(1539)

INDEX

ABAWDs. See Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs)

ABC. See A Better Chance (ABC; Delaware)

Abecedarian Project, 596

A Better Chance (ABC; Delaware), 1483 table 9, 1497 table 10

Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs), 868, 869, 875, 889

Accelerated death benefits, 801–802

Achieving Change for Texans (ACT)/TANF, 1491–1492 table 9

Administrative law judge (ALJ), 28–29, 83 table 45

Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), 689,

690, 692, 717, 718, 723, 744

Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 654, 668, 669, 672, 674, 679, 686,

694, 695, 713, 757

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, 686, 716

Adoption Assistance Program, 363, 646, 756

adoption subsidies, 673–674

AFCARS, 689, 690, 692, 717, 718, 723, 744

agreements, 673–674

baseline projections, 650 table 4

data collection systems, 689, 690, 716–718, 719 table 16, 723

definition of special needs, 672–673

expenditures, 675–679, 676–678 table 10

Federal funding, 647–648 tables 1–2

Medicaid coverage, 673–674, 757

nonrecurring adoption costs, 647, 649, 674–675, 675 table 9

participation data, 649 table 3

payments, 673–674

‘‘special-needs’’ children, 647, 649, 672–673, 674, 752–753 table 40

See also Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System

(SACWIS)

Adoption expenses, tax credit and exclusion, 828

Adoption Incentives Payment Program, 679–680 table 11, 679–681

Adoption promotion and support services, 656, 657

Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect (U.S.), 710

AFCARS. See Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System

(AFCARS)

AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program

After Leaving WAGES: Statewide Sample (Florida), 1501 table 11

Aged

data. See Appendix A

health expenditures. See Appendix B

health status. See Appendix B

income and taxes, effect of tax provisions on, 829–834

long-term care and. See Appendix B

Medicaid Program, 897–901

Medicare Program, 99

Older Americans Act Employment Program for the Elderly, 872

Senior Citizens’ Right to Work Act of 1996, 38–39, 42

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 216

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, 101

tax credits, 823–824

tax deductions, 822–823

See also Social Security

Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act, 889

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), SSI for persons with, 222–

223

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program

child care programs, 602

1540

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program—continued

child support and, 463–464

duration findings, 447

duration on welfare, 447

earnings disregards, 1442

exits, 448

family characteristics, 436–440

composition of family, 436–438, 437 table 27

marital status of parents, 438

race and ethnicity of adults, 438–440, 439–440 tables 28–29

replaced by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program,

2, 352, 465, 660, 714

returns, 448

‘‘special-needs’’ children, 647, 649, 672–673

TANF Program, differences from, 353–354, 447–448

tax exclusions of benefits, 812–813

waivers, 1441–1442

See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program

Aid to Families with Dependent Children-Unemployed Parent (AFDC–UP)

Programs, 100 hour rule demonstration, 1447

Aid to the Blind, 212

Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, 212

AIME. See Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME)

Alabama study of welfare leavers, 1500 table 11

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant, 642

Alcoholism

pregnant women and alcohol consumption, 711

Social Security for alcoholics, 39

SSI and alcoholics, 252–254, 273

Aliens

Medicaid Program eligibility, 900–901, 909

SSI Program eligibility, 217, 254, 270, 271–273

See also Appendix J

ALJ. See Administrative law judge (ALJ)

Ambulance services, 167–168

Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 158, 162–165

American Association for Protecting Children, 707

American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), 664, 673–674, 716

American Public Welfare Association. See under its later name American

Public Human Services Association (APHSA)

American Samoa

Medicaid Program, 770 table 5, 771–772

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767, 867–868

Anesthesiologists, 146

Anesthetists, certified registered nurse, 149–150

APHSA. See American Public Human Services Association (APHSA)

Arizona Cash Assistance Exit Study, 1500 table 11

ASCs. See Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs)

ASSETS. See Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training

(ASSETS; Alabama)

Asylees. See Appendix J

At-Risk Child Care Program, 572, 598

Augustus F. Hawkins Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1990, 642

Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training (ASSETS; Alabama), 1481 table 9

Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19–20

Baby UI, 290

Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997

block grant programs, 642

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 534

earned income credit (EIC), 808

Food Stamp Program, 889

Medicaid Program, 892, 905

coverage for children, 894

major changes, 909–910

managed care freedom-of-choice waivers, 908

1541

Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997—continued

Medicaid Program—continued

State managed care programs and, 906

Medicare+Choice (M+C), 189–190

Medicare Program, 101, 119, 126, 134–140, 150–151, 159–160, 188–189

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 772, 896, 930, 936,

938

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 235, 272–273

unemployment compensation (UC) eligibility, 288, 313

welfare-to-work grant programs, 442, 460

Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999, 119, 128–129, 140–141,

152, 160–161, 173–174, 190–192

BBA. See Balanced Budget Act (BBA)

BBRA. See Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA)

Black Lung Program, 821–822, 984, 987 table 48

Blind persons, additional tax deductions for, 822–823

Block grants. See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG); Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant; Nutrition Assistance Block

Grant; Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant Program; Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program; Temporary Assistance

for Needy Families (TANF) Program

Break-even points, TANF Program, 397, 398–400 table 13

Budget neutrality, 140, 161

Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, 221

Budget tables. See Appendix I

CACFP. See Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)

Cafeteria plans, 797–799

California study of welfare leavers, 1500 table 11

CAPTA. See Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974

CCDBG. See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG)

CCDF. See Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)

CDRs. See Continuing disability reviews (CDRs)

Center for Law and Social Policy, 1476

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (Washington), 1476

Certified registered nurse anesthetists, 149–150

Chapin Hall Center for Children

child welfare studies, 712

Multistate Foster Care Data Archive, 720–723

Charitable choice, 361

Child abuse and neglect

crack cocaine use and, 710

Federal legislation, 706–707

maltreatment allegations and victimization data, 707–710, 708–709 table

15, 709 chart 1

substance abuse and, 710–711

termination of parental rights (TPR), 659, 672, 706

trends in reporting, 709–710

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974, 706–707

amendments of 1996, 706–707

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 599, 600–601 table 15, 962–

964

Child Assistance Program (NY CAP; New York), 1489 table 9

Child Care, 571–632

introduction, 571–572

arrangements used by working mothers, 576–586

afterschool arrangements, 580, 581 table 6

by poverty status of mother, 582 table 7

for preschool age children, 577–579 table 5, 580, 585 table 10

certificates, 604, 616–617 table 24

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 599, 600–601 table 15,

962–964

costs, 586–588, 587 table 12

day care centers, 588–596

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 599, 600–601 table 15, 774, 813–

815

early childhood development and, 593–596, 599

expenditures, by State, 622–624 tables 27–29

1542

Child Care—continued

Federal programs, 597–604, 600–601 table 15

Head Start Program, 599, 600–601 table 15

health and safety standards, 603–604

hours in care, 584 table 9

immunizations, 603

labor force participation of mothers, 572–576, 573–579 tables 1–5

licensing, 591–593, 592–593 table 14

marital status of working mothers, 572–576, 574–579 tables 2–5

matching requirements, 602–603

preschool age children, 577–579 table 5, 580, 582 table 7, 583 table

8, 584 table 9, 585 table 10

quality of care research, 593–596

regulation, 591–593, 592–593 table 14

research studies, 588–591, 593–596

school age children, 580, 581 table 6

sectarian providers, 604

staff turnover, 590

staff wages, 589, 590 table 13

standards, 591–596

supply of providers of, 588–589

TANF recipients as child care workers, 590–591

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program and, 360

vouchers, 604

welfare recipients as child care workers, 590–591

See also At-Risk Child Care Program; Transitional Child Care Assistance

Program

Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), 354, 360, 598, 599–

604, 600–601 table 15, 641–642

administration and data collection, 604

eligibility and target population groups, 603

financing, 602–603

transfer of funds, 603, 641–642

use of funds, 603–604

Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), 598, 602, 603, 604–631

expenditures, by State, 622–629 tables 27–29

State allocations, 630–631 table 30

statistical tables, 604–631 tables 16–30

See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG)

Child development research studies, 593–596

Child protection. See Child welfare programs

Child safety. See Child welfare programs

Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984, 468, 476

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 363, 463–569

administrative expenditures, 556–557 table 19

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) payments recovered,

552–553 table 17

alternative penalty, 507–508, 511, 512

audits and financial penalties, 468, 511–512

automated systems, 508–511

award rates, by race and ethnicity, 484, 524 table 6, 525

bankruptcy and, 508

births, out-of-wedlock, 560–561 table 21

cases in which a collection was made

AFDC, 546–547 table 14

non-AFDC, 548–549 table 15

child access, 469–470

collection of child support, 490–499

bonds, securities, and other guarantees, 496

credit bureau reporting, 497–498

expedited procedures for, 504–505

Federal income tax refund offset, 491 table 3, 493–494, 554–555

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) full collection process, 496–497

lump-sum payments, 499

methods for, 490–500, 491 table 3, 505

passport withholding, 497

private collection activities, 505–506

small business loans, 499

1543

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program—continued

collection of child support—continued

State income tax refund offset, 491 table 3, 494–495

unemployment compensation intercept, 491 table 3, 495

wage withholding, 490–493, 491 table 3

collections

AFDC collections, 542–543 table 12

by State, 537–541 tables 10–11

non-AFDC collections, 544–545 table 13

‘‘cost avoidance’’ effect, 522

demographic trends, 465–466

disapproval of State’s program, 512

disbursement of support payments, 506–508

distribution of payments rules, 512–514

DNA testing, 478

effectiveness of program, 522–530

enforcement procedures, uniform State legislation, 500, 503–504

enforcement process, 473–506

expedited process, 479–480

expenditures

administrative, 556–557 table 19

by State, 537–539 table 10

Federal courts role in, 501–502

Federal employees

executive order supporting enforcement among, 499

garnishment of wages, 498

Federal role, 466–470

financial penalties, 468

foster care, 472

full faith and credit clause, 502–503

funding of State programs, 514–522, 517–518 table 4

general matching rate, 514

genetic testing, 478

health insurance coverage, 528 table 8, 550–551 table 16

incentive payments, 516–517

income tax refund offset

Federal, 491 table 3, 493–494, 554–555 table 18

State, 491 table 3, 494–495

In-Hospital Paternity Acknowledgement Program, 475

interstate enforcement procedures, 500–505

and full faith and credit clause, 502–503

income withholding, 502

long arm statutes, 501

Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA) procedures,

504

Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) procedures, 503–

504

Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA) procedures,

500

judicial process, 479–480

legislative history, 531–536

licenses, withholding of, 497

locating absent parents, 473–475

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 469, 470, 473–475, 505

military personnel, 499

lottery winnings, 499, 505

medical support

provisions, 487–490

qualified medical support order, 490

with health insurance, 528 table 8, 550–551 table 16

military personnel

allotments, 499

central locator service, 499

executive order supporting enforcement among, 499

garnishment of wages, 498–499

90 percent matching rate, 509–510, 514

1544

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program—continued

offsets

Federal income tax refund, 491 table 3, 493–494, 554–555 table

18

State income tax refund, 491 table 3, 494–495

unemployment compensation (UC), 495

orders. See below support orders

overview and background, 463–466

passthrough, 512–513, 520

paternity establishment, 475–479

DNA testing, 478

expedited procedures for, 504–505

number of, 479, 558–559 table 20

percentage of, by State, 562–563 table 22

scientific methods for, 477–478

program ‘‘savings,’’ Federal and State share, 519 table 5

State share, 564–565 table 23

program’s impact

on national child support payments, 523–530

on poverty, 523

on taxpayers, 522–523

program statistics summary, 467 table 1

program trends, 466

property liens, 495–496

qualified medical support order, 490

66 percent Federal reimbursement, 514, 520

Social Security numbers, used by child support enforcement (CSE) agencies, 474, 494

