(1235)

APPENDIX G. DATA ON FAMILIES

SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF CHILDREN

Teenage Pregnancy

Category 1973 1980 1985 1990 1996

Female population (ages 15–19) ... 10,193,000 10,381,000 9,174,000 8,645,000 9,043,000

Births ............................................... 604,096 552,161 467,485 521,826 492,000

Induced abortions ........................... 231,900 444,780 399,200 350,970 264,000

Estimated miscarriages .................. 144,010 154,910 133,420 139,460 137,000

Pregnancies ..................................... 980,000 151,850 100,110 1,012,260 893,000

Source: Ventura et al. (1999a).

International Infant Mortality Rates (deaths per 1,000 live births)

Country 1950–52 1970–72 1980–82 1986–88 1995

Japan ............................................... 55.9 12.4 7.1 5.0 4.3

Sweden ............................................ 20.9 11.0 6.9 6.0 4.1

United States (white) ...................... 26.0 17.1 10.5 8.7 6.3

Canada ............................................ 39.4 17.8 9.7 7.5 6.1

England and Wales ......................... 29.1 17.7 11.3 9.3 6.1

United States (total) ....................... 28.7 19.2 12.0 10.1 7.6

Hungary ........................................... 77.0 34.7 21.4 17.4 10.7

United States (black) ...................... 45.1 30.9 20.3 17.8 15.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1993); U.S. Public Health Service (1996), National Center for Health Statistics (1999).

Living Arrangements of Children Under Age 18 (in thousands)

Group 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998

Total in population .......................... 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 71,377

Living with one parent .................... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 19,777

Percent of all children ........... 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.8

Living with never-married parent ... 243 557 1,820 4,853 7,746

Percent of all children ........... 0.4 0.8 2.9 7.6 10.9

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1964, 1996, 1998b).

Children Below Poverty (number in thousands/rate per 1,000)

Ethnic Group 1974 1979 1990 1995 1998

Total ................................................ 10,156 (15.4) 10,377 (16.4) 13,431 (20.6) 14,665 (20.8) 13,467 (18.9)

Black ............................................... 3,755 (39.8) 3,833 (41.2) 4,550 (44.8) 4,761 (41.9) 4,151 (36.7)

White ............................................... 6,223 (11.2) 6,193 (11.8) 8,232 (15.9) 8,981 (16.2) 8,443 (15.1)

Hispanic .......................................... NA (NA) 1,535 (28.0) 2,865 (38.4) 4,080 (40.0) 3,837 (34.4)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1999).

Educational Achievement

1975 1985 1990 1996 1998

High school dropouts (percentage

of status dropouts, ages 16–24)

Total ....................................... 13.9 12.6 12.1 11.1 11.8

White ...................................... 12.6 12.2 12.1 11.0 7.7

Black ...................................... 22.8 15.1 13.2 13.5 13.8

Hispanic origin 1 ..................... 29.2 27.6 32.4 29.3 29.5

Average verbal SAT scores .............. 512 509 500 505 505

Average math SAT scores ............... 498 500 501 508 512

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1999); College Board (1999).

1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

NA—Not available.

1236

TABLE G–1.—TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES, SELECTED

YEARS 1950–98

Year

Number (thousands) Rate 1

Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces

1950 .................................. 1,667 385 11.1 2.6

1960 .................................. 1,523 393 8.5 2.2

1970 .................................. 2,159 708 10.6 3.5

1980 .................................. 2,390 1,189 10.6 5.2

1985 .................................. 2,413 1,190 10.1 5.0

1986 .................................. 2,407 1,178 10.0 4.9

1987 .................................. 2,403 1,166 9.9 4.8

1988 .................................. 2,396 1,167 9.8 4.8

1989 .................................. 2,403 1,157 9.7 4.7

1990 .................................. 2,443 1,182 9.8 4.7

1991 .................................. 2,371 1,189 9.4 4.7

1992 .................................. 2,362 1,215 9.3 4.8

1993 .................................. 2,334 1,187 9.0 4.6

1994 .................................. 2,362 1,191 9.1 4.6

1995 .................................. 2,336 1,169 8.9 4.4

1996 .................................. 2,344 1,150 8.8 4.3

1997 .................................. 2,384 1,163 8.9 4.3

1998 2 ................................ 2,244 1,135 8.3 4.2

1 Per 1,000 population.

2 Provisional data.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999a).

TABLE G–2.—PERCENT NEVER MARRIED BY AGE AND SEX, SELECTED YEARS 1960–98

Age and sex

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 1998

Women:

20–24 .... 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.8 65.7 66.7 68.5 70.3

25–29 .... 10.5 10.5 20.9 31.1 33.2 35.3 37.6 38.6

30–34 .... 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.4 18.8 19.0 20.5 21.6

Men:

20–24 .... 53.1 54.7 68.8 79.3 80.3 80.7 81.0 83.4

25–29 .... 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.0 48.7 51.0 52.0 51.0

30–34 .... 11.9 9.4 15.9 27.0 29.4 28.2 29.6 29.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1966; 1996; 1998b).

1237

TABLE G–3.—NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED WOMEN, BY AGE AND

RACE OF MOTHER, 1980, 1993, 1995, 1997, AND 1998

Age of mother

Number of births Rate per 1,000 unmarried

women

All races 1 White Black All

races 1 White Black

1980:

Under 15 .................. 9,024 3,166 5,691 NA NA NA

15–19 ....................... 262,777 130,417 126,278 27.6 18.5 87.9

15–17 .............. 121,900 58,705 60,548 20.6 12.0 68.8

18–19 .............. 140,877 71,712 65,728 39.0 24.1 118.2

20–24 ....................... 237,265 118,445 114,538 40.9 25.1 112.3

25–29 ....................... 99,583 46,722 47,594 34.0 21.5 81.4

30–34 ....................... 40,984 21,325 18,160 21.1 14.1 46.7

35–39 ....................... 13,187 7,298 5,338 9.7 7.1 19.0

40 and older 2 .......... 2,927 1,611 1,202 2.6 1.8 5.5

Total (ages

15–44) 3 665,747 328,984 318,799 29.4 18.1 81.1

1993:

Under 15 .................. 11,467 4,868 6,293 NA NA NA

15–19 ....................... 357,432 213,080 133,031 44.5 33.6 102.4

15–17 .............. 152,212 87,032 60,412 30.6 22.1 76.8

18–19 .............. 205,220 126,048 72,619 66.9 52.4 141.6

20–24 ....................... 438,538 283,538 159,598 69.2 54.2 142.2

25–29 ....................... 233,776 139,905 84,604 57.1 46.7 94.5

30–34 ....................... 132,263 79,136 47,330 38.5 32.2 57.3

35–39 ....................... 55,570 34,283 18,526 19.0 16.4 25.9

40 and older 2 .......... 11,126 7,319 3,094 4.4 3.9 5.8

Total (ages

15–44) 3 1,240,172 742,129 452,476 45.3 35.9 84.0

1995:

Under 15 .................. 11,441 5,196 5,876 NA NA NA

15–19 ....................... 375,738 236,546 127,241 44.4 35.5 92.8

15–17 .............. 161,140 98,415 57,766 30.5 23.6 68.6

18–19 .............. 214,598 138,131 69,475 67.6 55.4 131.2

20–24 ....................... 432,003 271,466 145,134 70.3 58.0 127.7

25–29 ....................... 228,614 143,006 75,815 56.1 48.7 84.8

30–34 ....................... 133,282 82,392 44,690 39.6 34.2 54.3

35–39 ....................... 60,234 37,931 19,271 19.5 16.9 25.6

40 and older 2 .......... 12,664 8,455 3,462 4.7 4.2 6.0

Total (ages

15–44) 3 1,253,976 784,992 421,489 45.1 37.5 75.9

1238

TABLE G–3.—NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED WOMEN, BY AGE AND

RACE OF MOTHER, 1980, 1993, 1995, 1997, AND 1998—Continued

Age of mother

Number of births Rate per 1,000 unmarried

women

All races 1 White Black All

races 1 White Black

1997:

Under 15 .................. 9,685 4,631 4,682 NA NA NA

15–19 ....................... 376,117 240,353 122,986 42.2 34.2 86.4

15–17 .............. 156,253 98,021 52,722 28.2 22.4 60.6

18–19 .............. 219,864 142,332 70,264 65.2 53.6 127.2

20–24 ....................... 438,632 276,764 145,647 71.0 59.2 127.8

25–29 ....................... 234,762 147,318 76,977 56.2 49.3 85.2

30–34 ....................... 124,831 77,543 41,520 39.0 34.4 52.3

35–39 ....................... 59,870 37,878 19,223 19.0 16.7 24.7

40 and older 2 .......... 13,547 8,715 4,019 4.6 3.9 6.5

Total (ages

15–44) 3 1,257,444 793,202 415,054 44.0 37.0 73.4

1998:

Under 15 .................. 9,137 4,514 4,270 NA NA NA

15–19 ....................... 380,868 245,832 121,458 41.5 34.0 83.4

15–17 .............. 151,557 96,586 49,268 27.0 21.8 56.5

18–19 .............. 229,331 149,246 72,190 64.5 53.5 123.5

20–24 ....................... 460,367 291,677 151,903 72.3 60.5 131.0

25–29 ....................... 243,280 153,310 79,344 58.4 50.9 90.3

30–34 ....................... 124,624 77,883 40,927 39.1 34.9 51.7

35–39 ....................... 61,087 38,905 19,367 19.0 17.0 24.7

40 and older 2 .......... 14,204 9,320 4,114 4.6 4.0 6.1

Total (ages

15–44) 3 1,293,567 821,441 421,383 44.3 37.5 73.3

1 Includes races other than black and white.

2 Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and older to unmarried

women aged 40–44 years. 3 Rates computed by relating all births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15–44 years.

NA—Not available.

Source: Ventura et al. (1995, 2000).

TABLE G–4.—TWO- AND ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AS PROPORTIONS OF ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN PRESENT BY RACE, SELECTED YEARS 19

Family type

Year (all races) Year (white) Year (black)

1970 1980 1985 1992 1996 1998 1970 1992 1996 1998 1970 1992 1996 

Numbers in thousands

Two-parent family groups 25,823 25,231 24,573 24,880 25,361 25,709 23,477 21,909 22,178 22,237 2,071 1,948 1,942 One-parent family groups 3,808 6,920 8,779 10,499 11,717 11,948 2,638 6,938 7,769 8,077 1,148 3,216 3,493 

Maintained by mother .. 3,415 6,230 7,737 9,028 9,855 9,848 2,330 5,753 6,329 6,328 1,063 2,994 3,171 

Never married .......... 248 1,063 2,208 3,284 3,721 4,148 73 1,391 1,712 2,000 173 1,799 1,884 Spouse absent ......... 1,377 1,743 1,732 1,947 2,067 1,833 796 1,341 1,377 1,235 570 548 620 Separated ................. 962 1,483 1,524 1,658 1,718 1,452 1,168 1,146 1,168 1,001 479 482 503 Divorced ................... 1,109 2,721 3,228 3,349 3,660 3,416 930 2,692 2,957 2,761 172 550 581 Widowed ................... 682 703 569 448 406 431 531 328 283 332 148 97 87 

Maintained by father ... 393 692 1,042 1,472 1,862 2,120 307 1,186 1,440 1,749 85 222 322 

Total with children under 18 29,631 32,150 33,372 35,379 37,077 37,657 26,115 28,847 29,947 30,314 3,219 5,164 5,434 

Percent distribution

Two-parent family groups 87.1 78.5 73.6 70.3 68.4 68.3 89.9 75.9 74.1 73.4 64.3 37.7 35.7 One-parent family groups 12.9 21.5 26.3 29.7 31.6 31.7 10.1 24.1 25.9 26.6 35.7 62.3 64.3 

Maintained by mother .. 11.5 19.4 23.2 25.5 26.6 26.2 8.9 19.9 21.1 20.9 33.0 58.0 58.4 

Never married .......... 0.8 3.3 6.6 9.3 10.0 11.0 0.3 4.8 5.7 6.6 5.4 34.8 34.7 Spouse absent ......... 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.6 4.9 3.0 4.6 4.6 4.1 17.7 10.6 11.4 Separated ................. 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 3.9 1.8 4.0 3.9 3.3 14.9 9.3 9.3 Divorced ................... 3.7 8.5 9.7 9.5 9.9 9.1 3.6 9.3 9.9 9.1 5.3 10.7 10.7 Widowed ................... 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 4.6 1.9 1.6 

Maintained by father ... 1.3 2.2 3.1 4.2 5.0 5.6 1.2 4.1 4.8 5.8 2.6 4.3 5.9 

Total with children under 18 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Note.—Family groups consist of family households, related subfamilies, and unrelated subfamilies. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1996, 1998a).

