[ DO NOT PUBLISH] 

## In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________
No. 21

- 14133
Non

- Argument Calendar

____________________
MICHAEL EDWIN HARDING,
Petitioner

- Appellant,

versus UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Respondent

- Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No s . 2:18

- cv

- 14359

- RLR , 2:15

- cr

- 14057

- RLR

- 1 USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 1 of 182 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133

____________________ Before J ORDAN , L AGOA , and H ULL , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Michael Harding is a federal prisoner serving a life sentence after pleading guilty to distributing and possessing child pornography (Counts 1

- 4 ) and nolo contendere to attempting to coerce a minor to engage in sexual activity (Count 5) and producing child pornography (Count 6)

. Harding appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C

. § 2255 motion to vacate his convictions on Counts 5 and 6 on grounds that his plea

- stage attorney rendered ineffective assistance

. 1 This Court gran ted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on
two issue s: (1) “[w] hether the district court violated Clisby v. Jones
, 960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir. 1992), by failing to address specifically Harding’s claim that his plea was involuntary because his attorney did not advise him that he could be subject to post

- incarceration civil commitment ”; and (2) “[ r ] egardless of any potential Clisby
error, w hether Harding’s attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to advise him that his nolo contendere plea could result in post

- incarceration civil confinement, and, if so, whether that ineffective assistance prejudiced him .” After careful review of the record and briefs , we find no Clisby error and affirm the district

1 In the district court, Harding withdrew his § 2255 motion as to Counts 1 through 4 and clarified that he sought to vacate only his nolo contendere plea as to Counts 5 and 6

. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 2 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 3 court’s denial of Harding’s ineffect ive assistance claim as to Counts 5 and 6

. I. BACKGROUND
A. Offenses and Indictment In 2015, federal agents investigated Harding, a police officer in Port St. Lucie, Florida, for posting images of child pornography to a Kik Messenger chatroom. A subsequent search of Harding’s residence revealed a thumb drive containing hundreds of still images and videos of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct with other minors and adults. Pertinent to Counts 5 and 6, a gents also search ed a cell phone tak en from Harding’s nightstand and found, among other things, messages with other individuals about engaging in sexual activity with minors. B etween August and September 2015, Harding had conversations with an individual, identified as “daddydearaimee
, ” in which Harding claimed to have engaged in sexual activity with his nine

- year

- old stepdaughter. Harding and daddydeara i mee discussed exchanging their minor children for the purposes of engaging in sexual acts with them. In interviews, Harding ’s two stepdau ghters, aged nine and five, both said Harding had engaged in sexual activity with them.
Additional forensic examination of Harding’s cell phone uncovered a thumbnail image
, created in November 2014
, when a video was recorded on the phone. The thumbnail image depicted Harding’s then eight

- year

- old stepdaughter performing oral sex on Harding. In his chats, Harding had discussed the video and said he USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 3 of 184 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 had deleted it because he feared getting caught. A sex toy found with the thumb drive at Harding’s residen ce was determined to contain the stepdaughter’s DNA. In a second superseding indictment, a federal grand jury charged Harding in Counts 1 through 3 with distribution of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and (b)(1) ; in Count 4 with possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252 (a)(4)(B) and (b)(2); in Count 5 with attempting to entice a minor to engage in sexual activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b); and in Count 6 with production of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251( a) and ( e). B. Plea At a pretrial status conference, the parties advised the district

court that Harding planned to enter an open plea of guilty to Counts 1 through 4 . Defense counsel explained that Harding wanted to plead nolo contendere to the remaining two counts because the state of Florida was preparing to charge him with multiple counts of capital sexual battery based on Harding’s conduct with his stepdaughters , and Harding did not want to admit facts that could be used against him in his state criminal proceedings.
T he district court expressed confusion about why Harding wanted to enter a nolo contendere plea when his advisory guidelines sentence would likely be life imprisonment . D efense counsel explained tha t the state charges carried mandatory life sentences, and, in defense counsel’s view, a nolo contendere plea USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 4 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 5

to Counts 5 and 6 gave Harding a better chance of defending himself against those charges. At a February 2016 plea hearing, Harding entered an op en plea of guilty to Counts 1 th r ough 4 and of nolo contendere to Counts 5 and 6

. The factual basis for Count 5 was Harding’s conversations with daddydearaimee about exchanging their minor children for the purposes of engaging in sexual activity

