FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MARCH 21, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

* Honorable Jane A. Restani, Chief Judge, United States Court of International Trade, sitting by

designation.

[ PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 03-15593

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 01-03039-CV-JLK

NATIONAL ADVERTISING CO., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus 

CITY OF MIAMI, 

MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA, 

Defendants-Appellees. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(MARCH 21, 2005)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, WILSON, Circuit Judge, and RESTANI*,

Judge.
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PER CURIAM:

In this case, we decide whether a billboard company’s challenge to a City’s

zoning ordinance is rendered moot by the subsequent amendment of the ordinance. 

Plaintiff-Appellant National Advertising Company (“National”) appeals the district

court’s order granting final summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee, the

City of Miami. National brought suit against the City, claiming that the City’s

Zoning Code violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution by impermissibly infringing upon the free speech rights of National

and its advertisers. We are convinced that amendments to the City’s zoning code

rendered this case moot and we therefore reverse the district court’s grant of

summary judgment with instructions to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In March of 1990, the City of Miami adopted a comprehensive Zoning

Ordinance that is the subject matter of this suit. Ordinance No. 11,000 divided the

City into 24 geographical areas and enacted a comprehensive scheme of

regulations applicable to property located in each area. The ordinance was enacted

with, among other goals, the purposes of “promot[ing] the public health [and]

safety . . . provid[ing] a wholesome, serviceable, and attractive community” and
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“increas[ing] traffic safety.” Miami, Fla., Zoning Ordinace § 120 (1991). While

the zoning code governed all aspects of land use within the Miami City limits,

some regulations focused on billboards and signs throughout the City. However,

the City provided a grace period of five years for advertisers, like National, with

existing structures already erected to remove nonconforming billboards.

National is a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of

Viacom Outdoor Inc., a corporation formerly known as Infinity Outdoor, Inc. 

National is a leader in the outdoor advertising industry, specializing in the leasing

of billboards, and has operated in Miami for approximately forty years. National

normally constructs its billboards on either leased or purchased property and then

rents space on the billboards to advertisers. National operates more than forty

outdoor advertising signs in various locations throughout the City of Miami. Most

of National’s billboards display commercial messages, however a few of them

display non-commercial, public interest messages.

After nearly a decade of non-enforcement of the Zoning Ordinance’s

billboard provisions, in April 2001 the City commenced enforcement by issuing

notices to property owners who had nonconforming billboards on their property. 

The notices advised the property owners that they were in violation of the City’s

zoning code and told the owners to correct the violations by May 2001, or face
 In addition to this case, National also filed a second suit against the City. That case, 1

National Advertising Co. v. City of Miami, Case No. 02-20556-CIV-KING (“National II”), was

filed on February 21, 2002 in response to the City’s rejection of seven permit applications to

construct billboards. National I and National II were consolidated in the district court below. 

However, we ordered the cases to be argued separately before this court. In this case we asked

the parties to focus solely on the constitutionality of the zoning ordinance itself. In the

companion case, National II, the parties were asked to discuss the issues related to the permitting

process in its entirety.

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fines and other penalties brought by the City’s Code Enforcement Board. On July

10, 2001, the Miami City Commission authorized the City manager to arrange a

Commission meeting where the City Commission could make findings that would

justify the City’s removal of billboards without notice and to hold outdoor

advertising companies in contempt of the City Commission. The next day,

National filed this action in district court. While National engages in 1

predominantly commercial advertising, its complaint invoked the free speech

overbreadth doctrine and alleged that the City’s Zoning Ordinance discriminated

against non-commercial speech in violation of the First and Fourteenth

Amendments, lacked procedural safeguards in violation of the First Amendment,

and that the City’s decision to begin immediate removal of signs violated Due

Process and the First Amendment. 

Shortly after filing its complaint, National moved for an injunction to

prevent the City of Miami from acting to remove signs or enforce the ordinance. 

The district court denied National’s motion for injunctive relief, and National
Although National’s amended complaint added the County as a party, the record makes 2

no mention of appearances by the County and they did not appear before us on appeal.

There is some dispute as to when the process of amending the City’s zoning ordinance 3

began. However, since we conclude that the City has no intention of re-enacting the allegedly

unconstitutional segments of the zoning code, we need not decide what initially motivated the

City’s comprehensive overhaul of its entire zoning ordinance.

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appealed. In an unpublished opinion, Nat’l Adver. Co. v. City of Miami, 48 Fed.

