/ 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD--SEN ATE. -613 

against admitting free lumber from British Amerfca-to the Committee on W a.ys and Means. 

By Mr. WASHINGTON: Petition of executor of W. H. Cherry, of 

administrator of Phillip Brown, and of E. P. Bondurant, of Davidson 

County, Tennessee, for reference of their claims to the Court of Claimsto the .Committee on War Claims. e By Mr. WHEELER: Petition of J. H. Carter, of James M. Thanar 

son, one of l;leirs of W. K. Craig, of Colbert County; of John Lawler, 

of Robert H. Strong, and of William P. M:cBricle1 of Madison County; 

of James B. Davis, of James A. Meal, of Lovel B. Walker, of J. ·w. 

Todd, of James D. Coffman, and of Silas H. Scott, of Limestone County; 

of widow of Joseph A. Hardwick, of Daniel ·J. Ray, of John Kachelman, of George. W. Stutts, of administrator of John McKelvey, of 

Francis Wilkes, of John Jones, of Car.oline Holland, and of Caswell 

Gooch, of Lauderdale County; of aclministrator of Lindsey Allen, of 

Franklin County; ofW. R. Hill, administr or of C. B. Hill, of Jack- son County; of C. A. Staples, administrator of Ellis Toon, of Jackson 

County; of Daniel Thompson, of Tuscumbia, Ala.; and of Hiram W. 

Eberly, for reference of their several claims to the Court of Claimsto the Committee on War Claims. 

Also, papers in the claim of Stephen J. Matthews and of Thomas 

A. Wallace, of Lauderdale County, Alabama-to the Committee on War Claims, · By Mr. WHITl'HORNE: '.Petition of heirs of James E. Bryant., of 

Maury County, Tennessee, for reference of his claim to the_ Court of 

Claims-to the Committee on War Claims. 

The following petitions for an increase of compensation of fourthclass postmasters were severally referred to the Committee on the PostOffice and Post-Roads: 

By Mr. J. R. BROWN: Of citizens of Virginia, of Galveston, Pittsylvania County; of Ararat, of Bateman, Patrick County; of Duncan's, 

Floyd County, and of Horse Putnam, Hemy County, Virginia. 

By Mr. COWLES: Of citizens ofNorth Carolina. 

By Mr. ERMENTROUT:. Of William Wilhelm and others, of Berks 

County, Pennsylvania, and of M. Z. Gergee and others, of Berks 

County, Pennsylvania. 

By :Mr. GRIMES: Of S. G. Dude and others, of ~eard County, 

Georgia. 

By Mr. HOOKER: Of citizens of Rankin County, Mississippi. 

By Mr. McCLAMM:Y: Of citizens of Summerville, Harnett County, 

and of Sloan, Duplin County, North Carolina. 

By Mr. NEWTON: Of citizens of Simsboro, La.; of Harrison burgh, 

of Caldwell, of Ruston, and of Red wine, La. · By Mr. OUTHWAITE: Petition of Frank McDaniel and 71 o_thers, 

of Buckeye Cottage, Perry County, Ohio. 

By Mr. PETERS: Of 15 citizens of Okaw, Kans. · By Mr. RICHARDSON: Of L. L. Bobbs and others, of Moore 

County, Tennessee. · 

By Mr. ROWLAND: Of citizens of Poplar Hill, Anson County, North 

Carolina. 

SENATE. 

MONDAY, January 23, 1888. 

Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. J. G. BUTLER, D. D. 

The Journal of the proceedings of Thursday last was read and approved. 

EXECUTIVE COM.l\fUNICATIONS. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a communication from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting a report from the 

Commissioner of Indian Affairs on the subject of the agreements negotiated with the Chippewa Indians in Minnesota; which, with the accompanying papers, was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs, 

and ordered to be printed. · He also laid before the Senate a communication from the Attorn-eyGeneral, stating, in response to a resolution of-January 18, 1888, in re· lation to the employment of Charles R. WestbrQok as assistant attorney to the district attorney for the southern district of New York, that 

the Department has no official knowledge of such employment of 

Charles R. Westbrook, has no correspondence upon its files in relation 

thereto, nor any information as to compensation paid him for any such 

services; which was read. 

Mr. HALE. I have just come in from the Committee on Appropriations and did not bear the reading of the communication. I hope 

it will be printed and lie on the table for the present, so that I may 

examine it. 

· The communication was ordered to lie on the table and be printed. · The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a communication from the clerk of the Court of Claims, transmitting the findings 

of fact and conclusions of law of that court in a certain spoliation claim 

under the act approved January 28, 1885; which, with the accompanying papers, was referred to the CommittEfe on Claims, and ordered to be 

printed. · 

PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair presents a petition, nu- merously signed by citizens of New Jersey and elsewhere, praying that 

W. S. Cogswell may be placed upon the retired-list of the Navy. The 

petition will be referred to the Committee on Naval Affau-s. ·The PRESIDENT pro te1npoTe presented resolutions adopted by the 

mayor and city council of Des Uoines, Iowa, in favor of the proposed 

world's exposition in honor of. the four hundredth anniversary of the 

discovery of America. by Columbus; which were referred to the Select 

Committee on the Centennial of the Constitu~ion and the Discoyery of 

America. · 

He also presented a petition of numerous citizens of Illinois and apetition of 103 citizens of Georgia, in favor of prohibition in the District 

of Columbia; which were referred to the Committee on the Dist,rict of 

Columbia. 

He also presented a petition of business men of the District of Columbia, praying that the stone-cutting for the new Library buil~ing 

be clone in the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Select 

Committee to Provide Additional Accommodations for the Library. 

Mr. BECK. I present the petition of the surveyor of customs at 

Louisville, Ky., and I believe all, certainly a large majority, of the importers of that city; praying for the passage of Senate bill 532, the bill 

introduced by the Senator from Missouri [Mr. CoCKRELL]; amending 

the statutes relative to the immediate tmnsportation of dutiable goods 

so as to allow them to pay at home when the goods come under a pro 

f1Yrma invoice as well as when there is a regular invoice, they being cut 

off now unless they produce the invoice in ten days, while the citizens 

at the port of landing have the privilege which is denied to them. I 

move the reference of this petition to the Committee on Finance. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempoTe. The petition will be so referred, jf 

there be no objection. 

Mr. BECK. I beg pardon; we have the subject before us in another 

form in the Committee on Finance; but I understand from the Senator 

from Missouri [Mr. CocKRELL] that the bill has gone to the Committee on Commerce. I ask that the petition be refeiTed to that committee. 

The PRESIDENT P'i'O tempore. It will be so referred. 

Mr. BECK. I have been requested by Dr. Norvin Green, president 

of the \"".Yestern Union Telegraph Company, to present the memorial of 

that company in the form of a remonstrance against the passage of what 

is known as the postal-telegraph bill. The memorial is a very full 

presentation of the case. I have consulted with the chairman of the 

Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, who, by the request of his 

committee, desires that the memorial should be printed and referred to · them, they having the subject under consideration. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The memorial will be referred to 

the Commit.tee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, and printed, if there be no objection. _ · · 

Mr. VOORHEES presented a petition signed by 138 citizens of the 

Fifth, Eighth, and Eleventh Congressional districts of Indiana, praying 

for the passage of the bill prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and importation of alcoholic liquors in the District of Columbia; which was . referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. Y ANCE presented the petition of Nathaniel Magruder, a citizeri 

of the District of Columbia., praying compensation for injury to his 

property in West Washington, caused by grading streets; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

.Mr. HARRIS. I present a resolution adopted by the board of health 

of the county of San Diego, California, praying for the establishment 

of a quarantine station at the harbor of San Diego. I also present reso- lutions pas~ed by the Legislature of Virginia favoring the full equipment of the quarantine station at St. Charles. I move the reference of 

these resolutions, with the accompanying letter from the Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service, to the Committee on Epidemic 

Diseases. 

The motion was agreed to. 

Mr, DOLPH presented a petition of the Board of Trade of Portland, 

Oregon, praying for the passage of Senate bill 22, for the establishment of a Government assay office in that city; which was referred to 

the Committee on Finance. · · He also presented resolutions adopted by the Nevada, Eastern Oregon, and Idaho Wool Growers' Association, remonstrating against the 

repeal of the duty upon wool; which were refened to the Committee 

on Finance. 

He also presented a ·resolution of the National Board of Trade, favoring adequate appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors; 

which was referred to the Committee on Commerce. - Mr. STEW ART. I present resolutions adopted by theN evada, East- ern Oregon, and Idaho Wool Growers' Association, remonstrating against 

the repeal of the· dtity on wool. The resolutions are short and pointed, 

and I ask that they be printed and refeiTed to the Committee on Finance. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It will be so ordered, if there be no 

objection. 

Mr. TELLER presented the petition of J. L. Harrison, J. B. Henderson, and other citizens of the District of Columbia, praying for an appropriation of $60,000 to improve certain streets in the Meridian Hill 
614 CONGRESSlONAL RECORD-SENATE. J ANU.A.RY 23, 

subdivision; which was referred to the Committee on the District of 

-Columbia. 

Mr. MANDERSON presented a petition of the Farmers' Alliance of 

Nebraska, praying for a revision of the tariff; which was referred to the 

Committee on Finance. · Mr. BLAIR. I present the petition of H. A. White and 2, 700 others, 

who are members of various colored churches throughout the South, 

transmitted to me by Rev. C. R. Harris, treasurer of Stanford Seminary, 

North Carolina, who says: 

I send you by this mail 2,700 more petitions. . 

I presented a petition from the same source a few days since. Like 

that petition, this one prays for the enactment of the educational bill 

into a law. I move that it lie on the table. 

The motion was agreed to. 

Mr. BLAIR. I present the petition of Rev. J. C. Henderson, Rev. 

A.M. Newton, F. A. Jones, M. D., and other officers of the Woman's 

Christian Temperance Union, praying for the passage of the educational 

bill. The locality of the pe1itioners is not given. I move that the petition lie on the table. 

The motion was agreed to. :Mr. VEST presented resolutions adopted by the board of dilectors of 

the Commercial Exchange of Kansas City, Mo., in favor of extending 

the jurisdiction of certain United States courts over the Indian Territory; which were referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. He also presented the petition of Mrs. Belle T. Dodds and other citizens of Sylvania, Dade County, Missouri, praying for the prohibition of 

the liquor traffic in the District of Columbia; which was referred to 

the Committee on the District of Columbia. Jltir. HOAR. I present the petition ofOliver Ames, governor of the· 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts; Hugh O'Brien, mayor of the city of 

Boston; Alexander H. Rice, late governor of the Commonwealth; Charles 

W. Eliot, and Julius H. Seelye, presidents of colleges in that State; 

Dr. Edward Everett Hale, Phillips Brooks, Andrew P. Peabody, Lev- erett Saltonstall, Edwin D. Mead, and a large number of other persons, eminent scholars, men ofletters, clergymen, and in other various 

walks of life, a committee representing a mass meeting held at Tremont Temple, in Boston, on the 12th of No~ember, 1887, to welcome 

the British deputation of peace and arbitration, praying that the desire 

of that deputation may be granted by Congress, or by the treaty-making power, and that a treaty be made with Great Britain providing for a settlement by arbitration of all future disputes between these two 

nations which can not be settled by diplomatic agency. 

This British deputation represents a large number, I believe a ma- jodty~ of the present members of the British Parliament, and a large 

number of other persons of rank and influence and distinction in that 

countrv. 

Some jealousy has arisen lest this present message, which has come .so recently from Great Britain, may be intended to affect in some manner matters which are now in course of negotiation between these two 

countries, and which I have no doubt will be adjusted by peaceful and 

ordinary diplomatic methods, or by the good sense of the two nations 

without diplomatic intervention. I am satisfied that there is no foundation for that jealousy; that the existence of the fishery disputes or of any other which may have arisen between this country and Great 

Britain ha-s no connection whatever with this· deputation, but that it 

relates to a larger and more comprehensive purpose. 

I desile to say in. moving the reference of the petition to the Committee on Foreign Relations, that it seems to me one of the most important and interesting questions which can be brought before the 

Senate at the present time. This message is a message which it well 

becomes Great Britain and the United States on the one hand to send 

and onthe other to receive and welcome. These two nations speak 

the sam.e language, are of the same blood, have largely the same pur- suits and the same interests; and the evil which it is sought to avertan evil to mankind in a thousand ways, evil because of its waste of 

human life and of treasure and of the great forces which may be so beneficent when turned into peaceful channels-is especially an evil, as it 

constitutes the greatest and most serious burden which presses upon 

the neck of the laboring classes of mankind. 

The great armaments which are kept up by the European nations 

operate chiefly as a burden upon their poor and laboring classes; not 

upon their dominant classes, but upon the classes to whom the sympathy of the Amedcan people always goes out. On the continent of Europe every peasant or workingman who is born is born with a soldier 

upon his back, and he goes through life with the armed man clinging 

to his neck and pressing him down into the dust. _ 

The cost of a single ship of war is much greater than the cost of a first-class university. The cost of our own late war, the result of which 

I know and concede is worth all the cost, still is so great that if the 

amount were put out at interest at 5 per cent., the interest would pay 

all the expenses of government, national and State both, in this coun- try forever. 

I say again, it seems to me this message, which comes from so high an authority in Great Britain, is one which is well worth the respectful attention of the American people. ' 

I move that the petition be.referred to the Committee on Foreign 

Relations. -

The motion was agreed to. Mr. HOAR presented a petition of 99 citizens of the Ninth and Eleventh Congressional districts of 1\fassachusetts, praying for the enactment of a law prohibiiffig the manufacture and sale of intoxicating 

liquors in the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. :l'!Ir. SPOONER presented a petition of the members of the faculty of 

Milton College, at Milton, Wis., praying for the speedy enactment of an 

international copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. 

He also presented resolutions adopted by the Chamber of Commerce 

of Milwaukee, Wis., approving the report of the Vessel-Owners' Asso- ciation of Cleveland, Ohio, recommending legislation by Congress providing for the clea1'ing f obstructions to navigation, etc., upon the 

lakes; which were referred to the Committee on Commerce. 

He also presented resolutions adopted by the Chamber of Commerce 

of West Superior, Wis., favoring an appropriation by Congress for the 

harbor of Superior, Wis.; which were referred to the Committee on Com- merce. 

Mr. STOCKBRIDGE presented a petition of 235 citizens of the Sec- ond, Third, Eighth, and Eleventh Congressional districts of l\1i~an, 

praying for prohibition in the District of 'Columbia; which was referred 

to the Committee on the District of Columbia. · 

Ur. HISCOCK presented a petition of the faculty of Wells College, 

New York, praying for the speedy enactment of an international copy- right law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. He also presented the petition of Catherine McQuade, praying that 

she be granted a widow's pension; which was referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also presented the petition of the Historical Society of J eiferson 

County, New ~ork, praying that an appropriation be made for the e.rec- tion of a suitable monnmentonthe battle-field at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. ~ which was referred to the Committ~e on 1\Iilitary Affairs. 

He also presented ::i. petition of 108 citizens of the Twenty-second, 

Twenty-fourth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth Congressional districts of New York, praying for prohibition in the Dist~ict of Columbia; 

which wa-s referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. FARWELL presented the petition of J. C. Phillips, or'Chicago, Illinois, praying to be reimbursed moneys expended in organizing the 

Sixteenth Regiment of Missouri Volunteers, by order of General Fremont; which was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. He also presented a petition of members of the Faculty of the Lake 

Forest University, at Lake Forest, lll., praying for the speedy enactment of an international copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. 

He also presented resolutions adopted by the board of health of Rock- ford, Ill., favoring the passage of a bill to form a national quarantine 

that Vl'ill insure better protection against epidemic diseases; which were referred to the Committee on Epidemic Diseases. 

1\fr. DAVIS presented the petition of P. Cudmoor and 158 other 

citizens of M~innesota, praying that certain articles be put on the free- list, that internal-revenue taxes be abolished, etc.; which was referred 

to the Committee on Finance. 

l\Ir. QUAY presented resolutions adopted at a meeting of the Phila- delphia Board of Trade, January 16, 1888, in fo.vor of a protective 

policy; which were referred to the Committee on Finance. 

He also presented a memorial from citizens of Pennsylvania, remon- stmting against the admission of Utah as a State with polygamy; which 

was 1·eterred to the Committee on Territories. He also presented a memorial from citizens of Pennsylvania, remon- strating against the evils of convict-labor; which was referred to the 

Co.mmittee on Education and Labor. 

He also presented a petition of the Standard Underground Cable Company, of the District of Columbia, praying payment for underground 

cables connecting the Capitol with the Executive, ·war, and Navy Departments, etc. ; which was referred to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. 

He also presented a petition of 137 citizens ofthe Twelfth, Eighteenth, 

and Twenty-third Congressional districts; a petition of 97 citizens of 

the Seventeenth Congressional district;Jand a petition of 17 citizens of 

the Thirteenth Congressional district, State of Pennsylvania, praying 

for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which were referred to the 

Committee on the District of Columbia. · l'l!r. WILSON, of Iowa, presented resolutions in the form of a memo- rial ofthe cigar-m..'tkers' union, of Dubuque, Iowa, remonstrating against 

the repeal of the internal-revenue tax on cig:us and tobacco; which 

were refened to the Committee on Finance. Mr. SHERMAN presented the petition of the faculty of Heidelberg 

College, at Tiffin, Ohio, and the petition of Charles ,V. Super, president, and ot.he.r members of the faculty of the Ohio University, at Athens, Ohio, praying for the passage of an international copyright law; 

which were referred to the Committee on Patents. He also presented resolutions adopted by the Toledo (Ohio) Produce 

Exchange, relative to the exclusion of American pork from France and 
'It .• 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 615 

Germany; which were referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. 

