1

--- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992). 

 

2Elnager v. INS, 930 F.2d 784, 787 (9th Cir.1991) (refusing to order BIA to remand to IJ: 

"Although the BIA has the discretionary power to remand a case, 8 C.F.R. 3.1(d)(2), the federal

regulations and case law do not require that it do so"). 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92-4849.

Reyna De La Paz RIVAS-MARTINEZ, Petitioner,

v.

IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.

Aug. 18, 1993.

Petition for Review of an Order of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Before GOLDBERG, GARWOOD, and WIENER, Circuit Judges.

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

In this immigration case, Petitioner Reyna De La Paz Rivas-Martinez (Rivas) appeals the

Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) denial of her application for asylum, which had been granted

by the Immigration Judge (IJ). Rivas insists that the BIA erred in concluding that she had not

demonstrated a well-founded fear of persecution by El Salvadorean guerrillas based on her political

opinion. As both the IJ and the BIA failed to apply correctly the test for asylum eligibility established

in INS v. Elias-Zacarias,1neither tribunal adequately reviewed the sufficiency of Rivas's proof.

Accordingly, we reverse and remand this case to the BIA, either to be reconsidered by the BIA

or—better yet—to be remanded by it to the IJ, for proceedings consistent with this opinion.2

I

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Rivas, a citizen of El Salvador, entered the United States without inspection, in violation of

§ 241(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). In her hearing before the IJ, Rivas

admitted her deportability but sought asylum and withholding of deportation. She also declined to

designate El Salvador as the country of deportation should deportation become necessary. The IJ
 

3Apparently, Rivas' mother also bowed to the guerrillas' threats by providing them with food. 

designated El Salvador as the country of deportation on his own motion.

Proceeding pro se, Rivas explained hersituation to the IJ. In 1988 Rivas, then living with her

mother, was approached by members of the guerrilla faction, FMLN. They demanded food and

assistance in disseminating anti-government propaganda. Rivas refused to aid the guerrillas, for

which they threatened her, warning that ifshe failed to cooperate next time she would "have to leave

or something was going to happen."

To divert these threats, Rivas's common-law husband agreed to assist the guerrillas in

distributing their propaganda.3 He was killed several months later in cross-fire between government

troops and the guerrillasforces, and, within daysthereafter, the guerrillasreturned to Rivas and again

demanded that she assist in their cause. This time she created and expressed an impromptu excuse:

She could not help the guerrillas because she was now a single parent of a small child who needed

her constant care. But the guerrillas renewed their threats and gave her 48 hours to decide, implicitly

rejecting her expressed reason. Without waiting for that deadline, Rivas left, joining her mother who

had earlier fled the region.

Following Rivas's move, there was no immediate contact fromthe guerrillas. Several months

passed, then a letter from the FMLN was received at Rivas's mother's address. The letter was

addressed t o Rivas's brother, a member of the government forces, and instructed him to assist the

guerrillas or suffer the consequences. Afraid that the guerrillas would discover her presence at that

address, Rivas fled to the United States.

At the IJ hearing, Rivas testified that she did not assist the guerrillas because she did not

believe in their political goals, but instead was a strong supporter of the government. Moreover, she

blamed the rebelsfor killing innocent people and destroying ElSalvador's economy. Understandably,

however, she never communicated these "political opinions" directly to the guerrillas.

The IJ granted Rivas's application for asylum, expressly finding that Rivas was a credible

witness and that her testimony was "forthright, specific, consistent and plausible." In so doing,

however, the IJ rejected the applicability of "forced conscription cases," an indirect reference to
 

4

--- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 812. 

Elias-Zacarias, because the guerrillas sought to conscript Rivas to disseminate information, not to

fight in combat.

On appeal, theBIAreversed, vacating the IJ's decision, denyingRivas's application for asylum

and for withholding of deportation, and granting her thirtydays voluntarydeparture to exit the United

States. The BIA did not reject the IJ's credibility finding and it did not dispute Rivas's testimony that

her refusal to assist the guerrillas was based on her political opposition to their cause. And the BIA

correctlyrejected the IJ's attempt to distinguishElias-Zacarias, which case theBIAfound applicable.

Unfortunately, however, when the BIA purported to apply the standard, it did so incorrectly.

In so doing the BIA too improperly applied that test: It first observed that "the respondent indicated

that she never told the guerrillas that she opposed them. Instead, she indicated to them that her

refusal to assist themwas due to her young child"; then, in a leap of logic, concluded that "any action

taken against the respondent would be due to a reason apart from her political opinion and not within

the purview of the protection offered by the Act."

