1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE~ 

By ~r. LAFFOON: l\iemorial of William Clabaugh, as to M street 

bridp;e, District of Columbia-to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

By Mr. LEE: Papers in the case of Sarah A. Beckham, of Sarah A. 

Freeman, of John Lowry. of William Hough, of Oliver Bartley, of John 

R. Hornbaker, of John W. Jones, of Robert Waters, of Robert Green, 

of Mrs. William Francis, of Willis Long, and of Martha A. Boxley, of 

Virginia-to the Committee on War Claims. 

By Mr. McCULLOGH: Petitions of citizens of the Twenty-fourth district of Pt'nnsylvania, and of Hev. A. B. !iller, president of Waynesburgh College, and 100 others, citizens of Greene County, Pennsylvania, 

for prohibition in the District of Columbia-to the Select Committee •on the A.lcobolic Liquor Traffic. 

By Mr. McKINLEY: Petition of98citizensofGray'sHarbor, ofl,037 

citizens of Port Gamble and Port Ludlow, Wash., and of 198 mill-owners, loggers, and others, citizens of Oregon and Washington Territory, 

against any disturbance of the existing tariff on lumber-to the Committee on Ways and Means. 

By Mr. MANSUR: Petition of 150 citizens of the Second district 

of Missouri, for prohibition in the District of Columbia-to the Select 

Committee on the Alcoholic Liquor Traffic. 

By Mr. MILLIKEN: Petition of· Alonzo Sno.w and others, for the 

improvement of Bagaduce River, in Hancock County, Maine-to the 

Committee on Rivers and Harbors. 

By Mr. MOFFITT: Petition of H. T. Cowen a~d others, to establish 

a system of telegraphy-to the Committee 9n the Post-Office and PostRoads. 

Also, petition of L. Solomon and others, for repeal of the law limiting 

pension-arrears act-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

By Mr. MORGAN: Papersin the claim of John D. Baum; ofMichael 

F. Woods; of Mrs. Angeline Floyd; of John G. Campbell, and of E. 

P. Ward, .of Mississippi-to the Committee on War Claims. 

By Mr. MORSE: Petition of Paint and Oil Club of New England for 

the enactment of such legislation as will relieve those who sell pure 

alcohol only from the burden of a special license tax-to the Committee on Ways and Means. 

By Mr. NELSON: Petition and supporting affidavits for the improvement of Big Stone Lake, Minnesota-to the Committee on Rivers and 

Harbors. . 

By Mr. O'DONNELL: Petition of 113 citizens of Eaton Rapids, 

Mich., for increase of pension of Israel C. Wells-to the Committ€.e on Invalid Pensions. 

By Mr. PERRY: Petition of J. E. Hoffman and others, for an appropriation to continu·e the improvement of the Cvngaree River, South 

Carolina-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. 

By Mr. REED: Petition of David D. Spear, M. D., and other citizens of 1\fai e, for the improvement of the Hawasukett River-to the 

Committee on Rivers and Harbors. 

By Mr. RICHARDSON: Petition of Martin Enlers; of administrator 

of Susan Burt, of Bedford County, and of executor of A. M. Stovall, 

_ and of administrator of Samuel Warren, of Franklin County, Tennessee, for reference of their claims to the Court of Claims-to the Committee on War Claims. 

By Mr. SENEY: Memorial of Cleveland Vessel-Owners' As::ociation 

for legislation to secure better protection to navigation-to the Committee on Commerce. 

By 1\Ir. SHAW: Petition of Hazlett F. Owens, for a pension-to the 

Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

Also, petition of Marine Engineers' Association, No. 32,of Baltimore, 

Md., for relief-to the Committee on Claims. 

By Mr. SHIVELY: Petition of Joseph S. Lewis, a soldier of the 

Seminole war-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

By Mr. SPRINGER: Petition and papers of John Dale, claiming to 

be elected a Delegate to the Fiftieth Congress-to the Committee on the Territories. 

Also, petition of 0. G. Chase, claiming to be elected a Delegate to the 

Ji'iftieth Congress-to the Committee on the Territories. 

By Mr. STOCKDALE: Petition of Washington Weir, executor of 

Levi B. Field, and of the heirs of Cyrus Marsh, of Adams County, and 

of Joseph R. Au mock, heir of Sophia A.umock, of Amite County, Miss-issippi, for reference of their claims to the Court of Claims-to the 

Committee on War Claims. 

By Mr. STONE. of Kentucky: Papers in the claim of Daniel T. 

Hedges and others-=to the Committee on Claims. 

By .Mr. WADE: Petition of Martin Epperson, for a special-act pension-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

Also, petition of John T. Wasson, for reference of his claim to the 

Court of Claims-to the Committee on War Claims. -

Also, petition of ex-soldiers, for equalization of bonn ties-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

By Mr. WHEELEU: Petition of William S. Legg, of Limestone 

County; of John Lawler, of Madison County; of J.P. Bynum, administrator of Robert Bynum, of Jackson Count.y; of J. A. Patterson, of 

Colbert County, and of A. J. Shelton, of Lawrence County, Alabama, 

for reference flf their claims to the Court of Claims-to the Committee 

9n War Claims. 

By Mr. WILLIAMS: Petition of 13 veteran soldiers of Miami County, 

Ohio, asking for amendments to pension laws-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

By Mr. YARDLEY: Petition of Samuel F. Engle, of Montgomery 

County, Pennsylvania, for the abolition of the tax on tobacco, and the 

removal of the bail bond or the reduction of the same-to the Committee on Ways and Means. 

By Mr. YOST: Mem01·ial of citizens of Wythe County, Virginia, 

protesting against the reduction of duty on coal or coke, and asking a hearing before the committee-to the Committee on Ways and Means. 

Also, papers in the claim of Zachariah .F. Col breath; of John Engleman; of Jacob Stover; of William T. Fauber; of W. D. Hemp; of Peter 

EJinger; of Jacob B. Carwell, and of Michael Carwell, of Virginia-to 

the Committee on War Claims. 1 

The following petitions for an increase of compensation of fourthclass postmasters were severally referred to the Committee on the PostOffice and Post-Roads: 

By Mr. A. TKINSON: Of citizens of Spence Hill, of Sarah and Aitch, 

and of Scotland, Pa. 

By Mr. J. E. CAMPBELL: OfcitizensofBrazier, Clermont County, 

Ohio. 

By Mr. CARUTH: Of citizens of Prospect, Ky. 

By l\Ir. ERMENTROUT: Of Samuel Hartz and others, of Berks 

County, Pennsylvania. 

By· Mr. McCULLOGH: Of citizens of Boyle, Westmoreland County, 

P~nnsv 1 vania. 

By Mr. MANSUR: Of 55 citizens of Missouri. 

By Mr. ROWLAND: Of citizens of Gibraltar, N. C. 

SENA~E. 

THURSDAY, Jawuary 26, 1888. I 

Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. J. G. BUTLER, D. D. 

The J onrnal ~f yesterday's proceedings was read and approved. 

EXECUTIVE COl'tiM1JNICATION. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a communication from the Secretary of War, transmitting, in response to a resolution of the 13th instant, a report from the Lieutenant-General of the 

Army, relative to the removal of the garrison from Fort Canby, in 

Washington Territory; which,. with the accompanying papers, was 

ordered to lie on the table and be printed. 

PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore presented a petition of 128 citizens of 

the District of Columbia, praying for prohibition in the District of 

Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Ur. VANCE presented a petition of 78 citizens of the District of 

Columbia, praying for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which 

was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

fr. FARWELL presented a petition of the Chicago (Ill.) Board -of 

Trade, praying for retaliatory legislation against France and Germany 

for excluding American meat; which was referred to the Committee on 

Foreign Relations. 

Ur. SHERMAN. I present a petition of members of the Society of 

Friends, as:;:;embled in conference at Richmond, Ind., in favor of peace 

arbitration with Great Britain. This is a highly respectable body of 

·men! whose principles lead them to advocate this policy perhaps moTe 

strongly than any other portion of the people of the United States, and 

as such their petition is entitled to respectful consideration. I move 

that the pe~Hion be referred to the Committee on .r;;oreign Relations. 

The motion was agreed to. 

l\fr. SHE I:{MA.N presented a petition of members of the faculty of Otterbein University, at Westerville, Ohio, and a petition of members of 

the faculty of Denison University, at Granville, Ohio, praying for the 

passage of an international copyright law; which were referred to the 

Committee on Patents. 

He also presented a petition of 48 citizens of Ohio, praying for the 

passage of the bill for the extirpation of eontagious pleuro-pneumonia; 

-whwh was referred-to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 

Mr. STOCKBRIDGE presented a petition of 80 citizens of the Second Congressional district, a petition of 92 citizens of the Ninth Congressional district, and a petition of 50 citizens of the Third Congressional district of the Sta,te of Michigan, praying for prohibition in the 

District of Columbia; which were referred to the Committee on the 

District of Columbia. · 

Mr. QUAY presented a petition of the faculty of Franklin and Marshall College, in Pennsylvania, praying for the passage of an international copyTightJaw; which was reterred to the Committ-ee on Patents. 

He also presented a petition of 130 citizens of the Twenty-seventh 

Congressional district of Pennsylvania, praying for prohibition in the 

District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 
·-

726 CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-SENATE. J.ANU.A.RY 26, 

He also presented a memorial of citizens of the Nineteenth Congressional district of Pennsylvania, and a memorial of citizens of the Sixth 

Congressional district of Pennsylvania, remClnstrating against the admission of Utah a5 a State with polygamy; which was referred to the 

Committee on Territories. 

Mr. SPOONER presented a petition of 20 residents of the Sixth Congressional district of Wisconsin, and a petition of 245 citizens of Wisconsin, praying for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which were 

referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

He also presented a memorial of 3, 700 anult male residents of the 

District of Columbia, emonstrating against the enactment of a law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of spirituous and fermented liquors 

in the· District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

1\:l.r. HALE'"presented the petition of George B. Page, aud 134 other 

citizens of the Fourth Congressional district of Maine, praying for prohibition in the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. ALLISON presented a petition of 134 citizens of the Second and 

Third Congressional districts of Iowa, praying for prohibition in the 

District of Columbia,; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

Mr. TURPIE presented a petition of ex-soldiers, sailors, and marines, 

praying for the passage of a law to increase the pension for the disability of total deafness; which was ordered to lie on the table. 

Mr. CAMERON presented the .petition of Chief Engineer James W. 

King, United States Navy, praying to be restored to the rank on the 

retired-list which he formerly held while on t.Qe active-list; which was referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. 

Mr. BLODGETT presented a memorial of 136 railroad conductors on 

the Pennsylvania Railroad, remonstrating against the passage of a bill 

for licensing railroad conductors; which was referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. 

Mr. CULLOM presented a petition of125 citizens of the Fifth, Tenth, 

and Twelfth Congressional districts of Illinois, praying for prohibition 

in the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia~ · 

He also presented resolutions adopted by the board of directors of the 

Chicago (ill.) Board of Trade, urging the enactment of retaliatory legislation against foreign Governments which prohibit the exportation of 

American salted pork to their countries; which were referred to the 

Committee on Foreign Relations. . Mr. COKE presented a petition of members of the facnlty of the 

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, at College Station, Tex., 

praying for the speedy enactment of an international copyrigB.t law for 

the better security of literary property; which was referred to the 

Committee on Patents. 

Mr. PLUMB presented a petition of 108 citizens. of the Third and 

Fourth Congressional districts of Kansas, praying for prohibition in 

the District of Columbia; which was referred to the Committee on the 

District of Columbia. 

He also presented the petition of D. H. Mitchell, of Kansas, praying 

to be reimbursed for certain supplies furnished by him to the Government during the years 1868 and 1869; which was referred to the Com- mittee on Claims. Mr. EVARTS presented a petition of the faculty or'Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, of Troy, N. Y., praying for the speedy enactment of an international copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. 

Mr. FRYE presented the petition of William DeW. Hyde and other 

members of the faculty of Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, Me., praying for the speedy enactment of an international copyright law; which was referred to the Committee on Patents. 

Mr. DANIEL presented three petitions of citizens of Virginia, praying for the passage of the bill for the extirpation of pleuro-pneumonia; 

which were referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 

He also presented three petitions of citizens of Vrrginia, praying that 

fourth-class postmasters may be allowed increased compensation; which were referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. 

He also presented a petition of citizens of the District of Columbia, 

praying for the submission to the people of that District of the question 

of the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors 

therein; which was referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

He also presented a petition of 214 citizens of the District of Columbia, a petition of 82 citizens of the District of Columbia, and a petition 

of 370 citizens of the District of Columbia, praying for prohibition in 

the District of Columbia; which were referred to the Committee on the 

District of Columbia. 

. ,.. 

tions, to whom wasreferred the bill (H. R. 4881) making an appropria· 

tion to carry into effect the provisions of an act approved March 2, 1887, 

entitled ''An act to establish agricultural experimental stations in con- nection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of the act approv.ed July 2, 1862, and of the acts supplementary 

thereto," to report it with an amendment. 

I ask unanimous consent that after the completion of the morning 

business the bill may be taken up. 

The PRESIDENT pro tem.pore. The Senator frqm Iowa asks unanimous consent that the bill reported by him be taken up immediately 

after the conclusion of the morning business. Is there objection? 

Mr. EDMUNDS. Let that be suspended fo.r a few minutes. 

:?tfr. BLAIR. I did not understand the observation cf the Senator 

from Vermont. 

1\f.r. EDl\IUNDS. I asked that the matter of unanimous consent 

about the agricultural bill be suspendea for a few moments until I can 

look at it, as it has just been reported. 

l\1r. ALLISON. Very well. 

Mr. EDMUNDS subsequently said: Referring to House biU 4881, 

making appropriations for the agricultural college establishments, I 

have examined it and have no objection to make, myself, to the request 

of the Senator from Iowa LMr. ALLISON]. _ 

lli. BLA.IR. I have no objection to the consideration of the bill if 

it can be acted upon without debate. I will reserve the right to object if it leads to disoussion, as I gave notice that I would move to take 

up the educational bill at the conclusion of the morning business, and 

I am desirous to have the day to complete my remarks on the subject. 

1\ir. TELLER. Is it in order to introduce a bill? 

The PRE"IDENT p1·o tempore. That order has not yet been reached. 

Reports of committees are in order. 

Mr. SPOONER, from the Committeeon Claims, to whom was referred 

the bill (S. 1024) for the relief of John A. Fairfax, asked ~o be discharged from its further consideration, and that it be referred to the 

Committee on Claims; which was agreed to. 

Mr. COCKRELL, from the Committee on Military Affairs, to whom was referred the bill (S. 475) for the relief of the estate of Thomas L. 

Price, deceased! reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report thereon. . He also, from the same committee, to whom was refeued the bill (S. 

1473) to authorize theChicago, Kansas and West.ern Railway Company 

to build its road across the Fort Hays military reservation, reported it 

without amendment, and submitted a report thereon. 

Mr. DAVIS, from the Committee on Military Affairs, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1295) for the relief of soldiers and sailors who enlisted or served under assumed names, while minors or otherwise, in the 

Army or Navy during the war of the rebellion, reported it with amendments. · 

l\lr. DAWES. A bill from the House of Representatives, concerning 

civil jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in the Indian Territory, has been referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. ·I report 

from the Committee on Indian Affairs a resolution of the board of di· 

rectors of the Commercial Exchange of Kansas City, l\Io., praying that 

the jurisdiction of the civil laws of the United States be extended over 

the Indian Territory, and ask that the committee be discharged from 

its further consideration, and that it be referred to the Committee on the 

Judiciary. 

The report was agreed to. 

Mr. HALE, from the Committee on Naval Affairs, to whom was re- ferred the bill (S. 1273) for the relief of Wilbur F . Cogswell, submitted 

an adverse report thereon, which was agreed to; and the bill was post-. 

poned indefinitely. 

Mr. RANS0~1. I am instructed by the Committee on Commerce to 

report back the bill (S. 1283) making an appropriation for the erection 

of a light-house on or near Diamond Shoal, oft' Cape Hatteras, North 

Carolina, with a recommendation that it pass. A report accompanies 

the bill, which I will submit as soon as it is copied, and at a very early 

day I shall ask the Senate to take up the bill. . • The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be placed on the Cal· 

en dar. 

Mr. JONES, of Arkansas,' from the Committee on Claims, 1i9 whom. was referred the bill (S. 313) for the relief of R. R. Tinsley, reported 

it without amendment, and submitted a report thereon. 

Mr. GORMAN, from the Committee on Commerce, to whom was re. 

ferred the bill (S.1091) to establish a light-ship off False Cape, seacoast of Virginia, reported it without amendment, and submitted a re· 

port thereon. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. 

A message from the House of Representatives, by Ur. CLARK, its 

Clerk, announced that the House bad passed a bill (H. R. 2131) for the 

relief of Joseph Cox, administrator of Charles Pa..sters, deceased; in 

which it requested the concurrence of the Senate. 

Mr. HOAR presented the petition of the Chamber of Commerce of 

the city of Boston, 1\Iass., praying for an international conference in re- gard to the adoption of measures to p.rovi_de greater security for life at 

sea; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. BILLS INTRODUCED. 

REPORTS OF co~IIT'IEES. 1\:l.r. TELLER introduced a bill (S. 1667) granting ll pension to John 

Hill; which was rea.d twice by its title, and referred to the Committee 

Mr.. ALLISON. I am instructed by the Committee on Appropria- on Pensions. 
1888~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 727 

Mr. BERRY introdu.ced a bill (S.1668) forthereliefof A.M. Woodruff; which was read twice by it,s title, and referred to the Committee 

on Claims. 

Mr. WALTHALL introduced a bill (S. 1669) authorizing the Mississippi and Louisiana Bridge and Railroad Company of Natchez, Miss:, 

to construct a bTidge over the Mississippi River at or near Natchez, 

Miss.; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Commerce. 

Mr. GIBSON introduced a bill (S. 1670) for the relief of the Union 

National Bank of Louisiana; which was read twice by its title, and, 

with the a.ceompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1671) for the relief of Martin Kenofsky; 

which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on 

Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1672) for the relief of Urs. Eliza E. 

B;ebert; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. BROWN introduced a bill (S. 1673) for the relief of Morgan 

Rawls; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying 

paper, referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. :McPHEH.SON (by request) introduced a bill (S. 1674) to authorize the reduction of United States bonds and of the circulation of the 

national banks; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Finance. 

