IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF ARIZONA

DIVISION TWO

 

LISA FRANK GREEN,

Petitioner,

v.

HON. KAREN NYGAARD, Judge Pro

Tempore of the Superior Court of the

State of Arizona, in and for the County of

Pima,

Respondent,

and

JAMES GREEN,

Real Party in Interest.

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2 CA-SA 2006-0062

DEPARTMENT A

O P I N I O N

SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDING

Pima County Cause No. D 20050545

JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED

Karp Heurlin Weiss

 By Leonard Karp and Laura Belleau

Kathleen A. McCarthy & Associates, P.L.L.C.

 By Kathleen A. McCarthy and Scott Lieberman

Tucson

Attorneys for Petitioner

Tucson

Attorneys for Real Party in Interest

SEP 28 2006

FILED BY CLERK

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION TWO
2

P E L A N D E R, Chief Judge.

¶1 At issue in this special action, which arises from a dissolution of marriage

action, is the scope of discovery permitted of an expert accountant retained in anticipation

of litigation who was initially listed as a witness and who testified about matters pendente

lite but was withdrawn as a witness before trial. Petitioner Lisa Frank Green contends the

respondent judge abused her discretion when she granted real party in interestJamesGreen’s

motion to compel production of the expert’s “entire file pertaining to Lisa and/or James

Green and/or Lisa Frank Inc.” In the context of the specific facts of this case, we agree.

Accordingly, we accept jurisdiction of the special action and grant relief by vacating the

respondent judge’s discovery order.

Background

¶2 The discovery dispute arose after a pre-decree hearing was convened to address

the parties’ possession of liquid assets pendente lite. Lisa had called Byron Fox, a financial

consultant, to testify at the hearing on March 24, 2006, and designated him as an expert

witness for trial while the continued hearing was still pending. On March 28, James

subpoenaed Fox’s entire file relating to the parties and Lisa Frank Inc., to be produced at

the continued hearing on March 31. Lisa objected to the subpoena.

¶3 On March 31, Fox sent a letter to James’s counsel objecting to the requested

production and did not produce any materials when he appeared at the scheduled hearing
1

In her petition, Lisa citesArizona Independent RedistrictingCommission v. Fields,

206 Ariz. 130, 75 P.3d 1088 (App. 2003), and Slade v. Schneider, 212 Ariz. 176, 129 P.3d

465 (App. 2006), in support of her argument that the required production was limited to

those documents related to the subject of Fox’s testimony. Although James does not

dispute the standard applied in those cases, he maintains that it allows for broad discovery

of experts. James also complains that file documents that were not voluntarily disclosed

were not indexed in a privilege log or subjected to in-camera review. Lisa contends the

respondent judge was offered an opportunity to review in camera the documents withheld

from production but declined to do so. In any event, in view of our disposition on the

merits, we do not address these collateral issues.

3

that day. After Lisa’s counsel complained that she had been given inadequate time to brief

her objection to the subpoena, the respondent judge delayed ruling on production ofthe file

pendingfurther briefing. At the respondent’s suggestion, James cross-examined Fox that day

and reserved the right to recall him if the court later ordered disclosures pursuant to the

subpoena.

¶4 Sometime after that hearing, Lisa produced only those portions of Fox’s file

she believed to be related to the subject matter of his testimony at the hearing and expected

testimony at trial. Lisa also moved to modify James’s subpoena to limit the scope of

production to those documents related to the subject of Fox’s testimony.1 James opposed

that motion and on May 23 moved to compel the production of all documents requested in

his subpoena. The two motions were set for hearing on June 27. Before that hearing was

held, however, two critical events occurred: (1) on May 26, the respondent judge approved

a stipulation of the parties that resolved the distribution of liquid assets pendente lite and
4

vacated all further hearings on that issue, and (2) on June 6, Lisa withdrew her designation

of Fox as a trial witness.

¶5 After the June 27 hearing on the parties’ discovery dispute, the respondent

judge concluded that Lisa,

by calling Mr. Fox as a witness to testify in preliminary matters

not only as to facts, but also by giving opinion testimony, ha[d]

waived any privilege that may have existed regardingMr. Fox as

a consulting expert with respect to the issues before this court,

regardless of whether Mr. Fox has testified to the issues to date

or not.

The respondent judge then compelled disclosure ofFox’sfiles, in their entirety, asrequested

in James’s subpoena. This petition for special action followed.

Jurisdiction

¶6 Although we do not “routinely entertain petitions for extraordinary relief on

discovery matters,” Jolly v. Superior Court, 112 Ariz. 186, 188, 540 P.2d 658, 660 (1975),

special action jurisdiction may be appropriate because a discovery order is not appealable.

See Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions 1(a), 17B A.R.S.; A.R.S. § 12-2101; Michael Weller, Inc. v.

Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 126 Ariz. 323, 327, 614 P.2d 865, 869 (App. 1980). Moreover, a

special action “‘is the proper means to seek relief’” when a party believes a trial court has

ordered disclosure ofmaterial protected by a privilege or work product shield. Emergency

Care Dynamics, Ltd. v. Superior Court, 188 Ariz. 32, 33, 932 P.2d 297, 298 (App. 1997)

(work product immunity), quotingChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Superior

Court, 159 Ariz. 24, 25-26, 764 P.2d 759, 760-61 (App. 1988) (clergy-penitent privilege);
5

see also Yuma Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Superior Court, 175 Ariz. 72, 74, 852 P.2d 1256, 1258

(App. 1993) (peer review privilege). Special action jurisdiction also is appropriate when the

issue involvesinterpretation or application of civil procedure rules, see Jones v. Buchanan,

177 Ariz. 410, 411, 868 P.2d 993, 994 (App. 1993), and when the respondent judge’s

alleged abuse of discretion concerns “a pure issue of law that may be decided without

further factual inquiry.” Winner Enterprises, Ltd. v. Superior Court, 159 Ariz. 106, 108,

765 P.2d 116, 118 (App. 1988) (motion to intervene pursuant to Rule 24, Ariz. R. Civ. P.,

16 A.R.S., Pt. 1). Finally, this special action presents issues of first impression, further

warranting acceptance of jurisdiction. E.g., Callan v. Bernini, No. 2 CA-SA 2005-0085,

¶ 4, 2006 WL 711117, *1 (Ariz. Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2006). For all these reasons, we accept

jurisdiction of this special action.

Discussion

¶7 A trial court has broad discretion in resolving discovery disputes. Brown v.

Superior Court, 137 Ariz. 327, 331, 670 P.2d 725, 729 (1983). “But when a judge

commits an ‘error of law . . . in the process of reaching [a] discretionary conclusion,’ [s]he

may be regarded as having abused [her] discretion.” Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Burke, 204

Ariz. 251, ¶ 10, 63 P.3d 282, 285 (2003), quoting Grant v. Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co., 133 Ariz.

434, 456, 652 P.2d 507, 529 (1982) (first two alterations in Twin City). Rule 26(b)(4)(A),

Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 1, permits discovery as a matter of course from “any person

who has been identified as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.” But Rule
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26(b)(4) also “distinguishes sharply between testimonial and consulting experts.”

Emergency Care Dynamics, 188 Ariz. at 36, 932 P.2d at 301; compare Ariz. R. Civ. P.

26(b)(4)(A) and 26(b)(4)(B). Thus, although “Arizona authorities have granted expansive

scope for . . . pretrial discovery from expert witnesses,” and that scope encompasses

discovery related to “the expert’s relations with the hiring party and its counsel,” discovery

from consulting experts is prohibited “except ‘upon a showing of exceptional

circumstances.’” Emergency Care Dynamics, 188 Ariz. at 35-36, 932 P.2d at 300-01,

quoting Ariz. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B); see also State ex rel. Miller v. Superior Court, 154

Ariz. 363, 364-65, 742 P.2d 864, 865-66 (App. 1987).

¶8 In Emergency Care Dynamics, Division One of this court addressed the

discovery available when an expert has been retained as both a consultant and an expert

witness and held that a party waives the work product protection ordinarily afforded the

work of a consulting expert when the party designates that expert to testify at trial. 188

Ariz. at 36, 932 P.2d at 301. As that court explained: “An expert may be either a witness

or a protected consultant, but not both. ‘Counsel must choose.’” Id., quoting Furniture

World, Inc. v. D.A.V. Thrift Stores, Inc., 168 F.R.D. 61, 63 (D.N.M. 1996). 

¶9 In further construingthe rule it had announced in EmergencyCare Dynamics,

Division One has stated that “a party who has named a consultant as an expert can reinstate

the [work product shield] by removing that designation before expert opinion evidence is

offered through production of a report, responses to discovery, or expert testimony.” Ariz.
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Minority Coal. for Fair Redistricting v. Ariz. Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 211 Ariz.

337, ¶ 83, 121 P.3d 843, 865 (App. 2005). As Division One said in Arizona Minority

Coalition:

[O]nce an expert witness is redesignated, the opposing party is

strictly limited to disclosure related to the new designation.