1\Ir. PAD DOCK presented the petition of R. B. Windham, J. 1\I. 

Patterson, and 7 5 other d tizens of Plattsmouth, Nebr., praying that an 

appropriation be made for a. public building for post-office pnrposes in 

that city; which was referred to the Committee on Public Buildings 

and Grounds. 

Mr. CAMERON presented petitions of citizens of the Seventeenth, 

Eighteenth, and Twenty-sixth districtsofPennsy lvania, praying for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which were referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. GRAY presented the petition of Robert King, of Sussex County, 

Delaware, late a private in Company H, First Regiment Delaware Infantry Volunteers, praying for the removal of the charge of desertion 

against ·him; which was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also presented the petition ofThomasMitchell, ofSussex County, 

Delaware, late a private in Company B, Third Regiment Delaware Infantry Volunteers, praying for the removal of the charge of desertion 

against him; which was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also presented the petition of Cyrus B. Wilson, of Sussex County, 

Delaware, late private in Company H, First Regiment Delaware Infantry Volunteers; pra.ying for the removal of the charge of desertion 

against; him; which was referred to the Committee on 11ilitary Affairs. 

He also presented the petition of David R. Salmons, of Sussex County, 

Delaware, late private in Company H, First Regiment Delaware Infantry Volunteers, praying for. the removal of the charge of desertion 

against him; which was referred to the Committee onMilitary Affairs. 

He also presented the petition of Mary J. Goslee, mother of George 

H. Goslee, late private in Company D, Third Regiment Delaware Volunteer Infantry, praying to be allowed a pension; which was referred 

to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also presented the petition of Stephen H. Warringto~ of Sussex 

County, Delaware, late private in Company A, Baltimore Battalion, in 

the Mexican war, praying to be allowed a pension for wounds received 

in the Mexican war; which wasreferred to the Committeeon Pensions. 

Mr. HALE presented the petition of Mrs. :r)IaTy J. McGregor, of 

Augusta, lfe., praying that she be granted a widow's pension; which 

was referred to the Committee on Pensions. · 

Mr. TURPIE presented the petition of the faculty of Hanover College, Indiana, praying for the speedy enactment of an international 

copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on Patent<!. 

J\Ir. :MITCHELL presented two petitions of citizens of Oregon, praying that increased compensation be granted to fourth-class postmasters; 

which were referred to the Committee on Post-Offices ap.d Post-Roads. 

1\Ir. PASCO preHented a petition of J. H. McClalland and other citizens of Cbipola, Fla., and a petition of William S. Videon and 190 

other citizens of Osceola, Fla., praying that increased compensation be 

allowed fourth-class postmasters; which were referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. 

:Mr. EVARTS presented the petition of the faculty of Hobart College, at Geneva, N. Y., praying that an international copyright law be 

enacted; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. • 

Mr. EDMUNDS presented a petition of 87 citizens of the Second 

Congressional district of Vermont, praying for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District 

of Columbia-. 

1\fr. PLATT presented a petition of 40 citizens of Washington Territory, a petition of73 citizens of the District of Columbia, a petition of 

89 citizens of the First and Third Congressional districts of Connecticut, 

and a petition of 12 citizens of the Third Congressional district of Connecticut, pmying for prohibition ~n the District of Columbia; which 

were referred to the Committee on th~ District of Columbia. 

ifr. HAWLEY presented the petition of Isaac C. Lewis and 78 othen;, 

citizens of the Second Congressional di<;trict of Connecticut, praying for 

the passage of the bill to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors] in the District of Columbia~ which was referred to the 

Committee on the District of Columbia. . 

l'l1r. PALMER presented a petition of 77 citizens of the Third and 

Tenth Congressional districts of Michigan; a. petition of27 citizens of the 

Tenth Congressional district of Michigan; and a petition of 156 citizens 

of the First, Fifth, and Eleventh districts of Michigan, praying for prohibition in -the District of Columbia; which were referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. BERRY presented a petition of the mayor and city council of 

Fayetteville, Ark., praying that an appropriation be made to grade, 

build, and macadamize the route to the national cemetery at that place; 

which was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

:Mr. HAMPTON presented the petition of the faculty of South Carolina, College at Col urn bia, S. C., praying for the speedy enactment of an 

international copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on 

Patents. 

Mr. PLUMB presented a petition of 113 citizens of the Seventh Congressional district of Kansas, praying for prohibition in the District of 

Columbia; which wa...<; referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. VANCE presented the petition of the faculty of Davidson College, North Carolina, praying for the passage of an international copy· 

right law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. 

Mr. COCKRELL presented a. petition of the members of the faculty 

of the Central Wesleyan College, at Warrenton, Mo., and a petition of 

the members of the faculty of Christian University, at Canton, Mo., 

praying for the enactment of an international copyright Ia.w; which 

were referred to the Committee on Patents. · 

REPORTS OF COIDHTTEES. 

Mr. TELLER, from the Committee on Public Land-s, to whom was 

referred the bill (S. 423) to enable the State of Colorado to select indemnity school lands, reported it with amendments. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the bill 

(S. 424) 1·elating to lands in Colorado lately cccupied by the Uncompahgre and White River Ute Indians, reported it with amendments. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the bill (S. 

687) to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to convey to Anson 

Rudd, of the State of Colorado, certain real estate in the county of Fremont, in said State, reported it without amendment. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the bill (S. 

109) for the relief of Thomas H. Norton and James McLean, reported 

it without amendment, and submitted a report thereon. · 

:Mr. PLATr, from the Committee on Patents, to whom was referred 

the bill (S. 500) for the relief of llrs. Sarah Elizn,beth Holroyd, Widow 

and administratrix of the estate of John Holroyd, deceased, :reported 

it without amendment, and submitted a. report thereon. 

He also, from ·the Committee on Indian Affairs, to whom was referred the bill (S. 2) for the relief of the Mission Indians in the State 

of Colorado, reported it with amendments, and submitted a. report 

thereon. _ 

He also, from the Committee on Territories, to whom was ::r;eferred 

the bill (S. 185) to provide for the admission of the State of Dakota 

into the Union, and for the organization of the Territory of Lincoln, 

reported it with an amendment, and submitteQ._a report thereon. 

1\fr. BUTLER. I desire to give noticethatttieminority oftheCommittee on Territories will ask leave to submit a minority report on the 

Dakota bill. I understand the bill is accompanied by a report of the 

majority. The minority would like to have a little time in which to 

prepare a minority report. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempol'e. That opportunity will be afforded. 

The bill will be placed on the Calendar. 

Mr. DOLPH, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom was 

referred the bill (S. 558) for the relief of certain settlers upon the school 

L'tnds of Washington Territory, reported it without amendment. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the bill (S. 

664) for the relief of William R. Wheaton and Charles H. Chamberlain, of California, reported it with an amendment, and submitted a 

report thereon. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom was refened the bill (S. 

555) to establish an additional land district in ~he State of Oregon, reported it with amendments. . 

Mr. DOLPH. I am directed by the Committee on Public Lands to 

report back adver~ely the bill (S. 556) provj.ding for the resurvey of certain public lands in the State of Oregon. The bill proposes to provide 

for the resurvey of a certain township in that State embracing what is 

known -as Warner Lake. Correspondence received from the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office 

shows that the matter to be provided for by the bill has been anticipated by the Interior Department, and that the resurvey has been 

ordered. Therefore I report back the bill adversely, and move that it 

be indefinitely postponed. · 

The motion was aareed to. 

Mr. BERRY, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1082) for the relief of I. R. B. :Moore, reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report thereon. 

Mr. COCKRELL, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom was 

referred the bill (S. 458) for the relief of the legal representatives of 

David Walter Jones, reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report thereon. . 

lYlr. STEWART. I am directed by the Committ-ee on l\Iines and 

Mining, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1176) to authorize the sale 

to aliens of certain mineral lands, to report it with an amendment in 

the nature of a substitute. The substitute is identically the same as 

the bill introduced by the Senator from California. We think his is a 

bill covering the question exactly. 

The PRF.SIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be placed on the Calendar. 

Mr. PLUMB. I am directed by the Committee on Public Lands to 

report back with amendments the bill (S. 1430) to forfeit certain 

lands heretofore granted for the purpose of aiding in the construction 

of railroads, and for other purposes. I give notice to the Senate that 

I shall at an early day ask that the bill be considered and passed. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be placed on the Calendar. · _ 

Mr. PLUMB. I am also directed by the Committee on Public-Lands, 

to whom were referred the bill (S. 557) to protect certain purchasers of 
• 

616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 23, 

]ands from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and the bill (S. 

1496) to forfeit certa,in lands herefore granted for the purposeofaiding 

in the construction of railroads, and for other purposes, to report them 

with the recommendation that they be indefinitely postponed, the substance of them having been embraced in Senate billl430, which I have 

just reported favorably. 

The PRESIDENT pro temp01·e. The committee will be discharged 

and the bills will be indefinitely postponed, if there be no objection. 

Mr. PLUMB, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1022) to relinquish the interest of the United St:.ttes 

in certain lands in Kansas, reported it without amendment, and submitted a report thereon. 

He also, from the same committee, to whom were referred the bill 

(S. 457) tor the relief of Electa Brace, and the bill (S. 248) granting 

bounty land to Laura Prine, asked to be discharged from their further 

consideration and that they be referred to the Committee on Military 

Affairs; which was agreed to. 

JACKSON (MISS.) MUNICIPAL ELECTION. 

.M:r. EDMUNDS. I report from the Committee on the Judiciary the 

resolutions which I send to the desk, and I ask for their present con- sideration. · 

The PRESIDENT pro te-mpore. The resolutions reported by the Senator from Vermont will be read. 

The Chief Clerk read as follows: 

Whereas by a resolution of the Senate adopted on the 12th January instant, the Committee on the Judiciary was instructed to inquire into the suppression of the votes of colored citizens of Jackson, Miss., at the recent municipal elec- tion in that city, and into the alleged participation in such suppression by the United States attorney and by a deputy collector of internal revenue and a deputy marshal, and to report the facts to the Senate; and Whereas it is desirable, in respect of inquiring into the alleged participation of the United States district attorney, the deputy collector of internal revenue, and deputy United States marshal in the suppression of the votes of the colored citizens mentioned in said resolution, that the Committee on the Judiciary have aut-hority to send for persons and papers: It is therefore Reso~ved, That the Co.rwnittee on the Judiciary be, and it is hereby, author- ized to send for persons 1\'hd papers in 1·espect of its inquiry into the said alleged 

participation of oflicers of the United States in said matter. The said committee is aut.horized to sit during the sessions of the Senate, either as a full committee or by any subcommittee thereof, and any such sub- committee shall, for the purpose of such investigation, be a committee of the Senate to all intents and purposes. · Resolt·ed, That said committee have authority to employ a stenographer in making said inquiry. 

:Mr. EDMUNDS. I will state that these resolutions, I believe, meet 

the approval of all the gentlemen of the committee who were present, 

and they were all present excepting the present presiding officer [l\fr. 

INGALLS]. So I presume there will be no objection to them. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempo1·e. Is there objection to the present 

consideration of the resolutions? 

Mr. VEST. I wish to state as a member of the committee that I 

consented to the reporting of these resolutions because it went without 

saying that they would be adopted; but, as a matter of fact, I do not believe in any such inquiry. I saw, however, that it was a foregone con- clusion that the resolutions would be adopted, and therefore I consented to this modified form, confining the investigation to United 

States officials alone. I am opposed to .the whole thing. 

The PRESIDENT pro tenlipore. The question is on agreeing to the 

resolutions. 

The resolutions were agreed to. 

Mr. EDMUNDS. From the same committee I report a resolution 

which must go to the Committee on Contingent Expenses. It provides 

for paying the expenses of the investigation. 

The resolution was read, and referred to the Committee to Audit and 

Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate, as follows: 

Resok•ed, That t.be necessary expenses of the Committee on the Judiciary or any subcommittee thereof, in making the inquiries into certain matters alleged to have occurred at Jackson, Uiss., and as directed by the resolutions of the Sen- ate of the 12th instant and of the 23d instant, be paid out of the appropriation for the miscellaneous items of the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers to be approved by the chairman of said committee. 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 

Mr. SHERMAN. I am directed by the Committee on Foreign Relations to report without amendment the joint resolution (H. Res. 72) 

relating to the invitation of the British Government to the Government 

of the United States to participate in the international exl:iibition at 

Melbourne to celebrate the founding of New South Wales; and for :tea- sons which I will state, if the Senate will give me a moment, I ask for 

the present consideration of the joint resolution. 

The Committee on Foreign Relations some time ago unanimously 

recommended the adoption of the provision of this joint resolution, and 

directed that it shou]d be mo.-ed as an amendment to the urgent deficiency appropriation bill; but since that time the House of Representatives has passed, I believe without much division, a similar joint 

resolution. The Committee on Foreign Relations now report back the 

House joint resolution, and ask that the Senate agree to it. . If this invirotion is to be accepted and a commission is to be sent to 

Australia, there is a necessity that it should be now organized. I trust, 

therefore, that as the subject-matter has been pretty fully debated in 

the other House (and I am prepared to give the Senate any information on the subject if desired) that we shall have a v-ote upon it now. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If there be no objection, the joint 

resolutio:Q. will be considered by the Senate as in Committee of the 

Whole, and read at length. 

Mr. HOAR. If there be no debate. If there be debate, I shall ask 

the Senator to put it over until the routine business is concluded. 

Mr. SHERMAN. Very 1Vell; I do not desire to debate it. 

There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, 

proceeded to consider the joint resolution; which was read, as follows: 

Whereas the British Government bas extended to the Governm.,mt of the United States an invitation to participate in the international exhibition which is to be held at Melbourne, beginning on the 1st day of August, 1888, to cele- brate the centenary of the founding of New South "\Vales: Therefore, 

Resolved, etc., That said invitation is accepted, and that there be, and there hereby is, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not ot.herwise appropriated, the sum of $50,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary to effect the purpose of this resolution, to be expended in the discre- tion of the Secretary of State for the purpose of such representation at said ex- hibition. 

SEC. 2. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of State to transmit to Con- gress a. detailed statement of the expenditures which may have been incurred under the provisions of this resolution, together with any reports which may be made by the representatives of this country at said exhibition . 

The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without amendm€nt, 

ordered to a third reading, rea.d the third time, and passed. 

The preamble was agreed to. 

BILLS INTRODUCED. 

Mr. MANDERSON introduced a bill (S. 1560) granting a pension to 

Mrs. -- North, dependent mother of the late Col. Frank North, a Pawnee scout; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1561) to p1·ovide for the completion of 

the qual'ters, barracks, and stables at Forb Robinson and at Fort Niobrara, in the State of Nebraska; which was read twice by its title, and 

referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. ' 

Mr. BUTLER introduced a bill (S. 1562) forthereliefofC. Augusto. 

Urquhart; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Com- mittee on Claims. · He also introduced a bill (S. 1563) relative to claims of certain North- ern creditors; which was read ~wice by its title, andrefened to the Committee on Claims. 

11-fr. SPOONER introduced a bill (S. 1564) for the relief of importers 

of animals for breeding purposes in certain cases; which was read twice 

by its title, and referred to the Com,mittee on Finance. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1565) to regulate the salary and provide 

for the payment of the expenses of the district judge of the United 

St-ates for the western district of Wisconsin; which was read twice by 

its title, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1566) to regulate the salary and provide 

for the payment of the expenses of the district judge of the United 

States for the eastern district of Wisconsin; which was read twice by 

its title, and referred t-o the Committee on the Judiciary. 

Mr. HOAR introduced a bill (S. 1567) to give a pension of $100 per 

month to per~ons who, in the military or naval service of the United 

States, and in the discharge of duty, have lost both hands or the use of 

both hands; which was read twice by its title, and 1·eferred to the Committee ou Pensions. Mr. WALTHALL (by request) introduced a bill (S. 1568) to promote 

the efficiency Of the Signa.l Service; which was read twice by its title, 

and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

Mr. HARRIS introduced a bill (S. 1569) to authorize the construction of a bridge across the Mississippi Hiver, at Memphis, Tenn.; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Commerce. 

Mr. STEWART introduced a bill (S. 1570) to amend the organic 

law of Utah Territory; which was read twice by its title, and referred 

to-the Committee on Territories. 

:Mr. SHERMAN introduced a .bill (S. 1571) for the relief of John H. 

Jones and Thomas D. Harris; which was read twice by its title, and, 

with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1572) for the relief of John Kouns; which 

was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying papers, referred 

to the Committee on Claims. • He also introduced a bill (S. 1573) for the ·relief of Sarah Morrison, 

dependent mother of George F. Morrison, lieutenant-commander, United 

States Navy; which was rea-d twice by its title, and, with the accom- panying papers, referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Mr. DAVIS introduced a bill (S. 1574) for the erection of a. post-office building at St. Paul, Minn.; which was read twice by its title, 

and, with the accompanying papers, referred tothe Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. 

M:r. HISCOCK introduced a bill (S.1575) granting an increa-Se of 

pension to William Wallace Young; which was read twice by its title, 

and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. DAVIS introduced a bill (S. 1576) for tile relief of the heirs of 

Joseph Anderson; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Claims. 

Mr. HISCOCK introduced a bill (S. 1577) granting a pension to Mary 

H. Casler; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Com· 

mittee on Pensions. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 617' 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1578) for the relief of the administrators 

of the ·estate of Isaac P. '.rice, deceased; which was read twice by its 

title, and referred to the Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1579) to facilitate the giving of bonds 

required by law; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on the Judiciary. ; 

:Mr. HARRIS (by request) introduced a bill (S. 1580) to amend an 

act entitled "An act incorporating the Capitol, North 0 Street and 

South Washington Railway Company;" which was read twice by its 

iit)e, and referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. EUSTIS introduced a bill (S. 1581) for the relief of Bert.rand 

and Gaudin Cazes; which was read twice by its title, and referred to 

the Committee· on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1582) for the relief of the est:tte of Lucien Goyaux; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1583) to confirm to Lucretia Wiliiams 

the title to one square league of land in tbe State of Florida; which was 

read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Private Land 

Claims. 

