# Patent

## Title
Rotation unit for torque tong comprising a gripping cylinder

## Abstract

A rotation unit for a torque tong for making and/or breaking threaded connections between pipes and/or spinning pipes during screwing and/or unscrewing of pipes, primarily pipes used in petroleum production. The unit includes a fixed part and a rotary part arranged to grip a pipe to be rotated. The rotary part includes at least one movable gripping jaw arranged to be moved into engagement with the pipe. The fixed part includes at least one gripping cylinder arranged to move the gripping jaw to engage the pipe when the gripping jaw is operatively engaged with the gripping cylinder.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention regards a rotation unit for a torque tong for making and/or breaking threaded connections between pipes and/or spinning pipes during screwing and/or unscrewing of pipes, primarily pipes used in petroleum production.
2. Description of Background Art
A prior art torque tong is described in NO 163973, which concerns a torque tong arranged both to break and make a threaded connection between two pipes, and also spin one of the pipes relative to the other in order to uncouple the pipes from each other or tighten the connection.
In older solutions, a special device was used to make and break the connection, while another special device was used to spin the pipes apart or together. The solution of NO 163973 allowed both making/breaking and spinning to be carried out in the same apparatus.
The solution of NO 163973 also entailed the advantage of being able to handle pipes within a wide range of diameters.
In order to achieve this, NO 163973 proposes the use of one or more master cylinders which upon rotation of the rotary part of the tong, and as a result of the placement of the cylinders, are pressed together, applying pressure to a number of slave cylinders. The slave cylinders will in turn displace jaws to engage one of the pipes involved, ensuring that these maintain a sufficiently powerful grip on the pipe to break or make the connection to a prescribed torque without the jaws slipping relative to the pipe.
A solution similar to that of NO 163973 has been described in NO 306572. Here the jaws are also equipped with respective slave cylinders. These are pressurized by a master cylinder mounted on the rotary part, which master cylinder is then influenced by a piston mounted outside the rotary part. The jaws are brought into engagement with the pipe by increasing the pressure from the master cylinder Valves ensure that the pressure in the slave cylinders is maintained independently of the master cylinder.
A considerable disadvantage of the latter of the above solutions is that the jaw travel is restricted by the displacement of the master cylinder. In a subsequent patent application (WO 00/45027) from the same applicant as NO 306572, it is stated that in the solution of the latter patent, the piston must push the master cylinder repeatedly in order to provide a sufficient volume of hydraulic fluid to push the jaws into engagement and also achieve sufficient retaining power. This causes a significant delay in the operation. In WO 00/45027, this problem is apparently solved by means of pressure accumulators.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
However, the present invention provides a far simpler solution to this problem. This solution is obtained through a fixed part and a rotary part designed to grip a pipe to be rotated, which rotary part comprises at least one movable gripping jaw arranged to be moved into engagement with the pipe wherein the fixed part comprises at least one gripping cylinder arranged to move the gripping jaw into engagement with the pipe, when the gripping jaw is operatively engaged with the gripping cylinder.
By the rotary part comprising at least one holding cylinder arranged to maintain the gripping jaw in engagement with the pipe after having been moved to engage the pipe, the gripping jaw will be certain to maintain engagement with the pipe during rotation of the rotary part.
Connecting the holding cylinder to a valve arranged to selectively prevent hydraulic fluid from flowing out of the holding cylinder and allow hydraulic fluid to flow out of the holding cylinder, allows selective retaining and releasing of the pipe.
Controlling the valve by means of an actuator disposed on the fixed part and designed to control the valve independently of the position of the rotary part, ensures that the pipe may be released independently of the position of the rotary part.
