NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

 

 No. 09-1991

 

 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

CARLTON L. EASTER,

Appellant

 

 On Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Crim. No. 1-07-00153-001)

Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo, District Judge

 

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

March 9, 2010

 

BEFORE: MCKEE, BARRY, and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges

 (Filed: March 30, 2010)

 

 ___________

OPINION OF THE COURT

 

GREENBERG, Circuit Judge.

This matter comes on before the Court on defendant Carlton L. Easter’s

(hereinafter “Easter”) appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence entered on
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April 1, 2009, in this crack cocaine case. At a trial with Jamel E. Easter and Joseph

Moore as co-defendants, the jury found Easter guilty of possession with intent to

distribute 50 grams and more of crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) (Count

II) and of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams and more of crack

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count IV). After his conviction Easter filed

motions challenging his convictions on the ground that the verdicts were against the

weight of the evidence and the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict. The

District Court denied these motions and sentenced Easter to concurrent custodial terms of

210 months on each count to be followed by five-year concurrent terms of supervised

release.

Easter appeals, contending that the government did not prove all of the elements of

each of the two offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. The District Court had jurisdiction

under 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

The case arose from a reverse sting in which Jamel E. Easter, one of Easter’s coconspirators, attempted to purchase crack cocaine from an informant working with the

FBI. Though Jamel Easter originally told the informant that he wanted to purchase 18

ounces of crack, he subsequently told the informant that he needed only nine ounces. The

informant notified the FBI of Jamel Easter’s attempt to purchase the drug and the

government arranged a sting to ensnare him. Jamel Easter drove to the site for the

delivery in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in an automobile with three other occupants, Easter,
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Joseph Moore and another male who has not been apprehended but who has been

identified as Victor Patterson.

The informant was waiting at the site and got into the automobile but Easter then

observed law enforcement officers in the area that he believed were conducting

surveillance. When he told the automobile’s other occupants of his observations, Jamel

Easter moved the automobile to another location. Then Easter gave the informant $6,000

in cash and said that the drugs were being purchased for him. After the informant with

Moore’s help counted the money, FBI and local officers attempted to arrest the

automobile’s occupants, but Jamel Easter initially frustrated that attempt by driving away. 

During the automobile flight Moore, who had possession of a .40 caliber Glock pistol,

threw it to Jamel Easter who took control of it. 

The automobile flight was not successful for as Jamel Easter drove the automobile

away it was damaged rendering it inoperable. Then Jamel Easter, Moore, and Patterson

left the automobile and continued to flee. When the automobile’s other occupants fled,

Easter, who had been disabled in an earlier incident, remained behind. While fleeing on

foot Jamel Easter hid the pistol and a bag that he was carrying in a ditch. The officers

recovered the pistol and the bag that Jamel Easter had hidden which contained 83.7 grams

of crack cocaine and a digital scale. The officers also searched Jamel Easter’s automobile

and found a bag in the back seat containing 4.7 grams of crack, a box of sandwich bags,

and some marijuana. Though Patterson escaped, the pursuing officers arrested Jamel
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Easter and Moore who sought refuge in an abandoned house. Other officers arrested

Easter. 

 There is no doubt but that the evidence plainly showed that Easter was part of a

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams and more of crack cocaine. As

we explained in United States v. Pressler, 256 F.3d 144, 149 (3d Cir. 2001), and United

States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir. 1999), two cases the parties cite, to prove that

there was a criminal conspiracy the government must establish that the co-conspirators

had a unity of purpose, an intent to achieve a common goal, and an agreement to work

together toward that goal. In assessing the adequacy of the evidence we review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government as the verdict winner and consider

both direct and circumstantial evidence. See United States v. Wert-Ruiz, 228 F.3d 250,

256 (3d Cir. 2000). Here, though Jamel Easter arranged for the purchase of the crack,

when the transaction supposedly was being completed Easter said the drugs were for him. 

Furthermore, Easter demonstrated that he had a major role in the conspiracy by being

involved in the transfer of the cash to pay for the drugs and by identifying law

enforcement officers in the vicinity when Jamel Easter initially stopped the automobile. 

Moreover, the nine ounces of crack that the conspirators ultimately attempted to purchase

was far in excess of the 50 grams charged in the indictment and was so great a quantity

that it is reasonable to infer that they were purchasing it for distribution rather than for

personal use. See United States v. Rodriguez, 961 F.2d 1089, 1092 (3d Cir. 1992). 
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Plainly the evidence supported Easter’s conspiracy.

Similarly the evidence of Easter’s possession of the crack was adequate to

establish that Easter was guilty on the count charging possession with intent to distribute

crack. For the government to prove that Easter was guilty on that count it was required to

establish that Easter knowingly possessed or constructively possessed the crack cocaine

and did so with the intent to distribute it. Here Easter was intimately involved in the

crack transaction and was attempting to purchase crack from the informant. Though

Jamel Easter had physical possession of the crack that he brought to the purchase and

discarded during his flight, the evidence supported the conclusion that the passengers in

the automobile were cooperating in a crack business. Consequently it was reasonable for

the jury to infer that the passengers, including Easter, had dominion and control

constructively through the other conspirators over the crack that they already had acquired

and was part of their inventory. See United States v. Martorano, 709 F.2d 863, 866 (3d

Cir. 1983). Thus, the evidence supported the possession charge against Easter.

With respect to constructive possession we point out that the District Court

instructed the jury that: 

If an individual has the ability to exercise substantial control over an

object that he does not have in his physical custody, then he is in possession

of that item. An example of this from every day experience would be a

person’s possessions [sic] of items which he keeps in a safety deposit box in

his bank. Although the person does not have physical custody of these

items, he exercises substantial control over them, so he has what is known

as constructive possession of them.
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App. at 544-45. Accordingly, the jury was free to consider the constructive possession

theory of the possession with intent to distribute charge, and, as we explained in

Martorano, could predicate a conclusion that Easter constructively possessed the crack

based on the ample circumstantial evidence against him. See 709 F.2d at 866.

For the foregoing reasons the judgment of conviction and sentence entered April 1,

2009, will be affirmed.