K-1 

APPENDIX K - SPENDING FOR INCOME-TESTED BENEFITS, 

FISCAL YEARS 1968-2002 

CONTENTS 

Overview 

Participation in Income-Tested Programs 

Trends in Spending 

Spending Trends by Level of Government 

Federal Government 

State and Local Governments 

Total Spending 

Share of Federal Budget Used for Income-Tested Benefits 

List of Income-Tested Benefit Programs 

 Medical Aid 

 Cash Aid 

 Food Aid 

 Housing Aid 

 Education Aid 

 Other Services 

 Jobs and Training Aid 

 Energy Aid 

References 

OVERVIEW 

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has found that more than 

80 benefit programs provide cash and noncash aid that is directed primarily to 

persons with limited income (Burke, 2003). Such programs constitute the public 

“welfare” system, if welfare is defined as income-tested or need-based benefits (the 

programs, and their FY2002 expenditures, are listed at the end of this chapter). 

This definition excludes social insurance programs, such as Social Security and 

Medicare. 

These income-tested benefit programs in fiscal year (FY) 2002 cost 

$522.2 billion: $373.2 billion in Federal funds and $149 billion in State and local 

funds. Total welfare spending set a new record, up $45.3 billion (9.5 percent) from 

the previous peak of 2001. Spending increased for all forms of aid except jobs and 

training. Higher medical spending accounted for $32.8 billion of the net increase, 

and 54 cents of every welfare dollar went for medical assistance. 

Expressed in constant FY2002 dollars, welfare spending increased by 

$38.2 billion (7.9 percent) from the 2001 level. Other real spending increases by 

form of benefits included: education benefits, $4.1 billion; food benefits, 

$3.3 billion; housing, $2.3 billion; and services, $1.2 billion. Real outlays for cash 

aid dropped by $1.2 billion; and for jobs and training, by $0.5 billion. In FY2002, 

medical services represented 54.1 percent of total welfare spending; cash benefits, 

19.6 percent; food and housing benefits, 14.3 percent; education and jobs/training, 
K-2 

7.3 percent; and services and energy aid accounted for the remaining 4.7 percent. 

The composition of welfare spending differed by level of government. Medical aid 

consumed 79.7 percent of State and local welfare funds, but only 43.9 percent of 

Federal welfare dollars. 

Most income-tested programs provide benefits, in the form of cash, goods, or 

services, to persons who make no payment and render no service in return. 

However, in the case of the job and training programs and some educational 

benefits, recipients must work or study. Further, the block grant program of 

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) requires adults to start work 

after a period of enrollment, the food stamp program imposes work and training 

requirements, and public housing requires residents to engage in “self-sufficiency” 

activities or perform community service. Finally, the Earned Income Tax Credit 

(EITC) is available only to workers. 

PARTICIPATION IN INCOME-TESTED PROGRAMS 

An unduplicated count of welfare beneficiaries is not available. Enrollment 

in TANF and food stamps remained far below 1994/1995 peak levels during 

2000-2002, but Medicaid enrollment set a new record high. Average 2002 monthly 

numbers: Food stamps, 20.2 million recipients; TANF, 5.1 million; and 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 6.9 million. In 2002, EITC payments went to 

16.8 million tax filers, and during the year, 50.9 million persons received Medicaid 

services. Census Bureau data indicate that 5.1 million families with children were 

poor in 2002 before receiving cash aid from TANF, General Assistance (GA) or the 

EITC (compared with 5.1 million in 2001 and with 6.7 million in 1996, the last full 

year of the pre-TANF welfare program). Among these families in 2002, the EITC 

was received by 53.7 percent of those with a female head and by 71.7 percent of 

those with a male present. 

The Census Bureau examined participation in major means-tested government 

programs in 2002 (Census, 2003). It found that 23 million poor persons (two out of 

three persons with pre-tax money income below the poverty threshold) lived in a 

household that received means-tested assistance that year. More than one-half of 

the poverty population (52.7 percent) was in a Medicaid-recipient household. 

Almost one-third of the poor population (32.9 percent) lived in a household that 

received food stamps; for means-tested cash assistance, the proportion was 

21.5 percent; and for subsidized or public housing, 17.5 percent. Out of the total 

U.S. population (all income levels), the Census Bureau reported that 25.1 percent 

lived in a household that received some form of major means-tested aid in 2002 

(Medicaid, 18.6 percent; means-tested cash assistance, 6.1 percent; food stamps, 6.7 

percent; and public or subsidized housing, 3.9 percent). 
K-3 

TRENDS IN SPENDING 

The CRS data series provides annual spending figures for 30 fiscal years 

(1968, 1973, and 1975-2002). Total expenditures on cash and noncash welfare 

programs were 32 times as great in 2002 as in 1968 (see Table K-1). Even after 

allowance for price inflation, spending sextupled (rising 523 percent) over the 32 

years, a period when the U.S. population rose by an estimated 43 percent. 