Mr. REAGAN introduced a bill (S. 1584) granting an increase of 

pension to Isaac Gibson; which was read twice by its title, and, with 

the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. DANIEL introduced a bill (S. 1585) praying for the location of 

scrip issued under t-he acts of August31, 1852, and June 22, 1860; which 

was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Public 

Landq, 

Mr. CHANDLER introduced a bill (S. 1586) to provide additional 

:Bag officers for squadrons; which was re::td twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. · 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1587) in reference to the election of 

Representatives in Congress; which was read twice by its title, andreferred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. 

Mr. PADDOCK introduced a bill (S. 1588) to amend an act entitled 

''An act to provide additional regulations for homestead and pre-emption 

entries of public lands," approved March 3, 1879; which was read t wice 

by its title, and referred to the Committee on Public Lands. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1'589) for the relief of Isaac N. Thompson; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying 

papers, referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

1\Ir. QUAY introduced a bill (S. 1590) to authorize the construction 

of the Ohio Connecting Railway Company Bridge; which was read twice 

by its title, and referred to ihe Committee on Commerce. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1591) granting an increase of pension 

to Madison M. Meredith; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. WILSON, of Iowa, introduced a bill (S. 15D2) to continue the 

publication of tbe Supplement to the Revised Statutes; which was read 

twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on the Revision o[the 

Laws. · 

Ml'. EVARTS introduced a bill (S. 1593) for the relief of Giles B. 

Overton; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1594) grantingarrearsofpension to Mrs. 

Clariss.:1. Munson, widow of Elias Y. Munson, for his services of ninety 

days in the war of 1812; which was read twice by its title, and referred 

to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1595) to increase the pension of Mrs. 

Rebecca A. Craw; which was read twice l>y its title, and referred to 

the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1596) in relation to oaths in pension 

and other cases; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Cornmittee on Pen8ions. . 

He also introduced a bill (S. lj97) to increase the pensions of widows 

in certain cases; which was read twice by its title, and referred to t.he 

Committee on Pensions. ~ 

· He also introduced a bill (S. 1598) granting to Truman A. Morton a 

pension of 4 a month since his discharge; which wa,s rea,d twice by 

its title, and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1599) correcting the military record of 

Lieut .. James O'Rourke; which was read twice by its title, and referred 

to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1600) to Tefer the claim of Alice E. De 

Groot and Theodore R. B. De Groot, administrators of William H. De 

Groot, deceased, to the United States Court of Claims; which wa,g read 

twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. DOLPH introduced a bill (S. 1601) to amend "An act to restrict 

the ownership of real estate in the Territories to American citizens," 

etc., approved March 3, 1887; which was read twice by its title, andreferred to the Committee on Public Lands. 

Mr. TELLER (by request) introduced a bill (S. 1602) relating to 

procedure in pension cases; which was read twice by its title, andrefeiTed to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr, SAWYER (by request) introduced a bill (S. 1603) for the relief 

of Thornton Smith; which was read twice by its title, and referred to 

the Committee on Military Affairs. 

~1r. STANFORD introduced a bill (S. 1604) for the relief of Jon a than 

D. Stevenson, of California; which was read twice by its title, andreferred to the Committee on Claims. 

He aJso introduced a bill (S. 1605) for the relief of Lieut. Col. Edward E. Eyre; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1606) referring the claim of Robert W. 

Dunbar to the Court of Claims; which was read twice by its title, and, 

with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. PLUMB introduced a bill (8.1607) granting a pension .to Robert 

A. Bride or McBride; which was read twice by iM title, and referred to 

the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1G08) for the relief of Charles E. Wheeler; 

which was read twice by its title, and, with t.he accompanying papers, 

refened to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1609) for the relief of James lYicLaugh-

' lin; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying 

p:1pers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced~ bill (S.1610) to increase certain pensions; which 

was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. D.A.NIEL introduced a bill (S. 1611) to provide for t.he final settlement of the transportation account with the J.{ichmond and Danville Railroad Company; which was read twice by its tit~e, and referred to the Committee on Railroads. · 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1612) to provide for the closing of parts 

of two alleys in square one hundred and thirty-two (132) in the' city ot 

Washington, D. C., and for the relief of Charles Early and Corbin Warwick; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee 

on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. HOAR. I introduce a, joint resolution to obtain the freedom of 

certain canals and ship-railways therein named for the American merC..'tntile marine. These canals and railways are in foreign countries, 

and I suppose eventually the joint resolution should go to the Committee on Foreign Rela.tions; but as it rel:ltes principally to the commerce 

ofthe country I desire, in the :first place, that it shall be considered 

by the Committee on Commerce. 

The joint resolution (S. R. 40) as to obtaining the freedom of certain canals and ship-railways therein named for the American mercantile marine was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee 

on Commerce. 

M:r. VOORHEES introduced a joint resolution (S. R. 41) authorizing the publication of an edition of The Treasury of the Confederate 

States; or, Document.."'ry History of the Financial, Fiscal, and Commercial Measures of the Confederate States, edited by Raphael P. Thian; 

which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompa,nying papers, 

referred to the Committee on Printing. 

Mr. HARRIS introduced a joint resolution (S. R.. 42) extending the 

provisions of an act entitled "An act relating to arrea1·s of taxes in the- · 

District of Columbia," approved March 3, 1887; which was read twice 

by its title, and, with the accompanying paper, referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. · 

AMENDMENT TO A BILI ... 

Mr. HEARST submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by 

him to the bill (S. 215) amendatory of the act for the benefit of the 

States of Texas, Colorado, Oregon, Nebraska, California, Kan&'ts, and 

Nevada, and the Territories of Washington and Idaho, and Nevada 

when a Territory; which was referred to the Committee on Military 

Affairs, and ordered to be printed. 

POSTAL-TELEGRAPH INVESTIGATION. 

Mr. SAWYER subtp.itted the following resolution; which was referred to 'the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses 

of the Senate: 

Resol-ved, That the Secretary of the Senate be, and he hereby is, authorized and directed to pay the stenographer authorized by the resolution of the 19th instant to report the arguments, evidence, etc., for the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads on the subject of the postal telegraph, out of the contingent fund of the Senate. 

ACTION OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

Mr. CHANDLER submitted the following resolution; which was considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to: 

Resolvecl, That the Secret11ry of the Navy be directed to inform the Senate what plans, designs, drawings, or specifications of ships or marine engines have been purchased or procured in foreign countries by or in behalf of the Navy Depart- ment and f1·om whom they have been obtained; and to state whatplans,designs, 

drawings, or specifications so purchased or procured have been adopted in whole or in part for vessels or engines now under contract or construction; and also to transmit to U1e Senate a statement of the cost to the Government of each of such plans, designs, drawings, and specifications; and also an account of all ex- penditures m ade by tile N:wy D i!partment since l\'Iarch20,1885, under the appro~ 

priations for i nforr.1 a tion from abroad, and for emergencies and extraordinary expenses arising abroad. 

Mr. CHANDLER submitt ed t.he following resolution; which was 

Tead: 

Resolved, That the Secretar y of the Navy be directed to transmit to the Senate a statement of the changes made from the original plans of the Chicago, Boston, 

Atlanta, and Dolphin in addition to those specified in a communication from the Navy Department to the House of Represent-atives of February 11, 1885 (constituting House Executive. Document No. 220, Forty-eighth Congress, sec- ond session) and in a communication from said Department to the Senate of 
.-

618 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J .ANUARY 23, 

:May 24, 1886 (constituting Senate Executive Document No. 153, F.,rty-ninth 

Congress, first session), together with the cost of such additional changes in 

each case; and that the Secretary be directed also to furnish the Senate with 

copies of all documents and correspondence on file in said Department, written 

since March 5, 1886, in any way concerning tbe aforesaid vessels, which are not contained in the annual reports of said Department, including all reports of 

boards. and of commanding officers and engineer officers; and all log-books kept 

while the vessels have been in motion since said date, and all the evidences of 

settlements and payments made since said date by the United States, and of any unsettled claims on account of said vessels; and that the Secretary be directed 

furt.her to state the present; condition of the Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago, and 

the reasons for the delay in their completion and reception into active service. 

1\:Ir. CHANDLER. I ask for the present consideration of the resolution. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present con- sideration of the resolution? 

Ur. BECK. I do not propose to object to this or the preceding reso- lution, but they are very comprehensive, and I do not see any member 

of the Committee on Naval Affain on this side in the Chamber. Is 

there any objection to laying them over until to-morrow, so that they 

may be printed ? 

:Mr. CHANDLER. Not at all. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The resolution lies over under the 

rule. 

Mr. BECK. There are two of them, I think . . It1r.' CHANDLER: The first resolution offered by me was agreed to. 

Mr. HARRIS. Perhaps it might be as well to let them both go over until to-morrow. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Tennessee suggests 

a reconsideration of the vote by which the first resolution was adopted. 

Mr. HARRIS. So that both may be printed. ' 

Mr. CHANDLER. I have no objection to that course. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The reconsideration will be ordered, 

if there be no objection. Both resolutions will go over and be printed. 

Mi. CHANDLER submitted the following resolution, which was read: 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Navy be directed to transmit to the Senate 

information concerning all naval vessels and machinery and armor for the same, and all naval ordnance and gun metal, for constructing or furnishing which contracts ha'"e been made by the Navy Department since March 4, 1885, as follows: 

1. Copies in tbe case of each contract of the advertisement, and of the written or printed conditions and rules for tests and inspections upon which proposals were invited. 

2. A schedule of the proposals received and awards made.~ 

3. A copy of the contract made. 4. A statement showing the time within which the contract was to be per- formed, and the present condition of the work, and the payments made thereon, 

with copies of the reports and correspondence upon -which each payment was made. 

And that the Secretary be directed also to inform the Senate whether or not since said contracts have been made any of the terms or conditions of any of 

them have been altered, or any agreements have been made for changes in the 

quality of m!Jterial or work, or any of the stipulations or t•ules for tests and inspections have been relaxed or varied; and, if so, to state the circumstances 

and causes of any such alteration, change, or variation. 

1\fr. BECK. Let that be printed along with the other resolutions 

submitted by the Senator from New Hampshire. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The resolution will lie over until tomorrow, and be printed1 under the rule. 

PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL. 

A message from the President of the United States, _by Mr. 0. L. 

PRUDEN, one of his secretaries, announced that the P1·esident had on the 20th instant approved and signed the act (S. 261) to amend the law 

cOncerning the Commissioner ofFish and Fisheries. 

l\IESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. 

A message from the House of Hepresentatives, by 1\:lr. CLARK, its 

Clerk, returned, in compliance with the request of the Senate, the bill 

(S. 928) in relation to marriage between whitemenandlndian women. The message also announced that the House had passed a resolution 

for printing 10,000 copies of the President's message and accompanying reports of the ~jority and minority of the Pacific Railroad Commission for the use of the House. 

The message further announced that the House had passed the following bills; in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate: 

A bill (H. R.. 484) for the relief of Thomas C. Dickey; 

A bill (H. R. 1604) to change the time of the sessions of the circuit 

court of the western division of the western district of ltiissouri; and 

A bill (H. R. 5514) to amend section 4883ofthe Revised Statutes. 

I\IASSACHUSETTS STATE CLAIMS. 

Jtfr. DAWES submitted the following resolution; which was con- sidered by unanimous consent, and agreed to: 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and h~ is hereby, directed to report to the Senate as early as practicable what progress bas been made by 

his Department in examining the claim of the State of Massachusetts for ex- penses incurred and paid at the request of the President and Secretary of State 

during the war in protecting the harbors and strengthening the fortifications on the coast, now on file with the Third Auditor, under the act of July 'Zl, 1861, in pursuance of the authority and direction of the act of July 7, 1884; and how early the "report of the amount to Congress " therein required will be made. 

ISAAC D • . SMEAD & CO. 

l\ir. DAWES submitted the following resolution; which was read: 

Resolved, That the commissioners of the District of Columbia. be, and they are hereby, directed to furnish the Senate with a detailed statement of the entire amount paid by the District go\ernment to Isaac D. Smead & Co. from the 

da.te.they ~ommenced work .for the District to the present time, giving in con· nectwn w1th each payment 1ts amount, date, kind of work done, and designation of the building in which it was done; also to report whether there was any competition or whether any proposals were invited for said work before contract was entered into therefor, and, if so, to furnish specific information in 

regard to the same. 

:Mr. McPHERSON. Let that lie over. 

The PRESIDENT p1·o tempor·e. The resolution lies over under the 

rule. 

CCEUR D'ALENE RESERV ATIO~. 

Mr. MITCHELL submitted the following resolution; which was read: 

Whereas it is alleged that the present area of the Creur d'Alene Indian t·eser- vation, in the Territory of Idaho, embraces 480,000 acres of land; that there are according to the statistics in the Indian Burea.u only about four hundred and 

seventy-six Indians in the tribe now occupying such reservation, or more than 

1,000 acres to each man, woman, and child; that Lake Creur d'Alene, ali the 

navigable waters of Creur d'Alene River, and about 20 miles of the navigable 

part of St. Joseph River, and part of St.l\Iary's, a navigable tributary of the St. 

Joseph, are embraced within this reservation, except a shore-line of 3~ miles at the north end of the lake, it being alleged that this lake and its rivers tributary 

constitute the most important high ways of <'.ommerce in the Territory of Idaho, 

and are, in fact, the only navigable waters, except Snake River, now used for 

steam-boat navigation in the Territory; that all boats now entering such waters are subject to the laws gov{\rning the Indian country, and all persons going on such lake or waters within the reservation lines are trespassers; and: 'Vhereas it is further alleged that the Indians now on such reservation are located in the extreme southwest corner of the same, around De Smet l\1ission, near the town of Farmington, in Washington Territory, where the land is good 

for agriculture i.. and it being further alleged that all that part of such reservation 

lying between Lake Creur d'Alene and Creur d'Alene River and that part be- tween the Creur d'Alene River and St. Joseph River is a territory rich in the 

precious metals and at the same time being of no real value or benefit to the 

Indians : Therefore, 

Resowed, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, directed to inform the Senate as to the extent of the present area and boundaries of the 

Creur d'Alene Indian reservation in the Territory of Idaho; whether such area includes any portion, and if so, about how much, of the navjgable waters of 

Lake Creur d'Alene and of Creur d'Alene and St. Josep4 Rivers; about what 

proportion of said.reservation is agricultural, grazing, and mineral land, respectively; also the number of Indians occupying such r eservation ; also on what 

portion of such reservation the Indians now thereon are located; also whether, 

in the opinion of the Secretary, it is advisable to throw any portion of such 

reservation open to occupation and settlement under the mineral laws of the 

United States, and, if so, precisely what portion; and also whether it is advisable to release any of the navigable waters aforesaid from the limits of such 

reserva-tion. · 

_ Ir. DAWES. I do not know that there is any objection to the 

adoption of the resolution, but all the information called for in l'eference to th~ character of that reservation is in the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, already printed and on file; and so far as the Secretary of the Interior is directed by the resolution to inquire 

whether it is proper or feasible to reduce the reservation, I will say 

that recent legislation has authorized the Secretary to do that very 

thrng whenever in his opinion it is beneficial to the Indians. Ail that 

is a matter of enactment now, so that without coming to Congress for 

that purpose the Secretary of the Interior can initiate any negotiation 

suggested by the resolution. However, I do not object to its passage. 

I only make this statement so that the Senator from Oregon may address ]lis arguments and considerations to the Secretary himself without coming to Congress for aid. 

l\Ir. 1\fiTCHELL. I simply want the information in a condensed 

form, and I want the advice of the Secretary of the Interior on the subject directly. 

Mr. McPHERSON. I think the resolution is a very important one, 

and should be printed and lie over. The PRESIDENT pro tempm·e. The resolution will lie over and be 

printed. 

Mr. MITCHELL. I give notice that I shall call it up to-morrow 

morning. 

THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL MESSAGE. 

The PRESIDENT pTo tempore. If there be no further morning business, that order is closed. 

1\:lr. FRYE. I move to take from the table the motion of the Senator from Ohio [1'11r. SHERMAN] to refer the annual message of the 

President of the United States to the Committee on Finance. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from l'lfainemoves that 

the Senate now proceed to the consideration of the motion of the Senator from Ohio, that the President's annual message be referred to the 

Committee on Finance. 

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate resumed the consideration 

of the motion to refer. 

:M:r. FRYE said: 

1\Ir. PRESIDENT: The President of the United States, in his annual 

message, has thrown down the gauntlet of "free trade," with, I 

admit, a thin veneer of disguise-too thin, however, to deceive the 

people. His remarkable declaration of policy has, of course, been re- ceived in England with un~isguised joy. She has been seeking our markets with a persistency that never tired, a courage that never failed, a faith never hopeless, though for a quarter of a century the defenses 

against her aggressions have been formidable, and now she hails with 

unconcealed delight the announcement that these defenses are to be 

razed. Listen to the comments of her press congratulating her people, 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE._ 619 

and at the ;arne time mercilessly stripping off the President's flimsy 

disguises: 

{From the Saturday Review.] 

It may be taken for granted that the President has not acted without pre- viously consulting the leaders of the Democratic party and securing their ap- proval. He and they have taken up again the old free-trade policy of the S?l_lth Carolina politicians, unconnected with what, in the jargon of American politics, was called the sectional question. 

