2024 IL App (2d) 220327 

No. 2-22-0327 

Order filed June 20, 2024

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent 

except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County. 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 19-CF-1254 

) 

TRIVEA JONES, ) Honorable 

) Alice C. Tracy

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Jorgensen and Mullen concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The trial court did not err in finding defendant was not in custody when she spoke 

to police in her apartment; any error in the admission of defendant’s custodial 

statement was harmless; and there was no evidence of improper question-first, 

warn-later tactics by the police.

¶ 2 Defendant, Trivea Jones, appeals from a judgment finding her “not not guilty” on charges 

of first-degree murder. Before this court, defendant challenges the trial court’s decision not to 

suppress her inculpatory statements to the police. 
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¶ 3 The trial court found that: (1) defendant was not in custody when she spoke with detectives 

at her apartment; (2) defendant knowingly waived her rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 

436 (1966), when she spoke to detectives at the police station after her arrest; and (3) detectives 

did not engage in a “question-first, warn-later” interrogation, in violation of Missouri v. Seibert, 

542 U.S. 600 (2004). 

¶ 4 We agree with the trial court that defendant was not in custody when she spoke to the police 

at her apartment, and therefore her non-custodial statements were admissible. We also agree with 

the trial court that there was no evidence indicating that police engaged in a “question-first, warn 

later” tactic; rather, the video and audio recorded evidence shows how the events of the day 

unfolded, and there is no indication of any pre- or post-custodial coercion. We need not consider 

the propriety of defendant’s waiver after her arrest, however, because the statements defendant 

made in her in-custody interview were largely cumulative of her prior statements and could not 

have affected the outcome of her discharge hearing. In sum, the judgment is affirmed.

¶ 5 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 6 Following the death of her six-month old son, M.J., defendant, then age 23, was charged 

with two counts of first-degree murder. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2020). Shortly after 

the charges were filed, a bona fide doubt was raised about defendant’s fitness to stand trial, and 

fitness proceedings were initiated. While the issue of defendant’s fitness was pending, the defense 

filed a motion to suppress statements, which raised the three issues decided by the trial court. 

Because suppression is the only issue raised in this appeal, we confine our review to the 

admissibility of defendant’s inculpatory statements. 

¶ 7 At the suppression hearing, Aurora police officer Michael Townsend testified that he was 

dispatched to defendant’s apartment in Aurora around 5:00 p.m. on June 21, 2019, due to a report 
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of an unresponsive child. When Townsend arrived, he and another officer performed CPR on M.J. 

until the paramedics arrived and transported M.J. to Rush Copley Hospital. Townsend then 

transported defendant to the hospital in his squad car. Defendant was not under arrest at the time 

and no handcuffs were used.

¶ 8 The five-minute ride and conversation in Townsend’s squad car was recorded. There, 

defendant stated that M.J. had drank too much milk, and “does this” often, which led to him 

“turning blue.” Townsend led defendant in a short prayer for M.J. Another officer, Eric Rappa

testified that he heard defendant repeat that she “had given the baby milk and then he just stopped 

breathing.” After speaking to defendant about the incident, Rappa recalled that defendant engaged 

in “small talk” and brought up things unrelated to her baby, such as the television show Law & 

Order. 

¶ 9 Officer Jordan Hilton testified that he and Detective Tristan Hennessey spoke to defendant 

in the hospital’s family waiting room at 6:20 p.m. The hospital chaplain was present, and the 22-

minute interview was recorded. Again, defendant was not in custody at this time. During the 

interview, defendant stated that she worked part time in housekeeping at an area hotel. The police 

learned that defendant lived with her mother, her sister, and her nephew. None of defendant’s 

family members were present after the morning, and defendant was the only one who spent time 

with M.J. that day. Defendant stated that her sister left for work around 8:00 a.m. and her mother 

left for work around 10:00 a.m. Defendant said that she watched television all day with M.J. on 

the floor in her nephew’s bedroom. Then, around 4:00 p.m., defendant noticed M.J. was not 

breathing. She attempted to perform CPR and then went to a neighbor’s apartment, who called 9-

1-1. After speaking with the officers, defendant signed a consent for the authorities to search her 

apartment. It is not clear why defendant chose to leave the hospital, but the record indicates that 
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around this time, M.J. was airlifted to a hospital in Chicago. Hilton then drove defendant and her 

mother back to the apartment. 