The holding cylinder being hydraulically connected to at least one slave cylinder on the rotary part, and a master cylinder on the fixed part being arranged to actuate the slave cylinder upon operative engagement between the master cylinder and the slave cylinder, facilitates expedient pressurizing of the holding cylinder.
Connecting the holding cylinder to an accumulator, which is arranged to provide hydraulic pressure for disengaging the holding cylinder from the pipe, ensures expedient retraction of the gripping jaw.
By equipping the holding cylinder with a return spring designed to disengage the holding cylinder from the pipe, it is possible to achieve expedient retraction of the gripping jaw.
Connecting the holding cylinder to a closed hydraulic system on the rotary part allows a simple hydraulic system to be achieved, which requires little maintenance and is not subjected to any significant external influences.
The hydraulic system comprises an accumulator designed to provide pressure in order to return the slave cylinder so as to allow hydraulic fluid to flow from the holding cylinder to the slave cylinder, thus achieving expedient retraction of the gripping jaw.
The gripping cylinder acts on a protrusion on the gripping jaw, achieving expedient cooperation between the gripping cylinder and the holding cylinder.
The holding cylinder is disposed inside the gripping jaw or a support for this, possibly integrated into this, thus achieving a compact solution.
The rotation unit is equipped with from one to six gripping jaws, preferably-three gripping jaws, thus achieving a good grip on the pipe, also in the event of varying dimensions.
The gripping cylinder acts on an arm, which in turn is connected to a tappet that is arranged to exert a force against the holding cylinder when the tappet is rotated from a first to a second position, thus achieving an alternative embodiment, in which the hydraulic system on the rotary part is not dependent on any other pressurizing than that provided by the gripping cylinder.
It is practical for the rotary part to be driven by chain drive. A chain drive ensures a more robust design and smoother running. Smoother running reduces the risk of “bite marks” from the jaws on the pipe. The chain will engage the rotary part across a significantly longer area than a cogwheel. This will reduce the loading on each tooth on the rotary part, and compared with direct engagement between a cogwheel and the rotary part, the loading on the chain will be more even. Moreover, the chain will be able to engage the rotary part over a section large enough to ensure that even if the rotary part does not have teeth around its entire periphery (e.g. due to an opening for introduction of pipes), the chain will be in engagement with the rotary part at all times. This would not be the case in the event of a direct engagement with cogwheels, where the cogwheels would engage and disengage the rotary part at every rotation. This increases the strain and the risk of damage to both cogwheels and teeth on the rotary part.
In the case of direct engagement with a cogwheel, the component most exposed to wear will be precisely the cogwheel. In the case of chain drive, it will be the chain. It is easier to replace a worn or damaged chain than a cogwheel, as a cogwheel inevitably of necessity would have to be securely fixed to the shaft, while the chain is arranged more or less loosely around the cogwheels. In addition, the teeth on the rotary part may be arranged so as to be replaceable, allowing easy replacement of worn or damaged teeth. The tong will be usable even with missing teeth, as the chain will be in engagement with other teeth. Drive systems incorporating a chain will not be as sensitive to dirt as drive systems based on e.g. direct gearing. The noise generated by the system will also be less.
Furthermore, the costs of producing such a system could also be lower.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described in greater detail by means of an example of an embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a rotary torque tong according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the rotation unit of the torque tong according to the invention;
FIG. 3 mainly shows the rotary part of the rotation unit;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the rotation unit;
FIG. 5 shows a hydraulic connection diagram of the most important components that bring about the gripping of the pipe;
FIG. 6 shows an alternative hydraulic connection;
FIG. 7 shows alternative gripping and holding means, with