[From The Sepectator.l 

-His terse and telling message has struck a blow at American protection such as could never have been struck by any fair-trade league, such, indeed, as would have been greatly weakened by the operations of any fair-trade league. * * * He has fired a shot at the protectionists which will be all the more effective for his refusal to discuss the theoretic issue. * * * 

[From the People's Journal, Dundee.] 

A great sensation has been created by President Cleveland's Message, and if the policy which it indicates be carried out, it will produce almost as much effect in this country as in America. The tariff reform which the President recom- mends goes as far, at least, as the abolition or reduction of the duties on raw materials. Should Congress give effect to this proposal, its immediate result would be an enormous stimulus to English industry. 

' [From the Scotsman.] 

The President proposes a radical reduction in the duties on raw materials, or even their free importation, as a way of compensating manufacturers for t.he sacrifice which they are asked to make. The free importation of iron, coal, and wool would be a great boon to British producers; if it were accompanied with reductions in the tariff upon cotton, woolen, and other manufactures the arti- sans of this country would derive a marked benefit from it. If once the United States finds herself on tqe road to free trade she will hardly know where to stop, for the principle which President Cleveland, as the head of the Demo- cratic party, lays down is really that no import duties are justifiable which are n otlevied solely for purposes of revenue. 

[From the Glasgow Herald.] 

"It is a condition which confronts us; not a theory." Precisely so. Words almost identical with these have been used, and with enormous effect, in this country by Adam Smith, by Richard Cobden, by Sir Robert Peel. President Oleveland may sa to others, therefore, and think what he chooses, but he has precipitated the inevitable struggle between free trade and protection in the United States, and that is tantamount to saying that he is on the side of free trade. 

[From the Haddingtonshire (Scotland) Courier.] 

This much is certain, that another fierce contest is impending in America over the principle at issue. If it terminates, as it may be hoped it will do, in the di- rection of a relaxation of those imposts that now so vexatiously hamper com- mercial intercourse between Great Britain and the United States, we may look to an impetus being given to our home trade that will go far to make up for the depression of late years. 

[The LOndon Iron and Steel Trades Journal.] 

The facts set forth in the President's message, though by no means new, are now brought so prominently under the notice of the American Congress and of American citizens that a violent stimulus must be given to the party which ad- vocates entire freedom of trade. · 

LThe London Iron.] 

The message of President Cleveland to the United States Congress is the pre- liminary to a movement which, we trust, ~ll gain in strength. 

[The London Ironmonger.] 

Dealing with the message as it stands, it would certainly seem to indicate a greater leaning towards free-trade principles on the part of the United States Cabinet than bas been observable hitherto." "Mr. Cleveland's policy," said the Times," may not establish free trade in the strict sense of the term, but it will to a great extent make trade free." "'.rhe President," said the Daily News, "does not seem to perceive the effect of his own arguments, or even the meaning of his own words. His statement that the question of free trade is irrelevant is astounding and preposterous. :Mr. Cleveland has persuaded himself to think, or finds it convenient to say, that ' the principle of fostering native industries by duties on foreign imports can be made compatible with the principle of regulating the burdens upon the people 

by the needs of the public service. It is pure delusion. Protection, albeit in- defensible, is the height of wisdom compa1·ed with proposals which combtneall the evils of interference with all the risks of liberty." "His real meaning is that the scheme by which the artificial fabric of domes· tic enterprise has been built up in America is ftmdamentally vicious. He de- mands in effect that there should be a tariff for revenue pt1.rposes only." 

[From ''A member of Parliament" by cable to thefree-tradeNewYork Herald.] 

To convert the United States is indeed a triumph. The Cobden Club will hencefort sbet up a special shrine for the worship of President Cleveland, and send him all its publications gratis. Cobden founded free trade; Cleveland saved it. Such is the burden of the song all through England to-day. 

fBy special cable dispatch to the free-trade New York World.] 

. LONDON, Decemher 10. The English papers continue to devote much space to what they call "1\Ir. Cleveland's delaration in favor of free trade." From the average English com- ment the public here has been led to believe that free trade is now as good as adopted in the United States. His considered here (in England) that free trade with us (in America) is just what is needed to revive drooping Englisll indris- tries. The Times, this morning, devotes a. column to the American situation, 

denoucing Mr. Blaine for holding on to what it calls "the· absurd principle of protection." 

[From the Loudon Post.] 

We must regard the message of the President of the United States as being a distinct pronouncement in favor of free trade. 'We shall be much mistaken if the effect of this State communication will not be to strengthen considerably the case of fl"'ee traders in all parts of the world. It will bo regarded as a step in the right direction by all who belie~e in the soundness of fi"'ee-trade principles. 

[From the London Times.] 

It is calculated that to give effect to Mr. Cleveland's policy, duties to the amount of some £16,000,000 a year, about t·wo-fifths of the entire customs reve- nue, must be surrendered. This operation may not establisl:Jo "free trade" in the strict sense of the term, but it will to a great extent make trade free. As was to be expected, the protectionists have taken the alarm, and, as our correspondent at Philadelphia informs us, they are organizing for a determined 1·esistance. They are, no doubt, right in believing that, whatever may_ be said of preserving the essence of the protective system and of ignoring free trade, the tariff can not be reduced to the strict proportions of a. revenue co rrespo nding to the limited and diminishing necessities of the Federal Government with· out admitting a. great flood of foreign competition. 

[From the London Standard.) 

"In readjusting the tariff," he adroitly explains, "the interests of American labor and our manufactures should be carefully considered. Relief from the bardships of the present tariff," be goes on to say, "should be devised withes- pecial precaution against imperiling the existence of the manufacturing inter- ests, but "_;there is much virtue in the" but"-" such existence should not mean excessive profits." Mr. Cleveland has used such praiseworthy candor in his positive treatment of the evils of the existing faulty system, that this soothing parenthesis, which the whole context proves to be a polite nothingness, may well be pardoned. When the inevitable consequences of adherence to a protectionist tariff a,re set forth by a man in Mr. Cleveland's position in the language which he has used, free trade becomes at once a living issue. There is an end of the truce, of the make!ihifts, of the hollow compromises between the rival factions to keep the delicate subject in the background of the platforms. If the Congress does not forthwith expunge the scandals of the customs lists the next Presidential cam- paign will be fought out, not on the obsolete cries of Republican and Demo- cratic strife, but on the new question whether the people are-simply because it suits the convenience of certain manufacturing rings that foreign competition should be rigorously excluded- to be mulcted year after year of enormous sums which the Treasury does not need, and which it can not employ. 

These exposures of the President's purpo e, these expressions of re- dundant joy, these prophecies of the realization of long-deferred hopes, 

would have multiplied without limita.tion, if warning had not come that Eng1ish opinions must be restrained in their utterance, or the full 

fruition of English hopes might be endangered. They heard the warning cry of the London Pall Mali Gazette: 

English free-traders would be well advised if they tnoderated the ecstacy of their jubilation over President Cleveland's message. Every word which they say in its favor will be used as a powerful argument against the adoption of its recommendations. 

They promptly gave heed, and these English free-traders m~sumed a 

new role; became congratulatory of America, complimentary of our states- men, prophets ''of a marvelous prosperity to visit our borders,'' seers 

with bright visions of our disenthralled Republic, "successfully com- peting with their own country in the markets of the world." Is it pos- sible that England has seen the shining of a light from heaYen, and 

suddenly been converted into a great philanthropist? Has she come to recognize our country as "her daughter beyond the seas," entitled 

to her affectionate regard? Did she ever in all :the history of her mar- velous success permit the rights of any other nation to impede her prog- ress in commerce or manufacturing\> I admit freely her sagacity, her 

clcar-sightedness, her promptness in action, her success in diplomacy, 

her power, but I deny emphatically that she ever before indicated any 

sympathy in our prosperity, and I assert with equal emphasis that she has never permitted an opportunity to injure us to pass unimproved. 

I receive her cungra tulations now for all that they are worth in the 

light of her past conduct. But ought not these fresh and unwarned 

declaratiQns of her press at least to put us on our guard? Ireland once 

supported in reasonable comfort 8,000,000 of people. Her manufacture of linen, silk, wool, and cotton, protected by tariffs, and encour- aged by subsidies, absorbed her capital, employed her laborers, pro- moted a diversity of industries, and insured prosperity. England, was 

her next friend, advised, cajoled, and flattered her in to the belief that 

she could raise raw matel"ials on her fertile soil, sell them to her, buy 

of her th~ manufactured products more cheaply than she could make 

them, and that free trade woulcl be a national blessing. Beguiled by her, Ir~land consented, her tariff was gradually repealed, horizontally de- stroyed, her subsidies withdrawn. Since then she has been raising 

raw material, selling it to England, buying her manufactured goods 

of her at prices determined ·by England alone, and to-day, with only 

5, 000,000 of people, is the poorest, most distracted and harassed 

country on earth. She dmnk the free-trade cup which England press· 

ed to her lips to the very drega. Thomas Francis Meagher, the Irish 

patriot, in a speech made at Dublin in 1847, thus summarized there- sults to his affi.icted country of England's friendship and advice: 

The cotton manufacture of Dublin, which ern ployed 14,000 operatives, bas been destroyed; the 3,000 silk looms of the Liberty have been destroyed; the stuff and s~~e manufactures, whieh employed 1,491 operatives, have been destroyed; the calico looms of Balbriggan have been destroyed; the flannel manufacture of Roiterdrum bas been destroyed; the blanket manufacture of Kilkenny bas been destroyed; the camlet trade of Bandon, which produced £100,000 a year, has been destmyed; the worsted and stufl" manufactures of Watel"ford have been de- stroyed; the rateen and frieze manufactures of Carrick-on-Suir have been de- stroyed; one business alone sul"vives, thrives, and flourishes, and dreads no bankruptcy. * * * That favored and privileged and patronized business is the Irish coffin-makers. 

And yet, England hopes and the Democratic party expects that every 

Irish-American citizen of this'Republic shall, in the coming Presiden- tial election, vote for :M:r. Cleveland and fTee trade ! 

Portugal, Egypt, India., China, and, indeed, our own country, in its 

early life, can bear abundant testimony to the blighting influences of 

England's peculiar policy. But all her victories in the past would pale 

into comparative insignificance in the presence of that she is now so 

confidently contemplating in the promise of I\fr. Cleveland's message. 

One of the greatest of her free-trade writers and speakers declared, 

years ago, that her proudest achievement would be the subjugation of 

· the American market, and that she thinks she beholds close at hand, 

accomplished, too, at a time for her the most fortuna.te possible. 

She :finds herself with her markets open to the world, whilst nearly 

all the nations of the earth have, partially at least, closed theirs to her. She sees her industries suffering from a competiti«;>n under which some 
620 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J .ANU.ARY 23, 

of them can not long survive; her silk manufactures almost destroyed; 

where once in London alone there were 90,000 operatives, now only 8, 000; 

Germany and Belgium capturing one-half of her colonial trade in iron 

and steel manufactures, competing successfully in her own home mar- ket to her loss of over $800,000,000 in four years; .Tames Adamson, president of the British Iron and Steel Association, in his inaugur~ address, 

delivered only a short time since, declaring that this industi·y would 

be driven to the wall without protection or a reduction of wages; her 

cotton industry crippled; the manufacturers of Manchester, in conven- tion only a few months ago, declaring that lower wages or protection 

againstGermany and Belgium must be had; millions of men and women seeking for work and finding none; thousands and tens of thousands of 

hungry men: marching through the streets of London, even into that holy 

of holies, WestminsterA~bey, with bannersinscribed "breadorwork;" 

nearly one-fifth of the popuh'lttion of London indoor paupers or requiring outdoor relief; her agricultural lands mortgaged for 58 per cent. of 

their worth, shrinking in value the last ten years more than one-half, 

and her farm laborers decreasing more than one-third, while those re-- maining work for from 1 shilling 6 pence to 2 shillings a day. In her distressed condition she hears the voice of President Cleveland proclaiming that "our present tariff laws," the very laws that partially close 

against her the best market in the world, are "the vicious, inequitable, and illogical source of unnecessary taxatien," and who can won- der that her people should deafen our ears with their ''hears ! hears?' ' 

She sees him adopt, as the slogan of the political battle of 1888, that 

fundamental doctrine of the f1·ee-tmder of the past ages, exploded ten 

tbou~and times by cold facts, ''the tariff raises the price to consumers of all articles imported and subject to duty, by precisely the sum paid 

for such·duties," and why should they not indorse him as the great 

champion of their interests. Sbe listens to his invitations to participate in the best market in the world, and knowing that such ~participation would start her halting machinery, employ her millions of 

hungry, idle, laborers, why shouldn't they hail him as their great deliverer? 

Dut, Mr. President, I come to a question more important to us here 

than England's attitude. Will the Democratic party indorse and sus- t.:'lin their chief? They have for a score or so of years been masquerading as reformers, in the garb of '' t.aJiff for revenue only with incidental 

protection,'' ''of tariff for revenue exclusively,'' even in manufacturing 

sections as mild-mannered protectionists. In the South, where, until 

recently, there has been but little diversity in industries, they have been 

bolder in their utterances, but for the last few yen.rs, even there, blinded 

it may be by the smoke of iron farna.::es, or bewildered by the noise of 

the loom and shuttle, now and then some bold man dares proclaim 

himself a friend of protection! But the Senator from Missouri [.M:r. 

VEST] a few days since, said, on the floor of the Senate, that he indorsed 

every line, word, and letter of the message, while the Senator from Indiana [Mr. VooRHEES] in his elaborate speech, in cold blood, laboring 

nuder no excitement, declared "it is true to the teachings and principles 

of the Democratic party, from its foundation, eighty-seven years ago, 

to the present day." • The Senator from Tennessee [Mr. Il.A..RRrs] in a speech made elsc- w here, announced that his vote would never be given to the protection 

of any industry whatever. Indeed, I am inclined to the opinion that 

the party really believes "our tariff legislation to be vicious and illogical," that a duty is a tax paid by the consumer. And why should it 

not? The controling element of the Democratic party is in the South, 

and can to-day determine its principles as readily as it could before the 

rebellion, when it forced it into the championship of slavery. As to 

their position there c.an be little, if any, doubt. When they adopted a Cons"itution fo:r the Confederacy, a portion of one article, agreed upon 

with entire unanimity, as I am informed, was in these words: 

But no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury, nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any -branch of industry. 

The Democratic Representatives of this part of our country learn and 

forget very slowly; and, in my opinion, the most of them still bold to 

that Confederate doctrine, and are totally blind to the marvelous 

changes wrought in their midst. For :fifty years they have been inspiring the Democratic party to fidelity to the shibboleth of free trade, and 

whatever disguises the party may have adopted, however frequently it 

may have masqaeraded before the ublic, however elastic it may have 

made its platforms, whenever it has been called upon to act it has fully 

justified the President's message as sound Democratic doctrine. In 

the Forty-fourth Congress they controlled the House, and have from 

then to now, except during the Forty-seventh, and for that entire time 

they have kept the whole country disturbed by their frantic efforts 

to revise the tariff, which has but one meaning in a Democratic dictionary-to reduce duties. Fernando Wood, William R. :Morrison, and 

Randolph Tucker have been chairmen of the Committee on Ways aqd 

.Means, all three of them open, undisguised free-traders. Mr. MILLS, 

of Texas, now presides over the deliberations of that committee-almost 

cranky in his advocacy of the same doctrine. 

The Speake1· of the House, Mr. CARLISLE, in his devotion to the 

work of destroying our present tariff, arrogated to himself almost despotic power in his refu~al during the last Congress to recognize any 

member of the House to offer for immediate consideration any prop- , osition to reduce the surplus unless it should first have been submitted 

to a Democratic caucus. .A.t the opening of every Congress since and 

while they have had a majority in the House their war cry has been 

"Revise the tariff!" and every bill reported from their committee as a revision1 if enacted into law, would have sacrificed many of our industries to the greed of Great Britain. They have even gone to the 

absurd extent of reporting favorably a horizontal reduction along the 

whole line of duties. The Democratic Secretary of the Treasury, too, 

helps to swell the choral song of free trad.e. In his annual report he 

says: 

And now there is left only the revenue from customs taxation to be considered. Here is where the reduction should be made. "' * * Add to the freelist as many articles as possible. Reduce duties upon eyery dutiable article to the lowest point possible. 

In other words, strike down our ''vicious'' tariff. But the honorable 

Secretary does not rest here. He sees another direction in which we c..m legislate in the interests of Great Britain, and promptly seizes upon 

it. He says, in the sa-me report: A citizen of the United States may buy a foreign-built vt:ssel in a foreign port; 

he may put the United States flag upon it and trade with all the countries of the 

world except his own. Our Government will protect him with all its power in 

such trade; but if he brings his ship with our flag upon it to one of our ports, our Government will confiscate it or impose prohibitory duties. He may, how- ever, put the flag of any other country on that same ship and bring it to his 

home without molestation by our Government; it is then protected by the power of a foreign country. It is difficult to understand why it would not be well to so change our navigation laws as to allow foreign-built ships owned by our citi- zens to come a.nd go between this and other cot1.ntries while bearing the flag of 

the country of their owners. 

What the Secretary means in the first ten lines of this quotation is 

beyond my comprehension. I have always believed that the only way 

to determine the nationality of a vessel was by an examination of her 

papers, and it is an entirely novel doctrine that a flag settles the ques- tion. There is hardly a foreign steamship entering an American porb 

that does not hoist the American flag. Nor was I aware before that a vessel could trade at any port of any commercial country without carrying such papers, regardless of the flag she was flying. The las~ four 

lines are unmistakable. The Secretary advises the prompt repeal of our laws which provide that no foreign-built vessel shall be. admitted 

to an American register, also, of course, of all restrictions now protecting our coastwise trad~. In other words, the Secretary accedes to the 

demands of Great Britain that she, with her cheap coal, iron, steel, and 

labor, shall build all of our ship~. To be sure they are 90percent.1abor; 

what of that? This Administration, from President down, prefers to 

employ, feed, and clothe English workmen to American. To be sure, 

such a sun~ender would destroy our coastwise fleet and trade; but what 

of that, the English and Canadians would serve our people more cheaply. 