TABLE G–5.—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, SELECTED YEARS 1960–98

Living arrangements of children and marital status of parent

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1997 

Numbers in thousands

Living with:

Two parents ........................................................................ 55,877 58,939 48,624 46,503 48,276 48,386 One parent .......................................................................... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 18,938 19,799 

Mother only .................................................................... 5,105 7,452 11,406 13,874 16,477 16,740 Father only ..................................................................... 724 748 1,060 1,993 2,461 3,059 

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ................................... 2,021 2,024 2,337 1,768 3,040 2,798 

Total number of children .......................................... 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 70,254 70,983 

Percent distribution

Living with:

Two parents ........................................................................ 87.7 85.2 76.7 72.5 68.7 68.2 One parent .......................................................................... 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.0 27.9 

Mother only .................................................................... 8.0 10.8 18.0 21.6 23.5 23.6 Father only ..................................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.1 3.5 4.3 

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ................................... 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.8 4.3 3.9 

Percent ....................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Note.—Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups.Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1964, 1996b, 1998, 1998b).

TABLE G–6.—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS LIVING WITH ONE PARENT, SELECTED YEARS 1960–98

Living arrangements of children and marital status of parent

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1997 

Numbers in thousands

Never married ............................................................................. 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,558 7,553 Married, spouse absent .............................................................. 2,700 3,521 3,898 3,767 4,348 4,347 

Separated ........................................................................... 1,608 2,484 3,327 3,222 3,621 3,521 

Widowed ...................................................................................... 1,543 1,649 1,469 1,125 830 693 Divorced ...................................................................................... 1,343 2,473 5,281 6,122 7,201 7,204 

Total children living with one parent ....................... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 18,938 19,799 

Percent distribution

Never married ............................................................................. 4.2 6.8 14.6 30.6 34.6 38.1 Married, spouse absent .............................................................. 46.3 42.9 31.3 23.7 23.0 22.0 

Separated ........................................................................... 27.6 30.3 26.7 20.3 19.1 17.8 

Widowed ...................................................................................... 26.5 20.1 11.8 7.1 4.4 3.5 Divorced ...................................................................................... 23.0 30.2 42.4 38.6 38.0 36.4 

Percent ...................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Note.—Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups.Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1964, 1996b, 1998, 1998b).

1242

TABLE G–7.—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF WHITE CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE,

SELECTED YEARS 1960–98

Family type

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1996 1998

All children (numbers in thousands)

Two parents .................... 50,082 52,624 43,200 40,593 46,735 41,609 41,547

One parent ...................... 3,932 5,109 7,901 9,870 10,971 12,335 12,772

Mother only ............ 3,381 4,581 7,059 8,321 9,250 10,239 10,210

Father only ............. 551 528 842 1,549 1,721 2,096 2,562

Other relatives or nonrelatives .......................... 1,062 1,058 1,141 928 886 1,770 1,799

Total .............. 55,077 58,790 52,242 51,390 52,493 55,714 56,124

All children (percent)

Two parents .................... 90.9 89.5 82.7 79.0 77.4 74.7 74.0

One parent ...................... 7.1 8.7 15.1 19.2 20.9 22.1 22.8

Mother only ............ 6.1 7.8 13.5 16.2 17.6 18.4 18.2

Father only ............. 1.0 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.5

Other relatives or nonrelatives .......................... 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.2 3.2

Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands)

Marital status of parent:

Never married ........ 61 131 552 1,894 2,449 3,101 3,595

Married, spouse absent ................... 1,615 1,822 2,243 2,356 2,837 2,915 2,833

Separated ...... 779 1,111 1,817 1,982 2,425 2,423 2,215

Widowed ................. 1,139 1,160 1,000 774 624 518 589

Divorced ................. 1,118 1,997 4,106 4,847 5,061 5,801 5,755

Total .............. 3,932 5,110 7,901 9,869 10,971 12,335 12,772

Children in single-parent families (percent)

Marital status of parent:

Never married ........ 1.6 2.6 7.0 19.2 22.3 25.1 28.1

Married, spouse absent ................... 41.1 35.7 28.4 23.9 25.9 23.6 22.2

Separated ...... 19.8 21.7 23.0 20.1 22.1 19.6 17.3

Widowed ................. 29.0 22.7 12.7 7.8 5.7 4.2 4.6

Divorced ................. 28.4 39.1 52.0 49.1 46.1 47.0 45.1

Note.—Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1964, 1996, 1998b).

1243

TABLE G–8.—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF BLACK CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE,

SELECTED YEARS 1960–98

Family type

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1996 1998

All children (numbers in thousands)

Two parents .......................... 5,795 5,508 3,956 3,781 3,714 3,816 4,137

One parent ............................ 1,897 2,996 4,297 5,485 5,934 6,560 6,254

Mother only .................. 1,723 2,783 4,117 5,132 5,607 6,056 5,830

Father only ................... 173 213 180 353 327 504 424

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ........................ 959 917 1,122 752 779 1,058 1,022

Total .................... 8,650 9,422 9,375 10,018 10,427 11,434 11,414

All children (percent)

Two parents .......................... 67.0 58.5 42.2 37.7 35.6 33.4 36.2

One parent ............................ 21.9 31.8 45.8 54.8 56.9 57.4 54.7

Mother only .................. 19.9 29.5 43.9 51.2 53.8 53.0 51.1

Father only ................... 2.0 2.3 1.9 3.5 3.1 4.4 3.7

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ........................ 11.1 9.7 12.0 7.5 7.5 9.3 8.9

Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands)

Marital status of parent:

Never married .............. 182 423 1,235 2,839 3,314 3,792 3,874

Married spouse absent 1,085 1,651 1,573 1,251 1,290 1,372 1,093

Separated ............ 829 1,343 1,463 1,125 1,156 1,073 854

Widowed ....................... 405 482 411 278 194 199 177

Divorced ....................... 225 438 1,078 1,117 1,136 1,197 1,110

Total .................... 1,897 2,995 4,297 5,484 5,934 6,560 6,254

Children in single-parent families (percent)

Marital status of parent:

Never married .............. 9.6 14.1 28.7 51.8 55.9 57.8 61.9

Married spouse absent 57.2 55.1 36.6 22.8 21.7 20.9 17.5

Separated ............ 43.7 44.8 34.0 20.5 19.5 16.4 13.6

Widowed ....................... 21.3 16.1 9.6 5.1 3.3 3.0 2.8

Divorced ....................... 11.9 14.6 25.1 20.4 19.1 18.2 17.7

Note.—Black children include nonwhite in 1960. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain

households or family groups.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1964, 1996, 1998b).

1244

TABLE G–9.—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF HISPANIC CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF

AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970–98

Family type

Year

1970 1980 1990 1992 1996 1998

All children (numbers in thousands)

Two parents ..................... 3,111 4,116 4,789 4,935 6,381 6,909

One parent ....................... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,321 3,397

Mother only ............. NA 1,069 1,943 2,168 2,937 2,915

Father only .............. NA 83 211 279 384 482

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ................... NA 191 231 237 549 556

Total children 4,006 5,459 7,174 7,619 10,251 10,863

All children (percent)

Two parents ..................... 77.7 75.4 66.8 64.8 62.2 63.6

One parent ....................... NA 21.1 30.0 32.1 32.4 31.3

Mother only ............. NA 19.6 27.1 28.5 28.7 26.8

Father only .............. NA 1.5 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.4

Other relatives or nonrelatives only ................... NA 3.5 3.2 3.1 5.4 5.1

Children in single-parent families (numbers in

thousands)

Marital status of parent:

Never married ......... NA 228 703 872 1,336 1,530

Married, spouse absent .................... NA 468 728 739 990 939

Separated ....... NA 400 577 600 786 737

Widowed .................. NA 103 149 137 114 146

Divorced .................. NA 353 574 699 881 782

Total ............... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,321 3,397

Children in single-parent families (percent)

Marital status of parent:

Never married ......... NA 19.8 32.6 35.6 40.2 45.0

Married, spouse absent .................... NA 40.6 33.8 30.2 29.8 27.6

Separated ....... NA 34.7 26.8 24.5 23.7 21.7

Widowed .................. NA 8.9 6.9 5.6 3.4 4.3

Divorced .................. NA 30.6 26.6 28.6 26.5 23.0

NA—Not available.

Note.—Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Excludes persons under 18 years old who

maintain households or family groups; numbers in thousands.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1973, 1996, 1998b).

1245

TABLE G–10.—CHILDREN LIVING WITH TWO PARENTS BY THEIR BIOLOGICAL, STEP,

ADOPTIVE, AND FOSTER STATUS, BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN, SUMMER 1991

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics of parents All races White Black Hispanic

origin 1

Biological mother and father ............ 40,553 35,002 3,576 4,129

Biological mother and stepfather ..... 3,672 3,195 351 367

Biological father and stepmother ..... 830 740 40 43

Adoptive mother and father 2 ........... 582 387 103 42

Foster mother and father 3 ............... 195 147 48 (4)

Other .................................................. 1,994 1,524 286 245

Total ......................................... 47,826 40,995 4,404 4,826

Biological mother and father ............ 84.8 85.4 81.2 85.6

Biological mother and stepfather ..... 7.7 7.8 8.0 7.6

Biological father and stepmother ..... 1.7 1.8 0.9 0.9

Adoptive mother and father 2 ........... 1.2 0.9 2.3 0.9

Foster mother and father 3 ............... (4) (4) 1.1 (4)

Other .................................................. 4.2 3.7 6.5 5.1

Percent distribution .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2 Children living with one biological parent and one adoptive parent have been placed in a biological

parent/stepparent category. 3 Foster relationships only include official placements by a government agency or representative of a

government agency. 4 Represents zero or a number that rounds to zero.

Source: Furukawa (1994).

1246

TABLE G–11.—PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER’S MARITAL

STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENT, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1998 1

[In thousands]

Family type defined by mother’s

marital status Total

Family living arrangement

Independent families

Extended

families

Cohabiting 2Unrelated

families

Number of persons:

Never married ................................ 11,460 6,984 2,689 1,252 536

Separated/other ............................. 5,814 4,430 841 256 287

Divorced ......................................... 10,100 7,406 986 918 790

Widowed ........................................ 1,202 871 191 30 110

Total ..................................... 28,576 19,691 4,706 2,456 1,723

Number of poor persons:

Never married ................................ 5,844 4,027 804 726 287

Separated/other ............................. 2,687 2,139 215 182 151

Divorced ......................................... 2,844 2,046 193 427 178

Widowed ........................................ 366 273 50 10 33

Total ..................................... 11,742 8,485 1,262 1,344 650

Poverty rate (percent poor):

Never married ................................ 51.0 57.7 29.9 58.0 53.6

Separated/other ............................. 46.2 48.3 25.5 71.1 52.9

Divorced ......................................... 28.2 27.6 19.6 46.5 22.5

Widowed ........................................ 30.5 31.4 26.3 31.9 30.0

Total ..................................... 41.1 43.1 26.8 54.7 37.7

Number of families:

Never married ................................ 4,176 2,365 1,131 497 183

Separated/other ............................. 1,804 1,340 289 85 89

Divorced ......................................... 3,476 2,458 393 359 266

Widowed ........................................ 391 280 71 10 29

Total ..................................... 9,847 6,444 1,884 951 568

1 The Current Population Survey (CPS) defines families on the basis of marital and blood relations, and

treats families as a basic economic unit in its measures of family poverty and income. Under such definitions, an unmarried, cohabiting, couple would be viewed as two distinct economic units; either as two unrelated individuals, if no child dependents were involved, or as one or two single-parent families, if one or

both members of the couple had children residing in the household. Cohabiting couples are identifiable on

the CPS only by inference. The U.S. Census Bureau identifies such families as unmarried couple households—a household with only two adults who are unrelated and of the opposite sex (one of whom is the

householder) with or without the presence of children under the age of 15. The CPS assigns a residing

child to only one of the two adult members of the unmarried couple, even though the child may be the

couple’s offspring. 2 Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a

household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single

adult male.

Note.—Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling

error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Marital status and

family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1999. Poverty status is based on family

income in the prior year (1998).

Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service, based on analysis of the March 1999 Current

Population Survey microdata files.