    
    
        FIG. 7a showing a jaw fully retracted from the pipe;
        FIG. 7b showing the jaw about to be pushed into engagement with the pipe; and
        FIG. 7c showing the jaw fully engaged with the pipe; and
    
    


FIG. 8 illustrates a principle for distribution of teeth on the rotary part.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows the rotary torque tong according to the present invention. The tong has a frame 60 generally consisting of a horizontal part 61 and a vertical part 62. The frame 60 may be mounted on a guide rail (not shown) to allow it to be displaced horizontally on a drill floor for the tong to engage or disengage a pipe 70 (shown in FIG. 4).
On the vertical part 62 of the frame 60 there is disposed, as the lowermost component, a holding unit (back-up) 63. This comprises gripping jaws 64 arranged to grip a pipe below a pipe joint (not shown) in order to hold this. The construction of the holding unit is, in principle, conventional and will be understood by a person skilled in the art. Thus this will not be explained in any detail herein.
Above the holding unit 63 there is a rotation unit 65 arranged to grip a pipe above a pipe joint. The rotation unit 65 will be explained in detail in the following. Above the rotation unit 65 there is disposed a spin unit 66. This unit is arranged to spin the pipe above the pipe joint out of threaded engagement with a pipe below the pipe joint, or spin the pipe into threaded engagement with the pipe below the pipe joint. The spin unit has a lighter construction than the rotation unit 65 and operates at a significantly lower torque than the rotation unit. Thus it is not capable of breaking or making a pipe joint. The spin unit 65 may however rotate pipes at a considerably higher speed than the rotation unit 65.
FIG. 2 shows the rotation unit 65 of the tong according to the invention. It comprises a rotary part 40 and a fixed part 41. The rotary part 40 is mounted on a plate 42 attached to the fixed part via bolts 54 and brackets 55. The plate 42 has an opening 49. The rotary part is generally disk-shaped with a central cavity 44 and an opening 45 extending from the cavity 44 to the periphery of the disk 40. Toothing 43 is provided around the periphery of the rotary part 40. This toothing may consist of single teeth fixed, e.g. screwed, to the disk 40. The toothing 43 engages two chains 46, 47, each of which extends across two cogwheels 48, 50. One of the cogwheels 50 is power-coupled to a motor 51, preferably a hydraulic motor. Alternatively, one chain may be used, which extends across a sector of a circle greater than either of the chains 46, 47. When one chain 46, 47 passes over the opening 45, it is important for the chain to land on the first tooth after the opening as accurately as possible, to avoid wear on the tooth and chain to the greatest possible extent, and to avoid jerky movements. Consequently, the distance over which the chain extends between the teeth on either side of the opening 45 is matched so as to be equivalent to a whole number of teeth. It has been found that this may be achieved by satisfying the following two equations:




  
    
      
        
          
            t
            2
          
          ·
          
            1
            
              sin
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                (
                
                  
                    
                      2
                      ·
                      π
                    
                    -
                    α
                  
                  
                    2
                    ·
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                
                )
              
            
          
        
        =
        0
      
    
    
      
        (
        1
        )
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              2
              ·
              α
            
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            sin
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    N
                    1
                  
                  ·
                  t
                
                
                  2
                  ·
                  r
                
              
              )
            
          
          -
          α
        
        =
        0
      
    
    
      
        (
        2
        )
      
    
  




in which:

    t is the chain pitch, in mm,
    N1 is the number of teeth that will fit over the opening 45, between the two teeth nearest the opening,
    N2 is the number of teeth along the curved section of the rotary part 40,
    α is the angle (in radians) between the teeth nearest the opening, and
    r is the radius of the rotary part 40 at the chain, i.e. the distance from the centre of the rotary part 40 to the centre of the chain rollers.


