INDEX - 1 

INDEX 

AAICAMA. See Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact on Adoption and Medical 

Assistance (AAICAMA) 

ABC (A Better Chance) Program (Delaware), Appendix L: 39, 59 table 8 

Abecedarian Project, early childhood education quality study, 9:25–26 

Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs), 15:8–10, 15:15, 15:25 

Abortion, 7:3, 7:10, 7:22, 15:87, Appendix L: 43, 49–72 table 8. See also Appendix M 

Abstinence education, 7:96, 11:48. See also Appendix M 

Accelerated death benefits, 13:28, 13:29 

Achieving Change for Texans (ACT), Appendix L: 70–71 table 8 

ACS (American Community Survey), Appendix L: 44 

ACT (Achieving Change for Texans), Appendix L: 70–71 table 8 

Actuarial balance 

definition of, 1:8 

of Social Security trust funds, 1:8–10, 1:11, 1:62 table 33 

Acute care facilities, 2:45–46 

Adjusted gross income (AGI), 13:2, 13:10 

Administrative law judge (ALJ), 1:26–27, 1:28 chart 2, 1:69–70 table 43 

Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 

11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48, 11:138 

Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 (P.L. 105-89), 7:20, 7:21, 7:96, 11:11, 11:12, 

11:15, 11:18, 11:26, 11:27, 11:32, 11:34, 11:40–41, 11:52, 11:64, 11:66–67, 11:137–138 

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-272), 11:8, 11:26, 11:31, 11:52, 11:83 

Adoption Assistance Program, 11:2, 11:33–40 

AFCARS (data collection), 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48, 11:138 

agreements and payments, 11:33–35 

basic rates, by age, 11:37–38 table 10 

caseloads, 11:8 table 4 

by State, 11:39–40 table 12 

children adopted 

age at adoption finalization, 11:129–130 table 47 

number of, 11:123–124 table 44 

prior relationship of adoptive parent(s), 11:130–131 table 48 

by race/ethnicity, 11:125–128 tables 45-46 

children waiting for adoption 

by length of stay, 11:120–122 table 43 

by race/ethnicity, 11:118–120 table 42-43, 11:125 table 45 

by State, 11:116–117 table 41 

data collection systems, 11:55–56, 11:83–85 

expenditures, 11:35–36 

outlay projections, 11:8 table 4 

by State, 11:38–39 table 11 

Federal funding of, 11:3–6 tables 1-2 

nonrecurring adoption costs, 11:4, 11:35 

nonrecurring expense allowance, 11:36–37 table 10 

number of agency-involved adoptions, 11:123–124 table 44 

participation data, 11:4, 11:7 table 3 

special-needs children definition, 11:33 

TANF State plan requirements, 7:15 

Adoption expenses, tax credit and exclusion, 13:58–59 

Adoption Incentives Payment Program, 11:40–47, 11:42–46 table 13, 11:138 

Adoption subsidies, State or Federal, 4:13, 11:19, 11:34–35, 11:69–71 table 20, 11:92, 11:137 
INDEX - 2 

Adult Employment and Training Activities, 15:118–119, 15:120 table 29, 15:122 table 31 

Advisory Council on Unemployment Compensation, 4:13 

AFCARS (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System), 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 

11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48, 11:138 

AFDC Program. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program 

Aged persons. See Elderly; Senior citizens 

AGI. See Adjusted gross income (AGI) 

Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-185), 15:25–26, 

15:124 

Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-224), 15:79, 15:96 

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Program 

bankruptcy and child support, 8:53 

child care for recipients of, 9:27 

child support enforcement, 8:2 

earned income credit treatment, 13:40 

enrollments, 7:31 table 6 

Foster Care Program eligibility, 11:18–19 

Medicaid Program, interaction with, 15:33, 15:34–35, 15:39 

replaced by TANF Program, 1:2, 7:2–3, 8:3, 11:18–19, 11:81, 11:137 

“special-needs” children, 11:4 

TANF Program comparisons, 7:3–4 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:40 

See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG); Temporary Assistance for Needy 

Families (TANF) Program 

Aid to the Blind Program, 1:2, 3:2, 3:24, 3:61 

Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, 3:2, 3:24, 3:61 

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), Supplemental Security Income for persons with, 

3:12–13 

AIME. See Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME) 

Airline workers, unemployment compensation, 4:15, 4:36 

Alabama, Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training Services (ASSETS), 

Appendix L: 55–56 table 8 

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant, 10:10 

Alcoholics 

Medicaid eligibility, 15:75–76 

Social Security benefits, 1:36 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program eligibility, 3:45–47, 3:61, 15:75–76 

Aliens 

Medicaid eligibility, 15:76 

OASDI Program benefits eligibility, 1:15 

Social Security benefits eligibility, 1:36–37 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:7, 3:62–66 

unemployment compensation ineligibility, 4:12 

See also Noncitizens; and Appendix J 

Allocation formula, for block grant programs, 10:1 

ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 

ALTCS. See Arizona Long-Term Care System (ALTCS) 

Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance (ATAA), 6:11 

Ambulance services, 2:50, 2:116–118, 2:139, 2:141 

Ambulatory payment classification (APC) groups, 2:112 

Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 2:114–116, 2:140–141 

American Academy of Pediatrics, child care recommendations, 9:26 

American Association for Protecting Children, 11:74 

American Community Survey (ACS), Appendix L: 44 

American Indians. See Indian tribes 
INDEX - 3 

American Public Health Association, child care guidelines, 9:26 

American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), 11:83 

American Samoa 

Food Stamp Program, 15:7–8 

Medicaid Program, 12:8 table 5, 12:9–10 

Nutrition Assistance Programs, 12:3 table 2, 12:5–6, 15:7 

SCHIP Program, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

social services block grant program, 12:12 

social welfare programs, 12:1, 12:2 table 1, 12:3 table 2 

Title XX funds, 10.1 

See also Territories 

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 2:141 

Anesthetists, nurse, 2:100–101 

APC. See Ambulatory payment classification (APC) groups 

APHSA. See American Public Human Services Association (APHSA) 

Archer medical savings accounts (MSAs), 13:21–24 

Arizona, Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging Responsibility 

(EMPOWER), Appendix L: 56 table 8 

Arizona Long-Term Care System (ALTCS), 15:70 

ASC. See Ambulatory surgical centers (ASC) 

ASFA. See Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 

ASSETS (Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training Services) (Alabama), 

Appendix L: 55–56 table 8 

Assignment of child support collections, 8:11, 8:27, 8:58, 8:59 

Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact on Adoption and Medical Assistance 

(AAICAMA), 11:34 

Asylees. See Appendix J 

At-Risk Child Care Program, 9:2, 9:27–28 

ATAA. See Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance (ATAA) 

Augustus F. Hawkins Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1990, 10:10 

Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training Services (ASSETS) (Alabama), 

Appendix L: 55–56 table 8 

Average accounts benefit ratio, Railroad Retirement System, 5:10, 5:27 

Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 1:17–18 

Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 4:34 

AWIU. See Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU) 

BAA-UC Program. See “Baby UI” 

“Baby UI” (birth and adoption UC experiment), 4:13 

Balanced Budget Act (BBA 1997) (P.L. 105-33) 

block grant programs, 10:9 

Boren Amendment, repealed, 15:77 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:13, 8:81 

earned income credit (EIC), 13:35 

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 8:8 

Food Stamp Program, 15:25 

Foster Care Program, 11:19 

Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, 2:14, 2:19 

Medicaid Program, 2:53, 15:38, 15:58, 15:61, 15:76–77 

Medicare+Choice Program, 2:14–15, 2:129 

Medicare Program, 2:132–134 

clinical laboratory testing, 2:101 

durable medical equipment (DME), 2:103–105, 2:142 

home health care, 2:9, 2:14, 2:72, 2:73 

hospital fee schedule, 2:102, 2:110, 2:111 
INDEX - 4 

hospital transfer payments, 2:36 

indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33 

inherent reasonableness authority, 2:104 

SNF prospective payment system, 2:63–64, 2:133 

venipuncture services, 2:79 

Rural Hospital Flexibility Program, 2:49 

SCHIP Program, 12:10, 15:35, 15:83, 15:88, 15:90, 15:92–93 

Section 4901, 15:35 

Section 4911, 15:35 

specialty hospitals payment, 2:53 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:26, 3:47, 3:64–65, 11:137 

Supplementary medical insurance (SMI) premiums, 2:14 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:10, 4:24, 4:36 

Welfare-to-Work (WTW) programs, 7:20, 7:26, 7:91–92, 7:96 

Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA 1999). See Medicare, Medicaid, SCHIP Balanced Budget 

Refinement Act (BBRA 1999) 

BBA. See Balanced Budget Act (BBA 1997) 

BBRA. See Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA 1999) 

BCCPT. See Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment (BCCPT) Act of 2000 

Benefits Improvement and Protection Act (BIPA 2000). See Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP 

Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA 2000) 

Benefits. See under program name

BIPA-2000. See Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act 

(BIPA 2000) 

Birth and adoption UC experiment. See “Baby UI” 

Birth rates. See Appendix G; Appendix M 

Black lung program, 13:51–52, 15:145 

Blind persons 

additional tax deductions, 13:52 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:4, 3:5 table 1 

Block Grants. See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG); Social Services Block Grant 

(SSBG) Program; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program 

Bone mass measurements, 2:122, 2:134 

Boren amendment, repealed, 15:77 

Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 

15:80 

Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment (BCCPT) Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-354), 15:80 

Breast cancer, 15:32, 15:80–81 

Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (included in P.L. 101-508), 1:7, 1:33 

Budget tables. See Appendix I 

Bush administration initiatives, 4:13, 7:13, 15:51, 15:61, 15:90–91 

Business investments, impact of capital gains tax, 13:55 

CACFP. See Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) 

Cafeteria plans, 13:21, 13:24–26 

CAH. See Critical access hospital (CAH) program 

California 

Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program, Appendix L: 37–38, 40, 56–58 table 8 

Program for All-Inclusive Care for Elderly (PACE), 15:69 

Cancer 

breast and cervical, 15:40–41, 15:80–81 

colorectal cancer screening, 2:120–121, 2:134 

drugs, 2:119 

hospitals, 2:53–54 

prostate cancer screening, 2:120, 2:133 
INDEX - 5 

Capital gains tax exclusions, 13:55 

Capital input price index (CIPI), 2:41–43, 2:43 table 17 

Capital prospective payment system, 2:38–39, 2:43 table 17 

Capped entitlement programs. See Entitlement ceilings 

CAPTA. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (P.L. 104-235) 

CAR. See Consolidated Appropriations Resolution (CAR 2003) 

Caregivers for children. See Child Care, providers of child care 

Case management 

child support enforcement, 8:54 

disabled persons, 1:31, 3:17 

foster care, 11:22, 11:68–70 table 20, 11:85 

Medicaid Program, 15:50, 15:51, 15:64, 15:67, 15:74, 15:77 

Social Services Block Grant Program, 10:7 table 3, 10:9 table 4 

welfare-to-work programs, 7:95, Appendix L: 45, 52 table 8 

Case-mix groups (CMGs), 2:54–57, 2:56 table 18 

Case-mix system 

Medicare home health services, 2:74, 2:75–76 table 23, 2:77 

Medicare skilled nursing facility services, 2:64–68 

Cash welfare recipiency rates, Appendix L: 6–9, 8–9 charts 2-4, 25–26 tables 1-2 

CBO. See Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 

CCDBG. See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) 

CCDF. See Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) 

CCN. See Continuing Care Network (CCN) 

CDF. See Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) 

CDRs. See Continuing disability reviews (CDRs) 

Census of Service Industries (CSI), 9:17 

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 2:3 

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) review, 2:26 

CEX. See Consumption Expenditure Survey (CEX) 

CFCIP. See Chafee Foster Care Independence Program (CFCIP) 

CFSRs. See Child and family service reviews (CFSRs) 

Chafee Foster Care Independence Program (CFCIP), 11:47–51 

established, 11:4 table 1, 11:47–48, 11:138 

Federal funding of, 11:3–6 tables 1-2, 11:4 

participation data, 11:4, 11:7 table 3 

replaced Independent Living Program, 11:4 table 1 

See also Foster Care Independence Programs 

Chapin Hall Center for Children, Multistate Foster Care Data Archive, 11:88–89 

Child abuse and neglect, 11:73–77 

incidence data, maltreatment allegations, 11:75–76 table 21, 11:77 chart 1 

NSCAW report, 11:18, 11:89–91 

research studies, 11:17–18 

substance abuse and, 11:78–79 

termination of parental rights (TPR), 11:16 

trends in reporting, 11:76–77 

victimization data, 11:75–76 table 21 

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (P.L. 104-235), 11:73–74 

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15, 15:115–118 

Child and family service reviews (CFSRs), 11:54–58, 11:58–61 tables 16-18 

Child Assistance Program (NY CAP), Appendix L: 66–67 table 8 

Child Care, 9:1–62, 10:7, 10:7 table 3, 10:8, 10:8 table 4 

arrangements used by working mothers, 9:6–15 

afterschool arrangements, 9:7, 9:10, 9:10 table 6 

by poverty status of mother, 9:11 table 7 

of preschool age children, 9:7, 9:8–9 table 5, 9:10, 9:11–14, 9:14 tables 7-11 
INDEX - 6 

businesses, defined, 9:17–18 

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 15:115–118 

child care centers research studies, 9:17–20 

child support and, 8:5, 8:22, 8:23 

costs/expenditures, 9:15–16, 9:16 table 12 

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 9:31–33 table 15, 12:15, 13:42–44, 13:43 table 15 

early childhood development research studies, 9:22–26 

expenses, and child support enforcement, 8:5, 8:22, 8:23 

family and group day care homes, 15:118 

Federal programs, 9:26–36, 9:31–33 table 9 

fees at regulated child care centers, 9:21 table 14, 9:35 

for-profit institutions, Federal Foster Care Program, 11:137 

Head Start Program, 8:5, 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15, 15:2, 15:122–123, 15:124 table 33, 15:125 table 

34 

home day care, 9:7, 9:8 table 5, 9:10–11 tables 6-7, 9:13, 9:17, 9:24, 9:39–40 table 19, 9:40–41 

table 20, 9:46–48 table 23 

hours in care, 9:12, 9:13 table 9 

labor force participation of mothers, 9:2–6, 9:3–6 tables 1-4 

“latch-key” children [self-day care for children], 9:7, 9:9–11 tables 5-7 

licensing or licensed child care, 9:17, 9:20–22, 9:21–22 table 14, 9:25, 9:32 table 15, 9:35, 9:41–

43 table 21, 9:46–48 table 23 

marital status of working mothers, 9:2–6, 9:4–6 tables 2-4 

preschool age children, 9:2, 9:3–5 tables 1-3, 9:7, 9:8–9 table 5, 9:10, 9:11–14, 9:14 tables 7-11 

providers of child care, 9:17–20 

regulation and licensing, 9:17, 9:20–22, 9:21–22 table 14, 9:25, 9:32 table 15, 9:35, 9:41–43 

table 21, 9:46–48 table 23 

staff supply and turnover, 9:17–18, 9:20 

staff wages, 9:17, 9:18, 9:18 table 13 

vouchers for child care, 9:35 

quality of care research studies, 9:22–26 

school age children, 9:7, 9:10, 9:10 table 6 

staff wages, 9:17, 9:18, 9:18–19 table 13 

standards and quality, 9:20–26 

supply of providers and staff turnover, 9:17–18, 9:20 

survey data, 9:17–20, 9:22–26 

TANF Program and, 7:5, 7:7–11, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:21, 7:23, 7:26, 7:48, 7:58, 7:59 table 18, 

7:61–62, 7:61 chart 3, 7:69–72 tables 21-22, 7:95 

TANF Program provisions for, 7:10–11 

in the Territories, 12:15 

vouchers, 9:35 

See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG); Child Care and Development 

Fund (CCDF); Day care centers; State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) 

Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), 7:4, 7:11, 9:30–36, 10:9–10 

administration and data collection, 9:35–36 

authorization for, 9:2, 9:28–29, 9:30 

brief description and overview, 9:31–33 table 15 

eligibility and target population group, 9:35 

financing, 9:30, 9:34 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3 

use of funds by providers, 9:35 

See also Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) 

Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), 7:11, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:18, 7:60, 7:68, 9:2, 9:28–29, 

9:30 

children served, 9:36–44 tables 16-22 

by age group, 9:38 table 18 
INDEX - 7 

by payment method, 9:49–50 table 24 

by reason for care, 9:38 table 17 

in regulated and legally operating settings, 9:42–44 tables 21-22 

by types of care, 9:40–41 table 20, 9:46–48 table 23 

eligibility limits (States’ income), 9:44 

for family of three, 9:50–52 table 25 

expenditures, 9:45 

discretionary or mandatory, for 1995 to 2001, 9:52 table 26 

discretionary or mandatory, by State, 9:53–54 table 27, 9:55–58 tables 28-29 

families served, by State, 9:36–38 table 16 

providers receiving funds, 9:39–40 table 19 

State allocations, 9:45, 9:59–60 table 30 

State income eligibility limits, 9:44, 9:50–52 table 25 

statistical tables, 9:36, 9:36–60 tables 16-30 

See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) 

Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-395), 3:70 

Child nutrition. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 

(WIC) 

Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984 (P.L. 98-378), 8:5, 8:15, 8:29, 8:37 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) and Paternity Establishment Program, 7:15, 8:1–107 

alternative penalties for States, 8:52, 8:55–56 

application and late fees, 8:11 

audits and financial penalties, 8:7, 8:56–58 

automated data systems, 8:51–52, 8:53–56 

award rates, by race and ethnicity, 8:24–25, 8:71 table 6 

bankruptcy, 8:52–53 

child access, custody, and visitation rights, 8:8, 8:14 

collecting child support, 8:32–43 

bonds, securities, and other guarantees, 8:39 

“cost avoidance” effect, 8:68 

credit bureau reporting, 8:40–41 

enforcement techniques, 8:32–43, 8:34 table 3 

expedited procedures, 8:20, 8:48–49 

Federal employees, garnishment of wages, 8:41–42 

Federal income tax refund offset, 8:10, 8:36–37, 8:39, 8:43, 8:59–60, 8:95–96 table 17 

IRS full collection process, 8:39–40 

licenses, withholding of, 8:40 

local government/nonfederal activities, 8:50 

lottery winnings, 8:43, 8:49 

lump sum payments, 8:43, 8:49 

methods, summary information, 8:49–50 

military personnel, 8:42–43 

passports, withholding of, 8:10, 8:40 

private collection activities, 8:50–51 

property liens, 8:38–39 

small business loans, 8:42 

State automated systems, 8:51–52 

State income tax refund offset, 8:37 

Title IV-D program, 8:73–77, 8:76 table 9, 8:98–99 table 19 

unemployment compensation intercept, 8:38 

wage withholding rule, 8:14, 8:33, 8:35–36 

collections 

non-TANF collections, 8:83–84 table 10, 8:90–91 table 14 

number of cases, 8:92–95 tables 15-16 

by State, 8:83–91 tables 10-14 
INDEX - 8 

TANF collections, 8:83–84 table 10 

“cost avoidance” effect, 8:68 

credit bureau reporting, 8:40–41 

demographic trends, 8:3–4 

distribution of payment rules, 8:51–52, 8:58–60 

DNA testing, for paternity establishment, 8:17–18 

effectiveness of program, 8:69–77 

cost effectiveness ratio, 8:96–97 table 18 

enforcement procedures, 8:10, 8:11–51 

establishing orders, 8:19–26 

Executive order supporting enforcement, 8:43 

expedited procedures, 8:20–21, 8:48–49 

expenditures, by State, 8:83–84 table 10 

Federal courts role, 8:7, 8:45 

Federal income tax refund offset, 8:10, 8:36–37, 8:39, 8:43, 8:59–60, 8:95–96 table 17 

Federal role, 8:5, 8:7–8, 8:12, 8:13, 8:45, 8:49 

fees, 8:3 

foster care children and, 8:11 

IV-D child support program [Title of the Social Security Act], 8:2, 8:11, 8:29, 8:45, 8:73–75, 

8:76 table 9, 8:98–99 table 19 

full faith and credit clause [constitutional principle], 8:16, 8:28, 8:39, 8:46, 8:80 

funding of State programs, 8:60–69 

66 percent Federal reimbursement, 8:60–61, 8:67 

90 percent funding for paternity testing, 8:61 

application and late fees, 8:11 

child support collections, 8:61 

Federal incentive payments, 8:62, 8:83–84 table 10 

program “savings,” 8:65–66, 8:66 table 5 

by State, 8:63–64 table 4 

garnishment of wages, 8:33, 8:35–36, 8:41–42 

incentive payments, 8:62, 8:83–84 table 10 

income tax refund offset 

Federal, 8:10, 8:36–37, 8:39, 8:43, 8:59–60, 8:95–96 table 17 

State, 8:37 

interstate enforcement procedures, 8:10, 8:12, 8:43–50 

expedited process, 8:48–49 

Federal courts role, 8:7, 8:45 

Federal Institution Data Match program, 8:13, 8:39, 8:49, 8:79, 8:81 

full faith and credit clause, 8:16, 8:28, 8:39, 8:46, 8:80 

income withholding, 8:14, 8:46–47 

long arm statutes, 8:44 

UEFJA (Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act), 8:48 

UIFSA (Uniform Interstate Family Support Act), 8:46, 8:47–48 

URESA (Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act), 8:44 

judicial process, 8:19–26 

legislative history, 8:77–82 

locating absent parents, 8:12–14 

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 8:7–8, 8:12 

military personnel, 8:42 

Project 1099, 8:12–13, 8:39 

medical support provisions, 8:29–32 

military personnel 

central personnel locator service, 8:42 

Executive order supporting enforcement, 8:43 

garnishment of wages, 8:42 
INDEX - 9 

offsets 

Federal, 8:36–37, 8:95–96 table 17 

State, 8:37 

out-of wedlock births, by State, 8:101–102 table 21 

overview and background, 8:2–4 

pass through provisions, 8:58 

paternity establishment, 8:15–19 

birth certificates, 8:15 

disestablishment of paternity, 8:16 

DNA testing, 8:17–18 

expedited procedures, 8:16, 8:48 

Federal funding of testing, 8:61 

IV-D caseload data, 8:98–99 table 19 

genetic testing, 8:17–18 

In-House Paternity Acknowledgment Program [voluntary program], 8:6 table 1, 8:15–16, 8:19 

number and percentages, by State, 8:100–101 table 20, 8:102–103 table 22 

number established, 8:19, 8:100–101 table 20 

probability of exclusion/paternity tests, 8:17 

privatization of collection activities, 8:50–51 

program impact 

on national child support payments, 8:70–77 

on poverty, 8:69–70 

on taxpayers, 8:69 

program “savings”, Federal and State share, 8:65–66, 8:66 table 5 

program statistics summary, 8:6 table 1 

program trends, 8:4, 8:73–77, 8:76 table 9 

Project 1099 (for locating parents), 8:12–13, 8:39 

property liens, 8:38–39 

qualified medical support order, 8:32 

Social Security numbers (SSNs) 

audits and financial penalties, 8:56–58 

used by CSE agencies, 8:12–13 

State automated data systems, 8:51–52, 8:53–56 

alternative penalties for States, 8:52, 8:55–56 

Federal matching funds rate (66 80 90, 8:53–56 

State disbursement units, 8:14, 8:51–52 

State income tax refund offset, 8:37 

State role, 8:3, 8:8–11 

statistical tables, 8:83–103 tables 10-23 

support award amounts 

award rates, 8:24–25 

guidelines and controversies in determining, 8:21–25 

income share approach, 8:22, 8:103 table 23 

Melson-Delaware approach, 8:22, 8:23, 8:24 

modifications, 8:26–28 

percentage of income approach, 8:22, 8:23, 8:103 table 23 

by poverty status, 8:72–73, 8:73 table 7 

by race and ethnicity, 8:71 table 6, 8:72 

by selected characteristics, 8:70, 8:71 table 6 

by State, differences among, 8:24, 8:25–26 table 2 

support orders 

award amounts guidelines, 8:21–24, 8:103 table 23 

establishing, 8:3, 8:19–26 

expedited process, 8:20–21 

judicial and administrative systems, 8:19–21 
INDEX - 10 

medical support provisions, 8:29–32 

modifications, 8:26–28 

reviewing and modifying, 8:26–28 

TANF Program, interaction with, 8:8–11, 8:16, 8:19, 8:53, 8:56–58, 8:61–62, 8:67–68 

tax provisions, 8:10, 8:37, 8:39, 8:42 

visitation rights, 8:8, 8:14 

waivers, 8:5–6 

Child Support Performance and Incentive Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-200), 8:55, 8:62, 8:81, 11:64 