Appx. 740, 2002 WL 31054893 (11th Cir. Aug 27, 2002), we vacated the district

court’s denial of National’s motion and remanded to the district court for further

consideration. Thereafter, National amended its complaint, alleging three new

claims. National asserted (1) that the City’s refusal to stay the accrual of code

enforcement fines during the pendency of litigation discriminated against National

for its exercise of its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, (2) that the

discriminatory acts of the City and Miami-Dade County violated the First

Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause, and (3) that the City and the

County’s lack of procedural safeguards violate the First Amendment.2

Additionally, National sought another injunction.

After National filed its first suit against the City, the City began the process

of amending its zoning regulations pertaining to signs. On January 5, 2002 the 3

City published notice of its intent to amend the Zoning ordinance and those

amendments were adopted on April 11, 2002. The amendments changed many
6

aspects of the City’s sign code but specifically clarified that non-commercial

speech may be placed on any sign where commercial speech was permitted.

In September 2003, the district court entered an order granting summary

judgment to the City of Miami and denying National’s motion for summary

judgment. The district court held that National lacked standing under the

overbreadth doctrine to enforce the rights of non-commercial speakers. 

Additionally, the court held that, assuming National did have standing to enforce

the rights of non-commercial speakers, the zoning ordinance did not violate the

First Amendment.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The City contends that the changes to the Zoning Code render National’s

claims moot. Mootness is the central issue in this case and “[w]e review the

question of mootness de novo.” Coral Springs St. Sys., Inc. v. City of Sunrise, 371

F.3d 1320, 1328 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal citations omitted). Furthermore,

because the question of mootnesss is jurisdictional in nature, it may be raised by

the court sua sponte, regardless of whether the district court considered it or if the

parties briefed the issue. Sannon v. United States, 631 F.2d 1247, 1250 (5th
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), this Court 4

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to close

of business on September 30, 1981.

7

Cir.1980).4

DISCUSSION

We have long recognized that the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of

federal courts. The United States Constitution, Article III, Section 2, provides that

the judicial power of the Untied States federal courts shall extend only to “cases”

and “controversies.” Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1327 (citing Lujan v. Defenders of

Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 559, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 2136, 119 L. Ed.2d 351 (1992)). The

Article III case or controversy limitation on the jurisdiction of federal courts serves

an important role in our constitutional separation of powers framework, Socialist

Workers Party v. Leahy, 145 F.3d 1240, 1244 (11th Cir. 1998), and it is a

fundamental principle of our form of democratic government that the role of courts

is properly a limited one. Thus, we strictly observe the cases or controversies

limitation. Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 750, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 3324, 82 L. Ed2d

556 (1984). 

Mootness is among the important limitations placed on the power of the

federal judiciary and serves long-established notions about the role of unelected

courts in our democratic system. By its very nature, a moot suit “cannot present an
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Article III case or controversy and the federal courts lack subject matter

jurisdiction to entertain it.” Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1328 (internal citations

omitted). If a lawsuit is mooted by subsequent developments, any decision a

federal court might render on the merits of a case would constitute an advisory

opinion. See id.; Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 273 F.3d 1330, 1336 (11th Cir. 2001);

Socialist Workers Party, 145 F.3d at 1244. A change in the law, such as amending

a zoning ordinance as here, or a change in other circumstances can give rise to

mootness. We have held that “[w]hen a subsequent law brings the existing

controversy to an end the case becomes moot and should be treated accordingly.” 

Coalition for the Abolition of Marijuana Prohibition v. City of Atlanta, 219 F.3d

1301, 1310 (11th Cir. 2000). In other words, federal courts lack jurisdiction to

hear and decide cases where changes in the law have rendered the case moot. 

Accordingly, we must decide whether the City of Miami’s subsequent

amendments to its zoning ordinance render National’s legal challenges moot. If

the zoning ordinance amendments have rendered this suit moot, then we must

dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.

This Court and the Supreme Court have repeatedly held that the repeal or

amendment of an allegedly unconstitutional statute moots legal challenges to the

legitimacy of the repealed legislation. For example, in Coral Springs we noted that
We cataloged many of the Supreme Court decisions on this subject in our Coral Springs 5

decision:

See, e.g., Lewis v. Cont'l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 474, 110 S. Ct. 1249, 1252, 108 L.

Ed.2d 400 (1990) (holding that a Commerce Clause-based challenge to Florida banking

statutes was rendered moot by amendments to the law); Massachusetts v. Oakes, 491

U.S. 576, 582-83, 109 S. Ct. 2633, 2637-38, 105 L. Ed.2d 493 (1989) (holding that an

overbreadth challenge to a child pornography law was rendered moot by amendment to

the statute); Princeton Univ. v. Schmid, 455 U.S. 100, 103, 102 S. Ct. 867, 869, 70 L.

