configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with the first signal processing algorithm, if said correlation and/or other signal property is less than or equal to the lower threshold, the receiver is configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with the second signal processing algorithm and if said correlation and/or other signal property is between the lower and upper thresholds, the receiver is configured to utilize signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements in accordance with the third (hybrid) signal processing algorithm. In some embodiments, the first algorithm may comprise spatial matched filtering, as is, for example, described above and illustrated in FIG. 19a and/or in FIG. 19b, and wherein the second algorithm may be devoid of spatial matched filtering and comprise, for example, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) algorithm, equalization/rake and/or diversity combining of signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements. It will be understood that the term “equalization” as used herein may comprise one or more transversal filters (synchronously and/or fractionally spaced with or without decision feedback) and the term “diversity combining” may comprise maximal ratio combining or any other type of combining (linear and/or non-linear) of signal outputs of at least some of the plurality of antenna elements, in some embodiments. In further embodiments, the second algorithm may also comprise spatial matched filtering.
In additional embodiments, instead of the above, or in combination with any aspect(s) of the above, the receiver may be equipped with a plurality of different signal processing algorithms and the receiver may be configured to provide communications to a first terminal by preferentially using one algorithm (i.e., a first algorithm) of the plurality of algorithms while avoiding/refraining from using any other algorithm of the plurality of algorithms, to provide communications to the first terminal, responsive to a location of the first terminal and/or responsive to a location of a second terminal which, according to some embodiments, the receiver may be serving (currently and/or in the future) using radio resources that are co-channel with radio resources that the receiver is using (or is about to use) to serve the first terminal. In yet other embodiments of the invention, instead of the above, or in combination with any aspect(s) of the above, the receiver may be equipped with a plurality of different signal processing algorithms and the receiver may be configured to provide communications to a terminal by preferentially using one particular/specific algorithm of the plurality of algorithms while refraining from using any other algorithm of the plurality of algorithms, to provide communications to the terminal, responsive to one or more channel characteristics that exist between the terminal and one or more of the receiver's antenna elements. In further embodiments, however, all algorithms of the plurality of different signal processing algorithms may be allowed/enabled/activated to function substantially concurrently and/or independently therebetween providing a respective plurality of outputs. A first output of the plurality of outputs may be given preferential weight over at least one other output of the plurality of outputs and the first output of the plurality of outputs may, accordingly, be used for recovering data, based upon (e.g., responsive to), for example, a signal-to-interference/noise ratio, a bit error-rate and/or any other measure thereof.
It will be understood that even thought in FIG. 19b, and/or in any of the other Figures relating to the present invention, an arrow may be illustrated as providing a unidirectional (i.e., one directional) connection/path, such an arrow may, according to some embodiments, be a bi-directional arrow providing a bi-directional connection/path (or a connection/path in a direction opposite to that illustrated). For example, a system/method/device that may be illustrated in one or more Figures of the present specification may relate to a receiver and may also relate to a transmitter (i.e., may relate to a transceiver), as those skilled in the art will appreciate. Accordingly, for the receiver part, for example, one or more arrows may be illustrated as providing one or more respective paths/connections from an antenna of the receiver to one or more other element(s) of the receiver. For the transmitter part, however, in some embodiments, the one or more paths/connections may have to be reversed in a direction thereof. As may be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in some embodiments, information attained by the receiver may have to be “turned-around” and used by at least one element of the transmitter.
FIG. 20 illustrates a receiver that is providing communications, concurrently and co-channel, to two terminals (not shown), referred to in FIG. 20 as terminal 1 and terminal 2. The receiver that is illustrated in FIG. 20 has detected a relatively high correlation and/or other signal property across at least some of its antenna elements for signals relating to terminal 1 and for signals relating to terminal 2. Accordingly, the receiver has determined that each one of the two terminals (terminal 1 and terminal 2) is associated with at least some resolvable signal paths (as illustrated in FIG. 18a, FIG. 18b, FIG. 19a and/or FIG. 19b) and that the two terminals are sufficiently spaced apart therebetween so as to be served concurrently and co-channel using (for each one of the two terminals) spatial matched filtering, equalization/rake and/or interference reduction. It will be understood that if terminal 1 and terminal 2 are configured to communicate using OFDM/OFDMA signals, the equalizer/rake stage of the receiver of FIG. 20 may not be needed. Further, it will be understood that two different antenna systems, each comprising a plurality (e.g., N≧2) of antenna elements may be used to provide signal inputs to the spatial matched filter coefficients {W11, W21, . . . , WN1} and coefficients {W12, W22, . . . , WN2}, respectively, instead of the single antenna system, comprising the plurality of (N≧2) antenna elements, as illustrated in FIG. 20.
Although in FIG. 20 only one signal path is illustrated as arriving from terminal 1, only one signal path is illustrated as arriving from terminal 2 and the two respective signal paths from terminal 1 and terminal 2 are illustrated in FIG. 20 as arriving from respective significantly different directions, this need not be the case in general. In some embodiments of the invention, a signal path (or a plurality of signal paths) from, for example, terminal 1 may be limited to a first angle-of-arrival (or a limited/small/narrow continuum of first angles of arrival) while a signal path (or a plurality of signal paths) from terminal 2 may comprise a plurality of second angles of arrival (or a relatively broad/large/wide continuum of second angles of arrival), and the plurality of second angles of arrival may comprise an intersection/overlap with the first angle of arrival, as is illustrated in FIG. 21. In some embodiments, a terminal determines/estimates a position thereof, relays the determined/estimated position to a base station, the base station uses the relayed position of the terminal and, in some embodiments, additional information regarding natural and/or man-made structures to form an antenna pattern, and uses the formed antenna pattern to conduct communications with the terminal.