TABLE G–12.—BIRTHS AND FERTILITY RATES, BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1940–98

[Fertility rates are births per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years]

Year

Number of births Fertility rate

All births 1 White Black American Indian 2 Asian or Pacific Islander All births 1 White Black American Indian 2 Asian o

Isla

1940 3 ....... 2,559,000 2,199,000 NA NA NA 79.9 77.1 NA NA 

1950 3 ....... 3,632,000 3,108,000 NA NA NA 106.2 102.3 NA NA 1960 3 ....... 4,257,850 3,600,744 602,264 21,114 NA 118.0 113.2 153.5 NA 1970 3 ....... 3,731,386 3,091,264 572,362 25,864 NA 87.9 84.1 115.4 NA 1975 3 ....... 3,144,198 2,551,996 511,581 27,546 NA 66.0 62.5 87.9 NA 1980 .......... 3,612,258 2,936,351 568,080 29,389 74,355 68.4 65.6 84.7 82.7 1985 .......... 3,760,561 3,037,913 581,824 34,037 104,606 66.3 64.1 78.8 78.6 1988 .......... 3,909,510 3,102,083 638,562 37,088 129,035 67.3 64.5 82.6 76.8 1989 .......... 4,040,958 3,192,355 673,124 39,478 133,075 69.2 66.4 86.2 79.0 1990 .......... 4,158,212 3,290,273 684,336 39,051 141,635 70.9 68.3 86.8 76.2 1991 .......... 4,110,907 3,241,273 682,602 38,841 145,372 69.6 67.0 85.2 75.1 1992 .......... 4,065,014 3,201,678 673,633 39,453 150,250 68.9 66.5 83.2 75.4 1993 .......... 4,000,240 3,149,833 658,875 38,732 152,800 67.6 65.4 80.5 73.4 1994 .......... 3,952,767 3,121,004 636,391 37,740 157,632 66.7 64.9 76.9 70.9 1995 .......... 3,899,589 3,098,885 603,139 37,278 160,287 65.6 64.4 72.3 69.1 1996 .......... 3,891,494 3,093,057 594,781 37,880 165,776 65.3 64.3 70.7 68.7 1997 .......... 3,880,894 3,072,640 599,913 38,572 169,769 65.0 63.9 70.7 69.1 1998 .......... 3,941,553 3,118,727 609,902 40,272 172,652 65.6 64.6 71.0 70.7 

1 For 1940–91 includes births to races not shown separately.2 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos.3 Data are by race of child; see source below for more information.

NA—Not available.Source: Ventura et al. (1997, 2000).

1248

TABLE G–13.—NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, AND PREGNANCIES, BY

AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME, 1 1976–96

Age group and year

Female

population (in

thousands)

Total number (in thousands) Rate per 1,000 females

Births

Induced

abortions

Fetal

losses 1

Pregnancies 2

Birth Abortion

Pregnancy 2

Women aged 15–

19:

1976 ........... 10,582 559 363 151 1,072 52.8 34.3 101.3

1977 ........... 10,581 559 397 152 1,108 52.8 37.5 104.7

1978 ........... 10,555 543 419 147 1,109 51.5 39.7 105.1

1979 ........... 10,498 549 445 148 1,142 52.3 42.4 108.8

1980 ........... 10,413 552 445 149 1,146 53.0 42.7 110.0

1981 ........... 10,096 527 433 142 1,103 52.2 42.9 109.2

1982 ........... 9,809 514 419 125 1,058 52.4 42.7 107.8

1983 ........... 9,515 489 411 119 1,020 51.4 43.2 107.2

1984 ........... 9,287 470 399 114 983 50.6 42.9 105.8

1985 ........... 9,174 467 399 114 981 51.0 43.5 106.9

1988 ........... 9,029 478 393 122 993 53.0 43.5 109.9

1989 ........... 8,840 507 371 121 999 57.3 42.0 113.0

1990 ........... 8,709 522 351 140 1,013 59.9 40.3 116.3

1991 ........... 8,371 520 314 141 975 62.1 37.6 116.5

1992 ........... 8,324 505 295 138 939 60.7 35.5 112.8

1993 ........... 8,410 501 289 139 928 59.6 34.3 110.4

1994 ........... 8,580 505 276 141 923 58.9 32.2 107.6

1995 ........... 8,799 500 264 140 904 56.8 30.0 102.7

1996 ........... 9,043 492 264 137 893 54.4 29.2 98.7

Women aged 10–

14:

1976 ........... 9,837 12 16 4 32 1.2 1.6 3.2

1977 ........... 9,550 11 16 4 31 NA NA NA

1978 ........... 9,262 11 15 4 30 NA NA NA

1979 ........... 9,031 11 16 3 30 NA NA NA

1980 ........... 8,926 10 15 3 29 1.1 1.7 3.2

1981 ........... 8,921 10 15 3 28 1.1 1.7 3.1

1982 ........... 8,811 10 15 3 27 1.1 1.6 3.1

1983 ........... 8,690 10 16 3 29 1.1 1.9 3.3

1984 ........... 7,984 10 17 3 30 1.2 2.0 3.5

1985 ........... 8,339 10 17 3 30 1.2 2.0 3.6

1988 ........... 8,102 11 14 3 27 1.3 1.7 3.4

1989 ........... 8,260 11 13 4 28 1.4 1.6 3.4

1990 ........... 8,322 12 13 5 29 1.4 1.5 3.5

1991 ........... 8,620 12 12 5 29 1.4 1.4 3.4

1992 ........... 8,829 12 13 5 30 1.4 1.5 3.4

1993 ........... 9,026 13 12 5 30 1.4 1.4 3.3

1994 ........... 9,150 13 12 5 30 1.4 1.3 3.3

1995 ........... 9,229 12 11 5 28 1.3 1.2 3.0

1996 ........... 9,254 11 10 4 26 1.2 1.1 2.8

Women aged 15–

17:

1976 ........... 6,319 215 153 70 439 34.1 24.2 69.4

1977 ........... 6,310 214 166 70 449 33.9 26.2 71.2

1249

TABLE G–13.—NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, AND PREGNANCIES, BY

AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME, 1 1976–96—Continued

Age group and year

Female

population (in

thousands)

Total number (in thousands) Rate per 1,000 females

Births

Induced

abortions

Fetal

losses 1

Pregnancies 2

Birth Abortion

Pregnancy 2

1978 ........... 6,286 203 169 66 438 32.2 26.9 69.7

1979 ........... 6,200 200 179 65 444 32.3 28.8 71.6

1980 ........... 6,100 198 183 65 446 32.5 30.1 73.2

1981 ........... 5,848 187 176 61 424 32.0 30.1 72.6

1982 ........... 5,617 181 168 55 405 32.3 30.0 72.1

1983 ........... 5,424 173 166 53 392 31.8 30.7 72.2

1984 ........... 5,373 167 161 51 378 31.0 29.9 70.4

1985 ........... 5,410 168 166 51 385 31.0 30.6 71.1

1988 ........... 5,251 177 158 54 389 33.6 30.2 74.1

1989 ........... 4,975 181 139 63 383 36.4 28.0 76.9

1990 ........... 4,890 183 130 79 393 37.5 26.5 80.3

1991 ........... 4,861 188 118 82 388 38.7 24.3 79.8

1992 ........... 4,959 188 114 82 384 37.8 23.1 77.3

1993 ........... 5,037 191 113 83 387 37.8 22.5 76.8

1994 ........... 5,188 195 111 86 392 37.6 21.4 75.5

1995 ........... 5,351 193 106 85 384 36.0 19.9 71.7

1996 ........... 5,488 186 104 82 372 33.8 19.0 67.8

Women aged 18–

19:

1976 ........... 4,263 343 210 82 635 80.5 49.3 148.9

1977 ........... 4,263 345 231 82 658 80.9 54.1 154.2

1978 ........... 4,269 341 250 81 671 79.8 58.4 157.2

1979 ........... 4,297 349 266 83 698 81.3 61.9 162.5

1980 ........... 4,313 354 261 84 699 82.1 60.6 162.2

1981 ........... 4,248 340 257 81 678 80.0 60.6 159.6

1982 ........... 4,191 333 250 70 653 79.4 59.7 155.7

1983 ........... 4,091 317 245 66 628 77.4 59.9 153.5

1984 ........... 3,914 303 238 64 605 77.4 60.8 154.4

1985 ........... 3,765 300 234 63 596 79.6 62.0 158.3

1988 ........... 3,778 302 234 63 600 79.9 62.0 158.7

1989 ........... 3,866 325 232 59 616 84.2 60.0 159.3

1990 ........... 3,819 338 221 61 620 88.6 57.9 162.4

1991 ........... 3,510 331 196 59 587 94.4 55.9 167.2

1992 ........... 3,365 318 181 57 556 94.5 53.8 165.1

1993 ........... 3,372 311 175 56 542 92.1 52.0 160.6

1994 ........... 3,392 310 165 56 531 91.5 48.8 156.7

1995 ........... 3,448 307 157 55 520 89.1 45.7 150.8

1996 ........... 3,555 306 160 55 521 86.0 44.9 146.4

1 Spontaneous fetal losses from recognized pregnancies of all gestational periods as reported to women

in the 1982 and 1988 National Survey of Family Growth conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The rate of pregnancy loss depends on the degree to which losses at very early gestations are

detected. 2 Sum of births, induced abortions, and fetal losses.

NA—Not available.

Source: Ventura et al. (1999).

1250

TABLE G–14.—NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES FOR WOMEN AGES 15–19 BY

RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER,1 SELECTED YEARS 1950–98

Year

Number of births Birth rate 2

White Black

All women 15–19 15–17 18–19

White Black White Black White Black

1950 318,522 98,100 70.0 NA NA NA NA NA

1955 372,678 108,375 79.1 NA NA NA NA NA

1960 458,130 118,044 79.4 156.1 NA NA NA NA

1965 443,754 141,026 60.6 144.6 NA NA NA NA

1970 463,608 171,826 57.4 140.7 29.2 101.4 101.5 204.9

1975 410,129 161,044 46.4 111.8 28.0 85.6 74.0 152.4

1980 393,564 147,378 45.4 97.8 25.5 72.5 73.2 135.1

1981 375,432 140,344 44.9 94.5 25.4 69.3 71.5 131.0

1982 363,742 137,456 45.0 94.3 25.5 69.7 70.8 128.9

1983 343,199 133,953 43.9 93.9 25.0 69.6 68.8 127.1

1984 326,301 131,497 42.9 94.1 24.3 69.2 68.4 128.1

1985 324,590 130,857 43.3 95.4 24.4 69.3 70.4 132.4

1986 317,970 131,594 42.3 95.8 23.8 69.3 70.1 135.1

1987 315,464 134,050 42.5 97.6 24.6 72.1 68.9 135.8

1988 323,830 140,608 44.4 102.7 26.0 75.7 69.6 142.7

1989 340,472 150,699 47.9 111.5 28.1 81.9 72.9 151.9

1990 354,482 151,613 50.8 112.8 29.5 82.3 78.0 152.9

1991 352,359 150,956 52.8 115.5 30.7 84.1 83.5 158.6

1992 342,739 146,800 51.8 112.4 30.1 81.3 83.8 157.9

1993 341,817 143,153 51.1 108.6 30.3 79.8 82.1 151.9

1994 348,081 140,968 51.1 104.5 30.7 76.3 82.1 148.3

1995 349,635 133,694 50.1 96.1 30.0 69.7 81.2 137.1

1996 344,685 130,596 48.1 91.4 28.4 64.7 78.4 132.5

1997 338,272 128,539 46.3 88.2 27.1 60.8 75.9 130.1

1998 340,694 126,937 45.4 85.4 25.9 56.8 74.6 126.9

1 Births are tabulated by race of child through 1975, and by race of mother for 1980–98.

2 Births per 1,000 women in specified group.

NA—Not available.

Source: Martin et al. (1999); Ventura et al. (2000).

1251

TABLE G–15.—BIRTH RATES FOR UNMARRIED WOMEN AGES 15–17 AND 18–19 BY

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1980–98

[Births per 1,000 unmarried women in specified group]

Year

White Black Hispanic 1

15–17 18–19 15–17 18–19 15–17 18–19

1980 ......... 12.0 24.1 68.8 118.2 NA NA

1985 ......... 14.5 31.2 66.8 117.9 NA NA

1986 ......... 14.9 33.5 67.0 121.1 NA NA

1987 ......... 16.2 34.5 69.9 123.0 NA NA

1988 ......... 17.6 36.8 73.5 130.5 NA NA

1989 ......... 19.3 40.2 78.9 140.9 NA NA

1990 ......... 20.4 44.9 78.8 143.7 45.9 98.9

1991 ......... 21.8 49.6 80.4 148.7 50.5 109.6

1992 ......... 21.6 51.5 78.0 147.8 51.0 110.5

1993 ......... 22.1 52.4 76.8 141.6 51.9 114.6

1994 ......... 24.1 56.4 75.1 141.6 59.0 123.6

1995 ......... 23.6 55.4 68.6 131.2 56.3 117.9

1996 ......... 22.7 54.1 64.0 129.2 53.4 110.4

1997 ......... 22.4 53.6 60.6 127.2 55.0 109.5

1998 ......... 21.8 53.5 56.5 123.5 53.0 107.8

1 Hispanic ethnicity is independent of race; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

NA—Not available.

Note.—Data for States in which marital status was not reported have been inferred and included with

data from the remaining States. Race is determined by race of the child for 1980–89 and by race of the

mother for 1990–93.

Source: Ventura et al. (2000).