Ed.2d 855 (1982) (per curiam) (holding that the challenge to a university regulation was

moot because the regulation had been substantially amended); Kremens v. Bartley, 431

U.S. 119, 128-29, 97 S. Ct. 1709, 1715, 52 L. Ed.2d 184 (1977) (holding moot a

constitutional challenge to a state statute governing the involuntary commitment of

mentally ill minors, because the law had been replaced with a different statute);

Diffenderfer v. Cent. Baptist Church, Inc., 404 U.S. 412, 415, 92 S. Ct. 574, 576, 30 L.

Ed.2d 567 (1972) (holding moot a challenge to a Florida tax exemption for church

property when the law had been repealed).

Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1329

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“[g]enerally, a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is mooted by repeal of

the statute.” 371 F.3d at 1329. Similarly, in Coalition for the Abolition of

Marijuana Prohibition, we held that “when an ordinance is repealed by the

enactment of a superseding statute, then the ‘superseding statute or regulation

moots a case.’” 219 F.3d at 1310 (quoting Naturist Soc’y, Inc. v. Fillyay, 958 F.2d

1515, 1520 (11th Cir. 1992)). Furthermore, the Supreme Court has many times

held that amendments or revocation of challenged legislation renders the lawsuit

moot and deprives the court of jurisdiction.5

National argues that the City of Miami’s voluntary cessation of their

allegedly unconstitutional conduct does not render National’s challenge moot. 

National claims that this case falls within one of the important exceptions to the

case or controversy limitations on federal courts’ jurisdiction because of the
Miami amended its sign code six months after being sued by National. Whatever impact 6

this fact might have, it was not expressly argued by National. Furthermore, other evidence

persuades us that Miami did not amend its sign code to deprive this Court of jurisdiction.

10

possibility that, if the court does not rule on the ordinance, the City will simply

reenact the challenged ordinance at some later date. While our general rule is that

repeal of a statute renders a legal challenge moot, an important exception to that

general rule is that mere voluntary termination of an allegedly illegal activity is not

always sufficient to render a case moot and deprive the federal courts of

jurisdiction to try the case. “It has long been the rule that ‘voluntary cessation of

allegedly illegal conduct does not deprive the tribunal of power to hear and

determine the case, i..e., does not make the case moot.’” Sec’y of Labor v. Burger

King Corp., 955 F.2d 681, 684 (11th Cir. 1992) (quoting United States v. W.T.

Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 632, 73 S. Ct 894, 897, 97 L. Ed. 1303 (1953)). For a

defendant’s voluntary cessation to moot any legal questions presented and deprive

the court of jurisdiction, it must be “absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful

behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted). In other words, voluntary cessation of offensive conduct

will only moot litigation if it is clear that the defendant has not changed course

simply to deprive the court of jurisdiction.6

National is correct in pointing out that when a defendant has voluntarily

ceased its offending conduct we are reluctant to dismiss the case as being moot,
11

particularly if there is affirmative evidence that the defendant is likely to return to

its prior ways following our dismissal of the litigation. However, “governmental

entities and officials have been given considerably more leeway than private

parties in the presumption that they are unlikely to resume illegal activities.” Coral

Springs, 371 F.3d at 1328-29. Indeed, as we noted above, the cases are legion

from this and other courts where the repeal of an allegedly unconstitutional statute

was sufficient to moot litigation challenging the statute. See also 13A Wright et

al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3533.7 (2d ed. 2004) (“Courts are more apt

to trust public officials than private defendants to desist from future violations.”).

In sum, when a court is presented with evidence of a “substantial likelihood”

that the challenged statute will be reenacted, the litigation is not moot and the court

should retain jurisdiction. Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1329. However, in the

absence of evidence indicating that the government intends to return to its prior

legislative scheme, repeal of an allegedly offensive statute moots legal challenges

to the validity of that statute. “Whether the repeal of a law will lead to a finding

that the challenge to the law is moot depends most significantly on whether the

court is sufficiently convinced that the repealed law will not be brought back.” 

Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1331 (emphasis added). Therefore, National’s reliance

on Nat’l Adver. Co. v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 934 F.2d 283 (11th Cir. 1991) is

misplaced. In that case, the City of Fort Lauderdale amended its sign code in
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response to a suit challenging the constitutionality of the statute. The City of Fort

Lauderdale’s conduct, including its motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction filed the day after its amendment took effect, “sufficiently convinced”

us that if the suit was dismissed as moot, that the City would simply re-enact the

previous version of its sign regulations. We therefore held that the case was not

moot, precisely because of the risk that the City might return to their previous

course of conduct. Fort Lauderdale, 934 F.2d at 286. We are convinced that there

is no similar risk in this case. The only evidence that National has presented in this

case to suggest that the City might return to its previous version of the ordinance is

the fact that the City has defended its ordinance. However, once the repeal of an

ordinance has caused our jurisdiction to be questioned, National bears the burden

of presenting affirmative evidence that its challenge is no longer moot. Mere

speculation that the City may return to its previous ways is no substitute for

concrete evidence of secret intentions.

National is also incorrect in suggesting that we should focus on the City’s

motivation in amending the code. The City’s purpose in amending the statute is

not the central focus of our inquiry nor is it dispositive of our decision. Rather, the

most important inquiry is whether we believe the City would re-enact the prior

ordinance. Again, there is no evidence in this case suggesting any risk that the

City of Miami has any intention of returning to its prior course of conduct. 
National spends a large portion of its brief arguing that the April 2002 amendments 7

failed to cure the City’s zoning code of constitutional infirmities in the permitting process. 

Those arguments are misplaced in this appeal. We address National’s complaints regarding the

permitting process in this case’s companion, National II. Additionally, because this case is a

facial challenge to Miami’s zoning ordinance, we need not address any issues related to whether

National had acquired any vested rights prior to the amendments which mooted this claim. Cf.

Coral Springs, 371 F.3d at 1333-1342.

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Given the legal framework for determining when subsequent events can

moot a legal challenge, we apply those legal principles to the facts of this case. In

April 2002, the City of Miami completely revised and amended its zoning

ordinances, changing entirely the provisions of their code that were the gravamen

of this suit. Specifically, the City’s revised zoning ordinance mooted National’s 7

claims that the City impermissibly favored commercial speech over noncommercial speech. The new zoning ordinance altered completely the City’s

regulations pertaining to commercial and non-commercial speech. The

amendments made clear that non-commercial messages would be permitted

anywhere commercial messages were allowed. Additionally, the amendment

contained a “substitution clause” that stated that “[a]ny sign allowed herein may

contain, in lieu of any other message or copy, any lawful, non-commercial

message, so long as the sign complies with the size and height, area, and other

requirements.” Finally, Ordinance 12,213 amended the City’s definition of onsite

signs to make it clear that all non-commercial messages were considered onsite. 

These amendments changed the zoning code so that the allegedly unconstitutional
14

portions of the City’s zoning ordinance no longer exist. As a result of these

changes we would be incapable of granting National any of the relief requested in

its original complaint and any decision we would render would clearly constitute

an impermissible advisory opinion. Therefore, National’s claims are moot. 

While we refrain from deciding whether these changes would nullify any

potential constitutional infirmities in the City’s zoning ordinance, we do hold that

the amendments rendered all the complaints raised by National in this suit moot. 

Whatever defects may remain in the City of Miami’s zoning ordinance or other

laws are not properly before us and we do not address them. As we have held,

“under our constitutional system courts are not roving commissions assigned to

pass judgment on the validity of the Nation's laws.” Geaneas v. Willets, 911 F.2d

579, 584 (11th Cir. 1990).

CONCLUSION

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Under our Constitutional

separation of powers framework, it is essential that all three branches of

government strictly observe the limitations on their proper dominion. Thus, out of

respect for their limited role within our government, federal courts have long

refused to issue advisory opinions. Additionally, we have repeatedly held that

moot cases fail to meet the important requirement that courts only address active

cases or controversies. In this case, the City of Miami’s amendments to the its
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zoning code effectively rendered moot National’s claims as to the constitutionality

of the prior version of the code. Furthermore, we are confident that the City does

not contemplate returning to its prior zoning ordinance, given our strict disapproval

of this type of governmental “flip-flopping.” See Jews for Jesus v. Hillsborough

County Aviation Auth., 162 F.3d 627, 630 (11th Cir. 1998). In such an instance,

the courthouse door would remain open for reinstatement of such a law suit. Id. 

We are convinced that since the City harbors no intentions of returning to the prior

zoning ordinance this case does not fall within an exception that would require us

to retain jurisdiction. 

REVERSED and REMANDED, with instructions to DISMISS for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.