¶ 10 When Hilton, defendant, and her mother arrived at the apartment, defendant was met by 

Detective Jennifer Hillgoth. Hillgoth specializes in child-abuse investigations and was called in 

when it was discovered that M.J. had multiple skull fractures on the right side of his head. Hillgoth 

had already seen photographs showing the injuries to M.J.’s skull before she arrived. She knew 

the child was in critical condition and was suffering from intercranial bleeding.

¶ 11 Hillgoth and Hennessey then spoke to defendant in her apartment for a little more than an 

hour. Defendant offered the detectives could remove their shoes when they came in, and they 

obliged. Hillgoth also gave defendant a doll of an infant and asked her to explain what happened. 

At the suppression hearing, Hillgoth testified that if defendant had indicated that she did not want 

to talk, Hillgoth “would have honored that” request and “left the apartment.” 

¶ 12 The first 12 minutes of the interview were video recorded, but Hillgoth later switched to 

audio-only recording because she did not have enough memory or battery on her phone. The audio 

part of the interview was approximately 57 minutes. At the beginning of both exhibits, defendant 

gave her permission to record the conversation.

¶ 13 The interview was largely led by Hillgoth, who asked defendant to show “where [she] went 

and what [she] did” that day. Hillgoth described the conversation as “girl talk” and noted that she 

and defendant were laying or sitting on the floor in the bedroom and the living room during various 

parts of the interview. As defendant reenacted what she said she did that day, she moved freely 

about the apartment.

¶ 14 Hillgoth’s tone and demeanor were calm throughout the interview. Hillgoth and defendant

had a friendly conversation, with Hillgoth referring to defendant as “honey,” “sweetie,” and 
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“sweetheart” when addressing her. Defendant explained that her pregnancy was not complicated, 

and that M.J. had a normal delivery. Defendant also explained her background, that she was born 

in Chicago, that she had graduated high school, that M.J.’s father had not been in his life much, 

what she had done the day before, how she makes M.J.’s bottle, how she washes M.J., what she 

had for breakfast, and that she had gone to the movies the week before. Defendant told Hillgoth 

that she had a GED and denied having any individual education plans (IEPs) when she was in 

school. (The latter part turned out to be incorrect as defendant had several IEPs in school.)

¶ 15 When the conversation returned to the events of that day, defendant reiterated that she had 

been “watching Law & Order all day.” Around 3:00 p.m., defendant noticed something was wrong 

with M.J. Defendant observed “milk coming out of his nose”; his body was stiff; his heart was 

beating “really, really fast” and his eyes were “half asleep.” 

¶ 16 At around 40 minutes into the audio portion of the interview, Hillgoth began to ask more 

focused questions about M.J.’s condition, explaining that “if they [hospital personnel] don’t know 

what happened, they don’t know how to help him.” Hillgoth spoke about her own daughters and 

about being a mother herself. Hillgoth then asked “mom-to-mom *** What did his head hit ***? 

Because his head hit something,” adding that “babies don’t just stop breathing for no reason.” 

Hillgoth pointed out that there was damage to—and possibly blood—evident on the particle board 

on the bottom left side of the bedroom’s entertainment center. Hillgoth implored defendant to tell 

“[her] side” because if not, hospital personnel would see M.J.’s injuries and assume the worst.