TABLE G–16.—ESTIMATED PREGNANCIES 1 PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15–19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1990, 1995, AND 1997

State

1980 1990 1995 1997

Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White 

Alabama ........................................................ 117 NA NA NA NA NA 106 86 143 98.6 81.4 Alaska ............................................................ 124 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.5 NA Arizona ........................................................... 123 115 195 101.8 99.9 153.5 108 109 112 99.5 100.5 Arkansas ........................................................ 117 104 168 98.4 92.7 157.2 104 88 156 101.8 89.1 California ....................................................... 140 127 272 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado ........................................................ 114 105 192 82.3 NA NA 80 NA NA 75.0 73.1 Connecticut ................................................... 81 NA NA NA NA NA 77 NA NA 78.6 NA Delaware ........................................................ 106 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 127.8 102.7 District of Columbia 1 ................................... 200 NA NA 255.2 NA NA 230 NA NA 249.7 NA 

Florida ........................................................... 131 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia .......................................................... 131 111 172 110.8 88.2 162.5 116 90 165 108.8 85.4 Hawaii ........................................................... 106 81 NA 88.2 NA NA 92 51 77 82.6 46.3 Idaho ............................................................. 96 96 NA 68.8 56.6 NA 63 63 NA 56.0 55.7 Illinois ............................................................ 101 78 190 NA NA NA NA NA NA 92.3 NA Indiana .......................................................... 102 92 193 74.3 65.5 158.0 82 74 159 78.6 70.4 Iowa ............................................................... 79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas ........................................................... 101 93 199 81.1 74.5 181.1 95 86 209 87.9 79.8 Kentucky ........................................................ 111 NA NA 91.0 84.3 164.1 89 82 154 82.5 77.0 Louisiana 2 ..................................................... 118 93 2 163 92.1 68.7 2 128.8 98 72 2 136 93.0 69.2 

Maine ............................................................. 87 86 NA 88.4 87.6 NA 59 58 NA 54.9 54.4 Maryland ........................................................ 123 103 174 84.7 61.5 141.8 81 58 132 65.2 43.8 Massachusetts .............................................. 86 NA NA 71.1 NA NA 72 NA NA 67.5 NA Michigan ........................................................ 102 NA NA 85.2 NA NA 80 NA NA 71.0 NA Minnesota ...................................................... 77 73 240 62.0 55.3 219.4 56 47 217 55.9 46.4 Mississippi .................................................... 125 97 162 97.8 71.6 130.5 103 73 138 96.2 68.1 Missouri ......................................................... 106 92 205 82.6 64.8 197.5 79 66 162 72.0 60.9 

Montana ........................................................ 93 85 NA 81.7 NA NA 73 65 NA 67.1 59.2 Nebraska ....................................................... 81 NA NA 74.2 NA NA 65 NA NA 63.0 NA Nevada .......................................................... 144 134 226 107.5 105.8 158.8 117 118 141 107.5 105.8 New Hampshire ............................................. 81 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey ..................................................... 96 74 210 75.3 52.7 181.6 72 46 176 65.3 42.0 New Mexico .................................................... 126 118 NA 100.4 99.8 115.5 107 109 100 100.5 104.1 New York ....................................................... 101 78 207 92.9 76.3 166.4 106 85 191 98.1 78.0 North Carolina ............................................... 110 92 153 106.4 88.3 157.3 112 92 158 102.1 84.4 North Dakota ................................................. 75 68 NA 56.4 50.4 NA 56 49 NA 48.2 41.5 Ohio ............................................................... 101 88 190 74.6 80.5 170.1 83 69 173 81.5 67.4 Oklahoma ...................................................... 120 107 187 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon ........................................................... 119 112 NA 89.2 88.7 178.0 92 91 183 88.4 86.0 Pennsylvania ................................................. 90 NA NA 74.0 NA NA 72 54 210 64.4 47.8 Rhode Island ................................................. 83 NA NA 87.7 80.4 198.9 93 83 206 91.0 82.9 South Carolina .............................................. 114 98 140 95.0 76.6 127.0 96 78 123 89.2 72.9 South Dakota ................................................. 86 74 NA 56.9 48.0 NA 59 48 NA 55.9 45.0 Tennessee ...................................................... 113 102 157 101.8 88.3 165.6 104 87 170 98.6 82.3 Texas ............................................................. 137 NA NA 102.8 96.1 153.6 116 114 142 108.4 106.7 Utah ............................................................... 95 94 NA 63.0 62.2 NA 58 56 NA 58.0 56.8 Vermont ......................................................... 95 94 NA 72.1 72.7 NA 65 65 NA 57.7 58.1 Virginia .......................................................... 107 94 152 86.5 70.4 149.1 84 69 138 77.8 62.1 Washington .................................................... 122 NA NA 95.4 NA NA 88 NA NA 82.8 NA West Virginia ................................................. 104 NA NA 67.4 66.4 103.9 73 71 133 69.7 68.1 Wisconsin ...................................................... 85 NA NA 66.6 NA NA 59 46 197 57.8 44.9 Wyoming ........................................................ 127 NA NA 62.2 NA NA 58 NA NA 52.8 51.8 

Total ..................................................... 111 NA NA NA NA NA 98.3 NA NA 90.7 NA 

1 Includes races other than white and black.2 Rate is for all races other than white.

NA—Not available.Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995, 1998).

TABLE G–17.—BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15–19 YEARS, BY RACE AND STATE, 1990 AND 1995–97

[Births per 1,000 women in specified group]

State

1990 1995 1996 1997

Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White 

Alabama .......................... 71 55 105 70.3 55.9 99.4 69.2 54.6 96.4 66.6 54.5 Alaska .............................. 65 54 NA 50.3 36.5 NA 46.4 36.2 NA 44.6 33.6 Arizona ............................. 76 72 115 75.3 75.6 77.5 73.9 74.4 75.2 69.7 70.0 Arkansas .......................... 80 66 132 73.5 62.2 112.2 75.4 65.9 108.1 72.9 63.9 California ......................... 71 74 101 68.2 73.2 85.2 62.6 67.7 76.5 57.3 61.5 Colorado .......................... 55 52 106 51.3 50.1 77.1 49.5 48.2 74.7 48.2 47.2 Connecticut ..................... 39 31 103 39.4 33.3 83.8 37.4 31.7 79.5 36.1 30.6 Delaware .......................... 55 37 120 57.1 43.2 102.9 56.9 40.0 109.5 55.8 40.3 District of Columbia ........ 93 12 121 105.5 25.8 154.8 102.1 29.0 148.9 91.0 22.0 Florida ............................. 69 53 135 61.6 51.0 100.6 58.9 48.8 95.7 57.7 48.0 Georgia ............................ 76 57 116 71.0 55.7 101.4 68.2 55.0 94.6 67.2 54.0 Hawaii ............................. 61 42 NA 48.1 24.1 48.7 48.1 25.3 36.1 43.8 22.0 Idaho ................................ 51 50 NA 49.0 48.9 NA 47.2 46.8 NA 43.3 43.3 Illinois .............................. 63 44 144 60.0 45.8 126.2 57.1 44.2 117.6 54.7 42.0 Indiana ............................ 59 52 122 57.5 52.2 106.1 56.1 50.7 105.3 54.2 49.5 Iowa ................................. 41 39 119 38.6 36.5 116.4 37.8 35.6 107.6 35.7 33.6 Kansas ............................. 56 51 132 52.3 47.4 115.5 49.6 45.5 106.2 48.5 44.5 Kentucky .......................... 68 64 116 62.6 59.1 102.2 61.5 57.8 103.4 59.6 56.6 Louisiana ......................... 74 52 109 69.9 48.4 103.6 66.7 47.3 96.9 66.3 48.1 Maine ............................... 43 43 NA 33.7 33.2 NA 31.4 31.2 NA 32.0 31.9 Maryland .......................... 53 36 96 47.6 33.0 81.4 46.1 31.7 79.0 43.9 30.0 Massachusetts ................ 35 31 90 34.3 30.5 77.8 32.2 28.7 72.0 31.7 28.0 Michigan .......................... 59 43 131 49.2 38.6 100.7 46.5 37.0 93.5 43.9 35.4 Minnesota ........................ 36 31 152 32.4 26.5 121.0 32.1 26.5 120.9 32.0 26.1 Mississippi ...................... 81 56 113 80.5 56.3 108.1 75.5 52.1 102.0 73.7 51.9 

Missouri ........................... 63 50 144 55.5 47.3 108.7 53.7 45.5 105.9 51.5 44.3 Montana .......................... 48 40 NA 41.9 35.4 NA 38.6 32.8 NA 37.6 31.0 Nebraska ......................... 42 37 135 37.6 33.7 100.4 38.7 34.7 99.6 37.2 33.3 Nevada ............................ 73 69 129 73.4 72.2 101.7 69.6 67.2 100.2 67.7 65.5 New Hampshire ............... 33 33 NA 30.6 30.6 NA 28.6 28.4 NA 28.6 28.7 New Jersey ....................... 41 28 100 38.0 28.6 85.7 35.4 26.3 81.3 35.0 26.0 New Mexico ...................... 78 76 95 74.4 73.6 68.3 70.9 71.1 55.0 68.4 69.0 New York ......................... 44 37 76 43.9 39.1 66.4 41.8 36.4 66.4 38.8 33.2 North Carolina ................. 68 52 107 64.0 51.7 92.6 63.5 51.5 91.2 61.3 51.0 North Dakota ................... 35 29 NA 33.5 28.1 NA 32.3 27.1 NA 30.1 24.7 Ohio ................................. 58 48 129 53.4 45.5 107.2 50.4 42.9 100.6 49.8 42.1 Oklahoma ........................ 67 60 116 64.0 57.4 99.2 63.4 57.9 92.8 64.3 57.9 Oregon ............................. 55 54 108 50.5 50.0 88.4 50.8 50.1 85.7 46.9 46.1 Pennsylvania ................... 45 35 125 41.7 32.9 109.3 39.3 31.4 100.5 37.3 29.4 Rhode Island ................... 44 39 114 42.9 37.4 92.6 42.5 37.5 82.2 42.7 38.2 South Carolina ................ 71 54 101 65.2 51.9 86.2 62.9 49.1 84.5 61.4 48.3 South Dakota ................... 47 35 NA 40.5 30.8 NA 39.5 30.4 NA 39.7 30.1 Tennessee ........................ 72 60 121 68.0 57.3 109.5 66.1 56.6 101.8 64.5 55.0 Texas ............................... 75 71 114 75.8 75.2 91.4 73.5 73.0 88.1 71.7 71.4 Utah ................................. 49 48 NA 42.3 41.4 NA 42.8 42.2 NA 42.6 41.9 Vermont ........................... 34 34 NA 28.6 28.8 NA 30.1 30.5 NA 26.9 27.4 Virginia ............................ 53 41 99 48.5 38.9 83.1 45.5 36.4 77.6 44.2 35.0 Washington ...................... 53 52 94 47.5 45.8 76.2 45.0 43.7 71.7 42.5 41.4 West Virginia ................... 57 57 74 52.6 51.7 82.3 50.3 49.4 81.0 49.1 48.5 Wisconsin ........................ 43 31 175 37.8 28.6 132.7 36.8 27.7 129.6 35.9 27.2 Wyoming .......................... 56 55 NA 47.3 45.4 NA 44.0 42.4 NA 43.3 42.4 

1 Includes races other than white and black.

NA—Not available.Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1995); Ventura et al. (1998, 1999a); Martin et al. (1999).

1256

TABLE G–18.—PERCENTAGE OF BABIES BORN TO WOMEN RECEIVING EARLY CARE, OR

LATE OR NO CARE, BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS,

1970–98

Year

Percent born to women beginning

care in first trimester

Percent born to women beginning care in third trimester or

having no care

White Black Total 1

White Black Total 1

1970 234 .......................... 72.4 44.4 68.0 6.2 16.6 7.9

1975 234 .......................... 75.9 55.8 72.4 5.0 10.5 6.0

1980 3 .............................. 79.2 62.4 76.3 4.3 8.9 5.1

1981 3 .............................. 79.3 62.1 76.3 4.3 9.2 5.2

1982 3 .............................. 79.2 61.1 76.1 4.5 9.7 5.5

1983 3 .............................. 79.3 61.2 76.2 4.6 9.8 5.6

1984 3 .............................. 79.6 61.9 76.5 4.7 9.7 5.6

1985 ................................. 79.3 61.5 76.2 4.8 10.2 5.7

1986 ................................. 79.1 61.2 75.9 5.0 10.7 6.0

1987 ................................. 79.3 60.8 76.0 5.0 11.2 6.1

1988 ................................. 79.3 60.7 75.9 5.0 11.0 6.1

1989 ................................. 78.9 60.0 75.5 5.2 11.9 6.4

1990 ................................. 79.2 60.6 75.8 4.9 11.3 6.1

1991 ................................. 79.5 61.9 76.2 4.7 10.7 5.8

1992 ................................. 80.8 63.9 77.7 4.2 9.9 5.2

1993 ................................. 81.8 66.0 78.9 3.9 9.0 4.8

1994 ................................. 82.8 68.3 80.2 3.6 8.2 4.4

1995 ................................. 83.6 70.4 81.3 3.5 7.6 4.2

1996 ................................. 84.0 71.4 81.9 3.3 7.3 4.0

1997 ................................. 84.7 72.3 82.5 3.2 7.3 3.9

1998 ................................. 84.8 73.3 82.8 3.3 7.0 3.9

1 Includes races other than white and black.

2 Figures are by race of child.

3 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other

States. 4 Based on data for 39 States and the District of Columbia in 1970, and based on data for 42 States

and the District of Columbia in 1975.