Child Support Recovery Act of 1992, 8:47 

Child tax credit, 13:59 

Child Welfare League of America, foster care rates, 11:22 

Child welfare programs, 11:1–140 

AFCARS (data collection), 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48 

Court Improvement Program, 11:16–17 

data collection 

AFCARS, 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48, 11:138 

on foster care and adoption, 11:83–131 

SACWIS, 11:5 table 2, 11:84–85, 11:86 table 22, 11:91 

demonstration projects, 11:66–67, 11:68–72 table 20, 11:138 

disabled children, SSI program and, 3:4, 3:7 

Federal conformity review system, 11:53–62 

child and family services reviews (CFSRs) findings, 11:57–58, 11:58–61 tables 16-18 

child and family services reviews (CFSRs) process, 11:54–57 

eligibility reviews, 11:61–62 

national State performance standards, 11:55 

penalties for nonconformity, 11:56–57 

Federal funding, 11:2 

Federal matching support, 11:3 table 1 

by program, 11:5–6 table 2 

Federal programs today, 11:2–51 

Federal review, history of, 11:52–53 

funding of, 11:3–6 tables 1-2, 11:131 

Federal matching support, 11:3–4 table 1 

grants to States, 11:7–18 

by State, 11:9–10 table 5 

grants to States, 11:7–18 

HHS research study, 11:11 

interethnic and interjurisdictional adoption provisions, 11:62–64 

introduction, 11:1–2 

inventory of foster care children, 11:83 

kinship care, 11:79–81 

legislative history, 11:137–138 

number and characteristics of participants, 11:11 

outcomes 

factors leading to improved, 11:54 

measures of performance, 11:64–65, 11:65–66 table 19 

research and demonstration studies, 11:17–18, 11:82–83 

State accountability and Federal oversight, 11:52–66 

State demonstration project waivers, 11:66–67, 11:68–72 table 20 

State performance reports, 11:64–66 

State program improvement plan, 11:57, 11:61–62 

State-by-State allocations, 11:9–10 table 5 

Statewide information system of foster care children, 11:83 

substance abuse, 11:78–79 

TANF “child-only” cases, 11:81–82 
INDEX - 11 

termination of parental rights (TPR), 11:16, 11:27, 11:32–33, 11:60 table 18, 11:73–74, 11:138 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6, 12:15 

Title IV-E eligibility reviews, 11:61–62 

training programs for personnel, 11:17–18 

trends affecting populations and programs, 11:72–83 

waivers, 11:66–67, 11:68–72 table 20, 11:138 

welfare reform, 11:81–83 

Child Welfare Services Program (Title IV-B-1), 11:7–18, 11:138 

Children 

adolescent, welfare-to-work programs impact on, Appendix L: 42 

adult disabled children, Social Security benefits, 1:3, 1:46 table 11 

child well-being, Appendix L: 41–42 

data on. See Appendix G 

disabled, definition of, 3:4, 3:7 

early childhood development research studies, 9:22–26 

institutionalized, 15:79–80, 15:96 

outcomes of welfare-to-work programs, Appendix L: 3, 41–42, 49–72 table 8 

prisoners’ children mentoring program, 11:2, 11:3–4 table 1, 11:17, 11:138 

relationship to head of household by family type, 7:92 table 92 

Social Security benefits eligibility, 1:16 

Social Security benefits for stepchildren, 1:36 

special-needs children, 11:4, 11:40 

definition, 11:33 

TANF Program living arrangements of children, 7:91 

child care provisions, 7:10–11 

tax credits for, 13:59 

termination of parental rights (TPR), 11:16 

Children’s Bureau (U.S.), child abuse and neglect model reporting law, 11:73 

Children’s Defense Fund (CDF), child care survey, 9:15–16 

Children’s Foundation 

child care centers licensing, 9:21–22, 9:21 table 14 

child care studies, 9:17, 9:21–22 

Children’s Health Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-310), 15:79–80, 15:96 

Children’s Hospitals, 2:53 

Chronically ill, tax aspects, 13:31 

CIPI. See Capital input price index (CIPI) 

Citizenship, SSI program benefits eligibility and, 3:7 

Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), 1:23 

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-578), 2:101 

Clinical laboratory services, 2:10, 2:101–102 

national coverage determinations (NCDs), 2:101–102 

national limitation amount (NLA), 2:102 

Clinical psychologists, 2:101 

Clinical social workers, 2:95, 2:101 

CMGs. See Case-mix groups (CMGs) 

CMS. See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 

CNMI. See Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the 

Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-173), 15:145 

Coal miners 

black lung program, 13:51–52, 15:145 

workers’ compensation, 13:51–52, 15:145 

COBRA. See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) 

COLAs. See Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) 

Colonoscopy screening, 2:120–121, 2:134, 2:141 

Colorectal cancer screening, 2:120–121, 2:134 
INDEX - 12 

Committee on Economic Security, 1:2 

Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). See Northern Mariana Islands, 

Commonwealth of the 

Community-Based Diversion Pilot Project (Florida), 15:70 

Community-based services 

children’s rights and, 15:80 

long-term care services and, 15:51, 15:73–75, 15:75 chart 4 

See also Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Services (HCBS) 

Community Group Participation and Housing Supplementation Demonstration (Illinois), 11:60–61 

table 8 

Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-554), 13:21, 13:56 

Competitive bidding, 2:105, 2:134, 2:137, 3:17, 3:47, 7:3, 7:14, 7:91–95, 15:119 

Comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities (CORFs), 2:123 

Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act (P.L. 93-344), Social Security budget, 1:32 

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 

emergency unemployment compensation estimates, 4:20, 4:21 table 6 

Federal budget tables. See Appendix I 

Medicare savings estimates, 2:144, 2:144–145 table 45 

Social Security projections, 1:10 

Connecticut, Jobs First Program, Appendix L: 34–35, 39, 40–41, 59 table 8 

Consolidated Appropriations Act 

for fiscal year 2000 (P.L. 106-113) 

block grant programs and, 10:2 table 1, 10:12 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:52, 8:58, 8:82 

SCHIP Program, 12:10, 15:78–79 

trade adjustment assistance programs and, 6:16 

Welfare-to-Work Grant Program, 7:92, 7:93, 7:95, 7:96 

for fiscal year 2001 (P.L. 106-554) 

block grant programs and, 10:2 table 1, 10:12 

multiemployer plans, 14:16 

See also Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA 1999) 

Consolidated Appropriations Resolution (CAR 2003) (P.L. 108-7) 

block grant programs and, 10:12 

Medicare hospital payments, 2:30, 2:143 

Medicare physicians’ services calculations, 2:92, 2:93, 2:143 

TANF Program, 7:96 

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA 1985) (P.L. 99-272) 

group health plans, 13:26 

health coverage tax credit and, 6:10 

Independent Living Program, 11:47 

Medicare hospice care benefit, 2:79 

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, 14:15 

railroad retirement benefits and, 5:15, 13:18–19 

trade adjustment assistance programs, 6:10, 6:15 

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA 1986), railroad retirement benefits and, 

5:22–23 

Consumption Expenditure Survey (CEX), Appendix L: 21–24 

Consumption expenditures, welfare research, Appendix L: 5, 21–24, 25–26 tables 1-2 

Continuing Care Network (CCN), 15:69 

Continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 1:27, 1:28 chart 2, 1:35, 3:43, 3:61–62, 3:63, 3:69 

cessations and continuations, 1:70 table 44 

disability determination and, 1:26–30 

Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-121), 1:33, 1:35, 3:46, 3:61, 3:65, 

15:75–76 

Conversion factor, and physicians’ services, 2:88, 2:89, 2:91 table 30, 2:93, 2:133, 2:136 
INDEX - 13 

CORFs. See Comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities (CORFs) 

Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) 

Railroad Retirement System, 5:4 

Social Security benefits and, 1:3, 1:19–20, 1:51–52 tables 18-19 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:18 

Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers study, 9:25 

Cost-sharing 

Medicaid Program, 3:50, 3:69, 15:38, 15:58, 15:71, 15:79 

Medicare Program, 2:9–10, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:109, 15:38–39. See also Appendix B 

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 15:87–88 

Court Improvement Program, 11:16 

Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 13:46–48 

Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-625), 15:99 

Credit Bureau reporting, for child support collection, 8:40–41 

Criminal background checks, for prospective foster or adoptive parents, 11:137 

Critical access hospital (CAH) program, 2:21, 2:49–50, 2:135, 2:138–139 

CSE. See Child Support Enforcement (CSE) and Paternity Establishment Program 

CSI. See Census of Service Industries (CSI) 

CSRS (Civil Service Retirement System), 1:23 

Current Population Survey, child care data, 9:3 table 1 

Customs and Trade Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-382), trade adjustment assistance programs and, 6:15–16 

Day care centers 

family and group day care homes, 15:118 

quality of care research studies, 9:22–26 

regulation and licensing, 9:17, 9:20–21, 9:21–22 table 14, 9:25, 9:32 table 15, 9:35, 9:41–43 table 

21, 9:46–48 table 23 

research studies, 9:17–20 

staff turnover, 9:20 

staff wages, 9:18, 9:18–19 table 13 

See also Child Care 

Day care for adults, 10:7 table 3, 10:9 table 4 

Day care for children. See Child Care 

DCTC. See Dependent care tax credit (DCTC) 

DDS. See Disability Determination Service (DDS) 

Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-187), 8:47, 8:81 

Death rates, 1:63–64 table 36 

Debt, Federal. See Appendix I 

Deeming of income and resources, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:8, 3:11–12, 3:62 

Defense Base Act, 15:144 

Deferred compensation plans, tax aspects, 13:7, 13:25 

Deficit, Federal. See Appendix I 

Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-369) 

cafeteria plans, 13:24 

Medicare Program, 2:78, 2:144 table 45 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:10, 3:21 

trade adjustment assistance programs and, 6:15 

Delaware, A Better Chance (ABC) Program, Appendix L: 39, 59 table 8 

Delayed retirement credits, for Social Security, 1:21, 1:53 table 20 

Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 1997 (P.L. 104-208), 1:36–37, 3:63–64, 10:2 table 1, 

10:12 

Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-117), 1:39, 3:69 

Dependent care, tax exclusions for employer-provided, 13:48–49 

Dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 9:29, 13:42–44, 13:44 table 15 

brief description and overview, 9:31–33 table 15 
INDEX - 14 

in the Territories, 12:15 

DGME. See Direct graduate medical education (DGME) 

DI Program. See Disability Insurance (DI) Program 

Diabetes outpatient self-management training, 2:121, 2:134 

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 2:21, 2:26, 2:27–28 table 11, 2:30, 2:36–37 

for long-term care hospitals, 2:59–60 

Dialysis treatment. See Renal dialysis 

Direct graduate medical education (DGME), 2:32, 2:44–45 

Disability Benefits Reform Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-460), 1:26, 1:29 

Disability determination, for Social Security, 1:26–32, 1:28 chart 2 

Disability Determination Service (DDS), 1:26 

Disability Insurance (DI) Program, 1:3, 3:45–47 

administrative law judge (ALJ), 1:26–27, 1:28 chart 2, 1:69–70 table 43 

appeals process, 1:26, 1:28 chart 2 

applicant backlogs, 1:31 

applications and awards, 1:69 table 41 

attorneys’ fees, 1:29–30 

beneficiaries 

by age, sex, and education, 1:67 table 40 

by disabling condition, 1:68 table 41 

number of, 1:66 table 39 

benefits 

eligibility, 1:15–16 

waiting period, 1:15–16 

claims pending, 1:32 

claims process, 1:26–30, 1:28 chart 2 

continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 1:27, 1:35, 1:70–71 table 44, 3:61–62, 3:69 

disability determination, 1:26–30 

enrollment, 1:31–32 

legal representation, 1:29–30 

offsets for Social Security benefits, 1:23, 1:24 

return to work and rehabilitation, 1:31 

State Disability Determination Services (DDS), 1:26 

statistical tables, 1:66–71 tables 39-45 

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 1:15, 1:22, 1:27–29, 1:56 table 24, 3:4, 3:48 

trial work period (TWP), 1:30–31 

vocational “grid,” 1:29 

vocational rehabilitation, 1:31 

waiting period, 1:15–16 

work incentives, 1:30–31 

Disabled persons 

case management services, 1:31, 1:37 

children 

adult disabled children and Social Security benefits, 1:3, 1:46 table 11 

definition of disabled child, 3:4, 3:7 

Medicaid Program eligibility, 15:76 

SSI program benefits and, 3:4, 3:7, 15:76 

coal miners, black lung program, 13:51–52, 15:145 

food stamp eligibility, 15:12–13 

Medicaid Program and, 15:35–39, 15:76 

Medicare eligibility and coverage, 2:5 

Medicare enrollment, 2:6 table 2, 2:147 table 7 

OASI Program, 1:15 

Railroad Retirement System disability annuities, 5:5–6 

social service block grants, 10:8 table 3 
INDEX - 15 

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 1:15, 1:22, 1:27–29, 1:56 table 24, 3:4, 3:48 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:4, 3:5 table 1, 3:7, 3:42–44, 3:62–63, 15:76 

tax credits for, 13:53–54, 13:54 table 16 

working individuals with disabilities, 15:37–38, 15:39, 15:79 

See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program 

Displaced workers 

reemployment services, 4:35 

See also Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Programs 

Dispositional hearings. See Permanency hearings and plans, child placement 

Disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments 

Medicaid Program, 15:61, 15:77, 15:78–79, 15:81 

Medicare Program, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:35, 2:134 

Pickle formulas, 2:33 

Disregards, earned income, 3:47–48, 15:12, Appendix L: 39, 48 

Distinct part units, Medicare, 2:20, 2:36, 2:52–57, 2:138 

District of Columbia Appropriations Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-100), 15:95 

DME. See Durable medical equipment (DME) 

Doctors’ services. See Physicians’ services 

Domestic service employees, unemployment compensation, 4:2 

Domestic violence waivers, TANF Program and, 7:8–9, 7:15, 8:5 

DRGs. See Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) 

Drug addicts 

child welfare and, 11:78–79 

Medicaid eligibility, 15:75–76 

Social Security benefits for, 1:36 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program eligibility, 3:45–47, 3:61, 15:75 

Drugs 

immunosuppressive drug coverage, 2:119, 2:125–127, 2:137, 2:141 

Medicaid payments, 15:60 

Medicare benefits, 2:10, 2:119–120, 2:125–127, 2:137 

DSH. See Disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments 

Dual benefit payments, railroad retirement system, 5:3, 5:4–5 

Dual eligibles, Medicaid and Medicare Program, 15:59, 15:69 

Dual entitlement, Social Security and, 1:23 

Duggan v. Bowen [Medicare home health benefit], 2:78 

Durable medical equipment (DME), 2:3, 2:103–105 

administration, 2:105 

competitive bidding demonstrations, 2:105, 2:134 

definition, 2:103 

inherent reasonableness authority, 2:104 

regional carriers (DMERCs), 2:105, 2:120 

reimbursement, 2:103–104, 2:142 

EA Program. See Emergency Assistance (EA) to Needy Families 

Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale, 9:25 

Earned income credit (EIC), 7:12, 7:84, 12:15, 13:35–40, 13:37–38 table 12, 13:41 tables 13-14, 

13:67, Appendix L: 5, 11, 13–14, 13 chart 7, 15–16, 18–21 

Earned income disregards, 3:47–48, 15:12, Appendix L: 39, 48 

Earnings data 

and supplementary benefits, by State, 7:45–47 table 14, 7:49–51 table 15 

See also Appendix F 

EB Program. See Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB) Program 

Economic data. See Appendix I 

Economic Development Administration (EDA), TAA programs, 6:12–14 

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA) of 2001 (P.L. 107-16), 3:69–70, 
INDEX - 16 

13:10, 13:15, 13:17, 13:35, 13:46, 13:47, 13:58–59 

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-452), 15:122 

Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, 13:14, 13:43, 13:48 

EDA. See Economic Development Administration (EDA) 

Education and training 

direct graduate medical education (DGME), 2:32, 2:44–45 

“education-first” vs. “work-first” program, Appendix L: 35–38 

graduate medical education (GME), 2:32, 2:134 

Head Start Program, 8:5, 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15, 15:2, 15:122–123, 15:124 table 33, 15:125 table 

34 

HOPE tax credit, 13:45 

indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33, 2:134 

job training programs, 7:3, 7:4, 7:7, 7:93, 7:95, 15:118–122, Appendix L: 35 

lifetime learning tax credit, 13:45 

State tuition program deductions, 13:46–48 

student loan interest deduction, 13:47 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2 

vouchers, 11:3 table 1, 11:48, 11:49–50 table 15 

EFT. See Electronic funds transfer (EFT) 

EGTRRA. See Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA) of 2001 

EIC. See Earned income credit (EIC) 

Elderly 

data. See Appendix A 

definition of aged, 3:4 

Federal tax treatment, 13:52, 13:59, 13:60, 13:64–65 tables 20-21 

food stamp eligibility, 15:12–13 

health expenditures. See Appendix B 

health status. See Appendix B 

long-term care and. See Appendix B 

Medicaid Program, 15:35–39 

Medicare eligibility and coverage, 2:5 

Social Security benefits earnings limit, 1:3, 1:22–23, 1:35–36, 1:39, 1:54 table 22, 5:26 

standard tax deductions, 13:52 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:4, 3:5 table 1 

tax credits, 13:53–54, 13:54 table 16 

tax deductions, additional personal or standard, 13:52 

See also Senior citizens 

Electronic funds transfer (EFT), 1:37 

Emergency Assistance (EA) to Needy Families, 7:3, 7:4, 7:15–16, 7:19, 7:21, 7:26, 7:59 table 18 

See also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program 

Emergency Shelter Grants Program, 15:101 

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act 

of 1997 (P.L. 105-18), 3:64, 15:25 

of 1999 (P.L. 106-31), 15:78 

Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act 

of 1971, 4:19 

of 1974, 4:19 

of 1991 (P.L. 102-164), 4:13, 4:19–20, 4:34, 4:35 

Amendments of 1993 (P.L. 103-6), 4:35 

Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 4:5, 4:19–20, 6:16 

outlay estimates, 4:21 table 6 

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA 1974) (P.L. 93-406), 14:1, 14:14 

cafeteria plans, 13:24 

child support orders, 8:81 

health care continuation rules, 13:26–27 
INDEX - 17 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:14 

medical child support order, 8:32 

pension plans, 13:3, 13:7, 13:15 

Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), 13:7, 13:14 

Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging Responsibility (EMPOWER) 

(Arizona), Appendix L: 56 table 8 

Employment and Training Administration (ETA), TAA programs, 6:2, 6:4 

Employment data. See Appendix F 

Employment rates, single-mother families, Appendix L: 9–11, 10 chart 5 

Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Project, Appendix L: 44, 45 

Employment Security Administration Account (ESAA), 4:23, 4:32, 4:33 chart 3 

Employment Service (ES), 4:34 

EMPOWER (Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging Responsibility) 

(Arizona), Appendix L: 56 table 8 

Empowerment zones, social services block grants programs in, 10:10–11 

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 2:2, 2:109 

beneficiaries, 2:125 table 41 

coverage, 2:124–125 

enrollment, 2:6 table 2, 2:142–143, 2:147 table 47 

expenditures, 2:125 table 41 

incidence data, 2:126–127 table 42 

Medicare Secondary Payer Program, 2:131, 2:131–132 table 44 

outpatient immunosuppressive drug coverage, 2:125–127 

reimbursement, 2:128–129, 2:142 

treatment, 2:127–128 

Energy assistance. See Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) 

Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (P.L. 106-398), 15:146 

Enterprise communities, social services block grants programs in, 10:10–11 

EPO. See Erythropoietin (EPO) 

ERA Project. See Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Project 

ERISA. See Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) 

Erythropoietin (EPO), 2:119 

ES. See Employment Service (ES) 

ESAA. See Employment Security Administration Account (ESAA) 

ESOP. See Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) 

ESRD. See End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program 

ETA. See Employment and Training Administration (ETA) 

EUC Program. See Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program 

EUCA. See Extended Unemployment Compensation Account (EUCA) 

Excise tax on employers 

contributions to pension plans, 13:7 

failure to satisfy health care continuum rules, 13:27 

Extended Benefits (EB) Program. See Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB) Program 

Extended Unemployment Compensation Account (EUCA), 4:20, 4:23, 4:33 chart 3 

Fair Credit Reporting Act, 8:41 

Fair Labor Standards Act, TANF Program and, 7:6 

Families 

data on. See Appendix G; Appendix H 

demographic trends, 8:3–4 

See also Appendix G; Appendix H 

Families and Work Institute, child care quality study, 9:24–25 

Family assistance programs. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program 

Family cap policy, Appendix L: 42–43, 48, 49–72 table 8 

Family Development Program (FDP) (New Jersey), Appendix L: 43, 66 table 8 
INDEX - 18 

Family formation, welfare-to-work programs impact on, Appendix L: 42–45 

Family income. See Appendix H 

Family Investment Program (FIP) (Iowa), 11:61–62 table 8 

Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-3), 4:13 

Family planning, 10:6, 10:7 table 3, 10:8 table 4, 15:72 

Family Preservation and Family Support Program, See also Promoting Safe and Stable Families 