1\Ir. TURPIE introduced a bill (S. 1675) authorizing and directing 

the Secretary of War to purchase certain real estate lying opposite the 

depot of the quartermaster's department at Jeffersonville, Ind., and to 

have erected thereon two buildings to be occupied by the military 

storekeepers on duty at said depot, the cost of said grounds and buildings not to exceed $25,000; which was read twice by its title, andreferred to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. 

Mr. STEW ART introduced a bill (S. 1676) for the relief of .Andrew 

:r. Barnes; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying papers, referred to tl.e Committee on Indian Affairs. 

.Mr. SHERMAN introduced a hill (S. 1677) for the relief of the heirs 

at law of Charles K. Smith, jr.; which was read twice by ita title, and 

referred to the Committee on Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1678) granting a pension to Mrs. Margaret Pickering-Copeland; which was read twice by its title, and, with 

the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. PLUMB introduced a bill (S. 1679) making a donation to the 

Kansas V etemn Association of two condemned brass cannon and two 

hundred stand of small-arms and equipments; which was read twice 

by its title, and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

He also inh·oduced a bill (S. 1680) authorizing the Secretary of War 

to deliver to the Plainville Post, No. 298, of the Grand Army of the 

Republic at Plainville, ~ans., six condemned brass cannon for monu-

~ental purposes; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on .. Iilitary Affairs. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1681) to amend section 461 of theRevised Statutes of the United States, regulating fees for exemplification 

of land patents, and for other purposes; which was read twice by its 

title, and, with the accompanying paper, referred to the Committee on Public Lands. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1682) for the relief of Meyer B. Haas; 

which was read twke by its title, and, with the accompanying papers, 

referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. HOAR introduced a bill (S. 1683) granting a pension to Mrs. 

Jane Flynn; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accom- panying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. · 

He.also introduced a bill (S. 1684) granting a pension to Robert Noble; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accompanying 

papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill {S. 1685) granting a pension to Mrs. Betsy 

C. Green; which was read twice by its ~tle, and, 1Jith the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Ur. 1\fA.:...l'{DERSON introduced a bill (S.1686) for the relief of George 

S. Fisher; which was read twice by its title, and, with theaccompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Foreign RelatiOns. He also introduced a bill (S. 1687) to :restore J. Rock Williamson to 

the pension-roll; which was read. twice by its title, and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. SPOONER introduced a bill (S. 1688) to regulate commerce carried on by telegraph; which was read twice by its title, and referred to 

the Committee on Interstate Commerce. 

Mr. HISCOCK introduced :1 bill (S. 1689) amending sectiou 4414 of 

the Revised Statutes of the United Stat~, fixing the compensation of 

inspectors of hulls and boilers in the several districts of the United 

States; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Commerce. 

Mr. QUAY introduced a bill (S. 1690) for the removal of the charge 

of desertion from the military record of :fohn Donnelly; which was 

read twice by its title, and referr~d to the Committee on Uilitary Affairs. Mr. CAUERON introduced a bill (S. 1691) to equalize the rank and 

pay of certain staff officers of the Navy; which was read twice by its 

title, and referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. 

l.Ir. HARRISintroduceda bill (S.1692) forthereliefofMosby&Hnnt, 

of Memphis, Tenn.; ' which was r~ twice by its title, and referred to 

the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. VEST introduced a bill (S. Hl93) granting a pension to Isaac 

Smith; which was read twice by 4ts title, and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1694) for the relief of John L. Cunningham; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee 

on Pensions. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1695) granting a pension to Elizabeth 

W. Adair; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

He also introduce<! a bill (S. 169G) for the relief of Lewis I. Cundiff; 

which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on 

Pensions. 

Ur. COCKRELL introduced a bill (S. 1697) to grant the right of way 

through the Indian Territory to the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company for the purpose of constructing a railway, and for other 

purposes; which was read twice by its title. 

Mr. COCKRELL. I move that the bill be referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs, and I hope they will report it very soon. 

The motion was agreed to. 

Mr. GORMAN introduced a bill (S. 1698) for the relief of the legal 

representatives of Lieut. Francis Ware, deceased, of the Revolutionary 

war; which was read twice by its title, anrl, with the accompanying 

papers, referred to the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. 

He also introduced a bill (S. 1699) authorizing the Secretary of the 

Treasury to issue bonds to Albert V. Conway, substituted trustee, for 

certain registered United States bonds redeemed or assigned by the 

Government upon forged assignments; which was read twice by its 

title, and referred to the Committee on Finance: 

Mr. HAWJ:EY introduced a bill {S. 1700) authorizing the Librarian 

of Congress to purchase ''Townsend's Library of National, State, and 

Individual Records, comprising a collection of historical records concerning the origin, progress, and consequences of the late civil war;" 

which was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on the 

Library. 

Mr. WILSON, of Iowa, introduced a bill (S. 1701) authorizing the 

construction of a high wagon-bridge across the Uissouri River at or near 

Sioux City, Iowa; which was read twice by its title, and referred to the 

Committee on Commerce. 

Mr. ALLISON introduced a, bill (S.17<r2) granting a pension to Joanna 

W. Turner; which was read twice by its title, .and referred to the Com-_ 

mittee on Pensions. · 

Mr. DANIEL introduced a bill (S. 1703) for the relief of Reuben 

Ragland; which was r ead twice by its title, and, with the accompanying paper, referred to the Committee on Claims. 

Mr. EVARTS introduced a bill (S. 1704) to increase and grant arrears 

of pension to George H. Lawrence; which was read twice by its title, 

and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Pensions. 

Mr. RIDDLEBERGER introduced a bill (S. 1705) to provide for 

continuing the grading and paving of the approaches to the national 

cemetery near Danville, Va.; which was read twice by its title, and 

referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

Mr. EVARTS introduced a bill {S. 1706) for the relief of' Charles 

Gallagher, of New York; which was read twice by its title, and re-

'ferred to the Committee on Claims. 

1\fr. DOLPH introduced a bill (S. 1707) to provide for the issue of 

pa,tents to certain persons for donation claims uuder the act approved 

September 27, 1850, commonly known as the "donation law;" which 

was read twice by its title, and referred to the Cemmittee on Public un~ . Mr. TELLER introducetl a joint resolution {S. ll-. 43) providing for 

the printing of decisions of the Department of the Interior regarding 

public lands and pensipns, for sale; which was read twice by its title, 

and, with the aecompanying paper, referred to the Committee on 

Printing. PAPERS WITHDRAWN AND REFERRED. 

On motion of Ur. GIBSON, it was 01·dered, That the papers in the matter of the claim of the Union National Bank of Louisiana be taken from the files of the Senate and referred to the Com- mittee on Claims, no adverse report having been .made on the same. 

On motion of 1\Ir. GIBSON, it was , 

Ordered, That all the depositions, proofs, doc11meuts, and papers or every kind filed by W. W. Handlin, of New Orleans, relating to his claim against the GoT- ernment of Nicara~m. with the Senate ·committ-ee to Inquire into all Claims of Citizens of the United States against the Government of Nicaragua, ;md now in 

possession of the Senate. may be withdrawn by Mr. W. W. Handlin upon his filing his receipt therefor. 

JOSEPH COX. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Are there further concurreii tor other 

resolutions? 

Mr. VOORHEES. I do not rise to offer a resolution under that order 

ofbusi.uess, but there is a bill here from the other House, for the relief 

of the administrator of a soldier who bas been sued upon au account, 

which I should be glad to bave taken up, with the consent of the Senate, 
728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA'I'E. ·J .ANUARY 26, 

and acted upon at this time, if that be in order. It is a bill for the relief of Joseph Cox, administrator of Charles Pasters, deceased, and is 

now lying on the desk. It is recommended by the Pension Bureau, 

and there is an urgency in the matter. 

The PRESIDENT JJ1'0 temp01·e. The Chair lays before the Senate a bill from the House of Repre~eu tatives. 

The bill (H. R. 2131) for the relief of Joseph Cox, administrator of 

Charles Pasters, deceased, was read twice by its title. 

Mr. VOORHEES. I ask that the bill be put upon its passage. 

The PRESIDENT p1·o tempore. The Senator from Indiana asks that 

the Senate now procee<l to the consideration of the bill. Is there objection to its present consideration? 

Mr. VOORHEES. I will explain it. Pasters was a· pensioner entitled to some four hundred and odd dollars, and the certificate was sent 

to Indianapolis for its payment. Before he received the money be died, 

and it went into the hands of his administrator, who expended the sum 

in his necessary funeral expenses; but having no way to settle that, he 

has been sued in the United States coLUt. This bill is to acquit him 

of liability, he having honorably expended this money which was due 

this man who died before he got it himself. That is the explanation, 

and on that I think the bill ought to pass. 

The PRESIDENT pro tetnpo1'e. Is there objection tothepresentconsideration of the bill? 

l\fr. BLAIR. I reserve the right to object if it leads to debate. 

Ur. VOORHEES. Yes; of course, if it leads to trouble it may .go 

over. 

· By unanimous consent, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, 

proceeded to consider the bill, which was read, as follows: 

Wht>reas Charles Pasters, of Randolph County, Indiana, was, ou the 12th day of January, A. D. 1884, granted a pensibn, for which a. certificate was t llen and there duly issued to him; that there wa.S due said Pasters on SR.id certificate the sum of$!83.73; that a. voucher for said sum was duly executed by said Pa~ters, 

in h'is lifetime, and returned to the proper United States pension agent at In- dianapolis, Ind.; and 'Vbereas said Pasters, on the 25th day of January, A. D. 1884, and before he received the check for Sa.id sum, died, leaving no widow or child surviving him; and - Whereas afterwards, to wit, on the 31st day of January, A. D.l884, the United States pension agent aforesaid issued a. check for the sum aforesaid payable to said Pasters: nnd Where as said check was delivered to Joseph Cox, who was the duly appointed administrator of said Pasters, as a. part of his (said Pasters's) estate; and Whereas the said Cox, as such administrator, under the direction of the cir- cuit court of said Randolph County, applied, in good faith, the proceeds of said check, to wit, the sum aforesaid, to the payment of the funeral expenses and other indebtedness of said Pasters; and 'Vbereas the United States has brought suit against the said Joseph Cox to re- cover the sum aforesaid: Therefore, . Be it enacted. etc., That said Joseph Cox be, and he is hereby, fully acquitted and discbarg.- d from all liability to the United States on account of the collec- tion of the check aforesaid, or the appropriation thereof, or of its proceeds, or of the sum of the ,.483.73 so allowed said Charles Pasters, deceased, as afore- said. 

Mr. DAWES. I should like to have the Senator explain what was 

illegal in that transaction. I did not catch it. 

Mr. VOORHEES. ·There was nothing illegal, but the money, instead of passing into the hands of the pensioner, pa-ssed into the hands 

of his adininistrator, the pensioner having died. before it reached him. 

Mr. DAWES. How does the United States have a claini on him 

under those circumstances? 

Mr. VOORHEES. I do not know. I know they have sued the administrator, and I know that this measui:e will stop the suit and end 

the trouble. 

Mr. ROAR. I can answer my colleague's question. 

Mr. VOORHEES. I hould be very glad if the Senator would. 

Mr. HOAR. Precisely that case occurred in our State. The Pension 

Office held-! suplJOSe correct1y; I have not investigated it-that one of 

its checks payable to the soldier does not pass to the executor or administrator or legal representative. A case arose a year ago in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, in which the administrator collected several thousand dolJars and paid it all out for the expen es of the last 

sickness and the debts of the soldier, the intestate. Then he was called 

and had to pay the money back to the Goverp.ment, and he is hl\re now 

with a bill to be reimbursed that money from the Treasury. He satisfied himself that he could not defend against the claim of the United 

States. I have not myself examined the foundation of that opinion, 

bnt I suppose it is correct. 

Mr. VOORHEES. That is satisfactory. 

Mr. DAWES. My query was why the check did not belong to the 

administrator. 

Mr. COCKRELL . . In due course of law it should. 

Mr. VOORHEES. I think we have beard a very satisfactory statement. 

The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment1 ordered to a third res.ding, read the third time, and passed. 

The preamble was agreed to. 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. 

::M:.r. ALLISON and Mr. BL.Am addressed the Chair. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore.. The Senator from New Hampshire. 

Mr. ALLISON. I was going to ask to take up the bill I reported. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair recognized the Senator 

from New Hamphire. 

Mr. ALLISON. So I observed. 

Mr. BLAin. I give wn.y for the purpose of the consideration of the 

Senator's bill if it does not lead to debate. 

Mr. QUAY. I a k leave to present a petition. 

· The PHESIDENT pro tempo're. Morning business is not yet concluded. The Chair will receive the petition. 

PENSIONS FOR DEAFNESS. 

Mr. QUAY. I present a petition adopted by ex-soldiers, sailors, and 

marines at the headquarters of the Silent Army of Deaf Soldiers, Sailors, 

and Marines, Indianapolis, Ind., praying for the passage of Senate bill , 

No. 509, authorizing an increase of pensions in certain cases. In this 

connection I move that the Senate proceed to the consideration of the 

bill to which the petition refers. • The PRESIDENT pro te1npore. Before submitting the motion the 

Chair will receive other morning business, if there be any. [A pause,] 

If there be no further morning business that order is closed. 

Mr. ALLISON. I ask to take up--

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Pennsylvania bas 

been recognized. 

Mr. ALLISON. I beg pardon; I do not wish to interfere with the 

Senator from Pennsylvania. 

The PRESIDENT pro ternpo1'e. The Senator from Pennsy 1 vania moves 

to proceed to the consideration of the bill (S. 509) authorizing an increase 

in pensions in certain cases. . 

1\Ir. QUAY. I will withdrawthemotionfor the purpose of enabling 

the Senator from Iowa to take up his bill, with the understanding that 

this bill shall take precedence after that bill has gone through. 

The PRESIDENT p1·o tempore. The Chair can not recognize any 

unrtPrstanding between Senators. If the Senator from Pennsylvania 

withdraws his motion the Senator from Iowa is recognized. 

Ur. ALLISON. I move, then, to proceed to the consideration of 

House bill 4881. · 

Mr. BLAIR. Before the Senator proceeds, as there seems to be such 

a general desire tO consider bills on the Calendar during the morning 

hour, I, perhaps, ought not to press the motion which I have suggested 

against what seems to be the general will of Senators, and I will waive 

it until the school bill has its right in regular order. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Iowa moves that 

the Senate proceed to the consideration of the agricultural-experimentstations bill. 

Mr. SAULSBURY. I object. The bill was reported this morning, 

and Senators ought to have an opportunity to consider it before it is 

called up Jor final action. 

The PRESIDENT pro ternpm·e. The Senator from Delaware objects, 

and the bill goes over, under the rule. 

Mr. COCKRELL. The Calendar. 

Mr. QUAY. I renew my motion. 

Mr. ALLISON. Then I ask that th:e bill be printed with the amendment. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempo1·e. That order will be made. 

:Mr. QUAY. I move to proceed to the consideration of Senate bill 

509. 

~ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. ·The Senator from Pennsylvania 

moves that the Senate proceed to the consideration of the bill (S. 509) 

authorizing an increase in pensions in certain cases. . 

Ur. QUAY. That is a. bill which is recommended, and which was recommended formerly, by the Commissioner of Pensions. 

Mr. COCKRELL. We can not hear a word on this side. 

The PHESIDENT pro tempore. Business will be suspended until order is restored in the Cham her. 

Mr. QUAY. I was saying simply that this bill was one which sometime ago was 'recommended by the Commissioner of Pensions, I think 

three years ago, and it has been again recommended in his recent report 

for the· past year. l ts effect is simply to increase the pensions of those 

totally deaf from $13 per month to $30 per month. It provides further 

that in case of partial deafness the Commissioner of Pensions shall have 

absolute discretion in rating the amount of the pension. The Committee on Pensions reported the bill unanimously. 

The Senator from Missouri [Mr. CocKRELL] certainly understands 

the disability which total deafness produces. If the Senator from Uissouri were stricken to-day with it, he would be utterly disqualified for 

his duties in the Senate, of which he is so valuable a member, and there 

is not an officer of the Senate, fn:)m p:tge to President, who could discharge his duty. The Senator from Missouri would not employ a clerk 

so totally disabled in his law office; no merchant and no business man 

would employ a book-keeper or &'llesman so disabled; and no employer 

of manual labor, other matters being equal, would employ a deaf workman. The bill it seems to me, is jrist and fair, and, having received the indorseme~t of the Department and the unanimous indorsement of the 

committee, it ought to pass. 

Mr. COCKRELL. What is the present rate? 

1\ir. QUAY. The present rate is $13 per· month. The increase is $17 

per month. The number of those affected by the increase for tota~ deafness is 275. What the increase of expense to the Treasury will ~ 
I· 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 729 

owing to the rating for partial deafness, I am not ab1e to say; but it is 

fajr to expect that the Commissioner of Pensions, who bas beba-¥ed 

"wisely and liberaUy in his office, will discharge his du~ properly in 

establishing the rate, and that the entire expense for partial deafness 

will not exceed that for total. I would say that the entire increased 

expense to the Treasury can not probably exceed $100,000 a year. 

Mr. COCKRELL. Then I understand the bill simply changes--

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. One moment. The Senate has not 

yet decided to proceed to the consideration of the bill. The question 

is on, agreeing to the motion of the Senator from Pennsylvania to proceed to the consideration of the bill. 

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate, as in Committee of the 

Whole, proceeded to consider the bill. It proposes that hereafter all 

persons on the pension-rolls of the United States, or who may hereafter 

be thereon, drawing pensions on account of loss of hearing, shall be en- _titled to receive, in ·Iieu of the amount now paid in case of such disability, the sum of $30, in cases of total deafness, and such proportion 

thereof in cases of partial deafness as the Secretary of the Interior may 

deem equitable; the amount paid to be determined by the degree of 

disability existing in each case. Mr. COCKRELL. This changes the existing law so as to allow a rating from $30 down-$30 for total disability, and then down according to the degree of disability, whereas under the existing law the 

rating is from $13 down. 

:Mr. QUAY. Yes, sir; the rate is fixed absolutely at $30 for total 

deafness, and it is left within the discretion of the Commissioner of 

Pensions as to partial deafness. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be read at length. 