Source: Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996); National Center for Health Statistics (1975, 1978, 1999);

Ventura et al. (2000).

TABLE G–19.—ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15–19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1992, AND 1996

State

1980 1985 1990 1992 

Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black 

Alabama ...................... 32 NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA 20.7 18.2 25.8 Alaska ......................... 43 NA NA 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona ........................ 41 39 41 43 46 27 26.3 27.6 38.4 21.5 22.4 38.5 Arkansas ..................... 25 26 23 23 23 21 18.3 16.6 25.2 15.3 13.9 20.6 California .................... 69 60 150 79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado ...................... 49 43 76 51 49 84 27.7 NA NA 21.4 NA NA Connecticut ................. 40 NA NA 52 NA NA NA NA NA 39.3 NA NA Delaware ..................... 40 NA NA 37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia 2 114 NA NA 113 NA NA 162.1 NA NA 92.3 NA NA 

Florida ......................... 55 NA NA 51 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia ........................ 41 42 36 44 42 46 35.3 29.6 46.3 32.3 24.7 47.7 Hawaii ......................... 41 40 NA 61 59 62 27.0 NA NA 32.9 31.9 NA Idaho ........................... 23 23 NA 21 21 NA 8.2 8.2 NA 8.0 8.0 NA Illinois ......................... 31 25 40 38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana ........................ 30 27 53 24 21 47 15.7 13.6 35.6 13.5 11.6 30.8 Iowa ............................ 25 NA NA 25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas ........................ 30 29 44 23 23 28 25.0 23.7 49.2 31.3 20.1 74.5 Kentucky ...................... 22 NA NA 16 NA NA 23.4 20.8 48.3 17.0 14.8 37.8 Louisiana .................... 24 22 28 22 21 24 17.8 16.7 19.6 16.1 14.0 20.2 Maine .......................... 27 27 NA 36 36 NA 25.4 24.9 NA 15.3 15.0 NA Maryland ..................... 64 59 76 59 51 77 31.4 25.4 46.3 28.2 19.0 41.6 Massachusetts ............ 47 NA NA 45 NA NA 36.0 NA NA 31.5 NA NA 

TABLE G–19.—ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15–19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1992, AND 1996—Continued

State

1980 1985 1990 1992 

Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black Total 1 White Black 

Michigan ..................... 44 NA NA 50 NA NA 26.1 NA NA 23.1 NA NA Minnesota ................... 31 31 81 24 23 47 25.7 24.7 67.7 19.2 17.8 55.6 Mississippi .................. 22 27 16 19 22 15 16.8 16.1 17.8 16.6 14.7 19.0 Missouri ...................... 34 29 61 29 25 55 19.7 14.5 53.6 14.8 10.4 42.1 Montana ...................... 32 32 NA 28 29 NA 33.3 NA NA 24.0 23.8 NA Nebraska ..................... 24 NA NA 27 NA NA 31.9 NA NA 22.2 NA NA Nevada ........................ 67 67 66 57 58 45 34.2 36.9 27.5 34.7 36.3 34.0 New Hampshire ........... 37 NA NA 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey .................. 49 41 85 63 38 170 34.6 24.6 82.0 30.5 15.2 78.5 New Mexico ................. 36 35 NA 30 33 12 22.3 24.0 20.9 21.5 22.7 25.2 New York ..................... 54 42 107 64 49 120 49.3 38.7 90.8 51.3 38.3 102.1 North Carolina ............ 38 35 43 41 38 48 38.8 34.3 60.7 35.1 29.9 47.6 North Dakota ............... 23 22 NA 17 18 NA 21.0 21.2 NA 16.0 17.2 NA Ohio ............................. 35 30 64 33 28 59 16.6 12.9 40.6 16.7 NA NA Oklahoma .................... 27 27 32 29 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon ......................... 52 49 NA 41 41 37 34.6 34.7 70.0 27.8 27.2 68.1 Pennsylvania ............... 38 NA NA 35 NA NA 29.7 NA NA 28.5 18.9 84.2 Rhode Island ............... 40 NA NA 40 NA NA 43.8 41.7 84.6 40.6 37.9 80.7 South Carolina ............ 33 36 27 26 30 20 23.6 22.3 25.9 17.7 16.3 19.9 South Dakota .............. 21 20 NA 18 18 NA 10.1 11.0 NA 11.1 11.5 NA Tennessee ................... 33 33 33 29 29 31 29.5 25.0 44.4 22.7 18.9 38.3 Texas ........................... 44 NA NA 39 NA NA 27.4 25.5 39.6 24.8 23.2 35.4 

Utah ............................ 15 14 NA 15 14 NA 14.5 14.4 NA 9.4 8.8 NA Vermont ....................... 43 43 NA 36 36 NA 38.0 36.4 NA 33.0 32.8 NA Virginia ....................... 45 44 48 45 43 49 33.6 29.3 50.6 27.3 23.4 41.8 Washington ................. 60 NA NA 46 44 62 42.2 NA NA 34.2 NA NA West Virginia .............. 20 NA NA 19 NA NA 10.0 9.4 29.5 10.2 9.1 39.0 Wisconsin 2 ................. 34 NA NA 25 NA NA 24.0 NA NA 18.7 15.5 59.8 Wyoming ...................... 29 NA NA 30 NA NA 5.9 NA NA 4.1 NA NA 

Total ................... 43 38 NA 44 38 71 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1 Includes races other than white and black.2 Data for 1992 and 1996 include residents only.

NA—Not available.Note.—Legal induced abortion data are by State of occurrence because abortion data by State of residence are not available for all States. Caution should therefore 

cised when comparing rates from State to State and over time. Rates are not available for 10 States in 1990 and 8 States in 1992 because age-specific abortion data available. Rates by race are not available for States that did not report abortion information by race. Rates were not computed if age or race information for more than cent of the abortions was not reported, or if there were fewer than 20 abortions or fewer than 1,000 women in the group.

Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995, 1999); Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996).

1260

TABLE G–20.—INFANT, NEONATAL, AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY RATES, BY RACE,1

SELECTED YEARS, 1940–98

[Mortality rates per 1,000 live births]

Year All races White Black

Infant mortality rate: 2

1940 .................................................. 47.0 43.2 72.9

1950 .................................................. 29.2 26.8 43.9

1960 .................................................. 26.0 22.9 44.3

1970 .................................................. 20.0 17.8 32.6

1980 .................................................. 12.6 10.9 22.2

1985 .................................................. 10.6 9.2 19.0

1986 .................................................. 10.4 8.8 18.9

1987 .................................................. 10.1 8.5 18.8

1988 .................................................. 10.0 8.4 18.5

1989 .................................................. 9.8 8.1 18.6

1990 .................................................. 9.2 7.6 18.0

1991 .................................................. 8.9 7.3 17.6

1992 .................................................. 8.5 6.9 16.8

1993 .................................................. 8.4 6.8 16.5

1994 .................................................. 8.0 6.6 15.8

1995 .................................................. 7.6 6.3 15.1

1996 .................................................. 7.3 6.1 14.7

1997 .................................................. 7.2 6.0 14.2

1998 3 ................................................ 7.2 6.0 14.1

Neonatal mortality rate: 4

1940 .................................................. 28.8 27.2 39.9

1950 .................................................. 20.5 19.4 27.8

1960 .................................................. 18.7 17.2 27.8

1970 .................................................. 15.1 13.8 22.8

1980 .................................................. 8.5 7.4 14.6

1985 .................................................. 7.0 6.0 12.6

1986 .................................................. 6.7 5.7 12.3

1987 .................................................. 6.5 5.4 12.3

1988 .................................................. 6.3 5.3 12.1

1989 .................................................. 6.2 5.1 11.9

1990 .................................................. 5.8 4.8 11.6

1991 .................................................. 5.6 4.5 11.2

1992 .................................................. 5.4 4.3 10.8

1993 .................................................. 5.3 4.3 10.7

1994 .................................................. 5.1 4.2 10.2

1995 .................................................. 4.9 4.1 9.8

1996 .................................................. 4.8 4.0 9.6

1997 .................................................. 4.8 4.0 9.4

1998 3 ................................................ 4.8 4.0 9.3

Postneonatal mortality rate: 5

1940 .................................................. 18.3 16.0 33.0

1950 .................................................. 8.7 7.4 16.1

1960 .................................................. 7.3 5.7 16.5

1970 .................................................. 4.9 4.0 9.9

1980 .................................................. 4.1 3.5 7.6

1985 .................................................. 3.7 3.2 6.4

1986 .................................................. 3.6 3.1 6.6

1261

TABLE G–20.—INFANT, NEONATAL, AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY RATES, BY RACE,1

SELECTED YEARS, 1940–98—Continued

[Mortality rates per 1,000 live births]

Year All races White Black

1987 .................................................. 3.6 3.1 6.4

1988 .................................................. 3.6 3.1 6.5

1989 .................................................. 3.6 2.9 6.7

1990 .................................................. 3.4 2.8 6.4

1991 .................................................. 3.4 2.8 6.3

1992 .................................................. 3.1 2.6 6.0

1993 .................................................. 3.1 2.5 5.8

1994 .................................................. 2.9 2.4 5.6

1995 .................................................. 2.7 2.2 5.3

1996 .................................................. 2.5 2.1 5.1

1997 .................................................. 2.5 2.0 4.8

1998 3 ................................................ 2.4 2.0 4.8

1 As of 1989, race for live births (the denominator of infant mortality rates) is tabulated according to

race of mother. For all prior years, race is tabulated according to race of child. 2 Deaths before the age of one.

3 Based on preliminary data.

4 Deaths under 28 days.

5 Deaths from 28 days to 11 months.

Source: Gardner & Hudson (1996); National Center for Health Statistics (1999); Martin et al. (1999).

TABLE G–21.—ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) CASES, ACCORDING TO AGE AT DIAGNOSIS, SEX, DETAILED RACE, AND HIS

ORIGIN, SELECTED YEARS 1985–98

Age at diagnosis, sex, race, and

Hispanic origin

All

years 1

All

years 1

Number, by year of report 

Percent

distribution 2 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

January–

June

1998

Male:

All males, 13 years and older ..... 100.0 536,198 7,510 36,283 85,266 62,811 57,061 52,553 45,291 18,423 White, non-Hispanic .................... 50.6 271,446 4,755 20,881 43,256 29,497 26,206 23,173 17,557 7,181 Black, non-Hispanic .................... 33.1 177,356 1,708 10,267 28,354 22,446 20,945 20,069 18,785 7,595 Hispanic 4 ..................................... 15.1 80,987 991 4,762 12,624 10,083 9,172 8,581 8,248 3,326 

American Indian or Alaska Native 5 ........................................ 0.3 1,527 7 81 310 207 197 169 165 51 

Asian or Pacific Islander 5 ........... 0.8 4,184 49 263 662 525 486 481 380 168 

13–19 years ................................. 0.4 1,924 28 107 361 226 228 204 183 81 20–29 years ................................. 16.5 88,475 1,504 6,943 14,629 9,691 8,426 7,071 5,791 2,223 30–39 years ................................. 45.8 245,361 3,588 16,718 38,909 28,942 25,842 23,842 20,185 7,992 40–49 years ................................. 26.6 142,559 1,634 8,854 22,863 17,197 16,273 15,479 13,627 5,702 50–59 years ................................. 8.0 42,793 597 2,650 6,407 5,060 4,721 4,432 4,124 1,783 60 years and older ...................... 2.8 15,086 159 1,011 2,097 1,695 1,571 1,525 1,381 642 

Female:

All females, 13 years and older .. 100.0 99,259 523 4,534 15,943 13,310 13,032 13,192 12,515 5,401 White, non-Hispanic .................... 23.6 23,448 142 1,225 4,043 3,081 3,060 2,867 2,474 1,012 Black, non-Hispanic .................... 59.0 58,523 279 2,546 9,105 7,851 7,624 8,104 7,845 3,447 Hispanic 4 ..................................... 16.4 16,299 99 732 2,629 2,284 2,230 2,074 2,040 859 

American Indian or Alaska Native 5 ........................................ 0.3 294 2 8 61 40 38 43 35 15 

Asian or Pacific Islander 5 ........... 0.5 537 1 19 97 50 71 80 64 31 

13–19 years ................................. 1.2 1,230 4 66 200 174 156 177 176 84 20–29 years ................................. 22.1 21,958 178 1,117 3,721 2,944 2,678 2,684 2,427 990 30–39 years ................................. 45.6 45,260 232 2,079 7,526 6,001 5,966 5,907 5,496 2,297 

40–49 years ................................. 21.9 21,718 45 781 3,217 3,081 3,080 3,265 3,248 1,466 50–59 years ................................. 6.0 5,936 26 272 848 768 816 833 818 414 60 years and older ...................... 3.2 3,157 38 219 431 342 336 326 350 150 

Children:

All children, under 13 years ........ 100.0 7,893 128 723 873 971 746 653 448 190 White, non-Hispanic .................... 18.5 1,463 26 158 153 143 117 95 63 36 Black, non-Hispanic .................... 60.9 4,810 84 388 535 633 483 428 292 116 Hispanic 4 ..................................... 19.4 1,533 18 168 175 180 135 125 86 37 

American Indian or Alaska Native 5 ........................................ 0.3 27 (6) 5 3 2 2 3 2(6) 

Asian or Pacific Islander 5 ........... 0.6 45 (6) 4 4 11 5 1 3 1 

Under 1 year ................................ 39.7 3,134 63 316 352 350 271 219 131 55 1–12 years ................................... 60.3 4,759 65 407 521 621 475 434 317 135 

All races ................................................ NA 643,350 8,161 41,540 102,082 77,092 70,839 66,398 58,254 24,014 

1 Includes cases prior to 1985 and through June 30, 1998.2 Percents may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.3 Cases per 100,000 population. Computed using official post-Census resident population estimates for 1997 from the U.S. Census Bureau. 4 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.5 Excludes persons of Hispanic origin.6 Quantity zero.