In FIG. 8, the relationship defined above through equations (1) and (2) has been illustrated by an example of an embodiment. The figure shows a schematic plan view of the rotary part 40. Also shown is one chain 46 extending across the two cogwheels 48, 50. A number of teeth 43 are shown around the periphery of the rotary part 40. In the example shown, it has been decided that there should be room for 67 teeth along the curved section of the rotary part 40. However, there is no requirement for such a high density of teeth, and so only every third tooth has been installed, except on either side of the opening 45, where two teeth have been placed close to each other in order to provide greater strength at this location, and diametrically opposite of the opening, where three teeth in a row are missing, in order to achieve symmetry. Using a smaller number of teeth than the maximum possible allows a reduction in costs and makes it easier to mount the teeth.
The rectilinear distance Lr between the two teeth 43a and 43b closest to the opening 45 on either side of this, is shorter than the curved distance Lb, that follows the curve of the rotary part 40. If the chain had followed the curved distance Lb the positioning of the teeth would be given unequivocally by the total number of teeth and the radius r of the rotary part at the chain. The chain will however follow the rectilinear distance Lr. Consequently, this distance Lr must provide room for a whole number of teeth. In the example shown, it has been decided that there should be room for 8 teeth along the rectilinear distance Lr between the two teeth 43a and 43b. 
Also, the chain has been chosen to have a pitch, i.e. a distance t between the centres of each of the chain's 46 rollers, of 76.2 mm.
Inserting these figures into the equations (1) and (2) will make it possible to calculate the angle α and the radius r. This gives the radius as 911.7119 mm and the angle α as 0.68176 rad, which is equivalent to 39.06°. If the stretching of the chain 46 between the teeth 43a and 43b had not been taken into account, the chain would have missed the tooth by 12 mm. This would have resulted in a great strain on this tooth and jerky movements.
The above way of spacing the teeth on a rotary part, and the condition of equations (1) and (2), may also be used in other contexts than that which has been described, where for various reasons, one may wish to have access to an area inside the toothing of the rotary part.
The fixed part 41 comprises a frame 52 that supports the plate 42, the cogwheels 48, 50 and the motors 51. The frame 52 is mounted so as to float in a joint 53. Through this mounting, the rotation unit 65 can automatically orient itself relative to the pipe to be gripped.
The fixed part 41 has gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6 mounted on it. These use their piston rod to push against a protrusion 1c, 2c, 3c on each of three gripping jaws 1, 2, 3. However, the piston rod is not attached to the protrusion. The holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a are located inside the gripping jaws 1, 2, 3 and so are not visible in FIG. 2, but one of them may be seen in FIG. 4. Three displaceable gripping jaws may be used, as shown, but it is also possible to use more or fewer gripping jaws. When using fewer gripping jaws, one or more fixed gripping jaws may also be used, which are rigidly mounted to the rotary part. This will depend on how much of the pipe dimension the tong is to be used on.
When the rotary part is to be rotated, the motors 51 are actuated, causing the chains 46, 47 to move in the same direction. Thus the chains 46, 47 rotate the rotary part 40, which slides on slide bearings (not shown) on the plate 42.
In FIG. 3 the fixed part of the rotation unit has been removed. Thus in this figure, two slave cylinders 18 and two master cylinders 19 become visible. Preferably, these are positioned so as to act against each other and synchronously, so that the master cylinder 19 does not contribute to the rotation of the rotary part 40.
The rotation unit 65 is equipped with sensors (not shown) to detect the position of the rotary part 40, to allow the rotary part to be carefully positioned with the opening 45 in line with the opening 49, so that the tong may be pushed onto pipes to be screwed by guiding the openings 45, 49 onto the pipe. The jaws 1 and 3 closest to the opening 45 have been retracted to make room for the pipe to pass. Therefore these jaws 1 and 3 must be moved over a greater distance than jaw 2 before engaging the pipe.