See, e.g., Mantolete v. Bolger, 96 F.R.D. 179, 182 ([D. Ariz.]

1982). In Mantolete, the court reasoned that when a defendant

changed its expert’s designation from “testifying expert” to

“non-testifying” expert under Rule 26(b)(4) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure, discovery by plaintiff was limited to

the restrictions set forth for non-testifying experts. Id. The

court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the redesignation of

the witness was simply a way to avoid discovery and thus a

gross abuse of the federal rules. Id. at 182 n.2. Instead, the

court opined that the “defendant is permitted to execute the

trial strategy it deems appropriate to defend its case; this

extends to changing the status of an expert, which thereby

narrows the scope of discovery.” Id.

211 Ariz. 337, ¶ 84, 121 P.3d at 865.

¶10 Although Arizona Minority Coalition found reinstatement of work product

protection occurs when a witness designation is withdrawn “before expert opinion evidence

is offered,” id. ¶ 83, the court there was not required to address the issue raised here:

Whether the work product protection associated with an expert consultant may be restored

by withdrawing an expert’s witness designation after that expert has testified for a limited

purpose duringa pretrial hearingand after the parties have resolved by stipulation the matter

on which the expert previously testified. Thus, we address this issue as a matter of first

impression.
2Although Arizona Minority Coalition refers to a waiver of the legislative privilege

at issue in that case, its analysis is based on Rule 26(b)(4), Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt.

1, the same rule we consider here. Ariz. Minority Coal. for Fair Redistricting v. Ariz.

Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 211 Ariz. 337, ¶¶ 82-85, 121 P.3d 843, 855 (App. 2005).

As Division One hassince explained: “In Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

v. Fields, 206 Ariz. 130, 75 P.3d 1088 (App. 2003), this court determined that the

legislative privilege, like the work-product immunity, may be waived by designating a

consulting expert as a testifying expert.” Slade v. Schneider, 212 Ariz. 176, ¶ 22, 129 P.3d

465, 469 (App. 2006).

3Federal cases addressing Rule 26(b)(4) are persuasive, as “uniformity in

interpretation of our rules and the federal rules is highly desirable.” Orme Sch. v. Reeves,

166 Ariz. 301, 304, 802 P.2d 1000, 1003 (Ariz. 1990); see also Ariz. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)

1970 State Bar Committee Note (noting drafting committee’s “strong desire to maintain

substantial uniformity between the State and Federal Rules”). 

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¶11 First, we concur with Division One that the “mere . . . designation” of an

expert witness does not create “a permanent waiver of [work product protection] that

[can]not be revoked.”2 Id. ¶ 82. As one federal court construing the identical provisions of

Rule 26, Fed. R. Civ. P., has explained:

Rule 26(b)(4)(B) is designed to promote fairness by preventing

accessto another party’s diligent trial preparation. In contrast,

Rule 26(b)(4)(A) is designed to allow the opposing party an

opportunity to adequately prepare for cross-examination at trial,

a concern that does not exist when the expert will not be called

at trial. Thus, fairness requires that Rule 26(b)(4)(B)’s

protections apply to a consulting expert who will not be called

to testify at trial, regardless of whether the party who retained

the expert at one time had intended to call the expert to testify.

Employer’s Reinsurance Corp. v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co., 213 F.R.D. 422, 426 (D. Kan.

2003).3 Restoring the work product protection of Rule 26(b)(4)(B) appears to be the

majority approach in these cases, even when the expert’s witness designation is withdrawn
4House v. Combined Insurance Co. of America, 168 F.R.D. 236, 245-46 (N.D. Iowa

1996), is the case most often cited for a court’s declining to apply Rule 26(b)(4)(B)’s

“exceptional circumstances” test when an expert witness designation had been withdrawn.

House involved a plaintiff’s interest in discovery from and testimony by an expert who had

conducted an independent psychological examination pursuant to Rule 35, Fed. R. Civ. P.,

and waslater withdrawn as an expert. 168 F.R.D. at 238-39. The court held that, although

the plaintiff was no longer “entitled” to discovery pursuant to Rule 26(b)(4)(A), her access

to the expert should be based on a discretionary “balancing of probative value against

prejudice under Fed. R. Evid. 403.” 168 F.R.D. at 246. In House, the court inquired about

the correct application of Rule 26(b)(4) when “a Rule 35 medical examination has

occurred” and noted the “kind ofreliance” created by “submission to amedical examination

by the designated expert.” 168 F.R.D. at 246. House has been distinguished on itsfacts and

found inapplicable in other contexts. See FMC Corp., 196 F. Supp. 2d at 1046; see also

Lehan v. Ambassador Programs, Inc., 190 F.R.D. 670, 672 (E.D. Wash. 2000) (declining

to follow House; “exceptional circumstances” test applied to Rule 35 expert withdrawn as

witness).