¶ 17 Defendant then acknowledged that M.J. “hit his head on the dresser twice” while she was 

changing him. Defendant stated that she was “frustrated” and “[h]e was crying a lot.” Defendant 

suggested it could have happened on accident while she rocked him. Defendant stated that she 

performed CPR on M.J., but it “didn’t help.” Meanwhile, M.J. was laying there, not breathing, for 
2024 IL App (2d) 220327-U 

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nearly an hour. Hillgoth then asked about cuts to M.J.’s head, and defendant replied, “[s]ometimes 

his nails get long and he scratch [sic] his face.” 

¶ 18 Throughout the interview, defendant exhibited no apparent difficulty when answering 

Hillgoth’s questions. Defendant’s speech was not pressured and her responses were appropriate to 

the mood and tone of the questions posed. At the conclusion of the interview, Hillgoth arrested 

defendant and she was transported to the Aurora Police Department. 

¶ 19 At the station, Hillgoth went to speak with defendant in her cell, and defendant agreed to 

speak to Hillgoth and Hennessey in an interview room. The three then went to the room. The 

interview began at 10:26 p.m. and was video recorded with defendant’s permission. The door to 

the room was apparently unlocked as Hennessey walked in and out of the room at several points 

with ease. The interview lasted around 26 minutes. Throughout the interview, defendant was 

upbeat and seemingly excited to help the police. The detectives were calm, and appeared tired, but 

were nevertheless professional. 

¶ 20 M.J. passed away several days later and a pathologist determined that he died from 

intracranial edema (or swelling) due to eleven distinct blunt-force injuries to his head. 

¶ 21 Testifying for the defense at the suppression hearing, Dr. Elisa Lancaster of the Kane 

County Diagnostic Center was admitted as an expert in the field of forensic psychology. Lancaster 

testified that defendant had an IQ of 54, placing her in the low range of intellectual functioning for 

a 24-year-old woman. Lancaster characterized defendant’s intellectual disability as “mild” with 

several deficits, “specifically abstract reasoning, executive functioning, and problem-solving.” 

¶ 22 Lancaster then stated that, in her opinion, defendant did not knowingly and intelligently 

waive her Miranda rights when she spoke to Hennessey and Hillgoth at the Aurora Police 
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Department. Lancaster administered a test, the “Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities,” 

for defendant. Lancaster explained as follows:

 “So in that particular subtest, there’s three categories of terms [in the Miranda 

warnings]. There’s easy, mid-range, and difficult terms. So, she answered 53 percent of the 

easy terms correctly; 17 percent of the mid-range; and 10 percent of the difficult terms. 

[S]he answered about 25 percent of the terms overall correctly.” 

¶ 23 Based on this assessment, Lancaster concluded that defendant was not competent to waive 

her right to remain silent, although Lancaster also stated that defendant is “able to communicate 

and indicate her needs fairly clearly and [to] articulate herself.” Defendant did not testify.

¶ 24 After the parties’ arguments, the trial court announced that it would deny defendant’s 

suppression motion. The trial court found that defendant was not in custody in her apartment before 

her arrest, and therefore the interview was not custodial. In addition, the trial court found that 

defendant unequivocally understood her Miranda rights and chose to waive them at the police 

department and speak with the detectives. The court found that although defendant’s understanding 

was not perhaps the most nuanced, the video recording showed that defendant nevertheless 

understood her rights and made a deliberate decision to speak with the police. Last, the court found 

there was no hint of improper “question-first, warn-later” tactics throughout the interviews. 

Accordingly, the court declined to suppress defendant’s statements to the police.

¶ 25 At the discharge hearing, the foregoing evidence was admitted. At the conclusion of the 

hearing, the defense argued that defendant did not have the required mental state to commit murder 

and asked that the court consider the lesser offense of involuntary manslaughter. The court found 

the evidence sufficient; defendant was unfit and was proven not not guilty of first-degree murder.

Pursuant to the finding, an extended five-year treatment term was imposed so that, with therapeutic 
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services, defendant might become fit to stand trial. See 725 ILCS 5/104-25(d) (West 2020). The 

trial court denied defendant’s motion to reconsider and defendant timely appealed.