Measured in constant 2002 dollars,1

 the annual rate of growth in spending over the 

whole period was 5.5 percent. However, the growth pattern was uneven. Real 

spending almost tripled in the first 10 years, declined in some years (1982, 1996, 

and 1997), and in the last 5 years rose at an annual rate of 3.9 percent. Total per 

capita welfare spending grew in real terms (constant FY2002 dollars) from $416 in 

FY1968 to a peak of $1,826 in FY2002. 

The rise since the late 1960s in overall need-tested spending tabulated by 

CRS is sharper than the increase in spending reported by the Social Security 

Administration (SSA) for a smaller group of need-tested programs. The SSA data 

series, called public aid, is a category within SSA reports on social welfare 

expenditures, and it excludes numerous income-tested programs that are in the CRS 

series. Not counted as public aid in the SSA series are the Earned Income Tax 

Credit, child nutrition, subsidized housing, educational benefits, adoption 

assistance, foster care, some job training programs, and others. Some of these 

programs did not exist 32 years ago, and many have grown rapidly. Adjusted for 

price inflation, public aid outlays in the SSA series rose 268 percent between 1968 

and 1995 (the most recent year for which SSA data are available). For fiscal year 

1995 social welfare expenditure data of SSA, see Bixby, 1999. SSA also has 

published data on private social welfare expenditures. (See Kerns, 1997.) 

In nominal dollars, total spending by programs in the CRS series more than 

doubled from FY1990 ($213.1 billion) to FY2000 ($437 billion)-an increase of 

105 percent. Calculations by Robert E. Rector of the Heritage Foundation also 

found that nominal spending more than doubled during the decade. The Rector data 

series (which includes more than 70 means-tested programs) showed total Federal 

and State spending of $215 billion in FY1990 and $434 billion in FY2000-an 

increase of 102 percent (Rector, 2001). 

 

1

 Current dollars were translated into FY2002 constant value dollars by use of the Consumer Price Index 

for all urban consumers (CPI-U). 
K-4 

SPENDING TRENDS BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 

 Table K-2 presents 1968- 2002 Federal welfare spending in constant 2002 

dollars, by form of benefit. Measured in constant 2002 dollars, Federal spending 

for income-tested benefits climbed from $59.4 billion in fiscal year 1968 to 

$373.2 billion in fiscal year 2002, an increase of 529 percent. As the table shows, 

cash aid was the leading form of Federal welfare until 1980, when it was overtaken 

in value by medical benefits. Two years later, in 1982, Federal welfare spending 

declined for all forms of aid except subsidized housing, in which case outlays 

reflected earlier commitments, and education benefits. In most subsequent years, 

TABLE K-1--EXPENDITURES FOR INCOME-TESTED BENEFITS, 

 SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1968-2002 

 [In Millions of Dollars]

Fiscal Federal State-local Total spending 

Year Current dollars Current dollars Current dollars Constant dollars 

1968 11,406 4,710 16,116 83,861 

1973 27,294 10,054 37,348 153,493 

1975 40,208 14,753 54,961 185,940 

1976 50,506 16,990 67,496 214,820 

1977 56,187 18,892 75,079 225,174 

1978 64,432 20,151 84,583 236,991 

1979 71,336 21,304 92,640 235,282 

1980 81,403 24,633 106,036 237,093 

1981 89,408 29,045 118,453 238,425 

1982 90,543 31,706 122,249 229,345 

1983 95,495 33,982 129,477 234,471 

1984 100,837 36,191 137,028 238,350 

1985 107,267 38,230 145,497 244,087 

1986 109,476 40,811 150,287 246,077 

1987 115,608 43,364 158,972 253,071 

1988 126,098 46,580 172,678 263,990 

1989 136,254 51,587 187,841 274,145 

1990 153,673 61,065 214,738 298,497 

1991 180,494 73,933 254,427 336,689 

1992 211,121 88,146 299,267 384,425 

1993 227,325 88,683 316,008 393,991 

1994 250,405 102,421 352,826 428,633 

1995 262,905 108,210 371,115 438,553 

1996 268,823 107,213 376,036 432,261 

1997 274,980 110,312 385,292 431,398 

1998 280,965 114,554 395,519 437,997 

1999 291,798 117,389 409,187 442,318 

2000 305,659 122,897 428,556 448,985 

2001 342,877 133,986 476,863 484,005 

2002 373,152 149,004 522,156 522,156 

Source: Burke, 2003 
K-5 

aggregate real federal welfare outlays steadily increased. Declines occurred in 

1986, 1996, and 1997. 

STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 

Table K-3 shows that State and local spending for income-tested benefits, 

measured in FY2002 dollars, climbed from $24.5 billion in fiscal year 1968 to 

$149 billion in fiscal year 2002, an increase of 508 percent. Cash aid was 

overtaken by medical benefits as the dominant form of State and local welfare 

spending in 1976. State and local spending rose steadily in all years after 1979 

except for 1993 and 1996. 

TOTAL SPENDING 

Table K-4 shows total (Federal plus State and local) spending on incometested benefits in FY2002 dollars. Total spending rose from $83.9 billion in 

FY1968 to $522.2 billion in FY2002, an increase of 523 percent. Aggregate 

spending rose in all years except 1979, 1982, 1996, and 1997. 

Real spending for medical benefits, education benefits, and services reached 

new historic peaks in fiscal year 2002. For other forms of benefits, peak spending 

took place in earlier years: Jobs and training, 1978; energy, 1981; cash aid, 1995, 

food aid, 1994, and housing benefits, 1996. 

SHARE OF FEDERAL BUDGET USED FOR INCOME-TESTED 

BENEFITS 

The share of the Federal budget used for income-tested benefits climbed from 

6.4 percent in fiscal year 1968 to 17.3 percent in fiscal year 1995, then declined 

slightly, to 17.0 percent, in fiscal year 1998, but resumed climbing thereafter, and 

reached a new record peak of 18.6 percent in 2002 (see Table K-5). Most of the 

1968-2002 increase of 12.2 percentage points was accounted for by medical 

benefits (6.6 percentage point gain). Measured in percentage points, increases for 

other forms of aid were: cash benefits, 1.3; food aid, 1.4; housing benefits, 

1.3; education, 1.0; services, 0.6; and energy aid, 0.1. Federal spending for 

income-tested jobs/training benefits declined as a percent of the budget (down 

0.1 percentage point). 
 TABLE K-2-- FEDERAL SPENDING FOR INCOME-TESTED BENEFITS BY FORM OF BENEFIT, 

SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1968-2002 

[In Millions of Constant FY 2002 Dollars] 

Fiscal 

Year 

Medical 

Benefits 

Cash 

Aid 

Food 

Benefits 

Housing 

Benefits 

Education 

Benefits 

Jobs/ 

Training Services Energy Aid T

A

1968 14,263 26,211 4,647 4,074 4,475 3,689 1,993 0 591973 27,367 35,242 15,843 15,519 7,484 3,793 6,925 0 1121975 32,427 43,098 21,784 17,190 7,375 7,270 6,885 0 1361980 43,376 42,434 29,267 24,520 10,934 19,285 8,351 3,848 1821981 44,791 42,189 31,579 24,820 9,635 15,128 7,776 4,044 1791982 43,224 40,476 29,405 25,043 14,605 7,484 5,821 3,805 1691983 42,686 40,562 32,767 25,611 13,441 8,161 5,983 3,705 1721984 43,214 41,369 32,555 25,258 13,935 9,353 5,982 3,733 1751985 46,772 41,078 32,482 27,372 15,964 6,534 5,957 3,793 1791986 48,751 43,109 31,343 24,505 16,464 5,937 5,551 3,594 1791987 55,946 43,713 31,668 22,261 15,550 6,021 5,742 3,138 1841988 59,045 46,344 30,906 24,060 17,042 5,730 6,863 2,789 1921989 61,893 48,400 30,408 25,466 18,220 5,568 6,525 2,377 1981990 69,817 50,661 33,182 27,394 19,129 5,525 5,677 2,230 2131991 82,643 55,939 37,060 28,454 19,669 5,808 6,889 2,390 2381992 101,069 62,578 42,149 31,815 17,473 6,446 7,503 2,164 2711993 106,041 66,516 43,357 34,513 17,845 5,948 7,291 1,913 2831994 113,818 77,018 43,871 34,224 17,782 5,905 9,260 2,329 3041995 119,841 80,266 43,492 34,729 17,888 5,467 7,104 1,892 3101996 119,464 80,479 42,729 35,362 17,729 4,644 7,256 1,355 3091997 120,685 80,446 39,615 35,431 18,485 4,250 7,472 1,503 3071998 122,824 80,777 36,743 34,544 18,809 4,624 11,426 1,392 3111999 129,364 80,385 35,237 32,094 18,680 5,164 13,085 1,415 315