To be sure our ship-yards would disappear, our skilled ship·carpenters and mechanics forget their cunning, our sailors become unknown; 

but what of that, England could supply our necessities. To be sure a 

maritime nation without ships, ship-yards, and sailors might as well 

be without a constitution, would properly fall into contempt in the 

presence of the world; but what of that, our mother England has maritime power enough for the whole family, and will surely take care of 

her own. 

Ur. President, it seems to me we may safely assume that the Democratic party, while it may not have the courage or the honesty of the 

President, does enjoy the same convictions as to the vicious, illogical, 

and inequitable character of our tariff laws; that, if by cheating the 

people as to their real sentiments, they can secure another lease of power, 

obta.in coutro] of the Senate, then we may bid farewell to any policy of 

protection illustrated in legislation. 

Mr. President, the Republicans rejoice in the courage of the President, and take up his free-trade gauntlet. 

They join the issue tendered and emphatically declare that our tariff 

laws, instead of being "vicious, ineq nitable, and illogic..1.l," are and 

have been promotive of a marvelous prosperity. That instead of ''the 

duty increasing the tax to the purchaser" the effect of it bas almost 

invariably been a reduction of cost to the consumer. Why, Mr. President, we lh·e in a country wonderfully endowed, splendidly equipped 

for a successful struggle :with any other. Our fertile lands can feed a billion of people as readily as they now sustain sixty millions. We 

have a seacoast almost limitless, within our borders one-half of all the 

fresh water in the world, located in lakes and rivers, as if our necessities 

and convenience bad alone been consulted; as many miles of railroad 

as the rest of the world, and as a legitimate consequence, the lowest 

rates of freight to be found anywhere. We have ine.xhaustible m{nes 

of iron and coal in twenty-four of our States and Territories; even 

mountains of iron like Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, said to contain 

500,000,000 of tonsofgood quality, accessible. We have copper, le~tl, 

tin, gold, silver, granite, slate, lime-rock, marble, mountains of salt 

and sulphur. Our capacity for wool-growing and for cotton-raising bas never yet bee\} tested. Texas alone can easily produce all the cotton we manufacture at home and export. We are possessed to-day of the 

finest machinery and the best tools, with a skill in their manufacture 

able to respond to all demands that may be made upon it. ""\Ve have more inventive genius than any two of the nations of Europe. Our 

business men are energetic, bold, and sagacious, our laborers the best 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 621 

in the world, ac.tive, -hopeful, and ambitious. With all these advantages we can not compete successfully with the countries of Europe. 

Why not? There is, there can be but one answer, we are handicapped by 

the cheap labor there. . 

Why, is labor a factor in production sufficient to overcome all of our advantages? Undoubtedly it is. Labor, on the average, makes onehalf the cost of all production. I do not mean to assert that the cost 

of a yard of cheap cotton cloth is one-half labor, but iron ships, machinery, furnaces, forges, and factories are 90 per cent. labor. A year 

or two since I was in the Waltham Watch Factory. The superintendent showed me some watch screws so fine that the naked eye could not 

see the thread. I asked him to figure out their cost by the ton. He 

complied, and found it to be a little over $4,600,000, seven times more 

precious than gold, and yet laying in the earth the ore was not worth 

more than one dollar and a half. Whether the labor converting the 

ore into the screw was one or two dollars a day would make a marvelous difference in its cost. But the free-trader insists that after all there 

is not much difference between the cost of labor here and in Europe; 

that the living is not so expensi•e there as here. Now, this is a question which must be settled according to the facts. It is fundamental, 

vital; and a mistake in its determination may be fatal to our industries. 

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. DoLPHin the chair). The hour 

of 2 o'clock having arrived, it is the duty of t~e Chair to lay before the 

Senate the unfinished business. 

Mr. SHERMAN. I hope the unfinished business will be informally 

laid aside and the Senator from Maine allowed to proceed. 

The PRESIDING OFFICER. If no objection be made, that will be 

the order. 

Mr. BLAIR. I make no objection this morning. 

Tlie PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senat{)r from Maide will proceed. 

Mr. FRYE. During the year, the opportunity offering, I investigated 

as thoroughly as I could the condition of labor in Europe. My information was gathered largely from European investigators aml from the men 

and women who worked. I found that to obtain it from the employers 

was difficult, and when obt..'l.ined it was unreliable, wages being generally exaggerated. They were fond of dealing in averages. They ai·-

rived at these by disregarding numbers. For instance, in a cotton mill 

nearly all of the employes are women, a few skilled men being required 

to look after the machinery, to whom fair wages are paid. The superintendent in answer .to your inquiry would reply, "We pay from $2 

a week to $8, the average being $4 or $5." He never volunteered the 

information that while one hundred of his employes earned $2 a week, 

only two were paid $3. Our consuls are entitled to great credit for their 

unceasing effol'ts to arrive at the facts, but their sources of information 

have generally necessarily been the employers, and some of it I know 

has been incorrect. I visited personally factories, furnaces, forges, shipyards, iron and coal mines, and talked whenever I could with the workmen, and in my conclnsions.as to facts do not think I can be mistaken. 

ITALY. 

Italy is not, I admit, a serious competitor of ours to-day, but, if I 

mistake not her spirit, means soon to be. She is not a power to be io--

noredin the great struggle of the nations for commercial and manufac~ unng sup1·emacy. She has nearly 30,000,000 of people, an army · of 

500,000 men, a navy greatly superior to ours, powerful coast defense, 

supports and encourages her merchant marine by bounties and subsidies. 

King H urn bert is one of the most sagacious rulers in all Europe, and 

understanding thoroughly that to make his country prosperous and 

powerful the-people must be employed, he is doing his utmost to encourage manufacturing enterprises, with a success, too, which is little 

known outside his own borders. During ten years the increase shipment of cotton from India to !taly has been 175 per cent., while that 

to England for the same period shows a decided decrease. What are the 

wages? In a government lace factory, employing hundreds of women 

and girls, making the finest thread laces in the world, the earnings 

were from 8 to 12 cents a day. One wom:m, who had worked there for 

forty years, the most skilled in the factory, succeeded in earning 12 

cents a day, as I saw by the pay-roll of the mill. The superintendent 

of a cotton mill near Naples, employing mostly women, told me that 

they were excellent workmen, willing, contented, and cheerful; that 

tliCir wages averaged 20 cents a day, while the men worked for 40. 

In a marble yard I found the earnings to be from 40 to 60 cents a day. 

Forty cents a day was regarded as good pay for an able bodied man. 

In the silk mills 20 cents for women and from 40 to 50 for men 

would secure all the laborers wanted. The farming was done almost 

entirely by women at from 16 to 20 cents a day. I never saw there any 

improved farm implements. Should they be furnished, four out of.five 

of these women could be relieved from out door work and go into the 

mills. Indeed; there seems to be no end to the men and women willing 

to work for the. lowest wages and yet with nothing to do. It is difficult to conceive of a progress in manufacturing which shall create in 

twenty years a demand for labor sufficient to increase to any great ex- tent the wages. 

is a perfect bee-hive. The women make the land blossom like a rose at 

daily wages from 20 to 25 cents. .In the lace factories at Brussels the 

skilled women, who in Italy were earning 12 cents a day, could command 20. In the cotton mills 25 cents a day was regarded as satisfactory wages for women, from 40 to 50 for men. In the iron and steel 

works $4 a week would furnish an ample supply of common laborers, 

w bile skilled labor seldom aver~ged more than $5 or $6. Miners of· on and coal received from $3.75 to $4 a week. 

Mr. GRAY. I hope the Senator will be able to tell us how it is that 

the protective policy there and the system of bounties and subsidies, 

for the obtaining of which he says King Humbert was the sagacious 

promoter, has not operated to raise this scale of wages. 

Mr. FRYE. I did not suppose the Senator would ever ask that 

question. I have heard others ask it a great many times, and I have 

heard England pointed out over and over again as a free-trade country 

that has higher wages than countries with a tariff like Germany or 

Italy. It ought to be as plain as A B C to any man. How did the 

English scale of wages ever get above the scale of wages in France, 

Germany, and Italy? Itgotabovetheirscaleofwageswhen theywere 

all free-trade countries and when England was a protective-tariff coun.:-

try with the very highest kind of a protective tariff, and under that 

protective policy of Great Britain her scale of wages was raised while 

the scale of wages in these free-trade countries was kept down. 

How can a protective tariff increase wages? There is only one way 

on the face of the earth that a protective tariff increases wages, and that 

iR by making. a demand for labor, by building mills and opening mines 

and erecting . furnaces and forges, and thereby creating a demand for 

labor, and the moment labor gets ahead of the supply then your wages 

begin to go up. That is what the protective tariff does for wages; and 

to-day in Germany, in the iron and steel manufactories, they are increasing their wages, and not in the others. Why not? Because even 

under their protective tariff, adopted only in 1879 or 1880, the demand 

has not yet got to be beyond the supply. 

M1·. GRAY. That is your answer? 

Mr. FRYE. That is my answer. Now take Germany. 

GERMANY. 

My conclusion was that the wages in Germany were hardly as high 

as in Belgium. Agriculturallahorers seemed to be plenty at 20 cents 

a day, while women wood-sawyers in the streets of Munich were content with the same. I was told by a German statistician, an investigator of the labor problem, that the cotton-mills, employing mostly 

women, could hire them for anything they pleased to pay, and that 

some corporations without soul were taking ad vantage of this condition 

and paying wages ''atrocious in their meagerness.'' To test the influence of their tariff on wages, a call was made upon 233 establishments, engineering, iron and steel, where, presumably, the highest wages 

are paid, for returns for the years 18i9 and 1886. The responses show 

that the average wages paid before were about 15 shillings a week, and 16 

shillings 6 pence in 1886, while the increase of workmen in these industries was 30,000. The supply of labor still exceeded the demand, 

and the tise had been small. I see that one of our consuls reports the 

average wages of women employed in the German factories to be $2.38 

a week. I am clearly of opinion that he is deceived, that he procured 

these figures from the employers and not from the employed. I am 

entirely confident that one can employ all the women he requires at 

25 cents a day to do any kind of work. 

At Stuttgart, an important manufacturing point, there is an immense 

corset factory and the wages actually paid were not one-third of those 

in a like concern in the United States. The entire product was shipped 

to· this country and invoiceJ at one-half of its market price. Hon. 

Charles P. Kimball, formerly Democratic candidate for governor of 

faine, received the appointment from Mr. Cleveland to the consulship 

at this city. Three months after his arrival he wrote me: ''I came 

here a free-trader; I am now a high protectionist. 'Vith present wages 

in America the attempt to compete with these Germans is absurd. 

Why the wages are a mere bagate1le. Our party should be looking to 

an increase rather than to a decrease in duties." I am quoting this 

letter from memory, but the substance is correctly given. Mr. Kimball paid a first-class coachman 2 marks ( 48 cents) a day and he boarded 

himself. From careful inquiries addressed to our consuls, to gentle- men investigating the labor problem, to employers and employed, ·I am entirely satisfied that the average annual earnings of able-bodied 

men in Germany will not exceed $L15, and of women $85, while the 

agricultural laborers and the women employed in out-of-door work 

earn still less. ENGLAND. 

But England is the free-trader's paradise, and her scale of wages-higher 

than in any continental country, is citea as proof positive that a tariff 

is no protector of wage-workers, forgetting that this Ecale ~a.c; largely 

influenced by the highest kind of protection, regorously enforced by 

England until she believed \:hat her wealth, her machinery, and her 

skilled workmen could control the markets of the world. Neither her 

manufacturers nor her laborers to-day participate in this admiration of 

her fiscal policy. Wages all over Great Britain are low and decreasing. DELGIUM. 

Belgium is a competitor, and ,t{) England a most alarming one. Eighty thousand women are working inhercotton-mills at Manchester 

It for from 30 to 35 cents a day, while the manufacturers are insisting 
622 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 23, 

upon a decrease, 'to enable them to compete with Germany and Belgium. 

Two shillings, and in fuvored localities, two and six-pence a day are the highest wages paid to common ·men laborers, while hundreds of 

thousands can not get work a.t that. I saw, on the magnificent docks 

at Liverpool, thousands of men, hungry-looking men, daily asking for 

work, work at any price, w9rk if only an hour, so thattbey might buy 

bread for their children. The streets of the great cities are full of 

idt men, not willingly so, but from necessity, and great armies of police are required to preserve the peace. She is- to-day supporting in her 

poor houses more than a million of people, and bow many more receive 

outdoor relief no man can tell. Her' silk industry is almost destroyed, 

her cotton is su-ffering, her iron and steel being supplanted by that of 

Germany and Belgium, her ship-building not employing one-half of the 

usual complement of men. I heard Ur. Bradlaugh declare in a speech in Parliament that agriculture was ruined; tba.t half of the farm laborers could get no work; 

that those employed received the pittance of a shilling or a shilling and 

sixpence a da.y. If I should describe the condition of English laborers 

in his words I should be charged with gross exaggeration. This being 

England's condition to-day, what utter nonsense to talk about high 

wages there. I say that men and women there will to-day work for 

what they c&n get, and that the wages actually paid are not more than 

one-half of those paid in our Northern States. 

SCOTLAND. 

Scotland is in no better condition. In Glasgow, where1tfr. Bright 

said forty-one thousand families out of every one hundred thousand 

lived each in one room, the army of the unemployed is perfectly immense, the evidences of pinching poverty horrible. The great works 

on and near that marvelous river, the Clyde, are painfully slack in 

business, ship-building greatly depressed, the most of the iron used, 

until recently mined and worked at home, is now imported from Spain, 

and wages are adjusted by the employers. While I was there all the 

ship-yards, fmnaces, forges, and factories in and for 10 miles around 

the city shut down for an entire week on account of a two-days fair. 

The Langloan iron works, located here, do an immense business, cover 35 acres of land, run seven furnaces, produce 300 tons of iron daily, 

consume in its production 500 tons of coal. The average haul of the 

coal is only 2 miles, and the cost delivered 5s. The average wages 

illustrate the highest paid labor. Skilled workmen are paid from 3s. 

to 7s. a da-y, the large majority nut over 4s; their co.al-miners from 

$5.59 a week to $5. 88, iron-miners from $5.34 to $5.59 per hand, foremen 

from $6.25 to $6.32 a we~k, common laborers from 54 cents to 62 a 

day. I had a curiosity to visit Paisley, 1.""'lowing that the enormous thread mills had their duplicates in our own country, at Newark and 

Pawtucket, run by the same owners. The hands employed there and 

here are nearly all women. The business is such as to require careful 

selection. The operatives were neat in appearance, active, attentive to 

their work, and satisfactory to their employers. Their earnings at the · 

Paisley mills averaged about $2.80 a week. A month or two since I 

was at Pawtucket; found the average weekly wages of the same class 

of workers, on precisely the same work and for the same owners, to be 

nearly $8 a week. Mr. Coates, of the firm, told me that the help in 

Paisley were as active, efficient, and attended to as many machines or spindles as at Pawtucket. It is impossible to find a more reliable and 

faithful illustmtion of the difference in wages in Great Britain and 

America than this. IDELAND. 

It is hard for me to understand how any moderately decent rate of 

wages can prevail in this afflicted country. More than half of the people, men and women, seemed to be entirely out of work. As you ride 

through the country hundreds will follow your carriage, some of them 

for miles, begging for a penny. Agriculture seems praetically dead. 

Ont of the 250,000 tenants of small holdings, 5 acres and less, many, 

if not the most, formerly worked on the farms in England and Scotland 

during each summer, earning and saving enough topaytheirrents, while 

their wives and children cared for the home lot. But now the farm- ers of England and Scotland cannot- employ more than two-thirds of 

their own, so that resource is cut off. In some counties almost h..'llf 

of the inhabitants are now receiving help. Pauperism is fearfully increasing. They raise an abundance of wool, are willing to work for the 

lowest wages, and nearly all their mills are idle. What little cotton 

manufacturing they had seems to have djsappeared, and even the linen 

industry has greatly declined. I hardly see how .any rate of wages 

could be fixed. 

They might depend upou the greed of 'the manufacturer and the 

hunger of the worker. The very best of house servants could be obtained for $1 a week. Flax b11eakers a.<;ked about $4 a week, hacklers 

about the ~me, spinnersand weavers$2 to $2.50. The women at work on the farms, I was told by good authority, were glad of 20 cents a day. Of the countries I visited, the wages in Switzerland and Italy were the lowest, Germany next, then Belgium, then France, while those 

in England were highest. Now, Mr. President, as to the cost of living. A conversation I bad with an American consul will illustrate this. 

The consul had just concluded a report to the State Department with, 

"the cost of living for the laborer here is not half so great as in the 

United States.'' I called his attention to the stat-ement, and asked him 

if beef was any cheaper there? No,wasthereply. Pork? no; ·mutton? 

no; flour? no; butter? no; cheese? no; bacon? no.' !asked him to name some necessary of life that was cheaper. He named clothing. I asked 

him if cotton underwear, such as they used, was cheaper than in America. He admitted it was not. I had already experimented in that, and 

discovered, by paying for it, that it was considerably higher. He, howeve!·, stood by woolen clothing. This I carefully investigated, and _ 

concluded the investigation in Boston on the day of my return. I have 

no hesitation in saying that our machirie ready-made clothing, better 

made, more neatly fitted, can be purchased by the laborer hexe as cheaply as it can be in Great Britain. The consul finally &'\id that I misunderstood the force of his report; that what he m,eant to be understood was that the laborer there did not expend for his living more than one· half as much as he did in the United States. This I readily admit, and . 

am rejoiced that our workingmen ca.n expend twice as much. If, bowever, free-trade policy prevails, they will have an opportunity to compete 

in economy with the laborers abroad. 