State disbursement unit, 506

State role, 470–473

statistical tables, 537–566 tables 10–24

support award amounts

award rates, 484

by State, 483–484 table 2

guidelines for, 480–483

income shares approach, 481, 566 table 24

initiatives to increase, 1460

Melson-Delaware approach, 482

minimum level of support, 484

payments awarded, 524 table 6

percentage of income approach, 482, 566 table 24

unresolved issues, 484

support orders

award amount guidelines, 480–483

establishing, 479–484

judicial and administrative systems, 479–480

medical support provisions, 487–490

modifications of, 485–487

reviewing and modifying, 485–487

with health insurance, 550–551 table 16

support rights, assignment of (TANF), 355

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, interaction

with, 355, 470–473, 515–516, 520–521, 522–523

visitation rights, 469–470

wage withholding, 490–493, 491 table 3

Child Support Performance and Incentive Act of 1988, 510, 516

Child Support Recovery Act of 1992, 503

Child Welfare League of America, 664

Child welfare programs, 645–760

data collection

Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS),

689, 690, 692, 717, 718, 723, 744

on foster care and adoption, 716–756

Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS),

717–718, 719 table 16, 723

demonstration projects, 697, 698–705 table 14

Federal conformity review system, 688–693

child and family services reviews, 688–692

1545

Child welfare programs—continued

Federal conformity review system—continued

eligibility reviews, 692–693

factors leading to improved outcomes, 688

national standards, 689

penalties for nonconformity, 691

Federal funding, 646, 647–648 tables 1–2

Federal programs today, 646–686

Federal review, history of, 686–687

interethnic and interjurisdictional adoption provisions, 693–694

introduction, 645–646

kinship care, 712–714

legislative history, 756–758

outcomes

factors to improve, 688

measures of performance, 695–697 table 13, 695

research studies and training, 659–660

State accountability and Federal oversight, 686–705

State performance reports, 695–705

State plan requirements, 692–693

State program improvement plans, 691

State waiver demonstrations, 697, 698–705 table 14

substance abuse and, 710–711

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) child-only cases, 714

territories, 764 table 2

trends affecting populations and programs, 705–716

waivers, 696–705 table 14

welfare reform, 714–716

See also Adoption Assistance Program; Child Welfare Services Program; Foster Care Program; Independent Living Program; Social

Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program; Statewide Automated Child

Welfare Information System (SACWIS)

Child Welfare Services Program, 646

Court Improvement Program, 659

data collection requirements, 716

Federal funding, 647–648 tables 1–2

funding for, 749

grants to States, 651–654

State-by-State allocations, 652–653 table 5

Child well-being, welfare reform impact evaluations. See Appendix L

Children’s Bureau (U.S.), 706

Children’s Defense Fund, 588

Children’s Foundation

child care centers study, 588, 591

child care providers study, 588

Clinical psychologists, 150

Clinical social workers, 150

COBRA. See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)

COLA. See Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs)

Colorado Works Program, welfare leavers evaluation, 1501 table 11

Community Group Participation and Housing Supplementation Demonstration (Illinois), 1484 table 9

Competitive bidding, 154, 189

Connecticut Jobs First Program. See Jobs First Program (Connecticut)

Connecticut Post-Time Limit Tracking Study, 1501 table 11

Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1999, 349, 447, 460, 644

Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2000, 535, 644

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)

health care coverage, 799

paternity establishment, scientific methods for, 477–478

railroad retirement system and, 325, 332, 348, 793

Consumption expenditures, 1427–1430

Continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 29–32, 34, 38, 84 table 46, 251, 270,

271, 277

Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, 269, 908

‘‘Cost avoidance’’ effect, 522

Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), 21–22, 58 table 18, 228

1546

Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes (1995, 1999) in Child Care Centers, 593–

596

Court Improvement Program, 659

Crack cocaine use, child welfare and, 710

Credit Bureau reporting, for child support collection, 497–498

Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act, 972

CSE. See Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program

Customs and Trade Act of 1990, 349

Day care. See Child care

Day care centers

number of regulated centers, 588–589

quality of care, 593–596

regulation and licensing, 591–593

staffing, 589–591

DCTC. See Dependent care tax credit (DCTC)

DDS. See Disability Determination Service (DDS)

Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act of 1998, 503, 535

Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, 220, 797

Delayed retirement credits, 23

Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 1997, 272

Dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 599, 600–601 table 15, 774, 813–815

Dependent care, tax exclusions for employer-provided, 819–820

DI Program. See Disability Insurance (DI) Program

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 124, 157

Disability Determination Service (DDS), 28

Disability Insurance (DI) Program, 28–35

administrative law judge (ALJ), 28–29, 83 table 45

alcoholics, 39

applicant backlogs, 34

attorneys’ fees, 32–33

beneficiaries, 79–82 tables 41–44

benefit eligibility, 17–18

child benefits, 216

claims pending, 34–35, 85 table 47

claims process, 28–29, 34–35, 83 table 45, 85 table 47

continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 29–32, 34, 84 table 46, 270, 271,

277

disability determination, 29–32

drug addicts, 39

enrollment, 34

health care services, 41

Medicare coverage, 34, 41

qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 186

railroad workers annuities, 318

representation, 32–33

return to work, 33–34

State Disability Determination Service (DDS), 28

statistical tables, 79–85 tables 41–47

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 17, 30–31, 64 table 24

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, 27, 33–

34, 41–42, 276, 892, 911

trial work period (TWP), 33

vocational grid, 31

vocational rehabilitation, 33–34

waiting period, 18

work incentives, 33

Disabled persons

Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, 101

Medicaid Program, 897–901

qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 186

Railroad Retirement System, disability annuities, 318

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 211–277

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, 101

tax credits for, 823–824

See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program; Social Security

Disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 124, 905, 910, 911

Disregards, earned income, 255, 1411, 1442–1443

1547

District of Columbia Appropriations Act of 1998, 937

DME. See Durable medical equipment (DME)

DMERCs. See Durable medical equipment (DME), regional carriers

(DMERCs)

DNA testing, for paternity establishment, 478

Domestic violence waivers, 358

DRGs. See Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

Drug addicts

child welfare and, 710–711

Social Security benefits for, 39

SSI and, 252–254

Drugs and Medicare 108, 167, 192

DSH. See Disproportionate share hospital (DSH)

Dual eligibles, 184

Dual entitlement, 25

Duggan v. Bowen, 133

Durable medical equipment (DME), 98, 151–154, 189

regional carriers (DMERCs), 153

Early childhood development, research studies on, 593–596

Early childhood intervention programs, 596, 597–598

Earned income credit (EIC), 255, 361, 774, 808–812, 809 table 12, 812 table

13, 813 table 14, 1409, 1422–1423

Earned income disregards, 255, 1411, 1442–1443, 1456–1457

Earnings data. See Appendix F

Earnings disregards (welfare), 431, 1442–1443

definition, 1434

programs with

impact on child well-being, 1464–1465, 1466 table 7

impact on economic status, 1456–1457, 1494–1499 table 10

impact on employment, earnings, and welfare receipt, 1435–1436,

1442–1443

impact on marital status, 1447–1449, 1450–1452 table 5

EB Program. See Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB) Program

Economic data. See Appendix I

Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, 789, 814, 819

Education

Head Start Program, 599, 600–601 table 15, 972, 973–974 tables 42–

43

Hope tax credit, 815–817

individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 817–818

lifetime learning tax credit, 815–817

quality State tuition programs credit, 817–818

student loan interest deduction, 818–819

Education-focused welfare-to-work programs

definition, 1434

employment, earnings, and welfare receipt impacts, 1439–1441, 1477–

1494 table 9

EIC. See Earned income credit (EIC)

Elderly. See Aged

Emergency Assistance to Needy Families, 353

Emergency Shelter Grants Program, 945

Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act of 1991, 291, 296, 312

Emergency Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1993, 313

Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 292, 296–298, 297

table 6, 349

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 783, 789, 797, 799, 858

Employee stock ownership plan, 783

Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging Responsibility

(EMPOWER; Arizona), 1451 table 5, 1481 table 9, 1496 table 10

Employment data. See Appendix F

Employment-focused welfare-to-work programs

definition, 1434

employment, earnings, and welfare receipt impacts, 1434–1435, 1439–

1441, 1477–1494 table 9

Employment rates, single-mother families, 1416–1418

Employment Security Administration Account (ESAA), 300, 305 table 9, 311

chart 3

1548

EMPOWER. See Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging

Responsibility (EMPOWER)

Empowerment zones

qualified plan for social services in, 643

Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Programs in, 642–643

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 98, 124, 158, 168–174

beneficiaries, number of, 169 table 25

coverage, 168–169, 172

dialysis treatments, 172

expenditures, 169 table 25

incidence data, 170–171 table 26

reimbursement, 173–174

secondary payer provisions, 177, 178–179 table 28

Enterprise communities, SSBG Programs in, 642–643

ERISA. See Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)

ESAA. See Employment Security Administration Account (ESAA)

ESRD Program. See End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program

EUCA. See Extended Unemployment Compensation Account (EUCA)

EUC Program. See Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program

Extended Benefits (EB) Program. See Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB)

Program

Extended Unemployment Compensation Account (EUCA), 296, 300, 305 table

9, 311 chart 3

Fair Credit Reporting Act, 497

Fair Labor Standards Act, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Program and, 355–356

Families, data on. See Appendix G

Family assistance. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF) Program