Program, 11:138 

Family preservation and reunification 

evaluation research studies, 11:15–16 

Homebuilders model, 11:15 

preference to relatives for foster and adoptive placement, 11:137 

“reasonable efforts” safeguards, 11:27, 11:31, 11:62, 11:137 

services, 11:12, 11:15–16, 11:27 

Family Support Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-485), 7:2, 9:2, 10:7 

AFDC benefits, and earned income credit (EIC), 13:40 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:5, 8:15, 8:16, 8:21, 8:26–27, 8:33, 8:56, 8:79 

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 13:43 

welfare reform initiatives, Appendix L: 31, 33, 34, 36 

Family support services, 11:14–16 

Family Transition Program (FTP) (Florida), Appendix L: 35, 39, 40–41, 60 table 8 

Family Violence Option (FVO), 7:8, 7:9, 7:15, 8:5 

Farm bills 

Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-185), 15:25-26, 

15:124 

Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-171), 15:7–8, 15:26, Appendix L: 31 

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), 15:25 

Food Stamp Reauthorization Act of 2002 (included in P.L. 107-171), Appendix L: 31 

Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-171), 15:7–8, 15:26 

Farmers, Trade Adjustment Assistance Programs, 6:14–15 

FDP (Family Development Program) (New Jersey), Appendix L: 43, 66 table 8 

FECA. See Federal Employees’ Compensation Account (FECA) 

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), 15:25 

Federal budget deficit. See Budget Enforcement Act; Deficit Reduction Act; Gramm-Rudmann 

Hollings Act; and Appendix I 

Federal budget tables. See Appendix I 

Federal Case Registry of child support orders, 8:14 

Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-173), 13:51, 15:145 

Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, 8:35, 8:42 

Federal debt. See Appendix I 

Federal Employees’ Compensation Account (FECA), 4:23 

Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA) (P.L. 64-267), 15:143–144 

Federal Employees’ Retirement System (FERS) Act of 1986, 1:23 

Federal Employers’ Liability Act, 15:146 

Federal housing assistance, 15:98–108 

budget authority, trends in, 15:102–105, 15:106–107 table 24 

home ownership assistance, 15:101 

homeless programs, 15:101–102 

housing block grant programs, 15:102 

net new commitments, trends in, 15:103, 15:104–105 table 23 

outlays, 15:105, 15:107–108, 15:110–111 table 25 

rental assistance, 15:99–100 

Section 8 programs, 15:100–101 

types of, 15:99–102 

home ownership assistance, 15:101 

homeless programs, 15:101–102 
INDEX - 19 

housing block grant programs, 15:102 

rental assistance, 15:100–101 

Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4, 13:25, 13:48 

Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 15:54, 15:59–60 table 18, 15:82–83, 15:89–90 

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 8:7–8, 8:12, 8:49 

Federal poverty level (FPL), 15:33–34, 15:45, 15:83 

Federal revenue, data on. See Appendix I 

Federal-State Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 4:1–2, 4:11–12, 4:14–15, 4:18, 4:19, 4:23, 4:35 

Federal-State Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1970, 4:19 

Federal-State Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program. See Unemployment Compensation 

(UC) Program 

Federal Supplemental Benefits Program, 4:19 

Federal Supplemental Compensation Program, 4:19 

Federal surplus. See Appendix I 

Federal Unemployment Account (FUA), 4:23, 4:32, 4:33 chart 3 

Federal Unemployment Benefits and Allowances Account (FUBA), 6:12 

Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) (P.L. 76-379), 4:1–2, 4:32, 12:2, 13:25 

funds transfers, 4:33 chart 3, 13:48 

Federal unemployment tax rate, 4:2, 4:25, 4:28 chart 2, 4:34 

Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), 2:122–123, 15:49, 15:78, 15:81 

Felons. See Prisoners and fugitive felons 

FERS. See Federal Employees’ Retirement System (FERS) Act of 1986 

Fertility rates, 1:63–64 table 36 

FICA. See Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) 

FIDA. See Financial Institution Data Match (FIDA) Program 

Final Impacts for JOBS and Work Choice (Ohio), 11:67–68 table 8 

Financial Institution Data Match (FIDA) Program, 8:13, 8:39, 8:49, 8:79, 8:81 

FIP (Family Investment Program) (Iowa), 11:61–62 table 8 

“Firewall” provisions, in Social Security, 1:34–35 

Florida 

Community-Based Diversion Pilot Project, 15:70 

Family Transition Program (FTP), Appendix L: 35, 39, 40–41, 60 table 8 

Project Independence, 11:60 table 8 

Flu vaccine, 2:119 

FMAP. See Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP) 

Food Stamp Act, 15:7, 15:8, 15:9, 15:12, 15:25 

Food Stamp Program, 15:5–26 

administration 

Federal administrative responsibilities, 15:6 

State and local administrative responsibilities, 15:6–7, 15:25 

application processing, 15:17–18 

benefits, 15:16–18 

electronic benefit transfers (EBTs), 15:6, 15:7, 15:18, 15:22, 15:25 

minimum and prorated, 15:17 

monthly allotments, 15:16–17, 15:17 table 6 

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP), 15:5, 15:16–17 

uses for food stamps, approved list, 15:18 

disqualifications, 15:14, 15:16, 15:25 

eligibility 

able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs), 15:8–10, 15:15, 15:25 

allowable assets, 15:13–14 

categorical eligibility rules, 15:15–16 

counted (or net) and basic (gross) monthly income limits, 15:12–13, 15:13 table 5 

deductions from income, 15:12 

food stamp household, 15:10–11 
INDEX - 20 

income disregards, 15:12 

income eligibility, 15:11–13 

institutional settings, 15:11, 15:16 

noncitizens, 15:15 

work-related requirements, 15:14–15 

expenditures, 15:9 table 4 

funding, 15:9–10 

historical statistics, 15:31 table 11 

household definition, 15:10 

households, characteristics of, 15:30 table 10 

issuing food stamps, 15:17–18 

legislative history, 15:25–26 

noncitizen eligibility ban, 7:21 

outreach programs, 15:8 

program options, 15:8–9 

quality control (QC) system, 15:19–22 

error rates, 15:19, 15:20–21 table 7 

recipients 

by jurisdiction, 15:27–29 table 9 

participation rates, 15:23–24, 15:24 table 8 

State general assistance (GA) program, 15:5, 15:22–23 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:16, 3:25, 3:27, 3:32–33 table 7, 3:36 table 9, 

3:37 table 10, 3:65, 15:5, 15:22–23 

TANF Program, interaction with, 7:12, 15:5, 15:22–23 

in the Territories, 10:7–8, 12:2, 12:3 table 2, 12:5–6, 15:6, 15:7–8 

welfare leavers, Appendix L: 30–31, 30 table 5 

work-related requirements, 15:8–10, 15:14–15 

workfare programs, 15:8–9 

Food Stamp Reauthorization Act of 2002 (included in P.L. 107-171), Appendix L :31 

For-profit child care institutions, and Federal foster care, 11:137 

Foreign-born. See Aliens; Noncitizens; and Appendix J 

Foster care for adults, 10:7, 10:7 table 3, 10:9 table 4 

Foster care for children, 10:7, 10:7 table 3, 10:9 table 4 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and, 8:11, 8:33, 8:82 

Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-169), 1:37–38, 3:50, 3:66–68, 8:82, 11:4, 11:47–

48, 11:51, 11:138, 15:79 

Foster Care Independence Programs, 11:47–51 

education and training vouchers, 11:3 table 1, 11:48, 11:49–50 table 15 

entitlement ceiling, 11:48 

evaluation research studies, 11:50–51 

Federal entitlement funds, 11:3–4 table 1 

Federal funding of, 11:5–6 table 2, 11:138 

Medicaid coverage, 15:79 

participation data, 11:7 table 3 

program expansion, 11:138 

State allotments, 11:49–50 table 15 

See also Chafee Foster Care Independence Program (CFCIP); Independent Living Program 

Foster Care Program, 11:2, 11:18–33 

administrative costs, 11:22 

AFCARS (data collection), 11:55–56, 11:61, 11:84–85, 11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48, 11:138 

“aggravated circumstances,” 11:27 

basic monthly maintenance rates, 11:28–30 table 9 

basic monthly payment rates, 11:22–26, 11:23–25 table 8 

case review system, 11:26, 11:31–32 

caseloads 
INDEX - 21 

by State, 11:20–21 table 7 

trends in, 11:85–91 

characteristics of children, 11:93 

by age of children, 11:98–100 tables 27-28 

by race/ethnicity of children, 11:101–104 tables 29-30 

waiting for adoption, 11:116–122 tables 41-43 

data collection systems, 11:51, 11:83–85, 11:86 table 22, 11:91, 11:92–131 tables 24-48 

eligibility criteria, 11:18–19 

expenditures, 11:21–22, 11:23–25 table 8, 11:131–133 

outlay projections, 11:8 table 4 

for placement, administration, and training, 11:132 table 49 

by State, 11:134–136 table 50 

Federal funding of, 11:3–6 tables 1-2 

financing structure, 11:19–20 

“flow” of children through system, 11:92–93, 11:92 table 24, 11:93 chart 2, 11:94–95 table 25 

incidence of children in, 11:85, 11:86–87 table 23 

kinship care, 11:79–81 

length of stay, 11:111–113 tables 37-38 

number of children in, 11:92–93, 11:92 table 24, 11:93 chart 2 

by State, 11:94–97 tables 25-26 

participation data and rates, 11:4, 11:7 table 3, 11:21–22 

payment rates, 11:22–26, 11:23–25 table 8 

permanency hearings, for child placement, 11:26, 11:27, 11:32, 11:60 table 18, 11:137 

permanency plans, 11:105, 11:105–107 tables 31-32, 11:138 

placement and procedural safeguards 

“aggravated circumstances,” 11:27 

case planning and case reviews, 11:31–32 

interethnic provisions, 11:62–64 

interjurisdictional provisions, 11:64 

“reasonable efforts” for family reunification, 11:27, 11:31, 11:62, 11:137 

termination of parental rights (TPR), 11:16, 11:27, 11:32–33, 11:60 table 18, 11:73–74, 

11:138 

placement settings, 11:107–109 tables 33-34 

placements of children 

length of stay, 11:111–113 tables 37-38 

number of, 11:109–111 tables 35-36 

protections for children in foster care, 11:26–27 

reasons for discharge, 11:114–116 tables 39-40 

TANF State plan requirements, 7:15 

401(k) plans, tax provisions, 13:7, 13:9–10, 13:14 

457 plans, tax provisions, 13:10 

FPL. See Federal poverty level (FPL) 

FPLS. See Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS) 

FQHCs. See Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) 

FRA. See Full retirement age (FRA) 

Fraud and abuse 

Social Security overpayment protection, 1:37–38 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:12 

FTP (Family Transition Program) (Florida), Appendix L: 35, 39, 40–41, 60 table 8 

FUA. See Federal Unemployment Account (FUA) 

FUBA. See Federal Unemployment Benefits and Allowances Account (FUBA) 

Fugitive felons. See Prisoners and fugitive felons 

Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-383), 8:46 

Full retirement age (FRA) for Social Security, 1:3, 1:15, 1:20–21, 1:22, 1:35, 1:53 table 20 

FUTA. See Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) 
INDEX - 22 

FVO. See Family Violence Option (FVO) 

GA program. See State general assistance (GA) program 

GAIN (Greater Avenues for Independence Program) (California), Appendix L: 37–38, 40, 56–58 

table 8 

General Accounting Office (GAO) 

Child Welfare Services funds report, 11:10–11, 11:16 

Federal child care programs report, 9:27 

Independent Living Program report, 11:51 

interstate income withholding report, 8:46 

kinship care report, 11:80–81 

privatization of CSE collection activities, 8:50–51 

Glaucoma screening, 2:122, 2:141 

GME. See Graduate medical education (GME) 

Government pension offset, 1:23 

Graduate medical education (GME), 2:32 

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 5:26, 10:2 table 1 

Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program (California), Appendix L: 37–38, 40, 56–58 

table 8 

Guam 

Medicaid Program, 12:8–9, 12:8 table 5 

SCHIP Program, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

social services block grant programs, 12:12 

social welfare programs, 12:1, 12:2 table 1, 12:3 table 2 

TANF Program, 12:6 

See also Territories 

Hawkins Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1990, 10:10 

HCBS. See Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Services (HCBS) 

HCFA. See Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) see also Centers for Medicare and 

Medicaid Services (CMS) 

HCPCS. See Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) 

HCTC. See Health Coverage Tax Credit (HCTC) 

Head Start Program, 8:5, 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15, 15:2, 15:122–123, 15:124 table 33, 15:125 table 34 

Health care 

of the elderly. See Appendix B 

expenditures. See Appendix C 

See also Medicaid Program; Medicare Program; State Children’s Health Insurance Program 

(SCHIP) 

Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 2:3. See also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 

Services (CMS). 

Health Care Safety Net Amendments of 2002 (P.L. 107-251), 15:82, 15:97 

Health Coverage Tax Credit (HCTC), 6:9–11 

Health insurance 

cafeteria plans, 13:21, 13:24–26 

child support order for medical assistance, 8:24, 8:29–32, 8:72, 8:74 table 8 

employer contributions, tax exclusions, 13:19–21 

group health plan requirements, 13:27–28 

health care continuation rules, 13:26–27 

health care expenditures data. See Appendix A 

health insurance status. See Appendix A 

health savings accounts (HSAs), 13:23–24 

long-term care insurance, 13:28–31 

Medicare duplication rules, 13:30 

self-employed individuals deduction, 13:31–32 

special needs adopted children, 11:138 
INDEX - 23 

for workers, primary source of, 13:22 table 9 

See also Medicaid Program; Medicare Program; State Children’s Health Insurance Program 

(SCHIP); and Appendix C 

Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) Initiative, 15:40, 15:72–73, 15:90–91 

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-191) 

accelerated death benefits, 13:29 

group health plan requirements, 13:27 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:14 

long-term care insurance, 13:30 

medical savings accounts (MSAs), 13:21 

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs). See Medicare+Choice (M+C) Program 

Health professional shortage area (HPSA), 2:93 

Health savings accounts (HSAs), 13:23–34 

Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS), 2:112 

Hemophilia clotting factors, 2:119 

Hepatitis B vaccine, 2:119 

HHAs. See Home health agencies (HHAs) 

HHRGs. See Home Health Resource Groups (HHRGs) 

HI Program. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 

HIFA. See Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) Initiative 

Higher Education Act of 1965, 13:45, 13:47 

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Supplemental Security Income for persons with, 3:12–13 

Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Services (HCBS), 15:51, 15:68, 15:70, 15:73–75, 

15:75 chart 4 

See also Appendix B 

Home-based services, social services block grants, 10:7, 10:7 table 3, 10:8, 10:9 table 4 

Home health agencies (HHAs), 2:72, 2:136, 2:139–140 

Home health care services, 2:3, 2:9, 2:14, 2:71–79, 2:119 

case-mix system, 2:74, 2:75–76 table 23, 2:77 

coverage and benefits, 2:71–72 

financing for, 2:72 

low utilization payment adjustment (LUPA), 2:78 

market basket index, 2:77 

Medicaid Program, 15:50, 15:51 

Medicare Program, 2:3, 2:9, 2:14, 2:71–79, 2:119 

OASIS data collection, 2:74, 2:136 

outlier adjustments, 2:77 

partial episode payment adjustment, 2:77 

payment calculation, 2:74, 2:77 table 24 

payments, 2:72–74, 2:80 table 25 

prospective payment system (PPS), 2:73, 2:133, 2:136 

significant change in a beneficiary’s condition (SCIC), 2:77 

unit of payment, 2:73–74 

utilization and spending, 2:78–79 

wage adjustment, 2:74 

Home Health Resource Groups (HHRGs), 2:74, 2:75–76 table 23 

HOME Investment Partnerships Block Grant Program, 15:102 

Home Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere (HOPE) Program, 15:102 

Home ownership investment, tax provisions, 13:55, 13:56 

Homebuilders model, family preservation and reunification, 11:15 

Homeless persons, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:13, 3:47 

HOPD. See Hospital outpatient department (HOPD) services 

HOPE. See Home Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere (HOPE) Program 

HOPE tax credit [for education], 13:45 

HOPWA. See Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) Program 
INDEX - 24 

Hospice services, 2:3, 2:9, 2:79–84 

cap amount, 2:83–84 

cash outlays, 2:86 table 28 

coverage and benefits, 2:79–81 

number of beneficiaries, 2:86 table 28 

payment calculation, 2:83, 2:83 table 26 

payment updates, 2:84, 2:133, 2:140 

program data, 2:84, 2:85 table 27, 2:86–87 table 28 

prospective payment system (PPS), 2:82–83, 2:136 

unit of payment, 2:82–83 

wage adjustment, 2:83 

Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, 2:2 

benefits and beneficiary cost-sharing, 2:9 

cost of program, 1:62–63 table 34 

coverage and payments, 2:20–85 

financing, 1:4–5, 1:58 table 26, 2:10, 2:13, 2:15–18 tables 5-6 

military wage credits, 2:13 

premiums, monthly, 2:11–12 table 4 

tax rates for self-employed individuals, 1:40 table 2 

uninsured persons, reimbursements, 2:13 

voluntary enrollees, 2:13 

Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund 

financial status, 2:14, 2:20 

financing, 1:4–5, 1:25, 1:58 table 26 

income, 2:10, 2:13 

income and disbursements, 2:15–18 tables 5-6 

insolvency projections, 2:19 table 7, 2:20 

Hospital outpatient department (HOPD) services, 2:3, 2:101, 2:105–114, 2:108 table 39, 2:113, 

2:133, 2:136–137, 2:140 

Hospital services, 2:20–25 

annual update factor, 2:29 table 12, 2:39–40 

cancer hospitals, 2:53 

capital input price index (CIPI), 2:2.43 table 17, 2:41–43 

capital prospective payment system, 2:38–39, 2:43 table 17 

Children’s Hospitals, 2:53 

critical access hospital (CAH) program, 2:21, 2:49–50, 2:135, 2:138–139 

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 2:21, 2:26, 2:27–28 table 11, 2:30, 2:36–37 

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:134, 15:61, 15:77, 

15:78–79, 15:81 

geographic reclassification of, 2:46, 2:50–52, 2:138 

indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33 

inpatient hospital care, 2:2–3, 2:9, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:24–25 tables 9-10 

inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS), 2:20–21, 2:26, 2:53 

inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), 2:54–57, 2:138 

long-term care hospitals, 2:57–63 

market basket (MB) index, 2:29 table 12, 2:39–40 

expense categories, 2:41 table 15 

Medicaid Program, 15:49, 15:54, 15:87 

Medicare dependent hospitals (MDHs), 2:21, 2:48, 2:139 

Medicare Program, 2:20–25 

Medicare reimbursement. See Appendix D 

outpatient department (OPD) services, 2:3, 2:105–114, 2:106–108 tables 38-40, 2:133, 2:136–

137, 2:140 

partial hospitalization services, 2:123 

postacute care transfer policy, 2:36–37 
INDEX - 25 

prospective payment system (PPS), 2:82–83, 2:132–133, 2:134–135, 2:138 

psychiatric hospitals, 2:53–54 

“qualified hospitals” for Medicare services, 2:102 

rural hospitals, 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:135, 2:138–139 

rural referral centers (RRCs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:35 table 14, 2:48–49 

sole community hospitals (SCHs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:46–49, 2:102, 2:135, 2:139 

specialty hospitals and services, 2:20, 2:21, 2:47, 2:52–63 

swing bed program, 2:21, 2:36, 2:46, 2:49–50, 2:62, 2:138–139 

transfer cases, 2:36–37 

utilization trends, 2:20–21, 2:24–25 tables 9-10. See also Appendix C 

wage value index, 2:30–32, 2:31 table 13, 2:51–52 

See also Appendix B; Appendix C 

Hospital wage value index, 2:30–32, 2:31 table 13, 2:51–52 

Housing Act of 1990. See Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 

Housing assistance 

low-income housing credit, 13:56–58, 13:58 table 17 

mortgage interest deduction, 13:54–55 

owner-occupied housing, 13:54–55 

See also Federal housing assistance 

Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) Program, 15:101–102 

HSAs. See Health savings accounts (HSAs) 

Human Services Reauthorization Act (HSRA) of 1984 (P.L. 98-558), 15:124, 15:134 

Human Services Reauthorization Act (HSRA) of 1990, Augustus F. Hawkins, 10:10 

ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes, 

2:102 

IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 

Illegal aliens. See Appendix J 

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (included in P.L. 104-208), 

1:36–37, 3:63–64 

Illegitimacy. See Nonmarital births 

Illinois, Community Group Participation and Housing Supplementation Demonstration, 11:60–61 

table 8 

IME. See Indirect medical education (IME) adjustment 

Immigrants. See Aliens; Noncitizens; and Appendix J 

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 1:15 

Immunosuppressive drugs, 2:119, 2:125–127, 2:137, 2:141 

In-House Paternity Acknowledgment Program, 8:6 table 1, 8:15–16, 8:19 

INA (Immigration and Nationality Act), 1:15 

Incentive payments (Federal) for State Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:62, 8:83–84 

table 10 

Income-tested benefits. See Appendix K 

Incomes, family. See Appendix H 

Independent Living Program, 11:3–4 table 1, 11:47 

established, 11:47–48 

evaluation research studies, 11:50–51 

history of, 11:51 

renamed for Senator John H. Chafee, 11:48, 11:138 

State data collection requirements, 11:51 

See also Chafee Foster Care Independence Program; Foster Care Independence Programs 

Indian Child Welfare Act, 11:63 

Indian tribes 

Medicaid eligibility for women with breast and cervical cancer, 15:81 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:64 

TANF Program and, 7:3, 7:15, 7:23, 7:26–27, 7:28–30 table 5, 7:92 
INDEX - 26 

See also Native Americans 

Indiana, Welfare Reform Evaluation, Appendix L: 39, 61 table 8 

Indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33, 2:134 

Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:9, 13:14–18 

deductible IRAs, 13:18 table 8 

education IRAs, 13:46 

effect of tax provisions on, 13:17 

legislative history, 13:14–15 

nondeductible IRAs, 13:16 

Roth IRAs, 13:10, 13:16–17 

traditional IRAs, 13:15–16 

withdrawals, 13:16 

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 11:74 

Influenza virus vaccine, 2:119 

Inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS), 2:20–21, 2:26, 2:32–33, 2:38–44, 2:41–43 tables 15-

17, 2:49, 2:50, 2:55, 2:59, 2:61, 2:102, 2:109, 2:111, 2:113, 2:138 

exemptions, exclusions, 2:53–54, 2:57–58, 2:62, 2:138 

Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), 2:54–57, 2:138 

Institutionalized persons 

children’s rights, 15:79–80, 15:96 

Medicaid Program coverage, 15:36–37, 15:79–80, 15:96 

Miller Trust, 15:37 

Social Security benefits suspension, 1:25 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:7–8, 3:13–15, 3:63 

Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 4:18 

Intern and resident-to-bed (IRB) ratio, and teaching hospitals, 2:32–33, 2:39, 2:44–45, 2:71, 2:138 