In yet additional embodiments of the present invention, based on a realization that a large number of base station antenna elements may preferably be used at a base station (or at a base station sector) to provide improved communications performance, a base station architecture is provided, comprising electrical and structural/mechanical elements, as is illustrated in FIG. 22 and in FIG. 23, that is capable of accommodating the large number of base station antenna elements. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that providing at least two vertical structural/mechanical support posts (as is illustrated in FIG. 22), on which at least one horizontal structural post may be mounted and used to support a plurality (N≧2) of antenna elements, the plurality (N≧2) of antenna elements may be structurally more sound (and an overall structure of a base station tower may be structurally more sound) allowing the number N of antenna elements to increase. Accordingly, a base station that is based upon an architecture as described above and illustrated in FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 may provide improved communications performance. It will be understood that two or more sectors of the base station may be based upon the architecture described above.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, as a number of antenna elements of a base station is increases in order to provide improved communications performance, an increase in a number of cables may need to be provided between a base/foundation of the base station and the number of antenna elements that are configured on (e.g., at or near the top of) a tower of the base station. For example, if the base station comprises three sectors and each one of the three sectors is based upon an architecture as illustrated in FIG. 22 with, for example, sixteen antenna elements (N=16), then a total of 48 cables may have to be provided between the base/foundation and the plurality (forty eight) of antenna elements. In some embodiments, the vertical structural support posts illustrated in FIG. 22 and in FIG. 23 may be hollow and at least some of the cables may be configured inside of the hollow vertical structural support posts. In further embodiments, however, instead of cables (or in combination with at least some cables) at least one wireless link, that may be configured to be at least one short-range wireless link and, in some embodiments, at least one short-range wireless link that uses (is based upon) at least one directional antenna, may be used to communicate information between the base/foundation of the base station and the plurality of antenna elements that are configured on the tower of the base station, as is illustrated in FIG. 22 and/or FIG. 23.
The at least one wireless link that may be used to communicate information between the base/foundation of the base station and the plurality of antenna elements that are configured on the tower of the base station may be based upon any technology and/or protocol (such as, for example, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) of a plurality of signals, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) of the plurality of signals, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) of the plurality of signals, etc., or any combination thereof) and the multiplexor/demultiplexor that is illustrated in FIG. 22 may be configured in accordance with the technology and/or protocol that is used. Further to the above, the at least one wireless link that may be used to communicate information between the base/foundation of the base station and the plurality of antenna elements that are configured on the tower of the base station may be based upon any frequency band (licensed and/or unlicensed) and, according to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one wireless link may preferentially be based upon frequencies above 10 GHz and, in further embodiments, above 20 GHz, in order to increase a propagation attenuation thereof, such as, for example, an atmospheric absorption thereof, and thus limit a propagation distance thereof, reducing a level of potential interference.
It will be understood that although a single bi-directional wireless link is illustrated in FIG. 22, other embodiments may comprise a plurality of wireless links each one of which may be a short range wireless link and bi-directional (transferring information up and down the tower) or one-directional (transferring information either up or down the tower). Further, each one of the plurality of wireless links may use (be based upon) at least one directional antenna in order to maximize a radiation level thereof in a first predetermined direction (e.g., up and/or down; vertical direction) while minimizing, limiting and/or reducing a radiation level thereof in a second predetermined direction (e.g., in a horizontal direction). In accordance with one specific embodiment, two wireless links may be used wherein a first one of the two wireless links is configured to transfer information from the antenna elements of the tower to the base/foundation of the base station while a second one of the two wireless links is configured to transfer information from the base/foundation of the base station to the antenna elements of the tower. In accordance with this one specific embodiment, the first wireless link may be preceded by at least one Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), that may comprise a plurality of LNAs that may be configured in accordance with a Butler Matrix architecture; and the first wireless link may also be preceded by a multiplexor; an output of the at least one LNA being connected to an input of the multiplexor; both of which (the at least one LNA and the multiplexor) being configured at a height from the base/foundation of the tower (e.g., at the top of the tower, near the top of the tower and/or proximate to the antenna elements of the tower). Further, in accordance with said one specific embodiment, the first wireless link may be followed by a demultiplexor and/or additional electronics that is configured at or near the base/foundation of the tower
Continuing with said one specific embodiment, the second wireless link may be preceded by a multiplexor that is configured at (or near) the base/foundation of the tower and the second wireless link may be followed by a demultiplexor an output of which may be connected to an input of a Power Amplifier (PA), that may comprise a plurality of PAs that may be configured in accordance with a Butler Matrix architecture, at (or near) the top of the tower and/or proximate to one or more antenna elements of the tower and configured to drive/excite the one or more antenna elements of the tower that may comprise a plurality of antenna elements as illustrated in FIG. 22 and/or in FIG. 23. A dimensionality of the Butler Matrix architecture may depend upon a number of antenna elements of the tower; and a Butler Matrix of N×N dimension may be used to drive N antenna elements of the tower.