Family cap

definition, 1434

programs with, impact on fertility, 1408–1409, 1449, 1450–1452 table

5

Family Development Program (FDP; New Jersey), 1452 table 5, 1489 table

9

Family Investment Program (FIP; Iowa), 1485 table 9, 1497 table 10

Family Investment Program (MFIP; Minnesota), 1408, 1410, 1432, 1442,

1443, 1445–1449, 1447 table 4, 1451–1452 table 5, 1456–1457, 1461, 1466

table 7, 1486–1488 table 9, 1498 table 10

Family Medical Leave Act of 1993, 290–291

Family Preservation Program. See Child Welfare Services Program; Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program

Family preservation services, 656–658

Family reunification

evaluation research, 658

HomeRebuilders Project, 658

time-limited, 656, 657

Family support services, 656–659

Family Transition Program (FTP; Florida), 1442, 1456, 1457, 1484 table

9, 1497 table 10

Family violence waivers, 358

FDP. See Family Development Program (FDP; New Jersey)

FECA. See Federal Employees’ Compensation Account (FECA)

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act, 868, 885

Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 821

Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, 492, 499

Federal Employees’ Compensation Account (FECA), 300, 305 table 9

Federal Employee’s Retirement System (FERS) Act of 1986, 25–26

Federal housing assistance, 942–956

budget authority, trends in, 948, 951 table 31, 952

homeless programs, 945

households receiving assistance, 948, 949–950 table 30

housing block grant programs, 946

net new commitments, trends in, 946, 947 table 29, 948

outlays, 952–956, 953–955 tables 32–33

types of housing assistance, 943–946

home ownership, 945

1549

Federal housing assistance—continued

types of housing assistance—continued

rental assistance, 943–945

Federal income tax refund offset program, 491 table 3, 493–494, 536, 554–

555 table 18

Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax, 798, 819

Social Security, 4–5, 42 table 1, 45 table 4

Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 936

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 469, 470, 473–475, 505

Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 279–280, 292, 294–295, 296

Federal-State Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1970, 296

Federal-State Unemployment Compensation Program. See Unemployment

Compensation (UC) Program

Federal Supplemental Compensation Program, 296

Federal Unemployment Account (FUA), 300, 305 table 9, 311 chart 3

Federal Unemployment Benefits and Allowances Account (FUBA), 346

Federal unemployment tax, 305, 306 chart 2, 311 chart 3

Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) of 1939, 279–280, 762, 798, 819

FERS. See Federal Employee’s Retirement System (FERS)

FICA. See Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)

‘‘Fill the gap’’ programs, 434

Financial incentives (welfare). See Earnings disregards (welfare)

FIP. See Family Investment Program (FIP; Iowa)

Florida Family Transition Program. See Family Transition Program (FTP;

Florida)

Florida Project Independence. See Project Independence (Florida)

FMAP. See Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP)

Food assistance programs. See Food Stamp Program; Nutrition Assistance

Block Grant; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,

and Children (WIC)

Food Stamp Act, 868, 869, 872

Food Stamp Program, 865–889

administration, 866–869

Federal administrative responsibilities, 866–867

State and local administrative responsibilities, 867

application processing, 877–878

benefits, 876–879

electronic benefit transfers (EBTs), 866, 878, 889

monthly allotments, 877, 878 table 6

prorated benefits, 877

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP), 865

using food stamps, 878–879

eligibility, 869–876

allowable assets, 874

categorical eligibility rules, 876

counted (net) and basic (gross) monthly income eligibility limits, 871–

873, 873 table 5

deductions from income, 872

food stamp household, 870–871

homeless, 870, 876, 877, 879

income eligibility, 871–873

institutional settings, 871, 876

noncitizens, 876

work-related requirements, 874–876

expenditures, 870

fraud, 882

funding, 869

historical statistics, 891 table 11

household definition, 870–871

households, characteristics of, 890 table 10

income exclusions or disregards, 872

issuing of food stamps, 877–878

legislative history, 885, 889

outreach programs, 868

program options, 868–869

demonstration projects, 868

quality control (QC) system, 879–882

error rates, 880 table 7

1550

Food Stamp Program—continued

recipiency/participation rates, 883–885, 884 table 8, 1416

recipients, 886–888 table 9

simplified program, 868

State and local general assistance (GA) payments, 865–866, 882–883

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), interaction with, 226, 240–241 table

7, 242–243 table 8, 865–866, 882–883

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, interaction

with, 361, 865–866, 882–883

territories, 762, 763 table 2, 767, 866, 867–868

workfare program, 869

work-related requirements, 874–876

Foreign born. See Appendix J

Foreign trade. See Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program

Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, 40, 274–275, 535–536, 681–682, 892,

895, 911

Foster Care Independence Program, 646, 681–686

entitlement ceiling, 682

Federal funding, 647 table 1, 649

participation data, 649 table 3

See also Independent Living Program; John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program

Foster Care Program, 363, 646, 660–672, 756

‘‘administrative costs,’’ 663–664

Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS),

689, 690, 692, 717, 718, 723, 744

adoption finalization, time before, 750–751 table 39

aggravated circumstances, 669

baseline projections, 650 table 4

basic monthly payment rates, 664–668, 665–667 table 8

caseload trends, 718–723

case review system, 668, 671–672

characteristics of children awaiting adoption, 739–743 tables 31–33

characteristics of children in, 725–731 tables 19–24

characteristics of foster care, 731–739 tables 25–30

concurrent planning, 671

data collection systems, 689, 690, 716–718, 719 table 16, 723

drift, 654

eligibility criteria, 660–661

expenditures and participation rates, 661–664, 662–663 table 7

expenditures, by State, 754–755 table 41

Federal funding, 647–648 tables 1–2

Federal matching rate, 661

financing structure, 661

flow of children through foster care system, 723–724

incidence of foster care, 718, 719–720 table 17

kinship care, 712–714

length of stay, 735–737 tables 28–29

Medicaid coverage, 673–674, 757

number and characteristics of adopted children, 744–749 tables 34–38

number of children in, 649 table 3, 661, 723–725, 724 table 18, 725

chart 2

payment rates, 664–668, 665–667 table 8

permanency hearing, 671–672

permanency plan, 671–672, 731–732 table 25

placement and mandatory procedural safeguards

case planning and case reviews, 671–672

filing for termination of parental rights (TPR), 672

interethnic and interjurisdictional provisions, 693–694

‘‘reasonable efforts,’’ 669–671, 692, 757

placement settings, 733–734 table 26

eligible ‘‘relative,’’ 713

formal versus informal, 712

placements, number of, 734–735 table 27

preplacement preventive service program, 668

protections for children in foster care, 668–669

reasons for discharge, 738–739 table 30

1551

Foster Care Program—continued

See also Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System

(SACWIS)

401(k) plans, tax provisions for, 783, 785

FPLS. See Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS)

FRA. See Full retirement age (FRA)

FTP. See Family Transition Program (FTP; Florida)

FUA. See Federal Unemployment Account (FUA)

FUBA. See Federal Unemployment Benefits and Allowances Account (FUBA)

Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act of 1994, 503

Full retirement age (FRA), 3, 17, 21–23, 24, 38, 60 table 20

FUTA. See Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA)

GAIN Program. See Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program

(California)

GA Program. See State General Assistance (GA) Program

Genetic testing. See DNA testing

Georgia, outcomes for 1997 welfare leavers, 1501 table 11

Georgia Preschool Immunization Project, 1462

Government pension offset, 25–26

Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program (California), 1435, 1438,

1451 table 5, 1456, 1459, 1482 table 9, 1496 table 10

Guam

Medicaid Program, 770 table 5, 770–771

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program in, 768–769

Guaranteed issue, 181

Hard-to-employ welfare recipients, 442

Head Start Program, 599, 600–601 table 15, 972, 973–974 table 42–43

Health care

expenditures. See Appendix C

of the elderly. See Appendix B

Health insurance

cafeteria plans, 797–799

employer contributions, tax exclusions, 794–795

group health plan requirements, 800

health care continuation rules, 799–800

health care expenditures data. See Appendix C

long-term care insurance, 801–804, Appendix B

Medicare duplication rules, 803

self-employed individuals deduction, 804

workers, primary source of, 796 table 9

See also Appendix B; Appendix C; Medicare Program

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 188, 789, 795,

800, 801

Hemodialysis. See End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program

HI Program. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program

Higher Education Act of 1965, 815, 818

HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

for persons with, 222–223

Home Energy Assistance Act of 1980, 972

Home health care services, 98, 101, 108, 131–141

background, 132–134

Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 and, 134–135, 188

Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999 and, 140–141, 191

coverage, 131–132

coverage rules, 135–136

eligibility, 131–132

interim payment system (IPS), 134 table 16, 137–140

Medicare payment policies, 134

prospective payment system (PPS), 137, 140

utilization and payments, 135 table 17

Homeless persons

programs, 945

SSI Program and, 223, 254–255

HomeRebuilders (family reunification project), 658

HOPE tax credit, 815–817

1552

HOPWA. See Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) Program

Hospice care, 98, 108, 141–148

benefits, 141–143

continuous home day care, 143

coverage, 141–143

general inpatient day care, 143–144

inpatient respite day care, 143

payments, 144, 188, 191

program data, 144–146, 145 table 18

reimbursement, 143–144

routine home day care, 143

selected measures of, 147–148 table 19

Hospital Insurance (HI) Program

benefit payments, 123–146

benefits, 101–108

cost of program, 75 table 36

cost-sharing, 101–108

coverage, 123–146

disabled persons, eligibility and coverage for, 101

financing, 4–5, 99

military wage credits, 112–113

tax rates for self-employed individuals, 43 table 2

Hospital Insurance (HI) Program Trust Fund, 109–113

financial status of, 113–119

insolvency projections, 118 table 9

Hospital market basket index (MBI), 124

Hospital services

Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999 and, 190–192

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 124, 905, 910, 911

inpatient hospital services, 98, 101, 123–124, 125 table 13

Medicare reimbursement. See Appendix D

outpatient department (OPD) services, 98, 150, 154–162, 155–157 tables

21–22, 189, 191–192

‘‘qualified’’ hospitals for Medicare services, 150

rural providers, 190

See also Appendix B; Appendix C; Medicare Program

Housing assistance

low-income housing tax credit, 826–828

mortgage interest deduction, 825–826

owner-occupied housing tax credit, 825–826

See also Federal housing assistance

Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) Program, 945

Human capital development welfare-to-work programs. See Employmentfocused welfare-to-work programs