II

ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

The parties dispute the applicable standard of review. Rivas insists that the BIA's conclusion

that she refused to cooperate with the guerrillas for nonpolitical reasons is a finding of fact to be

reviewed to determine if it is supported by substantial evidence. The flaw in this argument is, of

course, that the BIA simply never made such a finding. In her reply brief, Rivas argues that the BIA

altogether failed to consider her testimony, which she claims proves that the guerrillas knew of her

political opposition and persecuted her because of it (or would have if she had returned). To the

contrary, the BIA did acknowledge her testimony but found it insufficient to meet her proof

obligation.

 A point on which Rivas and the BIA do agree, though, is that Rivas's eligibility for asylum

is governed by INS v. Elias-Zacarias.4 In that case, the Supreme Court specifically stated that "to
 

5

Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 817. 

 

6Adebisi v. INS, 952 F.2d 910, 912 (5th Cir.1992). 

obtain judicial reversal of the BIA's determination, [the alien] must show that the evidence he

presented was so compelling that no reasonable fact-finder could fail to find the requisite fear of

persecution."5 But, this standard of review implicitly presumes that in the BIA decision being

reviewed the factors comprising Elias-Zacarias 's asylum eligibility test have been applied. As we

find here that the BIA's misunderstanding of Elias-Zacarias pretermitted its correct application of

the standard, an error the BIA shared with the IJ, this standard of review does not apply. Instead,

we review de novo the BIA's interpretation of Elias-Zacarias.

"This court is authorized to review only the order of the [BIA].... Consequently, the errors

or other failings of the [IJ] are considered only if they have some effect on the [BIA's] order."6 In

the instant case, the IJ's failure to apply the Elias-Zacarias standard result ed in an evidentiary

proceeding geared only towards Rivas' general status as a refugee. The IJ failed to adduce facts

regarding her eligibility for asylum as a potential conscript. Consequently, the IJ's error clearly

affected the BIA's decision, as the IJ's approach determined the nature of the evidence adduced. In

turn, that produces our view that additional evidentiary proceedings at the IJlevel may be necessary.

B. Holding of Elias-Zacarias

Elias-Zacariasinvolved the asylumapplication of a native of Guatemala who fled his country

to avoid conscription by Guatemalan guerrillas. Elias-Zacarias admitted in the IJ hearing that he had

declined to join the guerrillas because he feared government retribution—unlike Rivas whose

subjective reasons were political, albeit they were held sub silentio. Also unlike Rivas, EliasZacarias's requests for asylum and withholding of deportation were denied by the IJ and that denial

was affirmed by the BIA.

On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed, ruling that in and of themselves coercive acts of

conscription by non-governmental groups constitute political persecution. After granting certiorari,

the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit in a two-part holding. The Court held first that in and

of itself coercive conscription does not necessarily constitute "persecution on account of ... political
 

7

Id. --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 817. 

 

8

Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 816. 

 

9Elias-Zacarias, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 817. 

opinion" under § 101(a)(42) of the INA. The Court reasoned that to rule otherwise would place the

emphasis on the politicalmotives of the persecutor. Instead, the Court requires the alien to show that

he refused to participate for his own political reasons. In the second part of the holding, the Court

ruled that an alien seeking asylum on these grounds must prove by "some evidence,"7direct or

circumstantial, that "he has a "well-founded fear' that the guerrillas will persecute himbecause of that

political opinion, rather than because of his refusal to fight with them."8

C. Proving the Requisite Persecution

Although Elias-Zacarias clearly setsforth the elementsthat an alien must prove to qualify for

asylum in a forced conscription case, the Court leaves largely unanswered the related questions (1)

how is an alien to prove these elements and (2) what burden of proof must the alien meet.

Undeniably, an alien faces a very difficult task in proving that the guerrillas knew of his political

opinion and persecuted him (or, upon his return will likely persecute him) because of that opinion.

The only guidance Elias-Zacarias give on this issue is that the alien must introduce "some evidence

of [the guerrillas' motive], direct or circumstantial."9

1. Methods of Proving Requisite Persecution

Before remanding for a determination whether Rivas has met the requirements articulated in

Elias-Zacarias, we must first explain how an alien may prove the requisite persecution, an issue (as

noted) not fully fleshed out in Elias-Zacarias. Unfortunately, the BIA in the instant case chose a

method of analysisthat isreduced to absurditywhen taken to itslogical conclusion. The BIA stresses

that Rivas informed the guerrillas that the reason she could not assist them was her need to care for

her young daughter. In its flawed syllogism, the BIA then makes an impermissible jump to conclude

that, givenRivas's non-political proffered excuse, the guerrillas could not have known of her political

opposition and, therefore, could not be expected to persecute her for her opinion.