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after his or her opinions have been disclosed. See FMC Corp. v. Vendo Co., 196 F. Supp.

2d 1023, 1046 (E.D. Cal. 2002); see also Employer’s Reinsurance Corp., 213 F.R.D. at

426 n.11 (collecting authorities).4

¶12 We have found no authority specifically addressing whether an expert’s

immunity from discovery may be restored when the redesignation to nonwitness status

occurs after the expert has testified at a pretrial motion hearing on issues subsequently

resolved by stipulation. Under the unusual circumstances of this case, and guided by the

plain language of Rule 26(b)(4) and the policies it embodies, we conclude that Jamesis not
5Rule 26(b)(4)(B) permits discovery from specially retained, nontrial experts only

upon a showing of “exceptional circumstances under which it is impracticable for the party

seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject by other means.” Such

circumstances “may exist where 1) the object or condition at issue is destroyed or has

deteriorated after the non-testifying expert observes it but before the moving party’s expert

has an opportunity to observe it; or 2) there are no other available experts in the same field

or subject area.” FMC Corp. v. Vendo Co., 196 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1046 (E.D. Cal. 2002);

see also State ex rel. Miller v. Superior Court, 154 Ariz. 363, 364, 742 P.2d 864, 865

(App. 1987) (discovery of nonwitness appraiser precluded; property owner failed to

establish that it was “impracticable to conduct discovery by other means”); cf. State ex rel.

Corbin v. Ybarra, 161 Ariz. 188, 194, 777 P.2d 686, 692 (1989) (hazardous chemical

report prepared by expert consultant in criminal case protected by work product immunity

where soil samples were available to both parties; Rule 26(b)(4)(B) cited by analogy).

6We are thus not persuaded by James’s argument that his counsel “had not concluded

her cross-examination before the end ofthe adjourned hearing” and that, because his “right

of cross-examination of Mr. Fox is broad, . . . [Fox’s] entire file . . . is subject to discovery.”

By stipulation, James has waived his right to any further cross-examination of Fox.

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entitled to additional discovery of Fox’s file, absent the showing and finding of exceptional

circumstances required by Rule 26(b)(4)(B).5

¶13 UnderRule 26(b)(4), a party is entitled to discovery from any person identified

as an expert “whose opinions will be presented at trial,” Rule 26(b)(4)(A), but must show

exceptional circumstances to conduct discovery of an expert “who is not expected to be

called as a witness at trial.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B). In this case, Fox’s testimony might

have been relevant to the distribution of assets pendente lite when discoverywasfirstsought,

but that issue was rendered moot when James and Lisa reached a stipulated resolution,

which the respondent judge approved, of those matters. Any interest James might have had

in preparing to cross-examine Fox at a continued hearing was similarly extinguished by the

stipulation; the parties agreed that the continued hearing would be vacated.6
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¶14 In addition, by the time the respondent judge entered her order granting

James’s motion to compel discovery, Fox had been withdrawn as a witness. The judge

ultimately did not rely on Fox’s testimony to resolve any material issue in the underlying

case, and Fox will not testify again at trial or otherwise. Because James has no need to

prepare for cross-examination of Fox, “there is no reason to disregard Rule 26(b)(4)(B),”

Mantolete, 96 F.R.D. at 182 n.2, and the relevant inquiry is whetherJames can establish the

exceptional circumstances required to justify discovery of a consulting expert’s files. 

¶15 We are influenced in our decision by the fact that neither Fox’s priortestimony

nor the stipulated distribution of assets pendente lite will have any bearing on the final

resolution of any issue at trial. See A.R.S. § 25-315(F)(1) and (3) (a temporary order in a

dissolution proceeding “does not prejudice the rights of the parties . . . which are to be

adjudicated at the subsequent hearings in the proceeding” and “terminates when the final

decree is entered or when the petition for dissolution . . . is dismissed”). The value of assets

and distribution of property will be considered anew before a final decree is issued. By

withdrawing her designation of Fox as a witness, Lisa has waived her right to offer Fox’s

opinions in any further proceeding.

¶16 At oral argument in this court, James relied on CP Kelco U.S. Inc. v.