Description will now be given of a relief mechanism for the holding cylinders. This comprises two plates 57 and 58 which, apart from an opening 45a and 45b, are annular. The lower plate 58 lies on the rotary part 40 and is operationally connected to three relief valves 10b, 11b, 12b (see FIG. 5). The upper plate 57 is connected to the fixed part 41 via actuators 56. The valves 10b, 11b, 12, which relieve the pressure from the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a (see FIG. 5), are operated by actuating the actuators 56. The upper plate 57 is forced down against the lower plate 58, which in turn displaces the valves 10b, 11b, 12b from a first position to a second position. The upper plate 57 will be able to force the lower plate down regardless of the position of the rotary part 40 relative to the fixed part 41.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of part of the rotation unit showing, among other things, one of the motors 51, one of the chains 46, the rotary part 40, the plate 42, one of the gripping cylinders 5, which pushes against the protrusion 2c with its piston rod, and one of the gripping jaws 2. One of the holding cylinders 1a may be seen inside the gripping jaw 2. Also illustrated is a pipe 70, which has just been gripped by the gripping jaw 2 after the gripping cylinder 5 has advanced this towards the pipe 70.
FIG. 5 shows a possible example of an embodiment of the hydraulic connection for the gripping function of the rotation unit, and also shows a connection for the rotational function. In the figure, components located on the rotary part 40 of the rotation unit 65 are drawn within a line 30. Components outside this are located on the fixed part 41.
On the rotary part 40 are jaws 1, 2, 3, which are designed to grip and hold a pipe 70, as described above.
The jaws 1, 2, 3 are connected to the respective holding cylinder 1a, 2a, 3a. The piston sides of the cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a are connected to respective valve assemblies 10, 11, 12 via respective connecting lines 1b, 2b, 3b. The valve assemblies 10, 11, 12 comprise a check valve 10a, 11a, 12a, that opens for hydraulic communication with the respective holding cylinder 1a, 2a, 3a when the hydraulic fluid is at a certain pressure and stops communication in the opposite direction, and the two-way relief valve 10b, 11b, 12b, which is mentioned in connection with FIG. 3, and which in a first position provides communication with the piston side of the respective holding cylinder 1a, 2a, 3a and stops communication in the opposite direction, and in a second position opens for communication both ways.
The respective check valve 10a, 11a, 12a communicates with the piston side of a slave cylinder 18 via a respective line 10c, 11c, 12c. Preferably, three mechanically connected slave cylinders 18 are provided, but only one is shown in FIG. 5. The respective two-way valve 10b, 11b, 12b also communicates with the piston side of the slave cylinder 18, via a respective line 10d, 11d, 12d and a common check valve 20, which opens for hydraulic communication with the slave cylinder 18 at a certain hydraulic pressure and stops communication in the opposite direction. The lines 10d, 11d, 12d also communicate with a common hydraulic reservoir 16.
The two-way valves 10b, 11b, 12b are operated by a relief actuator 56 that acts on the valves 10b, 11b, 12b via a first plate 57 on the fixed part and a second plate 58 on the rotary part. As shown in FIG. 3, there are preferably at least three relief actuators 56.
The rod side of the slave cylinder 18 communicates with the piston side of the same cylinder 18 via a valve 21. The valve 21 comprises a check valve 21a, which opens for communication from the piston side to the rod side and stops communication in the opposite direction, and a choke 21b that allows limited hydraulic communication from the rod side to the piston side. The slave cylinder is equipped with a return spring 18a that acts to push the piston 18b towards the rod side.
The rod sides of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a communicate with respective valves 13, 14, 15. Each valve 13, 14, 15 comprises a check valve 13a, 14a, 15a that opens for communication from the piston side of the respective holding cylinder 1a, 2a, 3a and stops communication in the opposite direction, and a choke 13b, 14b, 15b that allows limited hydraulic communication with the rod side. The valves 13, 14, 15 further communicate with a common accumulator 17.
On the fixed part 41 is a hydraulic cylinder 19, which in the following is denoted a master cylinder 19. The master cylinder will, upon actuation and when the slave cylinder 18 is in the correct position for this, use its piston rod 19a to push against the piston rod 18c of the slave cylinder 18.
When the rotary part 40 is located in such a position as to leave the master cylinder 19 and the slave cylinder 18 facing each other operationally, a respective gripping cylinder 4, 5, 6 will also be located operationally straight opposite the protrusion 1c, 2c, 3c (not shown in FIG. 5) on a respective jaw 1, 2, 3. The three gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6 will, upon actuation in this position, move the jaws 1, 2, 3 to engage the pipe.
On the piston side, the gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6 are hydraulically connected to a respective slave cylinder 31, 32, 33. The pipe 70 is closer to the gripping jaw 6. The slave cylinders 31, 32, 33 are actuated via a synchronizing element 36 of a synchronizing cylinder 34, which is connected to a pump (not shown) via a load holding valve assembly 35. The cylinder 32 is shorter than cylinders 31 and 33, as the gripping cylinder 5 will displace its gripping jaw 2 over a shorter distance to engage the pipe, as explained in connection with FIG. 3.