The Chief Clerk read the bill. 

Mr. COCKRELL. Let the report be read. 

The PllESIDENT p1·o tempore. The report will be read. 

The Secretary read the report submitted by Mr. QUAY January 17, 

1888, as follows: 

reach it. I hope the Senator will not objeet, because it is a bill which 

if passed at all ought to be pa.sf?ed promptly. 

Mr. COCKRELL. What is the tit1e of it? 

Mr. SHERMAN. It is Order of Business 27, being the bill (S. 1029) 

to amend an act to restrict the ownership of real estate in the Territories to American citizens, etc., approved March 3, 1887. There is no controversy about it. · 

Mr. COCKRELL. There are a hundred bills on the Calendar about 

which there is no controversy. 

Mr. SHERMAN. I move that the Senate proceed to the consideration of that bill. 

Mr. COCKRELL. That will almost necessarily lead to discussion. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempm·e. The Senator from Ohio moves that 

the Senate proceed to the consideration of the bill (S. 1029) to amend an 

act to restrict the ownership of real estate in the Territories to American 

citizens, etc., approved March 3, 1887. If there be objection--

M:r. COCKRELL. I object, and call for the Calendar. Let us have 

the regular order. That bill will be reached in a short time. 

Mr. SHERMAN. I will let the Calendar run along, but I want this 

bill acted on this morning. Perhaps we ma.y reach it. I withdraw 

the motion. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The first bill on the Calendar will 

be stated. 

PORTLAND COLLECTION DISTRICT LIMITS. 

The bill (S. 24) to extend the limits of the port of Portland as a port 

of entry was annonnced as first in order on the Calendar, and the Henate, as in Committee of the Whole, proceeded to consider it. 

:i\1 r. MANDERSON. I desire to ask the Senator from Oregon whether 

the points named in this bill were named in the act of 1&:!0 and excluded under the option permitted by the act to the Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

Mr. DOLPH. This simply extends the port of entry across the river, 

which is only a quarter or a third of a mile, so as to allow steamers to 

The Committee an Pensions, to whom was referred Senate bill509, beg leave load and unload at the railroad wharves. · t{) report the same with a favorable recommendation, and in this connection 

would call attention to the fact that the increase authorized by this bill was Mr. MANDERSON. Then it is not to extend the privilege of transrecommended by the Commissioner of Pensions in his reports for 1885, 1886, and port.'l.tion to these points? 1887. In llis report for the latter year he uses the following language: Mr. DOLPH. Nothin~r of that kind. It is only to exwnd the limits "I desire to renew my recommendations made in my reports for 1885 and 1886 ~ 

as to additional legislation in behalf of those who are afflicted with deafness of the port so t,hat vessels may unload on the other side of the river · from the service. 'I' he present rat.e is not commensurate with the degree of dis- where the railroad is. 

ability result.ing.and I respectfully recommend thnt a totalof$30 per month for Mr. COCKRELL. There is no occasion for the second section of the total deafness (with intermediate grades, to be determined according to the de· 

gree of disability) be fixed by Ll.w. The number of applicants under this pro- bill. I move to strike it out. 

vision.isnnd would be >ery small, and the amount to be disbursed inconsider- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment will be stated. 

able." . 1 The CHIEF CLERK. It is propm:ed to strike out section 2, as follows: 

The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to SEc. 2• That this act shall take effect from and after tlie date of its passage. be engrossed for a third reading,-read the third time, and passed. Mr. HAWLEY. IJ the bill relates only to cases of deafness, I sug- The ameudment was agreed to. 

gest that the title be changed to indicate that. If it refers only to The bill was reported to the Senate as amended. and the amendment 

deafness, the title should show it. was concurred in. 

Mr. QUAY. There is no objection to an amendment of the title. The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the 

The title was amende<J so as to read: "A bill authorizing an increase third time, and passed. 1 of pensions in cases of deafness." PORTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 

The bill (S. 25) to amend an act entitled "An aet to amend the 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. statutes in relation to immediate transportation of dutiable goods, and 

Mr. HOAR. I move that the 6enate proceed to the considerat!on of for other purposes,'' approved J nne 10, 1880, was considered as in Com-

_Calendar No. 44, being the bill (S. 495) for the relief of Albert H. mitteeoftheWhole. Itproposestoextendtheprivilegesoftheseventh 

Emery. I desire to state tbat this bill has passed the Senate half a section of the act approved June 10, 1880, to the ports of Seattle and 

dozen times, and passed both branches at the last session, but reached Tacoma, Wash. 

the President too late for his examination. The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The S~nator. from Mass.achusetts be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. 

mov~s that the Senate proceed to the consideratiOn of the bill named PORT OF DELIVERY AT PORT. ANGELES. 

by hrm. I · _ Mr. PLUMB. Is the amount named in thi<; bill the amount agreed The bill (S. 28) to create a port of delivery at Port Angeles, in the on by the two Houses? district of Puget Sound. Washington Territory, was considered as in 

Mr. HOAR. Yes, sir. Committee of the Whole. . 

Mr. COCKRELL. I hope the Senator will let us take up the Cal- The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to en dar. We shall soon reach that case. • be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. 

Mr. HOAR. The Senator from Kansas put me a question which I LAND SALES IN CALIFORNIA. 

answered inadvertently, according to the best of my belief. I would The bill (S. 418) granting to the State of California 5 per cent. of the 

rather investigate carefully before I give that answer as final. I will net proceeds of the cash sales of public lands in said State was considlet it remain for ::t moment. ered as in Committee of the Whole. 

Mr. COCKRELL. Let us have the Calendar in regular order. The bi-Il was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The first bill on the Calendar will be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. be stated. 

Mr. TELLER. Are these bills called up subiect to obJ·ection? • Thll PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the <~ preamble. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. They will be subject to objection. The preamble was agreed to. 

Mr. TELLER. There are a number of them that will lead to ex- tensive debate~ and it does not seem worth while to call them up. 

Mr. COCKRELL. They can be objecterl to. 

The PRESIDENT p1·o tempore. The Calendar of general orders will 

be in order until2 o'clock, each bill being subject to objection, and each 

Senator being entitled to speak for five minutes and only once on each bill. 

:Mr. SHERMAN. I will · ask to take up a bill that was considered «here and laid over at the suggestion of the Senator from Kansas [Mr. 

PLUMB], to offer an amendment. It came up iu due order, and is 

standing on the Calendar. 

M1·. COCKRELL. Let us have the Calendar in order. 

Mr. SHERMAN. This is a bill partly finished, and we may not 

CALIFORNIA SCHOOL LANDS. 

The bill (S. 419) to enable the State of California to take lands in 

lieu of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections found to be mineral 

lands was announced as next in order. 

Mr. EDMUNDS. I should liketha.t bill to go over. Iwantto look 

at it. I remember we had the subject up once before. 

The PR~IDENT P'ro tempore. The bill will go over under objection. 

W. H. TIBBITS. 

The bill (S. 190) for the relief ofW. H. Tibbits, wa.s considered as 

in Committee of the Whole. 

The preamble recites that it appears from the records of ~he General 
730 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUAR~ 26, 

Land Office that W. H. Tibbits did in good faith, on the 4th of January, 1872, make homestead entry of the northeast quarter of section 21, 

township 9 north, range 11 east, in the State of Nebraska, and resided 

thereon for the full period of time required by existing statutes, and 

improved and cultivated the same; and that the land was patented to 

the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad at a time subsequent to 

the homestead entry, and sold by the company to other parties. The 

bill therefore authorizes Tibbits, or his legal representatives, to locate 

160 acres of any of the public lands, subject to private entry at $1.25 

per acre, of the United States. 

The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to 

be engrossed for a ~bird reading, read the third time, and passed. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the 

preamble. 

The preamble was agreed to. 

said State since April 22, 1882, to the officers and enlisted men of her militia 

forces for military services rendered to the United States in the suppression of 

the rebellion, as evidenced by the proper pay-rolls heretofore filed with, exam- ined, and accepted by the Government of the United States, and to report to Congress.' 

"In reply I inclose herewith copy of a report in the mll.tter, dated the 19lh instant, from the Second Comptroller of the Treasury, to whom your lett~r. with 

its inclosure, has been re(erred. 

"Very respectfully, 

"Hon. F. :M:. CoCKRELL, 

"United Sta~es Senate. 

"H. F. FRENCH, Acting Secretary. 

"8ECOXD CO:U:PTROLLER1S OFFICE, TREASURY DEPAB.TJIIENT, 

"Washington, D. C., January 19,188(. 

"Sm: In compliance wilhyourdirectiCin of the 15th instant, I have the honor to report in relat.ion to Senate bill 940, herewilh inclosed, that the act of April 17, 1886 (14 Stat., p. 38), created a commission to examine and report upon claims 

-of the State of Missonri similar to the claims mentioned in the inclosed Senate 

bill. 

CLAIMS OF liiiSSOURI. "The committee reported, claims embraced in the report were audited and pays · Co · f ment made, and the act was held to be no longer operative. The enate, as In miD.lttee 0 the Whole, proceeded to consider the "An act was passed January 27, 1B'i9 (20 Stat., 266), o.ulhorizingthe presentation 

bill (S. 473) to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to cause to be of similar claims paid by the State of :Mis ouri suhsequent to April17, 1866, diexamined certain vouchers filed, or to be filed, by the State of 111m- rect.lytotheTreasuryDepartment,andclaimsthuspre ented bavl'beenaudited 

and payment made, in pursuance of a report of the Third Auditor and Sec- souri, or her agent or agents, for sums claimed to be due from the Gov- ond comptroller, which was tr:msmitted to the Secretary of tl;le Treasury· on 

ernment of the United St:.ates on account of payments made by said April22, 1882; and it is the opinion of the acconnting officers that there is now 

State since April2Z, 1882, to the officers and enlisted men of her militia no authority for payment of claims which the St..'l.temayhaveassumedandpaid subsequent to the transmission of that report, namely, April22, 1 '2. forces for mill tary services rendered to the United States in the sup- "N 0 reason is seen w by the inclosed bill, No. 940, is not in proper form to authorpression of the rebellion, as evidenced by the proper pay-rolls hereto- ize payment of all claims therein mentioned which have been paid by the State 

fore filed with, examined, and accepted by the Government of the since the date last mentioned. " Of course the word 'of,' in line 12, should be omHted. 

United States, and to report to Congress. "The papers referred are herewith returned. 

Mr. ED~IUNDS. Was there any report in that case? "Very respectfully, 

Mr. COCKRELL. A full report embracing the whole case. "Hon.CHARLESJ. FoLGER, 

:M:r. EDMUNDS. I should like to hear the report read. "Secretary of the 1hasury." 

"W. W. UPTON, Comptroller. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The report will be read. Upon the foregoing facts your committee report said bill j;)ac"k to the S~nate 

The Secretary read the folio winO' report sabmitted by Mr. COCKRELL and recommend that it be passed. 

December 20, 18 7: 0 ' Mr. EDMUNDS. I am a little afraid of the last phrase in that bill. 

The Committee on 1\lilitary Affairs, to whom was referred Senate bill 473, have I Let the latter cl.ause be read, showing what the Secretary of the -Treas- duly <;!Onside.red th~ s~me, and submit the following report: . ury is to do· I think it is to report to Congress certain amounts. If 

A btU precisely Similar to the present one was favorably reported by this com- th S ' will d · I h uld l'k to · d t mittee and passed by the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses and was fa- e ecretary rea It, s 0 1 e move .au amen men · vorallly reported 1u the House of Representatives, but no final action was taken The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clause will be read. 

in eith.er Congress. . . . . The Secretary read as follows: 

Dunng the late war the Stat~ of Missouri paJd, laid out, and expended large •. . . , sums of money for the United States in eurolHug, equipping, and provisioning An~ to !eport to Congress, a~ the e1u.1Jest pr!Wt1Cable day, the 1esult _of such 

militia fot·ces to aid in suppressing the rebellion. ex:ammatlon, and the am~unt, if anythmg, whtch appears to be due to satd State 

On April 11, 1866, Congress passed an act entitled "An act to reil;llburse the on account of the expenditures so made. 

S~ateof Missou~i for.mone~~ ~xpended for. th~ United St~tes inenrollin~, e~uip- Mr. ED~ffiNDS. I move to amend by inserting after the word 

pmg, and p_roVIswnmg militia forces to aid m suppressmg the rebellion, ap- "State"-! think that is the proper place-the words "according to 

proved Apnll7, 1866 Under · th 1 f th U 'ted States " th th · ti t• h 11 1-1' said act the United States reimbursed and paid to the State of Missouri e aws 0 e m , so at e rnves ga lOlls a ue conthe sum ofS7,220,b27.33, and receiv~d and bad filed. in the Treasu~y Departme~t fined to what all the other States have been paid, that class of expense 

the pay-r_?lls and vou.chers showmg t~e exp~nd~tures and their payment, tn which Congress authorized the States to incur. I presume there will 

whole or m part, by said State. At the trme this rermbursement was made there . . . . w ere large sums due from State, incurred and assumed by said State, but not be no ObJectiOn to the amendment. The b1ll very likely means that 

th~n actuallJ>: paid by the State, and ~nsequently not reimbursed. Afterw!!-rds now, bnt I want to make it clear. 

sa1d State pa1d th~ greater part of SaJd sum, and Congress pa~sed an ac~ entitled The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment proposed by the "An act to authoriZe the Secretary of the Treasury to examme the eVIdence of . payments made by the State of 1'11issouri since April 17, 1866, to the officers and Senator from Vermont will be read. 

private~ of the militia_ forces of said f?tat~ for military services actu~lly p~r- The SECRETARY. In line 19, after the word J' State,'' it is proposed 

formed m t.h~ suppressiOn. of the rebellion,m f~ concer~ and co-operatiOn with to insert ''according to the laws of the United States·" so as to read· 

the authonbes of the Uruted States, and subJect to their orders, and to make ' · report thereof to Congress," approved January ZT, 1879. And to report to Congress, at the earliest practicable day, the result of such 

Under thi act the Se.cretary of the Treasury made the examination and re- examination, and the amount, if anything, which appears to be due to said 

ported to Cong.·ess April24, 1882 (Executive Document No.- 184, House of Rep- State, according to the laws of the United States, on account of the expenditures 

resentatives, l<'orty-seventh Congress, first session), recommending the payment so made. 

to. the State of Misso.uri of the sum of ~594.10 on the fourth ~nstallment, as a Mr. COCKRELL. There is no objection to tbat. This bill is in the 

rermbursement to srud State of expenditures so made. And sa1d sum was duly · f h h li~ h h b lr d d b th S appropriated and paid to said State. form o t ree ot ers w IC ave. een a ea y passe y e enat~. 

The rolls and vouchers filed by said State, and now in the Treasury Depart- ~fr. EDMUNDS. I presume It would bear the same constructiOn, 

ment, show that there still remained some amounts due from and incurred by but I want to make it sure said State which had not been pail\ by said State at the date of the last adjust- Tb d · d to ment by the Treasury Dep&~tment, on April 22, 1882, and which were conse- e a.:nen ment was agree • quently not reimbursed to sa1d State, The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the amendment o.n March 22, 1883, the ~neral Assembly of the Sta~e of ~rissouri.'passe?-'an act was concurred in. • entitled "An act· to provide for the payment of certam claliDS agamst this Stateh bill d d t b ed fi th' d din d h h' d for military service rendered duri.ng the late civil war' as shown by the pay-rolls . T e was or ere 0 e engross or a lr rea g, rea t e t li 

delivered to theGeneralGovernment by the Stevenson commission in January, time, and passed. 

1867, and~or the collection of any m1:mey thus expended from the Government The PRESIDENT pro tentp01·e. The question is on agreeing tO the 

of the Umted States, and to appropnate money therefor," approved March 22, ble 1883. Under this law any person holding a claim against the State of Missouri pream · for military service during the late war, which claim appears on the "record ot The preamble was agreed to. unpaid claims" in the office of the adjutant-general of Missouri, "as well as on the pay-rolls of Missouri military organizations, now on file in the Treasury 

Department of the United Stat~," and which claim has not been paid by the 

State or audited bythe tate militarycommission created underauthorityofthe 

law of Marchl9, 1B'i4., was authorized tofilethesame in the office of the adjutant- general of the St..'l.te within nine months from the date of said act, and if not so presented to be forever barred. The nine months have elapsed, and all such 

claims have been presented or are now barred. · ln adjusting such claims the adjutant-general of Missouri wa~ required" to apply to the Third Auditor of the Treasury Department of the Unit~d States for a statement of the exact amount, if anything, shown by the pay-rolls on file in 

said Department to be due to said claimant after. deducting all proper payments 

and stoppages appearing on said rolls or the records of said Department," before 

auditing or allowing any such claim. 

The adjutant-general of l\lissouri bas audited the claims so presented, and the 

State now seeks reimbursement of the amounts so audited and paid. This bill 

directs the Secretary of the TreasUI·y to examine such claims for such payments by the State since April 22, 1882, and to report the result of such examination to Congn~ss for its further action_ • In the last Congress the Committee on Military Affairs received from the 

Treasury Depo.rtment the following communications upon said similar bill: 

"TREASURY DEPARTMENT, January 23, 1884. 

"SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 12th 

instant, inclosing for consideration copy of bill (S. 940) 'to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to cause to be examined certain vouchers filed, or to be 

filed, by the State of Missouri, or her agent or agents, for sums claimed to be 

due from the Government of the United States-on account of payments matte by 

CLASSIFICATION AND V ALUATIO}J OF FOREIGN .1\IE.RCHA.NDISE. 

The bill (S. 977) to regulate the importation of foreign merchandise 

a:nd to secure uniformity in the classification and valuation thereof, and 

for other purposes, was announced as next in order. 

Mr. BECK. That is t()JJimportant a bill to be taken up now. 

The PRESIDE.l~T pro tempore. ShaH the bill retain its place on the 

Calendar? 

JI!:Ir. BECK. That is the undervaluation bill, which will perhaps 

take some days._ Let it take its place on the Calendar. 

Ur. PLUMB. Why not take it up now and have it disposed of? If it 

is an important bill, why should it go o>er to the latter part of the sessi(\n? 