On the Continent almost everything consumed by workingmen is-fearfully taxed. It is estimated that in Italy 30 per cent. of the wages are required for taxes. In Hussia, church and state take about one-half. 

In Germany, a Swiss porter without family, without a dollar of property, paid as his tax $17 a year. I saw his receipt. But after all, the 

cost of living to the workman has no bearing at all on the question of 

our ability to compete. It is only significant as to the question, how 

shall he live when free trade has done its perfect wo1:-k and his wages 

have beeu reduced to the European standard. . Now, 1\Ir. President, tbisdi:tferencein thecostoflaborhasbeen becoming more vital every day. In my opinion 10 per cent- protection from 

1830 to 1840 bad as much efficiency as 40 per cent. now. ·why? Fifty 

years ago the countries of the earth were widely apart, communication 

between them slow. uncertain, and dangerous, freights enormously high, 

the profits insisted upon by merchants ~:~,nd manufacturers excessive. 

l\Ir. Bright,•in a speech in Parliament about that time, arguing that 

America as an independent country was a more valuable customer of 

England than she possibly could have been as her colony, said, "on all 

the goods exported to America during the last quarter of a century you 

]la,·e made a net profit of 40 per cent." These conditions and these 

circumstances alone afforded us great protection against their products 

and eifectually weakened the force of their competition. But now all 

these nations are touching elbows, the distances between are of little or no account; in time New York and Liverpool are no further apart than 

New York and San Francisco; in cost of freight not half so far; com- munication is regulqr, certain, constant. 

The great interior cities have been brought close to the seaports by 

railroads. In but a few days' time the bulk of any and all of the products of any one of the nations c..<tn be dumped onto the wharves of 

another. Excessive profits have disappeared. Whether or not there 

shall be any profit to the manufacturer at all depends upon his skill in 

organization, his economy in manufacturing, his immediate appropriation of every improvement in machinery-the largest possible production from any given amount of power. England, fifty years ago, with 

her advantage in machinery and skilled labor, had no fear of the competition of any country, however much cheaper its labor might be, 

while to-day she admits that Germany, and Belgium, and France are 

sorely pressing her. Now, Mr. President, confronted with the living 

facts of to-day, laying aside all fanciful theories, generally founded on error, can this Republic, with all her admitted advantages, compete 

with Great Britain and the nations of the Continent, even in her own 

markets, with labor here from one to two hundred per cent. higher 

than there? It can in only two ways: · First. By enacting into law the policy of protection; that is, nearly 

equalizing labor by a duty. 

Second. By reducing the wages paid our laborers nearly to the level 

of European wages. 

The first method, fortunately, is now no experiment. It has been on 

trial for a quarter of a century and its fruits are known. During 

tba.t time, though foT four years, millions of men were converted from 

producers to destroyers, though lives were sacrificed by the hundreds of 

thousands, though treasure was expended and property destroyed by 

the billions, yet we increased in population a million a year-more 

than England, France, Germany, and Austria combined in the same 

time. We increased in wealth from $17,000,000,000to$43,000,000,000 -a billion a year. Mulhall, the English statistician, no enthusiast 

in our favor, says that this Republic for a quarter of a century has 

laid up every year $885,000, 000-almost half as much as the saving of 

the .whole world. Gladstone says: "England's daughter beyond the 

seas is passing by the mother at a canter," and she passed by her long 

ago-almost distanced her in the race. Mulhall gives the value ofthe 

annual pl;"oduct ot .Great Britain manufactories, mines and forestry, 

$4,500,000,000, an increase since 1850 of 30 per cent . . The same product in the United States, as appears by the census ofl880, was valued 

at $5,500,000,000, an increase since 1860 of 160 per cent. 

Since 1860 our farms have doubled in number, increased in value 

from $6,000,000,000 to over $10,000,000,000, while their product has 

increased from $1,800,000,000 in 1860 to $3, 600,000, 000 in 1880. 

Mr. EDMUNDS. We want to change the balance on to the English 

side. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 

:Mr. FRYE. The.t :is what I have been charging. 

:Mulhall gives the entire product of Great Britain, farms and all, in 

1880, as.worth $6,200,000,000, $172 to an inhabitant; her exportations 

sam.e year Sl,300,000,000, leaving consumed at home· $136 worth to an 

inhabitant. The entire product of the United States for the same year 

was valued at $10,000,000,000, f200 to an inhabitant, and, more significant of prosperity than any other statement, $9,176,000,000 of ih 

were consumed at home. Our home market Consumed more than 

Great Britain's home consumption and exportation combined. Our 

home market disposed of double in value the· combined exports of 

Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Holland and Austria. 

Great Britain has 20,000 miles of railroad, while we have 130,000! 

reaching 2,300 counties of our 44 States and Territories. We have 

grown weak in but one direction, our- foreign carrying trade, which, 

during this period, bas been absolutely without protection; but our 

coastwise fleet has grown to magnificent proportions, three times--as 

large as Great Britain's, five times greater than that of any other 

country. This has been protected by our navigation laws, and yet the 

honorable Secretary of the Treasury can see no reason why they should 

not be repealed. These results,· Mr. President, are terrible blows to 

theoretical free trade, and yet, sir, we have not accomplished al1 that 

we ought the past year. Tl;le completed returns show that we imported 

last year, notwithstanding the "vicious" tariff: 

Iron and steel and their manufactu-res .............. ......... ........................ $54,618,986 

'Vool and its manufactures .................................................................. 60,556,614 

Flax, hemp and jnle manufactures................. ................................... 33,807,283 

Silk manufacturt>'l .... .................. ............... ....................................... 31,264, 277 Cotton manufactures...................................................... ..................... 291500,000 

Total. ..... ..................................................... _. .............................. 209,777,160 

The same returns show that the increased importations of these 

manufactures over that of 18 6 amounted to nearly $25,000,000; that 

the increase came when the duties had been slightly reduced. Now 

nearly all of these manufactures might just as well have be&n produced 

at home, two or three hundred thousand more of our people employed, 

a million more supported, a larger market insured. The most of these 

goods were those in the manufacturing of which labor was the most important element, its cheapness abroad enabling the foreign manufacturer to pay the duty and sell the goods in our market to the exclusion 

of ours. The duties on these products ought, in my opinion, to be increased; but is there a Democrat of all those frantic for the revision of 

the tariff who admits, even in his dreams, that any duty should be 

raised? 

The second met.hod by which competition is possible to us, the reduction of wages to the European standard, I do not care to discuss-aresort to it would destroy our industries, and imperil the Yery life of 

the Republic. It would degrade our laboring men and women, take 

from them all the stimulus of hope and ambition, reduce them to a 

condition worse than that of the foreign worker. They could not live 

as the European lloes, for they have known something better. :Many 

things base become necessities to them and to their families which 

are luxuries elsewhere. And yet free trade would inevitably work 

out this result. 

1\ir. President, what is this tariff which so provokes the hostility of 

the Democratic party; so arouses the warm indignation of the President, and leads him to such vigorous denunciation? 

'!'hey say, first, that it is a cunning device of the Republican party to 

Cc'tre for capital; to protect bloated manufacture1-s; to build up monopolies; to make the rich richer and the poor poorer, and the President 

appeals to the patriotism of these greedy manufacturers to surrender 

some of their ill-gotten gains. Why, sir, bow utterly absurd. The 

capital, the money of this cotmtry needs no especial protection. It is 

amply able to care for itself. lf invested it finds its business unprofitable, it can readily change its investment; if located at one point it 

gains no adequate returns, it can easily locate at another; it may even, 

as it does occasionally, leave the country and build up an industry in 

another; it may avoid all business enterprise, invest-itself in United 

States bonds, where it is perfectly safe and pays no taxes, or in State, 

county,--town, and railroad bonds, or it may deposit itself in national or 

savings banks. But, Mr. President, capital is excessively timid. A 

tariff encourages it to locate itself here at home, to come out from 

banks and bonds, go into factories of wool, cotton, and silk, into machine 

shops, into furnaces and forges, into an active development of the vast resources of this country, thus creating and sustaining a constantly increasing demand for labor, which inevitably results in advancing wages 

for the workman. The tariff does its beneficent work of protection 

where protection most is needed. It guards the laborer here against 

the competition of the cheap wages of Europe. 

Without it as a safeguard, when times were hard, when European 

countries had, as they do every now and then, enormous surpluses of 

manufactured products piled up at home, our markets would be flooded, 

our factories closed, our ktborers out of work, or if business continued 

wages would necessarily suffer a serious reduction. 

Again: Suppose we had free trade, manufacturing in this country 

would not cease. Iron, steel, cotton, wool, and silk would still be 

worked by busy hands, but the hearts. of the workers would no longer 

be buoyant_ with hope, their homes no longer comfortable and happy. 

They must work and weep, or starve. Then, indeed, might monopoly 

becom~ possible, and capital despotic, for the cheaper the wages, the 

more likelihood of the ownership of the worker. 

Mr. President, where are the enormous profits of the manufacturer 

the President. asks them to yield in part? That such were realized, 

both at home and abroad, years ago, I admit, but that day b as gone 

forever. Competition is so fierce tbat the margin for gain is exceedingly 

small. I am personally familiar with the operations of manufacturers 

of fabrics, indeed, live in a city devoted to the business, and I assert, 

without fear of contradiction, that the mannf.'lctnrers of New England 

of cotton, wool, and silk have not for the last fi>e years averaged a net 

profit of over 6 per cent. I assert further that a guaranty to them of . 

such a profit for the next ten years would be eminently satisfactory. 

But, says the President, the tariff raises the prices to consumers by 

precisely the sums paid for such duties, or in other words, a dnty 

is a ta.....:: paid by the purchaser, and yet he may examine the entire list 

of the industries of this country, encouraged and sustained by the protective ta-riff, and not one can be found justifying his proposition, except sugar, and that only because up to now, _for climatic reasons, competition has not done its perfect work. I assert the very contrary, 

that even "the present vicious, iniquit.'tble, and illogical" tariff laws 

have decreased to the consumer the prices of all the products of protected industries, other than sugar, by more than 25 per cent. since 

they have been in force, and if I had time could bring forward io its 

· support hundreds of unimpeachable witnesses. 

lli. EUSTIS. Sugar is cheaper when the tax is highest, it seems. 

Mr. FRYE. That is the general rule. I could bring a good many 

witnesses to that. I only want to bring a few, however. 

Under the encouragement of our tariff, that is a duty of about 58 per 

cent., the manufacture of glass has increased enormously in this country, 

employing thousands of men at good wages, and yet you can buy a foot 

of plate glass to-day for $1 which cost $2.50 in 1860. 

In 1860 salt was free; the price at Chicago was $2 a barreL In 1861 

a duty of 6 cents a hundred was ]aid-later on 24 cents a hundred-and 

in 18 0 it was selling in Chicago for 75 cents a barrel, and now in Michigan for 60 cents. · WORSTED CLOTHS. 

In 1860 there were 3 mills in the country, wages low, business poor, 

production small. We encouraged it with a heavy duty, and in 1883 

we were running 5,000 looms, employing 75,000 workmen, consuming 

50,000,000 pounds of wool, producing 15,000,000 yards annually, with 

a capital of $:!0,000,000. Dnring this time worsted cloths declined in 

price from 35 to 40 per cent. In 1883 the duty was reduced; by a 

vicious construction of the law a gr-eater reduction still was made; now 

one-third of our looms are idle. In 1883 we imported a little less than 

5500,000 worth of these goods, last year nearly $5,000,000. If the 

President succeeds in inducing Congress to still further reduce, all of 

our mills will close, we shall once more import all we need from England, and the prices will go back to those of 1860. 

POTTERY. 

In 1860 pottery carried a revenue duty of 24 per cent. The business 

was insignificant, the wages low; only two or three thousand people 

employed. The Morrill tariff act levied a duty of 40 per cent., subsequently increased to 55, and to-day we make pottery in every St.ate in 

the Union, except Florida, employ an immense force of help, pay wages 

higher than in 1860, and yet as much can be bought now for $2.50 as 

could be then for $4. COTION GOODS. 

The duty on some of the cheaper lines of cotton goods is nearly as 

great as the price of the fabric, and yet they were never furnished to 

the people as cheaply as now. They are retailing in my city at a lower 

price than in Manchester, England. 

SILK. 

Silk manufacture in this country is almost entirely due tO the Morrill tariff act, which laid a duty of over 50 cent. In 1860 only 4,00Q 

workmen were engaged in the business. To-day 40,000 men and 

women are employed; capital invested, $17,000,000; annual pay-roll, 

$9,000,000; product valued at $50,000,000. In New Jersey alone in 

1886 the production of the silk looms was worth $28,000,000, employed 

20,000 people, paying them annua.lly nearly $7,000,000. 

How about the prices? I give the decline as shown by the price 

lists of 1865 and 1882: Per cent. 

!11achine twist............................................. ............................................. 56 Fine silks and scarfs .. ............. ...... ............ ...... ..................... .............. ...... 55 Serges and twilled silks............... ............................................................ 62 Handkerchiefs.......................................................................................... 62 Ribbons.................. .... .......................... .................................................... 54 Laces ................................................................ !....................................... 50 Dress goods •......................................................... ...... ........................... , .. 30 to 35 

Take soda-ash. We use it in enormous quantities in the manufacture 

of glass, soap, and for bleaching pnrpo es. Six years ago we imported 

all we used and paid $48 a ton. A duty was laid on it of one-quarter 

cent a pound. Six hundred thousand dollars of English capital was 

induced to come to Syracuse, unite with an equal amount there, erect an immense factory, which I had the pleasure of visiting a short tiril.e 

sinee. The product of the mill was 150 tons daily, requiring for ita 
.... 

624 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA'I'E. JANUARY 23, 

production 300 ·tons of lime rock, 300 tons of salt, 300 tons of coal, and 

5 tons of ammonia; all, while in the earth, oflittle value, 90 per cent. 

ofthe worth of the manufactured product-being labor. This concern employs directly 750 men; wages average $1.75 a day, while the English wages in the same business average a little less than a dollar. 

How about the price? During the first quarter of their operations in 

1884 the price tell to $45 a ton; the second quarter to $36, while in 

the last invoice I saw, ouly a month or two since, it was a shade less 

than :S30. But why pursue this further? Ten thousand such witnesses 

might be summoned and testify as clearly and convincingly as these, 

and then the free-trader, with the President of the United States, 

championing his cause, would still insist that a duty was a. tax paid 

by the consumer. Well, l\Ir: President, why is it not, and how does a protective tariff decrease the price to consumers? 

The worsted manufacture will illustrate it. We were purchasing all 

of our goods in England; there the price was determined, not here. 

Of course the highest possible was fixed. We imposed a heavy duty 

9n the cloths, and for a brief period prices streugthened, but encouraged 

by this protection capital emerged from the banks, bonds were converted 

illto money, worsted mills were built all over the North until $20,000,-

000 were invested. Then we established the market price, not England. 

Competition at home became a. powerful factor in its determination. 

The mills were. thoroughly reorganized, economy became a science, the - inventive genius of the country was called upon for new and improved 

machinery; it responded generously, as it always does here, the product was doubled with the same power, and the prices continua.Hy fell, while 

the wages of the operatives increased. 

Now, Mr. President, suppose this Administration succeeds in destroying this industry, what will be the inevitable result? 

Home competition will disappear, we shall no longer regulate the 

market; what cloths we need we shall buy abroad. England onc.e more determines the conditions on which we shall buy, and the prices will go back. If, however, all of our industries were equally exposed 

to the pernicious effects of free trade, they might not be destroyed. 

Manufacturing might, and probably would, continue here, but the price 

of it would have to be paid by the poor laborer, in scanty wages, bard 

work, poor living, and destroyed homes. The total extinguishmentof one industry is easy, for its l~borers would not consent to a reduction 

of wages which wonld enable it to live, but would find employment 

in those that survived. The doctrine of the President, that the wages 

of those employed in the protected industries alone are affected is too 

absurd to require refutation. 

But, Mr. President, there is a surplus. What shall be done with 

that? I object to .the surplus just as vehemently as does the President. We need nothing more, and ought to ha.ve nothing more· than a working surplus. Democratic incapacity has afllicted us with this 

evil, and if we are not careful the same incapacity, in providing a remedy for the disease, will, by mistake, administer poison to the patient. The disposition of this surplus does not seem to me a very seri- ous problem. Some of it ought to be wisely expended in the restoration 

of our merchant marine, in the building of a navy, in the erection of 

necessary coast and harbor fortifications, in the education of the people. 

But if the only thing desirable is to stop the inflow of money, that can be easily effected. Not, however, by the method proposed by the President, and indorsed by his Secretary of the Treasury. 

A readjustment or re ision of the tariff can be depended upon to re- duce 1·evenues only by two methods, one by extending the free-list, the 

other by an increase of duties and the consequent discouragement of importations. The latter would provoke the hostility of every free-trader 

in the country, while the former would cripple or destroy many of our industries. There is no middle course, for any reduction of duty less 

than a repeal only tends to invite increased importation, and to insure a greater revenue. The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury 

shows this clearly. By reference to it we find a. small decrease of duty on wool, manufactures of wool, of iron, steel, and silk, while the increase 

revenue in 1887 over 1886 from these .articles alone was $10,908,460. Knit goods fairly illustrate this position. By the act of 1883 the duty 

was reduced 10 per cent., now about 15. During the years 1881, 1882~. 

and 1883, under the old tariff, we imported 1,318,807 pounds, and collected as· duty $1,722,483. . · · 

For the years 1884, 1885, and 1886, under the reduced duties, we imported 3,433,480pounds, an increase of 2,114,573pounds, and there was paid in to the Treasury $3, 617,864, an increase in the revenue from this source of $1,894,881. ,·worsted cloths afford another illustration. The 

act of 1883 made a slight reduction on the wool and on the cloth, but an unjustclassifi.cationresulted in a reduction on the cloths of, I should think, 

from 15 to 20 per cent. What followed? The year before this act took 

effeet our importations of these cloths amounted to a little less than 

$500,000. Thenanincreasecommenced which resulted, las~ year, in an importation of nearly $5,000,000, a decrease of duty of 20 per cent., an increase of revenue of 500 per cent. The same result followed thereduction on yarns, on dolmans, cloaks, and other outside garments, on raw, combing, clothing, carpet wools, and shoddy. 