In general, it will be understood that a multiplexor/demultiplexor may include (or be connected to) at least one Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and/or at least one Power Amplifier (PA) and that the at least one LNA and/or the at least one PA may be configured in accordance with a Butler Matrix architecture, well known to those skilled in the art, in order to provide an amplification redundancy and/or a graceful degradation of performance in the event that one or more amplifier failures occur (at least one redundant amplifier may also be provided so that a redundant amplifier may be used (switched in) to replace a defective amplifier). The at least one PA may comprise a plurality of outputs that may be used to drive/excite a respective plurality of antenna elements situated on a tower of a base station; and the at least one LNA may comprise a plurality of inputs that may be used to receive and amplify a respective plurality of signals from a respective plurality of antenna elements.
It will be understood that each antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements may comprise at least one dipole radiating element, at least one monopole radiating element, at least one patch radiating element and/or any other radiating element such as, for example, waveguide opening(s), coaxial cable opening(s), etc. It will also be understood that each antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements may be linearly polarized (in at least one spatial dimension) and/or circularly polarized (left-hand circular or right-hand circular) and that different antenna elements may comprise different polarizations and/or different mechanical/electrical characteristics therebetween. Further, it will be understood that although FIG. 22 illustrates only a single row of N antenna elements that is used to form an overall antenna of a base station sector, a plurality of rows of antenna elements (of equal or differing number of antenna elements therebetween) may be configured at a respective plurality of elevations on a base station tower to thereby provide antenna beam steering capability along an elevation dimension. Accordingly, a two dimensional antenna array may be formed for a base station sector.
A two dimensional antenna array for a base station is illustrated in FIG. 24, in accordance with some embodiments, wherein a circular tubular architecture may be used that comprises a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements, as is illustrated in FIG. 24. According to other embodiments, however, the architecture that comprises the two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements need not be circular tubular. FIG. 25, for example, illustrates a top view of a polygonal architecture according to some embodiments. The polygonal architecture may comprise any desired number of sides, such as, for example, 3, 4, 5, etc.; and, as it may readily be observed, as the number of sides of the polygonal architecture becomes very large (i.e., approaches infinity), the polygonal architecture approaches a circular tubular architecture, as has already been illustrated in FIG. 24. It will be understood that although the architectures that are illustrated in FIG. 24 and in FIG. 25 include only three vertical structural posts each, more than three (or less than three) vertical structural posts may be provided in further embodiments. Furthermore, it will be understood that although horizontal structural posts are not illustrated in FIG. 24 and FIG. 25, horizontal structural posts may also be provided in yet further embodiments. It will further be understood that any of the base station tower architectures illustrated herein may be encapsulated, at least partially by a radome material for protection against the elements (weather) and/or for climate control.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of the embodiments described herein (or any element/portion of any embodiment that is described herein) may be combined with any other embodiment that is described herein (or element/portion thereof) to provide yet another embodiment. For example, elements of the embodiment that are illustrated in FIG. 22 may be combined with elements of the embodiment that are illustrated in FIG. 24 and/or in FIG. 25 to provide at least one other embodiment wherein a base station comprising a two-dimensional antenna array uses one or more wireless links to transport information back and/or forth between the two-dimensional antenna array and a processing facility associated with the base station. The processing facility may be proximate to, attached to, connected to and/or integrated with a base/foundation of the tower of the base station, in some embodiments, as has been described earlier, or it may be at a distance from the base/foundation of the tower of the base station, in other embodiments.
Accordingly, it is envisaged that, owing to an ever-increasing appetite for wireless broadband communications by various world communities (human and/or machine), systems, methods, architectures, devices, software, firmware and/or computer programs that improve spectral efficiency and communications capacity will be introduced, according to various embodiments of the present invention and/or other inventions, even though a signal processing complexity thereof may, currently and/or in the future, appear prohibitive. As is well understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art, anything that is associated with computationally prohibitive requirements today, in a decade or so will surrender to Moore's Law.
In the present specification and figures (and in the references that have been incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if set forth fully herein), there have been disclosed embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation; the following claims setting forth the scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A communications method comprising:
forming a data vector comprising N data elements; N≧2;
subjecting the data vector to a transformation and forming a transformed vector responsive to said subjecting;
inserting at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector and forming an augmented vector responsive to said inserting; and
transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector;
wherein subjecting the data vector to a transformation occurs prior to said inserting at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector and forming an augmented vector and wherein transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector comprises transmitting by the transmitter simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers;
wherein the transformation distributes an element/component/dimension of the data vector over a plurality of elements/components/dimensions of the transformed vector; and
wherein an element/component/dimension of the transformed vector comprises a superposition of values of a plurality of elements/components/dimensions of the data vector.

2. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
prior to said transmitting by a transmitter, subjecting the augmented vector to a further transformation that depends upon a characteristic of a channel that exists between the transmitter and a receiver.

3. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein the transformation is based upon a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and/or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

4. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein the transformation is based upon a Butler matrix that is a truncated Butler matrix.

5. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
receiving at a receiver the augmented vector responsive to said transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector;
forming an estimate of the transformed vector at the receiver responsive to processing of the augmented vector that is received at the receiver;
subjecting the estimate of the transformed vector to an inverse of the transformation that the data vector has been subjected to at the transmitter; and
forming an estimate of the data vector responsive to said subjecting the estimate of the transformed vector to an inverse of the transformation.

6. The communications method according to claim 5, further comprising:
estimating at the receiver, responsive to a processing of the at least one pilot symbol by the receiver, a state of a communications channel through which said receiving occurs; and
providing data to the transmitter responsive to said estimating at the receiver.

7. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
receiving at a receiver using a spatial matched filter and/or a spatial rake.

8. The communications method according to claim 7, wherein receiving at the receiver using a matched filter and/or a spatial rake comprises:
determining at the receiver a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver; and
forming at the receiver a respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers responsive to said determining at the receiver.

9. The communications method according to claim 8, wherein said determining at the receiver a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver comprises:
forming at the receiver an initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers; and
processing at the receiver a respective initial number of signals that is provided by the initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed;
wherein the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed at the receiver is greater than the determined number of signal paths arriving at the receiver.

10. The communications method according to claim 8, further comprising:
combining at the receiver a respective number of signals that is provided by the respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed.

11. The communications method according to claim 9, wherein the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed at the receiver spans a grid of two-dimensional space.

12. The communications method according to claim 7, wherein said receiving at a receiver further comprises:
receiving at an antenna of the receiver that is situated at a distance from a processor of the receiver;
amplifying following said receiving at an antenna of the receiver;
wirelessly transmitting over a short-range link following said amplifying; and
receiving at the processor of the receiver responsive to said wirelessly transmitting.

13. The communications method according to claim 12, wherein the antenna of the receiver comprises a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements.

14. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
forming a plurality of data vectors comprising data to be transmitted to a respective plurality of receivers;
subjecting each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation and forming a respective plurality of transformed vectors responsive to said subjecting each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation;
inserting at least one pilot symbol into each one of the respective plurality of transformed vectors and forming a respective plurality of augmented vectors; and
sequentially transmitting by the transmitter the respective plurality of augmented vectors to the respective plurality of receivers;
wherein sequentially transmitting comprises sequentially transmitting and avoiding overlapping in time between any two of the respective plurality of augmented vectors that are sequentially transmitted by the transmitter.

15. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein transmitting by a transmitter the augmented vector further comprises:
generating a plurality of replicas of the augmented vector; and
transmitting by the transmitter the plurality of replicas of the augmented vector using a respective plurality of antenna elements.

16. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein an element of the transformed vector comprises a value that is a linear superposition of a plurality of values of a respective plurality of elements of the data vector.

17. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein each element of the transformed vector comprises a value that is a linear superposition of a plurality of values of a respective plurality of elements of the data vector.

18. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
transmitting by the transmitter the augmented vector over a plurality of frequency intervals that are non-contiguous therebetween; and/or
transmitting by the transmitter the augmented vector over a plurality of time intervals that are non-contiguous therebetween.

19. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
subjecting the augmented vector to a further transformation comprising at least one element that is generated pseudo-randomly to thereby provide increased communications security, covertness and/or privacy.

20. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
amplifying by the transmitter a first subset of the plurality of sub-carriers using a first amplifier; and
amplifying by the transmitter a second subset of the plurality of sub-carriers using a second amplifier;
wherein each one of the first and second subsets of the plurality of sub-carriers comprises at least one sub-carrier of the plurality of sub-carriers.

21. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
using by the transmitter a plurality of amplifiers that are configured in accordance with a Butler matrix architecture to amplify the augmented vector prior to said transmitting.

22. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
using by the transmitter a plurality of antennas that are configured to transmit a respective plurality of augmented vectors so as to increase a signal-to-noise/interference ratio at a receiver by providing the respective plurality of augmented vectors at an antenna of the receiver substantially coherently therebetween;
wherein each antenna of the plurality of antennas is configured to transmit a replica of the augmented vector.

23. The communications method according to claim 1, further comprising:
transmitting by the transmitter information to a first and to a second device sequentially in time, over respective non-overlapping first and second time intervals; and
refraining by the transmitter from transmitting information to the first and to the second device simultaneously in time.

24. The communications method according to claim 1, wherein an element of the transformed vector comprises a value that is a non-linear combination of a plurality of values of a respective plurality of elements of the data vector.

25. A communications system comprising a transmitter that is configured:
to form a data vector comprising N data elements; N≧2;
to subject the data vector to a transformation and to form a transformed vector responsive to having subjected the data vector to the transformation;
to insert at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector and to form an augmented vector responsive to having inserted the at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector; and
to transmit the augmented vector;
wherein the transmitter is configured to subject the data vector to the transformation prior to inserting the at least one pilot symbol into the transformed vector and prior to forming the augmented vector and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the augmented vector by transmitting simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers;
wherein the transformation distributes an element/component/dimension of the data vector over a plurality of elements/components/dimensions of the transformed vector; and
wherein an element/component/dimension of the transformed vector comprises a superposition of values of a plurality of elements/components/dimensions of the data vector.

26. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter, prior to transmitting the augmented vector, is configured to subject the augmented vector to a further transformation that depends upon a characteristic of a channel that exists between the transmitter and a receiver.

27. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transformation is based upon a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and/or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

28. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transformation is based upon a Butler matrix that is a truncated Butler matrix.

29. The communications system according to claim 25, further comprising a receiver that is configured:
to receive the augmented vector responsive to the transmitter having transmitted the augmented vector;
to form an estimate of the transformed vector by processing the augmented vector that is received;
to subject the estimate of the transformed vector to an inverse of the transformation that the data vector has been subjected to by the transmitter; and
to form an estimate of the data vector responsive to having subjected the estimate of the transformed vector to the inverse of the transformation.

30. The communications system according to claim 29, wherein the receiver is further configured to estimate a state of a communications channel through which the transmitter is transmitting and the receiver is receiving, responsive to a processing of the at least one pilot symbol by the receiver, and to provide data to the transmitter responsive to the processing of the at least one pilot symbol.

31. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter is further configured:
to form a plurality of data vectors comprising data to be transmitted by the transmitter to a respective plurality of receivers;
to subject each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation and to form a respective plurality of transformed vectors responsive to having subjected each one of the plurality of data vectors to the transformation;
to insert at least one pilot symbol into each one of the respective plurality of transformed vectors thus forming a respective plurality of augmented vectors; and
to sequentially transmit the respective plurality of augmented vectors to the respective plurality of receivers;
wherein the transmitter is configured to sequentially transmit the respective plurality of augmented vectors to the respective plurality of receivers while avoiding any time overlap between any two of the respective plurality of augmented vectors that are sequentially transmitted by the transmitter.

32. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter is further configured:
to generate a plurality of replicas of the augmented vector; and
to transmit the plurality of replicas of the augmented vector using a respective plurality of antenna elements.

33. The communications system according to claim 32, wherein all replicas that are included in the plurality of replicas of the augmented vector are transmitted by the respective plurality of antenna elements substantially concurrently/simultaneously in time.

34. The communications system according to claim 25, further comprising a receiver that is configured to use a spatial matched filter and/or a spatial rake.

35. The communications system according to claim 34, wherein the receiver that is further configured to use a matched filter and/or a spatial rake is further configured:
to determine a number of signal paths arriving at the receiver; and
to form a respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers responsive to having determined the number of signal paths arriving at the receiver.

36. The communications system according to claim 35, wherein the receiver is further configured:
to form an initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers; and
to process a respective initial number of signals that is provided by the initial number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed;
wherein the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed at the receiver is greater than the determined number of signal paths arriving at the receiver.

37. The communications system according to claim 35, wherein the receiver is further configured to combine a respective number of signals that is provided by the respective number of antenna lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed.

38. The communications system according to claim 36, wherein the initial number of lobes and/or spatial fingers that is formed by the receiver spans a grid of two-dimensional space.

39. The communications system according to claim 34, wherein the receiver is further configured:
to receive a signal at an antenna of the receiver that is situated at a distance from a processor of the receiver;
to amplify the signal that is received at the antenna;
to wirelessly transmit the amplified signal over a short-range link; and
to receive at the processor the signal that has been wirelessly transmitted over the short-range link.

40. The communications system according to claim 39, wherein the antenna of the receiver comprises a two-dimensional lattice of antenna elements.

41. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein an element of the transformed vector comprises a value that is a linear superposition of a plurality of values of a respective plurality of elements of the data vector.

42. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein each element of the transformed vector comprises a value that is a linear superposition of a plurality of values of a respective plurality of elements of the data vector.

43. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit the augmented vector over a plurality of frequency intervals that are non-contiguous therebetween and/or over a plurality of time intervals that are non-contiguous therebetween.

44. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter, prior to transmitting the augmented vector, is further configured to subject the augmented vector to a further transformation comprising at least one element that is generated pseudo-randomly to thereby provide increased communications security, covertness and/or privacy.

45. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter that is configured to transmit the augmented vector by transmitting simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers is further configured:
to amplify a first subset of the plurality of sub-carriers using a first amplifier; and
to amplify a second subset of the plurality of sub-carriers using a second amplifier;
wherein each one of the first and second subsets of the plurality of sub-carriers comprises at least one sub-carrier of the plurality of sub-carriers.

46. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter that is configured to transmit the augmented vector by transmitting simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers comprises a plurality of amplifiers that are configured in accordance with a Butler matrix architecture and wherein the transmitter is configured to use the plurality of amplifiers that are configured in accordance with the Butler matrix architecture to amplify the augmented vector.

47. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter that is configured to transmit the augmented vector by transmitting simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers comprises a plurality of antennas that are configured to transmit a respective plurality of augmented vectors so as to increase a signal-to-noise/interference ratio at a receiver by providing the respective plurality of augmented vectors at an antenna of the receiver substantially coherently therebetween;
wherein each antenna of the plurality of antennas is configured to transmit a replica of the augmented vector.

48. The communications system according to claim 25, wherein the transmitter that is configured to transmit the augmented vector by transmitting simultaneously in time a plurality of sub-carriers is further configured to transmit information to a first and to a second device sequentially in time, over respective non-overlapping first and second time intervals, and is also configured to refrain from transmitting information to the first and to the second device simultaneously in time.