Idaho study of welfare leavers, 1502 table 11

Illegal aliens. See Appendix J

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, 272

Illegitimacy. See Appendix M

Income data. See Appendix I

Income tax provisions. See Tax provisions

Income-tested benefits. See Appendix K

Independence Program (Virginia), 1442, 1456, 1492–1493 table 9, 1499 table

10

Independent Living Program

baseline projections, 650 table 4

established, 681

evaluation research studies, 684–687

Federal funding, 648 table 2

participation data, 649 table 3

renamed for Senator John Chafee, 682, 758

State allocations, 683–684 table 12

Indiana study of welfare leavers, 1502 table 11

Indiana Welfare Reform Evaluation, 1485 table 9, 1497 table 10

Indian Child Welfare Act, 694

Indian tribes

child care assistance, 602

1553

Indian tribes—continued

family assistance programs, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF), 353, 373–375

Individual development accounts, 354

Individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 785, 789–792

deductible IRAs, 790, 792 table 8

education, 817–818

effect of tax provisions on, 791–792

legislative history, 789–790

nondeductible IRAs, 791

Roth IRAs, 790–791

In-Hospital Paternity Acknowledgement Program, 476

Institutionalized persons

Medicaid Program coverage, 900

Social Security benefits, 27, 40

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 217, 223–225, 274

Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 295

Interim payment system (IPS), 134 table 16, 137–140

Internal Revenue Code (IRC). See Tax provisions

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

child support arrearages collection, 496

Project 1099 and child support enforcement, 496

IPS. See Interim payment system (IPS)

IRAs. See Individual retirement accounts (IRAs)

IRS. See Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

IUR. See Insured unemployment rate (IUR)

Job access grants, 354

Job Corps, 965 table 37, 968, 972

Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training Program, 353

evaluation results, 1406, 1438

Jobs First Program (Connecticut), 1409, 1443, 1451 table 5, 1456–1457, 1457–

1458, 1483 table 9, 1496 table 10

Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 872, 964

characteristics of, 966–967 tables 38a–38b

John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program, 682, 758

See also Independent Living Program

JTPA. See Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)

Kansas study of welfare leavers, 1503 table 11

Kentucky study of K–TAP welfare leavers, 1503 table 11

Kidney disease. See End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program

Kidney transplants, 98, 101, 173 table 27

Kinship care, 712–714

Labor force attachment (LFA) welfare-to-work programs. See Employmentfocused welfare-to-work programs

Learning, Earning, and Parenting (LEAP; Ohio), 1444, 1450, 1452 table 5,

1491 table 9, 1498 table 10

Leaver studies (welfare)

definition, 1471

findings

overview, 1472–1474

State-by-State data, 1500–1510 table 11

Legal Permanent Residents (LPR). See Appendix J

Life After Welfare (Maryland), 1503 table 11

Lifetime learning tax credit, 815–817

LIHEAP. See Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)

Limited Benefit Plan (Iowa), 1502 table 11

Long arm statutes, for child support enforcement, 501

Long-term care insurance, 801–804

See also Appendix B

Los Angeles Jobs-First Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program

(California), 1483 table 9, 1496 table 10

Louisiana study of welfare leavers, 1503 table 11

Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), 642, 972–980

background, 972, 974, 977

eligibility and types of assistance, 977–978

1554

Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)—continued

heating assistance benefits, estimated, 979–980 table 45

planning and administration, 980

program components, 977

State allotments, 975–976 table 44, 977

LPR. See Legal Permanent Residents (LPR)

M+C Program. See Medicare+Choice (M+C) Program

Maintenance of effort (MOE) in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF)

expenditures, 411, 412–415 tables 18–20

rule, 353, 363, 368

Mammography screening, 165, 189

Managed care, Medicaid Program and, 903, 906–908, 910

Marital status

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program parents, 438

earnings disregards, impact on, 1447–1449, 1450–1452 table 5

initiatives to promote. See Welfare-to-work (WTW) programs, mandatory

programs

of working mothers, 572–576, 574–579 tables 2–5

Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Program beneficiaries, 51–52 table 11

TANF Program parents, 438

Massachusetts study of welfare leavers, 1504 table 11

Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant, 642

MBI. See Hospital market basket index (MBI)

MCCA. See Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA)

Means-tested programs, 811–812

See also Appendix K

Medicaid Program, 889–930

administration, 906

AFDC Program, interaction with, 893–894

AFDC-related groups, 895

aged and disabled persons, 897–901

aliens, 900–901, 909

Boren amendment, 905

buy-in, 898

capitated managed care, 903

categorically needy, 892, 901, 904

children, 894–895

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and, 487–490

cost sharing, 898, 906, 907

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 905, 910, 911

dual eligibles, 906, 908

eligibility, 892–893

AFDC-related groups, 895

aged and disabled persons, 897–901

aliens, 900–901, 909

families, pregnant women, and children, 893–897

institutionalized persons and related groups, 900

qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 184–186, 186–187 table 30,

899–900

requirements, waivers, 896–897

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)-related groups, 897–899

families, pregnant women, and children, 893–897

Federal matching rate, 904

fee-for-service reimbursement, 903

financing, 904

freedom-of-choice waivers, 907, 908

gag rules, 908

institutionalized persons and related groups, 900

Katie Beckett option, 900

legislative history, 908–911

long-term care, spending on, 1024–1026

low-income children, 896

managed care and, 903, 906–908, 910

medically needy program and, 901, 904

noncitizens, 900–901, 909

1555

Medicaid Program—continued

nursing facilities (NFs), 900, 904–906

outlays, 911–913, 912–913 table 13

payments, 918–926 tables 18–23, 929 table 26

personal needs allowance (PNA), 230–231

poverty level and, 902–903 table 12

poverty level pregnant women and children, 894–895

prepaid health care, 928–930 tables 25–26

prescription drugs, 904–906

presumptive eligibility, 895

primary care case management (PCCM) programs, 907–908, 910

program data, 911–930

prudent layperson standard, 908

qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 186

qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 184–186, 186–187 table 30, 899–

900

recipients, number of, 914–917 tables 14–17, 928–929 table 25

reimbursement policy, 904–906

requirements, waivers, 896–897

Ribicoff children, 895–896

risk-based program, 907

section 209(b) of Social Security Amendments of 1972, 897–898

section 1915(c) of the Social Security Act, 900

services, 904, 927 table 24

special-needs children and, 673–674

specified low-income Medicare beneficiaries (SLMBs), 184, 185, 186–187

table 30

spend down, 897, 901

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) eligibility and, 225–226, 230–231,

256, 277

SSI-related groups, 897–899

State supplemental payments (SSP), interaction with, 897–898

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, interaction

with, 360–361, 893–894

territories, 769–772

‘‘300 percent rule’’ for Medicaid qualification, 900

transitional medical assistance (TMA), 895

waivers, 896–897

Medical assistance

child support orders, 487–490

Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 936

Medical care. See Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E; Health

care; Health insurance; Medicaid Program; Medicare Program

Medical expense deductions, 805–807

Medically needy program, 901, 904

Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 795–797

Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA), 130–131

Medicare+Choice (M+C) Program, 168, 174, 189–190, 192

See also Appendix E

Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA)

of 1999, 937

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), 141, 159, 189, 192

Medicare Program, 97–210

administration, 99

aged, eligibility and coverage, 99

ambulance services, 167–168

ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 158, 162–165

anesthesiologists, 146

assignment, ‘‘assigned’’ or ‘‘unassigned’’ basis for payment, 146, 149

Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 and, 101, 119, 126, 134–140, 150–

151, 159–160

beneficiaries, number of, 101, 102–103 table 2

benefit payments, 102–107 tables 2–4, 146–168

lifetime benefits, 119, 122–123 tables 11–12

benefits, 98

bone mass measurements, 166, 189

clinical laboratory services, 150–151

clinical psychologists, 150

1556

Medicare Program—continued

clinical social workers, 150

coinsurance, 108, 110–111 table 5

colorectal cancer screening, 166, 189

coverage, 98, 123–168

data, historical, 193, 194–209 tables 32–41

deductible, 108, 110–111 table 5

diabetes screening, 166, 189

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 124, 157

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 124

drugs, 108, 167, 192

Duggan v. Bowen, 133

duplication rules, 803

durable medical equipment (DME), 98, 151–154

administration, 153–154

competitive bidding, 154, 189

definition, 152

inherent reasonableness authority, 152–153

reimbursement for, 151–152

spending for, 153

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 98, 124, 158, 168–174

fee-for-service payments, 98

fee schedule, 146, 149

inherent reasonableness authority, 152–153

financing, 99, 109–123

guaranteed issue, 181

home health care services, 98, 101, 108, 131–141, 188, 191

hospice care, 98, 108, 141–146, 147–148 table 19, 188, 191

hospital services

inpatient hospital services, 98, 101, 123–124, 125 table 13

outpatient department (OPD) services, 98, 150, 154–162, 155–157

tables 21–22, 191

kidney transplants, 98, 101, 173 table 27

legislative history, 187–192

mammography screening, 165, 189

Medicaid Program, interaction with, 184–186, 186–187 table 30

nurse anesthetists, certified registered, 149–150

nurse midwife services, 149

nurse practitioners, 149

occupational therapists, 150

orthotics, 151, 153 table 20

outlays, 99, 100 table 1

overview, 98–99

Pap smears, 165, 189, 192

part A. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program

part B. See Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program

Participating Physician Program, 149

peer review organizations (PROs), 174–176

pelvic exams, 165, 189

physical therapists, 150

physician assistants, 149

physician services, 108, 146, 149, 188, 191, Appendix E

premiums, 110–111 table 5

prospective payment system (PPS), 98

home health services, 137, 140

hospital outpatient department (OPD) services, 158, 160–161

hospital services, 188, 190

inpatient hospital services, 123–124

skilled nursing facility (SNF) services, 126–128

prostate cancer screening, 165–166

prosthetic devices

definition, 151

spending for, 153 table 20

qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 186

qualified hospitals, definition, 150

qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 184–186, 186–187 table 30, 899–

900

Railroad Retirement System, interaction with, 101, 109

1557

Medicare Program—continued

reimbursements

for uninsured persons, 109

to hospitals and physicians. See Appendix D

resource utilization group (RUG) system, 127, 131

rural providers, 190

savings estimates for Budget Reconciliation Acts (1981–99), 193, 194

table 31

secondary payer provisions, 177, 178–179 table 28

SNF services, 98, 101, 126–131, 188, 191

specified low-income Medicare beneficiaries (SLMBs), 184, 185, 186–187

table 30

supplementary coverage, 179–187, 180 table 29, 189

employer-based policies, 182

impact on Medicare spending, 182–184

Medicaid eligibility, 184–186, 186–187 table 30

Medigap insurance, 180–182

tax exclusion of benefits, 805

territories, 762

therapy services, 192

vaccines, 108, 167

See also Appendix B; Appendix D; Appendix E; Medicare+Choice Program

Medicare Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organization (PRO)