Now, suppose Congress, in response to the message of the President, 

reduces the tariff along the whole line 20 or 30 per cent. Is not an increase of revenue inevitable? Then, surely, our industries would have 

been crippled for nothing, our laborers sacrificed without compensation, 

our market surrendered without pay. 

But if the earnest purpose is to stop the inflow of money into the 

Treasury, then as the Sena.tor from Georgia [Mr. BROWN] proposes, we can repeal all of the internal-revenue taxes, and it is accomplished. 

The DemocratR and their allies, the brewers and salvou-keepers, need 

not worry so about the temperance sentiment of the counh·y. That iB 

very rapidly crystallizing into the opinion that the tax on spirits ought 

to be repealed, in the best interests of temperance. One of my objections to this proposition is that it would keep from the Treasury too 

much money, that an exigency might arise, as in 1875, requiring the 

reimposition of these taxes, always a difficult thing to do. 

We can repeal the tobacco tax and $30,000,000 will stay in the pockets 

of the people. Repeal the tax on all spirits used in the mechanic arts 

and in manufaotures-ten millions more are provided against. If 

in the list of dutiable articles any can be found the importation of which 

will not compete with a successful production of the like at home, place 

them on the free-list. It seems to me that sugar clearly comes within 

this specification. It has been highly protected for many years, carries 

to-day the heaviest tax of any article necessary for consumption, 78 per 

cent. ad valorem, and yet while its 'use has steadily increased its production in this country has not increased at all in thirty years. It is 

the only protected article illustrating the fidelity to truth of the President's free-trade doctrine. that a duty is a tax paid by the consumer. 

Mr. EUSTIS. Will the Senator allow me a word? 

Mr. FRYE. With pleasure. 

1\Ir. EUSTIS. Does the Senator understand that it is possible for a capitalist to engage in increas:i.llg an industry where that industry is exposed to such violent threats of destruction as are being made year after 

year by the leaders of the Republican party? 

Mr. FRYE. Ur. President, what does the Senator from Louisi3.lla say 

to the threats that have ~een coming from the Democratic party· ever since they have had power in the national House of Representa,tives to 

every single industry in the United States of Amelica, except sugar? 

Mr. EUSTIS. I deny it. 

M:r. FRYE. I served on the Committee of Ways and Means in the 

Forty-fourth Congress when Ferdinand ·wood was chairman, and I was on a subcommittee to revise the t:u:iff, and I say the bill that committee 

finally agreed upon was a menace to every single industry that I know 

of in the counn·y, except rice and sugar. . -

Mr. EUSTIS. Those bills, as I understand them, were for the re- vision of the tariff, and to destroy the inequalities, and what both political parties rlenounced as the iniquities of the tariff. I do not mean to say that the duty on sugar is a protective tax. 

Mr. FRYE. That is what it is for. 

Mr. EUSTIS. If the Senator will allow me a moment to read a,n ex- tract; I do not want to interrupt him--

1\fr. FRYE. - I am nearly through, but I yield. 

Mr. EUSTIS. No; go on. fr. FRYE. I was saying we were in need of money in 1875, and the 

Secretary of the Treasury sent to the House of Representatives a, statement as to the condition of the finances and a request that new taxation should be levied somewhere; and where did we levy it? WfE put a 

duty of 25 per cent. on sugar, because we knew we could get money 

from sugar in the quickest and the most certain way to meet the exigency" of the Treasury. The title of the act is "An act to provide for 

the exigencies of the Government," and that duty of 25 per cent. is still on sugar. Wliere is the exigency? . Ur. EUSTIS. I should like to ask the Senator one question. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from Maine yield to 

the Senator from Louisiana? 

Mr. FRYE. Certainly. 

Mr. EUSTIS. When you increased the duty on sugar by 25 per 

cent. in 1875, was not everything then in this country taxed to the 

highest point, and was not sugar selected be~'tuse it was considered a tax which the people could more cheerfully endure than any other? 

It is a tax which protects the sugar-planter only remotely and incidentally. For every $10 of the tax that is derived from the import 

duty on sugar$9 go into the United States Treasury and $1 to the benefit of the protection of the sugar-planter. Why was that article se- lected if it was not that it could bear taxation more equally and more evenly than any other? 

Mr. FRYE. I told the Senator a moment ago why it was selected. 

It was selected because people were compelled practically from neces- sity to use sugar. We knew perfectly well that the most certain way 

to answer the demands of the hungry Treasury then was to put that 

tax on sugar. We put it there for money and nothing else, not for 

protection, but to relieve the Treasury. What I complain of is not 

that it was put there, but that it is there now, and here is the President 

of the United States declaring that the Treasury is so plethoric that it 

is a standing menace to the Republic itself, and yet that duty of 25 

per cent. stilvremains. 

Mr. President, I would repeal the duty on sugar. I tried my best 

in 1883 when the tariff was under revision in the Senate of the United 

States to get that 25 per cent. off, and then 40 per cent. off, · and nearly 

every Democrat in the Senate voted against my amendments. I asked 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 625 

the Senator from Texas [Mr. CoKE], I remember perfectly well, to 

inform me or the Senate why it was that be, a free-trader, voted 

against every amendment to reduce the duty on sugar, and he replied 

frankly that it was be-eause it was a duty for revenue only. 

:M:r. EUSTIS rose. Mr. FRYE. I decline to be interrupted any further, because I am 

getting very tired. 

:M:r. President, I say I am in favor of taking the duty off sugar n.nd 

giving it. to the people cheap. It is in fact the only duty paid by the, 

consumer, is paid, too, by every family in the country-the only one that 

fails to encourage home production, and in my opinion ought to be repealed. But I would not destroy this industry, feeble as it is, nor would 

I discouTage the present attempts to make sugar from beets or sorghum. 

In the repealing ad I would provide for a direct bounty on every pound 

of sugar produced in this country equivalent to the duty now levied. 

I would make further provision that this repeal should not apply to the 

sugarproductofany country layinganexportduty, nor to sugar brought· into our ports in any vessels other than those of the country exporting 

or our own, nor to such exportation from countries refusing t-o our ships 

in their ports precisely the same treatment in light-bouse dues and other 

charges as we grant to theirs in our ports, or making less f.'lvorable 

terms for the entry of any of our products than are made by it to the 

goods of other countries. 

This repeal would probably reduce our revenues next year $60,000,-

000, and the bounties paid would amount to seven millions more. A 

further reduction would not be safe, for ''exigencies'' are liable to confront us, as they did in 1875. 

If this should be regarded as too radical, resulting in too great a de- crease of revenue, we could reduce the duty on sugar one-half, and then 

it would bear the highest rate imposed on any article of food, except 

rice. If, however, the only purpose is to destroy the protective principle in the tariff, then, of course, the President and his Secretary of the 

Treasury have submitted to Congress a plan absolutely certain of sue-

~~ I 

1\Ir. President, we have a splendid country, perfectly marvelous in 

its possibilities. It ought to lead the world in a lofty, pure civilization, in religion, education, temperance, in the arts, sciences, literature, 

and in material progress. Who of us doubts its glorious future, if only we remember that we are Americans; if only our administration of 

affairs, and our legislation shall be earnestly directed to the promotion 

of the best interests of our people, [Applause iu the galleries.] 

REGULATION OF IMMIGRATION. 

Mr. PALMER. I desire to give notice at this time that I will call 

up a bill now lying-on the table, which was introduced by me, entitled 

a bill (S. 553) to regulate immigration, to-morrow morning imme· 

diately after the morning hour, for the purpose of submitting a few remarks. AID TO COJ.\>fl\ION SCHOOLS. 

The PRESIDENT pro tem]Jore. The Senate, as in Committee ofthe 

Whole, resumes the consideration of the unfinished business, being the 

bill (S. 371) to aid in the establishment and temporarysupportofcom- mon schools, the pending question being on the amendment submitted 

by the Senator from Kansas [Mr. PLUMB] to strike out section 2, and 

insert in lieu thereof what will be read. 

The Chief Clerk read the words proposed to be inserted, as follows: 

SEC. 2. That such money shall annually e divided among and paid out in the several States and Territories and _in the Di.!tl'ict of Columbia, in proportion to their population, respectively, according to the census of 1880: Provided, That ·all of said money remaining undistributed at the date of the publication of the 1·eturns of population as shown by the census of 1890, shall be divided as afore- said in proportion to the population according to said census of 1890. 

Mr. BLAIR. I desire to present some further suggestions in the 

way of testimony showing the necessity of this aid to common schools 

in the Southern States. I have understood that the chairman of the 

Committee on, Appropriations may desire to go on with an appropriation bill; but if he does not, I will proceed with this matter at the 

present time. 

It may be remembered by those who were present at the close of the 

discussion of this bill last Wednesday-other matters have intervened 

and have occupied the attention of the Senate-that one of the Senators from Texas was making some explanation in regard to the difficulty experienced there in the pay of teachers. It will be remembered 

that there was a deficit, or a delay at least, in the pn;yment of teachers, 

t,hat the aggregate amount which was unpaid was something 'like a 

million dollars, andJt was explained by the suggestion that there had 

been a drought in that State, a'nd far the relief of that drought it was necessary that there should be an appropriation of ahout $10,000 worth 

of seeds, and the suggestion was made that this was an uncommon state 

of the country. 

If that was a true explanation there was a million dollars due in the 

wages of teachers and $10, OOOwasnecessarytoprovidefortherelief of the 

drought, and then further a· suggestion was made that this nifficul ty was not one oflong standing; that it came about casually and as a conse- quence of the destitution of moisture inethat State. I have now·in my 

possession a letter from the superintendent of public instruction .for that 

XIX-10 

State upon tbisverypoint, Mr. 0. H. Cooper. It seems that the 'teachers 

and others interested have been applying to him, as to the treasurer 

and other State authorities, to know why it is that the money is not 

ready when the services have been rendered. I read the other day a reply to a letter of one of the county treasurers. This officer, Mr. 

Cooper, is the superintendent for the entire State, and he replies to a teacher writing from Coryell County, who, like others, has not been 

paid: AUSTIN, TEX., Janua1·y 5, 1883. 

DEAR SIR: I have :read with interest your letter of January 2, setting forth the embarrassing a nd vexatious delays which you in common with many other faithful and earnest teachera in Texns suffer year after year in collecting your wages after you have done your work. The cause of this trouble is beyond the l'each of the executive officers of the government. It lies in the defective I.a.ws r egulating the school finances. Let the teachers agitate this subject until our lawmake rs understand t.hat the time ca.n not longer be postponed when the finan- cial administration of the school system must be placed on a sound and correct business basis. Public opinion needs to be enlightened on t-he defects in our school system. 

0. H. COOPER. 

This, from the highest educational authority in the' State, would 

seem to indicate that the explanation of the Senator needed some ex- planation itself. I have here the biennialreportofthesuperintendent 

of public instruction for the year 1886, a :M:r. Bn.ker. It seems he has 

been succeeded by Mr. Cooper, and as bearing on the question of the 

reliability of some of the returns of superintendents and others in the 

Southern States which have been cited as an evidence that the deductions from the census were not to be relied upon, I will introduce what 

he says in criticising the reports that he has to rely upon from the 

counties, for it must be understood that the superintendent of education 

makes up his report from the statistics which are furnished to him by 

teachers and by county and by other officers. At page 11 of the report 

of 1886 Mr. Baker says: 

Another evil consists in the unreliability and, in many instances, absurdity of the statistics furnished by county judges, when furnished at all. 

I ask attention to this in connection with the statistics which have 

been furnished and relied upon so largely from the New York Post, 

which Senators seem to think are to be accepted as a reply to everything that has ever been urged in any of these debates founded on the 

sworn returns of the Government. 

A few specimens cuUed at random udll give a better idea. The official repol'ts 

show that for the scholastic year ending August 31, 1885, Webb County bad an average school term of four hundred days, and t-hat the tuition of the children of that county cost between $20 and $21 per monthWhereas in that State where the highest cost obtains of any in the 

Union, :Massachusetts, that cost has never been fixed at more tban $22 

the entire year, but in \vebb County, Texas, according to their returns, 

it seems the schools cost per month the same amountwhile tuition in Hopkins County only costs 14j cents per month;-

. Twenty dollars and $21 in the other countythat Red River, with a. scholastic population of 4,085 had an average daily attendance of only 43 and a total daily attendance of 199,583; while Runnels County had an average daily attendance of 152 and a. total daily attendance of only 192. 

Grayson County, with a scholastic population of 6,832, had an average daily attendance of only 56, altho-qgh she had 102 schools; and Shelby, with a popu- lation of 2,051, had an average daily attendance of 34. The total daily attendauce is from 100 to 120 times greater than the average daily attendance, but in Liberty County last year they tallied with l:'ach other. The total daily attendance in Montgomery County was 1,801, average daily attendance 1,801, with 533 pupils studying natural philosophy; while Ellis County, with a scholastic population nearly twice as large, had only 12 studying natural philosophy, Travis County only 3, and Austin City 31. Now, if the Legislature of the State were to appropriate enough money for a six monU1s' tern:. at tile same rate as the actualcostofthe Webb County schools for 1884-'85, it would take about$13,000,000. 

Which is more than is expended in all the Southern States, leaving 

out Missouri and :Maryland. 

On the other hand, if the appropriation '"as made on the Hopkins County 

basis, it would only require $89,986.71 to maintain the schools of the State for six months. · 

:1: * * * * 'Nothing approximating a complete diagnosis of our school affairs can be had until the Legislature establishes a school system, and it seems to me thn.t the first step towards the establishment of a system would be the creation of the office of county superintendent of schools, and the complete annihilation of county judges, treasurers, ~tssessors, and boards of examiners as school officers and a merger of their duties into the office of county superintendent. In this officer the State would -have a responsible agent, charged with the duty of keeping accurate accounts, of obtaining thoroughly reliable statistics, and adminis- tel'ing the school affairs of the State honestly, intelligently, and in accordance with the best business methods. 

He goes ou making further nseful suggestions, showing that he is a 

competent officer, and that he realizes the nature Q[ the difficulties he 

has to engage with. He speaks further of the failure o,f officers to make 

reports at all. He says: 

An inspection of the accompanying tables will show that several cou_nty 

judges, county treasurers, city superintendents, and cit.y treasurers have failed to make report-s to this dep~~rtment as directed by law. I have used every ex- ertion to secure these reports. The Legislature can not be accurately informed of the condition of affairs unless the officers of government make prompt and faithful reports to the proper departments. 

He deals with the matter of tax.ation, and in conclusion he says: 

In this eonnection it may be well to state that many districts and committees are practically without school-houses. The schools are being taught in re~ted 

hoqses, in dwellings, in church houses, and public halls. The time has a~n~ed 
626 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J ANU.A.RY 23, 

for looking these matters squarely in the face, and the situation demands pro- vision for present needs and active preparation for future wants. 

The report is for 1886, a late report. It is not one of the obsolete returns; it is since this marvelous reform has taken place, since this entire transformation ! 

1\Ir. COKE. If the Senator will allow me, I will state that every 

Legislature that has met for several years past has been amending and 

, improving the laws on the subject. They ar~ rapidly developing into 

a complete system, and the last report shows that the annual school 

revenues are about$3, 750,000, which is every dollar that is needed when 

the-Legislature shall have perfected our school system as it should be. 

Mr. BLAIR. The Senator stated that three times before. I have 

here the last report of the Commissioner of Education, the report for 

1885-'86. I desire to introduce some matter from this as bearing on 

the alleged statistics which are said to falsify everything that has ever 

been introduced in this debate before. I have taken some tables to be 

found in this report of the present Commissioner of Education, who is 

strongly in favor of the enactment of this bill into a law, basing that 

on his knowledge of the condition of the South, that it is and still continues an actual necessity. This report contains tables which are 

founded upon a principle or idea that I have never seen embodied in 

any other report, and one which most excellently exhibits the actual 

condition of education as it is proceeding throughout the country. 

Assuming that sufficient education is to be obtained in the common 

schools between the ages of six and fourteen inclusive, these tables are 

constructed in such a way as to show the proportion of the attendance 

that actually tookp1ace between those ages, and also including the additional attendance of those who are younger and those who are older, 

and the ratio of that actual and total attendance to the total number 

of those between the ages of six and fourteen. I find that the ratio of 

attendance in 1885 and 1886 to the population between the ages of six 

and fourteen was, in several of the Sta.tes, what I shall proceed to give. 

They have not been able to obtain the returns of all the States, and I 

take those which illustrate the actual situation best. 

I with first, howeYer, to call attention to the fact that in every State 

there will be those attending the schools who are less than six, and 

there will be others attending the schools who are over fourteen years 

of age. In fact, in some of the Southern States it is still the truth that 

colored people, and I think perhaps some of the white people, ar.e attending the schools who have attained their majority. In Alabama 

there are 46.75 per cent., that is to say, less tha:n one-half, including 

all that attend school of the population between six and fourteen. The 

actual attendance is 46.75 per cent. of the number who are there in that 

State between the ages of six and fourteen. 