We reject this postulate for two reasons. First, the BIA's reasoning implicitly imposes an
unrealistic requirement on entitlement to asylum: That an alien must foolhardily court death by

informing armed guerrillasto their facesthat she deteststhem or their actions or their ideologies—or

all of the above. Otherwise, under the BIA's reasoning, one who tries to avoid cooperation by

offering some benign pretext in an effort to avoid cooperating without antagonizing her ruthless

recruiters, will effectivelybe barred fromproving that the guerrillas nevertheless knew of her political

opposition. Obviously, any person who is not bent on martyrdom is likely to attempt to defuse or

avoid the potentially deadly situation by proffering a convincing but non-offensive excuse—here, the

sympathetic plea of a recently widowed mother who alone must now care for her child. For the BIA

to invent such a preclusive evidentiary rule is to ignore reality in general and reasonable human

behavior in particular.

Second, the BIA's declarat ion is a classic non-sequitur. Simply because Rivas proffered a

non-political reason to the guerrillas, it does not necessarily follow that they believed her. More

significantly, however, the BIA's "logic" impliedly presupposes that the guerrillas rely solely on the

declarations of the persons they intend to conscript. The BIA thereby excludes from consideration

whetherthe guerrillas had acquired or would acquire otherinformation through their own intelligence

network, through informants, or through the revelations ofthe victimsoftheirtorture. Given the dire

consequences of forced conscription, the guerrillas must have regularly encountered innumerable

individuals who attempted to avoid service without intentionally enraging the guerrillas. Likewise,

the guerrillas certainly must have developed a strong skepticism of such banal excuses.

Moreover, there is absolutelyno support inElias-Zacariasfor theBIA'sreasoning. Nowhere

doesElias-Zacariasreject the common sense approachwhich allowsimmigrantsto demonstrate that,

irrespective of non-political excuses voiced to the conscriptors in face-to-face encounters, those

conscriptors either knew or would learn of the political opposition of the potential conscript by

extraneous evidence, e.g., her working for the opposition, her utterances against the guerrillas, or the

affiliation of her family members with the government. Moreover, Elias-Zacarias specifically

provides that aliens who seek asylum can prove, either by direct or circumstantial evidence, that the

guerrillas persecuted or will likely persecute them because of the alien's political opinion.
2. Sufficiency of Rivas's Proof

Without trying to establish affirmatively precisely what methods of proving the requisite

persecution are available to aliens like Rivas, we have concluded that these methods are not so

prohibitively limited as the BIA suggests. The question still remains, however, whether here Rivas

has satisfied the requirements of Elias-Zacarias that she prove the kind of persecution that justifies

asylum, i.e., persecution for her political opinion which is known by the persecutors. As it incorrectly

applied Elias-Zacarias, the BIA never reached—or, more accurately, skipped over—the question

whether Rivassatisfactorily proved that she refused to cooperate on the basis of her political opinion

and that the guerrillas likely knew that. Consequently, we must remand to the BIA for an evaluation

of Rivas's proffered evidence or remand to the IJ for such a finding. Absent such a determination,

we cannot possibly conduct the review required in Elias-Zacarias.

We remind the BIA, however, that Elias-Zacarias requires the asylum seeker to adduce

"some evidence, direct or circumstantial," that (1) her opposition was motivated by her political

opinions; (2) her political opposition was known to the guerrillas and (3) that they persecuted her,

or likely would do so upon her ret urn, because of that opinion. In the first proceeding, the IJ

expressly found Rivas a credible witness who testified, inter alia, that her refusal to assist the

guerrillas was based on her political beliefs. The INS has never challenged this finding. Moreover,

Rivas testified that her beliefs were well known to the guerrillas. This constitutes "some evidence,"

although it remains for the BIA (or the IJ if remanded) to determine whether it is sufficient.

Considering the IJ's mistaken belief that Elias-Zacarias did not apply due to Rivas'

non-combat forced conscription, this evidence was adduced with an eye towards proving Rivas's

generalstatus as a refugee, and did not answer the questionsset forth in Elias-Zacarias and reiterated

here. Accordingly, the BIA may find further evidentiary proceedings necessary for Rivas to present

evidence on all three elements of the Elias-Zacarias standard.

III

CONCLUSION

Based on the combined effect of the failures of the IJ and the BIA to apply correctly the
standard for asylum eligibility established in Elias-Zacarias, there has been no competent

determination, one way or the other, whether Rivas has met the elements set forth in that case.

Accordingly, we remand to the BIA for proceedings consistent with this opinion, particularly our

discussion of Elias-Zacarias. Specifically, the BIA is directed to reconsider this case, or remand it

to the IJ for reconsideration, in either forum applying the Elias-Zacarias standards in the manner

outlined herein, including the possibility of a supplemental evidentiary hearing if deemed necessary.

For the foregoing reasons, and without implying or predicting the ultimate result of this case,

the decision of the BIA is REVERSED and REMANDED.