Program, 174–176

Medigap insurance, 159, 180–182, 192

MedPAC. See Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC)

Men’s health issues, prostate cancer screening, 165–166, 189

MEPA. See Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA)

MFIP. See Family Investment Program (MFIP; Minnesota)

MGIB. See Montgomery GI bill (MGIB)

Michigan study of welfare leavers, 1504 table 11

Milwaukee’s New Hope Demonstration Project. See New Hope Demonstration

Project (Milwaukee)

Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP). See Family Investment Program (MFIP; Minnesota)

Mississippi study of welfare leavers, 1504 table 11

Missouri study of welfare leavers, 1504 table 11

Moderate Rehabilitation for Single Room Occupancy Dwellings Program, 945

MOE. See Maintenance of effort (MOE) in Temporary Assistance for Needy

Families (TANF)

Montgomery GI bill (MGIB), 982

MPPAA. See Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 (MPPAA)

MSAs. See Medical savings accounts (MSAs)

Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 (MPPAA), 850–851,

859–860

Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA), 693–694

Multistate Foster Care Data Archive (Chapin Hall), 720–723

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

NAFTA Worker Security Act, 344–346, 349

National Advisory Commission on the Future of Medicare, 189

National Bureau of Economic Research, child maltreatment study, 715–716

National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), 689, 690, 707,

710

National Child Care Staffing Study (NCCSS), 589–591

National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 468

National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS), 1409, 1432,

1438–1441, 1450 table 5, 1456, 1459, 1461, 1463–1465, 1469, 1477–1479

table 9, 1494–1495 table 10

National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), 707, 710

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), child

care quality study, 593–596

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 710–711

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 584–586, 713, 1476

National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, 660

Native Employment Works Program, 374

NCANDS. See National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS)

NCCSS. See National Child Care Staffing Study (NCCSS)

1558

Needs-tested benefits. See Appendix K

New Chance Demonstration Project, 1444, 1450, 1450 table 5, 1467–1468

table 8, 1479 table 9, 1495 table 10

New Hope Demonstration Project (Milwaukee), 1410, 1459, 1467–1468 table

8, 1494 table 9, 1499 table 10

New Jersey Family Development Program. See Family Development Program

(FDP; New Jersey)

NEWWS. See National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS)

New York, A Study of Work and Benefit Use Afer Case Closing, 1505 table

11

New York Child Assistance Program (NY CAP). See Child Assistance Program

(NY CAP)

NICHD. See National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

(NICHD)

NIS. See National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS)

Noncitizen Benefit Clarification and Other Technical Amendments Act of

1998, 535

Noncitizens

Food Stamp Program and, 876

Medicaid Program and, 900–901, 909

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program eligibility, 217, 254, 262,

270, 271–274

See also Appendix J

Nondisplacement, 358

North American Council on Adoptable Children, 675

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Implementation Act of 1993, 313, 337, 349

Transitional Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers, 344, 349

See also Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program

North Carolina study of welfare leavers, 1505 table 11

Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of

Medicaid Program, 770 table 5, 771

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767, 867–868

NSAF. See National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF)

Nursing services

anesthetists, certified registered nurse, 149–150

midwife services, 149

nurse practitioners, 149

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767, 867–868

Nutrition programs. See Food Stamp Program; Nutrition Assistance Block

Grant; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and

Children (WIC)

NY CAP. See Child Assistance Program (NY CAP; New York)

OASDI (Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance) Programs. See Social

Security

OASIS. See Outcome and assessment information set (OASIS)

OBRA. See Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 466, 468

Offsets, Social Security, 25–27

Ohio JOBS. See Transitions to Independence Demonstration (Ohio JOBS)

Ohio study of welfare leavers in Cuyahoga County, 1506 table 11

Oklahoma study of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cases

closed and denied, 1506 table 11

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program, 2

benefit eligibility, 16–17

See also Social Security

Old Age Assistance Program, 212, 213

Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Programs. See Social

Security

Older Americans Act Employment Program for the Elderly, 872

Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 772

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

adoption and foster care data collection, 717

child care, 572

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 495, 502

empowerment zones and enterprise communities, 642, 644

1559

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)—continued

home health services, 132

Independent Living Program, 681

Medicaid Program, 904

paternity establishment, 476–477

protections for children in foster care, 668

railroad retirement benefits, 323, 325, 334–335, 793

Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Programs, 633, 642

SSI, 226, 235

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), 348–349

unemployment compensation (UC), 296, 312

Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 349,

937

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA) of 1988, 338, 349

OPD services. See Hospital services, outpatient department (OPD) services

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 972

Orthotics, 151, 153 table 20

OTCA. See Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA) of 1988

Outcome and assessment information set (OASIS), 140–141

Out-of-wedlock births

paternity establishment, 475–479

reduction, as TANF goal, 354

See also Appendix M

Parent locator services

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 469, 470, 473–475, 505

for military personnel, 499

Parent’s Fair Share Demonstration (PFS), 1460, 1480 table 9

PASS. See Plan for achieving self-support (PASS)

PBGC. See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)

Peer review organizations (PROs), 174–176

Pennsylvania technical report on welfare leavers, 1506–1507 table 11

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 845–860

administration of, 845

Advisory Committee, 845

budgetary treatment, 855, 856 table 3

coverage requirements, 847

defined benefit plans, 845–846

defined contribution plans, 845–846

financial condition of, 851–855

claims, 851–852

future of, 855, 857–858

overview, 851

financial structure of, 855 chart 1

financing

employer liability, 854

investment income, 854

premiums, 852–854

sources of, 852–855

legislative history, 858–860

multiemployer plans, 850–851, 854

plan termination insurance, 845–846

purpose of, 845

single-employer plans

asset allocation, 850

benefit payments, 849

claims

experience, 852 table 1

number of, 853 table 2

employer liability, 849

guaranteed benefits, 849–850

premiums, 852–854

section 4022(c) benefits, 850

terminations, 847–848

future, 852 table 1

number of, 853 table 2

trusteeship, 849

PCCM. See Primary care case management (PCCM) programs

1560

Pension Protection Act of 1987 (PPA), 848, 852, 854, 858

Pensions

employee stock ownership plan, 783

401(k) plans, 783, 785

government pension offsets, 25–26, 291

legislative history of tax exclusions, 779, 783

Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE), 785

See also Individual retirement accounts (IRAs); Railroad Retirement

System

Personal needs allowance (PNA), 230–231

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

of 1996, 17, 39, 216, 270–271, 352, 355, 460, 465, 572, 643–644, 714,

756, 808, 885, 889, 908–909, 1405–1406

PFS. See Parent’s Fair Share Demonstration (PFS)

Physician assistants, 149

Physician Payment Review Commission, 183, 189

Physician services

Medicare Program, 108, 146, 149, 188, 191, Appendix E

Medicare reimbursement. See Appendix D

See also Appendix C

PIA. See Primary insurance amount (PIA)

Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 218, 255–256

PNA. See Personal needs allowance (PNA)

Political asylum. See Appendix J

Poverty data. See Appendix H

Poverty status

child support impact on, 523

child support payments and, 524 table 6, 527 table 7

consumption expenditures and, 1427–1430

Federal poverty level (FPL), 893, 931

Federal tax treatment, 839–842

food assistance programs, effect on, 1422

Medicaid Program and, 894–895, 902–903 table 12

pregnant women and children and, 894–895

single-mother families

and work status, 1412–1413, 1418–1419

effects of earnings, transfers, and taxes on, 1420–1423

Poverty thresholds, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits payments

and, 215 table 1, 241–243, 244 table 9, 245 table 10

PPA. See Pension Protection Act of 1987 (PPA)

PPS. See Prospective payment system (PPS)

Prevent Child Abuse America, 707

Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant Program, 642

Primary care case management (PCCM) programs, 907–908, 910

Primary insurance amount (PIA), 19–21, 23, 52 table 12

Primary payer, 177

Prisoners and fugitive felons

and Social Security benefits, 27, 40

and SSI, 217, 224–225, 274

Profile of Child Care Settings Study (Department of Education), 588

Project Independence (Florida), 1484 table 9, 1497 table 10

Project Save Our Children, 503

Project Self-Reliance: TAFI Participant Closure Study (Idaho), 1502 table

11

Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program, 646, 757

Court Improvement Program, 659

entitlement ceilings, 654

evaluation research activities, 657–659

Federal funding, 647–648 tables 1–2

grants to States, 654–659

participation data, 649 table 3

set-asides, 654

State-by-State allocations, 655–656 table 6

use of funds, 656–658

ProPAC. See Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC)

Property liens, for child support payments, 495–496

PROs. See Peer review organizations (PROs)

Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC), 189

1561

Prospective payment system (PPS), 98

home health services, 140

hospital outpatient department (OPD) services, 158, 160–161

hospital services, 188, 190

inpatient hospital services, 123–124

skilled nursing facility (SNF) services, 126–128

Prostate cancer screening, 165–166

Prosthetic devices

definition, 151

spending for, 153 table 20

Protecting the Social Security and Medicare Trust Funds, 39

PRWORA. See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation

Act (PRWORA)

Psychologists, clinical, 149

Public assistance programs. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children

(AFDC) Program; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Program

Public Health Services Act, 269, 799

Public housing. See Federal housing assistance

Puerto Rico

Medicaid Program, 770 table 5, 770

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767, 867–868

TANF Program, 768

QDWIs. See Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs)

QMBs. See Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs)

Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 186

Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 184–186, 186–187 table 30, 899–

900

Quarters of coverage, 16, 45 table 5

Railroad Administration Account, 299

Railroad industry, number of employees, 326

Railroad Retirement Account

financial status of, 325–326

transfers to Hospital Insurance (HI) Fund, 109

Railroad Retirement Act (RRA), 316, 793

Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 315–316

Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983

and railroad retirement, 323, 325, 334

and railroad unemployment insurance, 332

Railroad Retirement System, 315–336

annuities

disability annuities, 318

spouse annuities, 319

supplemental annuities, 319

beneficiaries, number of, 320 table 2

benefits, 317–319

benefit payments, 320 table 2, 321

cash benefits, 316 table 1, 321 table 3

dual benefit payments, 317–318

lump-sum benefits, 319

survivor benefits, 319

taxation of, 325

tier 1 and 2 benefits, 317, 793

‘‘windfall’’ benefits, 317–318

benefit structure, 317–319

dual benefit payments, 317–318

tier 1 and 2 benefits, 317, 793

disability annuities, 318–319

financial interchange, 322–323

financial status of, 325–326

financing of, 321–325

appropriations, 323–324

other income, 324–325

payroll taxes, 321–322

tax rates, 322 table 4

wage base, 322 table 4

1562

Railroad Retirement System—continued

legislative history, 333–335

Medicare Program, interaction with, 101, 109

overview, 315–316

Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account, 323

Social Security Programs, financial interchange, 317–319, 322–324, 324

table 5

spouse annuities, 319

supplemental annuities, 319

tax exclusion of benefits, 792–794

vesting, 317, 318

Railroad Retirement Tax Act, 316

Railroad Unemployment Insurance Account, 299

Railroad Unemployment Insurance System, 327–333

benefits

by category and amount, 330 table 8

during strikes, 330–331

for sickness, 327, 328–329 table 7, 330, 331

for unemployment, 327, 328–329 table 7, 330–331

eligibility requirements, 327

financing of, 331–333

overview, 327

RCCIs. See Residential child care institutions (RCCIs)

