FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

OCTOBER 27, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 

No. 10-12593

 

D.C. Docket No. 0:09-cr-60245-WPD-6

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

 versus

RAFAEL FERNANDEZ GARCIA,

 Defendant - Appellant.

 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

 

(October 27, 2011)

Before EDMONDSON, MARTIN and SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judges.

*

PER CURIAM:

Defendant Rafael Fernandez Garcia and his co-conspirators were charged

Honorable Richard F. Suhrheinrich, United States Circuit Judge for the United States *

Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
with various drug and firearm offenses for conspiring to rob a drug stash house

and steal cocaine. Garcia’s role in the conspiracy was to impersonate a police

officer conducting a “raid” on the house. He appeals his conviction and sentence

for conspiracy to commit robbery by taking cocaine by force from an individual

believed to be engaged in narcotics trafficking, in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18

U.S.C. § 1951(a); conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or

more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), 846; attempt to

possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), 846; and conspiracy to use and carry a firearm

during and in relation to a crime of violence and a drug trafficking crime, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A), 924(o). The jury acquitted him of use and

carrying of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence and a drug

trafficking crime, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A), 2. 

Garcia raises six issues on appeal. First, Garcia claims there was

insufficient evidence to prove that Garcia knew that the object of the conspiracy

was to steal cocaine. We disagree. Codefendant Amaury Hernandez testified at

trial, stating that on the day of the planned robbery, all of the co-conspirators met

and “spoke about the robbery we were going to do to get the cocaine and what

each one was going to do, their role.” Such direct evidence is sufficient to prove

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that Garcia was fully aware that the goal of the conspiracy was to rob cocaine. 

Second, Garcia argues that the district court abused its discretion in

admitting Garcia’s involvement in three prior violent kidnaping incidents under

Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). We reject this argument. Garcia’s defense at trial was that

he was not a knowing participant in the conspiracy but merely in the wrong place

at the wrong time. The evidence established that Garcia’s role in the conspiracy

was to dress as a law enforcement officer, and that he and his co-conspirators, in

addition to stealing cocaine, planned to kidnap the stash house guards and hold

them for ransom. The prior bad acts were very similar to the charged criminal

conduct. Garcia’s 2008 prior conviction also involved impersonation of a police

officer and kidnaping an individual. On August 13, 2009, Garcia was dressed as

an undercover police officer during another attempted kidnaping along with some

of his co-conspirators. The August 25, 2009 incident established that Garcia

continued to conspire with some of the same co-conspirators in planning another

kidnaping. Taken as a whole, the 404(b) evidence was offered for the permissible

purpose of proving a similar modus operandi, with many of the same coconspirators, and to refute Garcia’s “mere presence” defense. See United States v.

Diaz-Lizaraza, 981 F.2d 1216, 1225 (11 th Cir. 1993) (holding that evidence of a

prior arrest for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute was admissible to

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show the defendant’s intent to commit the charged crime of conspiracy to possess

and distribute cocaine where the defendant claimed he was simply not involved in

alleged drug-related activities since the intent element was identical); United

States v. Abram, 171 F. App’x 304, 315 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (holding

that admission of prior uncharged robberies in a bank robbery prosecution was not

an abuse of discretion because the uncharged acts were very similar to the charged

acts and established a similar modus operandi). Cf. United States v. Lail, 846 F.2d

1299, 1301 (11th Cir. 1988) (holding that the district court abused its discretion by

admitting prior uncharged acts because there were major dissimilarities between

the charged and uncharged offenses). Garcia also claims he suffered undue

prejudice because the government played the video of the August13, 2009

kidnaping. Since Garcia replayed the graphic video during his cross-examination

of Hernandez, it is difficult for him to now claim undue prejudice. Finally, the

judge gave limiting instructions both during Hernandez’s testimony and the end of

trial. See Diaz-Lizaraza, 981 F.2d at 1225 (holding that jury instructions on the

limited use of 404(b) evidence mitigated any prejudice ). 

Third, Garcia argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying

his motion to strike a juror for cause. To the contrary, the district court did not

abuse its discretion, let alone plainly err, by failing to remove juror Castellanos. 

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The record revealed no actual or implied bias nor did it show that Castellanos had

a special relationship with Detective Gandarillas. See United States v. Rhodes,

177 F.3d 963, 965 (11th Cir. 1999) (stating that a district court abuses its

discretion for failing to dismiss a juror for cause only if the prospective juror

shows actual bias or when bias is implied because of some special relationship to a

party). Garcia did not object to the district court’s colloquy with Castellanos. 

Next, Garcia contends that the district court abused its discretion in denying

Garcia’s motion for an evidentiary hearing and motion for a mistrial based on the

jury’s question concerning post-verdict safety. See United States v. Prosperi, 201

F.3d 1335, 1340 (11th Cir. 2000) (investigation of alleged juror misconduct is

committed to the district court’s discretion). However, nothing in the record

suggests that the jury was subject to improper external influences or that the jurors

were not participating in deliberations. See United States v. Watchmaker, 761

F.2d 1459, 1465-66 (11th Cir. 1985) (absent evidence that the jury was subjected

to outside sources, the district court is not required to hold an evidentiary hearing). 

Any safety concerns were based on the record evidence of Garcia’s violent

criminal behavior. Finally, the jury entered a split verdict, demonstrating that the

jury’s verdict was based on careful consideration of the evidence rather than

external factors. Cf. Skilling v. United States, – U.S. –, 130 S. Ct. 2896, 2916

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(2010) (split verdict illustrated that the jury was not improperly influenced by

negative pretrial publicity).

Fifth, Garcia asserts that he should have received a two-level reduction

under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.2(b) based on his minor role in

the offense. The district court’s determination that Garcia was not less culpable

than his codefendants was not clearly erroneous. See United States v. De Varon,

175 F.3d 930, 937-40 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). The court found that Garcia’s

role of entering the stash house dressed as a police officer was an integral part of

the plan to overcome the guards and minimize their resistance. Although he was

one of three men who would be unarmed, this alone did not show him to be less

culpable than most of the other participants in the scheme. 

Finally, Garcia argues that his 292-month sentence was substantively

unreasonable because it failed to adequately take into account the history and

characteristics of the defendant and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing

disparities among defendants. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(6). Specifically,

Garcia contends that the court failed to adequately factor in his serious heart

problems, as well as the great sentencing disparities between him and his

codefendants. 

The sentence imposed was substantively reasonable. The court stated that

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Garcia’s prior conviction for robbery and impersonating a police officer was an

extremely aggravating circumstance, committed while Garcia was on probation. 

In addition, the court noted that despite his serious medical condition, Garcia was

able to participate in other violent felony offenses. Although Garcia’s criminal

history favored a sentence in the middle or upper end of the guideline range, the

court nonetheless sentenced him at the low end of the range because of his medical

problems.

Garcia was not similarly situated to his codefendants. Each had either

provided substantial assistance to the government, had not been convicted of

Counts 2 and 3, had fewer criminal history points, had pleaded guilty, or had some

combination of these factors. See United States v. Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1323

(11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (holding that the defendant was not similarly

situated to a co-conspirator for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) because the coconspirator had pleaded guilty pursuant to a written plea agreement, and his

sentence reflected the substantial assistance he provided to the government by

testifying against the defendant). 

For the foregoing reasons, Garcia’s conviction and sentence is

AFFIRMED.

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