The piston sides of the gripping cylinders are connected to the pump (not shown) via a respective load holding valve assembly 7, 8, 9.
The hydraulic motors 51 are connected to a pump (not shown) capable of driving the motors 51 in one direction or the other. Each motor 51 is connected to a respective cogwheel 50 via a gear 37. Also shown is a mechanical brake 38 operable via valve assemblies 39a, 39b. 
The principle of operation of the hydraulic connection in FIG. 5 will now be explained in greater detail.
In order to activate the three gripping jaws 1, 2, 3, which form part of the rotary part of the tong, use is made of the three gripping cylinder 4, 5, 6, which are activated and positioned synchronously via synchronizing cylinder 34 and slave cylinders 31, 32, 33. Preferably, the synchronizing cylinder receives hydraulic power from the ring main or a stand-alone hydraulic motor-driven pump, which may be disposed on the tong or near this. The gripping cylinders are controlled by means of the hydraulic load holding valve assemblies 7, 8, 9 and synchronized by the synchronizing cylinder 34 being driven towards the three slave cylinders 31, 32, 33, which are mechanically interconnected via the synchronizing element 36. The slave cylinders 31, 32, 33 are connected to the gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6, so that when the synchronizing cylinder 34 is driven towards the slave cylinders 31, 32, 33, a hydraulic volume flow from the respective slave cylinders 31,32, 33 will be transferred to the respective gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6, achieving a synchronized movement of the gripping cylinders.
Movement and positioning of the gripping jaws is performed by running the respective gripping cylinders towards the protrusion 1c, 2c, 3,c on the jaws 1, 2, 3, the jaws thus being pulled out towards the centre of the cavity 44 until they meet the pipe 70. The gripping cylinders will keep the jaws at a standstill, pressing against the pipe 70.
When the jaws are pulled towards the pipe, they also pull three holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a with them, sucking hydraulic oil from the open reservoir 16 through the valve assembly 10, 11, 12 and into the piston side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a. The valves 10b, 11b, 12b are then in the position shown in FIG. 1, in which oil is permitted to flow past in the direction of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a, but is not allowed to flow away from these. The hydraulic oil on the rod side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a is evacuated through the valves 13, 14, 15 to the accumulator 17.
In order to increase the clamping force between the gripping jaws and the pipe a volume of oil is delivered to the piston side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a. Since the added volume of oil does not generate any movement of the gripping jaws, this added volume of oil will cause the pressure, and consequently the clamping force, to increase. The delivery of this volume of oil is achieved by the master cylinder 19, which is disposed on the fixed part of the tong, pressing against the slave cylinder 18, which is disposed on the rotary part of the tong. This volume of oil flows to the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a via the valves 10a, 11a, 12a. The pressure in the master cylinder 19 is regulated by means of a pressure transmitter in a closed loop with a proportional directional valve (not shown). Since the gear ratio between the master cylinder 19 and the slave cylinder 18 is constant, the pressure in the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a can easily be controlled. Upon reaching the desired pressure, the master cylinder 19 returns to the initial position. When the cylinder 19 returns, the cylinder 18 will follow, due to the return spring 18a, and oil will flow from the rod side of the cylinder 18 to the piston side via the valve assembly 21. At the same time, the cylinder 18 will also be refilled from the reservoir 16 via the check valve 20. As the valve assemblies 10, 11 and 12 stop oil flowing away from the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a, these will maintain their clamping force against the pipe.
When the gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6 are also brought back to their initial positions, the tong may rotate freely with the pipe until the desired torque has been obtained. The tong can be rotated as shown by means of hydraulic motors, impellers and chains. The torque is regulated by a closed control loop with torque feed-back from the fixture for the fixed part of the tong and a proportional valve (not shown) connected to the hydraulic motors 51.