2000 136,680 78,548 33,508 32,117 15,648 6,697 14,959 2,073 3202001 147,249 83,837 33,674 32,550 24,766 7,083 16,814 2,039 3482002 163,760 82,476 36,824 34,861 28,783 6,893 17,525 2,030 373Note – Rows may not add to total shown because of rounding. Source: Burke, 2003.
TABLE K-3-- STATE AND LOCAL SPENDING FOR INCOME-TESTED BENEFITS BY FORM OF BENEF

SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1968-2002 

 [In Millions of Constant FY 2002 Dollars] 

Fiscal year Medical benefits Cash aid Food benefits Housing benefits Education benefits Jobs/training Services Energy Aid 

1968 10,725 12,957 NA NA NA 224 604 0 21973 17,117 21,770 NA NA NA 230 2,203 0 41975 22,366 22,840 1,891 NA 484 132 2,199 0 41980 29,515 21,792 1,022 NA 639 181 1,930 NA 5

1981 31,460 22,135 1,167 NA 588 169 2,943 NA 5

1982 32,936 20,959 1,349 NA 505 141 3,564 28 51983 34,192 21,385 1,418 NA 547 143 3,803 45 61984 35,712 21,546 1,652 NA 525 136 3,305 75 6

1985 36,169 22,061 1,726 NA 762 136 3,229 52 61986 37,771 23,123 1,806 NA 811 120 3,111 82 6

1987 39,172 23,592 1,858 NA 813 113 3,152 331 61988 41,515 23,533 1,741 NA 832 110 3,210 271 71989 45,264 24,065 1,696 NA 795 142 3,065 263 71990 50,870 24,757 1,717 NA 874 371 6,122 172 81991 62,790 25,608 1,736 NA 724 581 6,249 150 91992 73,443 27,113 1,854 2,954 789 611 6,351 113 1

1993 72,253 26,745 1,952 1,658 955 701 6,215 89 1

1994 82,311 27,847 2,150 1,962 1,097 795 8,171 93 11995 86,521 27,977 2,163 2,747 1,129 958 6,283 96 11996 85,075 25,800 2,207 2,827 1,098 740 5,413 84 11997 87,640 23,775 2,210 2,750 1,149 199 5,718 72 1

1998 91,588 20,626 2,146 2,888 1,259 792 7,469 87 1

1999 94,448 20,797 2,200 NA 1,286 945 7,126 92 1

2000 98,912 20,359 2,268 533 1,437 1,201 3,956 89 1

2001 106,161 19,530 2,348 761 1,641 1,240 4,192 120 1

2002 118,708 19,681 2,482 705 1,701 915 4,690 122 1

Note – Rows may not add to total because of rounding. NA- Not available. 

Source: Burke, 2003. 
TABLE K-4-- TOTAL SPENDING FOR INCOME-TESTED BENEFITS BY FORM OF BENEFIT,

SELECTED FISCAL YEARS, 1968-2002 

 [In Millions of Constant FY 2002 Dollars]

Fiscal year Medical Cash Food Housing Education Jobs/training Services Energy 

1968 24,988 39,168 4,647 4,074 4,475 3,913 2,597 0 1973 44,485 57,011 15,843 15,519 7,484 4,024 9,128 0 

1975 54,793 65,937 23,675 17,190 7,859 7,402 9,084 0 1980 72,890 64,226 30,288 24,520 11,573 19,466 10,281 3,848 1981 76,252 64,324 32,747 24,820 10,223 15,297 10,718 4,044 1982 76,160 61,435 30,754 25,043 15,110 7,624 9,386 3,833 1983 76,886 61,953 34,188 25,614 13,989 8,305 9,786 3,750 1984 78,926 62,915 34,208 25,258 14,460 9,489 9,287 3,808 1985 82,941 63,138 34,208 27,372 16,726 6,670 9,187 3,845 1986 86,522 66,232 33,149 24,505 17,274 6,057 8,662 3,676 1987 95,119 67,305 33,526 22,261 16,363 6,134 8,894 3,469 1988 100,560 69,877 32,647 24,060 17,873 5,840 10,073 3,059 1989 107,156 72,465 32,104 25,466 19,015 5,709 9,590 2,640 1990 120,687 75,417 34,899 27,394 20,003 5,897 11,799 2,402 1991 145,433 81,547 38,796 28,454 20,392 6,389 13,138 2,539 1992 174,512 89,691 44,002 34,769 18,261 7,057 13,854 2,278 1993 178,294 93,260 45,309 36,171 18,800 6,649 13,506 2,001 1994 196,129 104,865 46,021 36,186 18,879 6,700 17,431 2,422 