Mr. BECK. I do not want it to go over to the latter part of the 

session; but every member of the Finance Committee knows it will 

take days of discussion. · 

Ur. PLUMB. Why not have the discussion now? 

~:Ir. SHERMAN. I think it ought to be taken up after notice. 

Mr. ALLISON. I think the bill will require longer discussion than 

can be bad under the five-minute rule. I hope it will be passed over 

for the present. I desire to give notice now, however, that at an early 

day I shall ask the Senate to consider the bill. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 731 

The PRESIDENT p1·o tempore. The Senatorfrom Kentucky objects 

to the consideration of this bill. 

.Mr. BUTLER. There are many bills on the Calendar that we can 

getthrough without objection. I trust this bill will go over, as itwil~ 

lead to discussion. 

ThePRESIDENT pro tempore. The billgoesover, retaining its place 

on the Calendar. 

SETTLERS ON DES MOINES RIVER LANDS. 

',I'he bill (S. 287) to quiet title of settlers on the Des Moines River 

lands, in the State of Iowa, and for other purposes, was announced as 

next in order. 

Mr. SHERUAN. I take it, although I have no objection to the passage of the bill, that, as a matter of course, it will not be acted on now. 

Mr. EVARTS. I object. 

1\Ir. WILSON, of Iowa. I hope the Senator from New York will not 

object to allowing the bill to retain its place on the Calendar, being 

passed over informally now. · Mr. EVARTS. I have no objection to that. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be passed over, retaining its place on the Calendar. 

JllARY S. LOGAN. . 

The bill (S. 257) granting a pension to MaryS. Logan was con idered as in Committee of the Whole. It provides for placing on the 

pension-roll, subject to the provisions apd limitations of the pension 

laws, the name of Uary S. Logan, widow of the late John A. Logan, 

a major-general of United States volunteers in the late war for the 

Union, and paying her a pension for and during her natural life at the 

rate of $2,000 per annum. 

Mr. BERRY. Mr. President, when a bill similar to this was before 

the Senate in January last I briefly stated that wliile I had no hope of 

defeating its passage, I was opposed to it. I opposed it then, I oppose 

it now, because I believe that any bill which seeks to give the widow 

of a major-general $2,000 a year while the widow of a private soldier 

receives but $12 per month is wrong in principle. I believe th.:1.t any 

legislation which selects the widows of two or three major-generals 

and provides for them a pension of $2,000 a year, while the widows of 

other major-generals, equally deserving and more destitute, receive but 

$30 per month, •is unjust and can not be defended. 

It has long been the boast of our people that in this Republic all are 

free 'and equal, that the Government recogui.ms no classes and enacts 

no class legislation. All partieS have frequently declared that they 

favored equal and exact justice to all and special privileges to none. 

Yet it is proposed by this bill, reported favorably by the Committee on 

Pensions, to pay Mrs. Logan $2,000 a year as a pension, while the widow 

of a private soldier who fell in battle, leaving his family helpless and 

dependent, receives $144 a year. 

It is true, .Mr. President, that there is a vast difference in the amount 

paid a major-general and a private soldier while they are in the military 

service, but this distinction and difference is defended and justified 

upon the theory that it is necessary to pay a large salary in order to secure the ablest men and best military talent that the country affords. 

But no such reason can be urged to justify a distinction in the amount 

paid ~s a pension to the widows of the officer and soldier. Pensions are 

not given on account of talent or distinguished services rendered. 

Pensions are not graded, or ought not to be, by the rank ofthe soldier. 

They are given for the purpose of preventing the soldier who is disabled in battle, or his widow in case of his death in the service, from 

suffering for the necessaries of life. · 

It has frequently been said by those who advocate pensions that there 

is au implied contract, an implied promise upon the part of the Government at the time of enlistment that in case the soldier should suffer 

p,jrmanent injury or fall in battle that he or his widow, as the case 

may be, shall not become dependent upon public charity. And it has 

also been urged that it was not only the duty of the Government to 

protect and provide for them, but that it was good policy and economy 

to do so; and the reason given is that if the Government refused to do 

this that in future wars it would be impossible to obtain a volunteer 

soldiery, and the Government would be compelled to resort to force or pay large bounties to procure an army. 

If these are the·true reasons why pensions are given, then, if any difference is made in amount paid, the private soldier or his widow should 

be preferred rather than the officer. No Government will ever have 

any difficulty in procuringmajor-generalsor brigadier-generals, or,j udging from the number we meet, even colonels. The difficulty is to procure privates. And if the pension is given to prevent the widow fi·om 

becoming dependent upon the public, then again the widow of the private soldier should be preferred for the reason that the major-general, 

with his large pay and superior advantages arid opportunities, is often 

enabled in his lifetime to provide and leave for the support of his widow 

and children a competent estate, while the private soldier, upon whom 

the chief hardships fall, with his pay of $13 or $15 per month, in almost every instance, necessarily leaves his widow wholly dependent 

upon the pension given by the Government. 

As I view it, Mr. President, there should be no difference; the widow 

of the officer and private soldier are alike entitled to the protection of the 

Government, not one more than the other, and ingivingpensions there 

should be equality and eachreceivethesameamount. But if lam wrong 

in this position, if it ean be successfully contended, as I have heard it argued, that the widow of the officer has been accustomed to comforts and 

luxuries to which the widow of the private soldier is a stranger, and 

that each should be supported by the Government in a style befitting 

the rank held by the husband, then,'I wonld ask, upon what theory of 

right or principle of justice the committee selects the widow of General 

Logan and gi>es her a pension of S2,000 a year, while the widows of 

other major-generals receive under the law, as I am informed, $30 per 

month? 

Even if pensions were graded by the rank of the soldier or the qual:. 

ity of service rendered, it can not be truthfully said that the services of 

General Logan were so far superior to that of other major-generals as 

to justify this difference in amount. No one wishes, at least I am sure 

that I do not, to underrate the services of General Logan, but it seems 

to me that it is unfair to the widows of other major-generals and gross 

injustice to the reputation of other officers to select one or two and prefer 

them to all others. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator's time has expired under the rule. 

:Mr. CULLOM. I hope the Selltltor will be allowed what time he desires. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the Senator 

from Arkansas proceeding? Tbe.Chair hears no objection. 

Mr. BERRY. But it was said bv the Senator from Illinois when the 

former bill was presented that the granting of a pension toUrs. Hancock was a precedent for this and a case precisely in point. It is not 

directly in point, because General Hancock was in the military service 

at the time of his death, and General Logan had severed his connection 

with the .Army more than twenty years before he died; but waiving 

this difference, for I admiL there is no difference in principle if General 

Logan's death was the result of exposure and wounds received in the 

Army, and admitting that it is a precedent for this, then I say it is a 

bad precedent and one that should not be followed. Much evil legislation has been secured by following precedents, often made without 

due deliberation or full knowledge of the facts, and they are frequently 

claimed as precedents when the facts and circumstances are totally different. In the deficiency bill which passed yesterday there was a 

clause giving the widows of the late Senators Pike and Logan a full 

year's salary, $5,000 each. Whatrighthas Congress togivethewidow 

of a Senator $5,000 more than the widow of any one else? 

I remember reading at the time it was proposed to give Mrs. Lincoln 

a pension it was objected that it would be wrong as a precedent, but 

the objection was answered by saying that the circumstances were pe· 

culiar, and that it could not be used to induce Congress to grant other 

pensions; that the President lost his life in time of war, and that as 

Commander-in-Chief the circumstances were the same as though he 

had fallen in battle. Yet, but a few years had p~d, and it was used as 

a precedent, and to-day :Urs. Tyler, l\irs. Polk, Mrs. Ga.rfield, and 1\Irs. 

Grant are each drawing a pension of $5,000 per year. It is said that 

Mrs. Hancock's case is a precedent for this, and if this bill becomes a 

law I presume that in a short time the widow of every major-general 

will be allowed a pension of $2,000 a year. In fact, I can not see how 

any Senator who favors this bill can oppose making the law general. 

Mr. President, one of the great dangers, as I regard it, which confront us in the future is the building up of classes, creating a class, 

a favored class, who toil not, but are supported in luxury and idleness by the toil and constant labor of another class. We have already 

laid the foundation for a civil pension-list by passing laws which authorize judges of the United States courts to draw their salaries after 

they have ceased to perform the duties. The line that marks th'e distinction between the office-holder and the people is grow-ing broader, 

deeper, and more distinct. Tllere is a continual cry for larger salaries 

and greater privileges, and every man who objects or protests is denounced as narrow and illiberal. 

Tax laws which force from the people an amount of money largely 

in excess of the sum required for an economical administration of public affairs encourage and furnish an excuse for almost every species of 

extravagance and reckless expenditure. All of this extravagance and 

this favoring of one class aboye another is in direct contradiction to that 

simplicity and that equality which characterized the Republic in the 

earlier days and which made it strong in the love and affection of the 

people, and already it is plain to be seen that the confidence of the great 

mass of the people is greatly diminishing and there is a great want of 

faith in the power and. disposition of public officials to be just to all 

and to secure to each citi.mn equal rights and equal privileges. 

This tendEmcy to extravagance and the disposition t-o rliscriminate in 

favor of particular individuals has been especially noticeable in the 

matter of pensions. Year by year and Congress by Congress the pension-list has grown, and now, twenty-three years after the close of the 

war, the sum to be annually appropriated has reachedabout$80,000,000, 

and the end is not yet. It would seem that almost every man who was either directly or remotely connected with the Army is seeking to get· his name upon the pension-roll, and those who are already receiving a 

pension are in many instances seeking to increase the amonnt. 

Senators are almost daily receiving petitions and letters from individuals, and resolutions. from Grand Army posts, all seeking to swell 
•I 

732 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J.ANUAR¥ 26, 

the appropriation for pensions. Upon a. former ~>ecasion I said that I 

believed that it was bad policy to make so large a body of men dependent upon the Government, rather than depend upon their own energy, 

their own labor, and skill; that it was demoralizing to those who received the pension, discouraging w their less fortunate neighbors, and 

contrary w the geni us and spirit of free government. · 

Bnt great as I conceive the evils that flow from this to be, they are small in comparison to those which will follow if we make it the settled 

policy of this Government to allow the widows of military officers a sum so much in excess of that which is paid to the widow of the private 

soldier, as this bill proposes to give irs. Logan. The injustice to the 

widow of the private soldier is so great and the policy so different from 

that professed by all parties, that I can not believe that it will be approved, when fully understood, either by those who were soldiers in the 

Union Army or by the people of the United States. 

Mr. President, I wish to repeat that which I said upon the passage of 

the bill in the last Congress-that no prejudice against the character 

of General Logan, or want of appreciation of the services rendered by 

him, caused me to oppose this bill. No one could have been associated 

with General Logan without admiring the open, frank, bold, and fearless manner with which be met and discussed all public questions. 

He was the most distinguished of the volunteer soldiers; he was preeminently the champion and friend of t.he soldier, and the ablest advocate that they ever had on this floor. Mrs. Logan, h is widow, for whose 

benefit this bill is offered, is admired and honored by all parties and the 

people of every section of the Union. Few ladies are better known and none more respected; but all this does not change the principle involved 

in the bill, and I do not believe that General Logan in his lifetime 

wished for legislation that would secure to his widow: rights or pri vileges that were not given to the widows of other officers, his comrades 

in arms. 

Mr STEW ART. Mr. President, no patriotic man would withhold 

from any widow of a soldier who served in the war for the Union a pension equal to that now proposed for the widow of General Logan, 

if it were possible to grant that much to all. But it is impossible to 

reward all as we desire. That is no reason, however, why we may 

not honor the memory of a few conspicuous examples of the generals 

who led our armies. 

I do not believe there is a. widow of a soldier in all the land who 

would not rejoice w know that the widow of John A. Logan had been 

remembered by the co~try be so faithfully served. He was justly the 

idol of the volunteer soldiers;.be was identified with them from the beginning of the war until the day of his death, and never on any occasion, 

in the halls of Congress or ~lsewhere, failed to serve them as a gallant 

leader and a devoted friend. He bad no superior among the many 

brave and gallant volunteers who exposed their lives for the Union. 

In recognizing his gallant and faithful services to his country by providing for his widow, we manifest our appreciation and respect for every 

Union soldier. There is not one of them who would not rejoice at the 

passage of this bill. They recognize the fact that what we are about to 

do for Mrs. Logan is impossible to do for all, and they are willing tttat 

theconspicuonsservicesofanyoftheircomradesshall be justly rewarded. 

It is right that there should be reward and honor in store for those 

who excel in the service of their country. Conspicuous examples must 

be recognized to furnish the youth models for emulation. They must 

be taught tl:.at the country is not unmindful of the heroes who have 

confened honor upon her flag. · The li es and conduct of our great men are most potential 'examples 

for the generations to come. What would this country be without 

Washington, Lincoln, and Grant ? What would have been the condition of free institutions to-day but for the ser ices of such soldiers as Logan? We will recognize that fact and do honor to his memory, and 

furnish an example to the soldiers who shall hereafter be called upon 

to fight the battles of the Union, of our appreciation of heroic services. 

Nobody will be aggrieved by the passage of this bill. The Senator 

from Arkansas will certainly be personally gratified, although he feels · compelled to vote against the bill. I, for one, am especially pleased to 

have this opportunity tomanifest by my vote the respect which I entertain for the memory of General Logan, and hope, on further reflection, the Senate will be unanimously in favor of the bill. 

Mr. HOAR. I wish, Mr. President, simply to say in a single sen- tence or two that I think the Senator from Arkansas overlooks the principle upon which this bill is based. It is true that so far as personal 

merit goes the same bravery, the same self-devo~ion, the same patriotism existed in the bosom of many a private soldier as existed in the 

bosom of the greatest general; and if mere desert were. the test we ought 

to pay tile same rate of compensation during the service, we ought to 

erect the same monuments, utter the same eulogies, have the same statues in public squares and other public places in our chief cities for 

the soldier as for the general; but it is utterly impossible, as has been 

said by the Senator from Nevada, to do that. 

But it is the interest as much of the private soldier and of those who are·concern"ed in his fame, that these conspicuous public honors should 

be paid to the military leader in his lifetime and after his death, and 

that these ample and generous provisions should be made for his widow 

and orphan children after his dea.tb., as it is of the great military chieftain himself. 

It ba • .c; been said that the secret of Napoleon's success as a general was that he persuaded every French soldier that he carried the baton of a 

marshal in his knapsack; and unquestionably there is nothing more inspii·ing to the courage and zeal of the private soldier than to feel that 

by merit be may be promoted to the chief places of military command, and that when so promoted he will occupy the chief place in the gratitude and the affection of his countrymen. · 

When you confer this pension for life on the widow of this illustrious 

soldier, the tones of whose voice we seem almost even now to hear in 

this Capitol, and whose form almost rises before our eyes, it has been so identified for a generation with the civil and military life of this 

people-when you pay that honor, you are paying an honor to the widow 

of every private soldier in the land. It is not John A. Logan; it is not 

the wife of J obn A. Logan, it is the possibility of the private soldier of 

this country which you are holding up to public honor and respect. 

Many a citizen of the United States is entitled, if mere devotion and 

public spirit and public benefit are alone concerned, to equal compensation from the Treasury w that which we pay to the President of the 

United States; but in establishing the salary of that great office, in 

providing a pension for the President's widow, we mean that this, the 

most colli!picuous position in American civic' life. shall be adorned appropriately, that it may be a proper object of attraction and ambition 

and pride to every citizen of the Republic. There is not a boy in a red school-house on the hills of Vermont, or on a plantation in the 

State of my friend from Arkansas, who does not feel a greater self-respect when he thinks that the possibility of attaining ro the illustrious 

position of President of the United States as under our form of Government is his; and he likes ro contemplate the dignity of the office 

and the munificence of the salary which the American people attach 

to it. That is still more true of the relation of the private soldier to a general of the Army. 

I believe, Mr. President, that if the policy which is now under discussion, of making a liberal provision for the widows of men like Grant, 

and McPherson, and Thomas, andLogan,and Hancock, and erecting their 

-statues in conspicuous places in our chief cities were submitted to a 

vote, the widows and the orphans of the private soldier would be more unanimous in the expression of their approbation than the widows and 

the orphans of the men belonging to the class who are themselves directly honored. • 

Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President, I wish in the first place to ask that the 

question may be taken on the amendment reported and that it be rejected. The amendment tn the name in the body of the bill and the 

amendment to change the title were reported under mistaken informa.-

tion. They only change the middle letter of Mrs. Logan's name. I had not intended to speak upon this measure. I bad not supposed 

that a. measure which bad commended itself to the last Senate, which 

had received the approval of the country and the enthusiastic indorsement of that large body of men of whom General Logan was the type, 

would require aJJy advocacy from me at this time; and it is with extrei:ne regret that I have heard the objections which have been urged 

to the passage of this bill by the Senator from Arkansas. 

In.. all time, .Mr. President, great nations Jike this have delighted in 

honoring their transcendent citizens who, like General Logan, have 

illustrated in many capacities the virtues of the institutions under w bich they were reared. , 

I hold jn my hand a precedent established by the Congress of the 

United States which induces· me to call the attention of the Senate to 

the 1·emnrkable parallel between two men. One of these men was General Logan, the other was General James Shields. Both bad served in 

the Mexican war; each had been a member of this body; each had rendered distinguished service in the war of the rebellion; each bore down 

to his grave honorable wounds received in the service of his country. 

Mrs. Shields was pensioned by the Congress of the United States at the 

rate of $100 a month, and I do not recollect that any objection was made that she was getting a larger pension than she would have re- ceived had she been the widow of a private soldier. 

I know of no finer example to the American youth than is afforded 

by the career of the late General Logan. Commencing a life of com- parative obscurity, thrown early into the turbulence of politics, extricating himself from political embarrassments which seemed in the beginning ro hamper his efforts ro give his entire dcty and devotion to the 

Union, joining the Army in a capacity cpmparatively subordinate,. going from battle to battle until there is inscribed opposite his name a roll 

of combats prouder than aey which adorns the name of any marshal 

of Napoleon, running a career which if be had run it in foreign lands 

would have ennobled him and entailed that nobility upon his descendants to the remotest generation, falling with his armor on, almost, in 

the Senate-his career illustrates in the highest degree the bei~hts to 

which the American youth in their noblest aspirations may reach. I 

say I know of no finer example in our history than is afforded by the 

achievements of General Logan. 