Pharmacia Corp., 213 F.R.D. 176 (D. Del. 2003), to support his assertion that Lisa could

not reinstate Fox’s protection from discovery by withdrawing him as a witness after he had

testified and expressed his opinions. In that case, Kelco had begun the deposition of
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Pharmacia’s designated expert witness on Kelco’s environmental claimwhen it learned that

not all documents reviewed by the expert had been disclosed. Id. at 177. Kelco continued

the deposition and moved to compel production of the documents, and Pharmacia opposed

the motion based on attorney-client privilege. Id. at 178. While Kelco’s motion to compel

production was pending, Pharmacia withdrew the expert from its witness list. Id. The

district court ruled that disclosure was required, despite Pharmacia’s redesignation of its

expert, for the following reasons: (1) the court’s conclusion that “the privilege once waived

cannot be regained”; (2) the expert disclosures might have been relevant to something other

than the expert’stestimony; and (3) the environmental claim was still pending in the action.

Id. at 178-79.

¶17 The first prong of the court’s ruling in Kelco, however, is incompatible with

Arizona law. As noted earlier, although an Arizona litigant waives the Rule 26(b)(4)(B)

protection afforded to an expert consultant once that expert is identified as a witness, that

waiver is not necessarily irrevocable. See Ariz. Minority Coal., 211 Ariz. 337, ¶¶ 82-85,

121 P.3d at 865. And, although Arizona recognizes that Rule 26(b)(4)(A) provides an

“expansive scope for pretrial discovery from expert witnesses” in support of “free-ranging,

skeptical cross-examination,”Emergency Care Dynamics, 188 Ariz. at 36, 932 P.2d at 301,

the scope of disclosure, even asto expert witnesses, islimited to documents “‘relating to the

subject of the expert’s testimony.’” Slade v. Schneider, 212 Ariz. 176, ¶¶ 23-24, 129 P.3d
7Given that avowal, we find unpersuasive James’s assertions at oral argument that

Fox’s prior testimony touched on some still-pending issues and might later be used or relied

on by Lisa’s new expert or the trial court in future rulings. Any issues relating to Fox’s

testimony that might arise in the future are not before us and are based on sheer conjecture.

In addition, the limited record before us neither includes Fox’s testimony nor otherwise

supports James’s speculative concerns.

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465, 469 (App. 2006), quoting Ariz.Indep. Redistricting Comm’n v. Fields, 206 Ariz. 130,

¶ 50, 75 P.3d 1088, 1103 (App. 2003).

¶18 Accordingly, under the circumstances presented here, we reject Kelco’s

suggestion that further disclosure isrequired to permit discovery ofinformation that, though

unrelated to the prior expert testimony, might be relevant in some other way. Rule

26(b)(4)(A), like other discovery rules, is not meant to be used for “‘wild fishing

expeditions.’” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, 167 Ariz. 135, 138, 804

P.2d 1323, 1326 (App. 1991), quoting Comm’n on the Courts, Report on the Task Force

on Court Productivity 66 (1989); cf. State v. Hatton, 116 Ariz. 142, 150, 568 P.2d 1040,

1048 (1977). Most important, in contrast to the situation in Kelco, the subject matter of

Fox’s testimony—the distribution of assets pendente lite—does not remain an issue in this

case because the parties have stipulated to its resolution. And Lisa’s counsel has avowed

that Fox’s opinion testimony will not be used for any other purpose in this case, at trial or

otherwise.7 In sum, we do not find Kelco persuasive or applicable to the situation presented

here.
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¶19 The respondent judge, like the trial court in Arizona Minority Coalition,

“misinterpreted the impact” of Lisa’s original designation of Fox as a witness and her later

withdrawal of that designation. 211 Ariz. 337, ¶ 82, 121 P.3d at 865. Our holding is

limited to the facts before us, and we do not suggest that work product protection may

always be restored by withdrawing a witness designation, even after an expert has testified

about preliminary matters. We recognize that the subjects of pretrial testimony might not

always be asreadily segregated fromtrial issues asthey are here. In this case, in which Fox’s

only testimony related to an allocation of certain liquid assets and expenses pendente lite

that was ultimately resolved by a stipulation of the parties, the respondent judge abused her

discretion in ruling that Lisa had irrevocably “waived any privilege that may have existed”

in her consultations with Fox “with respect to the issues before [the] Court, regardless of

whether Mr. Fox has testified to the issues to date or not.”

¶20 Because we hold that the respondent judge erred in granting James’s motion

to compel production of additional documents, we need not reach the issue of whether the

subpoena’s scope should have been limited to those documents already voluntarily

disclosed. We grant special action relief and vacate the respondent judge’s order of June 27,

2006.

____________________________________

JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge

CONCURRING:
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____________________________________

JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Presiding Judge

____________________________________

GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Judge