Internal Revenue Code (IRC). See Tax Provisions 

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 

child support arrearages collection, 8:36–37, 8:39 

Project 1099, for child support enforcement, 8:12–13, 8:39 

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards of Commissions (IAIBC), 15:142 

International health care expenditures. See Appendix C 

Iowa Family Investment Program (FIP), 11:61–62 table 8 

IPPS. See Inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS) 

IRAs. See Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs) 

IRB. See Intern and resident-to-bed (IRB) ratio 

IRFs. See Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) 

IUR. See Insured unemployment rate (IUR) 

JCWAA. See Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act (JCWAA) of 2002 

JGTRRA. See Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) of 2003 

Job Corps, 15:120–122, 15:122 table 32 

Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act (JCWAA) of 2002, 7:96, 13:58, 14:9 

Job losers, Unemployment Compensation Program and, 4:5, 4:8, 4:8 chart 1 

Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training Program, 7:3, 7:4, 7:26, 7:64, Appendix L: 35–

39, 49–72 table 8 

See also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program 

Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) (P.L. 97-300), 15:12, 15:118 

Job training programs, 7:3, 7:4, 7:7, 7:93, 7:95, 15:118–122, Appendix L: 35 

Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) of 2003 (P.L. 108-27), 15:55, 15:82–83 

Jobs First Program (Connecticut), Appendix L: 34–35, 39, 40–41, 59 table 8 

JTPA. See Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) 

Judge surrogates, and child support expedited process, 8:19 

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, 11:48 
INDEX - 27 

Kidney disease treatment. See Renal dialysis 

Kidney transplants, 2:2, 2:5, 2:127, 2:128 table 43 

Kinship care, 7:42 table 12, 11:79–81 

Labor unions, unemployment compensation and, 4:12 

Lanham Act, child care financing, 9:27 

Learning, Earning, and Parenting (LEAP) initiative, Appendix L: 69 table 8 

Leaver studies. See Welfare leavers 

Legal Permanent Residents (LPR). See Appendix J 

LHWCA. See Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (LHWCA) 

Life expectancy, 1:63–64 table 36, 1:82 table 50. See also Appendix A 

Lifetime learning tax credit, 13:45 

LIHEAP. See Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) 

Lock box or PAY-GO rules for Social Security surplus, 1:34–35 

Long arm statutes for child support enforcement, 8:44 

Long-term care 

Medicaid Program, 15:32, 15:51, 15:54, 15:55 table 16, 15:56–57 table 17, 15:58 chart 3, 15:67–

70, 15:73–75 

See also Appendix B 

Long-term care hospitals (LTCHs), 2:57–63, 2:135, 2:138 

prospective payment calculations, 2:59–63, 2:62 table 19 

Long-term care insurance 

tax aspects, 13:28–31, 13:32 

See also Appendix B 

Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (LHWCA), 15:144–145 

Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), 10:10, 15:2, 15:124–134 

background, 15:124, 15:126 

crisis and weatherization assistance, 15:131–133 table 37 

eligibility standards, 15:130 

funding sources, 15:134 

heating and cooling assistance benefits, estimated, 15:128–129 table 36 

performance measurement, 15:134 

planning and administration, 15:130, 15:134 

State allotments, 15:124, 15:126–127, 15:127–128 table 35 

Low-income housing credit, 13:56–57 

Low-income patients, Medicare Program, 2:33, 2:54, 2:55, 2:56, 2:133 

LTCHs. See Long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) 

Lump-sum death benefit, 1:17 

Maintenance of effort (MOE) in SCHIP, 15:94 table 22 

Maintenance of effort (MOE) in TANF, 7:3, 7:5–6, 7:9–10, 7:13, 7:15, 7:16, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:18, 

7:21, 7:26, 7:27, 7:32, 7:58, 7:61–63, 7:69–72 tables 21-22, 8:61, 9:31 table 15, 9:34, 9:57–58 

table 29 

Making Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, HHS, and Education (P.L. 107-116), 3:70 

Malpractice expenses, Medicare Program and, 2:88, 2:89 table 29 

Mammography screening, 2:10, 2:120, 2:133 

Managed care 

demonstration projects, 11:67, 11:68–72 table 20 

Medicaid Program, 15:63–67, 15:65–66 table 19, 15:67–68 table 20, 15:77 

Medicare Program, 2:92–93, 2:132, 2:150 table 49 

Mariana Islands. See Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the 

Marital status 

of TANF Program parents, 7:87, 7:92, 7:93, 7:95 

of working mothers, 9:2–6, 9:4–6 tables 2-4 

Mark-to-market [housing] initiative, 15:108 

Market basket (MB) index, 2:29 table 12, 2:39–40 
INDEX - 28 

Marriage promotion and two-parent families as TANF Program goal, 7:4, 7:23, Appendix L: 42–45 

Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant, 10:10 

Maximum taxable earnings for Social Security, 1:5, 1:39 table 1, 1:72–73 

MCCA. See Medicare Catastrophic Cover Act (MCCA) 

McKinney Act. See Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 (“McKinney Act”) 

MDHs (Medicare dependent hospitals), 2:21, 2:48, 2:139 

Means-tested programs, 13:40, 15:2–3, 15:3 table 2. See also Appendix K 

Medicaid Program, 15:26–83 

administration, 15:61–62, 15:76 

AFDC Program, interaction with, 15:33 

aged and disabled persons, 15:35–39 

alcoholics, eligibility for, 15:75–76 

benefits, 15:49–54 

EPSDT services for children, 15:50 

Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Services (HCBS), 15:51, 15:73–75, 15:75 

chart 4. See also Appendix B 

medically needy options, 15:50–51 

optional services, 15:50, 15:52–53 table 15 

pregnancy-related services, 15:50 

tuberculosis (TB)-related services, 15:14, 15:51 

waivers, 15:49–51, 15:54 

breast cancer, 15:32, 15:80–81 

capitated payment systems, 15:54 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and, 8:3, 8:29–32 

children, 15:33–34 

low-income children, 15:35 

coverage, by age and family income, 15:48 table 14 

delivery systems, 15:62–70 

demonstration projects, 15:40, 15:51, 15:54, 15:69–70, 15:70–71 

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 15:61, 15:77, 15:78–79, 15:81 

drug addict eligibility, 15:75–76 

dual eligibles, 15:59, 15:69 

eligibility, 15:32, 15:46 table 13, 15:76–77 

aged and disabled persons, 15:35–39 

aliens, 15:76 

dual eligibles, 15:59, 15:69 

families, pregnant women, and children, 15:33–34 

institutionalized persons and related groups, 15:36–37 

noncitizens/immigrants, 15:41 

persons with tuberculosis, 15:41, 15:51 

presumptive eligibility, 12:10, 15:97 

Qualified Disabled and Working Individuals (QDWIs), 15:39 

Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries (QMB), 11:59, 15:38–39 

Qualifying Individuals (QI-1), 15:39 

Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries (SLMB), 15:39 

women with breast and cervical cancer, 15:40–41, 15:80 

enrollment, 15:41–44, 15:42–43 chart 1-2 

expenditures, by acute and long-term care, 15:58 chart 3 

families, pregnant women and children, 15:33–34 

Federal matching rate, 15:54–55 

Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 15:54, 15:59–60 table 18, 15:71, 15:82–83, 

15:89–90, 15:93 

Federal reimbursement to States, 8:61 

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), 15:49, 15:78, 15:81 

fee-for-service (FFS) system, 15:62–63, 15:68 
INDEX - 29 

financing, 15:54–58, 15:71 

former foster care youth and, 11:137, 11:138 

institutional providers, 15:61 

institutionalized children, 15:79–80, 15:96 

institutionalized persons and related groups, 15:36–37 

legislative history, 15:75–83 

long-term care services, 15:32, 15:51, 15:54, 15:55 table 16, 15:56–57 table 17, 15:58 chart 3, 

15:67–70, 15:73–75 

managed care and, 15:63–67, 15:65–66 table 19, 15:67–68 table 20, 15:77 

managed care freedom-of-choice waivers, 15:49 

medically needy option, 15:32, 15:37, 15:39–40, 15:50–51 

migrant farm workers study, 15:82 

noncitizen/immigrant eligibility, 3:65, 15:41, 15:76 

nursing facility residents, 15:77–78 

overview, 15:26, 15:31–32 

payments 

by basis of eligibility, 15:56–57 table 17, 15:67–68 table 20 

Boren amendment, 15:77 

disproportionate share hospitals (DSHs), 15:61, 15:77, 15:78–79, 15:81 

payment methods, 15:77 

personal needs allowance (PNA), 3:11, 3:19–20 

and the poor, 15:33–34, 15:39, 15:45 

pre-paid health plan (PHP), 15:64, 15:65–66 table 19 

prescription drugs, 15:60 

primary care case management (PCCM), 15:50, 15:51, 15:55, 15:64, 15:67, 15:77 

Qualified Disabled and Working Individuals (QWDIs), 15:39 

Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries (QMB), 11:59, 15:38–39 

Qualifying Individuals (QI-1), 15:39 

recipients 

by eligibility category, 15:44 table 12 

by service category, 15:54, 15:55 table 16 

reimbursement policy, 15:58–61 

Ribicoff children, 15:34–35 

risk-based managed care plans, 15:66–67 

rural health clinics (RHCs), 15:78, 15:81 

SCHIP, and Medicaid expansions, 15:35, 15:78, 15:84, 15:85–86 table 21 

Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries (SLMB), 15:39 

spend down process, 15:36, 15:40 

State supplemental payments (SSP), interaction with, 15:36 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:15–16, 3:22–23 table 3 

eligibility, 3:19–20, 3:48–50, 3:65, 15:35–36 

survey data, 7:11 

TANF Program, interaction with, 7:11–12, 7:23, 15:33 

in the Territories, 12:4 table 3, 12:7–10, 12:8 table 5 

“300 percent rule,” 15:36–37 

transitional medical assistance (TMA), 15:34 

waiver programs, 15:70–75 

during a disaster or public health emergency, 15:81–82 

Family Planning demonstrations, 15:51, 15:54, 15:72 

managed care freedom-of-choice waivers, 15:49 

Pharmacy Plus demonstrations, 15:51, 15:73 

research and demonstration programs, 15:40, 15:51, 15:54, 15:70–71 

Specialty Services and Populations Demonstrations, 15:54, 15:72 

welfare leavers, Appendix L: 30, 30 table 5 

welfare recipients and transition, Appendix L: 27, 30, 48, 49–72 table 8 
INDEX - 30 

women with breast and cervical cancer, 15:40–41, 15:80 

working individuals with disabilities, 15:37–38, 15:39, 15:79 

Medical education 

direct graduate medical education (DGME), 2:32, 2:44–45 

graduate medical education (GME), 2:32, 2:134 

indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33, 2:134 

intern and resident-to-bed (IRB) ratio, 2:32–33, 2:39, 2:44–45, 2:71, 2:138 

Medical expenses 

child support orders, 8:29–32 

deductions, 13:14, 13:32–33, 13:34 tables 10-11 

Medical insurance. See Health insurance 

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) services, 2:121–122 

Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 13:21–23 

Medically needy program, 15:32, 15:37, 15:39–40, 15:50–51 

Medicare and Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, and railroad retirement, 5:12, 5:13 table 5 

Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA) (P.L. 100-360), 2:69–70 

Medicare dependent hospitals (MDHs), 2:21, 2:48, 2:139 

Medicare economic index (MEI), 2:85, 2:89, 2:92, 2:93, 2:122, 2:123 

Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board (MGCRB), 2:46, 2:50–52, 2:138 

Medicare HI Trust Fund. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund 

Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA 1999) (included in P.L. 

106-113), 2:19, 2:46, 2:52, 2:67, 2:70, 2:101, 2:111, 2:129, 2:130, 2:134–137, 15:78–79, 15:95–96 

Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act (BIPA 2000) (included 

in P.L. 106-554), 2:19, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:67, 2:70, 2:101, 2:111, 2:127, 2:130, 2:138–143, 12:11, 

12:14 table 6, 15:61, 15:81, 15:88, 15:96–97 

Medicare/Medicaid Antifraud and Abuse Amendments of 1977, 8:29 

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, 2:134, 2:137 

Medicare+Choice (M+C) Program, 2:14–15, 2:129, 2:129–130, 2:134, 2:137, 2:142–143, 15:81. 

See also Appendix E 

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-173), 2:1, 

2:10, 13:23 

Medicare Program, 2:1–155 

acute care facilities, 2:45–46 

administration, 2:3 

aged, eligibility and coverage, 2:5 

ambulance services, 2:116–118, 2:141 

ambulatory payment classification (APC) groups, 2:112 

ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 2:114–116, 2:140–141 

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 2:141 

annual update factor, 2:29 table 12, 2:39–40 

benefits, 2:2–3 

beneficiary cost-sharing and, 2:9–10 

benefit payments, 2:133, 2:150 table 49 

bone mass measurements, 2:122, 2:134 

bonus and relief payments, 2:53, 2:73 

capital exception payments, 2:39 

capital prospective payment system, 2:38–39 

case-mix groups (CMGs), 2:54–57, 2:56 table 18 

clinical laboratory services, 2:10, 2:101–102 

clinical psychologists, 2:101 

coinsurance, 2:11–12 table 4 

colonoscopy screening, 2:120–121, 2:134, 2:141 

colorectal cancer screening, 2:120–121, 2:134 

competitive bidding demonstrations, 2:105, 2:134, 2:137 

comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities (CORFs), 2:123 
INDEX - 31 

cost-sharing, 2:9–10, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:109, 15:38–39. See also Appendix B 

coverage claims process, 2:142 

critical access hospital (CAH) program, 2:21, 2:49–50, 2:135, 2:138–139 

deductible, 2:11–12 table 4 

diabetes outpatient self-management training, 2:121, 2:134 

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 2:21, 2:26, 2:27–28 table 11, 2:30, 2:36–37 

diagnostic testing, 2:10 

direct graduate medical education (DGME), 2:32, 2:44–45 

disabled persons 

eligibility and coverage, 2:5 

enrollment, 2:147 table 47 

disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:35, 2:134 

distinct part units, 2:20, 2:36, 2:52–57, 2:138 

doctor’s services, 2:9 

drugs and vaccines, 2:10, 2:119–120, 2:125–127, 2:137 

dual eligibles, 15:59, 15:69 

Duggan v. Bowen, 2:78 

duplication rules, 13:30 

durable medical equipment (DME), 2:3, 2:103–105, 2:120, 2:134, 2:142 

eligibility and coverage, 2:2, 2:5–8 

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 2:2, 2:6 table 2, 2:109, 2:124–129, 2:147 table 47 

enrollment 

disabled persons, 2:147 table 47 

by sex and age, 2:146 table 46 

by type of coverage, 2:6–7 table 2, 2:150–152 table 50 

Federal outlays, 2:4, 2:4 table 1 

Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), 2:122–123 

fee-for-service payments, 2:3 

fee schedule, inherent reasonableness authority, 2:104 

financing, 2:3, 2:10–20 

glaucoma screening, 2:122, 2:141 

health maintenance organizations (HMOs). See Medicare+ Choice (M+C) Program 

health savings account deductions, 13:23–24 

historical data, 2:145, 2:146–154 tables 46-52 

home health care services, 2:3, 2:9, 2:14, 2:71–79, 2:119, 2:133, 2:136 

hospice services, 2:3, 2:9, 2:79–84, 2:83 table 26, 2:85–86 tables 27-28, 2:133, 2:136, 2:140 

hospital insurance (HI) Program. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 

hospital services, 2:20–25 

geographic classification of, 2:46, 2:50–52 

inpatient hospital care, 2:2, 2:9, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:24–25 tables 9-10 

outpatient department (OPD) services, 2:3, 2:105–114, 2:133, 2:136–137, 2:140 

partial hospitalization services, 2:123 

short-term stay general hospitals, 2:26–52, 2:27–28 table 11, 2:153–154 table 52 

spending, 2:20–21, 2:24 table 9, 2:29 table 12 

swing bed program, 2:21, 2:36, 2:46, 2:49–50, 2:62, 2:138–139 

utilization, 2:20–21, 2:24–25 tables 9-10 

indirect medical education (IME) adjustment, 2:32–33 

inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS), 2:20–21, 2:26, 2:32, 2:32–33, 2:38–44, 2:41–43 

tables 15-17, 2:49, 2:50, 2:53–62, 2:102, 2:109, 2:111, 2:113, 2:138 

inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), 2:54–57, 2:138 

kidney transplants, 2:2, 2:5, 2:127, 2:128 table 43 

legislative history, 2:132–143 

long-term care hospitals, 2:57–63 

low-income patients, 2:33, 2:54, 2:55, 2:56, 2:133 

managed care, 2:92–93, 2:132, 2:150 table 49 
INDEX - 32 

medical nutrition therapy (MNT) services, 2:121–122 

Medicare dependent hospitals (MDHs), 2:21, 2:48, 2:139 

mental health services, 2:9, 2:53–54, 2:80, 2:81, 2:85, 2:94, 2:101, 2:123, 2:135, 2:138 

midwife services, 2:100, 15:50 

national coverage determinations (NCDs), 2:101–102 

new technology payments, 2:37–38 

nonphysician practitioners services, 2:9, 2:100–101 

nurse anesthetists, 2:100–101 

nurse practitioners, 2:100 

occupational therapy services, 2:101, 2:137, 2:141 

orthotics, 2:103–105, 2:142 

overview, 2:2–4 

Pap smears, 2:10, 2:120, 2:137, 2:141 

Part A. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 

Part B. See Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program 

payment policies. See Appendix D 

payments for services, 2:3, 2:152 table 51 

pelvic exams, 2:10, 2:120, 2:133, 2:141 

persons served 

by demographic characteristics, 2:152 table 51 

by type of coverage, 2:150–152 table 50 

physical therapy service, 2:101, 2:137, 2:141 

physician assistants, 2:100 

physicians’ services, 2:85, 2:88–100, 2:89–92 tables 29-30, 2:133 

premiums, 2:11–12 table 4 

prescription drug benefits, 2:10, 2:119–120 

preventive screenings, 2:10, 2:120–121, 2:133–134, 2:141 

prostate cancer screening, 2:120, 2:133 

prosthetics, 2:103–105, 2:142 

Railroad Retirement System, interaction with, 2:5, 2:13 

rehabilitation impairment categories (RICs), 2:54 

renal dialysis, 2:2, 2:128, 2:141 

resource utilization groups (RUGs), 2:64–68, 2:65–67 table 20 

rural health clinics (RHCs), 2:122–123 

rural hospitals, 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:135, 2:138–139 

rural referral centers (RRCs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:35 table 14, 2:48–49 

savings estimates, Congressional Budget Office, 2:144, 2:144–145 table 45 

Secondary Payer Program, 2:130–132 

short-term stay general hospitals, 2:26–52, 2:27–28 table 11 

skilled nursing facility (SNF) care, 2:3, 2:9, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:14, 2:49, 2:63–70, 2:133 

social workers, 2:101 

sole community hospitals (SCHs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:46–49, 2:102 

Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries (SLMB) Program, 2:133 

supplementary coverage, 2.132, 2.134. See also Appendix B 

supplementary medical insurance (SMI), 2:2, 2:5, 2:11–12 table 4 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:32 

telehealth services, 2:122 

in the Territories 

eligibility and coverage, 12:2 table 1 

Federal funding for, 12:4 table 3 

venipuncture services, 2:79 

See also Appendix B; Appendix D; Appendix E; Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 

Medicare Risk Contract Program, 2:134 

Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Program, 2:49 

Medicare Trust Funds 
INDEX - 33 

administration and protection, 1:33, 1:36–37 

See also Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund 

Medigap insurance, 2:134, 2:137, 2:143. See also Appendix B; Appendix E 

MEI (Medicare economic index), 2:85, 2:89, 2:92, 2:93, 2:122, 2:123 

Melson-Delaware approach to child support awards, 8:22, 8:23, 8:24 

Mental health services, 2:9, 2:53–54, 2:80, 2:81, 2:85, 2:94, 2:101, 2:123, 2:135, 2:138, 10:10, 

11:15, 11:50, 11:85, 15:64, 15:87, 15:123 

Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program, 11:2, 11:3–4 table 1, 11:17, 11:138 

MEPA. See Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA 1994) 

Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (“Jones Act”), 15:146 

MFIP (Minnesota Family Investment Program), Appendix L: 34–35, 40–41, 43, 63–66 table 8 

MGCRB. See Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board (MGCRB) 

MGIB (Montgomery GI bill), 15:135 

Michigan, To Strengthen Families (TSMF), Appendix L: 62–63 table 8 

Midwife services, certified nurse, 2:100, 15:50 

Migrant farm workers study, SCHIP, 15:82 

Military personnel 

child support enforcement, 8:42–43 

parent locator services and, 8:42 

Unemployment Compensation Program, 4:13–14 

wage credits, HI trust fund transfers, 2:13 

Miller v. Ybarra case, 15:37 

Milwaukee’s New Hope Demonstration Project, Appendix L: 72 table 8 

Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), Appendix L: 34–35, 40–41, 43, 63–66 table 8 

Minnesota Senior Health Options (MSHO), 15:69 

MNT. See Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) services 

Model Interstate Income Withholding Act, 8:45 

Moderate Rehabilitation for Single Room Occupancy Dwellings Program, 15:101 

MOE. See Maintenance of effort (MOE) 

Montgomery GI bill (MGIB), 15:135 

Mortgage interest tax deduction, 13:54–55 

MPPAA. See Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act (MPPAA) 

MSAs (medical savings accounts), 13:21–23 

MSHO. See Minnesota Senior Health Options (MSHO) 

Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act (MPPAA 1980) (P.L. 96-364), 14:6–7, 14:9, 14:16 

Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA 1994) (P.L. 103-382), 11:31, 11:62–64 

Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-65), 15:108 

Multistate Foster Care Data Archive (Chapin Hall), 11:88–89 

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 

NAFTA-Transitional Adjustment Assistance (NAFTA-TAA) program, 6:2, 6:12 

NAFTA Worker Security Act (P.L. 103-182), 6:12, 6:16 

NAIC (National Association of Insurance Commissioners), 15:142 

National Advisory Commission on the Future of Medicare, 2:134 

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-625), 15:99 

National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), 15:142 

National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 11:78–79 

National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), 11:55–56, 11:74–77 

National Child Care Staffing Study (NCCSS), 9:20 

National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 8:5 

National Conference of Commissions on Uniform State Laws, 8:44, 8:47, 8:48 

National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI), 15:142 

National coverage determinations (NCDs) for clinical laboratory tests, 2:101–102 

National Directory of New Hires, 8:13, 8:14, 8:39 

National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS), Appendix L: 35–39, 38 table 6, 40, 
INDEX - 34 

47, 49–53 table 8 

National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health (NHSDUH), 11:78 

National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), 11:74, 11:77 

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), child care quality study, 

9:22–24 

National medical support notice, standardized, 8:32 

National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT), 5:13–14, 5:26–27 

National Resource Center for Information Technology in Child Welfare, 11:91 

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 9:12–14, 11:79 

National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), 11:18, 11:89–91 

Native American Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Technical Amendment Act of 2001 (P.L. 