. The fac tual basis for Count 6 was the deleted video recording of Harding engaging in sexual activity with his minor stepdaughter. Before accepting Harding’s pleas, t he district court reviewed, among other things, the minimum and maximum penalties for each count
, including a maximum of life imprisonment as to Count 5 ; that Harding’s guidelines sentence could be up to life imprisonment ; and that because of the nature of Harding’s convictions, he would be subject to substantial restrictions on where he could live, work, and associate if he were released. Harding indicated that he understood all of these things. The district court did not discuss with Harding the possibility that he could face civil commitment upon release.
C

. Sentencing and Direct Appeal

At Harding’s May 2016 sentencing hearing, the district court determined , without objection, that under the Sentencing Guidelines, Harding’s total offense level was 43 and his criminal history category was I, which yielded an advisory guidelines range of life imprisonment. Defense counsel asked the district court to vary downward from the advisory guidelines sentence of life and USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 5 of 186 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133
impose a 360

- month sentence. The district court imposed a total life sentence comprised of 240

- month terms on Counts 1 though 4, a l ife term on Count 5, and a 360

- month term on Count 6, all to be served concurrently. On direct appeal, Harding argu ed
, inter alia , that his plea was involuntary because the district court did not mention during the plea colloquy that he would be required to register as a sex offender and subject to other restrictions under state and federal sex

offender registration laws. United States v. Harding , 696 F. App’x 955, 957 (11th Cir. 2017). This Court reviewed Harding’s challenge to the plea colloquy for pl ain error, found none, and affirmed his convictions and sentences. Id. at 957

- 5 9

. D

. Current § 2255 Motion
On September 4, 2018 , Harding, pro se , docketed the present § 2255 motion raising eight claims for relief, including several claims of ineffective assistance of his defense counsel in the district

court

. Relevant to this appeal , in Ground Two Harding alleged
, under penalty of perjury, that his counsel : (1) failed to properly advise him as to the a pplication of the Sentencing Guidelines, which resulted in a n advisory guidelines range of life imprisonment and misadvised him that he would receive no more than a thirty

year sentence ; 2 and (2) fail ed to advise him that his guilty and nolo

2 The ineffective assistance claims raised in the first part of Ground Two are outside the scope of the COA and are discussed only for context. See Murray v. United States , 145 F.3d 1249, 1251 (11th Cir. 1998) (explaining that “appellate review is limited to the issues specified in the COA”). USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 6 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 7

contendere pl eas “would subject him to mandatory registration as a sex offender and possible indefinite civil commitment

. ” 3 Harding also stated under penalty of perjury that had his defense counsel advised him that he would be subject to possible indefinite civil commitment, he would not have entered his plea s and would have insisted on going to trial.

E. Evidentiary Hearing A magistrate judge appointed Harding new counsel and held

a two

- day evidentiary hearing on Ground Two
, as it pertained to Counts 5 and 6. The majority of the hearing centered on the first part of Ground Two
, which challenged counsel’s pre

- plea advice about the possible length of Harding’s sentence. Both Harding and his former defense counsel testified a t the hearing. Harding testified that his trial counsel discussed the Sentencing Guidelines with him, told him he was looking at a sentence in the thirty

- year range , and advised him there was no way he would receive a life sentence . Harding said he would have insisted on going to trial i f he had known his advisory guidelines

sentence would be life imprisonment even with a three

- level reduction in his offense level for acceptance of responsibility

. Defense counsel, on the other hand, testified that a few months before the plea hearing, h e had advised Harding that his

3 The federal civil

- commitment statute a uthorizes the Attorney General to detain a person released from the custody of the Bureau of Prisons if, after a hearing, the person is found to be “sexually dangerous

. ” 18 U.S.C. § 4248

. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 7 of 188 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 guidelines sentence would be life but that he did not believe the judge would impose a life term. Defense counsel described Harding’s case as “very difficult” and not “ a good trial case” given the government’s evidence and said that if the jury believed the thumbnail image on Harding’s phone was of Harding having sex with his stepdau ghter , “it would be a very short verdict in this case.”
Defense counsel explained that “one of the major driving considerations” in Harding’s case was the imminent state charges