But this claim, in addition to its basis upon the transcendent services 

of this extraordinary man, rests upon other grounds fully displayed in 

his record. 

General Logan, as .mncbas the private who died in the hospital tent, 

laid down his life for his country and died of wounds and disabilitie11 

which he received in its service. The evidence of that fact is plenaq 
I 1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 733 

from the most distinguished medical authorities who served during the 

war, and who are known to have attended him during his last sickness 

and who had know ledge of his infirmities from the time when he left the 

service. 

· I speak with some competency on this matter, for I myself saw General Logan during the siege of Vicksburg upon his bed of sickness. 

I hope there will be no opposition to the bill. • Mr. REAGAN. Mr. President, as I shall not vote for this bill, I desire to state in a very few words my reasons for the vote I shall cast. 

I agree that in the ca'3e of General Logan, as in the case of men who 

have rendered similar service, I am always glad of an opportunity to 

honor those who have served their country well and faithfully, and to 

honor their memories when they are no more among us; but we should 

be careful in doing this not to violate great fundamental principles and 

endanger the very character of our Government. 

The founders of the Government prohibited to Congress the power to 

grant titles of nobility, and prevented the States from conferring titles 

of nobility. This rests on the idea that there should be no class in this 

country preierred above others, and that all should stand alike and be 

equal before the law; that the public servant, when employed in the 

discharge of.his public duty, should receive the compensation provided 

for him by law, and that at the end of his service he should be treated as other citizens are. We have fallen into the habit in later years 'Jf creating what Eeems 

to me to be the basis of an American aristocracy. We commenced after 

three-quarters of a century bad rolled by since the foundation of the 

Government to retire the judiciary on pay for life after they hadarrived at seventy years of age and ha.d been ten years in service. We 

then provided for retiring the military officers on pay and for retiring 

naval officers on pay, and within the last year or two th~re have been 

here and in the other House more than a dozen bills providing for retiring on life pay various classes of employ~-I need not stop to enum- erate them. All this tends to the creation of a privileged class to be 

supported by the labor and the taxes imposed on other people. All of 

it is anomalous and not in consonance with our system of government, 

but is in accord with the system of Great Britain and the other coun- tries where the province of the Government is to c~te privileged classes 

by conferring on them titles and revenues derived from the labor of oth- ers and not from their own proper resources. I submit these remarks now because I shall perhaps not have occasion 

to speak on this question again, and I hope I shall not have occasion to 

vote upon it. I can vote for no bill which allows any person to receive 

pay from' the Government without rendering service for it. I saythis 

with all proper respect to the memory of General Logan, and with all 

proper respect for his very excellent wife. I have not voted for any 

such measure heretofore, and do not expect to do so' hereafter. I have 

opposed all efforts to enlarge the numbers of the privileged class sup· 

ported out of the public treasury and on the taxes and labor of other 

people when they are contributing nothing themselves to the support 

of the Government. · 

The very classes that we select for these bounties and benefits from 

the Government are generally those who least need them. We do not seem to select the poor, the helpless, the dependent. If the Government is to go into charity, why select the favored classes, who least 

need it? -

I repeat, that it is un-American; it is not in accord with our system 

of Government, with the spirit of our institutions, to create a privileged class to be supported off the labor and off the taxes of other 

people. 

I state this briefly as the reason I shall vote against this bill and 

all other bills of similar character. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The hour of 2 o'clock having ar- rived, the Senate resumes the consideration of the unfinished business. 

Mr. CULLOM. I think there will be no further discussion on the ' Logan bill, and I hope we shall have a vote upon it. 

Mr. BLAIR. Let the unfinished business be temporarily laid aside 

for the purpose of a vote. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Ifthere be no objection, the unfinished business will be temporarily laid aside; and the amendment to 

the pending bill reported by the Uommittee on Pensions will be stated. 

The CHIEF CLERK. In line 6 it is proposed to strike out the letter 

"S" and insert "A," so as to read ''Mary A. Logan." 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Did the Chair understand the chairman of the committee to say that the amendment should not be agreed 

to? 

Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir. It was based on a misapprehension. The name in the original bill is correct. 

Mr. CULLOM. Yes, it is. 

The amendment was rejected. 

Mr. BERRY. I ru,k for the yeas and nays on the passage of the bill. 

Mr. CALL. Mr. President, I shall vote for this bill and take very great 

pleasure in doing so, and I desire to put upon record the reasons whv I 

shall vote for it. · 

If my friend, the Senator from Texas, could make good the objection 

which he has stated, I should vote against it. If there is any ground 

for tbe assertion that to reward distinguished merit is un-American and 

creates a privileged class, then, however much I might be in favor ofrewarding distinguished merit, I should vote against the bill. But there 

is no ground in reason for these objections. There never was and there never will be and never ought to ·be a Government in which merit, 

eminent virtue, and public services from the people and in the poorest 

class was not rewarded; and there can be no society in which rewards are not given to virtue, in which the people in their representative ca~ 

pacity say to the faithful public servant, ''Obscurity, neglect, suffering 

shall come to your wife and children if you give your life and your best 

efforts f1lr the public good." 

Sir, it is a principle of public policy which the people of a free re- public cherish and should cherish more than those of a monarchy, that 

the humblest citizen who gives his life or renders great public benefaction shall be rewarded with public honors from the state and from the 

people in their collective capacity. · I recognize in General Logan a man Of this desct!ption. I recognize 

in the public opinion of the Northern States that he served gallantly 

and with great merit an obligation to respect that public opinion, and 

I for one shall vote a pension to his widow. I shall regret to see the 

time when the public policy shall be to punish virtue, to say to all men, 

"You must stand on a dead level in respect to your desire to render 

public service; virtue, and self-sacrifice, and noble actions shall have no reward, no encouragement, no public recognition." 

Several SEN A TORS. Vote ! Vote ! 

The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, crdered to 

be engrossed for a third reading, and read the third time. 

The PRESIDENT pro temp01·e. The question now is on the passage 

of the bill. The Chair understood the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. 

BERRY] to desire that the yeas and nays be entered on the Journal. 

Mr. BERRY. Yes, sir; I call for the yeas and nays. 

The yeas and nays were ordered; and the Secretary proceeded to call 

the roll. 

Mr. JONES, of Arkansas (when his name was called). lam paired 

with the Senator from Oregon [Mr. MITCHELL]. As I presume if he 

were present be would vote on the same side of the question as I 

should, I vote ''yea.' ' 

Mr. MANDERSON(when hisnamewas called). I transferthegeneral pair that I have with the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BLACKBURN] to the Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. ALDRICH], and vote 

''yea.'' 

The roll-call having been concluded, the result was announced-yeas 

55, nays 7; : as follows: · 

A1Hson, 

Bate, 

Blair, 

Blodgett, 

Bowen, 

Brown, 

Butler, 

Call, 

Cameron, 

Chandler, 

Cullom, 

Daniel, 

Davis, 

Dawes, 

Berry, 

Coke, 

Dolph, 

Eustis, 

Evarts, 

Farwell, 

Faulkner, 

Frye, 

George, 

Gibson, 

Gorma n, Hale, 

Hampton, 

Hawley, 

Hearst, 

Hiscock, 

. Colquitt, 

Harris, 

Aldrich, Cockrell, 

Beck, Edmunds, 

Blackburn, Gray, 

Chace, Mitchell, 

So the bill was pa.ssed. 

1-.~AS-55. 

Hoar, Quay, 

Ingalls, Ransom, .Jones of Arkansas, Sabin, .Jones of Nevada , Sherman, 

Kenna, Spooner, 

1\llcPherson, Stanford, 

Manderson, Stewart, Morgan, Stockbridge, Paddock, Teller, 

Palmer, Vest, 

Payne, Voorhees, 

Platt, Walthall, 

Plumb, Wilson oflowa. 

Pugh, 

NAYS-7. 

Reagan, 

Saulsbury, 

ABSENT-14. 

Morrill, 

Pasco, 

Riddle berger, 

Vance. 

Sawyer, 

Turpie, 

Wilson of 1\Id. 

The amendment to the title reported bythe Committee on Pensions to 

change the name" MaryS. Logan" to" Mary A. Logan" was rejected. 

J11RS. APOLLINE A. BLAIR. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempo're. The Senate resumes the consideration of the unfinished business. 

Mr. VEST. I ask unanimous consent now to take up the next bill on the Calendar, which was reported in connection with the bill just 

passed. 

Mr. CULLOM. I hope that request will be granted. It will not 

take any time. 

Mr. VEST. It will not give rise to any debate. It is a bill to place 

the widow of General Frank P. Blair on the same basis with the widow 

of General Loga~. 

Mr. SHERMAN and others. That is right. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Missouri asks 

unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to the consideration of the 

bill referred to by him. 

Mr. BLAIR. I suppose the request is that the pending business be 

temporarily laid aside? · 

The PRESIDENT pro ternpore. The Senator from Missouri asks unanimous consent. .Mr. BLAIR. I object to unanimous consent. If the Senator will 

make the request to Jay the unfinished business aside tempora.rily, I 

shall not object. 

Mr. VEST. I do not wish to displace the regular business. I simply 

want the two bills to go to the House together. 

_. 

I • 
734 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

Mr. SHERMAN. That is right. 

1\Ir. BLAIR. But the Senator's request is that the pending business 

be laid aside. 

'l'be Pl.{ESIDENT p1·o tempore. The Senator from Missouri asks 

una-nimous•consent that the Senate now proceed to the consideration of 

the bill (S. 574) to increase the pension of Mrs. Apolline A. Blair. 

l\lr. BLAIR. With the understanding tba.t it does not displace the 

unfinished business and will not lead to debate, I shall not object. 

1\Ir. VEST. That is my understanding. I ask that the bill the Senator has in charge be temporarily laid aside until Mrs. Blair's bill can 

be acted on. The PRESIDENT pro tempo1·e. If there be no objection, the bill (S. 

574) ro increase the pension of Mrs. Apolline A. Blairisbefore theSenate as in Committee of the Whole, and will be read at length. 

The bill was re..'lj. It provides that hereafter Apolline A. Blair, 

widow of he late Francis P. Blair, jr., a major-general of the United 

States volunteers in the ln,te war for the Union, shall be paid, for and 

during her· natural life, a pension of $2-,000 per annum, in lieu of the 

pension of $50 per month now paid to her. 

The bill was reported ro the Senate without amendment. 

Mr. BERRY. I recogmze the fact that it is useless to ask for a diVISIOn. I wish to state, however, that the same objections which I had 

ro the other bill I have to this. and I shall vote "no" on its pas...-:age. 

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, and was read 

the third time. 

l\11-. EV A.RTS. I ask tbn,t the yeas and nays be called on the passa-ge of the bill. [''No!'' ''No!''] I desire them. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. On the question of the passage of 

the bill the Senator from New York desires that the yeas and nays may 

be entered fu the Journal. Are they desired hy one-fifth of the Sen-

.!ltors present? 

The yeas and nays were ordered; and the Secretary proceeded to call 

the roll. 

Mr. JONES, of Arkansas (when his name was called). I am paired 

with the Senator from Oregon [Mr. MITCHELL], but with the positive 

understanding that be would vote ~'yea," if present, on this bill, I vote 

''yea.'' 

The roll-call was concluded. 

Mr. 1\IANDERSON. I announce 3. pair between the Senator from 

Ken tucky [Mr. BLACKBURN] and the Senator from Rhode Island [1\fr. 

ALDRICH]. . 

The result was announced-yeas 54, nays 6; as follows: 

Allison, 

Bate, 

Blair, 

· Blodgett, 

Bowen, 

Brown, 

Butler, 

Call, 

Cameron, 

Chace, 

Chandler, 

Cullom, 

Daniel, 

Dawes, 

Berry, 

Coke, 

Dolph, 

Eustis, 

Evarts, 

Farwell, 

Faulkner, 

FI·ye, 

George, 

Gibson, 

Gorman, 

Hampton 

Hawley, 

Hearst, 

Hiscock, 

Hoar, 

Colquitt, 

Harris, 

YEAS-54. 

· Ingalls, Sabin, Jones of Arkansas, Sawyer, Kenna., Sherman, 

:McPherson, Spooner, ].!anderson, Stanford, 

Morgan, Stewart 

Paddock, Stockbridge, 

Palmer, Teller, 

Payne, Vest. Platt, Voorhees, 

Plumb, Walthall, 

Pugh, Wilson of Iowa. Quay, 

Ransom, 

NAYS-6. 

Reagan, Vance. , ABSEK'I-10. 

Aldrich, Davis, Beck, Edmuuds. 

Blackburn, Gray, 

Cockrell, Hale, 

So the bill was passed. 

Jones of Nevada, 

J\Iitchell, 

1\-Iorrill, 

P.tsco, 

Riddleberger, SA.ulsbury, 

'l'urpie, 

·wilson of Md. 

ENROLLED BILL SIGNED. 

A m~age from the House of Representatives, by Mr. CLARK, its 

Clerk, announced that the Speaker pro tempore had signed the enrolled 

bill (S. 290) to authorize the construction of a railroad, wagon, and 

foot-passenger bridg-e acrosS the Mississippi River, at or near Burlingto~, Iowa; and it was thereupon signed by the P,resident pro tempore. 

LIGHT-HOUSE AT DIAMOND SHOAL, NORTH CAROLINA. 

1\fr. RANSOM:. I reported this morning, from the Committee on 

Commerce, the bill (S. 1283) making an appropriation for the erection 

of a light-house on or near Diamond Shoal, off Cape Hatteras, North 

Carolina, and had permission to submit a written report. I now submit the report, to accompany the bill. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The report will be received and 

printed, under the rule. 

.AID TO CO:lll\ION SCHOOLS. 

The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed consideration of 

the bill (S. 371) to aid in the establishment and temporary support of 

common schools, the pending question being on the amendment proposed by Mr. PLUMB ro strike out section 2 and in lieu thereof to 

insert: 

SEc. 2. That such money shall annually be divided among lllld paid out in the 

several States and Territories and in the District of Columbi:l. in vroportion to their population, respectively, according to the census of 1 0: Provided, That all of said money remaining undistributed at the date of the publication of the returus of population as shown by the census of 1890 shall be divided as aforesaid in proportion to tbe population according to said census of 1890. 

Mr. BLAIR. Air. President, before proceeding further with the introduction of evidence in this case, the duty to which I propose to address myself to-day as I did the last time I had the honor to address 

the Senate, I wish to answer a question which was propounded by the 

Senator from l\Iassachusetts not now in the Chamber [1\Ir. HOAR] · 

touching the relative taxation borne by the city of Charleston and the 

city of Bo ton, general taxation and special taxation for the maintenance of schools. 

I find by the returns of 1880, the latest authority I have, that the 

direct school tax on property in Boston is 2.54 mills on the dollar, while 

the rate of taxation i1'1. the city of Charleston for the same purpo e was 

at the same time 3 mills on the· dollar. Turning now to general taxation for aU purposes, t.he rate of taxation in the city of Boston was 

$1.24 upon every $100, while the general taxation at the same time in 

the city of Charleston upon the v::duation was $3.10 per $100. 

Ur. BUTLER. In that connection I should like to make a little 

explann,tion of what I stated here the other day upon that subject. I 

stated that the taxation, in round numbers, of the city of Charleston 

for all purposes was about 3 per cent. I observed the next morning in 

the RECORD I was putdownas havingsaid 2percent. Isimplydesire to 

correct that at this late day. The taxation in Charleston is about 3 per 

cent. for all purposes, I understand. . 

1\Ir. BLAIR. The Senator's statement was substantially the same 

as that I made. The rate in Charleston is 3.1 per cent., while in the 

city of Boston the tax-...is 1!- per cent. for all purposes, while the rate of 

special taxation for school purposes is also higher in Charleston than in 

the city of Boston. 

I now ask the consent of the Senate ro insert some tables for reference as part of my remarks, one being a table containing a computation 

of the amounts to be received by tbe various States and Territories and 

the District of Columbia of the amount specifierl in this bill, based upon 

the number of persons who could not write in 18 0, as provided in the 

bill before the Senate. I should like also to introduce a table showing 

the relative illiteracy, and several others which I will specify to the 

Reporter. 

Preliminary computation of amounts to be 1·eceived by the States and Territories, excluding tlte District of Columbia, of $77,000,000 distributed on the 

basis of the number of persons who could not UJ"Tite in 1880, as pe1· Senate bin 194. 

[Prepared by the Bureau of Education, J"anuary, 1886, at the request of Hon. H. W. BLAm.] 

'til ]'Og .s;; 

Pc ~-=~ Quota of each State and Territ{)ry for the- g.8 . .. .... 

States and Territo- Po -~ lt.l~.;:: 

ries. Q-0 

,..;§:;:: OP;';; 

W)lole time. l First yenr. I Sixth year. 

oo o~-< 

b~ Seventh Eighth 0 ~Q~ Second year. Third year. Fourth year. Fifth year. f-1 P-t year. year. 

Dollars, Dollars. DoUa1·s. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. DoUars. Dollm·s. Dollars. 