In Florida-and I call attention to Florida because that is a State 

which bas been contraste~ with New Hampshire, and it has been alleged in statistics which have been cited by the three Senators who have 

argued against this bill, that education is as advanced now in Florida 

as in the State of New Hampshire-in Florida the proportion of all who 

attend school to those between six and fourteen is 50.64 per cent., or 

one-half. In Louisiana it is 33.43 per cent.; that is to say, one-third 

as many attend school as there are those within the State between six 

and fourteen. In Mary land the ratio is 49. 04 per cent., less than half; in 

Mississippi 765.51 percent.; in North Carolina,56.45 per cent.; in South 

Carolina, 52.44 per cent. ; in Virginia, 48.23 per cent. -all about one-half. 

On the other hand, of the Northern Stateswberethe schools have been 

longer established and there is money to support them, in California 

the total attendance compa1·ed to the number of children between six 

and fourteen is 79 22 per cent.; in Colorado, 87.55 per cent. ;.in Connecticut, 75.89 per cent.; in Illinois, 78.11 per cent.; in Indiana, 83.39 

per cent:; in Kansas, -84.89 per cent.; in Massachusetts, 91.06 per cent.; 

in New Hampshire, 88.10 per cent.; in New York, 71.25 per cent.; in 

Ohio, 81.05 per cent.; in-Oregon, 81.67 per cent.; in Pennsylvania, 74.66 

per cent.; in Vermont, 85.59 per cent.; in_ the District of Columbia, 

68.07 per cent.; and in Dakota Territory, 80.82 per cent. 

· 11-11". COKE. What about Texas? 

1\Ir. BLAIR. I tJ;link Texas is not given. There are no returns 

from Texas. 

Now, in the rna tter of expenditure in the several States, as between the 

Northern States and Southern States and the actual necessity for aid, 

it appears that in 1885-'86 in Alabama, with a population of 1, 467,384, 

there was an expenditure of $7 41, 244; in Wisconsin, with a population of 

1,563,423, there was an expenditure of $3,645,160; in Arkansas, with a population of935,058, there was an expenditure of $866,892; in Nebraska, with a populaiton of ~740,645, there was an expenditure of 

~2,350,869; in Louisiana, with a. population of 1,008,951, there was an 

expenditure of $450,030; in California, with a population of 1,001,293, 

there was an expenditure of $3,505,931; in Florida, with a population 

of 338,406, there was an expenditure of $385,800; in Vermont, with a population of 333,155, there was an expenditure of $599,515; in Georgia, 

with a population of 1,694,809, there was an expenditure of $711,990; 

in Iowa, with a population of 1, 766,239, there was an expenditure of 

$4,660,000; in Kentucky, with a population of 1,801,831, there wa-s an expenditur~ of $700,790, while in Michigan, with a population of 

1,912,181, there was an expenditure of $4,332,968; in :Mississippi, with 

a population of 1,237,453, there was an expenditure of $840, 776; in 

Minnesota, with a populationof1,117,798, there was anexpenclitureof 

$2,371,990; in North Carolina, withapopulationo£1,525,341, there was 

an expenditure of$671,116; inKansas, with a population ofl,284,809, 

the expenditure was $3,84.9,017; in South Carolina, with a population 

of 1,085, 789, there was an expenditureof$425,903; in Connecticut, with 

a population of 670,807, there was an expenditure of $1, 7.91,666; in 

Tennessee, with a population of 1, 723,996, there was an expenditure of 

$1,047,223, while in Massachusetts, with a population of 1,942,141, 

there was an expenditure of $7,151,075; Indiana, with a population of 

2,061,008, spent $5,214,198, while Texas, with 2,027,895 population, 

expanded $2,166,633. 

I have here massed together the school expenditures for 1885 and 

1886 in most of the Southern States. I do not know but that I have 

them all. Here is the list. I have all with the exception of Missouri, 

Maryland, and Delaware. Missouri has a large fund, and her expenditure, I think, is nearly $5,000,000 yearly. This report makes the entire 

expenditure for all school purposes throughout the country $111,304,-

927. That is much the largest estimate I have ever seen. I do not 

know whether it can be authenticated. I hope it is as much as that. 

It is variously estimated at from about$90,000,000 up to this amount. 

In the States which I have enumerated here, Alabama, Arkan as, Florida, Georcia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and '-tV est Virginia, the . to till 

reaches $11,497,574. 

Mr. COKE. I ask the Senator if that is based on the last census? 

1\lr. BLAIR. The figures I am giving now? 

1\f.r. COKE. Yes, sir. 

Mr. BLAIR.- I am not giving the population. I ~m giving the expenditures. That ·can be easily ascertained by comparing the table 

with the census returns. 

Mr. COKE. I call the Senator's attention to the fact that the amount 

put down as having been expended by Texas is a million dollars less 

than shown by the statement of Mr. Cooper, the superintendent. 

1\lr. BLAIR. I do not know how that may be. These are returns 

made the last year, 1885-'86. _ Is the Senator aware of any great increase of taxation in Texas by one-third the present year? 

Mr. COKE. My colleague some days ago read a letter from the comptroller of Texas, in which he stated that the adual annua,l school fund 

for the last scholastic year was $3,700,000. Where does the table the 

Senator read come from? 

Mr. BLAIR. That is taken from the last reports of the superintendents of public instruction. Does the Senator give any reason why the 

teachers are not paid, the letter of the superintendent showing that a 

million dolJ::ns nearly is behindha~d now? 

Mr: COKE. The reason of that has been explained to the Senate. 

Perhaps the Senator has forgotten it. 

Mr. REAGAN. I had not heard any complaint as to the non-payment of teachers when I sent to the comptroller for the amount of the 

school fund. 

Ur. BLAIR. I will simply say in reg::trd to this matter in Texas 

that I do not want this to degenerate into an interstate controversy. I 

suppose that the State of Texas is doing what it can, and I find no 

fault; but I do state that the· Senators fail to appreciate the actual difficultjes with reference to the education of their own population, and I 

submit these figures, these complaints, and the fact that at least twice 

the teachers of the State in convention have resolved strongly and earnestly for the enactment of this bill into a law on the ground that funds 

are necessary in Texas. I do submit those facts to the consideration 

of the Senate. • 

I was about to give the expenditure in the States which I enumerated 

in the year 1885-'86, being the last returns that are available to us. 

Those States contain ove~ 17,000,000 population, not one-third, but 

nearly one-third of the population of this country; and it is a wellknown fact that, relatively, population from natural causes is increasing more rapidly in the South than in the North, so that I .think it is 

no more than fair to presume that at least one-third of the educatable 

population of the country is to be found in the States which I have 

enumerated, and the aggregate of expenditures, according to these latest returns in those States, is $11,497,574, while the total expenditure 

for the whole country is $111,304,927, all these returns coming from 

the same authority. It should be understood still further--

Ur. REAGAN. Will the Senator allow me one moment? 

Mr. BLAIR. Very well. • 

1\Ir. REAGAN. I only want to call the Senator's attention to the 

fact that in some of the States be enumerated there are laws which 

authorize localities, school districts, to vote moneys by taxation for 

school purposes. . 

1\fr. BLAIR. The table includes all those. 

l'llr. REAGAN. I do not know whether the estimates he has presented embrace what the people tax themselves for by vote in the school 

districhs, which amounts to a very large sum of money each year. 

Mr. BLAIR. It does, · and I understand this table includes the en· 

tire expenditure from all sources of which returns are available. 

Mr. REAGAN.. If that is the table furnished by the superintend· 

ent of public instruction for tke year 1884-'851 then I will state to the 

Senator that it does not embrace those items. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-HOUSE. 627 

Mr. BLAIR. I understand it to embrace them, and the Senator will 

find it so. With reference to the condition of Louisiana I find a. quotation from 

Governor McEnery, which I will read, in addition to that which has 

already been placed in the possession of the Senate relative to the con- dition of education in that State. He sa-ys in an address very lately: 

With an increasing population illiteracy increases in ratio greater than the i11c1·eased population. And this is particularly true of this State, for every year we are drawing from the illiteracy of South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama by the introduction of colored laborers. This illiteracy among the masses has not escaped my attention. In the address I delivered before the State Educational Society, at-Monroe, in August, 1885, I said: "We will have to go beyond the common school and the university, among the masses of the people and educate them, first, as to the necessity for the es- tablishment of public schools, the sacrifices to be made for this purpose, and show that it is the best ill vestment that the people can make-leading to econ- omy in governm~t, the lessening of crime, the creatiOn of new industries, the accumulation of wealth, and the decrease of taxation; and educate them, sec-- ondly, to the proper understanding of the rights and duties of citizenship, the functions of government, and the appreciation of free institutions. I am safe in saying that not one-half of the voting population of Louisiana have any knowl- edge whatever of these subjects, yet they are eligible to the-highest office ill the State, sit as jurors, and determine questions affecting property, liberty, and life." 

And further, to the same effect, I wish now to read from the report 

of the Commissioner of Education for the year last pre-ceding, on the 

·illiteracy of the .SOuth and the necessity of national aid. I will send 

this to the desk to be read. 

The Chief Clerk read as follows: 

TEACHERS FOR COLORED SCHOOLS. 

The South also suffers particularly from the want of qualified teachers in the elementary schools. In his report to the trustees of the Slater fund, "Dr. Hay- good, the general agent, writes as follows: "1\Iany of the teachers in t~e colored public schools are pitiably incompetent- the statement need not be qualified by the word 'colored,' if we were consid- ering the whole case of the public schools in the Southern States. Many of them lack not only scholarship and training, but moral character. As a rule, there is good reason to believe that they do the best they can ; not a few of them do admirably well; some do their work so efficiently and usefully as to justify the belief that the colored people are capable of furnishing fit material for mak- lDg teachers of the most approved quality. The defects of these colored teachers are so great as to create an urgent necessity for training bett~r ones; their ex- cellences and their successes are sufficient to justify the best hopes of success in the effort, and to vindicate the judgment of those who make large investments of money and service to give to colored students opportunity for thoroughly 

preparing themselves for the work of teaching the children of their people.'' 

As I have before stated, the provision for training teachers continually in- creases, but it is far below the requirement, and only a small proportion of the well-trained teachers go into the rural districts, which, with their short terms, miserable school-houses, and utter lack of appliances, offer no inducement to competent teachers. While both races are affected by these drawbacks, it is the c~lored people whose welfare is most seriously threatened. In my judg- ment there is no graver problem before us than the adequate and appropriate 

training of these people, who, after years of servitude, were suddenly invested with the rights and duties of citizenship. They require a training specially 

adapted to their wants, a training in which the moral and industrious aptitudes shall receive equal attention with the illtellectual. These conditions are well understood; the methods, the subjects of instruction, the material appliances 

required for the development of the colored population of the South have been fully considered, and I am satisfied that if the means were forthcoming the work would go rapidly forward to satisfactory results. · 

ILLITERACY IN THE SOUTH. 

The fact of steady progress in the educational system of the South has given rise to the belief in many quarters that the deficiency in the means of public edu- cation which existed in that section at the close of the civil war has been very nearly overcome, and that the States in question are amply able to rid them-· selves of the evils of illiteracy, which made such an alarmillg showing in the census of 1880. _ 

On account of this erroneous impression, which some find it for their interest to foster, it is to be regretted that we have not from all of the Southern States more recent statistics than those of 1880, setting forth the various conditions by which literacy and' illiteraey are determined. In accordance with the law of Virginia, during the months of.June and July, 1885, a census was taken in that State of all persons residing within the school districts between the ages. of five and twenty-one years. This census enables us to form the following compari- sons with the showings of the United Sta.tes census of1880: Census of 1880.-Populat.ion 10 to 20, both inclusive: White, 205,360; unable to write, 43,688; percentage, 21. Colored, 160,338; unable to write, 101,320; per- centage, 63. 

' Oensus of 1885.-Population 10 to 20, both inclusive: White, 212,524; unable to read, 26,374; percentage, 13. Colored, 136,975; unable to read, 55,368; percent- age, 40. Census of 1885.-Population 7 to 15 years of age: White, 189,382; unable to write, 

72,492; percentage, 38. Colored, 145,663; unable to write, 98,132; percentage, 67. Of the white population between 7 and 15 years of age who <:ail not write, 

29,846, or 15.7 per cent., are between 10 and 15 years of age, and of the colored population, 50,705, or 34.8 per cent. The State census of 1885 does not give pre- cisely the same data as the United States cens'.lS, inability to write having been made in the former the test for persons between 7 and 15 years, and ill the latter for those between 10 and 20. _It can not, however, escape notice that the pro- portion of illiterates between 7 and 15 years of age in 1885 is greater than the proportion between 10 and 20 in 1880 ; alsd that the number of colored illiterates between 10 and 15 years in 1885 bears to the colored population between 7 and 15 a larger ratio than that of the colored illiterates between 10 and 20 years of age to the colored population between those years in 1880. The corresponding 

comparison for the whites illdicates a slightly more favorable condition illl885. With respect to this census Hon. R. R. Farr, the State superintendent says: "The percentage of illiteracy of each class and sex is given, and afford; a curious study, and admonishes us that it will take a steady and persistent fight to meet and overcome the army of illiterates which is embraced within the school pe- riod, to say nothing about those who are under the prescribed age, and who will soon require school facilities. We know of no way to generally remove the illiteracy of our adult population; as a rule that will stand as a canker in the bodypolitic, a source of much danger and of inestimable losstotheState. But there is every reason why the State and nation shoud remove the illiteracy from our young generation by furnishing ample school facilities for all the different classes and conditions of the present and future school population and then by some practicable metl10d compel them to acquire at le:l.St the rudiments of a common education. The safety and progress of the State and nation demand 

this, to say nothing of humanity and religion. It is not remarkable that the percentage of illiteracy of the colored school population is so much greater than that of the white. The one is the offspring of an ancestry of illiteracy, and con- sequently without an.y opportunity of home training; the other, the descend- ants of an intelligent and refined people, surrounded by all those home influ- ences which are snch potent factors in the education and elevation of a people. It may be safely assumed, as a rule, that all the education, be it ever so little, that is possessed by the colored school population has been derived from one class or another of public education; and when we remember that in this Stat~ 

they have only had the advantage of some fifteen years' school facilities, their progress is wonderful, deserving of the highest praise, and shows con4:)lusively that they have the capacity to acquire an education, and that all they need is fair school facilities to enable them soon to remove the burden of their illiter- acy from the body-politic." 

It should be remembered in this connection that Virginia is one of the most favored of the States included ill the table before us. In density of population it is surpassed by two of those St-ates only,.ill the amount of taxable property 

by four, and in the amount of school income by two. The school system has been administered by superintendents of great energy, and the teaching force includes an unusually large proportion of qualified teachers, from all of which it may: be inferred that Virginia is making a,s rapid progress in the struggle 

against illiteraey as any one of the Southern States. 

:M:r. BLAIR. I am now willing to give way to a motion to proceed 

to the consideration of executive business, as I understand that is desired by many Senat-ors. 

EXECUTIVE SESSION. 

Mr. EDMUNDS. With the permission of my friend from New Hampshire, I move that the Senate proceed to the consideration of executive 

business. 

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the consideration of executive business. After twenty-two minutes spent in ex- ecutive session the doors were reopened, and (at 4 o'clock and 12 minutes p.m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Tuesday, January 

24,18881 at 12 o'clock m. 

NOMINATIONS. 

Executive nominations received by the Senate the 23d day of January, 1888. 

DISTRICT ATTORNEY. 

John Blair Hoge, of the District of Columbia,, to be attorney of the 

United States for the District of Columbia, in the place of Augustus S. 

Worthington, whose commission expires January 23, 1888. 

FISH cmrniSSIONER. 

Marshall McDonald, of the District of Columbia, to be Commissioner 

of Fish and Fisheries, as authorized by an act of Congress approved 

January 20, 1888. POSTMASTERS. 

John W. Ross, to be postmaster at Washington, in the county of 

Washington and District of Columbia, in the place of Frank B. Conger, 

whose commission expired :i)ecember 20, 1887. 

John H. Currey, to be postmaster at Nashville, in the county of Davidson and State of Tennessee, in the place of Anna B. Cheatham, deceased. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

1\foNDAY, January 23, 1888. 

The House met at 12 o'clock m. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. W. 

H. MILBURN, D. D. • 

The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday was read. 

Mr.· CRISP. Jl,fr. Speaker, it appears from the Journal as read by the 

Clerk that the gentleman from West Virginia [Mr. HOGG] entered a motion to reconsider the vote by which the previous question was 

ordered. I want to say, sir, I think there is some mistake about that. 

The gentleman from West Virginia, as the Journal states, moved to reconsider the vote by which the substitute offered by the gentleman from 

Iowa [Mr. LYMAN] was rejected. The Chairatthemoment permitted 

him to do so, but subsequently, upon reflection, stated that the motion 

would not then be in order. Watching, as I think vigilantly, the proceedings, I failed to hear any motion upon the part of the gentleman 

from West Virginia that the vote ordering the previous question should 

be reconsidered. 

The only purpose I have in making this statement is that I should 

have objected to such a motion if made. Gentlemen here around me did not hear the motion, and the first knowledge I had that such a motion was submitted, or was admitted, was on reading the RECORD 

of yesterday morning, and gentlemen will see upon an examination 

what it contains. I say the only object I have in calling attention to 

it is, that I can not be deprived of tbe privilege of objecting to the 

motion to reconsider that vote on the ground that the execution of 

the order of the House, in ordering the previous question, had been 

partly carried out, and that therefore, under well-established ·rules, it 

could not be reconsidered.· 

I will not make a question on the Journal if the Chair understands 

the rule as I do, that the mere entering of the motion to reconsider 

would not preclude any point of order being made upon .it whenever it 

is sought to be acted upon. I do not want, of course, to get up any 

issue about the Journal, and I merely call attention to the point.