‘‘Reasonable efforts’’ for family preservation/reunification, 669–671, 692, 757

Refugees. See Appendix J

Renal dialysis, 98, 101

Residential child care institutions (RCCIs), 957

Resource utilization group (RUG) system, 127, 131

Retirement Protection Act (RPA)

of 1994, 859

of 1997, 848

Revenue Act

of 1918, 821

of 1964, 814, 815

of 1971, 814

of 1976, 814

of 1978, 291, 797

Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1997, 40

RPA. See Retirement Protection Act (RPA)

RRA. See Railroad Retirement Act (RRA)

RRB. See Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)

RUG. See Resource utilization group (RUG) system

SACWIS. See Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System

(SACWIS)

Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE), 785

SCHIP. See State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

School Breakfast Program, 957–958, 959 table 35

School Lunch Program, 957–958, 958 table 34

Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiment (SIME–DIME), 1446–1447

SECA. See Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA)

Secondary payer provisions, 177, 178–179 table 28

Section 8 housing assistance, for rental housing, 943–945

Section 209(b), of the Social Security Act. See under Supplemental Security

Income (SSI) Program

Section 217(g), of the Social Security Act, 112

Section 229(b), of the Social Security Act, 112

Section 427, of the Social Security Act, 687

Section 429A, title IV–B of the Social Security Act, 660

Section 473(c), of the Social Security Act, 674

Section 477, of title IV–E, of the Social Security Act, 681

Section 479, title IV–E of the Social Security Act, 716–717

Section 1115(a), of the Social Security Act. See Medicaid Program, freedomof-choice waivers

Section 1619, of the Social Security Act, 255–257

Section 1915(b), of the Social Security Act. See Medicaid Program, freedomof-choice waivers

Section 4022(c), Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation benefits, 850

1563

Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA) tax

Social Security, 4–6, 42–43 tables 1–2

tax liability, 829

Self-Sufficiency Program. See Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program

Senior Citizens’ Right to Work Act of 1996, 38–39, 42

SEPPAA. See Single Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1986

(SEPPAA)

SGA. See Substantial gainful activity (SGA)

Shelter Plus Care Program, 945

SIME–DIME. See Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiment (SIME–

DIME)

SIMPLE. See Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE)

Single Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1986 (SEPPAA), 848,

858

Single-mother families, welfare, employment, and poverty status, 1412–1427

SIPP. See Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Skilled nursing facility (SNF) services, 98, 101, 126–131, 188, 191

SLMBs. See Specified low-income Medicare beneficiaries (SLMBs)

Small Business Administration Reauthorization and Amendments Act of

1994, 499

Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, 693, 785, 789, 814, 817, 828

SMI Program. See Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program

SNFs. See Skilled nursing facility (SNF) services

Social insurance, concept definition, 3

Social Security, 1–96

actuarial reduction, 22–23

administrative expenses, 36, 78 table 40

beneficiaries, 50–57 tables 9–17

benefit adjustments, 58–61 tables 18–21

cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 21–22, 58 table 18

dual entitlement, 25

earnings limit, 24–25, 38–39, 42, 62–63 tables 22–23

for age at retirement, 22–23

government pension offset, 25–26

maximum family benefits, 23–24

public disability benefits offset, 26–27

windfall elimination provision, 26, 61 table 21

benefit amounts, 50 table 10, 51–52 table 11, 56 table 16

tax exclusions, 226–228

benefit computation

average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19–20

bend points, 20–21, 24

benefit formula, 20

computation years, 20

dropout years, 20

indexing year, 19

primary insurance amount (PIA), 19–21, 23–34, 52 table 12

special minimum benefit, 21

benefit data, 50–57 tables 9–17

benefit payments, 50 table 9

benefits, relationship to taxes, 85–88, 89–93 tables 48–50, 93, 94–95

tables 51–52, 95–96

brief history, 2–3

budgetary treatment, 35–38, 78 table 40

child’s benefit, 18

cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 21–22, 58 table 18

coverage, 4, 46–49 tables 6–8

quarters of coverage, 16–17, 45 table 5

covered earnings, 44 table 3

covered workers, 46–49 tables 6–8

delayed retirement credits, 23, 60 table 20

dependents’ benefits, 18–19, 22–26

disability insurance. See Disability Insurance (DI) Program

disability program data, 79–85 tables 41–47

early retirement, 22–23, 53 tables 13–14

earnings histories, of hypothetical workers, 54–55 table 15

earnings limit, 24–25, 38–39, 42, 62–63 tables 22–23

1564

Social Security—continued

effect of current earnings and taxation of benefits, 62–67 tables 22–

27

eligibility, 16–19

father’s benefit, 18

FICA, 4–5, 42 table 1, 45 table 4

financing, 4–16, 42–44 tables 1–3

firewall provisions, 37

full retirement age (FRA), 3, 17, 21–24, 60 table 20

insured status, 16–17

legislative history, 104th-–106th Congresses, 38–42

lump-sum death benefit, 19

Medicare Program, 113

moneys’ worth, 85

mother’s benefit, 18

offsets, 25–27

parent’s benefit, 19

pay-as-you-go rule, 36

payroll tax, 4–5, 42–43 tables 1–2

prisoners, suspension of benefits, 27, 40

Railroad Retirement System, financial interchange, 317–319, 322–324,

324 table 5

replacement rates, 57 table 17

retirement age, election of benefits, 23, 53 tables 13–14

retirement benefits, 17

SECA, 4–5, 42–43 tables 1–2

social insurance, concept of, 3

spouse’s benefit, 18

State and local government employees, 4–5, 48–49 table 8

statistical tables, 42–85 tables 1–47

stepchildren, benefits for, 39

survivor benefits, 18–19, 22–26

taxable wage base (maximum taxable earnings), 5, 42 table 1, 44 table

3

taxation of benefits, 27–28, 65–67 tables 25–27

tax exclusion of benefits, 792–794

tax rates and covered earnings, 42–45 tables 1–5

territories, 762 table 1

title XVI. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program

trust funds, 14–16, 68–78 tables 28–40

widow(er’s) benefit, 18

Social Security Act

Amendments of 1972, 168, 766

Amendments of 1983, 123, 793, 823

Social Security Act of 1935, 2, 279

Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program, 633–644

allocation formula, 633

allocations, by State and territory, 633–638 table 2

appropriations, 633, 634 table 1

child care provisions, 599, 600–601 table 15, 603

child welfare services and, 646

empowerment zones, 642–643

enterprise communities, 642–643

entitlement ceilings, 633, 634 table 1, 643–644

expenditures, by service category, 640, 641 table 4

funding levels, 634 table 1

funding of, 633, 647 table 1

legislative history, 643–644

overview, 633

program goals, 635

qualified plan, 643

reporting requirements, 639

services provided, 639–640 table 3

transfer of funds, 354, 641–642

use of funds

by service categories, 639–640 table 3

restrictions on, 635

Social welfare programs in the territories, 761–775

1565

Social welfare programs in the territories—continued

coverage of residents, 762 table 1

Federal funding for, 765, 765–766 table 3

Federal programs, 761

Federal-State programs, 762, 763–764 table 2

grant programs, 773–774

health programs, 769–774

Medicaid Program, 769–772

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 766

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 772–773

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, 767–769

tax provisions that affect low-income families, 774

Social workers, clinical, 150

South Carolina, Survey of Former Family Independence Program Clients,

1507 table 11

‘‘Special-needs’’ children, 647, 649, 672–673, 674, 752–753 table 40

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

(WIC), 361, 959–961

Specified low-income Medicare beneficiaries (SLMBs), 184, 185, 186–187 table

30

SSBG. See Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program

SSI. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program

SSP. See under Medicaid Program, State supplemental payments (SSP); State

Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), separate State program

(SSP)