The pipe is disengaged from the gripping jaws 1, 2, 3 by operating the relief actuator 56, which via plates 57 and 58 displaces the valve 10b, 11b, 12b in the valve assembly 10, 11, 12 to the position that allows communication in both directions. Thus the pressure will be relieved from the piston side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a, relieving the pressure of the gripping jaws. The accumulator 17, which is connected to the rod side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a, delivers pressure to the rod side of the holding cylinders 1a, 2a, 3a through choke 13b, 14b, 15b. This pressure ensures that the holding cylinders are returned to their initial position. The chokes 13b, 14b, 15b will control the speed of this return stroke.
FIG. 6 is a simplified view of an alternative hydraulic connection. Here the reservoir 16 has been removed. The accumulator 17 may be a bladder accumulator filled with nitrogen, as shown, or a piston accumulator. Instead of a return spring in the slave cylinder 18, each holding cylinder 1a, 2a, 3a is equipped with a return spring 1c, 2c, 3c. When the two-way valves 10b, 11b, 12b are open, these return springs will push the pistons of the holding cylinders back, thereby forcing the hydraulic fluid back to the slave cylinder 18 and returning this. The accumulator 17 will also contribute to this. Thus there will be no requirement for a return spring in the holding cylinder.
An alternative solution for increasing the clamping force between the pipe and the gripping jaws after the gripping cylinders have moved these to engage the pipe, is shown in FIG. 7. Instead of using the hydraulic arrangement shown to supply hydraulic power to the holding cylinder, use is here made of the gripping cylinders 4, 5, 6 (FIGS. 7a, b, c show only one 4 of the cylinders) to push against an arm 80 connected to a tappet 81 on the gripping jaw 1. In FIG. 7a the jaw 1 is fully retracted, and the gripping cylinder 4 is ready to push on the arm 80. In a first phase (see FIG. 7b) the gripping cylinder pushes against the arm 80 but without rotating this about the tappet 81. This will move the jaw 1 towards the pipe 70 to engage this. At the same time, the holding cylinder 1a is pulled along. The holding cylinder sucks hydraulic fluid from a reservoir (not shown). After the jaw 1 has engaged the pipe 70 and no further displacement of the jaw 1 is possible, the gripping cylinder will start to rotate the arm 80 about the tappet 81. This will cause the tappet 81 to attempt to lengthen the gripping jaw 1. However, this is not possible in the direction of the pipe 70, and so the piston rod and piston of the holding cylinder 1a will be forced into the actual cylinder while the centre line 82 of the holding cylinder and the piston rod is rotated over the centre of rotation 83 of the tappet. This will reduce the available volume for the limited quantity of oil in the holding cylinder 1a, thus increasing the pressure. The force required by the gripping cylinder 4 to rotate the arm with the tappet 81 and the position of the arm 80 will be related to the pressure in the holding cylinder 1a, allowing the clamping force between the pipe 70 and the gripping jaws to be determined and controlled. When the force from the gripping cylinders stops acting on the arm 80, the net force from the pressure against the piston of the holding cylinder 1a will attempt to displace the piston forward in the actual cylinder, but as the holding cylinder has rotated about its fixture in the actual cylinder, over the centre of rotation, it will be mechanically locked. The holding cylinder will therefore act as a hydraulic spring.
For the embodiment of FIG. 7, a simplified hydraulic arrangement may be used, which includes no master and slave cylinders, but which will include valves for relieving hydraulic pressure from the holding cylinders, in accordance with the principles illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6.
Return of the jaws can be achieved e.g. by opening a valve (equivalent to valves 10b, 11b, 12b) that relieves the pressure from the holding cylinders. The jaws will be retracted, either by means of a return spring or by hydraulic pressure. The arm 80 with the tappet 81 may be equipped with a return spring (not shown) to bring it back to its initial position. Alternatively, the return of the arm 80 can be brought about through gravity alone.
An alternative embodiment for synchronization of the gripping cylinders would be to have position measurement for each gripping cylinder with separate proportional valves, to allow the gripping cylinders to be individually positioned and thereby synchronized.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A rotation unit for a torque tong, comprising:
a fixed part, said fixed part including at least one gripping cylinder directly mounted thereto; and
a rotary part designed to grip a pipe to be rotated, said rotary part comprising:
at least one movable gripping jaw mounted directly to the rotary part, the at least one movable gripping jaw being movable into engagement with the pipe, the at least one movable gripping jaw being rotatable with the rotary part to be in alignment with the at least one gripping cylinder,