107-121), 15:81 

Native Americans 

child support programs, 8:5 

Medicaid eligibility for women with breast and cervical cancer, 15:81 

SCHIP, 15:95 

Supplement Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:64 

TANF family assistance programs, 7:3, 7:15, 7:23, 7:26–27, 7:28–30 table 5, 7:92 

Native Employment Works (NEW) Program, 7:26 

Naturalization. See Appendix J 

NCANDS. See National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) 

NCCI (National Council on Compensation Insurance), 15:142 

NCCSS. See National Child Care Staffing Study (NCCSS) 

NCDs. See National coverage determinations (NCDs) 

Needs-tested benefits. See Appendix K 

NEW. See Native Employment Works (NEW) Program 

New Chance Demonstration, Appendix L: 53–54 table 8 

New Hope Demonstration Project, Appendix L: 72 table 8 

New Jersey, Family Development Program (FDP), Appendix L: 43, 66 table 8 

New York 

Child Assistance Program (NY CAP), Appendix L: 66–67 table 8 

Continuing Care Network (CCN), 15:69 

NEWWS. See National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) 

NHSDUH. See National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health (NHSDUH) 

NICHD. See National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) 

NIS. See National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS) 

NLA (national limitation amount) for clinical laboratory services, 2:102 

Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentalities Act, 15:144 

Noncitizen Benefit Clarification and Other Technical Amendments Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-306), 

3:47, 3:66, 8:81–82 

Noncitizens 

food stamp eligibility, 15:15 

Medicaid Program eligibility, 15:41 

OASDI Program benefits eligibility, 1:15 

Social Security benefits eligibility, 1:36–37 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:7, 3:47, 3:62–66 

TANF Program benefits, 7:5 

See also Aliens; Appendix J 

Nonmarital births 

prevention as TANF goal, 7:4, 7:15 

by State, 8:101–102 table 21 

TANF nonmarital birthrate reduction bonuses, 7:22, 7:22 table 3 

See also Appendix M 

Nonparticipating physicians, Medicare Program and, 2:94 

Nonphysician practitioners services, 2:9, 2:100–101 
INDEX - 35 

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Implementation Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-182), 

4:35–36, 6:1, 6:12, 6:15–16 

Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the 

Food Stamp Program, 15:7–8 

Medicaid Program, 12:8 table 5, 12:9 

Nutrition Assistance Programs, 12:3 table 2, 12:5–6 

SCHIP Program, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

social services block grant programs, 12:12 

social welfare programs, 12:1, 12:2 table 1, 12:3 table 2 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:2 

TANF Program, 12:6 

See also Territories 

NRRIT. See National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) 

NSAF. See National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF) 

NSCAW. See National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) 

Nurse midwife services, 2:100, 15:50 

Nursery school development, Federal role, 9:25 

Nurses and nurse practitioners, 2:100–101, 15:49, 15:50, 15:145 

Nursing Home Resident Protection Amendments of 1999 (P.L. 106-004), 15:77–78 

Nutrition Assistance Programs 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:5–6, 15:7 

See also Food Stamp Program; School Lunch and Breakfast Programs; Special Supplemental 

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) 

NY CAP (Child Assistance Program), Appendix L: 66–67 table 8 

OASDI. See Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) 

OASI Program. See Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program 

OASIS (Outcome and Assessment Information Set), 2:74, 2:136 

OBRA. See Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) 

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Program, 9:18 

Occupational Safety and Health Act (P.L. 91-596), 15:142–143 

Occupational therapy services, 2:101, 2:137, 2:141 

OCSE. See Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) 

Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 8:5 

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), emergency unemployment compensation outlay 

estimates, 4:20, 4:21 table 6 

Offsets 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:36–37, 8:95–96 table 17 

Social Security pension offsets, 1:23, 1:24, 4:14 

Ohio welfare reform initiatives 

Final Impacts for JOBS and Work Choice, 11:67–68 table 8 

Learning, Earning, and Parenting (LEAP), Appendix L: 69 table 8 

Transitions to Independence Demonstration, Appendix L: 67–68 table 8 

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program, 1:2 

benefit and contribution statements, 1:36 

benefits eligibility, 1:14–15 

currently insured, 1:14–15 

fully insured, 1:14–15 

disability coverage, 1:15 

“exhaustion” of trust funds, 1:11 

insured status, 1:14–15 

trust fund actuarial balance, 1:11 

See also Social Security 

Old-Age Assistance Program, 1:2, 3:2, 3:3, 3:24, 3:61 

Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Program 
INDEX - 36 

beneficiaries by benefit types, 1:45–46 tables 10-11 

benefits payments, 1:44 table 9 

penalties, 1:37–38 

cost of program, 1:62–63 table 34 

covered earnings, 1:24, 1:40–41 table 3 

“exhaustion” of trust funds, 1:11, 1:60 table 31 

FICA tax, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4 

financing, 1:4–5, 1:58 table 26 

prisoner benefits suspension, 1:25 

railroad retirement benefits and, 5:12, 5:13 table 5 

SECA tax, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4 

Social Security benefits eligibility, 1:15 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and, 3:14–15 

tax rates for self-employed individuals, 1:40 table 2 

taxable earnings, 1:40–41 table 3 

trust fund actuarial balance, 1:10, 1:11, 1:62 table 33 

See also Social Security 

Older Americans Act and the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3 

Older Americans Act Employment Program for the Elderly, 15:12 

Older persons. See Elderly; Senior citizens 

OMB. See Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 

Omnibus Appropriations Act for fiscal year 1999, 12:10 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1980) (P.L. 96-499) 

Medicare home health services coverage, 2:72 

Medicare swing bed program, 2:21, 2:36, 2:46, 2:49–50, 2:62, 2:138–139 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1981) (P.L. 97-35) 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:36, 8:38 

Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 4:19 

LIHEAP, 15:124 

Nutrition Assistance Block Grant in Puerto Rico, 12:5 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:6, 5:12 

social services block grants, 10:1, 10:10 

trade adjustment assistance programs, 6:15 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1986) (P.L. 99-509) 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:28, 8:46 

Medicare immunosuppressive drug coverage, 2:127 

Medicare PPS for HOPD care, 2:109 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1987) (P.L. 100-203) 

Medicare DME fee schedule, 2:103 

Medicare swing-bed program, 2:49 

mortgage interest deduction, 13:55 

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 14:9 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:15, 5:25 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:11 

Title XX entitlement ceiling, 10:2 table 1 

Title XX funds to American Samoa, 10:1 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1989) (P.L. 101-239) 

child welfare services, 11:9 

Independent Living Program, 11:47 

low-income housing tax credit, 13:56 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:25 

social services block grants, 10:2 table 1 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1990) (P.L. 101-508) 

Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), 9:2, 9:30 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program, 8:37 
INDEX - 37 

Foster Care Program administrative costs, 11:22 

FUTA surtax extension, 4:35 

Independent Living Program, 11:47 

Medicaid prescription drug reimbursement, 15:60 

Medicare PPS for HOPD care, 2:109 

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 14:9 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:25 

Social Security and budget calculations, 1:33 

Social Security for State and local employees, 1:4 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:16 

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1993) (P.L. 103-66) 

empowerment zones and enterprise communities, 10:10 

Foster Care Program, 11:26, 11:47, 11:84 

FUTA surtax extension, 4:35 

Independent Living Program, 11:47 

low-income housing tax credit, 13:56 

Medicaid Program coverage for institutionalized persons, 15:37 

medical child support orders, 8:30–32 

paternity establishment, 8:15 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:15, 5:25–26 

Social Security benefits, 2:13, 13:18 

social services block grants, 10:2 table 1, 10:10 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:26 

taxation of benefits, 1:25 

trade adjustment assistance programs, 6:16 

Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, for fiscal year 1999 (P.L. 

105-277), 6:16, 10:2 table 1, 10:12, 15:95 

Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-134), 1:37, 10:12 

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA) of 1988 (P.L. 100-418), Trade Adjustment 

Assistance Programs, 6:6, 6:7, 6:15 

Orthotics, 2:103–105, 2:142 

Out-of-wedlock births 

prevention as TANF goal, 7:4, 7:15 

by State, 8:101–102 table 21 

TANF nonmarital birth rate reduction bonuses, 7:22, 7:22 table 3 

See also Appendix M 

Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 2:74, 2:136 

Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 15:144 

Owner-occupied housing, 13:54–56 

PACE (Program for All-Inclusive Care for Elderly), 15:69 

Pap smears, 2:10, 2:120, 2:137, 2:141 

Parent locator services 

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 8:7–8, 8:12, 8:14, 8:49 

Financial Institution Data Match (FIDM) Program, 8:13, 8:39, 8:49, 8:79, 8:81 

locating absent parents, 8:12–14 

for military personnel, 8:42 

Project 1099, 8:12–13, 8:39 

Parental rights, termination of, 11:16, 11:27, 11:32–33, 11:60 table 18, 11:73–74, 11:138 

Parents’ Fair Share (PFS) Demonstration, Appendix L: 54 table 8 

Part A Medicare. See Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 

Part B Medicare. See Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program 

PASS. See Plan for achieving self-support (PASS) 

Paternity establishment. See Child Support Enforcement (CSE) and Paternity Establishment Program 

“PAY-GO” approach, Social Security, 1:34–35 
INDEX - 38 

Payroll taxes 

FICA tax, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4, 13:25, 13:48 

Medicare, HI share, 2:5, 2:10, 2:13, 2:15–58 tables 5-6 

Railroad Retirement System, 5:10, 5:11 table 4, 5:27 

Social Security, 1:4–6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:39–41 tables 1-4, 1:72, 1:74–81, 1:75–79 tables 46-48, 1:81 

table 49 

State unemployment, 4:28–29 

PBGC. See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) 

PCCM. See Primary care case management (PCCM) 

Pell grants, in the Territories, 12:2 table 1 

Pelvic exams, 2:10, 2:120, 2:133, 2:141 

Pennington v. Doherty case, 4:10 

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 14:1–16 

administration of, 14:1 

Advisory Committee, 14:1 

budgetary treatment, 14:11, 14:13 table 3 

coverage requirements, 14:3 

defined benefit plans, 14:1–2 

defined contribution plans, 14:1–2 

financial condition, 14:11–14 

financing, 14:8–14 

assets from terminated plans, 14:10 

employer liability, 14:10–11 

investment income, 14:11 

premiums, 14:9 

sources of, 14:8–9 

multiemployer plans, 14:2–3 

legislative history, 14:16 

premiums, 14:9 

terminations, 14:6–7 

overview, 14:17 

plan termination insurance, 14:1–2 

single-employer plans, 14:2–3 

asset allocation, 14:6 

benefits 

 benefit payments, 14:5 

 guaranteed benefits, 14:5–6 

 section 4022(c) benefits, 14:6 

claims, 14:7–8 

 experience, 14:8 table 1 

 number of, 14:10 table 2 

employer liability, 14:5 

legislative history, 14:14–16 

premiums, 14:9 

terminations 

 distress, 14:4 

 future, 14:8 table 1 

 involuntary, 14:4 

 number of, 14:10 table 2 

 standard, 14:3–4 

trusteeship, 14:4–5 

Pension Insurance Modeling System (PIMS), 14:13–14 

Pension Protection Act (PPA 1987), 14:4, 14:15 

Pensions 

coverage, 13:3, 13:7–8, 13:11, 13:13–14 
INDEX - 39 

defined benefit plans, 3:7–8, 3:13 

employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), 13:7, 13:14 

government pension offsets, 1:23, 1:24, 4:14 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:9, 13:10, 13:14–18 

legislative history of tax exclusions, 13:3, 13:7 

participation in employer-sponsored plans, 13:12–14 tables 3-7 

qualified plan rules, 13:8–9 

Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE), 13:9–10 

termination of plans, 13:7 

vesting rules, 13:7, 13:8 

See also Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation; Railroad Retirement System 

Permanency hearings and plans, child placement, 11:26, 11:27, 11:32, 11:60 table 18, 11:105, 

11:105–107 tables 31-32, 11:137 

Personal needs allowance (PNA), 3:11, 3:19–20 

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 (P.L. 104-

193) 

AFDC Program repealed by, 7:2, 7:11, 8:3, 11:81, 11:137 

bankruptcy and child support, 8:53 

block grant programs, 10:2 table 1, 10:9–10 

child abuse and neglect studies, 11:17–18 

Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), 9:27–28, 9:30 

child care for low-income families, 7:10, 9:2 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and welfare reform, 8:3, 8:7, 8:13–14, 8:16, 8:20, 

8:27–28, 8:39, 8:41, 8:51, 8:57, 8:77–81 

child welfare programs, 11:81–83, 11:137 

earned income credit (EIC), 13:35 

food stamp ban for noncitizens, 7:21 

Food Stamp Program, 15:8, 15:25 

Foster Care Program, 11:18–19, 11:26, 11:84 

Medicaid Program and, 15:76 

noncitizens and. See Appendix J 

Social Security benefits eligibility, 1:15, 1:36–37 

Social Services Block Grant Program, 10:2 table 1, 10:12 

State automated data systems, 8:54–55, 11:84 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:4, 3:14, 3:43, 3:47, 3:62, 10:2 table 1, 10:12 

TANF Program established by, 7:2, 7:11, 7:96, 8:3, 11:81, 11:137 

Personal Roads to Individual Development (PRIDE) Program, Appendix L: 44 

PFS Demonstration. See Parents’ Fair Share (PFS) Demonstration 

Pharmacy Plus demonstrations, 15:51, 15:73 

PHP. See Pre-paid health plan (PHP) 

Physical therapy services, 2:101, 2:137, 2:141 

Physician assistants, 2:100 

Physician Payment Review Commission, replaced by Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, 

2:134 

Physicians’ services, 2:88–100 

assignment rates, 2:95, 2:95 table 32, 2:96–97 table 33 

beneficiary liability limits, 2:94 

bonus payments, 2:93 

conversion factor, 2:88, 2:89, 2:91 table 30, 2:93, 2:133, 2:136 

coverage, 2:85 

fee schedule calculations, 2:88–93 

geographic adjustments, 2:88, 2:89–91 table 29 

Medicaid Program and, 15:49, 15:54 

Medicare economic index (MEI), 2:89 

Medicare reimbursement, 2:85. See also Appendix D 
INDEX - 40 

mental health services payment limitation, 2:94 

participation data, 2:94–95, 2:97–100 tables 34-36 

practice costs, by locality, 2:89–91 table 29 

relative value for service, 2:88, 2:136 

sustainable growth rate (SGR), 2:89, 2:92–93, 2:133, 2:136 

update adjustment factor, 2:89, 2:92–93. See also Appendix C; Appendix E 

PIA. See Primary insurance amount (PIA) 

PIMS (Pension Insurance Modeling System), 14:13–14 

P.L. See Public laws 

Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 3:8–9, 3:48 

PNA (Personal needs allowance), 3:11, 3:19–20 

Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, 2:119, 2:120 

Political asylum. See Appendix J 

Poverty status 

child care arrangements, 9:11 table 7, 9:16 table 12 

child support payments, 8:69–70, 8:72–73, 8:73 table 7 

consumption expenditures, Appendix L: 21–24 

earned income credit (EIC) effect on, Appendix L: 15, 18–21 

Federal poverty level (FPL), 15:33–34, 15:45, 15:83 

Federal tax treatment, 13:67, 13:71–74 tables 24-25 

food assistance programs, Appendix L: 15 

food stamp benefits, 3:36 table 9, 3:37 table 10 

household income, effect on, Appendix L:16 

Medicaid Program and, 15:33–34, 15:36, 15:39, 15:45 

pregnant women and children, 15:33–34 

single-mother families 

cash welfare recipiency rates, Appendix L: 6–9, 8–9 charts 2-4, 25–26 tables 1-2 

“earnings poor,” Appendix L: 16–17 

effects of earnings, transfers, and taxes, Appendix L: 12–16, 17 chart 8 

income sources, Appendix L: 18–21 

work and welfare status, Appendix L: 4–5, 6 chart 1, 11–17, 12 chart 6 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments, 3:6 table 1, 3:27, 3:36 table 9 

“work-first” programs impact on, Appendix L: 2–3 

See also Appendix H 

Poverty thresholds, 13:67, 13:71–74 tables 24-25 

PPA. See Pension Protection Act (PPA) 

PPS. See Prospective payment system (PPS) 

Pregnancy 

Medicaid program for pregnant women and children, 15:33–34 

out-of-wedlock births, 7:4, 7:15, 8:101–102 table 21 

and welfare, Appendix L: 3, 42, 49–72 table 8 

See also Appendix L; Appendix M 

Pre-paid health plan (PHP), 15:64, 15:65–66 table 19 

Prescription drugs, 2:119–120 

immunosuppressive drugs, 2:119, 2:125–127, 2:137, 2:141 

Medicaid reimbursements, 15:60 

Medicare benefits, 2:10, 2:119–120, 2:125–127, 2:137 

Preserving Affordable Housing for Senior Citizens and Families into the 21st Century Act 

(P.L. 106-74), 15:108 

Presumptive eligibility, defined, 12:10, 15:97 

Prevent Child Abuse America, 11:74 

Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant, 10:10 

Preventive health services, 2:10, 2:120–122, 2:133–134, 2:141, 9:35, 10:10, 11:48, 13:31, 15:80, 

15:81, 15:87, 15:88 

PRIDE Program. See Personal Roads to Individual Development (PRIDE) Program 
INDEX - 41 

Primary care case management (PCCM), 15:55, 15:64, 15:67, 15:77 

Primary insurance amount (PIA), 1:17–19, 1:46 table 12, 1:53 table 20 

Prisoners and fugitive felons 

Social Security benefits suspension, 1:25, 1:37, 1:39 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program benefits prohibitions, 3:7–8, 3:13–15, 3:63 

TANF Program benefits, 7:5 

Prisoners’ children, mentoring program, 11:2, 11:3–4 table 1, 11:17, 11:138 

Privatization 

of child support enforcement, 8:50–51 

of TANF Program, 7:13 

Profile of Child Care Settings Study (Department of Education), 9:17 

Program for All-Inclusive Care for Elderly (PACE), 15:69 

Project 1099 for child support enforcement, 8:12–13, 8:39 

Project Independence, 11:60 table 8 

Promoting Safe and Stable Families Amendments of 2001 (P.L. 107-133), 11:4 table 1, 11:11–12, 

11:14, 11:17, 11:48, 11:138 

Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) Program, 11:2 

authorization (P.L. 107-133), 11:138 

Court Improvement Program, 11:16–17 

entitlement ceilings, 11:11–12 

family preservation and reunification, 11:15–16 

family support programs evaluation studies, 11:15–16 

Federal funding of, 11:3–6 tables 1-2 

grants to States, 11:11–16 

set-asides, 11:12, 11:14 table 6, 11:16 

State-by-State allocations, 11:13–14 table 6 

States’ use of funds, 11:16 

Property liens for child support, 8:38–39 

Prospective Payment Assessment Commission replaced by Medicare Payment Advisory 

Commission, 2:134 

Prospective payment system (PPS), 2:3, 2:26 

home health services, 2:73 

hospice care, 2:82–83, 2:136 

hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs-OPPS), 2:109, 2:136–137, 2:140 

hospitals, 2:82–83, 2:132–133, 2:134–135, 2:138 

long-term care hospitals, 2:59–63, 2:62 table 19 

skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), 2:14, 2:49, 2:63–64, 2:133 

See also Capital prospective payment system; Inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS) 

Prostate cancer screening, 2:120, 2:133 

Prosthetics, 2:103–105, 2:142 

PRWORA. See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 

1996 (P.L. 104-193) 

PSSF Program. See Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) Program 

Psychiatric hospitals, 2:53–54 

Psychologists, clinical, 2:101 

Public assistance programs 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:42 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:6 

Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-188), 

2:130, 2:143, 15:81–82, 15:97 

Public Health Services Act, 2:93, 3:61, 13:26–27 

Public laws 

64th–94th Congresses, through 1976 

64-267, 15:143–144 

74-271, 1:2, 4:1–2 
INDEX - 42 

75-722, 5:16 

76-379, 4:1–2, 4:32, 4:33 chart 3, 12:2, 13:25, 13:48 

88-452, 15:122 

89-97, 15:26 

91-173, 13:51, 15:145 

91-596, 15:142–143 

92-576, 15:144 

92-603, 1:3, 3:2, 3:45–46, 12:5, 15:35 

93-344, 1:32 

93-406, 8:32, 8:81, 13:3, 13:7, 13:14, 13:26–27, 14:1, 14:14 

93-445, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4 

93-618, 6:1, 6:12, 6:15, 6:16 

93-647, 8:2, 10:1 

94-12, 13:42 

94-21, 3:2 

94-566, 4:2, 4:14 

94-585, 3:25 

95th-96th Congresses, 1977-1980 

95-134, 12:12 

95-215, 1:3, 5:10 

96-272, 11:8, 11:26, 11:31, 11:52, 11:83 

96-364, 4:14 

96-473, 1:25, 1:29 

96-499, 2:21, 2:36, 2:46, 2:49–50, 2:62, 2:72, 2:138–139 

96-597, 15:7

97th-98th Congresses, 1981-1984

97-35, 4:19, 5:6, 5:12, 6:15, 8:36, 8:38, 10:1, 10:10, 12:5, 15:124 

97-248, 2:52–53, 2:57, 2:59, 2:79, 4:19, 6:12, 8:42, 13:32 

97-300, 15:12, 15:118 

98-21, 1:3, 1:23–24, 1:25, 2:26, 3:18, 3:51, 5:15, 5:25, 13:18 

98-76, 5:12, 5:15, 5:22 

98-120, 6:15 

98-369, 2:78, 3:10, 6:15, 13:24 

98-378, 8:5, 8:15, 8:29, 8:37 

98-460, 1:26, 1:29 

98-502, 15:130 

98-558, 15:124, 15:134 

99th -100th Congresses, 1985-1988 

99-81, 6:15 

99-107, 6:15 

99-155, 6:15 

99-189, 6:15 

99-272, 2:79, 5:15, 6:10, 6:15, 11:47, 13:26, 14:15 

99-509, 2:109, 2:127, 8:28, 8:46 

99-514, 4:14, 5:15, 13:14, 13:24, 13:54 

99-643, 3:16, 3:48 

100-77, 15:99, 15:101 

100-203, 2:49, 2:103, 5:15, 5:25, 10:1, 10:2 table 1, 13:55, 14:9 

100-360, 2:69–70 

100-418, 6:6, 6:7, 6:15 

100-485, 7:2, 8:5, 8:15, 8:56, 9:2, 10:7, Appendix L: 31 

100-578, 2:101 

100-647, 5:23, 5:25, 11:47, 13:27 

101st-102nd Congresses, 1989-1992 

101-198, 10:2 table 1 
INDEX - 43 

101-239, 5:25, 10:2 table 1, 11:9, 11:47, 13:56 

101-382, 6:15–16 

101-508, 1:4, 1:7, 1:33, 2:109, 3:16, 4:35, 5:25, 8:37, 9:2, 9:30, 11:22, 11:47, 14:9, 15:60 

