NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

JOHN URBANIAK, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D16-4612

)

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed March 28, 2018. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Manatee 

County; Hunter W. Carroll, Judge.

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and 

Matthew J. Salvia, Assistant Public 

Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Johnny T. Salgado, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee.

PER CURIAM.

John Urbaniak appeals his convictions and sentences for one count of 

battery and one count of attempted battery following a jury trial. We affirm Urbaniak's 

judgment and sentences but write to address one of his arguments on appeal and the 

State's response to it.
- 2 -

Law enforcement and EMS were dispatched to Urbaniak's home after 

receiving a 911 call from Urbaniak's sister. After the responding police deputy 

interviewed the individuals at the scene, he took Urbaniak into custody. Urbaniak 

argues that the deputy improperly commented on his right to remain silent when he 

testified on direct during the State's case-in-chief that he "did make an attempt to 

interview the defendant, but he was mute the whole time. He refused to talk. . . . [H]e 

was just making some mumblings and refused to talk." The deputy also testified, "I 

gave the defendant an opportunity to speak with me but he refused, so he was placed 

under arrest." 

Comment on a defendant's silence after arrest is prohibited by the due 

process clause of the Florida Constitution. Art I, § 9, Fla. Const. "The standard for 

determining what constitutes a comment on [postarrest] silence is fairly liberal. 'If the 

comment is fairly susceptible of being construed by the jury as a comment on the 

defendant's exercise of his or her right to remain silent, it violates the defendant's right 

to silence.' " Green v. State, 27 So. 3d 731, 735 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) (quoting State v. 

Hoggins, 718 So. 2d 761, 769 (Fla. 1998)); see also State v. Smith, 573 So. 2d 306, 

317 (Fla. 1990) ("Our cases have made clear that courts must prohibit all evidence or 

argument that is fairly susceptible of being interpreted by the jury as a comment on the 

right of silence."). 

The State contends that the deputy's comments were "a recounting of what 

happened between the deputy and Urbaniak during [the] investigation rather than a 

comment on appellant's right to remain silent." We are not persuaded; the deputy's 

testimony that Urbaniak was arrested after he failed to offer any explanation about what 
- 3 -

had happened was certainly an impermissible comment on Urbaniak's right to remain 

silent. See, e.g., State v. Horwitz, 191 So. 3d 429, 445 (Fla. 2016) (concluding that 

"[t]here [was] no question . . . that the State directly commented on [the defendant's] 

silence" when the State elicited testimony from officers that the defendant "didn't 

answer" when asked about what had happened immediately after the incident); Parker 

v. State, 124 So. 3d 1023, 1026 n.2 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (explaining that a detective's 

response that the defendant "just didn't answer the question" was an improper comment 

on the defendant's right to remain silent); Green, 27 So. 3d at 736 (holding that an 

officer's testimony that the defendant "refused" to give any postarrest statements to 

police "was more than 'fairly susceptible' of being interpreted as a comment on [the 

defendant's] right to remain silent" and concluding that the admission of this testimony 

was reversible error); Ash v. State, 995 So. 2d 1158, 1158 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008) (holding 

that an officer testifying that the defendant "replied that he's got nothing to say to me" 

when asked what had happened was a violation of the defendant's right to remain 

silent); Charton v. State, 716 So. 2d 803, 806 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (affirming that 

comments regarding a defendant's refusal "to explain his presence and conduct" prior to 

arrest violated the defendant's right to remain silent); Carr v. State, 561 So. 2d 617, 

618–19 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990) (concluding that an officer testifying that when he asked 

the defendant what happened after arriving at the scene of a car accident, the 

defendant "carried on no dialogue and I got no answer" violated the defendant's right to 

remain silent).

In this case, the deputy specifically referred to Urbaniak's prearrest silence, 

which invokes a slightly different constitutional standard for admission than comment on 
- 4 -

postarrest silence. Although the use of a defendant's prearrest silence is not precluded 

in federal court unless the defendant first invoked his right to remain silent, Salinas v. 

Texas, 570 U.S. 178, 191 (2013) (plurality opinion) ("Before petitioner could rely on the 

privilege against self-incrimination, he was required to invoke it."), the issue is more 

nuanced under the Florida Constitution, Horwitz, 191 So. 3d at 439 ("[T]he privilege 

against self-incrimination provided in the Florida Constitution offers more protection than 

the right provided in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution."). Under 

the Florida Constitution, the State may not admit a defendant's prearrest, pre-Miranda1

silence as substantive evidence of guilt or when the defendant fails to testify. Horwitz, 

191 So. 3d at 442 ("If [a defendant] could not be made a self-accusing witness by 

coerced answers, he should not be made a witness against himself by unspoken 

assumed answers." (alteration in original) (quoting Commonwealth v. Molina, 104 A.3d 

430, 450 (Pa. 2014))). However, prearrest, pre-Miranda silence may be used to 

impeach a defendant when he testifies at trial, "only if the silence was inconsistent with 

the defendant's testimony at trial." Id. at 440 (emphasis omitted); see also Hoggins, 718 

So. 2d at 770 n.11. "If no inconsistency exists, then the silence lacks probative value 

and is inadmissible." Horwitz, 191 So. 3d at 442 (quoting Hoggins, 718 So. 2d at 766). 

Because the State admitted the deputy's testimony during its case-in-chief, there is no 

plausible argument in this case that the testimony was offered to impeach Urbaniak's 

trial testimony.

Urbaniak did not object to either statement from the deputy at trial. 

Therefore, our review is for fundamental error. See F.B. v. State, 852 So. 2d 226, 229 

1Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
- 5 -

(Fla. 2003). "[T]o be of such fundamental nature as to justify a reversal in the absence 

of timely objection the error must reach down into the validity of the trial itself to the 

extent that a verdict of guilty could not have been obtained without the assistance of the 

alleged error." Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 124 So. 2d 481, 484 (Fla. 1960)). Here, the 

record does not reflect that the State relied on Urbaniak's silence as substantive 

evidence of his guilt. The State did not refer to Urbaniak's silence during crossexamination of Urbaniak or during closing. Because the only reference to Urbaniak's 

silence was the isolated testimony of the deputy, we cannot conclude that the improper 

comment rose to the level of fundamental error in this case. Therefore, we affirm his 

convictions and sentences. See Gutierrez v. State, 731 So. 2d 94, 95 (Fla. 4th DCA 

1999) ("While an improper comment on a defendant's right to remain silent may be 

constitutional error, it is not considered fundamental error.").

Affirmed. 

KHOUZAM, SLEET, and ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, JJ., Concur.