wherein the at least one gripping cylinder is directly engageable with the at least one movable gripping jaw to move the at least one movable gripping jaw into engagement with the pipe, when the at least one movable gripping jaw is rotated to be aligned with the at least one gripping cylinder so that the at least one gripping cylinder can displace the at least one movable gripping jaw.

2. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the rotary part further comprises at least one holding cylinder arranged to maintain the engagement between the at least one movable gripping jaw and the pipe after the at least one movable gripping jaw has been moved to engage the pipe.

3. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is connected to a valve arranged to selectively prevent hydraulic fluid from flowing out of the at least one holding cylinder and allow hydraulic fluid to flow out of the at least one holding cylinder.

4. The unit according to claim 3, wherein the valve can be operated by means of an actuator disposed on the fixed part, the actuator being arranged to operate the valve independently of the position of the rotary part.

5. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is hydraulically connected to at least one slave cylinder on the rotary part, and a master cylinder on the fixed part is arranged to actuate the at least one slave cylinder when the master cylinder is operatively engaged with the at least one slave cylinder.

6. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is connected to an accumulator arranged to provide hydraulic pressure to the at least one holding cylinder for disengaging the at least one movable gripping jaw from the pipe.

7. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is equipped with a return spring arranged to act on the at least one holding cylinder to disengage the at least one movable gripping jaw from the pipe.

8. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is connected to a closed hydraulic system on the rotary part.

9. The unit according to claim 8, wherein the closed hydraulic system comprises an accumulator arranged to provide pressure for return of a slave cylinder, said slave cylinder being hydraulically connected to the at least one holding cylinder, so that hydraulic fluid may flow from the at least one holding cylinder to the slave cylinder.

10. The unit according claim 2, wherein the at least one holding cylinder is disposed or integrated inside the at least one movable gripping jaw or a support for the at least one movable gripping jaw.

11. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the at least one gripping cylinder acts on a protrusion on the at least one movable gripping jaw.

12. The unit according claim 1, wherein there are from one to six of the at least one movable gripping jaw.

13. The unit according to claim 12, wherein there are three of said at least one movable gripping jaw and three of said at least one gripping cylinder.

14. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the at least one movable gripping jaw is adjacent to and aligned with the at least one gripping cylinder when the at least one gripping cylinder engages the at least one movable gripping jaw.

15. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the at least one gripping cylinder acts on an arm, the arm being connected to a tappet, the tappet being arranged to exert a force against the at least one holding cylinder when the tappet is rotated from a first position to a second position.

16. A rotation unit for a torque tong, comprising:
a fixed part, said fixed part including at least one gripping cylinder directly mounted thereto; and
a rotary part designed to grip a pipe to be rotated, said rotary part comprising:
at least one movable gripping jaw arranged to be moved into engagement with the pipe; and
at least one holding cylinder arranged to maintain the engagement between the at least one movable gripping jaw and the pipe after the at least one movable gripping jaw has been moved to engage the pipe,

wherein the at least one gripping cylinder is arranged to move the at least one movable gripping jaw into engagement with the pipe, by operatively engaging the at least one movable gripping jaw when the at least one movable gripping jaw is located operatively opposite the at least one gripping cylinder so that the at least one gripping cylinder can displace the at least one movable gripping jaw, and the at least one gripping cylinder acts on an arm, the arm being connected to a tappet, the tappet being arranged to exert a force against the at least one holding cylinder when the tappet is rotated from a first position to a second position.

17. A rotation unit for a torque tong, comprising:
a fixed part; and
a rotary part designed to grip a pipe to be rotated, said rotary part comprising:
at least one movable gripping jaw arranged to be moved into engagement with the pipe; and
at least one holding cylinder arranged to maintain the engagement between the at least one movable gripping jaw and the pipe after the at least one movable gripping jaw has been moved to engage the pipe,

wherein the fixed part comprises at least one gripping cylinder arranged to move the at least one movable gripping jaw into engagement with the pipe when the at least one movable gripping jaw is operatively engaged with the at least one gripping cylinder, and
wherein the at least one gripping cylinder acts on an arm, the arm being connected to a tappet, the tappet being arranged to exert a force against the at least one holding cylinder when the tappet is rotated from a first position to a second position.