101-625, 15:99 

102-164, 4:13, 4:19–20, 4:34, 4:35 

102-318, 4:11, 4:12–13, 4:18, 4:19, 4:34, 4:35, 6:16 

102-537, 8:40–41 

102-585, 15:60 

103rd-104th Congresses, 1993-1996 

103-3, 4:13 

103-6, 4:35 

103-66, 1:25, 2:13, 3:26, 4:35, 5:15, 5:25–26, 6:16, 8:15, 8:30–32, 10:2 table 1, 10:10, 11:26, 

11:47, 11:84, 13:56 

103-152, 4:35 

103-182, 4:35–36, 6:1, 6:12, 6:15–16 

103-296, 3:46, 5:26 

103-382, 11:31, 11:62–64 

103-383, 8:46 

103-387, 1:25 

103-394, 8:53 

103-403, 8:42 

103-432, 8:41, 11:31, 11:53, 11:66 

104-35, 8:54 

104-121, 1:33, 1:35, 1:36, 3:46, 3:61, 3:65, 15:75–76 

104-127, 15:25 

104-134, 1:37, 10:12 

104-188, 11:63, 13:9, 13:14, 13:43, 13:58 

104-191, 13:14, 13:21, 13:27, 13:29, 13:30 

104-193, 1:15, 1:36–37, 3:4, 3:14, 3:43, 3:47, 3:62, 3:63, 7:2, 7:10, 7:11, 7:21, 7:96, 8:3, 8:7, 

8:13–14, 8:20, 8:27–28, 8:39, 8:41, 8:51, 8:56, 8:57, 8:77–81, 9:2, 9:27–28, 9:30, 10:2 table 1, 

10:12, 11:17–19, 11:26, 11:137, 13:35, 15:8, 15:25. See also Appendix J 

104-208, 1:36–37, 3:63–64, 10:2 table 1, 10:12 

104-235, 11:73–74 

104-251, 5:23 

104-262, 15:136 

105th -106th Congresses, 1997-2000 

105-18, 3:64, 15:25 

105-33, 2:9, 2:14, 2:19, 2:49, 2:72, 2:73, 2:79, 2:101–105, 2:110, 2:111, 2:129, 2:132–134, 

2:142, 3:26, 3:47, 3:64–65, 4:10, 4:24, 4:36, 7:20, 7:26, 7:91–92, 7:96, 8:8, 8:13, 8:81, 10:9, 

11:19, 11:137, 12:10, 13:35, 15:25, 15:35, 15:38, 15:58, 15:61, 15:76–77, 15:83, 15:88, 15:90, 

15:92–93 

105-34, 1:37, 4:2, 4:36, 7:12, 10:10, 12:15, 13:35, 13:59 

105-65, 15:108 

105-78, 10:2 table 1 

105-89, 7:20, 7:21, 7:96, 11:11, 11:12, 11:15, 11:18, 11:26, 11:27, 11:32, 11:34, 11:40–41, 

11:52, 11:64, 11:66–67, 11:137–138 

105-100, 15:95 

105-178, 10:2 table 1, 10:10, 10:12 

105-185, 15:25–26, 15:124 

105-187, 8:47, 8:81 

105-200, 8:32, 8:49, 8:55, 8:56, 8:62, 8:81, 11:64 

105-220, 7:15, 15:12, 15:118–122 

105-277, 6:16, 10:2 table 1, 10:12, 15:95 

105-306, 3:47, 3:66, 8:81–82 

106-4, 15:77–78 
INDEX - 44 

106-31, 15:78 

106-74, 15:108 

106-113, 2:19, 2:46, 2:52, 2:67, 2:70, 2:101, 2:111, 2:129, 2:130, 2:134–137, 6:16, 7:92, 7:93, 

7:95, 7:96, 8:52, 8:58, 8:82, 10:2 table 1, 10:12, 12:10, 15:78–79, 15:95–96 

106-169, 1:37–38, 3:50, 3:66–68, 8:82, 11:4, 11:47–48, 11:51, 11:138, 15:79 

106-170, 1:25, 1:30, 1:31, 1:38–39, 3:14, 3:26, 3:49, 3:68–69, 15:38, 15:79 

106-182, 1:3, 1:39, 5:26 

106-224, 15:79, 15:96 

106-245, 3:70 

106-310, 15:79–80, 15:96 

106-354, 15:80 

106-386, 3:70 

106-395, 3:70 

106-398, 15:146 

106-554, 2:19, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:37, 2:67, 2:68, 2:70, 2:101, 2:116, 2:127, 2:129, 2:130, 2:138–

143, 7:93, 7:96, 10:2 table 1, 10:12, 12:11, 12:14 table 6, 13:21, 13:56, 14:16, 15:61, 15:81, 

15:88, 15:96–97 

107th-108th Congresses, 2001-2004 

107-16, 3:69–70, 13:10, 13:15, 13:17, 13:35, 13:46, 13:47, 13:58–59 

107-22, 13:46 

107-90, 5:3–4, 5:7, 5:9, 5:10, 5:13–14, 5:26 

107-116, 3:70 

107-117, 1:39 

107-121, 15:81 

107-133, 11:4 table 1, 11:11–12, 11:14, 11:17, 11:48, 11:138 

107-147, 4:15, 4:20, 4:24, 4:35, 4:36, 7:96 

107-171, 15:7–8, 15:26, Appendix L: 31 

107-188, 2:130, 2:143, 15:81–82, 15:97 

107-210, 6:1, 6:2, 6:9, 6:14, 6:15, 6:16, 13:21, 14:16 

107-229, 7:96 

107-251, 15:82, 15:97 

107-294, 7:96 

108-1, 4:15, 4:20, 4:36 

108-7, 2:30, 2:92, 2:93, 2:143, 7:96, 10:12 

108-11, 4:15, 4:20, 4:36 

108-26, 4:15, 4:20, 4:36 

108-27, 15:55, 15:82–83 

108-36, 11:74 

108-40, 7:96, 11:66 

108-74, 12:11, 15:83, 15:89, 15:97–98 

108-89, 2:30, 2:144, 7:96 

108-145, 11:41, 11:47, 11:138 

108-173, 2:1, 2:10, 13:23 

Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of 

Food Stamp Program, 15:7–8 

Medicaid Program, 12:7–8, 12:8 table 5 

Nutrition Assistance Programs, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:5–6, 15:7 

SCHIP Program, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

social welfare programs, 12:1, 12:2 table 1, 12:3 table 2 

TANF Program, 12:6 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:1 

See also Territories 

Qualified Disabled and Working Individuals (QDWIs), Medicare Program, 15:39 

Qualified distributions from ROTH IRAs, 13:16–17 
INDEX - 45 

Qualified Individuals (QI-1), Medicare Program, 15:39 

Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries (QMB), 11:59, 15:38–39 

Quarters of Social Security coverage/credits, 1:14–15, 1:41 table 5 

Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA), 15:145–146 

Amendments of 2000 (P.L. 106-245), 3:70 

Railroad Administration Account, 4:23 

Railroad industry, number of employees, 5:16 table 6 

Railroad Retirement Act (RRA 1934), 5:24 

Railroad Retirement Act (RRA 1935), 13:18 

Railroad Retirement Act (RRA 1974) (P.L. 93-445), 5:2, 5:3, 5:4 

Railroad Retirement and Survivors’ Improvement Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-90), 5:3–4, 5:7, 5:9, 5:10, 

5:13–14, 5:26 

Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 5:1–2 

NRRIT and, 5:13–14, 5:26–27 

Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account (SSEBA), 5:11, 5:27 

Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. See National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) 

Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 (P.L. 98-76) and railroad retirement, 5:12, 5:15, 5:22 

Railroad Retirement System, 5:1–27 

annuities 

disability annuities, 5:5–6 

spouse annuities, 5:6 

supplemental annuities, 5:6 

annuity structure, 5:2–8 

average accounts benefit ratio, 5:10, 5:27 

beneficiaries, number of, 5:8 table 2, 5:9 table 3 

benefit structure, 5:2–8 

dual benefit payments, 5:3, 5:4–5 

tier 1 and tier 2 benefits, 5:3, 5:4, 5:11 table 4, 13:18–19 

benefits 

benefit payments, 5:8 table 2 

cash benefits, 5:2, 5:3 table 1, 5:9 table 3 

cost-of-living adjustments, 5:4 

dual benefit payments, 5:4–5 

survivor benefits, 5:6–7 

tax exclusion, 13:18–19 

taxation of, 5:15 

tier 1 and tier 2 benefits, 5:4, 5:11 table 4, 13:18–19 

“windfall” benefits, 5:4–5 

disability annuities, 5:5–6 

financial status of, 5:15–16 

financing of, 5:9–15 

appropriations, 5:12–13 

financial interchange with Social Security, 5:10–12, 5:13 table 5 

investment income, 5:13–14 

payroll taxes, 5:10, 5:11 table 4 

legislative history, 5:24–27 

lump sum death benefits, 5:7–8 

Medicare Program, interaction with, 2:5, 2:13 

overview, 5:1–2 

payroll taxes, 5:10, 5:11 table 4, 5:27 

program data, 5:9 

Social Security 

benefit formulas, 5:4–5, 5:7 

financial interchange, 5:10–12, 5:13 table 5 
INDEX - 46 

spouse annuities, 5:6 

supplemental annuities, 5:6 

survivor benefits, 5:6–7 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:18–19 

vesting, 5:4 

Railroad Retirement Tax Act, 5:2 

Railroad Unemployment Compensation Committee, 5:22, 5:23 

Railroad Unemployment Insurance Account, 4:23 

Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (P.L. 75-722), 5:16 

Railroad Unemployment Insurance Amendments Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-251), 5:23 

Railroad Unemployment Insurance System, 5:16–24 

benefits, 5:17–18 

by category and amount, 5:21 table 8 

during strikes, 5:18 

for sickness, 5:17–18, 5:19–20 table 7 

for unemployment, 5:17–18, 5:19–20 table 7 

contingency surtax, 5:23 

eligibility requirements, 5:17–18 

financing of, 5:18, 5:21–24 

overview, 5:16–17 

Railroad workers and workers’ compensation, 15:146 

Railway Labor Act of 1926, 5:18 

RAND Corporation child care quality research study, 9:26 

RCCIs. See Residential child care institutions (RCCIs) 

“Reasonable efforts,” for family preservation/reunification, 11:27, 11:31, 11:62, 11:137 

RECA. See Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) 

Reed Act funds transfer for unemployment compensation (included in P.L. 107-147) 4:24, 4:35 

Refugees. See Appendix J 

Regional referral centers. See Rural referral centers (RRCs) 

Rehabilitation impairment categories (RICs), 2:54–55 

Renal dialysis, 2:2, 2:5, 2:128–129, 2:141 

Residential child care institutions (RCCIs), 15:108–109 

Resource utilization groups (RUGs), 2:64–68, 2:65–67 table 20, 2:135, 2:139 

Respite care, 2:81, 2:82, 2:83 table 26, 2:86–87 table 28, 11:12, 11:14, 11:22, 11:31, 15:51 

Retirement. See Pensions; and see Social Security 

Retirement Protection Act (RPA 1994), 14:4, 14:9, 14:15–16 

Revenue Act of 1918, 13:51 

Revenue Act of 1964, 13:42 

Revenue Act of 1971, 13:42 

Revenue Act of 1978 

401(k) plans, 13:7 

cafeteria plans, 13:24 

medical reimbursement plan, 13:20 

and taxable unemployment compensation benefits, 4:14 

Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1997 (included in P.L. 105-34), 1:37 

Revenues, Federal. See Appendix I 

RHCs. See Rural health clinics (RHCs) 

Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, 15:115 

RICs (Rehabilitation impairment categories), 2:54–55 

ROTH IRA plans, 13:14–17 

RPA. See Retirement Protection Act (RPA 1994) 

RRA. See Railroad Retirement Act (RRA) 

RRB. See Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) 

RRCs. See Rural referral centers (RRCs) 

RUGs. See Resource utilization groups (RUGs) 
INDEX - 47 

Rural health clinics (RHCs), 2:122–123, 15:78, 15:81 

Rural Hospital Flexibility Program, 2:49 

Rural hospitals 

critical access hospital (CAH) program, 2:21, 2:49–50, 2:135, 2:138–139 

Medicare dependent hospitals (MDHs), 2:21, 2:48, 2:139 

Medicare Program and, 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:135, 2:138–139 

urban hospitals in rural areas, 2:46 

Rural referral centers (RRCs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:35 table 14, 2:48–49 

SACWIS. See Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS) 

Save Our Children Project, 8:47 

Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE), 13:9–10 

SAWW (State average weekly wage), 15:140, 15:141–142 table 42 

SCHIP Program. See State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) 

School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 15:79, 15:108–109, 15:112, 15:112 table 26, 15:113 table 27. 

See also Appendix J 

SCHs. See Sole community hospitals (SCHs) 

Seamen and workers’ compensation, 15:146 

SECA. See Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA) 

Secondary Payer Program (Medicare), 2:130–132, 2:131–132 table 44 

Section 8 housing assistance programs, 15:100–101 

Section 202(y), Social Security Act, noncitizens eligibility for benefits, 1:36 

Section 209(b), Social Security Act, and Medicaid, 3:15–16, 15:35–36, 15:40 

Section 401(a), Social Security Act, TANF Program, 7:4 

Section 403(a), Social Security Act. See Welfare-to-Work (WTW) Programs 

Section 427, Social Security Act, child welfare and, 11:26, 11:52–53 

Section 429A, Title IV-B, Social Security Act, child abuse and neglect research study, 11:17–18 

Section 446(a)(9), Social Security Act, child support enforcement, 8:28 

Section 454, Social Security Act, child support enforcement, 8:57 

Section 466, Social Security Act, child support enforcement, 8:57 

Section 477, Social Security Act, foster care independent living, 11:50 

Section 479, Social Security Act, child welfare data collection, 11:84 

Section 1108, Social Security Act, American Samoa and TANF funds, 7:16 

Section 1115 

child support enforcement, 8:5 

Medicaid Program, 15:40, 15:51, 15:70–73, 15:81, 15:90 

Social Security Act, waiver demonstration programs, 15:40, 15:51, 15:70–73, 15:81, 15:90, 

Appendix L: 31 

TANF Program, Appendix L: 31 

Section 1130, Social Security Act, child welfare waivers, 11:66 

Section 1615(d), Social Security Act, rehabilitation of disabled SSI recipients, 3:17 

Section 1619, Social Security Act, Supplemental Security Income, 3:16, 3:48–50 

Section 1619(a), Social Security Act, Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid, 15:37–38 

Section 1619(b)(1), Social Security Act, Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid, 15:38 

Section 1861(m), Social Security Act, Medicare home health benefit and, 2:78 

Section 1886(c), Social Security Act, Medicare hospital reimbursement, 2:52–53 

Section 1902(a), Social Security Act, Boren amendment repealed, 15:77 

Section 1902(r)(2), Social Security Act, Medicaid eligibility and, 15:32, 15:70 

Section 1905(q), Social Security Act, Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid, 15:38 

Section 1915(b), Social Security Act, Medicaid waivers, 15:77 

Section 1915(c), Social Security Act, Medicaid waivers, 15:68, 15:70, 15:73–75, 15:77 

Section 1931, Social Security Act, Medicaid eligibility, 15:33–34, 15:42, 15:51 

Section 4022(c), Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation benefits, 14:6 

Section 4901, Balanced Budget Act (BBA 1997), SCHIP-related, 15:35 

Section 4911, Balanced Budget Act (BBA 1997), SCHIP-related, 15:35 
INDEX - 48 

Self-employed persons, health insurance tax deductions, 13:31 

Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA) tax, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4 

Self-sufficiency programs for welfare families, 3:17–18, 3:49–50, 7:2, 7:93, Appendix L: 55–56 

table 8 

Senior citizens 

earnings limit and Social Security benefits, 1:3, 1:22–23, 1:35–36, 1:39, 1:54 table 22, 5:26 

See also Elderly 

Senior Citizens’ Freedom to Work Act (P.L. 106-182), 1:3, 1:39, 5:26 

Senior Citizens’ Right to Work Act of 1996 (included in P.L. 104-121), 1:33, 1:36 

Separate State programs (SSPs), 15:90 

SEPPAA. See Single Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act (SEPPAA 1986) 

SEPs (Simplified employee pensions), 13:10 

SGA. See Substantial gainful activity (SGA) 

SGR. See Sustainable growth rate (SGR) 

Shelter Plus Care Program, 15:101 

Short-term stay general hospitals, 2:26–52 

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 2:26, 2:27–28 table 11, 2:30, 2:36–37 

hospital wage index, 2:30–32, 2:31 table 13 

outlier payments, 2:35–36 

prospective payment system (PPS), 2:26, 2:30 

transfer cases, 2:36–37 

utilization data, 2:153–154 table 52 

SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees), 13:9–10 

Simplified employee pensions (SEPs), 13:10 

Single Audit Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-502), 15:130 

Single Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act (SEPPAA 1986), 14:4, 14:9, 14:15 

Single-employer pension plans. See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) 

Single-mother families 

cash welfare recipiency rates, Appendix L: 6–9, 8–9 charts 2-4, 25–26 tables 1-2 

consumption expenditures, Appendix L: 21–24, 25–26 tables 1-2 

“earnings poor”, after taxes and transfers, Appendix L: 16–17, 17 chart 8 

effects of earnings, transfer, and taxes on, Appendix L: 12–16, 13 chart 7, 17 chart 8 

employment rates, Appendix L: 9–11, 10 chart 5 

income sources, Appendix L: 18–21, 19–20 charts 9-10 

number of, Appendix L: 6–7, 7 chart 2 

work and welfare status, Appendix L: 4–5, 6 chart 1 

See also Appendix G; Appendix H 

SIPP (Survey of Income and Program Participation), 9:6–7, 9:16 table 12 

Skilled nursing facility (SNF) care, 2:3, 2:9, 2:63–70, 2:135–136 

case-mix system, 2:64–68 

coinsurance, 2:11–12 table 4 

coverage, 2:63 

Federal per-diem rate, 2:64 

payments and utilization, 2:69–70, 2:139 

prospective payment system (PPS), 2:14, 2:49, 2:63–64, 2:133 

calculation, 2:68–69, 2:69 table 21 

resource utilization groups (RUGs), 2:64–68, 2:65–67 table 20, 2:135, 2:139 

unit of payment, 2:64 

wage adjustment, 2:68 

SLMB (Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries Program), 2:133, 15:39 

Small Business Administration Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-403), 8:42 

Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-188), 11:63, 13:9, 13:14, 13:43, 13:58 

SMI. See Supplementary medical insurance (SMI) 

SNF. See Skilled nursing facility (SNF) care 

Social insurance, concept definition, 1:3–4 
INDEX - 49 

Social insurance programs 

Social Security Act and, 1:2–3 

Social Security Program as a, 1:73 

Social Security, 1:1–82 

administrative expenses, 1:33, 1:66 table 38 

beneficiaries by benefit type, 1:45–46 tables 10-11 

benefit adjustments, 1:51–54 tables 18-21 

cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), 1:3, 1:19–20, 1:51 table 18 

delayed retirement credits, 1:21, 1:53 table 20 

dual entitlement, 1:23 

full retirement age (FRA), 1:3, 1:15, 1:20–21, 1:22, 1:35 

government pension offsets, 1:23 

multiple beneficiary benefits adjustments, 1:21–22 

primary insurance amount (PIA), 1:17–19, 1:46 table 12 

public disability benefits offset, 1:26–27 

windfall elimination provision, 1:23–24, 1:54 table 21 

benefits 

amounts for beneficiary families, 1:49 table 16 

tax exclusion, 13:18–19 

benefits computation, 1:17–25, 1:51–54 tables 18-21 

average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 1:17–18 

earnings limit, 1:22–23, 1:35–36, 1:39 

maximum family benefit, 1:21–22 

maximum taxable earnings, 1:5, 1:39 table 1, 1:72–73 

special minimum benefit, 1:17, 1:19 

benefits data, 1:44–50 tables 9-17 

benefits eligibility, 1:14–32 

Board of Trustees, 1:8 

Board of Trustees’ report, 1:8–11 

brief history, 1:2–4 

child’s benefit, 1:16 

claims process, 1:26–32 

cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), 1:3, 1:19–20, 1:51–52 tables 18-19 

coverage, 1:4, 1:42–44 tables 6-8 

credits/quarters of coverage, 1:14–15, 1:41 table 5 

covered workers, 1:42–44 tables 6-8 

debt collection, 1:37 

dependents’ benefits, 1:16–17 

disability benefits and taxation, 13:53 

disability determination, 1:26–32, 1:28 chart 2 

disability program data, 1:66–71 tables 39-45 

dual entitlement, 1:23 

earnings 

covered earnings, 1:40–41 table 3 

histories for hypothetical workers, 1:48–49 table 15, 1:73–74 

number of retired workers with, 1:55 table 23 

and taxation of benefits, 1:25–26, 1:57–59 tables 25-27 

earnings limit 

earnings exempt from, 1:54 table 22 

for Seniors, 1:3, 1:22–23, 1:35–36, 1:39, 5:26 

electronic funds transfer (EFT), 1:37 

Federal budgetary treatment, 1:32–35 

FICA tax and, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4 

financing of, 1:4–12 

lock box or “PAY-GO” approach, 1:34–35 
INDEX - 50 

payroll taxes, 1:4–6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:39–41 tables 1-4, 1:72, 1:74–81, 1:75–79 tables 46-48, 1:81 

table 49 

solvency, 1:8–11, 1:14, 1:25 

trust funds, 1:6–12 

“firewall” provisions, 1:34–35 

fraud and abuse, and benefit overpayment protection, 1:37–38, 1:39 

full retirement age (FRA), 1:3, 1:15, 1:20–21, 1:22, 1:35 

insured status, 1:14–15 

legislative history, 1:35–39 

lock box or “PAY-GO” approach, 1:34–35 

lump-sum death benefit, 1:17 

maximum family benefit, 1:21–22 

maximum taxable earnings, 1:5, 1:39 table 1, 1:72–73 

mother’s/father’s benefit, 1:16 

offsets, 1:23, 1:24 

parent’s benefit, 1:16–17 

PAY-GO rules, 1:34–35 

payback times, 1:79–81, 1:81 table 49 

payroll taxes, 1:4–6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:39–41 tables 1-4, 1:74–81, 1:75–79 tables 46-48, 1:81 table 49 

of average wage earner, 1:77–78 table 47 

of earner with maximum taxable earnings, 1:78–79 table 48 

HI Trust Fund and, 2:13 

of minimum wage earner, 1:75–76 table 46 

primary insurance amount (PIA), 1:17–19, 1:46 table 12, 1:53 table 20 

prisoners, suspension of benefits, 1:25, 1:37, 1:39 

Railroad Retirement System 

benefit formulas, 5:4–5, 5:7 

financial interchange, 5:10–12, 5:13 table 5 

replacement rates for hypothetical workers, 1:50 table 17 

retirement 

age and election of benefits, 1:3, 1:15, 1:20–21, 1:47 tables 13-14 

delayed retirement credits, 1:21, 1:53 table 20 

early retirement, 1:45 tables 13-14 

full retirement age (FRA), 1:3, 1:15, 1:20–21, 1:22, 1:35, 1:53 table 20 

SECA tax and, 1:4–5, 1:6, 1:39 table 1, 1:41 table 4 

social insurance, concept definition, 1:3–4 

spouse’s benefit, 1:16 

State/local government employees, 1:4, 1:43–44 table 8 

statistical tables, 1:39–71 tables 1-71 

stepchildren benefits, 1:36 

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 1:15, 1:22, 1:27–29, 1:56 table 24 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:3, 3:15 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:18–19 

tax rates and covered earnings, 1:39–45 tables 1-9 

taxable earnings, 1:40–41 table 3, 2:13 

taxable earnings worksheet, 1:58–59 table 27 

taxable wage base (maximum taxable earnings), 1:5, 1:39 table 1, 1:72–73 

taxation of benefits, 1:25–26, 1:57–59 tables 25-27, 1:72–82 

in the Territories 

eligibility and coverage, 12:2 table 1 

Federal funding for, 12:4 table 3 

Title XVI. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 

Title XX. See Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program 

trust funds, 1:6–14, 1:13 chart 1, 1:36–37, 1:59–60 tables 28-31 

Trustee’s report, 1:10–11 
INDEX - 51 

widow(er)’s benefit, 1:16, 1:20–21, 1:23, 1:45–46 tables 10-12, 1:49 table 16 

Social Security Act of 1935 (P.L. 74-271) 

creation of, 1:2 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:1–2 

Amendments of 1965 (P.L. 89-97), Medicaid Program, 15:26 

Amendments of 1967, 1:3 

Amendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-603) 

cost-of-living increases, 1:3, 1:19 

End-State Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 2:124 

Supplemental Security Income Program, 3:2, 3:45–46, 15:35 

in the Territories, 12:5 

Amendments of 1977 (P.L. 95-215) 

benefits compensation, 1:3 

and railroad retirement benefits, 5:10 

Amendments of 1983 (P.L. 98-21), 1:3 

Medicare inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS), 2:26 

and railroad retirement benefits, 5:15, 5:25 

Social Security benefits, 13:18 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and, 3:18, 3:51 

taxation of benefits, 1:25 

windfall elimination provision, 1:23–24 

Amendments of 1996, 1:3 

Amendments of 1999, 1:3 

Amendments of 2000 (P.L. 106-182), earnings limit for seniors, 1:3 

Amendments of 1980 (P.L. 96-473), 1:25, 1:29 

Amendments of 1994 (P.L. 103-387), 1:25 

Title III, Unemployment Compensation Program, 4:32 

Title IV-B See Child Welfare Services Program; Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program; 

Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) Program 

Title IV-D, child support program, 8:2, 8:11, 8:29, 8:45, 8:73–75, 8:76 table 9, 8:98–99 table 19 

Title IV-E. See Adoption Assistance Program; Chafee Foster Care Independence Program; Foster 

Care Program 

Title XIX, Medicaid for public assistance families, 8:29, 15:70 

Title XVI. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 

Title XX. See Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program 

Title XXI, 15:83–84, 15:97 

See also “Section” for specific Social Security Act section references 

Social Security Administrative Reform Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-296), 3:46, 5:26 

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). See Disability Insurance (DI) Program 

Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account (SSEBA), 5:11, 5:27 

Social Security Numbers (SSNs) 

for Social Security applications, 1:37 

used by Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program and, 8:12–13 

Social Security Trust Fund, 1:6–14, 1:13 chart 1 

actuarial balance, 1:8–10, 1:11, 1:62 table 33 

data related to, 1:59–66 tables 28-38 

Federal securities, 1:6–7, 1:75 

protecting, 1:36–37 

Trustee’s report, 1:8–11 

“Social service” spending survey, 7:62 

Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program, 10:1–12 

allocation formula, 10:1 

allocations by State and Territory, 10:3–5 table 2 

appropriations, 10:2 table 1 

brief description and overview, 9:31–33 table 15 
INDEX - 52 

case management, 10:7 table 3, 10:9 table 4 

child care provisions, 9:28 

child welfare services, 11:2 

entitlement ceiling or “cap,” 10:1, 10:2 table 1, 10:11–12 

expenditures, by service category, 10:8, 10:9 table 4 

Federal programs, 12:1 

funding of, 10:1, 10:2 table 1, 10:3–5 table 2, 11:131–132 

legislative history, 10:11–12 

overview, 10:1 

program goals, 10:6 

services provided, 10:7–8 table 3 

in the Territories, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:12 

transfer of funds, 7:4, 10:9–10 

use of funds 

reporting requirements, 10:6–7 

restrictions on, 10:6 

Social welfare programs in the Territories, 12:1–15 

coverage of residents, 12:2 table 1 

Federal funding for, 12:4, 12:4 table 3 

Federal-State programs, 12:1–2, 12:3 table 2 

Food Stamp Program, 10:7–8, 12:2, 12:3 table 2, 15:6, 15:7–8 

health programs, 12:7–12 

Medicaid Program, 12:4 table 3, 12:7–10, 12:8 table 5 

Nutrition Assistance Programs, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:5–6 

public assistance programs, 12:6 

SCHIP Program, 12:4 table 3, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 12:2, 12:2 table 1, 12:5 

TANF Program, 7:3, 12:6 

Social workers, clinical, 2:95, 2:101 

Sole community hospitals (SCHs), 2:21, 2:33, 2:34–35 table 14, 2:46–49, 2:102 

Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen case, 15:144 

“Special-needs” children 

adoption assistance payments, 11:4, 11:40–41, 11:138 

definition of, 11:33 

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 7:12, 12:3 table 

2, 12:4 table 3, 15:112–115, 15:115 table 28 

Specialty hospitals, 2:20, 2:21, 2:47, 2:52–63 

Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries (SLMB) Program, 2:133, 15:39 

Spousal support, 8:11 

Spouse annuities, Railroad Retirement System, 5:6 

Spouse’s benefit, Social Security, 1:16 

SSBG Program. See Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program 

SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) 

SSEBA. See Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account (SSEBA) 

SSI. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 

SSNs (Social Security Numbers), 1:37, 8:12–13, 8:56–58 

SSPs (Separate State programs), 15:90 

Standard deductions, taxation, 13:61–63 tables 18-19 

State average weekly wage (SAWW), 15:140, 15:141–142 table 42 

State Children’s Health Insurance Program Allotments Extension Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-74), 12:11, 

15:83, 15:89, 15:97–98 

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 15:83–98 

abortion coverage, 15:87 

additional service category, 15:87 

administration of, 12:11–12 
INDEX - 53 

allotment formula, 15:95 

allotments, 15:95 

benchmark-equivalent coverage, 15:84, 15:87 

benefits, 15:84–87 

cost sharing, 15:87–88 

data collection, 15:95–96 

eligibility, 15:83–84 

presumptive eligibility, 12:10, 15:97 

enrollment data, by State, 15:85–86 table 21, 15:91–92 

expenditures, 15:92, 15:93–94 table 22 

Federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP), 15:89–90 

financing, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6, 15:88–90 

legislative history, 15:92–98 

Medicaid Program expansions, 15:35, 15:78, 15:84, 15:85–86 table 21 

migrant farm workers study, 15:82 

program characteristics, 15:90–91 

separate State programs (SSPs), 15:90 

survey data, 7:11 

TANF Program, interaction with, 7:11, 7:23 

in the Territories, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

State courts, child support enforcement and, 8:1, 8:2, 8:10, 8:39 

State general assistance (GA) program, 15:5, 15:22–23 

State/local government employees, Social Security benefits for, 1:4, 1:43–44 table 8 

State Tax Intercept Program, 8:37 

State unemployment tax rates, 4:28–29, 4:29–32 tables 10-11 

Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS), 11:5 table 2, 11:84–85, 11:86 

table 22, 11:91 

Stepchildren, Social Security benefits, 1:36 

Stepfathers and fathers, welfare evaluations, Appendix L: 54 table 8, 66 table 8 

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 (“McKinney Act”) (P.L. 100-77), 15:99, 

15:101 

Strikes, railroad worker unemployment benefits and, 5:18 

Student loans 

guaranteed, in the Territories, 12:2 table 1 

interest deduction, 13:47 

Pell grants, in the Territories, 12:2 table 1 

Students, FICA and SECA tax exemptions, 1:5 

Substance abuse, 11:78–79 

Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 1:15, 1:22, 1:27–29, 1:56 table 24, 3:4, 3:48, 15:37 

Sullivan v. Zebley case, 3:4, 3:7, 3:43 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:1–70 

administrative fees, 3:26 

aged, 3:4, 3:5 table 1 

AIDS, persons with, 3:12–13 

alcoholics, 3:45–47, 3:61, 15:75–76 

aliens, 3:7, 3:62–66 

asset limits, 3:11 

background, 3:2–3 

benefits eligibility, 3:4, 3:7 

aged persons, 3:4 

AIDs, persons with, 3:12–13 

alcoholics, 3:45–47, 3:61, 15:75–76 

blind persons, 3:4 

categorical requirements, 3:4, 3:7 

citizenship and residency requirements, 3:7 
INDEX - 54 

disabled children, 3:4, 3:7 

disabled persons, 3:4 

drug addicts, 3:45–47 

felons and fugitives prohibitions, 3:7–8 

HIV, persons with, 3:12–13 

homeless persons, 3:47 

income and resource requirements, 3:8–12 

 asset limits, 3:11 

 “countable” income, 3:8 

 “deeming” of income and resources, 3:8, 3:11–12, 3:62 

 in-kind assistance, 3:8, 3:9 

 income exclusions, 3:8–9 

 maximum allowable income, 3:8 table 2 

 resource exclusions, 3:9–10 

 resource transfers, 3:10 

individualized functional assessment, 3:7 

medical impairments listing, 3:7 

noncitizens/aliens, 3:7, 3:47, 3:62–66. See also Appendix J 

Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 3:8–9, 3:48 

prisoner prohibitions, 3:7–8, 3:13–15, 3:63 

public institution requirements, 3:13–15 

real property exclusions, 3:11 

for Social Security benefits, 3:15 

Sullivan v. Zebley case, 3:4, 3:7, 3:43 

World War II veterans benefits, 3:50 

benefits payments, 3:3, 3:5–6 table 1 

benefit rates, 3:3–4 

“cash out” food stamp benefits, 3:25 

electronic funds transfer (EFT), 1:37 

emergency advance payments, 3:21 

essential persons, 3:20 

Federal benefit levels, 3:18–19, 3:22–23 table 3 

food stamp benefit, 3:27, 3:32–33 table 7, 3:34–35 table 8 

former recipients of State assistance, 3:20 

immediate payments, 3:21 

initial payments, 3:21 

by living arrangements, 3:24 table 4 

maximum potential benefits, 3:27, 3:32–33 table 7, 3:34–35 table 8 

overpayments, 3:21 

penalties for abuse, 1:37–38 

personal needs allowance (PNA), 3:11, 3:19–20 

persons in Medicaid institution, 3:19–20, 3:22–23 table 3 

persons living in the household of another, 3:19, 3:22–23 table 3 

persons living independently, 3:25–26 

poverty thresholds, 3:36 table 9, 3:37 table 10 

by selected years (1970-2005), 3:60 table 23, 3:61 

by selected years (1970-2008), 3:54 table 19 

by State, 3:56–57 table 21 

State supplementation, 3:21, 3:24–27 

 levels over time, 3:27, 3:28–29 table 5, 3:30–31 table 6 

 by State, 3:56–57 table 21, 3:59–60 table 22 

variation in payment amount, 3:25–26 

“break-even-point,” 3:48 

burial funds, 3:10 

continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 3:43, 3:61–62, 3:63, 3:69 
INDEX - 55 

cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 3:18 

costs of program, 3:56–57 table 21 

“countable” income, 3:8 

“deeming” of income and resources, 3:8, 3:11–12, 3:62 

disabled children, 3:4, 3:7, 3:42–44, 3:62–63 

disabled persons, 3:4, 3:5 table 1 

drug addicts, 3:45–47, 3:61, 15:75 

electronic funds transfer, 1:37 

employment networks, 3:17–18, 3:68–69 

outcome payment system, 3:18 

essential persons, 3:20 

felons and fugitives, 3:7–8 

Food Stamp Program eligibility and, 3:16, 3:25 

HIV, persons with, 3:12–13 

homeless persons, 3:14, 3:47 

immediate payments, 3:21 

in-kind assistance, 3:8, 3:9 

income exclusions, 3:8–9 

initial payments, 3:21 

legislative history, 3:61–70 

life insurance policies, 3:10 

Medicaid eligibility, based on SSI, 3:15–16, 3:19–20 

medical institutionalization, 3:13–14 

overpayments, 3:21 

participation rates, 3:50–51, 3:51 table 17 

pass-along/maintenance-of-effort provision, 3:25 

personal needs allowance (PNA), 3:11, 3:19–20 

Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 3:8–9, 3:48 

poverty thresholds, 3:4, 3:6 table 1, 3:27, 3:36 table 9, 3:37 table 10 

prisoner prohibitions, 3:7–8, 3:13–15, 3:63 

as “program of last resort,” 3:15 

public institution requirements, 3:13–15, 3:63 

real property exclusions, 3:11 

recipients 

adult disabled and blind, 3:39, 3:40 table 12 

by age group, 3:38 table 11, 3:41–42, 3:42 table 14 

caseload developments and trends, 3:45 

by disability category, 3:38 table 11, 3:40 table 12, 3:42 table 14, 3:44 table 15 

by disability diagnosis, 3:41 table 13 

disabled children, 3:42–44 

households receiving assistance, 15:4 table 3 

number of, 3:3, 3:5 table 1, 3:35, 3:38 table 11, 3:52–56 tables 18-20 

participation rates, 3:50–51, 3:51 table 17 

by race, 3:41–42 

by sex, 3:42 table 14 

by source of income, 3:44 table 15 

by source of payment, 3:38 table 11 

by State, 3:52–53 table 18, 3:55–56 table 20 

by type of income, 3:45 table 16 

resource exclusions, 3:9–10 

resource requirements, 3:9–12 

resource transfers, 3:10 

Section 209(b) option for Medicaid eligibility, 3:15–16, 3:48 

Section 1619 provisions of the Social Security Act, 3:48–50 

self-sufficiency programs and, 3:17–18 
INDEX - 56 

Social Security program and, 3:3, 3:15 

State supplementation, 3:21, 3:24–27 

levels over time, 3:27, 3:28–29 table 5, 3:30–31 table 6 

by State, 3:58–59 table 22 

substantial gainful activity (SGA), 3:4, 3:48, 15:37 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:42 

and the Territories, 12:2, 12:2 table 1, 12:5 

trafficking in persons, 3:7, 3:70 

trends, 3:3–4, 3:5–6 table 1, 3:45 

vocational rehabilitation programs and, 3:17 

work disincentive elimination, 3:48–50 

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, 2:2 

aged beneficiaries, 2:5 

benefits and beneficiary cost-sharing, 2:9–10 

coverage and payments, 2:85–123 

enrollment, 2:148–149 table 48 

income and expenditures, 2:22–23 table 8 

premiums, monthly, 2:11–12 table 4, 2:14 

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund 

financial status, 2:20 

income, 2:14 

Supportive Housing Program, 15:101 

Supreme Court decisions 

Duggan v. Bowen, 2:78 

Miller v. Ybarra, 15:37 

Pennington v. Doherty, 4:10 

Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 15:144 

Sullivan v. Zebley, 3:4, 3:7, 3:43 

Suter v. Artist M., 11:31 

Surplus, Federal budget. See Appendix I 

Surtax, FUTA tax rate, 4:2, 4:35, 4:36 

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 9:6–7, 9:16 table 12 

Sustainable growth rate (SGR), Medicare Program, 2:89, 2:92–93, 2:133, 2:136 

Suter v. Artist M. (“reasonable efforts” case), 11:31 

TAA Programs. See Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Programs 

TANF Program. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program 

Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA 1982) (P.L. 97-248), 2:52–53, 2:57, 2:59, 2:79, 

4:19, 6:12, 8:42, 13:32 

Tax Provisions, 13:1–75 

401(k) plans, 13:7, 13:9–10, 13:14 

accelerated death benefits, 13:28, 13:29 

adjusted gross income (AGI), 13:2, 13:10 

adoption expenses, tax credit and exclusions, 13:58–69 

black lung program, 13:51–52 

blind persons, 13:52 

cafeteria plans, 13:21, 13:24–26 

for Child Support enforcement, 8:10, 8:37, 8:39, 8:42 

child tax credit, 13:59 

dependent care, employer-provided, 13:48–49 

dependent care tax credit (DCTC), 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15, 12:15, 13:42–44, 13:44 table 15 

dependents, child tax credit, 13:59 

disabled persons, tax credits, 13:53–54, 13:54 table 16 

earned income credit (EIC), 12:15, 13:35–40, 13:37–38 table 12, 13:41 tables 13-14, 

Appendix L: 15–16, 18–21 
INDEX - 57 

education 

Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 13:46–47 

HOPE tax credit, 13:45 

IRAs, 13:46 

lifetime learning credit, 13:45 

qualified State tuition programs, 13:46–48 

student loan interest deduction, 13:47 

effectiveness measures (using distributional analysis), 13:2–3 

elderly 

deductions, 13:52–54 

tax credits, 13:53–54, 13:54 table 16 

employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), 13:7, 13:14 

estimates of tax base exceptions and credits, 13:3, 13:4–6 table 2 

family income and taxes, distribution of, 13:68–70 table 23 

health insurance 

cafeteria plans, 13:21, 13:24–26 

employer contributions, tax exclusions of, 13:19–21 

group health plan requirements, 13:27–28 

health care continuation rules, 13:26–27 

health savings accounts (HSAs), 13:23–24 

long-term care insurance, 13:28–31 

Medicare duplication rules, 13:30 

self-employed individuals deduction, 13:31–32 

for workers, 13:22 table 9 

health savings accounts (HSAs), 13:23–24 

HOPE tax credit, 13:45 

housing 

low-income housing credit, 13:56–58, 13:58 table 17 

mortgage interest deduction, 13:54–55 

owner-occupied housing, 13:54–55 

income, definition of, 13:2 

income distribution, 13:3 table 1 

distributional analysis, 13:2–3 

income tax refund offsets, for child support, 8:10, 8:36–38, 8:95–96 table 17 

introduction, 13:2–3 

long-term care insurance, 13:28–31. See also Appendix B 

marginal tax rates, 13:66 table 22, 13:67, 13:68–70 table 23 

medical expense deductions, 3:14, 13:32–33, 13:34 tables 10-11 

medical savings accounts (MSAs), 13:21–23 

Medicare benefits, tax exclusions, 13:32 

pensions 

401(k) plans, 13:7, 13:9–10, 13:14 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:9, 13:10, 13:14–18 

simplified employee pensions (SEPs), 13:10 

tax exclusions, 13:3–14 

personal exemptions, 13:61–63 tables 18-19 

public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 13:42 

Railroad Retirement System 

income taxation, 5:15 

tax exclusion of benefits, 13:18–19 

Social Security, tax exclusion of benefits, 13:18–19 

standard deductions, 13:61–63 tables 18-19 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), tax exclusion of benefits, 13:42 

taxable income levels, 13:61–63 tables 18-19 

in the Territories, for low-income families, 12:15 
INDEX - 58 

Trade Adjustment Assistance Program, health coverage tax credit, 6:9–11 

welfare-to-work tax credit, 12:15, 13:50–51 

work opportunity tax credit, 13:49–50 

workers’ compensation, tax exclusions for, 13:51–52 

Tax Reduction Act of 1975 (P.L. 94-12), 13:42 

Tax Reform Act of 1976, 13:53 

Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514) 

blind and elderly, standard deductions for, 13:52 

cafeteria plans, 13:24 

dependent care tax credit, 13:43 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:14 

medical expense deductions, 13:32 

mortgage interest deduction, 13:54 

railroad retirement benefits, 5:15 

unemployment compensation benefits taxable, 4:14 

Tax returns data, 13:3 table 1 

Taxation of benefits 

Railroad Retirement System, 5:15 

Social Security benefits and, 1:25–26, 1:57–59 tables 25-27, 1:72–82 

unemployment compensation benefits, 4:14, 4:15 table 4 

Taxpayer identification number (TIN), 13:35, 13:39, 13:43 

Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-34) 

capital gains tax exclusions, 13:55 

child tax credit, 13:59 

Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 13:46–47 

earned income credit (EIC), 13:35 

empowerment zones and enterprise communities, 10:10 

HOPE tax credit, 13:45 

individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 13:14–15 

student loan interest deduction, 13:47 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:2, 4:36 

welfare-to-work tax credit, 12:15 

TEA. See Transportation Equity Act (TEA) 

Teaching hospitals, intern and resident-to-bed (IRB) ratio, 2:32–33, 2:39, 2:44–45, 2:71, 2:138 

Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-647) 

health care continuation rules, 13:27 

independent living services, 11:47 

and railroad retirement benefits, 5:23, 5:25 

Ted Weiss Child Support Enforcement Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-537), 8:40–41 

Teenage Parent Demonstration (TPD), Appendix L: 54–55 table 8 

Teenage parents, and welfare, Appendix L: 49–72 table 8 

TEFRA. See Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA 1982) 

Telehealth services, 2:122, 2:140 

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program, 1:2, 7:1–98 

AFDC Program comparisons, 7:3–4 

AFDC/TANF program data, 7:27–86 

adult recipients’ employment, 7:83–84, 7:85 chart 5 

benefits, 7:36–37 table 9, 7:37, 7:38–47 tables 10-14, 7:42, 7:48, 7:49–51 table 15 

caseloads, 7:27, 7:31–32, 7:31 table 6, 7:32 chart 1, 7:33–35 tables 7-8 

enrollments, 7:31 table 6 

exits and returns to program, 7:86 

expenditures, 7:58–62, 7:59 table 18, 7:60 chart 2, 7:61 chart 3, 7:65–70 tables 19-21 

highlights, 7:27 

households receiving assistance, 15:4 table 3 

phase-out earnings levels, 7:48, 7:51–54 table 16 
INDEX - 59 

reporting requirements, 7:9–10 

assistance defined, 7:5 

bankruptcy and child support, 8:53 

benefit eligibility, 7:5–10 

exits and returns, 7:86 

phase-out earnings levels, 7:48, 7:51–54 table 16 

time limits for Federal funding, 7:5, 7:8–9, 7:57–58 

work rules, 7:6–9, 7:13–14, 7:75 table 24, 7:85–86 

See also Appendix J 

benefits, 7:10, 7:37–48 

average monthly benefit, 7:36–37 table 9, 7:37 

maximum benefits, 7:37, 7:38–44 tables 10-13 

minimum wage workers, 7:37, 7:45–47 table 14, 7:48, 7:49–51 table 15 

sanctions, 7:85–86 

block grants and relationship to TANF, 8:3, 8:7, 8:52 

brief description and overview, 9:31–33 table 15 

charitable choice option, 7:13 

child care provisions and expenses, 7:5, 7:8, 7:10–11, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:21, 7:23, 7:26, 7:48, 