¶ 26 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 27 At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court should have granted defendant’s motion to 

suppress her statements. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), requires the suppression of all 

unwarned custodial statements that were involuntary or were elicited through police interrogation.

Defendant re-raises the contention that (1) she was in custody at her apartment; (2) she did not 

knowingly waive her rights after her arrest; and (3) that the detectives engaged in a “question-first, 

warn-later” strategy. The State contends: (1) defendant was not in custody when she was 

questioned at home and, thus, no Miranda warnings were required; (2) defendant willfully spoke 

to the police and understood she was waiving her right to remain silent; and (3) there was no 

evidence the police used impermissible tactics to secure defendant’s confession. As we explain, 

we largely agree with the State. 

¶ 28 In reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court’s findings of fact are accorded 

great deference and will be reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

People v. Slater, 228 Ill. 2d 137, 149, (2008). We then consider de novo the ultimate issue of 

whether the statement should be suppressed. Id.

¶ 29 We begin with the issue of whether defendant was in custody when she made her unwarned 

confession in her apartment, which preceded her arrest. Like the trial court, we determine that 

defendant was not in custody at the time, and thus Miranda warnings were not required earlier. 

Whether a person is in custody for Miranda purposes compels us to examine both: (1) the 

circumstances surrounding the interrogation and ask (2) whether, given those circumstances, “a 

reasonable person, innocent of any crime,” would not have felt free to terminate the interrogation 
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and leave. People v. Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d 492, 505-06 (2003); see also J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 

564 U.S. 261, 270 (2011). 

¶ 30 Our supreme court has identified several custody factors relevant to assessing the 

circumstance surrounding the interrogation, such as: “(1) the location, time, length, mood, and 

mode of the questioning; (2) the number of police officers present during the interrogation; (3) the 

presence or absence of family and friends of the individual; (4) any indicia of a formal arrest 

procedure, such as the show of weapons or force, physical restraint, booking or fingerprinting; (5) 

the manner by which the individual arrived at the place of questioning; and (6) the age, intelligence, 

and mental makeup of the accused.” Slater, 228 Ill. 2d at 150. “Other factors that courts have 

deemed relevant to the custody analysis include ‘whether and to what extent the person has been 

made aware that he is free to refrain from answering questions’ and ‘the degree of police control 

over the environment in which the interrogation takes place, and in particular whether the suspect's 

freedom of movement is physically restrained or otherwise significantly curtailed.’ ” People v. 

Logan, 2024 IL 129054, ¶ 60 (citing Sprosty v. Buchler, 79 F.3d 635, 641 (7th Cir. 1996)). After 

considering and weighing all factors, the court must make an objective determination as to whether 

a reasonable person, innocent of wrongdoing, would have believed he or she was not in custody, 

but rather free to terminate the questioning and leave. In re D.L.H., Jr., 2015 IL 117341, ¶ 51 

(citing Slater, 228 Ill. 2d at 150). When, as here, the suspect has an intellectual deficit, or is a 

juvenile, the reasonable-person standard is modified to take that fact into account, so we ask 

whether a person with defendant’s intellectual functioning reasonably would have believed that 

they were free to not answer questions and end the encounter. See id.; Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d at 508. 

¶ 31 After carefully reviewing the video and audio recordings of the interview in defendant’s 

apartment, we agree with the trial court that defendant was not in de facto custody prior to her 
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arrest. The interview took place at defendant’s residence. “Other things being equal, a suspect 

questioned in familiar (or at least neutral) surroundings does not face the same pressures as one 

questioned in a police-dominated atmosphere,” such as a police station. People v. Vasquez, 393 

Ill. App. 3d 185, 190 (2009) (citing 2 Wayne R. LaFave, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 6.6(e), at 738-

39 (3d ed. 2007)). In addition, defendant was able to move freely from room to room, showing a 

level of comfort and security that is rarely found at a police station. Cf. People v. Beltran, 2011 IL 

App (2d) 090856, ¶ 51 (finding that questioning during psychiatric hospitalization was 

noncustodial). 