1995 206,362 108,243 45,654 37,477 19,016 6,425 13,388 1,988 1996 204,539 106,279 44,936 38,188 18,827 5,384 12,669 1,439 1997 208,325 104,221 41,825 38,181 19,633 4,450 13,190 1,574 

1998 214,412 101,403 38,890 37,432 20,068 5,416 18,896 1,479 1999 223,812 101,182 37,437 32,094 19,967 6,109 20,211 1,507 

2000 235,591 98,907 35,776 32,651 17,085 7,897 18,915 2,162 2001 253,410 103,367 36,022 33,312 26,408 8,323 21,006 2,159 

2002 282,468 102,157 39,306 35,566 30,484 7,808 22,215 2,152 Note – Rows may not add to total shown because of rounding. 

Source: Burke, 2003. 
TABLE K-5-- SHARE OF FEDERAL BUDGET USED FOR INCOME-TESTED AID, BY FORM OF AID, 

SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1968-2002 

[In Percent]

Fiscal Year Medical Cash Food Housing Education Jobs/ training Energy Services Total 

1968 1.54 2.83 0.50 0.44 0.48 0.40 0.00 0.22 6.40 1973 2.71 3.49 1.57 1.54 0.74 0.38 0.00 0.69 11.10 1978 3.18 3.5 1.86 1.70 0.89 2.111 0.06 0.75 14.00 

1983 2.92 2.77 2.24 1.75 0.92 0.56 0.25 0.41 11.80 1988 3.63 2.85 1.90 1.48 1.05 0.35 0.17 0.42 11.80 1990 4.01 2.91 1.90 1.57 1.10 0.32 0.13 0.33 12.30 1992 5.69 3.53 2.37 1.79 0.98 0.36 0.12 0.42 15.30 1994 6.41 4.34 2.47 1.93 1.00 0.33 0.13 0.52 17.10 1996 6.66 4.49 2.38 1.97 0.99 0.26 0.08 0.40 17.20 1998 6.71 4.41 2.01 1.89 1.03 0.25 0.08 0.62 17.00 

2000 7.29 4.19 1.79 1.71 0.83 0.36 0.11 0.80 17.10 2001 7.78 4.43 1.78 1.72 1.31 0.37 0.11 0.89 18.40 2002 8.14 4.10 1.83 1.73 1.43 0.34 0.10 0.87 18.60 1In FY1978, jobs and training benefit outlays were $9.7 billion. Of this total, $5.8 billion represented public service employment and $2 billion 

employment and training services. 

Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service (CRS).
K-10 

LIST OF INCOME-TESTED BENEFIT PROGRAMS 

 Below is the list of programs providing income-tested benefits. Within each 

category, the programs are listed in the order of their total cost in fiscal year 2002 to 

Federal and State and local governments. Amounts shown are in millions of 

dollars. 

MEDICAL AID 

1. Medicaid ($258,216) 

2. Medical care for veterans without service-connected disability ($8,185) 

3. State Children=s Health Insurance (S-CHIP) ($5,407) 

4. General assistance (medical care component) - no Federal dollars ($4,956)

5. Indian health services ($2,758) 

6. Consolidated health centers $1,328) 

7. Maternal and child health services block grant ($1,279) 

8. Title X family planning services ($265) 

9. Medical assistance to refugees, asylees, other humanitarian cases ($74) 

CASH AID 

10. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) ($38,522) 

11. Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) -- refundable portion only ($27,830) 

12. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) ($13,035) 

13. Foster care ($8,618) 

14. Child tax credit – refundable portion only ($5,060) 

15. General assistance (nonmedical care component)--no Federal dollars ($3.251) 

16. Pensions for needy veterans, their dependents, and survivors, ($3,177) 

17. Adoption assistance ($2,472) 

18. Dependency and indemnity compensation (DIC) and death compensation for 

parents of veterans ($84) 