. Defense counsel advised Harding that pleading guilty to Counts 5 and 6 would be an admission that could be used against him in his state case, which was something Harding “wanted to avoid at all costs.” Defense counsel’s strategy was to put Harding “in the best light possible” at sentencing by pleading nolo contendere to Counts 5 and 6 and seeking a downward variance from the advisory guidelines sentence of life ba sed on “some very good mitigation.” Defense counsel testified that he explained this strategy to Harding, who understood it and agreed that “the better choice was to enter a plea” of nolo contendere to Counts 5 and 6 rather than go to trial.
At the hear ing, Harding testified that, based on his experience as a police officer, he knew convicted sex offenders are required to register and have mandatory reporting requirements

. However, at the hearing, no evidence was presented about what Harding knew, or wh at advice defense counsel gave or did not give him, about the possibility of post

- incarceration civil commitment

. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 8 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 9 Nor did Harding testify that he would have insisted on going to trial had he been advised of the possibility of civil commitment

. F

. Denial of Harding’s § 2255 Motion The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”)
, recommending that Harding’s § 2255 motion be denied in full. The R&R described Harding’s Ground Two as whether “counsel failed to advise him that a plea wo uld subject him to a possible life sentence and to mandatory registration as a sex offender and possible indefinite civil co mmitment .” With regard to civil commitment, the R&R noted that Harding relied on this Court’s decision in Bauder v. Department of C orrections , 619 F.3d 1272 (11th Cir. 2010). In Bauder , this Court held that defense counsel’s affirmative misadvice

— that a state defendant’s conviction would not subject him to Florida’s civil commitment statute

— was deficient performance under Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 (1984). 619 F.3d at 1274

- 75. In recommending that “this portion of Claim 2 should be denied,” the R&R noted, inter alia , that Harding, as the movant, had the burden to prove his ineffective assistance claim, but had “not put on any testimony that he received any misadvice regarding any indefinite civil commitment or registration as a sex offender.” As to the life sentence portion of Claim 2 , the R&R discredited Harding’s testimony and credited trial counsel’s USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 9 of 1810 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 testimony that h e advised Harding of the potential life sentence and thus “did not misadvise [Harding].” 4
O ver Harding’s objections , t he district court adopted the R&R and denied his § 2255 motion.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Clisby Error As already noted, this Court granted a COA on whether the district court committed Clisby error by failing to address Harding’s claim that his attorney did not advise him that he could be subject to post

- incarceration civil commitment

. Under Clisby v. Jones , district courts must res olve all claims for relief raised in a habeas petition prior to granting or denying relief. 960 F.2d 925, 936 (11th Cir 1992) (en banc); see also Long v. United States , 626 F.3d 1167, 1169 (11th Cir. 2010) (explaining that under Clisby , “any and all cogni zable claims” should be included when conducting a merits review). A claim for relief “is any allegation of a constitutional violation,” and “an allegation of one constitutional violation and an allegation of another . . . constitute two distinct claims f or relief, even if both allegations arise from the same alleged set of operative facts.” Clisby , 960 F.2d at 936. If the district court fails to address all claims prior to issuing judgment,

4 The R&R also determined that even if Harding had been misadvise d that he faced only a thirty

- year sentence , Harding had not shown any prejudice because , during his plea colloquy, the district court advised him of the potential life sentence
, and Harding “acknowledged that possibility.” USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 10 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 11 we “will vacate the district court’s judgment without prejudice and remand the case for consideration of all remaining claims.” Id. at 938. Consistent with Clisby , t he district court must “facilitate meaningful appellate review by developing adequate factual records and making sufficiently clear findings as to the key issues.” Long , 626 F.3d at 1170. “[R]eformulat[ing]” or “reframing” a movant’s claim is permissible, s o long as the district court “get[s] to the root of the problem.” Senter v. United States , 983 F.3d 1289, 1294 (11th Cir. 2020). We review de novo the legal question of whether the district court violated the rule in Clisby

. Dupree v. Warden , 715 F.3d 1 295, 1299

- 1300 (11th Cir. 2013).