¶ 32 We next consider the time, length, mood, and mode of the interview. The interview 

occurred in the early evening, and there was no indication that defendant was tired. (In fact, 

defendant later joked with the detectives that they appeared tired.) Again, there were only two 

officers present and the interview lasted approximately 75 minutes, which is not atypical for 

noncustodial questioning. See Beltran, 2011 IL App (2d) 090856, ¶ 41; Vasquez, 393 Ill. App. 3d 

at 192; cf. Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d at 514 (interrogation took place over a period of days). 

¶ 33 In addition, the mood and mode of the interview weigh against a finding of custody. 

Detectives Hillgoth and Hennessey treated defendant with dignity and respect throughout. They 

did not badger defendant and did not “employ a hostile or accusatory tone.” Beltran, 2011 IL App 

(2d) 090856, ¶ 42. Even after Hillgoth noticed the damage to the nightstand, and the conversation 

became more focused on how M.J. was injured, the detectives were calm and professional rather 

than confrontational.

¶ 34 There were no family or friends present at the apartment, though the record indicates that 

defendant’s mother largely stayed outside the apartment and did not enter the conversation. Neither 

defendant nor her mother testified, and none of the officers who testified recalled why defendant’s 
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mother remained outside. Thus, contrary to defendant’s argument, the record does not show that 

the authorities prevented defendant’s mother from being present during the interview. It may well 

have been that, in light of the day’s events, defendant’s mother deliberately chose not to go in. We 

simply do not know. But in any case, there was no evidence that police excluded family or friends. 

See id., ¶ 43. 

¶ 35 On this point, defendant notes that roughly 50 minutes into the interview (around 38 

minutes into the audio recording), the detectives can be heard speaking to another person who may 

have entered. Hillgoth then asked if they could “have the room just a little longer” and immediately 

resumed speaking with defendant. Defendant now suggests that brief moment transformed the 

conversation into a custodial arrest, but we are not convinced. It is unclear from the record who 

Hillgoth was speaking to, or whether defendant was even aware that someone else was trying to 

enter the room, or what that person’s purpose might have been. Again, we do not know, and we 

cannot make a definitive inference from the record’s silence. Still, the exclusion of any one person 

from the room—so long as that person was not defendant’s retained attorney (People v. McCauley, 

163 Ill. 2d 414, 423-26 (1994))—does not to turn a noncustodial conversation in defendant’s 

apartment into an incommunicado arrest. 

¶ 36 “A key factor in our custody analysis is the number of law enforcement officers and 

authority figures who were present during the interrogation.” Logan, 2024 IL 129054, ¶ 65. As 

noted, here, there were only two detectives. Cf., id. ¶ 66 (noting that where “three police officers 

and two DCFS investigators were present in the apartment[,]” the interview was more apt to be 

custodial). Indicia of formal arrest procedures were also largely absent. Both detectives were 

dressed casually, and neither displayed a weapon or used an aggressive tone. Put simply, there was 

no evidence the police treated defendant analogously to an arrestee. 
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¶ 37 We do note that the police brought defendant to her apartment from the hospital, but the 

circumstances surrounding her transportation are unclear. Officer Hilton testified that he was asked 

by another officer (he did not recall who) to drive defendant and her mother home, which was 

roughly a five-minute trip from the hospital. We do not know whether Hilton was asked to do that 

specifically so that defendant could speak with detectives. The record is also unclear on how or 

why defendant chose to leave the hospital in the first place, or when M.J. was flown from Rush 

Copley to Chicago. While this factor might otherwise cause us concern, we note that there was no 

evidence suggesting that defendant believed she was required to speak with the detectives. Cf., 

e.g., Logan, 2024 IL 129054, ¶ 63 (where defendant testified she felt she “had” to participate in a 

reenactment with the police is indicative of custody); People v. Brown, 136 Ill. 2d 116, 127 (1990) 

(where language used by authorities was “more of an imperative than a request” indicated that 

defendant was in custody). 