United States .............. 50,155,783 6,214,180 77,000, coo. 00 7. 000, 000. 00 10, 000, 000. 00 15, 000, 000. ()() 13, 000, 000. 00 11, 000, 000. 00 9, 000, 000. 00 7. 000, 000. 00 5, 000, 000. ()() 

Alabama ................... 1, 262,505 433,447 5, 370, 848. 45 4. ,251!. 95 697,512.78 1, 046,269.14 906,766.59 767' 264. fJ7 6?:7, 761.49 4.88,258. 95 348,756.39 

.Arizona .. .. ................. 40,440 5,842 72,388.30 6,5 0.75 9,401.08 14,101.61 12,221.40 10, 341.1!)' 8,460. 96 6,580. 75 4, 700.54 .Arkansas .................. 802,525 202,015 2, 503, 170. 97 227,56LOO 325,087.14 487,630.72 423,613.29 357, 59.j, 86 292,578.43 227,561.00 162,543.57 

California .................. 864,694 53,430 662,051. 9.') 60,186.54 85,980.77 128,971.25 ill, 775.00 9~,578 85 77,382.69 60,186.54 42,990.39 

Colorado .................... 194,3'%7 10,474 129,783.50 11,798.50 16,855.00 25,282.48 21, 9Ll.45 18,540.50 15,169.49 11,798.50 8, 427.50 Connecticut ......... : ..... 622,700 28,424 352,202.22 32,018.38 4-5,740.55 68,610.83 09,462.72 50,314.61 41, 166.4!) 32,018. 38 22,870.28 

Dakota ....................... 135,177 4,821 59,737.09 ' 5,430. 64 7, 758.00 11,637.09 10,085.48 8,53-'3. 87 6, 982.25 5,430. &i 3,87~.03 

Delaware ................... 146,608 19, 414 240,559.17 21,869.02 31.241.45 46,862,08 40,612.89 34,3&5.60 28,117.31 21r8$,02 15,620.73 Florida. ...................... 269,493 80,183 993,548.7!) 90,322.62 129,032.31 193,54 . 46 167,742.00 141,935.54 116,139.08 90,322.62 64,516.16 

Georgia ..................... 1,542,1.80 520,416 6, 448,482.66 586,225.70 8-37;465. 28 1, 256,197.92 1, 088, 70-i. 87 921,211.81 753,718.75 586,225.70 418,732.64 

m_~~~~·:::.·.·.·::::.·:::::.:::::: 32,610 1, 778 22,031.23 2,002. 84 2. 861.20 4,292.~ 3,719. 64 3,147.32 2,575.44 2,002.84 1,4.30.60 

3,f177,sn 145, 397 1, 801, 616. 46 163,783.31 233, 976.16 350,964.24 304,169.01 257,373.78 210,578.54 163,783.31 116,988.08 

Indiana. ...................... 1,978,301 110,761 1, 372, 441. 26 124,767.39 178,239.12 267,358.68 231,710.86 196,063. 0-1 160,415.21 124,767.39 89,119.56 Iowa. .......................... 1,624,615 46,609 577,!$32 84 52,502. 9!l 75,004.?:7 112,506.39 97,505.5! 82,504.69 67,503.84 52,502.90 37,502.14. 
I 

I· 

I 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 

Preliminary ' computation of amounts to be received by the States and Territories, excluding the District of Columbia, etc.-Continued. 

Stat€s and Ter1 ·ito· ries. 

Kansas ............ .. .. ~ ...... Kentucky ..... .. . ......... Louisiana ........ .. ......... 1\fa.ine ............ .. ......... 1\la.cy land ........ .. ......... Massach usetls .. ......... Michlgan ......... . ········· Minnesota . ....... . oooouooo 

Mississippi ....... . ......... Missouri .......... .. ········· Montana. .......... . ......... Nebraska ......... .. ......... Nevada ............ .. ......... New Hampshire ........ New Jersey ....... . ......... New 1\fexico ..... . ......... New York ...... .. . ......... North Carolina .. ········· Ohlo ................. . ········· Oregon ............ .. ........ Penn ylvania .. .. ......... Rhode Island .. .. ········· " South Carolina, .. ......... Tennessee ......... . ......... Texas ............... . .......... Utah ................. . ........ Vermont .......... . ········ Virginia ......... .. ......... 'Vashington .... . ......... 

......... 

......... West Virginia. .. 'Wisconsin ...... .. Wyo';Uing ....... .. ········ 

O~d A oo •00 <a§r-« 

o~o 

E-1 ·----

996,096 

1,648,690 

939,9-16 

618,936 

934, 9-!3 1, 78.3,085 

1, 636,937 

780,783 

1,131,597 

2,168,380 

39,159 

452,401 

62,266 

346,991 

1, 131,116 

119,565 

5,082, 871 1,399, 750 3,198, 062 174,768 

4, 282,891 

276,531 

995,577 

1,5-12,359 

1,591, 740 143,963 

332,286 

1,512,565 

73,116 

·"·"' I 1,315,497 

20,789 

~~·~ £ ~ .. ~ 1-<0"' 

~0~ Whole time. First year. 

----

Dollars. Dollars. 

39,476 489,147.72 44,467.97 

348,392 4, 316, 930. 63 392,448.24 

318,380 3, 945, 051. 48 358,641.04 

22,170 274,708.81 24,973. 53 134,488 1, 666, 442. l:!8 151,494.81 

92,980 1, 152, 116. 61 104,737.87 

63,723 789,592.67 71,781.15 

34,246 423,060.02 38,914.55 

373,201 4, 624, 339. 33 420,394.48 

208,754 2, 586,674.03 235,152.18 

1,707 21,151.46 1, 922.86 11,528 142,843.63 12,985.78 4,069 50,419.04 4,583.55 

14,302 177,216.30 16,110.57 

53,249 659,809.18 59,982.65 

57,156 708,2..?0.8.8 64,383.72 

21!l, 600 2, 721,066.-98 247,369.73 

463,975 5, 749, 121. 37 522,647.41 131, 847 1, 633,718. 21 148,519.84 

7,423 91,978.52 8,361.68 228,014 2, 8?~. 324. 93 256,847.72 

21,793 307,210.44 27, !l?-8. 22 369,848 4, 592, 792. 26 416,617.48 

410,722 ·5, 089, 262. 62 462,660.2± 

316,432 3, 920, 913. 78 356,446.71 

8,826 109,363.10 9, 942.10 1:),837 196,236.51 17,839.68 

430,352 5, 332, 498. 25 484,772.57 

3,889 48,188.66 4,380. 79 85,376 1, 057,895.33 96,172.30 

55,558 G88, -:120.03 62,583.64 

5561 6,889.40 626.31 

Quota of each State and Territory for theThlld yea,.,_Fou'th yea,. Seventh ll:ighth Second year. Fifth year. Sixth year. year. year. 

DoUars. Dollars. 1 Dollars. Dollars. Dolla1·s. Dollars. Dollars. 

63,525.68 95,288.51 82,583.38 69,878.25 57,173.10 44,467.97 31,762.84 

560,640.34 840,960.42 728,832.36 616,704.38 504,576.30 392,448.24 280,320.16 

512,344.35 768,516.52 666,047.66 563,578.79 461,109.91 358,641.04 256,172.17 

35,676.47 53,514.79 46,379.41 39,244.12 32,108.82 24,973.53 17,838.24 

216,421.15 324,641.73 281,357.50 238,063.27 194,779.04 151,494.81 108,210.58 

149,625.54 214,438.31 18!,513.20 164,588.09 134,662.98 104,737.87 74,812.77 

102,544.50 153,816.76 133,307.86 112,798.96 92,290.05 71,781. 15 51,272.25 

55,592 21 83,388.31 72,269.87 61,151.43 50,032. 99 38,9H.fl5 27,796.10 

600,563. 55 900,845.43 780,732.72 660,619.91 540,507. 19 420,3!H.48 300,281.78 

335,931.65 503,897. 50 436,711.19 369,524.86 302,338.51 235,1;)~.18 167,965.85 

2, 746.95 4,120.40 3,571.02 3, 021.64 2,472.23 1, ~12.!.. 86 1,373.47 18,551. 12 27,826.66 24,116.46 20,406.24 16,696.00 12,985.78 9,275.56 

6,547. {)3 9,821. 88 8, 5r2. 30 7,202. 72 5,893.13 4,58.3.55 3,273. 96 23,015.11 34,522.76 29,919.74 25,316.62 20.730.59 16,110.57 11,507. 55 85,689.50 128,534.26 111,396.36 94,258. 46 77,120.55 59,982.65 42,844.75 

91,976.78 137,965.09 119,569.75 101,174.41 82,779.06 64,383.72 45,98.8.37 

353,385.32 530,077.98 459,400.92 388,723. 86 318.046.79 247,369.73 176,692.66 

746,639.14 1, 119, 958. 70 970,630.88 821,303.06 671,975.23 522,647.41 373,319.57 212, 171.20 318,256.78 275,822.55 233,388.32 190.954.07 148,519.84 106,085.60 

11, 94.5.26 17,917.88 15,528.84 13,139.79 10,750.73 8,361. 68 5, 972.66 366,925.32 550,387.98 477,002.92 403,617.86 330,232.78 256,847.72 183,462.63 

39,897.46 59,845.19 51,866.70 43,887. 21 35,907. 7l 27,928.22 19,948.73 

595,167.82 892,751.83 773,718.27 654,684.61 535,651.04 416,617. 48 297,583.91 

660,943.20 991,414.78 859,226.15 727,037.52 594,848.87 462,660.24 330,471.60 

509,209.58 763,814.36 661,972.45 560,130.54 458, 28R.62 356,446.71 254,604.79 

1-1,203.00 21,304.50 18,463.90 15,623.30 12,782.70 9, 942.10 7,101. 50 25,485.26 38,227.89 33,130.84 28,033.79 22,936.73 17,839.68 12,742.63 

692,532.24 1, 038, 798. 35 900,291.91 761,785.47 623,279.01 484,772.57 346,266.12 

6,258.27 9,387.40 8,135.75 6,884.10 4,332.~ 4,380.79 3,129.13 

IS7,389.00 206,083.51 178,605.71 151,127.91 123,650.10 96,172.30 68,694.50 

89,405.20 134,107.64 116,226.61 98,345.58 80,464.67 62,583 64 44,702.60 894.73 1,132.08 1,143.14 984.20 805.25 626.31 447.36 

TABLE 3.-Public sclwol statistics of the United States in 1880, with number of teachers and pttpils in private sclwols,·prepm·ed by .Commissioner of 

Education . 

..; · o I d · ,.; ..; ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~o 0 ~ 0 ~ Q)~ 0 0 0 ,.; CLl :d-8 .§..8 ~ a ~ ~~~ ~ ~ o 8 ~ ~=:~ ~ ~ oo ] '0 <PAoo 00 oo ~ .g 'g .E8 Q)'+-< 

ci .S:l 1l ::l • :1 g__s 0 .S:l .s : .;:: i- 0 ;g a ~ 

Staoos. ~ :g ! ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ g ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ & .9 ~ ~~ ~~ ~ '0 -.s A ·§. .g a ~&a> - ~ & 't! ~ ~.... ~ ~.... ~ ~ ~ .s : 0 ~:a § ~ o -o ~ bD bO -g "'as $ Q) ~ Ul ~ § .s ~ -w ~ a1 ¥ ¥ ·] ~ ~ ~8~ s .g .g :S. ·a ~~·~ ~'0'8 ~ ~ S:: ~ ~ MAe ;;. :iJ ~ o :> -~,.. ., S d 

Alubama ................................... 

1 

:21 ;003 1:490 11:978 :.0 1"82.08 :... ;.,, -~··· ........ ~.... ... ~:.,000 .••• ~.~········ :;013 2f~~~r~·.:·:·::::·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·::·~·.:.:.:·:::::::::::: E~r ~ig:lli ~~:IH ... ri:"~ff .. i~ff ·bi~jr g:~ ~:~~ ................... 1( 953" ~~:E ~~i~:!~ ~~:~ Connecticut............................... 4-16 140,235 119;694 h78,42l 179.2 11.01 1,630 100 """5ii' ....... 13','900" 2,021,346 "'2;'02(346" 112,188 

Delaware................................... t21 35,459 27,823 ......... ...... il58. 0 8.12 1 5

1

6

31

1 594 ............ .................. 448,999 

1

. ................. 26,607 Florida..................................... 21 88,677 39, 315 27,046 ............ ............ , 1, 095 ...... ...... .. ................ 246,900 ... ........ ....... v17, 962 Georgia..................................... 6-18 b433, 444 236, 533 145, 190 1. 99 b5, 916 6, 000 1, 680 48, 452 ..................... ! ................................... . Dlinois.... .. ................................ 6-21 1,010,8.'51 704,041 431,638 150. 0 9.61 11,964 22,255 1,497 60,440 9,049,302! 9,019,302 593,119 Indiana..................................... 6-21 703, 558 511, 283 321, 659 136.0 7. 96 9, 383 13,578 n592 n12,112 ..................... 9, 055,255 b63l, 914 Iowa .. ... :.................................... 5-21 586,556 426,057 259,836 148. 0 11.25 11,084 21,598 474 12,72! 3,484,411 .................. 282,902 Kansas................. ............ .. ....... 5-21 340,647 231,434 137,667

1

107. 0 7.85 5,233 7,780 979 b6,205 2,297,5W 11,815,519 454,608 

f~t~i~ti~~i':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: atig ~~·~~ ~,·~~ ~;·~~ g b~ 7~ """i',"494' g.·~~~ ""o"?'4·7··· ........ 0.4 ... 4 .. 04 .......... _. ............. 1.~1~0-'868267 11304

'

1

32720 

I 

' ' . . - ' ..................... , 0 • • -

Maine...... ................................. 4-21 214,656 149,827 103,113 120.0 • ~:~~ 6,934 ............ .................. 438,287 .................. 27,W5 

~arylahd ... ii............................ ~-i~ I c~~·~;~ ~:~i 2:·m ji~·g e14.93 ~:~ ~:~~ ................... 26:·289.. 906' 229 .................. 52' 116 

~~[~~~;':;:Y-\·{. : ::.J Ell i dm:~ i~$ 5~Jn .:~:i ~:l~ ~:m :g~ :::T:::::::X.:S:II ~:m -6~:;~::;, wlm ~:~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ! bti~ I !fg;~:J ~~:g~ e~J~ ... ~.~ ... ~ ..... ~~ . ...... ~:.~~~.. 4b~~ ............ .................. 3i.J~:~ e20, 754,810 134,025 

NewHampshirc ....................... l b-5-21 be72,102 b65,018 b48,910 b101.5 ............ 2,528 b3, 582 ............ ! b2,066 ..................... :::::::::~::: :~: ....... b~·sro New Jersey ............................. 5-181 330,685 204,961 115,194 192.0 9.48 ............... 13,447 572 43,530 1,454,007

1 

2,51<>.785 100:000 New York................................ 5-21, 1,61-1,173 1,031,593 573,089 179.0 10.09 m20,500 30,730 ql39,476 r7,265,807 .................. x170,000 North Carolina......................... 6-21 j' 459,324 225,606 147,802 54.0 1.12 5, 503 4,130 ............ .................. s200, 000 t53l. 55;) s, 000 Ohio................. .. ....................... 6-21 b1, <H3, 320 747,138 476,279 150.0 8. 59 12,043 23,684 292 28,650 ..................... '.................. 215,745 

Oregon .. ................................. ,.. 4-30 I 59,615 I 37,533 27,435 89.6 8.37 b865 1,314 222 3,744 s552,830 1 .. .. .............. 

1 

3c>,910 

Pennsylvania........................... 6-21 fl,200,000 1 937,;no 601,627, 147.0 bl8,386 21,375 p947 p24,066 ..................... ~ ............. ..... yl,090,000 Rhode Island...................... ...... 5-15 1

1 

52,273 4.4, '780 29,065 j M84. 0 11.63 924 1, 295 208 6 676 240 376 265 950 I 12 4.48 South Carolina.......................... 6-16 g228, 128 13-!,072 ............... 

1 

77.0 2. 42 2, 973 3,171 ...................... .' ................... .' ................. .' . .................. : ... .. Tennessee....................... .. ....... 6-21 544,862 290,141 191,461 68. 0 ........... 5, 522 5, 945 I 1, 665 41,068 g2, 512,500 i g2, 512,500 ................. . Texas.................. ..................... 8-14 230,527 186,786 ... ............ l73. 0 .. .......... 6,127 4,361 ............................. , ..................... 

1 

d3,3S.5,57l 44,623 

V~r~o.nt................................... 5-20 I d92,831 75,238 48,606. 12.5.0 ............ 2,616 4,326,............ .................. b669,087 .................. ~ lm.3,G90 VIrg1m~ ... : .. :.. .. ....... .................. 5-21 555,807 220,7361128,404 113.0 3. 82 4, 854 4, 873 1, 609 25,692 ............. ........ 1 ,4.68, 765 ................. . 'V~stVt~gmm ........................... 6-~l 210,113

1

' 142,850 91,704 99.0 4.43 b3,725 4,1341 ............ 1.................. 423,989 423,989 15,320 WlSconsm................................. 4-20 ~,229 299....:..258 ~7,510 162.5 ~:::.~~115 ~ 25,938 2,747,8-14 1 2,995,112 184, •109 

'l'otal for States ........................... 15,128,078 9,679,675 j~ .74.3,839 ............ .:.:.:.:..:..:.:.::..:.:.:. 187,005 280,143112,993 ~239 ..................... , .................. ~ 6,292,048 

I l I ' ---,--------- ---------======1'=====1===== 

*As far as reporled by ~tate superintendents; accompanying is a mo1·e specific I'eport on this point, which approxima.ooly exhibits (if we exclude the pre:. pnratory work done bY: pnvatc normal sc.hools) the number of private institutions, with teachers and pupils in them, giving secondary or superior instruction m. each St ~te and.Terntory. a For. wh1t.e'?; fox co~ored·6-1~. bIn 1879. . c Census of 1870. dIn 1878. e Estimated. fIn 1873. g Ilr 1877. h For the wm~er. '!.In wh~te scho_ols <?n1r. J In c1t1es; 176m c<?untJes. kin evenmg schools, 6l. lin the counties; 153 in cities and towns. , m Approximately. n Prtvate sc~tools tn pubhc b~Jldtngs. oin 1.879; exclustve of Ne:w Orleaus priva.te schools. pin 1879; exclusive of Philadelphia. q In academies and private schools. ? In_elucles the Umled S~ates depostt fund, as reported m 1878, amountmg to $4.,014,521. sIn State and United States 4 percents, ordered to be sold b.Y the last Legislature. t Exclustve of 1,000,000 acres of swamp land made subject to entry sale by last Legislat1n·e. u From •rents in 1879. v State appor- t~onme~t. wlncludes revenue from o ther funds. xApparently does not include inte rest o n the United States deposit funds. ySt:;tte appropriati-on in heu or lnterest on permanent fund. '""· 
736 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE. J~U.ARY 26, 

TABLE 3.-Public sclwolstatist·ics of. tlte United Sto:tes in 1880, with number of teaclters and pupils in private schools, etc.-Continued. 

.s ""l:l 4) .... 

... Q '0 f'd ,; '0 Q 0 "'~ '0 0 ~ -5 ciS ..... 

-5 4)0 0 

"tl ... :-.:= Ul -5 s:: .... 