Here , the district court did not commit Clisby error. The R&R, adopted by the district court, addressed each alleged failure by defense counsel asserted in Ground Two, including Harding’s claim that his defense counsel fai led to advise him of the possibility of civil commitment upon his release from prison. The district court correctly identified th is claim and specifically addressed Bauder , the precedent Harding relied on for his civil commitment claim. By analyzing the civil commitment claim under Bauder , the district court reached “the root of the problem.” See Senter , 983 F.3d at 1294

. While the district court discussed Harding’s claims about

sex

- offender registration and civil commitment together in the same subsection, it concluded as to both claims that Harding failed

to carr y his evidentiary burden as the § 2255 movant because he USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 11 of 1812 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 did not testify about defense counsel’s “mis advice ” as to either mandatory sex

- offender registration or the possibility of civil commitment

. This finding is sufficient ly clear to permit meaningful appellate review. See Long , 626 F.3d at 1170. In sum, the district court’s resolution of Harding’s civil

commitment ineffective a ssistance claim, while brief, was sufficient to comply with Clisby . We therefore turn to the merits of Harding’s claim that his defense counsel was ineffective by failing to advise Harding of the risk of civil confinement

. B. Ineffective Assistance Genera l Principles A movant under § 2255 bears t he burden to prove he is entitled to relief. Beeman v. United States , 871 F.3d 1215, 1222 (11th Cir. 2017). To show ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show both that: (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, meaning i t fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced his defense, that is, there was a reasonable probability that the results of the proceeding woul d have been different absent counsel’s errors. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687

- 88, 694

. In reviewing a denial of a § 2255 motion, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Tribue v. United States , 92 9 F.3d 1326, 1328 n.2 (11th Cir. 2019). Likewise, whether a movant’s counsel is ineffective is “a mixed question of law and fact” subject to de novo review. See Holladay v. Haley , 209 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2000). We may affirm the denial of a § 225 5 motion o n any ground supported by USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 12 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 13 the record, regardless of the ground stated in the district court’s order or judgment

. Beeman , 871 F.3d at 1221.
Strickland ’s familiar two

- pronged test applies to whether counsel provided ineffective assistance in connection with the defendant’s plea. Riolo v. United States , 38 F.4th 956, 967 (11th Cir. 2022)

. As to the first prong, the defendant must show his attorney’s rep resentation in the guilty plea context fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Id. T his Court has held that defense counsel ’s affirmative mis representation during plea negotiations that the defendant’s no contest plea would not subject him to post

incarceration civil commitment constituted constitutionally deficient performance. Bauder , 619 F.3d at 1274

- 75 (relying on Padilla v. Kentucky , 559 U.S. 356 (2010), which held that attorneys must advise clients when their guilty pleas are likely to result in removal from the United States )

. As for the prejudice prong
, the movant “must show that there i s a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52, 58

- 59 (1985) ; see also Diveroli v. United States , 803 F.3d 1258, 1263 (11th Cir. 2015). “Moreover, to obtain relief on this type of claim, a [movant] must convince the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain would have been rational under the circumstances.” Diveroli , 803 F.3d at 1263 (quotation marks omitted)

. However, t he Supreme Court has admonished courts to

“ no t upset a plea solely because of post hoc assertions from a defendant USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 13 of 1814 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 about how he would have pleaded but for his attorney’s deficiencies. Judges should instead look to contemporaneous evidence to substantiate a defendant’s expressed preferences.” Lee

v. United States , 582 U.S. 357, 369 (2017) (emphas es added) . Thus, “[t]he defendant’s own conclusory after

- the

- fact assertion that he would have accepted a guilty plea, without more, is insufficient to satisfy the first prong of the prejudice test.” United States v. Smith
, 983 F.3d 1213, 1222 (11th Cir. 2020) (emphasis added) (quotation marks omitted ) ; see also Diaz v. United States , 930 F.2d 832, 835 (11th Cir. 1991) (concluding petitioner failed to establish prejudice where he offered only “after the fact testimony concerning his desire to plead”)

. B ecause the Supreme Court’s Lee decision is particularly instructive as to contemporaneous versus post hoc assertions, we briefly summarize it

. In Lee , the defendant, a lawful permanent resident of 35 yea rs, was primarily concerned with whether a criminal conviction would affect his immigration status. 582 U.S.
at 360

- 61. Lee’s attorney assured him, incorrectly, that his guilty plea to possession of ecstasy with intent to distribute would not result in h is deportation. Id. at 361

- 62

. Because Lee “had no real defense to the charge
, ” going to trial would have been very risky. Id. at 360

- 61. B ased on his attorney’s assurances that he would not be deported
, Lee decided to accept a plea deal to obtain a l ighter sentence than he would have faced had he gone to trial. Id. at 360

- 61. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 14 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 15

After learning he faced mandatory deportation at the end of his sentence, Lee filed a § 2255 motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 361

- 62. At an evidentiary hearing, both Lee and his plea

- stage attorney testified that avoiding “ deportation

was the determinative issue ” in deciding whether to plead guilty or go to trial. Id. at 362 (quotation marks omitted)