NA—Not applicable.Note.—The AIDS case reporting definitions were expanded in 1985, 1987, and 1993. See Appendix II. Excludes data for U.S. dependencies and possessions and indepe

tions in free association with the United States. Data are updated periodically because of reporting delays. Data for all years have been updated through June 30, 1998, differ from previous editions of Health, United States. Similar data as of December 31, 1998, are available in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/AIDS SuReport, Year-end edition, Vol. 10 No. 2, 1998.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999).

1264

TABLE G–22.—TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND DRUG USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS BY

SUBSTANCE AND FREQUENCY OF USE, SELECTED YEARS 1975–99

Substance and frequency of

use

Class of

1975 1980 1985 1992 1993 1995 1997 1999

Percentage reporting having ever used drugs

Cigarettes ....................... 73.6 71.0 68.8 61.8 61.9 64.2 65.4 64.6

Alcohol 1 .......................... 90.4 93.2 92.2 87.5 80.0 80.7 81.7 80.0

Any illicit drug ............... 55.2 65.4 60.6 40.7 42.9 48.4 54.3 54.7

Marijuana only ...... 19.0 26.7 20.9 15.6 16.2 20.3 24.3 25.3

Any illicit drug

other than marijuana 2 .............. 36.2 38.7 39.7 25.1 26.7 28.1 30.0 29.4

Selected illicit drugs:

Cocaine .................. 9.0 15.7 17.3 6.1 6.1 6.0 8.7 9.8

Heroin .................... 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.0

LSD ........................ 11.3 9.3 7.5 8.6 10.3 11.7 13.6 12.2

Marijuana/hashish 47.3 60.3 54.2 32.6 35.3 41.7 49.6 49.7

PCP ........................ NA 9.6 4.9 2.4 2.9 2.7 3.9 3.4

Percentage reporting use of drugs in the previous 30

days

Cigarettes ....................... 36.7 30.5 30.1 27.8 29.9 33.5 36.5 34.6

Alcohol 1 .......................... 68.2 72.0 65.9 51.3 48.6 51.3 52.7 51.0

Any illicit drug ............... 30.7 37.2 29.7 14.4 18.3 23.8 26.2 25.9

Marijuana only ...... 15.3 18.8 14.8 8.1 10.4 13.8 15.5 15.5

Any illicit drug

other than marijuana 2 .............. 15.4 18.4 14.9 6.3 7.9 10.0 10.7 10.4

Selected illicit drugs:

Cocaine .................. 1.9 5.2 6.7 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.6

Heroin .................... 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.5

LSD ........................ 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 4.0 3.1 2.7

Marijuana/hashish 27.1 33.7 25.7 11.9 15.5 21.2 23.7 23.1

PCP ........................ NA 1.4 1.6 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.8

1 In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in three of six forms to indicate that a ‘‘drink’’

meant ‘‘more than a few sips.’’ Data for 1993 and years after are based on all six forms which include

this change. 2 Other illicit drugs include hallucinogens, cocaine, and heroin, or any other opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers not prescribed by a doctor.

NA—Not available.

Note.—A revised questionnaire was used in 1982 and later years to reduce the inappropriate reporting

of nonprescription stimulants. This slightly reduced the positive responses for some types of drug use.

Source: Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman (1999).

TABLE G–23.—DEATH RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950–

Sex, race and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1993 1995 1996 1997 

All races:

Under 1 year ................................ 3,299.2 2,696.4 2,142.4 1,288.3 971.9 916.6 854.4 768.8 755.7 738.7 1–4 years ..................................... 139.4 109.1 84.5 63.9 46.8 47.4 44.8 40.6 38.3 38.3 5–14 years ................................... 60.1 46.6 41.3 30.6 24.0 23.6 23.4 22.5 21.7 20.8 15–24 years ................................. 128.1 106.3 127.7 115.4 99.2 100.1 98.5 95.3 89.6 86.2 

White males:

Under 1 year ................................ 3,400.5 2,694.1 2,113.2 1,230.3 896.1 860.3 773.0 717.5 683.6 678.1 1–4 years ..................................... 135.5 104.9 83.6 66.1 45.9 45.5 42.9 38.8 37.1 35.1 5–14 years ................................... 67.2 52.7 48.0 35.0 26.4 26.5 25.2 24.5 23.2 22.1 15–24 years ................................. 152.4 143.7 170.8 167.0 131.3 128.2 123.0 122.3 113.9 109.0 

Black males:

Under 1 year ................................ NA 5,306.8 4,298.9 2,586.7 2,112.4 1,957.4 1,922.2 1,590.8 1,748.2 1,671.6 1–4 years ..................................... NA 208.5 150.5 110.5 85.8 88.4 86.1 77.5 71.4 67.2 5–14 years ................................... 95.1 75.1 67.1 47.4 41.7 42.4 40.5 40.2 38.1 34.8 15–24 years ................................. 289.7 212.0 320.6 209.1 252.2 278.1 289.4 249.2 233.0 215.8 

White females:

Under 1 year ................................ 2,566.8 2,007.7 1,614.6 962.5 690.0 659.2 617.5 571.6 558.0 546.0 1–4 years ..................................... 112.2 85.2 66.1 49.3 36.1 37.6 33.6 31.2 28.5 28.0 5–14 years ................................... 45.1 34.7 29.9 22.9 17.9 17.2 17.3 16.6 16.4 15.6 15–24 years ................................. 71.5 54.9 61.6 55.5 45.9 46.6 44.4 44.3 42.7 43.8 

Black females:

Under 1 year ................................ NA 4,162.2 3,368.8 2,123.7 1,735.5 1,580.8 1,543.2 1,342.0 1,444.0 1,383.9 1–4 years ..................................... NA 173.3 129.4 84.4 67.6 70.8 71.9 62.9 63.7 51.0 5–14 years ................................... 72.2 53.8 43.8 30.5 27.5 25.8 29.5 26.5 25.9 27.2 15–24 years ................................. 213.1 107.5 111.9 70.5 68.7 72.6 73.3 70.3 66.8 62.0 

NA—Not available.Note.—Death rates under 1 year (based on population estimates) differ from infant mortality rates (based on live births).Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999); Martin et al. (1999).

1266

TABLE G–24. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT BY SEX, RACE,

AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950–97

Sex, race and age

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1993 1996 1997

Age:

Under 1 year .... 8.4 8.1 9.8 7.0 4.9 4.9 5.7 4.3

1–4 years ......... 11.5 10.0 11.5 9.2 6.3 5.6 5.3 5.0

5–14 years ....... 8.8 7.9 10.2 7.9 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.1

15–24 years ..... 34.4 38.0 47.2 44.8 34.1 29.1 29.2 27.9

Race and sex (15–

24 years):

White male ....... 58.3 62.7 75.2 73.8 52.5 43.8 42.2 39.8

Black male ....... 41.6 46.4 58.1 34.9 36.1 34.3 35.2 32.7

White female .... 12.6 15.6 22.7 23.0 19.5 17.1 18.1 18.4

Black female .... 11.5 9.9 13.4 8.0 9.9 10.6 13.3 11.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999).

TABLE G–25. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 FOR HOMICIDE AND LEGAL INTERVENTION

ACCORDING TO SEX, RACE AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950–97

Sex, race, and age

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1993 1995 1997

Age:

5–14 years ....... 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.2

15–24 years ..... 6.3 5.9 11.7 15.6 19.9 23.4 20.3 16.8

Race and sex (15–

24 years):

White male ....... 3.7 4.4 7.9 15.5 15.4 17.1 16.5 13.2

Black male ....... 58.9 46.4 102.5 84.3 138.3 167.0 132.0 113.3

White female .... 1.3 1.5 2.7 4.7 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.2

Black female .... 16.5 11.9 17.7 18.4 18.9 22.0 16.8 13.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999).

1267

TABLE G–26.—DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY SUICIDE BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE IN THE

UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950–97

Sex, race and age

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997

Age:

5–14 years ..... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8

15–24 years ... 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.3 13.2 13.1 13.5 13.3 11.4

Race and sex

(15–24 years):

White male ..... 6.6 8.6 13.9 21.4 23.2 23.0 23.1 23.5 19.5

Black male ..... 4.9 4.1 10.5 12.3 15.1 16.4 20.1 18.0 16.0

White female .. 2.7 2.3 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.7

Black female .. 1.8 1.3 3.8 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.7 2.2 2.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1999).

1268

TABLE G–27.—MEAN SAT SCORES FOR COLLEGE-BOUND SENIORS, 1972–99

Year

Verbal Math

Males Females Total Males Females Total

1972 ................................. 531 529 530 527 489 509

1973 ................................. 523 521 523 525 489 506

1974 ................................. 524 520 521 524 488 505

1975 ................................. 515 509 512 518 479 498

1976 ................................. 511 508 509 520 475 497

1977 ................................. 509 505 507 520 474 496

1978 ................................. 511 503 507 517 474 494

1979 ................................. 509 501 505 516 473 493

1980 ................................. 506 498 502 515 473 492

1981 ................................. 508 496 502 516 473 492

1982 ................................. 509 499 504 516 473 493

1983 ................................. 508 498 503 516 474 494

1984 ................................. 511 498 504 518 478 497

1985 ................................. 514 503 509 522 480 500

1986 ................................. 515 504 509 523 479 500

1987 ................................. 512 502 507 523 481 501

1988 ................................. 512 499 505 521 483 501

1989 ................................. 510 498 504 523 482 502

1990 ................................. 505 496 500 521 483 501

1991 ................................. 503 495 499 520 482 500

1992 ................................. 504 496 500 521 484 501

1993 ................................. 504 497 500 524 484 503

1994 ................................. 501 497 499 523 487 504

1995 ................................. 505 502 504 525 490 506

1996 ................................. 507 503 505 527 492 508

1997 ................................. 507 503 505 530 494 511

1998 ................................. 509 502 505 531 496 512

1999 ................................. 509 502 505 531 495 511

Note.—For 1972–86, a formula was applied to the original mean and standard deviation to convert

the mean to the recentered scale. For 1987–95, individual student scores were converted to the recentered scale and then the mean was recomputed. For 1996–99 most students received scores on the recentered scale. (Any score on the original scale was converted to the recentered scale prior to recomputing the mean.)

Source: College Board (1999).