7:58, 7:59 table 18, 9:28, 9:29, 9:31–33 table 15 

Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program interaction with, 8:8–11, 8:16, 8:19, 8:53, 8:56–58, 

8:61–62, 8:67–68 

child welfare services, 11:2, 11:81–83 

domestic violence waivers, 7:8, 7:9, 7:15, 8:5 

earned income credit (EIC) payments, 7:12 

earnings and supplementary benefits, by State, 7:45–47 table 14, 7:49–51 table 15 

earnings disregards, Appendix L: 39 

eligibility. See above under benefit eligibility 

enrollments, AFDC/TANF, 7:31 table 6 

exits and returns, 7:86 

expenditures, 7:58–62 

by State, 7:59–61, 7:65–70 tables 19-21 

trends, 7:58–59, 7:59 table 18, 7:60 chart 2 

family characteristics, 7:87–91 

child’s living arrangements, and relationship in family, 7:27, 7:91, 7:92 table 32 

composition of families, 7:27, 7:87, 7:88 table 29 

educational attainment of adults, 7:91 

marital or custodial status of parents, 7:87, 7:93 

non-white adult recipients by State, 7:90–91 table 31 

race and ethnicity of adults, 7:88–89, 7:89 table 30 

teen parents and welfare, 7:4, 7:6, 7:7, 7:18, 7:64, 7:88 table 29 

Family Violence Option (FVO), 7:8, 7:9, 7:15, 8:5 

food assistance programs, 7:12 

foster care and adoption assistance program, 11:19 

funding of, 7:15–27 

bonus funds, 7:9–10, 7:12, 7:22–23, 7:22 table 3, 7:24–25 table 4, 7:92 

contingency fund, 7:14, 7:20–21, 7:96 

family assistance grants, 7:15–16, 7:16–18 table 1 

Federally funded benefits time limit, 7:5, 7:8–9 

high performance bonus awards, 7:22–23, 7:24–25 table 4, 7:92 

job access grants, 7:4 

loan fund, 7:21–22 

nonmarital birth rate reduction bonuses, 7:22, 7:22 table 3 

State spending requirement (MOE rule), 7:3, 7:15, 7:16, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:18, 7:21, 7:69–72 

tables 21-22, 8:61, 9:34 

supplemental grants, 7:19–20, 7:20 table 2 
INDEX - 60 

transfer of funds, 7:4, 7:54–56 table 17, 7:67–68 table 20, 10:9–10 

uses of funds allowed, 7:4–5 

welfare-to-work grants, 7:20 

history of, 7:2–4 

Indian tribes family assistance grants, 7:3, 7:23, 7:26–27, 7:28–30 table 5, 7:92 

legislative history, 7:96 

Medicaid Program, interaction with, 7:11–12, 7:23, 15:33 

privatization option, 7:13 

program data reporting requirements, 7:9–10 

program outline, 7:4–14 

program overview, 9:31–33 table 15 

purpose of program, 7:4 

reauthorization, 7:2 

sanctions against individuals for work-refusal, 7:85–86 

“social service” spending survey, 7:62 

State TANF programs 

caseloads, 7:27, 7:31–32, 7:31 table 6, 7:32 chart 1, 7:33–35 tables 7-8 

expenditures, 7:58–62, 7:59 table 18, 7:60 chart 2, 7:65–72 tables 19-22 

penalties against States, 7:8, 7:13–14, 7:63, 7:75 table 24 

“social service” spending survey, 7:62 

State plan requirements, 7:14–15 

State required spending levels, 7:16–18 table 1, 7:18 

supplemental grants, 7:19–20, 7:20 table 2 

uses of TANF funds, 7:48, 7:54–56 table 17 

work definition, 7:6 

in the Territories, 7:3, 12:6 

time limits for funding, 7:5, 7:8–9, 7:57–58 

transfer of funds, 7:4, 7:54–56 table 17, 7:67–68 table 20, 10:9–10 

waivers, 7:2, 7:5, 7:9, 7:15, 7:62, 7:73–80 tables 23-26 

work definitions, 7:6–7 

work incentives and participation, 7:57, 7:62–64, 7:75, 7:81–83 

adult recipients’ employment, 7:83–84, 7:85 chart 5 

adult recipients’ in work or job preparation activity, 7:81–82 tables 27-28 

average monthly earnings, 7:83, 7:83 chart 4 

job preparation activities, 7:75, 7:76–80 tables 25-26, 7:81–83 

job training, 7:3, 7:4, 7:7, 7:93, 7:95 

minimum rates of, 7:6–7 

penalties against States for noncompliance, 7:8, 7:13–14, 7:63, 7:75 table 24 

required weekly hours of, 7:7–8 

by work activity, 7:76–80 tables 25-26 

work rules, 7:6–8, 7:28–30 table 5, 7:62, 7:87 

community service rule, 7:6 

creditable work activities, 7:7 

enforcement penalties against States, 7:8, 7:13–14, 7:63, 7:75 table 24 

family violence waivers, 7:8, 7:9, 7:15 

nondisplacement, 7:8 

sanctions for refusing to work, 7:57, 7:85–86, Appendix L: 48 

work trigger time limit rule, 7:6, Appendix L: 48, 49–72 table 8 

See also Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) 

Temporary Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 4:15 

Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-147), 4:15, 4:20, 4:36, 

7:96 

Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation (TEUC) Program, 4:15, 4:20, 4:36 

Termination of parental rights (TPR), 11:16, 11:27, 11:32–33, 11:60 table 18, 11:73–74, 11:138 

Territories, 12:1–15 
INDEX - 61 

child tax credit, 13:59 

family assistance programs, 7:3 

Federal funding for social welfare programs, 12:4, 12:4 table 3 

Federal social welfare programs, 12:1 

Federal-State social welfare programs, 12:1–2, 12:3 table 2 

Food Stamp Program, 10:7–8, 12:2, 12:3 table 2, 15:6, 15:7–8 

grant programs, 12:12 

health programs, 12:7–12 

identification of, 12:1 

Medicaid Program, 12:7–10, 12:8 table 5 

Nutrition Assistance Programs, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 15:7 

public assistance programs, 12:6 

SCHIP Program, 12:4 table 3, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

Social Security, 12:2 table 1, 12:4 table 3 

Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 12:12 

Supplemental Security Income, 12:2, 12:2 table 1, 12:5 

TANF Program, 7:3, 12:6 

tax provisions for low-income families, 12:15 

Unemployment Compensation Program, 12:2, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3 

See also American Samoa; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the; 

Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of; Virgin Islands 

TEUC, TEUC-A, TEUC-AX, and TEUC-X Programs, 4:15, 4:20, 4:36 

Texas, Achieving Change for Texans (ACT), Appendix L: 70–71 table 8 

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP), 15:5, 15:16–17 

Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program, 3:17–18, 3:49–50 

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-170), 1:25, 1:30, 1:31, 

1:38–39, 3:14, 3:26, 3:49, 3:68–69, 15:38, 15:79 

Tier 1 and tier 2 benefits, of Railroad Retirement Act, 5:4, 5:11 table 4, 13:18–19 

Time limits on welfare benefits 

program evaluation, Appendix L: 39, 48 

TANF lifetime eligibility rules, 7:5, 7:8–9, 7:57–58, Appendix L: 40–42, 49–72 table 8 

TIN (Taxpayer identification number), 13:35, 13:39, 13:43 

Title III, of the Social Security Act, Unemployment Compensation Program, 4:32 

Title IV-B of the Social Security Act, 

Section 429A, child abuse and neglect research study, 11:17–18 

See also Child Welfare Services Program; Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program; 

Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) Program 

Title IV-D of the Social Security Act, child support program, 8:2, 8:11, 8:29, 8:45, 8:73–77, 8:76 

table 9, 8:98–99 table 19 

Title IV-E of the Social Security Act. See Adoption Assistance Program; Chafee Foster Care 

Independence Program; Foster Care Program 

Title XIX of the Social Security Act, Medicaid for public assistance families, 8:29, 15:70 

Title XVI of the Social Security Act. See Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 

Title XX of the Social Security Act. See Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Program 

Title XXI of the Social Security Act, 15:83–84, 15:97. See also State Children’s Health Insurance 

Program (SCHIP) 

TMA. See Transitional medical assistance (TMA) 

To Extend the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Block Grant Program. (P.L. 108-89), 2:30, 

2:144, 7:96 

To Strengthen Families (TSMF), Appendix L: 62–63 table 8 

Tobacco settlement payments to States, 15:78 

Total unemployment rate (TUR), 4:18 

TPD Demonstration. See Teenage Parent Demonstration (TPD) 

TPR. See Termination of parental rights (TPR) 

Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618), 6:1, 6:12, 6:15, 6:16 
INDEX - 62 

Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210) 

health insurance tax credit, 13:21 

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and, 14:16 

trade adjustment assistance, 6:1, 6:2, 6:9, 6:14, 6:15, 6:16 

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Programs, 6:1–16 

for farmers, 6:14–15 

for firms, 6:1, 6:12–14 

benefits, 6:13–14 

funding of, 6:14 

funding of, 6:12, 6:14 

legislative history, 6:15–16 

for older workers, 6:11 

overview, 6:1 

for workers, 6:1–11 

alternative trade adjustment assistance (ATAA) for older workers, 6:11 

cash benefits, 6:6–7 

certification, 6:2–4, 6:3–4 tables 1-2 

eligibility for benefits, 6:2, 6:4–6 

health coverage tax credit (HCTC), 6:9–11 

job search allowances, 6:9, 6:10 table 4 

petition process, 6:2–4 

relocation allowances, 6:9, 6:10 table 4 

trade readjustment allowances (TRAs), 6:1, 6:4–6, 6:8 table 3 

training, 6:7–9, 6:10 table 4 

Trade Expansion Act of 1962, 6:15 

Trade Expansion Act of 1974, 6:15 

Trade readjustment allowances (TRAs), 6:1, 6:4-6, 6:8 table 3 

Trafficking in persons and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, 3:7, 3:70 

Training. See Education and training 

Transfer payments, 13:2, 13:39, 13:42 

Transitional Adjustment Assistance program. See NAFTA-Transitional Adjustment Assistance 

(NAFTA-TAA) program 

Transitional Child Care Assistance, 9:27 

Transitional medical assistance (TMA), 15:34, Appendix L: 30 

Transitions to Independence Demonstration, Appendix L: 67–68 table 8 

Transportation Equity Act (TEA) (P.L. 105-178), block grant programs and, 10:2 table 1, 10:10, 

10:12 

TRAs. See Trade readjustment allowances (TRAs) 

Trial work period (TWP), 1:30–31 

Tribal TANF programs, 7:3, 7:23, 7:26–27, 7:28–30 table 5 

Tribes, Indian. See Indian tribes; Native Americans 

Trust funds. See under trust fund name; and Appendix I 

TSMF (To Strengthen Michigan Families), Appendix L: 62–63 table 8 

Tuition deductions, 13:47 

TUR. See Total unemployment rate (TUR) 

TWP (Trial work period), 1:30–31 

UC. See Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program 

UEFJA. See Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA) 

UIFSA. See Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) 

UIS. See Unemployment Insurance Service (UIS) 

Undocumented immigrants. See Appendix J 

Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1976 (P.L. 94-566), 4:2, 4:14 

Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102-318), 4:11, 4:12–13, 4:18, 4:19, 4:34, 

4:35, 6:16 
INDEX - 63 

Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1993 (P.L. 103-152), 4:35 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:1–36 

administrative financing and allocation, 4:32–35 

average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 4:34 

base year definition, base funds, 4:10, 4:34 

benefits coverage, 4:2–8 

number of covered workers, 4:5, 4:8 

benefits eligibility 

ability and/or availability to work, 4:11–12 

disqualifications, 4:12–13 

ex-service members, 4:13–14 

family leave, 4:13 

monetary qualification requirements, 4:8–11, 4:9–10 table 3, 4:12 

pension offset, 4:14 

“suitability” of work, 4:11 

benefits payments, 4:14–16 

amount and duration of weekly benefits, 4:14–16, 4:16–17 table 5 

exhaustion of benefits, 4:18–19 

extended benefits (EB) program, 4:1–2, 4:11, 4:14–15, 4:18, 4:19, 4:35 

hypothetical weekly State benefits, 4:21, 4:22–23 table 7 

triggers for extensions, 4:15, 4:18–19 

“chargeable” employer, 4:14 

child support enforcement, 8:38 

contingency funds, 4:34 

displaced workers reemployment services, 4:35 

Employment Service (ES), 4:34 

insured unemployment, 4:6–7 table 2, 4:18 

job losers ratio, 4:5, 4:8, 4:8 chart 1 

legislative history, 4:35–36 

overview, 4:1–2 

Pennington v. Doherty case, 4:10 

program data, 4:3–4 table 1 

program objectives, 4:1 

State unemployment compensation program funds, 4:26–27 table 8 

State unemployment taxes, 4:28–29, 4:29–32 tables 10-11 

taxation of benefits, 4:14, 4:15 table 4 

in the Territories, 12:2, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3 

total unemployment rate (TUR), 4:18 

triggers for benefit extension, 4:15, 4:18–19 

Unemployment Insurance Service (UIS), 4:34 

Wagner-Peyser Act, 4:34 

See also Appendix F 

Unemployment data. See Appendix F 

Unemployment insurance. See Appendix F 

Unemployment Insurance Service (UIS), 4:34 

Unemployment tax rate. See Federal unemployment tax rate; State unemployment tax rate 

Unemployment Trust Fund, 4:23–25 

beginning-of-year balances, 4:28 table 9 

Federal accounts, 4:20, 4:23–24, 4:32 

financial condition of, 4:20, 4:23–25 

State accounts, 4:24–25, 4:26–27 table 8 

Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 8:48 

Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 8:46, 8:47–48 

Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 8:44 

Uninsured, 15:40, 15:72. See also Appendix C 
INDEX - 64 

Unwed mothers 

TANF Program benefits, 7:5. See also Nonmarital births 

The Urban Institute 

child care survey results, 9:12–14, 9:13–15 tables 9-11 

child support research, 8:75 

foster care survey, 11:133 

kinship foster care, 11:79, 11:80 

URESA. See Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA) 

VA. See Veterans Affairs (VA) 

Vaccines, 2:10 

hepatitis B vaccine, 2:119 

influenza virus vaccine, 2:119, 2:120 

pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, 2:119, 2:120 

VCIS (Voluntary Cooperative Information System), 11:83 

Venipuncture services, 2:79 

Vermont, Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP), Appendix L: 35, 69–70 table 8 

Vesting, pensions, 5:4, 13:7–8 

Veterans Affairs (VA) 

benefits and services, 15:135–137 

budget authority, 15:136 table 38 

Montgomery GI bill (MGIB), 15:135 

number of recipients, 15:138 table 39 

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program benefits, 3:50 

Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-585), 15:60 

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), 3:70 

VIEW (Virginia Initiative for Employment, Not Welfare) Program, Appendix L: 35, 39, 70–72 

table 8 

Virgin Islands 

Medicaid Program, 12:8 table 5, 12:9 

SCHIP Program, 12:10–12, 12:13–14 table 6 

social services block grant programs, 12:12 

social welfare programs, 12:1, 12:2 table 1, 12:3 table 2 

TANF Program, 12:6 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program, 4:1 

See also Territories 

Virginia Initiative for Employment, Not Welfare (VIEW) Program, Appendix L: 35, 39, 70–72 

table 8 

Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 1:31 

Vocational rehabilitation programs, SSI Program and, 3:17 

Voluntary Cooperative Information System (VCIS), 11:83 

Wage withholding, for child medical support or child support, 8:14, 8:33, 8:35–36 

Wagner-Peyser Act, 4:34 

Waivers 

child support enforcement, 8:5–6 

child welfare demonstration expansion (P.L. 105-89), 11:138 

domestic violence waivers, 7:8–9, 7:15, 8:5 

Family Violence Option (FVO), 7:8, 7:9, 7:15, 8:5 

managed care freedom-of-choice waivers (Medicaid), 15:49 

Medicaid Program and, 15:49–51, 15:54, 15:70–75, Appendix L: 30 

State child welfare demonstration project waivers, 11:23–25 table 8, 11:38–39 table 11, 11:66–

67, 11:68–72 table 20, 11:138, Appendix L: 31 

TANF rule waivers, 7:2, 7:5, 7:9, 7:15, 7:62, 7:73–80 tables 23-26 

welfare-to-work program evaluations, Appendix L: 31–32, 34, 39, 43–48 

Ways and Means Committee, jurisdiction and program recipient data, 15:2–3, 15:3 tables 1-2 
INDEX - 65 

Welfare benefit fund, 13:20 

Welfare leavers, Appendix L: 24–29 

earnings and income, Appendix L: 28–29, 29 table 4 

employment rates, Appendix L: 27, 28 table 3 

food stamp program, Appendix L: 30–31, 30 table 5 

Medicaid benefits, Appendix L: 30, 30 table 5 

program evaluation studies, Appendix L: 24, 27, 31 

recidivism (return rates), Appendix L: 27, 28 table 3 

Welfare reform initiatives, Appendix L: 1–76 

ABC (A Better Chance) Program (Delaware), Appendix L: 39, 59 table 8 

Achieving Change for Texans (ACT), Appendix L: 70–71 table 8 

Avenues to Self-Sufficiency through Employment and Training Services (ASSETS) (Alabama), 

Appendix L: 55–56 table 8 

Child Assistance Program (NY CAP), Appendix L: 66–67 table 8 

EMPOWER (Employing and Moving People Off Welfare and Encouraging Responsibility) 

(Arizona), Appendix L: 56 table 8 

Family Transition Program (FTP) (Florida), Appendix L: 35, 39, 40–41, Appendix L: 60 table 8 

Federally-funded research projects, Appendix L: 45–46, 46–47 table 7 

future policy and research, Appendix L: 3–4, 43 

GAIN (Greater Avenues for Independence Program) (California), Appendix L: 37–38, 40, 56–58 

table 8 

impact evaluations, lessons learned, Appendix L: 33–39, 49–72 table 8 

introduction, Appendix L: 1–4 

Jobs First Program (Connecticut), Appendix L: 34–35, 39, 40–41, 59 table 59 

Learning, Earning, and Parenting (LEAP) (Ohio), Appendix L: 69 table 8 

Milwaukee’s New Hope Demonstration Project, Appendix L: 72 table 8 

Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), Appendix L: 34–35, 40–41, 43, 63–66 table 8 

New Chance Demonstration, Appendix L: 53–54 table 8 

new program models, Appendix L: 45–46 

overview of findings, Appendix L: 4–5 

random assignment experimental studies, Appendix L: 31–32 

research findings, Appendix L: 2–3 

time limits, stronger sanctions, and other policy initiatives, Appendix L: 39, 42, 48 

Parents’ Fair Share (PFS) Demonstration, Appendix L: 54 table 8 

To Strengthen Michigan Families (TSMF), Appendix L: 62–63 table 8 

Transitions to Independence Demonstration (Ohio), Appendix L: 67–68 table 8 

Virginia Initiative for Employment, Not Welfare (VIEW) Program, Appendix L: 35, 39, 70–72 

table 8 

Welfare Reform Evaluation (Indiana), Appendix L: 39, 61 table 8 

Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP) (Vermont), Appendix L: 35, 69–70 table 8 

Welfare reform law of 1996. See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act 

(PRWORA) of 1996 (P.L. 104-193) 

Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP) (Vermont), Appendix L: 35, 69–70 table 8 

Welfare-to-Work (WTW) programs, 7:3, 7:20, 7:91–95, 7:96 

case management and pre-employment services, 7:95, Appendix L: 45, 52 table 8 

child care transition, 9:2 

expenditures by States, 7:93–94 table 33 

family cap policy, Appendix L: 42–43, 48, 49–72 table 8 

impact evaluations, Appendix L: 3, 47–49, 49–72 table 8 

child well-being, Appendix L: 41–42 

family formation, Appendix L: 42–45 

income, Appendix L: 40–41 

lessons learned, Appendix L: 33–39 

marriage promotion, Appendix L: 42–45 

mandatory participation, Appendix L: 2, 33–35 
INDEX - 66 

post-employment services, Appendix L: 45 

program message, Appendix L: 38–39 

research findings, Appendix L: 1, 2–3, 33 

tax credit, 13:50–51 

in the Territories, 12:15 

tribal family assistance program, 7:26 

work investment areas (WIAs), 7:92 

WIA. See Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998 

WIC Program. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 

(WIC) 

Widow(er)’s benefit, Social Security, 1:16, 1:20–21, 1:23, 1:45–46 tables 10-12, 1:49 table 16 

Windfall benefits, Railroad Retirement System, 5:4–5 

Windfall elimination provision, Social Security, 1:23–24, 1:54 table 21 

Wisconsin, Milwaukee’s New Hope Demonstration Project, Appendix L: 72 table 8 

Wisconsin Partnership Program, 15:69 

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program, 7:12, 12:3 table 2, 12:4 table 3, 15:112–115, 15:115 

table 28 

Women’s health issues 

breast and cervical cancer treatment, 15:32, 15:40–41, 15:80–81 

mammography screening, 2:10, 2:120, 2:133 

nurse midwife services, 2:100, 15:50 

Pap smears, 2:10, 2:120, 2:137, 2:141 

pelvic exams, 2:10, 2:120, 2:133, 2:141 

pregnancy and postpartum-related services, 15:50 

“Work-first” programs 

research findings, Appendix L: 2–3 

versus education-first programs, Appendix L: 35–37 

Work opportunity tax credit, and targeted groups, 13:49–50 

Workers’ compensation, 15:137–148 

benefit adequacy, 15:146 

benefits, 15:139–141, 15:147–148 table 43 

payments by insurance arrangement, 15:139 table 41 

for permanent total disability, 15:141–142 table 42 

black lung program, 13:51–52, 15:145 

child support and, 8:43 

coal miners, 13:51–52, 15:145 

energy employees compensation, 15:146 

Federal role, 15:142–146 

financial dimensions, 15:138 table 40 

major developments, 15:146, 15:148 

overview, 15:137, 15:139 

radiation exposure compensation, 15:145–146 

railroad workers and seamen, 15:146 

State average weekly wage (SAWW), 15:140 

tax exclusions, 13:51–52 

Workers with disabilities. See Disability Insurance (DI) Program; Disabled persons 

Workfare programs, for food stamp recipients, 15:8–9 

Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998 (P.L. 105-220), 7:15, 7:92, 15:12, 15:118–122 

Working mothers and child care, 9:2–6, 9:4–6 tables 2-4. See also Child Care 

WRP (Welfare Restructuring Project) (Vermont), Appendix L: 35, 69–70 table 8 

WTW. See Welfare-to-Work (WTW) programs 

Youth Job Training Programs, 15:119–120, 15:121 table 30, 15:122 table 31