¶ 38 Finally, we do not believe defendant’s age, intelligence, and mental makeup weigh in favor 

of custody. We say this with full awareness of that defendant later submitted to an IQ test and was 

found unfit to stand trial. As our supreme court has noted, a “[suspect’s] mental deficits do not 

inform the custody analysis.” In re D.L.H., Jr., 2015 IL 117341, ¶ 55 (emphasis added) (citing 

J.D.B., 564 U.S. at 274, and Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d at 508). Again, the purpose of our inquiry is to 

determine whether defendant was under de facto arrest and whether there was any police 

misconduct. To that extent, we find none.

¶ 39 Moreover, Miranda’s custody analysis does not require officers to consider circumstances 

that are “ ‘unknowable’ ” to them at the time of the interrogation. In re D.L.H., Jr., 2015 IL 117341, 

¶ 55 (quoting J.D.B., 564 U.S. at 274). Rather, our case law compels that we consider the suspect’s 

“readily discernible” characteristics and ask what was “objectively apparent” to the police at the 
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time of questioning. Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Here, as in In re D.L.H., 

Jr., 2015 IL 117341, ¶ 55, “[o]ur own review of the *** recordings does not lead this court to 

conclude that [defendant’s] mental deficits were objectively apparent.” Both the video and audio 

recording of the interview demonstrate that defendant freely spoke with the police. She did not 

present as confused or preoccupied with her son’s welfare. Nor did she seem fearful or pressured. 

Instead, she appeared to be well oriented while speaking to the police in familiar surroundings. 

Defendant manifested no difficulty in understanding Detective Hillgoth’s questions and, 

significantly, defendant answered with clear, thoughtful, and cogent responses. Defendant 

answered each question as it was asked. 

¶ 40 In holding that defendant was not in custody during the questioning at her apartment, we 

find defendant’s reliance on Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d 492, unpersuasive. In Braggs, an intellectually 

disabled defendant was “repeatedly taken by officers to a law enforcement facility and questioned” 

(emphasis added)—six separate times—for days at a time. Id. at 511. The final time, the defendant 

made an inculpatory statement, which our supreme court held was an unwarned custodial 

interrogation. Id. Here, the defendant was not in custody. She was not at a police station when she 

made her unwarned statement, and she was not the victim of repeated harassment and exploitation 

by law enforcement officers. Thus, in contrast to Braggs, there was simply no evidence that would 

lead us to conclude that defendant reasonably believed she was under arrest or was compelled to 

speak with the police at the time. 

¶ 41 We can also distinguish this case from our supreme court’s recent decision in Logan, 2024 

IL 129054, which was published after briefing in this case was completed. There, our supreme 

court explained that a reenactment by the victim’s mother of the circumstances in which she 

“discovered” her infant son’s body in her apartment was custodial as there were at least five 
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officials present at the time, and there was no dispute that the officers indicated that defendant’s 

compliance with their queries was non-optional. Id. ¶¶ 62-64. Here, the recordings of the apartment 

conversation overwhelmingly show that there was no similar overreach, and thus the interview 

never took on a custodial dimension prior to defendant’s arrest at the conclusion of the interview.

¶ 42 We can say with complete fairness that, during the apartment interview, defendant seemed 

genuinely motivated to explain what happened to M.J. to assist both his treatment providers and 

the police regardless of how that information might ultimately affect her freedom. As the trial court 

found, defendant was “able to communicate clearly with police officers and medical personnel” 

that day. Like the trial court, we, too, are convinced that defendant, despite her later low IQ scores, 

made a voluntary choice to speak with the detectives at her apartment and to answer their 

questions, rather than terminate the conversation. Accordingly, because we conclude that 

defendant was not in custody when she was questioned in her apartment, we agree with the trial 

court that prior Miranda warnings were not required.