. Lee tes tified that he questioned his defense counsel so often about his immigration status that defense counsel became upset and admonished him for always worrying about something he did not need to worry about. Id. Defense counsel testified that, although Lee ’ s case was weak, he would have advised Lee to go to trial had he known Lee would be deported upon pleading guilty. Id.
T he Supreme Court concluded that Lee had shown he was prejudiced by his counsel ’s erroneous advi c e under the “unusual circumstances” of his case. Id. at 369. As noted earlier, the Supreme Court distinguished between “post hoc assertions” from a defendant and “contemporaneous evidence” from discussions at the time of the plea. See id. The Supreme Cou rt emphasized the undisputed testimony from Lee and his defense counsel that at the time of the plea, “deportation was the determinative issue in Lee’s decision whether to accept the plea deal” and that “Lee would have gone to trial if he had known about t he deportation consequences.” Id. Because Lee’s claim that had he known he would be deported
, he would not have accept ed a plea was “backed by substantial and uncontroverted evidence,” the Supreme Court concluded that Lee had demonstrated “ that
, but for [his] counsel’s errors, he would not USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 15 of 1816 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133 have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial

. ” Id.
at 371 (alteration in original) (quoting Hill , 474 U.S. at 59).
C. Harding’s Ineffective Assistance Claim

In Ground Two of his § 2255 motion , Harding averred, under penalty of perjury, that his defense counsel failed to advise him that his plea would subject him to possible indefinite civil commitment. While there was no testimony on this point at the evidentiary hearing, the government does no t dispute Harding’s

sworn statement. Instead, t he parties vigorously dispute whether defense counsel’s silence

— rather than the affirmative misadvice in Bauder

— regarding exposure to civil commitment can constitute deficient performance. We need not, and do not, resolve th at performance issue because, even assuming arguendo that defense counsel’s failure to advise Harding of the potential risk of civil commitment after his life sentence was objectively unreasonable performance, Harding has not shown he was prejudice d as a result

. See Holladay , 209 F.3d at 124 8 ( explaining that because both prongs of Strickland must be met, the reviewing court “need not address the performance prong if the defendant cannot meet the prejudice prong”). Harding did not carry his burden to prove there was a reasonable probability that, but for his trial counsel’s failure to advise him of the possibility of post

- incarceration civil commitment, he would have insisted on going to trial. See Diveroli
, 803 F.3d at 1263. According to former trial counsel’s statements at USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 16 of 1821

- 14133 Opinion of the Court 17 the pretrial status conference in Harding’s criminal proceedings

a nd his credited testimony at the § 2255 evidentiary hearing , the most significant factor s in Harding’s decision to enter a plea of nolo contendere to Counts 5 and 6 was (1) to prevent harm to Harding’s defense to impending state charges for which Harding f aced a mandatory life sentence; and (2) to avoid a possible life sentence in federal court (by improv ing his chances of a downward variance from the advisory guidelines sentence of life )

. Th ese fact ors suggest, if anything, that the mere possibility of ci vil commitment after Harding served his federal sentence would not have caused him to insist on going to trial on those two counts and risk harming his state court defense. Moreover, neither Harding nor his former defense counsel even mentioned civil commitment during their hearing testimony

. In other words
, unlike in Lee , here Harding did not offer any, much less substantial
, contemporaneous evidence suggesting that had he known of the possibility of post

- incarceration civil commitment
, he would have rejected his defense counsel’s strategy to enter a nolo contendere plea and instead gone to trial on Counts 5 and 6

. See Lee , 582 U.S. at 362, 369

. And a bsent any such contemporaneous substantiating evidence, Harding’s bald
, post hoc assertion in his § 2255 motion that he would have insisted on going to trial, cannot satisfy Strickland ’s prejudice prong. See id. at 369; Smith , 983 F.3d at 1222; Diaz , 930 F.2d at 835. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 17 of 1818 Opinion of the Court 21

- 14133

III. CONCLUSION The district court addressed Harding’s civil

- commitment ineffective assistance claim in Ground Two as required by Clisby and properly denied that claim b ecause Harding failed to satisfy his burden to show he suffered prejudice as a result of his defense counsel’s alleged deficient performance

. For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Harding’s § 2255 motion.
AFFIRMED. USCA11 Case: 21-14133 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 18 of 18