0 Q4l Ill 

~ 0 4l s:: • .dm 0 0 

~ ~ 

~~ -~ul Territories. ~ ~ ciS ~=~~-

~ :-. f"tl ... :3 0 :3 

d :a 4l p,O ~ 

Q .s ::s B'O] .... g. "tl "tl tiC 0 

CIS Po 'd G) Q) .... 0 "' 0 ..... ~ tiC b.O 'g~;a G) 

0 '0 ~ ciS ,Q 

~ 0 ... ~~[ a 1.l .... 4l 4> 

s:: w 00 ~ ~ ~ Fl z --- -------

Arizona ................ ....... :............. 6-21 7,148 

Dakota...................................... 5-21 12, 030 I District of Columbia................. 6-17 43,558 

~~~~~·.:·:::.:::::::::::::::::·:::.::::·:.·.:·.::: ..... ~.~~-· ·····~1i:'444'' !1-Iontana.. ..... ............. ............... 4-21 7, 070 

~:~~ ~ ;~~ 1::g ·::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: 2~:~~ .... ~~ ... ~~~ ..... ~.:~ ... ~ ... ~~~:~.. ll~ e6, 098 e3, 944 .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. 212 3, 970 2, 506 96. 0 153 New Mexico .......................... » .. a.7-18 d29, 312 Utah......................................... 6-18 40, 672 a5, 151 a132. 0 ...... . .. ... a.138 24, 326 17' 178 128. 0 .. . .. . .. . .. . b373 Washington.............................. b5--21 b24,223 

'Vyoming ................................. b7-21 ................ .. b14,032 b9, 585 b87.5 b8.15 340 b2, 090 bl, 287 ............ ............ ......... .... .. 

,; 

0 

0 

1.l 

Ul 

0 

z 

:3 

~ 

.s 

:l 

4l 

1.l 

oS 

4l 

E-4 ---

101 

28G 

433 

g160 

hl96 

163 

a.l47 

517 

b560 

b49 

~ ~~ .o-o ~ 4l ..... 0 l:lO E! .r:l .E1.l 0 ,; "tl 

1.l 0 Ill s::..:o ..,.Ill 't:l .E8 ~'0 ... 0 s:: 1.l .e~ ~ .... 11l Ill 0!:1 Q 

.!:: cD -~=~ oo a-5 ~ OG) .d- 1-oS:: .... Os:: ~~ 4l0 ~ 

~ -5cil Po"' 

.s Po a~ a .., ~Q S::b.O cD 

~~~ os:: ~ .s :0 ...,;~;a . 4> ... ~ aS._ ...... .d 

u 'd'"" ~-5] i S::s-= oS 

E-4 

4l p. 

:::1 

-< 

:> p. 

~-a~ H 

~·=~ 

:::::::::::: ::::::::~.:~: :::::::::~.:~~ ::::::~ .. :~: :::::: :::~~~:~ ............ .. .. ........ ...... j3, 634, 425 ...... ...... ...... 186, 359 

...... ~~· ""'"~i','259" ::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::: 

"""i,3i" .......... b45i" ::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::·::::: 

----------------------------------1-----1·-----l------:-----

Total for Territories.................... 175,457 101,118 61,154 ............ ............ 1, 696 2,610 ==1=1=2=!===6=, 9=2=l=f="="="="=''="="="="="·=l,'="="="="="="="="'l 188,584 

Grand total ................................. 15,803,535 9, 780,773 5, 804,993 ............ ......... .. . 188,701 282,753 13,105 567,160 ...................................... . 6,580,63i 

a. In 1875. bin 1879. cln the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek Nations. dCensns of1870. eln the five civilized tribes. f Approximately. gNum~ 

beT necessary to supply the schools, hln 1877. iEstimated average number of pupils. j Funds in the five civilized tribes, whole or part interest of which is used fo! school purposes. 

TABLE 5. -Illiteracy in the United States, census of 1880. 

States and Territories. "tl' 

Q)l=l ,_.o 

_ O'"" ... 

• 0 

0 

Alabama ............................................... ,............ 1, 262,405 370,279 29. 33 433,447 34. 33 662, 1&> ill, 767 16. 88 60), 320 321,680 53.58 Arizona............................................... .............. 40,440 5, 496 13.59 5, 842 14. 45 35 160 4, 824 13. 72 5, 280 1, 018 19. 28 Arkansas............................................................ 802, 525 153, 229 19. 09 202, 015 25. 17 591: 531 98, 542 16. 6G 210, 994 103, 473 49. 04. California........................................................... 864,6941 48, 583 5. 62 53,430 6.18 767,181 26,090 3. 40 97,513 27,340 28.04 Colorado...... ..................................................... 194,327 9, 321 4. 80 10,474 5. 39 191,126 9, 906 5.18 3, 201 568 17.74 Connecticut........................................................ 622,700 20,986 3. 37 28,424 4. 56 610, 76!l 2J, 763 4. 38 11,931 1, 661 13.92 Dakota.:............................................................. 135,177 3, 094. 2. 29 4, 821 3. 57 133,147 4,157 3.13 2, 030 66-i 32.71 Delaware............................................................ 146,608 16,912 11.54 19,414 13. 2-i 120, ! GO 8, 346 6. 95 26,448 ll, 068 41.85 District of Columbia ...................................... _.... 177,624 21,541 12.13 25,778 14.51 118,006 3, 988 3. 38 59,618 21,790 36.55 Florida....................................... ....................... 269,493 70,219 26.06 80,183 29.75 142,605 19,763 13.86 126,888 60,420 47.62 · Georgia .............................................................. 1, 542,180 446, 683 28. 96 520,416 33. 75 816,906 128,934 15.78 725,274 391, 482 53. 98 l tlaho............... .................................... ...... ......... 32,610 1, 384 4. 24. 1, 778 5. 45 29,013 784 2. 70 3, 597 994 27.63 lllinois............................................................... 3, 077, 871 00,809 3.15 145,397 4. 72 3, 031,151 132, 426 4. 37 46,720 12, 971 · 27.76 J ndiana .... ......... .................. .......... ........... .... . ..... 1, 978, 301 70, 008 3. 54 110,761 5. 60 1, 938,798 100, 398 5. 18 39,503 10, 363 26. 23 Iowa .................................................................. 1, 624,615 28,117 1. 73 46,609 2. 87 1, 614,600 44,337 2. 75 10,015 2, 272 22.69 Kansas............................................................... 996, 096 25,503 2. 56 39, 476 3. 96 952,155 24,888 2. 61 43,941 14,588 33. 20 Kentucky........................................................... 1, 648,690 258,186 15.66 348,392 21.13 1, 377,179 214,497 15.58 271,511 133,895 49.31 Louisiana........................................................... 939,946 297,312 31. 63 318, 380 33.87 454,954 58, 951 12. 96 484, 992 259, 429 53.49 Maine 648,936 18, 181 2. 80 22,170 3. 42 646,852 21, 758 3. 36 2, 084 412 19. 99 "raryl~~~r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 934,943 111,387 n. 91 134,488 14.38 724,693 «, 316 6.12 2D, 250 oo, 112 42.89 Massachusetts ...... ..... :.. ....... .. ...... .. ............. ...... 1, 783, 085 75 635 4. 24 92, 980 5. 21 1, 763, 782 90 658 5. 14 19, 303 2, 322 12. 03 Michigan............................................................ 1, 636,937 47; 112 2. 88 63,723 3. 89 1, 614,560 58:932 3. fo5 2 t 377 4, 791 21.41 Minnesota .............................. ...... ..................... 780,773 20,551 2. 63 34,546 4. 42 776,884 33,506 4. 31 3, 889 1, 040 26.74 Mississippi......................................................... 1, 131, 597 315,612 27. 89 373, 201 32. 98 479,398 53,448 11.15 65 !, 199 319,753 49.03 Missouri.............................................................. 2, 168,380 138,818 6. 40 208,754 9. 63 2, 022, S26 152,510 7. 54 14>, 554 56,244 88.64 ~Iontana. ............................................................ 39, 159 1, 530 3. 91 1, 707 4. 36 35,385 631 1. 78 3, 774 1, 076 28. 51 Neurn.ska........................... ................................. 452,402 7, 830 1. 73 · 11. 528 2. 55 449,764 10,926 2. 43 2, 638 602 22.82 Nevada ......... ................. ~................................... 62,266 3, 703 5. 95 4, 069 6. 53 53,556 · 1, 915 3. 581 8, 710 2,154 24.73 New Hampshire ............................. :-.................. 346,991 11, 9S2 3. 45 14,302 4.12 346.229 14,208 4.10 762 94 12.34 New Jersey........................................................ 1l 131,116 39,136 3. 46 53,249 4. 71 1, 092,017 44,049 4. 03 3), OW 

1 

9, 200 23.53 New Mexico ...................................................... 119,565 52, 99-i 44.32 57,156 47.80 108,721 49,597 45.62 10,844 7, 559 69.71 New York ........................................... -............ 5,082,871 166,625 3.28 219,600 4.32 5,016,022 208,175 4.15 63,849 11,425 17.09 North Carolina................................................... 1, 399, 750 367,890 26.28 463,975 33.15 867,242 192,032 22.14 532,508 271,943 51.07 Ohio.................................................................... 3, 198,062 86,754 2. 71 131,847 4.12 3, 117,920 115,491 3. 70 8J, 142 16,356 20.41 Oregon....... ........................................................ 174, 768 5, 376 3. 08 7 423 4. 25 163,075 4, 343 2. 66 11, 6!)3 3, ORO 26. 34 Pennsylvania..................................................... 4, 282,891 146,138 3.41 228: 01-i 5. 32 4, 197,016 209,981 5. 00 8), 875 18,033 21.00 Rhode lsl11.nd .................................................... . 276, 531 17,450 6. 31 24,793 8. 97 269, 939 23,544 8. 72 6, 592 1, 249 18.95 South Carolina.................................................. 995,577 321,780 32.32 369,848 37.15 391,105 59,777 15.28 604,472 310,071 51.30 Tennessee .......................................................... 1,542,35!) 294 385 19.09 410,722 26.63 1,138,831 216,227 18.99 403,528 194,4951 48.20 Texas ................ ..... ............................................ 1, 591,749 256:223 16. 10 316, 432 19.88 1,197, 277 123, 912 10. 35 394,512 192,520 48. 80 Utah................................................................... 143, 963 4 851 3. 37 8, 826 6.13 1-12 423 8, 137 5. 71 1, 540 I 689 4i. 74 ·vermont ............................................ .4 .... :......... 332,286 12:993 3. 91 15,837 4. 77 331; 218 15,681 4. 73 1, 068 155 j 14.61 Virginia............................................................. 1, 512,565 360,495 23.83 430,352 28. 45 880,858 114,692 13.02 631,707 315,660 49.97 

~~~~!Vi~~i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6i~:~~ 5~:~n ~:~ J:~~ 1g:~ 5~:~ 7~:g~ 1~:~g J:~~b 1~J~ 1 ~:~ Wisconsm............................ .............................. 1, 315,497 38,693 2. 94 55,558 4. 22 1, 309,618 54,233 4.14 5, 879 1, 325 22. 52 

Wyoruing ......................................... :................. 20,789 427 2.05 556 2.67 __ 1.9 __ ,4_37_ 1 ___ 3_7_4_ ~_1._9_2_ , ___ 1_,&_3_2_1 ____ 1_3_21 13.46 

_ _ Total ..... ..................................................... 

1

j-50-,-1~-5-,7-83- :1 -4-,92-23-.-4-5-1 9:82(l,'23g~ lz:'44 43,402,970 3,019,080 6.96 1 6, 752,813 3,220,878 ~~0 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CENsus OFFICE, Wa.shington, D. 0., February 26, 1884. 

Sin: In response to your communication of t.his day, inclosing certain printed tables relating to the public schools and to the illiteracy of the United States b,. States, I beg t() return the same, with such changes in the figures as are necessitated by the records of this office. The columns of the ta.ble of illiteracy reading" Total colored population" should be altered to read" inclusive of Chinese, Japanese, nnd civilized Indians." Very respect.ful.Jy, 

Hon. AI.BERT 8. WILLIS, M. C., Hottse of Rep1'esen.tc~tives. 

GEO. W RICHARDS, Acting Superintendent. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE. 737_ 

TA.BLE 7,_:_Tlte tvhite and colored adult males and the adult male initerates of the t!vo races, tvith percentages,-for each State and Territory. 

• 

[From the census of 1880.] 

States and Territories. Total white ~~f:r:!t;:J.e Per cent. Total colored co~~:!e;~~e Per cent. male adults. adults. male adults. adults. 

Alabama ........................................................... ............................................................... . Arkansas ......................................................................................................................... .. California ........................................................................................................................ .. Colorado ........................................................................................................................... . Connecticut ....................................................................................................................... . Dela,vare ........ , ..................................................................... , .......................................... .. Flol'ida .................................................................................... : ........................................ . Georgia ............................................................................................................................. . Dlinois ............................................................................................................................. .. Indiana ............................................................................... _. ............................................ .. Iowa .................................................................................................................................. . Kansas .............................................................................................................................. . 

f~~i~~~L::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Maine ............................................................................................................................... .. 1\Iaryland ............... ......................................................................................................... .. l\Iassachusetts .................................................................................................................. .. 1\Iichigan .......................................................................................................................... . 

g::l~av~i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·::··:·:·:::·:·:::::·::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: Nebraska .......................................................................................................................... . Nevada ........................................................................................................................... .. New Hampshire ................................................................................................................ . New Jersey ....................................................................................................................... . New York ...................................................................................................................... .. North Carolina .................................................................................................................. · Ohio ........................................................................ ; ......................................................... .. Oregon .............................................................................................................................. .. Pennsylvania ................................................................................................................... .. Rhode Island .................................................................................................................. .. 

t!~~~~~o~.i-~~::.·.·.:::·::::.·.·.·.:·:::::.::·::.'.'.'.'.'.::·:: ·:.:·.:·::::::.·.·::::::.·.:::·:::::.:::·.·:.·.·::::.'.'.'.'.'.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: T exas ............................................................................................................................... .. 

~f::t~i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::.:·::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 'Vest Virginia ................................................................................................................... .. 'Visconsin ................................................................................................................ : ......... . Arizona ............................................................ ................................................................. . Dakota ............................................................................................................................... . District of Columbia ........................................................................................................ . 

~~~?..{;;~·::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: New 1\!exico ...................................................................................................................... . Utah ................................................................................................................................. .. Washington ......................................... ............................................................................ . 'Vyoming .. ................................................................. ; ..................................................... .. 

141,461 24,450 17.3 118,423 96,408 81.4 136,150 21,349 15.7 46,827 34,300 73.2 262,583 12,615 4.8 66,809 16,857 25.2 92,088 3,6'1:7 3.9 1,520 289 19.0 

173,759 9,501 5.5 3,532 696 19.7 

31,902 2,955 9.3 6,396 3, 7ffl 59.2 

34,210 4, 706 13.8 27,4.89 19,110 69.5 

177,007 28,571 16.1 143,4.71 116,516 81.2 783,161 44,536 5.7 13,686 5,Z71 38.5 487,698 33,757 6.9 10,739 4,345 40.5 413,633 16,202 3.9 3,025 1,001 33.4 254,949 7,998 3.1 10,765 5,623 52.2 317,579 54,956 17.3 58,642 43,177 73.6 108,810 16,Wl7 15.1 107,W7 86,555 80.2 186,659 8,420 4.5 664. 144 21;7 

183,522 15,152 8.3 48,584. 30,ffl3 63.5 496,692 30,951 6.2 5,956 941 15.8 

461.557 26,330 5.7 6,120 1,852 -ao.2 

212,399 12,372 5.8 1,852 364 33.5 108,254 12,473 11.5 130,278 99,068 76.0 508,165 40,665 8.0 33,042 19,028 57.6 128,198 3,836 3.0 844 256 30.3 25,633 1,173 4.6 5,622 1,194 21.2 104,901 5,264 5.0 237 42 17,7 r 

. 289,965 15,902 5.5 10,670 3,560 33.4 

1,388,692 76,745 5.5 20,059 4,521 22.5 

189,732 44,420 23.4 105,018 80,282 76.4 

804~871 40,373 5.0 21,7()6 7,041 32.4 51,631 1,669 3.2 7,993 2,005 25.1 1,070,392 65,985 6.2 23,892 6,845 28.6 75,012 7,157 9.5 1,886 467 24.8 86,900 13,924 16.0 118,889 93,010 78.2 250,055 46,948 18.8 80,250 58,601 73.0 301,737 33,085 11.0 78,639 59,669 75.9 

95,307 6,731 7.1 314 82 26.1 206,248 31,474 15.3 128,257 100,210 78.1 

132,777 19,055 14.4 6,384 3,830 60.0 338,932 21,221 6.3 1,550 474 30.6 

18,046 2,150 11.9 2,352 422 17.9 

50,962 1,678 3.3 641 210 32.8 

31,955 1,350 4 . 2 13,918 7,520 54.0 11,669 319 2.7 3,126 869 27.8 19,636 410 2.1 1,908 483 25.3 

30,981 14,898 48.1 3,095 2,779 89.8 

32,078 2,137 6.7 695 356 51.2 24,251 642 2.6 3,419 1,126 32.9 

9,241 160 1.7 939 84 8.9 

Total. ....................................................................................................................... . 

l---------·1----------·i-------I·---------- 11,343,005 886,659 1 7.8 1,4ff!,344 1,022,151 68.7 

TABLE 12.-Amottnt raised by taxation for support of public schools in eacl~ State and Territory dttring the year 1880.* 

[Prepared by Bureau of Education, at request of Ron. H. W. BLAIR.] 

Amount received from taxation. Amount received from taxation. 

States and Territories. 

From State tax. From local tax. Total. 

States nnd Territories. 

F'om State '""· l ""'om !Ooa; tax. Toto!. 