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 930–942

abortions, 935

additional service category, 935

allotments, 937–942, 939–941 table 28

basic benefits category, 935

benchmark benefit package, 932

benchmark equivalent coverage, 935

benefits, 932–935

combination approach (COMBO), 932, 938

cost sharing, 935

data collection and evaluation, 937–938

eligibility, 931

asset tests, 931

income eligibility limit, 931

targeted low-income children, 931

enhanced Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 936

enrollment statistics, 932–934 table 27

expenditures, 939–941 table 28

financing, 936

legislative history, 936–938

Medicaid Program expansions, 896, 910–911, 932–934 table 27

preventive services, 935

program data, 938–942

section 1115 waivers, 938

separate State program (SSP), 932, 938

territories, 772–773

State General Assistance (GA) Program, 865–866

State Tax Intercept Program, 494

Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS), 717–

718, 719 table 16, 723

Substance abuse, child welfare and, 710–711

Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 17, 64 table 24, 216, 255

Substitute care. See Foster Care Program

Summer Youth Employment and Training Program, 965 table 37, 968, 972

Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions Act of 1998, 937

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 211–277

administration of program, 213

administrative fees, 235

aged, 216

AIDS, persons with, 222–223

alcoholics, 252–254, 273

aliens, 217, 254, 270, 271–273

1566

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program—continued

asset limit, 220

benefits eligibility

aged, 216

AIDS, persons with, 222–223

alcoholics, 252–254, 273

aliens, 217, 254, 270, 271–273

blind, 216

categorical requirements, 216–217

citizenship and residency requirements, 217

disabled children, 216–217, 270–271, 273

disabled persons, 216

drug addicts, 252–254, 273

homeless persons, 223, 254–255

illegal immigrants, 270

income and resources requirements, 217–222

assets in trusts, 274

deeming procedure, 217–218, 221–222

disposal of resources, 274–275

earned income exclusions, 218

maximum allowable income, 218 table 2

noncitizens, 217, 254, 270, 271–273

plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 218, 255–256

prisoners, suspension of benefits, 217, 224–225, 274

public institution requirement, 223–225

benefits payments, 213, 214–215 table 1

benefit rates, 213, 216

by living arrangement, 230 table 4

by State, 264–265 table 21

debt collection, 274

emergency advance payments, 232

Federal and State benefits, 264–265 table 21, 268–269 table 23

Federal benefit levels, 228, 229 table 3

food stamp benefit, 226, 240–241 table 7, 242–243 table 8

former recipients of State assistance, 231–232

maximum potential benefits, 240–241 table 7, 242–243 table 8

overpayments and debt collection, 232, 274

personal needs allowance (PNA), 230–231

persons in Medicaid institution, 230 table 4, 230–231

persons living independently, 234–243

persons living in the household of another, 230

poverty thresholds, 215 table 1, 241–243, 244 table 9, 245 table

10

State supplementation, 232–234, 268–269 table 23, 273

by State, 264–267 tables 21–22

levels over time, 235, 236–239 tables 5–6

variation in payment amount, 234

blind, 216

break-even point, 255–256

burial funds, 220

cash-out food stamp benefits, 234

continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 251, 270, 271, 277

cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 228

costs of program, 262–263, 264–269 tables 21–23

countable income, 218–219, 222

countable resources, 219

deductions

medical cost deduction, 240

shelter deduction, 240

deeming of income and resources, 217–218, 221–222

‘‘disabled adult children,’’ 226

disabled children, 216–217, 251, 270, 273

disabled persons, 216

drug addicts, 252–254, 273

earned income disregards, 218, 255

earned income exclusions, 218

eligibility. See above under benefits eligibility

1567

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program—continued

employment networks, 227–228, 276–277

outcome milestone payment system, 228

outcome payment system, 228

essential person, 231–232

exclusions

income, 218

resource, 218

Federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefit standard, 228, 229

table 3

felons, 217

fraud and abuse reduction, 274–276

fugitives, prohibition of payment to, 217

funding, 213

HIV, persons with, 222–223

homeless persons, 223, 254–255

illegal immigrants, 270–271

immediate payments, 232

impairments, listing of, 216–217

income exclusions, 218

income floor, 225

information sharing requirements, 275–276

initial payments, 232

in-kind assistance, 218–219

legislative history, 269–277

life insurance policies, 220

maintenance-of-effort (MOE) provision, 233–234

Medicaid eligibility, based on SSI, 225–226, 230–231, 256, 277

medical institutionalization, 223–224

medical listings, 217

mental illness or mental impairment, 216, 254–255, 262

noncitizens, 217, 262, 270, 271–274

one-third reduction of benefit standard, 230

overpayments, 232, 274

overview and background, 212–213

participation rates, 258–259, 258 table 17

pass-along provision, 233–234

personal needs allowance (PNA), 230–231

persons living independently, 234–243

plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 218, 255–256

presumptive eligibility, 222, 232

prisoners, 217, 224–225, 274

program of last resort, 225

public institutions

prohibition of payments to residents, 224

requirements, 223–225

qualified alien, 217

recipients

adult disabled and blind, 246, 247 table 12, 248–249

by age group, 249 table 14

by category, 249 table 14

by disability diagnosis, 248 table 13

by living arrangements, 230 table 4

by race, 249

by sex, 249

by source of income, 250 table 15

by type of income, 250 table 16

caseload developments, 252

children as, 251–252

number of, 213, 214–215 table 1, 243, 246 table 11, 259–264 tables

18–20

on the basis of age, 249

participation rates, 258 table 17, 258–259

reporting requirements, 276

representative payee, 253

residency requirement, 217

resource exclusion, 218

resource requirements, 219–221

1568

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program—continued

section 209(b) option, for Medicaid eligibility, 225–226, 256

section 1619 provisions, of the Social Security Act, 255–257

self-sufficiency programs and, 226–228, 255–256, 276–277

Social Security Program and, 213, 225

State supplementation, 232–234, 268–269 table 23, 273–274

by State, 264–267 tables 21–22

levels over time, 235, 236–239 tables 5–6

substance abuse, 252–254, 273

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 216, 255

Sullivan v. Zebley, 216, 217, 251

tax exclusions of benefits, 812–813

territories, 762 table 1, 766

threshold amount, 256

tolerance level, 220

transfer of resources, 220

trends, 213–216

vocational rehabilitation programs and, 227, 276

work disincentive elimination, 255–257

working disabled and, 255–257

See also Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program

aged, eligibility and coverage, 101

ambulance services, 167–168

ambulatory surgical center (ASC) services, 162–165

benefits payments, 146–168

clinical laboratory services, 150–151

coverage, 146–168

disabled, eligibility and coverage, 101

drugs, 108, 167

durable medical equipment (DME), 151–154

financing, 99

home health services, 98, 101, 108, 131–141

hospital outpatient department (OPD) services, 154–162

medical and health services, 108

physician services, 108, 146, 149

preventive services, 108, 165–168, 188

vaccines, 108, 167

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund, 113

financial status, 119

income and disbursements, 120–121 table 10

Supportive Housing Program, 945

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 576, 577, 586

Suter v. Artist M. (‘‘reasonable efforts’’ case), 670–671

TAA Program. See Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program

TANF. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Taxation of benefits, Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 291–292,

292 table 4, 306, 307–309 tables 10–11

Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) of 1982, 141–142, 174,

296, 498, 805

Tax provisions, 777–843

accelerated death benefits, tax benefits for, 801–802

adoption expenses, tax credit and exclusion, 828

Black Lung Programs, 821–822

blind persons, additional tax deductions, 822–823

cafeteria plans, 797–799

child tax credit, 828–829

dependent care, employer-provided, 819–820

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 599, 600–601 table 15, 774, 813–

815

dependents, child tax credit, 828–829

disabled persons, tax credits, 823–824

earned income credit (EIC), 808–812, 813 table 14

education

Hope credit, 815–817

individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 817–818

lifetime learning credit, 815–817

1569

Tax provisions—continued

education—continued

qualified State tuition programs credit, 817–818

student loan interest deduction, 818–819

effectiveness measures (using distributional analysis), 778–779

elderly

deductions, 822–823

effect of tax provisions on income and taxes of, 829–834

tax credits, 823–824

employee stock ownership plan, 783

estimates of exceptions and credits, 779, 780–782 table 2

family income and taxes, distribution of, 834–838

Federal income tax refund offset program, 491 table 3, 493–494, 536,

554–555 table 18

health insurance

employer contributions, tax exclusions of, 794–795, 796 table 9

group health plan requirements, 800

health care continuation rules under COBRA, 799–800

Medicare duplication rules, 803

self-employed individuals deduction, 804

housing, 825–828

low-income housing credit, 826–828

owner-occupied housing credit, 825–826

income, definition of, 212

income distribution, 779 table 1

introduction, 778–779

long-term care insurance, 801–804

marginal tax rates, 834–838

medical expense deductions, 805–807

medical savings accounts (MSAs), 795–797

Medicare benefits, tax exclusions, 805

Medicare duplication rules, 803

pensions

401(k) plans, 783, 785

individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 785, 789–792

tax exclusions, 779–789, 780 table 2

poverty level and, 839–842

public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 812–813

Railroad Retirement System, tax exclusion of benefits, 325, 792–794

Social Security, tax exclusion of benefits, 792–794

State income tax offset, 491 table 3, 494

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), tax exclusion of benefits, 812–813

welfare-to-work tax credit, 821

workers’ compensation, tax exclusion of benefits, 821–822

work opportunity tax credit, 820

See also Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax

TEA. See Transitional Employment Assistance (TEA) Program (Arkansas);

Transportation Equity Act (TEA)

Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act, 799

Ted Weiss Child Support Enforcement Act of 1992, 497

Teenage Parent Demonstration (TPD), 1444, 1449–1450, 1451 table 5, 1480

table 9, 1495–1497 table 10

Teenage parents, initiatives to decrease nonmarital childbearing, 1449–1450,

1450–1452 table 5

TEFRA. See Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) of 1982

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, 2, 351–

462

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program, differences

from, 353–354, 447–448

benefits, 359–360, 381–396

annual earnings and income, 391–396 tables 11–12

average monthly benefit, 381–382 table 6

break-even points, 397, 398–400 table 13

maximum benefits, 382, 383–390 tables 7–10

minimum wage workers, 388–396

brief summary, 352–354

charitable choice, 361

child care, TANF recipients as child care workers, 591

1570

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program—continued

child care provisions, 360, 600–601 table 15

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and, 470–473

child welfare system and, 714

corrective compliance plan, 419

diversion, 359

domestic violence waivers, 358

duration on welfare, 447

earned income credit (EIC) payments, 361

earnings disregards, 431, 1442–1443

eligibility, 355

exits, 448–450

expenditures, 397, 404 table 15, 405

family cap, 1408–1409, 1449

family characteristics, 436–442

child’s relationship in family, 441–442

composition of family, 436–438, 437 table 27

educational attainment of adults, 440–441

marital status of parents, 438

race and ethnicity of adults, 438–440, 439–440 tables 28–29

family violence option, 358

food assistance provisions, 361

funding of, 364–375

basic family assistance grants, 364, 365–367 table 1

contingency fund, 370–371

high-performance bonus, 372, 373 table 3

loan fund, 371

nonmarital birth rate reduction bonus, 371–372

State spending for family assistance, history of, 365–367 table 1

State spending requirement (MOE rule), 353, 363, 368

supplemental grants, 368–369, 370 table 2

transfer of funds, 354, 408–410 table 17, 641–642, 644

unspent funds, 397

welfare-to-work grants, 369

funds

maintenance-of-effort (MOE) expenditures, 411, 412–415 tables 18–

20

maintenance-of-effort rule, 353, 363, 368, 1411

restrictions on, 355

uses allowed, 354–355

history of, 352–354

Indian tribes, 373–375

individual development accounts, 354

ineligibility, 355

job access grants, 354

legislative history, 460

major conditions attached to, 355–359

Medicaid Program, interaction with, 360–361

penalties, corrective compliance, 419

privatization option, 361

program data, 375–442 tables 4–30

benefits, 381–390 tables 6–10

caseload trends, 375–377, 376 table 4, 378–380 table 5

exits and returns to program, 448, 449–450 table 32, 1471–1474

expenditures, 404–418 tables 15–20

by category, 418 chart 3

highlights, 375

reporting requirements, 359

program objectives, 354, 1406

program outline, 354–363

reporting, 359

restrictions on, 355

returns, 448–450

State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Programs

caseload trends, 377–380

expenditures, 404–407

maintenance-of-effort (MOE) rule, 411

penalties against States, 357–358, 362–363

1571

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program—continued

State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Programs—continued

requirements, 363–364

selected provisions of, 451, 452–459 table 33, 460

spending requirements, 368

summary of, 364

supplemental grants, 368–369, 370 table 2

uses of, 397, 401–403 table 14

territories, 353, 419, 767–769

time limits, 358, 1411

transfer of funds, 354, 408–410 table 17, 641–642, 644

welfare reform, impact on, 1410–1411

welfare-to-work (WTW) grants, 369–370

work definitions, 356

work incentive, 431

work participation

adult recipients’ employment, 431–435, 434 chart 4

benefits and earnings, 435, 436 chart 6

by work activity, 424–434 tables 23–26

employment rates, 434, 435 chart 5

job preparation activity, 431, 431 table 25, 432–433 table 26

minimum rates of, 356

participation rates for fiscal year 1998, 419–424, 420–423 tables 21–

22

required hours of, 357

work rules, 355–358

creditable work activities, 357

domestic violence waivers, 358

enforcement penalties against States, 357–358

nondisplacement, 358

work-trigger time limit rule, 355, 356, 1434 table 2

See also Adoption Assistance Program; Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program; Child Care and Development Block