1269

TABLE G–28.—EVENT DROPOUT RATES FROM GRADES 10–12 BY SEX AND RACE,

1972–98 1

[In percent]

Year Total

Sex Race/ethnicity 1

Male Female White nonHispanic

Black nonHispanic Hispanic

1972 ..................... 6.1 5.9 6.3 5.3 9.5 11.2

1973 ..................... 6.3 6.8 5.7 5.5 9.9 10.0

1974 ..................... 6.7 7.4 6.0 5.8 11.6 9.9

1975 ..................... 5.8 5.4 6.1 5.0 8.7 10.9

1976 ..................... 5.9 6.6 5.2 5.6 7.4 7.3

1977 ..................... 6.5 6.9 6.1 6.1 8.6 7.8

1978 ..................... 6.7 7.5 5.9 5.8 10.2 12.3

1979 ..................... 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.0 9.9 9.8

1980 ..................... 6.1 6.7 5.5 5.2 8.2 11.7

1981 ..................... 5.9 6.0 5.8 4.8 9.7 10.7

1982 ..................... 5.5 5.8 5.1 4.7 7.8 9.2

1983 ..................... 5.2 5.8 4.7 4.4 7.0 10.1

1984 ..................... 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.4 5.7 11.1

1985 ..................... 5.2 5.4 5.0 4.3 7.8 9.8

1986 ..................... 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.7 5.4 11.9

1987 2 .................. 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.5 6.4 5.4

1988 2 .................. 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.2 5.9 10.4

1989 2 .................. 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.5 7.8 7.8

1990 2 .................. 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.3 5.0 7.9

1991 2 .................. 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.2 6.0 7.3

1992 2 3 ................ 4.4 3.9 4.9 3.7 5.0 8.2

1993 2 3 ................ 4.5 4.6 4.3 3.9 5.8 6.7

1994 234 .............. 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.2 6.6 10.0

1995 234 .............. 5.7 6.2 5.3 4.5 6.4 12.4

1996 234 .............. 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.1 6.7 9.0

1997 234 .............. 4.6 5.0 4.1 3.6 5.0 9.5

1998 234 .............. 4.8 4.6 4.9 3.9 5.2 9.4

1 Due to relatively small sample sizes, American Indians/Alaska Natives and Asians/Pacific Islanders

are included in the total but are not shown separately. 2 Numbers for these years reflect new editing procedures beginning in 1987 instituted by the U.S. Census Bureau for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. 3 Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment in the Current Population

Survey (CPS) beginning in 1992. 4 Numbers in these years reflect changes in the CPS beginning in 1994 due to newly instituted

computer-assisted interviewing and the change in the population controls used in the 1990 Census-based

estimates, with adjustments for undercounting in the 1990 Census.

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1999).

1270

TABLE G–29.—HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION RATES FOR 18–24 YEAR OLDS, BY RACE/

ETHNICITY, 1972–98

[In percent]

Year Total

Race/ethnicity 1

White nonHispanicBlack nonHispanic Hispanic

1972 .................................................. 82.8 86.0 72.1 56.2

1973 .................................................. 83.7 87.0 71.6 58.7

1974 .................................................. 83.6 86.7 73.0 60.1

1975 .................................................. 83.8 87.2 70.2 62.2

1976 .................................................. 83.5 86.4 73.5 60.3

1977 .................................................. 83.6 86.7 73.9 58.6

1978 .................................................. 83.6 86.9 73.4 58.8

1979 .................................................. 83.1 86.6 72.6 58.5

1980 .................................................. 83.9 87.5 75.2 57.1

1981 .................................................. 83.8 87.1 76.7 59.1

1982 .................................................. 83.8 87.0 76.4 60.9

1983 .................................................. 83.9 87.4 76.8 59.4

1984 .................................................. 84.7 87.5 80.3 63.7

1985 .................................................. 85.4 88.2 81.0 66.6

1986 .................................................. 85.5 88.8 81.8 63.5

1987 2 ................................................ 84.7 87.7 81.9 65.1

1988 2 ................................................ 84.5 88.7 80.9 58.2

1989 2 ................................................ 84.7 89.0 81.9 59.4

1990 2 ................................................ 85.6 89.6 83.2 59.1

1991 2 ................................................ 84.9 89.4 82.5 56.5

1992 2 3 ............................................. 86.4 90.7 82.0 62.1

1993 2 3 ............................................. 86.2 90.1 81.9 64.4

1994 234 ........................................... 85.8 90.7 83.3 61.8

1995 234 ........................................... 85.3 89.8 84.5 62.8

1996 234 ........................................... 86.2 91.5 83.0 61.9

1997 234 ........................................... 85.9 90.5 82.0 66.7

1998 234 ........................................... 84.8 90.2 81.4 62.8

1 Not shown separately are non-Hispanics who are neither black nor white, but who are included in

the total. 2 Revisions in edits were instituted by the U.S. Census Bureau this year for cases with missing data

on school enrollment items. 3 Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment item in the Current Population Survey. 4 Numbers in these years reflect changes in CPS due to newly instituted computer assisted interviewing and/or due to the change in the population controls used to adjust for the 1990 Census-based estimates.

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1999).

TABLE G–30.—TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1987

AND 1998

Category

Poor 1 Nonpoor 1 Total

1987 1993 1998 1987 1993 1998 1987 1993 

Number of families (in thousands) ............................ 3,525 4,361 3,660 4,082 4,969 5,682 7,607 9,329 Family characteristics:

Percent never married ........................................ 35.6 43.2 47.5 15.2 20.9 29 24.6 31.3 Percent with head age 15–19 ........................... 2.7 3.7 3.4 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.5 2 Percent with head age 20–29 ........................... 35.9 36.9 34.9 17.8 15.3 18.7 26.2 25.4 Percent with head 30 and older ........................ 61.4 59.4 61.6 81.7 84.2 80.1 72.3 72.6 Percent white non-Hispanic 2 ............................. 42.5 41.4 42 66.5 63.5 61.2 55.3 53.2 Percent black non-Hispanic ............................... 41.9 40.8 37.5 25 26.6 27.1 32.9 33.2 Percent Hispanic ................................................ 15.6 17.8 20.6 8.5 9.9 11.8 11.8 13.6 Average family size ............................................ 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.1 3 3 3.2 3.2 

Percent with income from:

Earnings 3 ........................................................... 47.7 49.7 64.7 96.6 94.5 96.5 74 73.5 Social Security .................................................... 10.9 8.6 10.6 16.7 16 13 14 12.5 Pensions ............................................................. 1.4 1.1 1 5.6 5.8 4.8 3.7 3.6 Unemployment compensation ............................. 4 4.6 4.6 5.8 8 5.3 5 6.5 Workers’ compensation, disability ...................... 1.4 1.8 1 3.8 4 2.3 2.6 2.9 Veterans Administration ..................................... 0.9 0.6 0.4 2.5 1 1 1.7 0.8 Supplemental Security Income ........................... 7.3 9.6 10.7 3.3 6 4.7 5.1 7.7 Aid to Families with Dependent Children

(AFDC), TANF, other public assistance .......... 60.2 60.2 38.6 8.8 11.8 6.9 32.7 34.4 

Child support, alimony ....................................... 17.8 20.5 17.8 37.8 38.8 39.5 28.6 30.2 Interest, dividends 3 ........................................... 11.1 10.3 10.8 53.9 51.7 48.2 34 32.3 Food stamps ....................................................... 67.5 71.9 56.7 8.4 16.7 13 35.8 42.5 School lunch ....................................................... 63.1 65.5 68.2 54.4 57.3 62.7 58.4 61.1 Housing assistance ............................................ 31.8 33.7 32.5 7.5 7.3 8.6 18.8 19.6 

TABLE G–30.—TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1987

AND 1998—Continued

Category

Poor 1 Nonpoor 1 Total

1987 1993 1998 1987 1993 1998 1987 1993 

Percent of total income from:

Earnings 3 ........................................................... 26.6 25.1 41.1 79.5 76.8 80.7 69.2 65.7 Social Security .................................................... 6.5 4.7 5.7 4.5 4.5 3.6 4.9 4.6 Pensions ............................................................. 0.6 0.3 0.5 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.5 Unemployment compensation ............................. 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 Workers’ compensation, disability ...................... 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 Veterans Administration ..................................... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Supplemental Security Income ........................... 3.4 4.5 5.2 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.8 AFDC, TANF, other public assistance ................. 32.9 26.1 12.9 1.3 1.6 0.7 7.5 6.8 Child support, alimony ....................................... 3.5 3.5 3.5 6 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.7 Interest, dividends 3 ........................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.4 2.8 2.3 2 2.2 Food stamps 4 ..................................................... 17.4 17.3 13.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 3.7 4.3 School lunch 4 ..................................................... 4.7 3.8 4.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.2 Housing assistance 4 .......................................... 0.9 9.9 9.2 0 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.3 

Mean income per family member 5 (1998 dollars) ..... $2,847 $3,081 $3,007 $11,396 $11,021 $11,607 $7,232 $7,170 Percent with 50 percent or more of income from

public assistance 5 ................................................. 58.1 61.1 42.8 2.1 2.9 1.7 28.1 30.1 

Percent with 90 percent or more of income from

public assistance 5 ................................................. 39.1 37.2 22.1 0.4 0.7 0.3 18.3 17.8 

1 Based on official U.S. Census Bureau poverty levels. 2 Includes ‘‘other races.’’ 3 Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. 4 The cash values of food sta

housing assistance were estimated using their market values. Their cash values are excluded from total income for purposes of determining poverty status. Cash valuestamps and housing assistance are included in total income for calculating the percentage share of total income. 5 Includes cash values of food stamps and housin

ance, and includes negative incomes (i.e., losses). 1988 income converted to 1993 dollars using the CPI–X1 Price Index.

Note.—Details may not sum to totals due to rounding.Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on data from March 1989, 1994, and 1999 Current Population Survey.

TABLE G–31.—PERCENT OF MALE-PRESENT FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN WITH INCOME FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, BY THE RATIO OF TOTAL INCO

THE POVERTY THRESHOLD,1 1998

Ratio of total income to poverty threshold

Poor Nonpoor 

Under

0.50

0.50–

0.74

0.75–

0.99

1.00–

1.24

1.25–

1.49

1.50–

1.99

2.00–

2.99

3.00 and

over

Number of families (in thousands) ......................... 669 631 903 931 1,199 2,666 5,391 16,024 2,204 26,210 Earnings 2 ................................................................. 66.1 87.9 93.6 97.4 95.9 97.7 99.1 99.8 83.6 99.2 Social Security ......................................................... 6.8 12.7 11.4 11.4 11.0 7.8 7.7 4.1 10.4 5.8 Pensions ................................................................... 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 3.2 2.8 3.8 4.2 1.1 3.8 Unemployment compensation .................................. 3.1 7.6 8.1 7.3 10.9 8.6 8.3 5.9 6.4 6.9 Disability .................................................................. 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.0 2.8 3.3 3.2 Veterans Administration .......................................... 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.6 1.5 Supplemental Security Income ................................ 7.9 9.3 6.9 4.3 4.3 3.7 1.5 0.6 7.9 1.4 AFDC/TANF, general assistance ............................... 12.5 14.4 9.4 6.3 3.3 2.4 1.1 0.2 11.8 1.0 Child support, alimony ............................................ 4.3 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.9 6.1 6.7 5.8 4.5 5.9 Interest, dividends 2 ................................................. 19.0 13.3 19.4 23.8 30.2 42.8 56.4 80.6 17.5 67.5 Food stamps ............................................................ 31.9 42.9 28.4 16.6 11.0 6.0 1.3 0.1 33.6 2.1 School lunch ............................................................ 62.0 72.0 69.8 64.8 67.2 59.9 58.3 49.2 68.0 53.6 Housing assistance .................................................. 14.6 11.1 10.7 5.3 4.6 3.2 1.3 0.1 12.0 1.1 Family characteristics:

Percent with head age 15–19 ........................ 1.3 1.6 2.0 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.7 0.2 Percent with head age 20–29 ........................ 28.0 30.2 25.4 25.4 21.3 20.8 15.9 7.9 27.6 12.1 Percent with head age 30 and older ............. 70.7 68.3 72.6 74.3 77.8 78.5 83.7 92.0 70.8 87.6 Percent white non-Hispanic 3 ......................... 61.6 54.6 46.7 55.9 55.0 67.0 75.6 87.2 53.5 80.2 

Percent black non-Hispanic ............................ 11.2 10.4 14.5 12.6 14.8 11.0 10.2 6.7 12.3 8.4 Percent Hispanic ............................................. 27.3 35.0 38.9 31.5 30.2 22.0 14.2 6.1 34.2 11.4 

1 Based on official U.S. Census Bureau poverty levels. 2 Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. 3 Includes ‘‘other races.’’

Note.—Details may not sum to totals due to rounding.Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from March 1999 Current Population Survey.

