UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-4355

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL KIPP,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 18-4366

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

JOANNE VIARD,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, 

at Charlotte. Max O. Cogburn, Jr., District Judge. (3:15-cr-00244-MOC-DSC-1; 3:15-cr00244-MOC-DSC-2)

Argued: May 9, 2019 Decided: November 5, 2019
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Before WILKINSON and KING, Circuit Judges, and Irene C. BERGER, United States 

District Judge for the Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. 

ARGUED: Eric B. Bruce, FRESHFIELDS BRUCKHAUS DERINGER US LLP, 

Washington, D.C.; Michael Volkov, VOLKOV LAW GROUP LLC, Washington, D.C., 

for Appellants. William Michael Miller, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES 

ATTORNEY, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: W. Rob Heroy, 

Michael J. Greene, GOODMAN, CARR, LAUGHRUN, LEVINE & GREENE, Charlotte, 

North Carolina; Karen Sweigart, THE VOLKOV LAW GROUP LLC, Washington, D.C., 

for Appellants. William T. Stetzer, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, 

Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:

Appellants Michael Kipp and Joanne Viard were employed at Swisher Hygiene Inc., 

a sanitation company, from 2011 through 2012. Both are certified public accountants 

(CPAs). Kipp was the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), while Viard was Director of External 

Reporting, and was eventually promoted to Controller. They were responsible for 

reporting financial information to the public, the Securities and Exchange Commission 

(SEC), lenders, and auditors. The United States charged them with various offenses related 

to an accounting fraud scheme, whereby they manipulated the numbers to ensure Swisher 

met pre-determined earnings targets. They were charged in Count One with conspiracy to 

commit securities fraud, to make false and/or misleading statements, and to falsify books, 

records, and accounts, in Count Two with participating in a wire fraud scheme, and in 

Count Three with committing securities fraud. Kipp was individually charged with bank 

fraud in Count Four. Kipp and Viard were separately charged with misleading conduct to 

hinder an investigation, although those charges were dismissed at the close of the 

Government’s case. 

Following a three-week bench trial, Kipp was convicted of Counts One, Two, Three, 

and Four, and Viard was convicted of Count One, and acquitted as to Counts Two and 

Three. The District Court entered a fifty-page opinion detailing findings and conclusions 

based on the evidence presented at trial. Kipp and Viard now contend that the District 

Court’s opinion contains several factual conclusions that are unsupported by the record and 

that their convictions are not supported by substantial evidence.
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The facts are recounted in the light most favorable to the Government as the 

prevailing party at trial. United States v. Landersman, 886 F.3d 393, 399 (4th Cir. 2018) 

(citing United States v. Garcia–Ochoa, 607 F.3d 371, 376 (4th Cir. 2010)). 

I.

Swisher was undergoing rapid expansion through aggressive acquisitions during the 

time period at issue. The company generated adjusted earnings estimates, known as 

EBITDA, or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Kipp sent the 

pre-determined adjusted EBITDA target to the accounting department. Kipp, Viard, and 

others then used an earnings management scheme to ensure that Swisher met the target 

during the close process for the second and third quarters of 2011. They engaged in the 

same practice for the fourth quarter and the annual close for 2011, but the scheme was 

uncovered before entering the final report for the fourth quarter. 

Kipp emphasized the importance of meeting the EBITDA targets and demanded that 

accounting staff search for entries that would bring the financial statements in line with the 

targets, insisting that the quarter would not close until the company met the target. When 

employees found mistakes or required entries that would move the numbers in the wrong 

direction, Kipp demanded that they find positive entries to offset the negative entries. For 

example, during the third quarter close process, Kipp emailed Viard on Saturday, October 

15, 2011, stating that they needed “to get about $300k in expense reductions.” J.A. 4468. 

Viard responded with ideas for expense reductions that she believed could be justified. In 

another email, Viard informed Kipp and others of a negative entry that would bring the 

EBITDA numbers below the target, asking if they could “find the offset.” J.A. 4277. Kipp 
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emailed another employee on October 15, 2011, asking him to “Do [his] best to get $200k. 