¶ 43 Defendant’s next contention is that her inculpatory statements at the police station were 

involuntary. We agree with the State that harmless-error analysis reveals review of this issue is 

unnecessary. As we have repeatedly noted, defendant’s statements at the apartment appear free 

from any sort of unlawful coercion; thus, they are subject to harmless-error analysis. See Arizona 

v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 285 (1991); People v. Salamon, 2022 IL 125722, ¶¶ 120-24; People 

v. Wrice, 2012 IL 111860, ¶¶ 60-63. As the State points out, the core of defendant’s inculpatory 

statements were made during the apartment interview. True, defendant’s statements at the police 

station put a finer point on her account from earlier, but they were cumulative of the statements 

she made at her apartment prior to her arrest. As the police-station interview merely reiterated the 

substance of defendant’s earlier statements, which were not custodial and did not trigger Miranda, 
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we determine that any error in its admission of the police-station interview was harmless beyond 

a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., Salamon, 2022 IL 125722, ¶ 127 (“under the particular circumstances 

of this case, the result of the trial would have been the same if the confession [in question] had 

been excluded”).

¶ 44 We turn last to defendant’s argument that all of her statements should be suppressed as the 

product of impermissible police tactics under Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004). Here, too, 

we agree with the trial court that there was no evidence of improper tactics.

¶ 45 Seibert was a split decision, where the plurality opinion was narrowed by Justice 

Kennedy’s concurring opinion. The rule that emerged from Seibert is that post-warning statements 

are inadmissible if they merely duplicate pre-warning statements intentionally elicited in an effort 

to evade Miranda. Id. at 622 (Kennedy, J., concurring, joined by Breyer, J.). This is known as the 

“question-first, warn-later” technique, and Illinois courts apply the concurrence’s narrower test, 

which requires a finding that the officers deliberately withheld Miranda warnings. People v. 

Lopez, 229 Ill. 2d 322, 360-61 (2008); People v. Mora, 2023 IL App (2d) 210653, ¶¶ 41-48. “If 

there is no evidence supporting a finding of deliberate conduct, then the Seibert analysis ends.” 

Mora, 2023 IL App (2d) 210653, ¶ 45. 

¶ 46 We agree with the trial court that the subjective and objective evidence does not support a 

finding of deliberate withholding of Miranda warnings. At the time Detective Hillgoth interviewed 

defendant, Hillgoth knew that M.J. had suffered a skull fracture and was in serious condition. 

Hillgoth testified, and her questions in the recordings showed, that she was attempting to determine 

who had contact with M.J. to have inflicted those injuries. At the time Hillgoth began questioning 

defendant, Hillgoth could not have known defendant was a suspect rather than a possible witness.

That information came only after speaking to defendant and after Hillgoth learned who had 
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physical access to M.J. preceding his injury. 

¶ 47 Furthermore, we are again compelled to point out that defendant was not confronted 

multiple times, or repeatedly detained for questioning. Cf. Lopez, 229 Ill. 2d at 360-61; Braggs, 

209 Ill. 2d at 511; Mora, 2023 IL App (2d) 210653, ¶¶ 47-48. Here, because of the recordings, we, 

for the most part, are able to see and hear how the events unfolded organically around defendant’s 

noncustodial and custodial interviews—in real time—before M.J. passed. As with defendant’s 

prior arguments, the evidence of what the detectives actually did belies the assertion that they 

engaged in misconduct in their dealings with defendant.

¶ 48 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 49 While we are sensitive to defendant’s intellectual disabilities, we agree with the trial court’s 

determination that defendant failed to show that suppression of her statements was warranted. The 

evidence showed that defendant was not in custody when she made her unwarned statements, that

her custodial statements were immaterial to the verdict, and that police did not intentionally engage 

in improper interrogation techniques. For the reasons stated, the trial court did not err when it 

refused to suppress defendant’s statements at her discharge hearing. We therefore affirm the 

judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.

¶ 50 Affirmed.