19. General assistance to Indians ($66.5) 

20. Cash assistance to refugees, asylees, other humanitarian cases ($41) 

FOOD AID 

21. Food stamps ($24,054) 

22. School lunch program (free and reduced price segments) ($6,064) 
K-11 

23. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 

(WIC) ($4,350) 

24. Child and adult care food program, lower-income components ($1,638) 

25. School breakfast program (free and reduced price segments) ($1,515) 

26. Nutrition program for the elderly ($801) 

27. The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) ($361) 

28. Summer food service program for children ($307) 

29. Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) ($105) 

30. Food distribution program on Indian reservations ($74) 

31. Farmers’ market nutrition programs ($36) 

32. Special milk program (free segment) ($1) 

HOUSING AID 

33. Section 8 low-income housing assistance ($18,499) 

34. Low-rent public housing ($8,213) 

35. Rural housing loans (section 502) ($3,499) 

36. Home investment partnerships (HOME) ($2,500) 

37. Housing for special populations (elderly and disabled) ($895) 

38. Rural rental assistance payments (section 521) ($705) 

39. Section 236 interest reduction payments ($579) 

40. Housing opportunities for people with AIDS (HOPWA) ($314) 

41. Rural rental housing loans (section 515) ($114) 

42. Rural housing repair loans and grants (section 504) ($62.4) 

43. Farm labor housing loans (section 514) and grants (section 516) ($61.8) 

44. Section 101 rent supplements ($53.7. 

45. Rural housing self-help technical assistance grants (section 523) and rural 

housing site loans (sections 523 and 524) ($27.1) 

46. Indian housing improvement grants ($19.6) 

47. Section 235 homeownership aid ($10.8) 

48. Rural housing preservation grants (section 533) ($8.6) 

49. Home ownership and opportunity for people everywhere (HOPE) ($3.8) 

EDUCATION AID 

50. Federal Pell grants ($11.364) 

51. Head Start ($8,172) 

52. Subsidized Federal Stafford loans and Stafford/Ford loans ($7,523) 

53. Federal work-study program ($1,000) 

54. Federal Trio programs ($827) 

55. Supplemental educational opportunity grants ($760) 

56. Chapter 1 migrant education program ($395) 

57. Perkins loans ($166) 

58. Leveraging educational assistance partnerships (LEAP) ($134) 

59. Health professions student loans and scholarships ($58) 
K-12 

60. Fellowships for graduate and professional study ($45) 

61. Migrant high school equivalency program (HEP) ($23) 

62. College assistance migrant program (CAMP) ($15) 

63. Close Up fellowships ($1.5) 

OTHER SERVICES 

64. Child care and development block grant ($8,589) 

65. TANF services ($6.147) 

66. Social services block grant (Title XX) ($2,743) 

67. TANF child care ($2,322) 

68. Homeless assistance ($1,044) 

69. Community services block grant ($739) 

70. Legal services ($329) 

71. Social services for refugees, asylees, other humanitarian cases ($159) 

72. Emergency food and shelter program ($143) 

JOBS AND TRAINING AID 

73. TANF work activities ($2,727) 

74. Job Corps ($1,532) 

75. Youth activities ($1,000) 

76. Adult activities ($950) 

77. Senior community service employment program ($494) 

78. Welfare-to-work grant program ($413) 

79. Food stamp employment and training ($410) 

80. Foster grandparents ($155) 

81. Senior companions ($69) 

82. Targeted assistance for refugees, asylees, other humanitarian cases ($49.5) 

83. Native employment works (NEW) ($7.6) 

ENERGY AID 

84. Low-income home energy assistance program (LIHEAP) ($1,800) 

85. Weatherization assistance ($352) 
K-13 

 

REFERENCES

Bixby, A.K. (1999). Public Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1995. Social 

Security Bulletin, 62 (2), p. 86-94. 

Burke, V. (2003) Cash and Noncash Benefits for Persons with Limited Income: 

Eligibility Rules, Recipient and Expenditure Data, Fiscal Years 2000-2002. 

 (forthcoming) Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 

Rector, R. (2001). The Size and Scope of Means-tested Welfare Spending. 

Testimony. August 1, 2001. 

[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/Test080101.cf] 

Kerns, Wilmer L. (1997), Private social welfare expenditures, 1972-94. Social 

Security Bulletin, 60 (1) p. 54-60. 

U. S. Bureau of the Census (2003). Program Participation Status of Household 

-- Poverty Status of Persons in 2002. Unpublished table (POV26). 

Current Population Survey. Annual Social and Economic Supploment.