1274

TABLE G–32.—NUMBERS, PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND RATES OF CHILDREN BELOW

POVERTY, 1 BY RACE, 1974–98

[Numbers in thousands]

Year

Number Rate

Total Black White Hispanic 1 Total Black White

Hispanic 1

1974 ..................... 9,967 3,713 6,079 1,414 15.1 39.6 11.0 28.6

1975 ..................... 10,882 3,884 6,748 1,619 16.8 41.4 12.5 33.1

1976 ..................... 10,081 3,758 6,034 1,424 15.8 40.4 11.3 30.1

1977 ..................... 10,028 3,850 5,943 1,402 16.0 41.6 11.4 28.0

1978 ..................... 9,772 3,781 5,674 1,354 15.7 41.2 11.0 27.2

1979 ..................... 9,993 3,745 5,909 1,505 16.0 40.8 11.4 27.7

1980 ..................... 11,114 3,906 6,817 1,718 17.9 42.1 13.4 33.0

1981 ..................... 12,068 4,170 7,429 1,874 19.5 44.9 14.7 35.4

1982 ..................... 13,139 4,388 8,282 2,117 21.3 47.3 16.5 38.9

1983 ..................... 13,427 4,273 8,534 2,251 21.8 46.2 17.0 37.7

1984 ..................... 12,929 4,320 8,086 2,317 21.0 46.2 16.1 38.7

1985 ..................... 12,483 4,057 7,838 2,512 20.1 43.1 15.6 39.6

1986 ..................... 12,257 4,037 7,714 2,413 19.8 42.7 15.3 37.1

1987 2 ................... 12,275 4,234 7,398 2,606 19.7 44.4 14.7 38.9

1988 2 ................... 11,935 4,148 7,095 2,576 19.0 42.8 14.0 37.3

1989 ..................... 12,001 4,257 7,164 2,496 19.0 43.2 14.1 35.5

1990 ..................... 12,715 4,412 7,696 2,750 19.9 44.2 15.1 37.7

1991 2 ................... 13,658 4,637 8,316 2,977 21.1 45.6 16.1 39.8

1992 2 ................... 14,521 5,015 8,752 3,440 21.6 46.3 16.5 39.0

1993 ..................... 14,961 5,030 9,123 3,666 22.0 45.9 17.0 39.9

1994 ..................... 14,610 4,787 8,826 3,956 21.2 43.3 16.3 41.1

1995 ..................... 13,999 4,644 8,474 3,938 20.2 41.5 15.5 39.3

1996 ..................... 13,764 4,411 8,488 4,090 19.8 39.5 15.5 39.9

1997 ..................... 13,422 4,116 8,441 3,865 19.2 36.8 15.4 36.4

1998 ..................... 12,845 4,073 7,935 3,670 18.3 36.4 14.4 33.6

1 People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls. For 1991, figures are revised to

correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file. For 1988 and 1987, figures are

based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report, ‘‘Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988,’’ P–60,

No. 166.

Note.—Prior to 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated

subfamilies are excluded from all families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1999).

TABLE G–33.—COMPOSITION OF CHILD POVERTY POPULATION BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966–98

[Numbers in thousands]

Year Total poor

Female head Percent of

total

Male present Pe

Nonwhite White Hispanic 1 Total Nonwhite White Hispanic 1 Total

1966 ........... 12,146 2,150 2,112 NA 4,262 35.1 2,792 5,092 NA 7,884 1967 ........... 11,427 2,316 1,930 NA 4,246 37.2 2,382 4,799 NA 7,181 1968 ........... 10,739 2,334 2,075 NA 4,409 41.1 2,032 4,298 NA 6,330 1969 ........... 9,500 2,179 2,068 NA 4,247 44.7 1,655 3,598 NA 5,253 1970 ........... 10,235 2,442 2,247 NA 4,689 45.8 1,651 3,891 NA 5,546 1971 ........... 10,344 2,398 2,452 NA 4,850 46.9 1,605 3,889 NA 5,494 1972 ........... 10,082 2,821 2,273 NA 5,094 50.5 1,477 3,511 NA 4,988 1973 ........... 9,453 2,710 2,461 606 5,171 54.7 1,281 3,001 758 4,282 1974 ........... 9,966 2,678 2,683 621 5,361 53.8 1,209 3,396 793 4,605 1975 ........... 10,881 2,784 2,813 694 5,597 51.4 1,350 3,394 925 5,284 1976 ........... 10,080 2,870 2,713 636 5,583 55.4 1,176 3,321 789 4,497 1977 ........... 10,029 2,965 2,693 686 5,658 56.4 1,121 3,250 716 4,371 1978 ........... 9,722 3,060 2,627 663 5,687 58.5 988 3,047 692 4,035 1979 ........... 9,993 3,006 2,629 668 5,635 56.4 1,079 3,279 837 4,358 1980 ........... 11,114 3,053 2,813 809 5,866 52.8 1,244 4,004 909 5,248 1981 ........... 12,069 3,185 3,120 909 6,305 52.2 1,455 4,309 966 5,764 1982 ........... 13,139 3,447 3,249 990 6,696 51.0 1,411 5,032 1,127 6,443 1983 ........... 13,427 3,359 3,388 1,018 6,747 50.2 1,534 5,146 1,233 6,680 1984 ........... 12,929 3,395 3,377 1,093 6,772 52.4 1,448 4,709 1,223 6,157 1985 ........... 12,483 3,344 3,372 1,247 6,716 53.8 1,300 4,467 1,266 5,767 1986 ........... 12,257 3,421 3,522 1,194 6,943 56.6 1,121 4,192 1,219 5,313 1987 ........... 12,435 3,600 3,474 1,241 7,074 56.9 1,285 4,076 1,390 5,361 

TABLE G–33.—COMPOSITION OF CHILD POVERTY POPULATION BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966–98—Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Year Total poor

Female head Percent of

total

Male present Pe

Nonwhite White Hispanic 1 Total Nonwhite White Hispanic 1 Total

1987 2 ......... 12,275 3,586 3,433 1,250 7,019 57.2 1,291 3,966 1,356 5,257 

1988 ........... 11,935 3,530 3,424 1,294 6,954 58.3 1,310 3,671 1,282 4,981 1989 ........... 12,001 3,553 3,255 1,158 6,808 56.7 1,285 3,908 1,338 5,193 1990 ........... 12,715 3,766 3,597 1,314 7,363 57.9 1,253 4,098 1,437 5,352 1991 ........... 13,658 4,125 3,941 1,398 8,065 59.1 1,217 4,376 1,579 5,593 1992 3 ......... 14,521 4,408 3,960 1,504 8,368 57.6 1,361 4,792 1,936 6,153 1993 ........... 14,961 4,401 4,102 1,673 8,503 56.8 1,437 5,021 1,993 6,458 1994 ........... 14,610 4,328 4,099 1,804 8,427 57.7 1,456 4,727 2,152 6,183 1995 ........... 13,999 4,313 4,051 1,872 8,364 59.7 1,212 4,423 2,066 5,635 1996 ........... 13,764 3,961 4,029 1,779 7,990 58.0 1,315 4,459 2,311 5,774 1997 ........... 13,422 3,742 4,186 1,758 7,928 59.1 1,239 4,255 2,107 5,494 1998 ........... 12,845 3,752 3,875 1,739 7,627 59.4 1,158 4,060 1,931 5,218 

1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.2 Revised.3 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls.

NA—Not available.Note.—Includes only related children in families. 1987 revised through 1991 estimates are not comparable to prior years due to processing changes in the Current P

Survey (CPS).

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P–60.

1277

TABLE G–34.—POVERTY RATE OF CHILDREN BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966–98

Year Total

Female head Male present

Black White Hispanic 1 Total Black White Hispanic 1 Total

1966 17.4 76.6 46.9 NA 58.2 39.9 9.2 NA 12.6

1967 16.3 72.4 42.1 NA 54.3 35.3 8.7 NA 11.5

1968 15.3 70.5 44.4 NA 55.2 29.8 7.8 NA 10.2

1969 13.8 68.2 45.2 NA 54.4 25.0 6.7 NA 8.6

1970 14.9 67.7 43.1 NA 53.0 26.0 7.3 NA 9.2

1971 15.1 66.6 44.6 NA 53.1 25.5 7.4 NA 9.3

1972 14.9 69.5 41.1 NA 53.1 24.1 6.8 NA 8.6

1973 14.2 67.2 42.1 68.7 52.1 21.7 6.0 18.8 7.6

1974 15.1 65.0 42.9 64.3 51.5 20.0 6.9 20.0 8.7

1975 16.8 66.0 44.2 68.4 52.7 22.1 8.2 23.8 9.8

1976 15.8 65.6 42.7 67.3 52.0 19.4 7.1 20.8 8.5

1977 16.0 65.7 40.3 68.6 50.3 19.9 7.1 17.9 8.5

1978 15.7 66.4 39.9 68.9 50.6 17.6 6.8 17.2 7.9

1979 16.0 63.1 38.6 62.2 48.6 18.7 7.3 19.2 8.5

1980 17.9 64.8 41.6 65.0 50.8 20.3 9.0 22.9 10.4

1981 19.5 67.7 42.8 67.3 52.3 23.4 10.0 24.5 11.6

1982 21.3 70.7 46.5 71.8 56.0 24.1 11.6 27.8 13.0

1983 21.8 68.3 47.1 70.6 55.4 23.7 12.0 27.2 13.5

1984 21.0 66.2 45.9 71.0 54.0 24.3 11.0 27.5 12.5

1985 20.1 66.9 45.2 72.4 53.6 18.8 10.4 27.4 11.7

1986 19.8 67.1 46.3 66.7 54.4 17.0 9.8 25.8 10.8

1987 20.0 68.3 45.8 70.1 54.7 19.8 9.5 28.3 10.9

1987 2 19.7 66.9 45.0 69.8 53.7 19.1 9.3 27.7 10.6

1988 19.0 64.7 44.9 69.6 52.9 18.7 8.5 25.4 10.0

1989 19.0 63.1 42.5 64.3 51.1 20.3 9.1 25.5 10.4

1990 19.9 64.7 45.9 68.4 53.4 19.3 9.5 26.7 10.7

1991 21.1 68.2 47.1 68.6 55.5 17.3 10.1 29.1 11.1

1992 3 21.6 67.1 45.9 65.9 54.6 19.4 10.3 29.6 11.8

1993 22.0 65.9 45.6 66.1 53.7 19.5 11.3 29.9 12.4

1994 21.2 63.2 45.7 68.3 52.9 17.7 10.4 30.8 11.7

1995 20.2 61.6 42.5 65.7 50.3 14.4 9.8 28.8 10.7

1996 19.8 58.2 43.1 67.4 49.3 16.0 9.9 30.4 10.9

1997 19.2 55.3 44.3 62.8 49.0 14.2 9.4 26.9 10.2

1998 18.3 54.7 40.0 59.6 46.1 14.1 8.9 24.1 9.7

1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2 Revised.

3 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls.

NA—Not available.

Note.—Data are number per 100. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P–60.

1278

TABLE G–35.—NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 AND FROM 6 TO 17 YEARS AND

THEIR POVERTY RATES, 1966–98

[Numbers in thousands]

Year

Total number of

children

under 18

(thousands)

Total number under

6 (thousands)

Total number of poor

children

under 6

(thousands)

Poverty

rate of

children

under 6

Total number of poor

children 6–

17 years

(thousands)

Poverty rate

of children

6–17 years

1966 ............... 70,218 23,779 4,304 18.1 8,085 17.4

1967 ............... 70,408 23,171 4,055 17.5 7,601 16.1

1968 ............... 70,385 22,249 3,659 16.6 7,295 15.2

1969 ............... 69,090 21,681 3,361 15.5 6,330 13.4

1970 ............... 69,159 21,556 3,601 16.7 6,839 14.4

1971 ............... 68,816 20,898 3,579 17.1 6,972 14.5

1972 ............... 67,930 20,510 3,388 16.5 6,896 14.5

1973 ............... 66,959 20,043 3,204 16.0 6,438 13.7

1974 ............... 66,134 19,887 3,361 16.9 6,795 14.7

1975 ............... 65,079 19,353 3,522 18.2 7,582 16.6

1976 ............... 64,028 18,971 3,358 17.7 6,915 15.3

1977 ............... 63,137 18,518 3,426 18.5 6,862 15.4

1978 ............... 62,311 18,789 3,344 17.8 6,587 15.1

1979 ............... 63,375 19,012 3,479 18.3 6,898 15.5

1980 ............... 62,914 19,974 4,054 20.3 7,489 17.4

1981 ............... 62,449 20,396 4,487 22.0 8,018 19.1

1982 ............... 62,345 20,789 4,899 23.6 8,748 21.1

1983 ............... 62,334 21,039 5,302 25.0 8,609 20.8

1984 ............... 62,447 21,196 5,066 23.9 8,354 20.3

1985 ............... 62,876 21,526 4,951 23.0 8,059 19.5

1986 ............... 62,948 21,656 4,796 22.1 8,080 19.6

1987 ............... 63,290 21,860 4,984 22.8 7,979 19.3

1988 (revised) 63,747 22,232 4,957 22.3 7,499 18.1

1989 ............... 64,144 22,505 5,071 22.5 7,518 18.1

1990 ............... 65,049 22,937 5,412 23.6 8,019 19.0

1991 ............... 65,918 23,206 5,702 24.6 8,639 20.2

1992 1 ............ 68,440 24,070 6,360 26.4 8,934 20.1

1993 ............... 69,292 24,219 6,352 26.5 9,375 20.8

1994 ............... 70,020 24,265 6,093 25.1 9,196 20.1

1995 ............... 70,566 24,184 5,821 24.1 8,844 19.1

1996 ............... 70,650 23,452 5,333 22.7 8,431 18.3

1997 ............... 71,069 23,363 5,049 21.6 8,373 18.0

1998 ............... 71,338 23,160 4,775 20.6 8,071 17.1

1 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P–60.

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