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Inst. of Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd Conservation Soc’y, No. 12- 35266:

M. SMITH, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

I concur in both the reasoning and the judgment of the panel opinion,

reversing the district court’s dismissal of Cetacean’s piracy claims, and its failure

to grant Cetacean a preliminary injunction. Even if one believes it is barbaric to

harvest whales for any purpose at the beginning of the 21st century, as practiced by

Cetacean, it is clearly permitted under international law. See International

Convention for the Regulation of Whaling art. VIII, Dec. 2, 1946, 62 Stat. 1716,

161 U.N.T.S. 74. Sea Shepherd’s piracy is not. See Maj. Op. at 3–14. 

However, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to reassign this

case to a different district judge. “We remand to a different judge only in unusual

circumstances or when required to preserve the interests of justice.” United States

v. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d 1082, 1102 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Quach,

302 F.3d 1096, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002)). Specifically, we employ a three-factor test

to determine whether to remand a case to a different district judge:

(1) whether the original judge would reasonably be expected

upon remand to have substantial difficulty in putting out of his

or her mind previously expressed views or findings determined

FILED

FEB 25 2013

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
 See, e.g., United States v. Working, 287 F.3d 801, 809–10 (9th Cir. 2002) 1

(reassigning to different district judge where district court sentenced defendant to

one day in jail following conviction for assault with the intent to commit first

degree murder); Quach, 302 F.3d at 1103–04 (reassigning where district court

previously suggested that the defendant was “fortunate” not to receive the death

penalty, and where the court indicated that had the government moved for a

downward departure, it would have denied the motion); United Nat. Ins. Co. v.

R&D Latex Corp., 141 F.3d 916, 919–20 (reassigning where district judge had

“twice granted summary judgment” to a party without articulating any reasons); cf.

Wyler Summit Partnership, 235 F.3d at 1196 (refusing to remand to a different

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to be erroneous or based on evidence that must be rejected, (2)

whether reassignment is advisable to preserve the appearance of

justice, and (3) whether reassignment would entail waste and

duplication out of proportion to any gain in preserving the

appearance of fairness.

Id.; see also Wyler Summit P’ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 235 F.3d 1184, 1196

(9th Cir. 2000). 

Applying these factors, I see no basis for reassigning this case. Our panel

opinion is well-articulated, succinct, and absolutely clear as to what is required of

the district judge on remand. Importantly, it leaves no room for any district judge

to “have substantial difficulty . . . putting out of his or her mind previously

expressed views.” Wolf Child, 699 F.3d at 1102. The Sea Shepherds are pirates. 

Period. No district judge could fail to grasp the clarity and firmness of our

opinion.

Moreover, the “appearance of justice” does not require reassignment. We

have previously reserved reassignment for only the most egregious cases. While 1
district judge even though district judge “adopted verbatim” one party’s clearly

biased proposed order); United States v. Waknine, 543 F.3d 546, 560 (9th Cir.

2008) (refusing to reassign to a different district judge despite commission of

significant procedural errors). 

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the district judge clearly erred in finding for the Sea Shepherds, there is absolutely

no evidence in this record to suggest that he did so for an improper purpose, such

as bias or prejudice. 

Finally, because I do not believe “preserving the appearance of fairness”

requires reassignment, the majority’s decision will necessarily “entail waste and

duplication out of proportion” to any benefits. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d at 1102. 

District judges, like circuit judges, occasionally make mistakes. Where, as here,

there is no reason to suspect that the district judge will repeat those mistakes on

remand, reassignment is inappropriate. 

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to reassign this case to a

different district judge.