Grant (CCDBG); Foster Care Program; Welfare-to-work (WTW) programs

Tennessee, Survey of Welfare Recipients Employed or Sanctioned for NonCompliance, 1508 table 11

Termination of parental rights (TPR), 659, 672, 706

Territories, 761–775

child tax credit, 829

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 774

earned income credit (EIC), 774

Federal funding for social welfare programs, 765–766

Federal-State social welfare programs in, 762, 763–764 table 2

grant programs, 773–774

identified, 761

Medicaid Program, 769–772

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant, 767

public assistance programs, 767–769

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 772–773

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) coverage, 766

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program and, 767–

769

tax provisions for low-income families, 774

Texas, study of welfare leavers, 1508 table 11

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP), 865, 877

Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program, 227–228, 256–257, 276–277

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, 27, 33–

34, 41–42, 276, 892, 911

Tier 1 and 2 benefits, of Railroad Retirement Act, 317, 793

Time limits (welfare)

definition, 1434

federally funded lifetime benefits, 358

programs with

impact on employment, earnings, and welfare receipt after reaching,

1409, 1435, 1443–1444, 1477–1494 table 9

impact on income before reaching, 1457–1458, 1494–1499 table 10

1572

Time limits (welfare)—continued

State time limits, 452–459 table 33

TANF lifetime eligibility rules, 353, 1411, 1434 table 2

work trigger rule, 355, 356, 1434

Title III

of the Social Security Act. See Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA)

of the welfare reform bill. See Welfare reform legislation

Title IV–B, of the Social Security Act. See Child welfare programs; Child

Welfare Services Program; Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program

Title IV–D, of the Social Security Act. See Child Support Enforcement

(CSE) Program

Title IV–E, of the Social Security Act. See Adoption Assistance Program;

Adoption Incentives Payment Program; Child welfare programs; Foster

Care Independence Program; Foster Care Program

Title IX, of the Social Security Act. See Federal Unemployment Tax Act

(FUTA)

Title XII, of the Social Security Act. See Federal Unemployment Tax Act

(FUTA)

Title XVI, of the Social Security Act. See Supplemental Security Income

(SSI) Program

Title XIX, of the Social Security Act. See Medicaid Program

Title XX, of the Social Security Act. See Social Services Block Grant

(SSBG) Program

Title XXI, of the Social Security Act. See State Children’s Health Insurance

Program (SCHIP)

TMA. See Transitional medical assistance (TMA)

To Strengthen Michigan Families (TSMF), 1462–1463, 1486 table 9, 1497

table 10

Total unemployment rate (TUR), 295

TPD. See Teenage Parent Demonstration (TPD)

TPR. See Termination of parental rights (TPR)

Trade Act of 1974, 337, 344, 346, 348

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program, 337–349

for firms, 337, 346–348

for workers, 337–344

certification, 338, 339–340 tables 1–2

job search allowances, 344, 345 table 4

relocation allowances, 344, 345 table 4

trade readjustment allowances (TRAs), 337, 339–342

funding for, 346

legislative history, 348–349

overview, 337

training and employment services, 343, 345 table 4

See also North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Trade Expansion Act of 1962, 348

Trade readjustment allowances (TRAs), 337, 339–342

Transitional Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers. See North American Free Trade Agreement

Transitional Child Care Assistance Program, 598

Transitional Employment Assistance (TEA) Program (Arkansas), 1500 table

11

Transitional medical assistance (TMA), 895

Transitions to Independence Demonstration (Ohio JOBS), 1490–1491 table

9

Transportation Equity Act (TEA), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF) allotment and, 642, 644

TRAs. See Trade readjustment allowances (TRAs)

Tribal TANF Programs, 373–375

TSMF. See To Strengthen Michigan Families (TSMF)

TUR. See Total unemployment rate (TUR)

UC Program. See Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program

UEFJA. See Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA)

UIFSA. See Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA)

Unemployment Compensation Amendments

of 1976, 291

of 1992, 312, 354

1573

Unemployment Compensation Amendments—continued

of 1993, 313

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 279–313

administration of program, 279–280

administrative financing and allocation, 309–312

average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 310

base year definition, 288

benefits coverage, 280–286

displaced workers. See Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program

number of covered workers, 283, 284–285 table 2

benefits eligibility

ability to work requirements, 289

available for work, 289

disqualifications, 290

ex-service members, 291

family leave, 290–291

monetary qualification requirements, 286–287, 287–288 table 3

pension offset, 291

‘‘suitable work’’ definition, 289

benefits payments

amount and duration of weekly benefits, 292–295, 293–294 table

5

exhaustion of benefits, 295–296

Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 295, 296

hypothetical weekly State benefits, 298, 298–299 table 7

supplemental benefits, 296–298

chargeable employer, 291

child support collections, interaction with, 495

contingency funds, 310

Employment Service (ES), 310

high-cost multiple, 304

insured unemployment, 284–285 table 2, 286 chart 1

insured unemployment rate (IUR), 295

job losers, 283, 286

legislative history, 312–313

monetarily eligible, 290

overview, 279–280

Pennington v. Doherty, 288

program data, 281–282 table 1

program objectives, 279

State Unemployment Compensation Programs

financial condition of, 301–303 table 8

trust fund balances, 305 table 9

State unemployment taxes, 306, 307–309 tables 10–11

taxation of benefits, 291–292, 292 table 4

territories, 762, 763 table 2

total unemployment rate (TUR), 295

triggers for benefit extension, 292, 295, 296

Wagner-Peyser Act, 310

weekly benefit amounts, 292–295, 293–294 table 5

See also Appendix F; Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC)

Program

Unemployment data. See Appendix F

Unemployment Insurance Service, 310

Unemployment Trust Fund, 299–300, 304–305

beginning of year balances, 305 table 9

financial condition of, 300

Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 504

Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 503–504

Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 500

Urban Institute

child care studies, 585–586

foster care studies, 712, 713

welfare reform studies, 1475–1476

URESA. See Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA)

Vaccines, 108, 167

1574

VA Programs. See Veterans Affairs (VA) programs

VCIS. See Voluntary Cooperative Information System (VCIS)

Veterans Affairs (VA) programs

benefits and services, 980–983

budget authority, 981 table 46

Montgomery GI bill (MGIB), 982

number of recipients, 983 table 47

Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, 905

VIEW. See Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (VIEW)

Virginia, Experiences of Virginia Time-Limit Families in the Six Months After

Case Closure, 1509 table 11

Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (VIEW), 1442, 1456, 1492–

1493 table 9, 1499 table 10

Virgin Islands

Medicaid Program, 770 table 5, 771

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, 769

Vocational Rehabilitation Programs, 227, 276

Voluntary Cooperative Information System (VCIS), 716

Wagner-Peyser Act, 310

Washington’s TANF Single-Parent Families After Welfare, 1509 table 11

Washington study of TANF departures, 1509 table 11

Welfare avoidance grant, 359

Welfare, definition of, 1393

Welfare diversion, 359

Welfare dynamics, 447–450

Welfare leavers. See Leaver studies (welfare)

Welfare recipients, studies of former, 1471, 1472–1474, 1500–1510 table 11

Welfare reform impact evaluations

cost-benefit analysis, 1469–1470

definition, 1430

methodology issues, 1430–1433

administrative data, use of, 1431

quasi-experimental designs, 1432

random assignment experiments, 1430–1431, 1432

statistical significance, 1430

survey data, use of, 1431

monitoring studies, differences from, 1471–1474

overview of findings, 1405–1411

Welfare reform legislation

block grant programs, 641–642, 644

child care, 602

children at risk for abuse and neglect study, 660

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Programs, 468, 469–470, 531–534

child welfare system, 714–716

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 273–274

work-requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs),

875

Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP; Vermont), 1432, 1442, 1456, 1492 table

9, 1498 table 10

Welfare-to-work (WTW) programs

expenditures, by State, 443, 444–446 table 31, 447

mandatory programs

child well-being impacts, 1410, 1463–1465, 1464 table 6

definition, 1437

economic status studies, 1409–1410, 1453–1461, 1494–1499 table 10

employment, earnings, and welfare recipients, 1408, 1434, 1477–1494

table 9

marital status impacts, 1408, 1445, 1446–1449, 1450–1452 table 5

overview, 442–443, 460

tax credit, 821

See also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program

Welfare Waiver Demonstration (Arkansas), 1451 table 5

WFNJ Evaluation: How WFNJ Clients are Faring Under Welfare Reform

(New Jersey), 1505 table 11

When Families Leave Welfare Behind: First Survey Findings (Illinois), 1502

table 11

1575

WIA. See Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998

WIC Program. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Windfall elimination provision, 26, 61 table 21

Wisconsin, Survey of Those Leaving AFDC or W–2, 1510 table 11

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program. See Special Supplemental

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Women’s health issues

bone mass measurements, 166, 189

mammography screening, 165, 189

Pap smears, 165, 189

pelvic exams, 165, 189

Workers’ compensation, 983–988

tax exclusion of benefits, 821–822

Work First New Jersey Program, 1505 table 11

Work First Program (North Carolina), 1505 table 11

‘‘Work first’’ programs, 1411, 1434–1435, 1439–1441, 1477–1494 table 9

Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998, 363, 872, 964–972

Work Incentive Program, 1406

Work opportunity tax credit, 820

Workplace injuries and illnesses, 986

Work requirements. See Welfare-to-work (WTW) programs, mandatory programs

WRP. See Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP; Vermont)

WTW grant programs. See Welfare-to-work (WTW) programs

Wyoming, Survey of former POWER (Welfare) Recipients, 1510 table 11

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