We need to stretch a bit to get to the numbers in Q3. . . . At the end of the day if we get to 

the number I will let some come back your way.” J.A. 4508. In short, the goal of the close 

process was to meet the EBITDA targets, not to generate an accurate financial report. 

II.

Judgments from a bench trial are reviewed “under a mixed standard of review: 

factual findings may be reversed only if clearly erroneous, while conclusions of law are 

examined de novo.” United States v. Landersman, 886 F.3d 393, 406 (4th Cir. 2018) 

(quoting Raleigh Wake Citizens Ass’n v. Wake Cty. Bd. of Elections, 827 F.3d 333, 340 

(4th Cir. 2016)). “In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence presented in a bench trial, 

we must uphold a guilty verdict if, taking the view most favorable to the Government, there 

is substantial evidence to support the verdict.” United States v. Armel, 585 F.3d 182, 184 

(4th Cir. 2009) (quoting Elliott v. United States, 332 F3d 753, 760-61 (4th Cir. 2003)). 

“[S]ubstantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate 

and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 862 (4th Cir. 1996). 

III.

The District Court outlined several specific examples of entries that “were made for 

a fraudulent purpose and also fraudulent in and of themselves.” United States v. Kipp, No. 

3:15-CR-00244-MOC-DSC, 2017 WL 2662983, at *4 (W.D.N.C. June 20, 2017). Kipp 

and Viard focus on asserted errors in the District Court’s discussion of each accounting 

entry. Many of the “errors” cited by Kipp and Viard reflect permissible findings by the 
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District Court, acting as a fact-finder free to make credibility determinations and to draw 

reasonable inferences from testimony and evidence. Other assertions of error rest on the 

District Court’s failure to address purportedly mitigating testimony or evidence. However,

the question on appeal is whether the District Court’s opinion is supported by substantial 

evidence, not whether there was evidence that could have supported a different result. 

At times, the District Court’s exhaustive opinion recounts equivocal testimony as 

though it was clear and unambiguous. For example, one accounting entry designated a 

contract as unfavorable. Viard had discussed the entry with an outside consultant. In 

emails, the consultant explained that it was unlikely that a contract freely negotiated a 

relatively short time ago would be unfavorable, because the contract price would have 

incorporated contract terms that could increase costs. J.A. 4280–4284. The District Court 

stated that he “testified that he advised Viard that the contract was not unfavorable.” Kipp, 

2017 WL 2662983, at *5. The witness testified to the content of the emails, explained his 

reasoning, and indicated that he did not recall the content of the telephone conversation 

with Viard referenced in the emails. J.A. 1239–1250. He did not testify that he explicitly 

advised Viard that the contract was not unfavorable, though it was a clear implication of 

the guidance contained in the emails. A trial verdict cannot be overturned on the basis of 

a few instances of imprecise language, or even a few instances of errors as to minor details 

that do not alter the overall assessment of the case. 

The outcome of the prosecution and of this appeal does not turn only on whether 

each individual accounting entry highlighted by the United States could be justified. The 

District Court repeatedly made clear that the entries were not problematic simply because 
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they rested on questionable interpretations of accounting principles. The entries were 

problematic because they were motivated by the goal of reaching a target number, tainting 

the entire process. With respect to evidence that the entries were mistakes, rather than 

intentionally non-compliant, the District Court found that Kipp was “simply attempting to 

increase EBITDA after the close of each quarter through accounting and earnings 

management. There was simply no evidence that he was in any manner attempting...to 

accurately report the earnings of Swisher.” Kipp, 2017 WL 2662983, at *22.

Kipp, Viard, and other members of the accounting team searched only for new 

entries or alterations that would help them reach the target. They always erred in the same 

direction. Once they reached the magic number, they ended the process of verifying the 

accuracy of the account entries and closed the quarter. After weighing the evidence and 

evaluating the credibility of witnesses, the District Court rejected their defenses as to the 

counts of conviction. The District Court’s findings and conclusions were supported by 

substantial evidence as to each count of conviction.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the district court are

AFFIRMED.