. Alaba rna .. .. .... .... . .... .. .. ....... $130, 000 a$120, 000 $250, 000 Arkansas........................ ... blll, 605 77,475 189,080 North Carolina................... $(314, 719) $314,719 

Ohio.................................... $1,558, 2fYl $5,155, 87!) 6, 714,086 

California............................ 1, 318,209 1, 393,572 2, 711,781 

Colorado........................................................ c336,333 c336,333 

Connecticut .. . ...... ... .. .. .. ...... 210, 353 1, 066, 314 1, 276, 667 Delaware................................................. ...... dl51,045 d151,045 

~~0~~~~~·.-:.-.-.-::::::::::::::::::::::::: . e34fjs:· 530) 125.239 !~:~g Illinois ......... ................ ...... I, 000,000 \ 5, 735,478 6, 735,478 

i~~!~.~:::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .......... :.~:.~~~ ... ~. '~: ~: l: '!: ~: ~gg Kansas................................ ....... ..... . ........ ...... 1, 276, 786 1, 276,786 

Oregon................................ 133, 477 79, 562 213,039 

Pennsylvania..................... ........................... 7, 064,116 7, 046,116 Rhode Island...................... 80, 800 414, 852 495, 652 South Carolina................... ...... ... .. . ..... . .. . .. .... .. . .. .......... ...... .... .. 440,ll0 Tennessee ............................................. ,................................... j698, 776 Texas.................................. k678. 603 . . .......... k678, 603 Vermont............................. 113,173 ........... "304,318 417,491 

Virginia............................. 596,516 665,459 1, 261, 975 West Virginia ... ..... .. .... .. .. .... 212, 753 490, 432 702, 185 Wisconsin... ........................ t 25, 000 2, 198, 581 2, 223, 581 K entucky........................... 535,354 g382,038 917,392 

Louisiana........................... 356,000 h94, 000 h450, 000 1\Iaine................................. 224,565 596,295 820.860 

l\'lary land .. . .. .... .. ................ 491, 406 - 721, 571 1, 212; 977 1\Iassach usetts .... ............ .... .. .......... ....... .... .... 4, 372, 286 4, 372, 286 

Arizona .. . .. ............ ......... .... ............ ......... ...... .. .......... ........ ....... m67, 028 Dakota............................... ........................... 123,643 123,643 District of Columbia........... ........................... 474, 556 474, 556 

~f~~·T~l:;;;k;~y.·.::·:::::·.:::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~ ............... ~ ... ~~~ .......... : ......... ~~·.~~.: Michigan............................. i397, 758 2, 074,073 2, 453, 831 

E~¥ii~i::·:·:::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::~~:·:~:: ::~: ~ ~:iii:~~ Nebraska............................ 73, 808 713,155 786,963 

~::~!:~~~~-~~·::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::i:.:~:i;.:iii: :::::::::::::::i~.:~i: · ............ ~,~~:r~~ New York........................... 2, 750,000 6, 925,992 9,675, 992 

Montana............................. n64, 643 5, 256 69, 899 

NewMexico ........................................................................................................ . Utah ............... ,................... 63,041 43, 337 106, 378 Washington .. _ .... ;................. f 102, 201 f 3, 319 f 105, 520 Wyoming........................... ........................... !7,056 !7,056 --------------------1--------- Total. ...... ............... { • (419, 249) } 

1~,2ff'/,570 \ 53,913,986 0 70, 371, 4-lS 

·*Table No. 12 gives the amount received in each State from interest on funds and rent of lands. The total from taxation is 570,371.435, from iunds and rents, 

$6,580,632; total, S'/6,952,067. a From poll-tax. bState apportionment, which here probably includes the income of the State school fund for 1880, the State tax:, and so much of the ordi- nary State revenues as may be set apart for the purpose by the Legislature. cFrom county and district tax, fines, et{). d This amount raised for white schools. eThis includes rental of State railroad ($150,000). fin 1ff'/9. glncludes tax on billiards and dogs. hEstimated. iFrom township tax. jlncludes income from permanent fund. kState appropriation. lSpec1al for buildingpurposes. mTotal income as reported for 1880, the greater part of which comes from Territorial, 

county, and district taxes. nFrom county tax. o Includes Sl,750,630 reported as derived from taxation and given in the column of totals but not appea1·ing in the first two columns. 

XIX-47 .. 

--
·' 

738 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

TABLE 16.-0hanges in assessed 't,;oaluation <Jf prO]Jerty in Southern Slates, 1870-'80. .. . ·., 

Increase in population. 

St-ates. Assessed valu- Assessed valuation in 1870. ation in 1880. Increase. Decrease. 

White. Colored. Totn.l.a 

Virginia. ... : .. . . . . . ....... ......... .. ....... .. ....... ...... .. ........... ... .. .. ...... .. ... ............. $365, 439, 917 $308, 455, 135 .. . . .... ... .... .. .. .. $56, 984, 782 168,769 

168,504 

188, r12 

10!,438 

177,980 

118~775 287,402 

176,443 

328,389 

289,971 

358,071 

West Virginia. ......................................... ;.............................................. 140,538,273 139,622,705 ...... ........ ....... 915,56.8 7,900 

13!>,627 

188,5l8 

179,991 

North Carolina....................................................................................... 130, 378, 622 156,100, 202 . 721, 580 ................... .. 

South Carolina....................................................................................... 183, 913, 337 133, 560,135 .. ....... .... .. . .. . .. 50, 353. 2.02 

Georgia .................... ·.. ............... ......... ...... ... ........ ......... ....... ... .. ....... ...... 227, 219, 519 · 239, 472, 599 12, 253, 080 .................... . Florida .............. , .................................................... -.............................. 32,480,843 30, !l38, 309 ...... ............... l, 542,534 

!~~~ii.~:::::::~::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~: ~: ~~ }~: ~!~: ~ ::::::::::::~~::::: :: ~: ~1 

46,458 

140, 801 96 502 

ro:8s9 

G32,537 

229,416 

278,4fr7 

'202, 712 

33 001 1~593 

206,090 

ll9 445 139; 909 

81,745 

265,513 

803,675 

213,03l 

773,170 

318,054 

827,679 

283,839 

Texas ................................................................ - ..................... -............. 149,732,929 S?.JJ, 364,515 170,631,586 ................... .. Arkansas .. .... ..... .. .... . ...... ... .. ..... ..... ... .. . .. .......... ... ........ ..... .. ......... ....... ..... 94, 528, 843 SG, 409, 364 ...... ... ...... ...... 8, 119, 479 

Kentucky ............... ... ...... .... .. ... ...... ...... ...... .. . .. .... ............ ...... .. ............. 409, 544, 294 &'lO, 563, 971 .. .. ..... ... ... ..... . 58, 980, 323 

88,4.97 

49,241 Tennessee..................................................................... .................. ..... . 253, 782,161 2U, 778, 538 ........... ..... .. .. . 42, 003, 62a 80,820 

... 2:·573·;792,'iis · .. ·i .. 31o,· 923,· 269 ·j zos, 00:, ~~· jru~ 475, ooo 

a This total includes the white, colored, 685 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 2,527 civiiiz.ed Indians. b Net decrease. 

I also present in this connection some figures that ought to be put in 

tabulated form: 

Eapenditures in 1885-'86, as shown by last report of Commissioner of Education (1885-'86). 

Stat-es. PoJ>ulaI 

Expendition. tures. I 

i,467,384 $741,244 ~fs~~':si;;·:.:::·::::::::::::::.·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::: 1,563,423 3,645,160 

Arkansas ......................................................................... . 935,058 865,892 

Nebraska ......................................................................... . 740,&!5 2,350,869 

1,008, 951 450,030 

1,001,293 3,505, 931 

Louisiana. ......................................................................... . Califo1·nia. ....................................................................... . 

Florida ............................. : .............................................. .. 338,407 385,800 Vermont .......................................................................... . 833,155 599,515 

1, 694,809 711,S90 

1,766,239 4, 660,000 

Georgia ......................................................................... .. Iowa .............................................. ,. ............................... . 

1,801,831 700,890 

1, ~12,181 4,332, 968 Kentucky ........................................................................ . Michigan ......................................................................... . 

1,237,4~ 840,776 ,1, ll7, 798 2,371, 990 1\lississippi. ...................................................................... . lUinnesota ...................................................................... .. 

1,525,341 17l,liG 

1,284,809 3, 849,017 

North Carolina ................................................................ . Kansas ............................................................................ .. 

1,085, 789 425,903 

670,807 1, 791,666 

South Carolina .................................................. ..... ~ ....... .. Connecticut ................................................................... .. 

1, 723,996 1,047,223 

1, 942,141 7,151,075 Tennessee ....................................................................... .. Massachusetts ................................................................. . 

2,061,008 5,214,198 

2,027,895 2,166,633 

Indiana ............................. : ............................................... .. Texas ............................................................................... . 

Scltool ea::penditures 1885-'86 in foUowing States, hat-ing 1nore than 17,-

000,000 inhabitants and about one-t,'~ird the school population of tlte whole 

country. 

Alabama ................................. $741, 244 -Arkansas ........ ............ ...... ...... 866, 892 

Florida.................................... 385,000 

Georgia................................... 711, S90 Kentucky ................................ 700,790 

Loujsiana .... ..................... ...... . 450,030 

Mississippi .. .. .... .... ..... .. .. .. ..... .. 840, 776 North Carolina........................ 671, 116 

South Carolina............... ...... $i25, 903 Tennessee............................ 1, 0!7, 223 

~I:~~i~::::·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~ ~: ~~ West Virginia ...................... 1,036,874 

Total .............. , ............... ll, 4517, 574 

Total expenditure of whole country as sbown by last report of Commissioner of Education, $111,304,927. Total expenditure in thirteen 

States named, $11,497,574, or, for about one-third the children of school 

age, one-eleventh of the school expenditure. 

Ratio of attendance, 1885-' 86, to population between 6 and 14 yem·s, as slwwn 

• . by Report of Commissioner of Education. 

~W~i:;~~::~:::::::~:i::~:::·::~:~:·:·~~~~: ft: ~ I ~~tSE.~~:·:::::::::·::':::::::::::::~: ~:n California .................................... 79. 22 Colorado ...................................... 87.55 

~~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.~·.: ~~: ~~ 

~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:_::::::::: 5:ti 

1\fassach usetts .............................. 91. 01 

~ew Hampshire .......................... 88.10 New York .................................... 71.25 

Ohio ......... : ................................... 8L 05 

Oregon ......................................... 8L 07 

Pennsylvania .............................. 74. 66 Vermont ...................................... 85.59 

District of Columbia .................... 68.07 

Dakota ......................................... 80. 82 

I call now the attentionofthe Senator from Missouri [llfr. VEST] for 

a moment to some facts bearing upon what seemed to be the principal 

point in his address to the Senate a. few da,ys since, saving the constitutional question which he argued at great length and, it is proper to 

say, with great power. He seemed to draw the deduction that intelligence and crime ran together, and if any conclusion could be deduced 

from the tendencyofhis remarks and of his tables, it was to the effect 

that intelligence was the source of crime, while ignorance appeared to 

be the source of virtue. --

I have here some facts embodied in an 3.(ldress by CoL Dexter A. Hawkins, of New York City, and declared by him to be extracted from 

various authorities, and the substance boiled down in this statement, 

which is as follows: 

In France, in 1868, one-half of the inhabitants could not read nor write. From this half came 95 per cent. of the persons arrested for crime. From the other, 

the educated half, came only 5I>Cr cent. In other words, a given number ot children; suffered to grow up illiterate, produced nineteen times as many per- sons arrested for crim.e as the same number wou1d if educated, at least to the ex- tent of the elementary branches. In the Grand Duchy.of Baden, from 1854 to lSfil-seven years-the govern- ment, by a rigorous system of universal compulsory elementary education, re- duced the number of prisoners actually arrested 51 percent., and the number of 

crimes committed 54 per cent. In the six New England States, in 1870, 7 per cent. only of the inhabitants above teo years of age were unable to read and write; and yet this 7 per cent. produced 80 per cent. of the criminals. Or, in other words, a given number of children in New England at that time suffered to grow up illiterate produced fifty-three 

tiJ:nes as many criminals as the same number would if educated to the extent of 

the curriculum of the public schools. This fact is a complete vindication of the 

moral effect of the New England system of public education, Cardinal Antonelli to the contrary notwithstanding. In the State of New York, in ll:lSO, the illiterates produced eight t.i mes their pro rata proporMonofthe criminals in that State; thatis,agiven number of children 

brought up illiterate on the average produced eight times as many criminals as the same children would have produced if educated to the extent of the curricu- lum of the public schools. In the city of New York, in 18i0, among the illiterates, one crime was commitfed for every 3 persons; while among the literates there was only one crime to every 27 persons. Or, in other words, the ignorant class in that city furnishes 

nine times the criminals they would if educated in the public schools. Iu the Commonwealth of Pem1sylyania, in 1870, the illiterates, according to their numbers, committed seven times as many crimes as the literute class. 

Iu Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, taken together, the illit-erates committed ten times as many crimes, according to their numbers, as the literate class. 

Take the whole of the United States together, according to the census of 1870, 

the illiterates committed ten times their pro rata proportion of crimes. Iu Pennsylvania, in the years 1879 and 1880, one-thirtieth of the population 

above ten years of age could neither read nor write, and this one-thirtieth com- mitted one-sixth part of the crimes, or nearly six: times its proper proportion. But if we class with the illiterates the criminals who could barely read and 

write, but who had no education beyond bare reading and writing:, 1t will then appear that the one-thirtieth of the population of Penosy lvania th~ is illiterate 

commits one-third of the crime, or more than fourteen times its legitimate pl'o- portion. 

A careful examination of the statistics of twent-y Sta.tes shows the following average results: 

First. That one-sixth of all the crime in the country is committed by persons wholly illit~rate. 

Second. That one...f.hird of the crime in the count.ry is committed by persons wholly or substantially illite1·ate. · Third. That the proportion of criminals among the illiterate class is, on the average, ten tiihes as great as it is among those who have been instructed in the 

elements of a common-school education or beyond. Fourth. That the expense imposed upon society to protect itself against a few 

thousand criminals, most of whom were made such through the neglect of so- ciety to take care of their education when young, is one of the heayiest of the 

public burdens. In the city of New York it is 50 per cent. more than the whole cost of the public schools. In that city the annual appropriation for p<>lice, criminal courts, reform a tol'ies, ~ails, and penitentiaries is over five millions of dollat-s; while that for the train- mg of the 385,()00 school children in the city is only ~500,<XX>. 

The average attendanc~ at the schools in 1880 was 138,3'19. The "compulsory school age "-that is, the age within which all children are required by law in the State of New York to attend school-is e1ght to fourteen ye..'l.rs. The num- ber of children of this age in the city of Kew York in June, 1880, was 144,474; while the average attendance on the public sch-ools of children of all ages from 

five to twenty-one in that year in the city was only 133,096. As a logical conse· quence of this neglect of education the c.ity jails and almshou~es are crammed 

and taxes are high. 

/ 
• 

\ 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 739 

The city. in its meager provision for edueation, and its enormous taxation for criminals (to use an old but expressive adage) •• saves at the spigot but loses at the bung." 

Wbat is true of the metropolis of t)le country is equally true of every city, 

town, village, and neighborhood. 

'.fhese facts could be multiplied almost without limit. Tbe examination of the statistics of criminality and illiteracy in tne <lens us of any civilized state or country will give results substantially in harmony with the above. 

Carlyle Sa.ys: "If the devil were passing through my country, and he applied to me for in- struction on any truth or fact of this universe, I should wish to give it to him. He is less a devil knowing that three and three are six than if he didn't know 

it; n. light spark, though of the faintest, is in this fact; if he knew fn.cts enough, continuous light would dawn on him; he would (to his amazement) understand what this universe is, on what principles it conducts itself, and would cease to be a devil." 

And in this line I wish to state deductions from the census and also 

from the inquiries of economists in other lands bearing on the relative 

value of educated and uneducated labor-educated, I mean to say, in 

the common rudiments of learning, such as we give to our common people in our common schools. I take this from an address by the Commissioner of Education: 

It should be remembered, in addition to the short period in which schools are already taught in the South, that there are 2,702,835 children of age not enrolled for instruction. Take another comparison: Cl}arleston, S. 0., now levies a tax 

of 3 mills on a dollar; but to furnish the children of that State a fair approach to the instruction given those in Massachusetts would require a tax on the prop- erty of the State of nearly 3 cents on the dollar. This the friends of education in Massachusetts or any other State would hesitate to propose in their own case. 

* * I mus~ not pause to elaborate these poin't.s, but supposing (1) that the labor of an illiterate is increased in value 25 per cent. by teaching him to read and write, 50 per cent. by fairly educating him, and 75 per cent. by giving him a thorough 

training; an1l (2) that the average value of the labor of illiterares is the same as the average wages paid employes in manufactories, then the following compu- tations give sound conclusions : By the census of 1880, the number of persons of twenty-one years and upward in the Southern States who were unable to write was 2,984,387. If75 per cent.. of them should be taught to read and write, it would increase the value of the labor of 2,238,290 persons 25 per cent. The present value of their labor is, .approximately, $248 a year each. The increase of value would be $62 a year per capita, a total of $138,773,980. If 15 per cent. of the illiterates should be fairly educated, it would increase the value of the labor of 44.7,658 persons 50 per cent., or from $248 to $372 a year each. The total of this annual increase would be $)5,509,592. 

If the remaining IO per cent. of illiterates should have the value of their labor increased 75 per cent. by being thoroughly trained, the industrial value of 298 4:39 persons would be raised from $9.AS to $434 a year each, a total of $55,509,654. 'By 

adding the three totals just given, it is seen that the increase which would come to the industrial value of illiterates· in the Southern States would be, were they educated as indicated, $20..,727,2!!0 a year. 

l't1any times the amount that it is _proposed in this bill to appropriate 

to education during the full course of eight years. The difficulty with 

the calculation of the Senator from Missouri was that he instituted a 

comparison, not between the, illiterate classes in any given community, 

but upon such data as he had, whather reliable or unreliable; he instituted a comparison between illiterates in one section of country, in rural 

districts, with other parts of the country thickly populated, where the 

people were of a different ra.ce, different habits, different training residing largely in large cities and 'thereby subject to many tempta~ns. There is also to be considered that much of his unfavorable comparison 

resulted from the fact that where the larger number of arrests were 

made there was a more stringent effort at the execution of the laws. 

The comparison, in order to be fair at all, must be between the literates and illiterates, members of the same community. It was by instituting the comparison in this way that the astounding results which 

I have stated to the Senate were reached. 

I wish to call attention now to what is shown by one of the tables 

which I have submitted. In the Southern States proper, in order to 

furnish a school three months in length to all the children throughout 

those States, it is necessary to have aid in the construction of what 

may be termed the educational plant alone. The building of the nec-

~ssary houses and the f~rnishing of the necessary apparatus, and givmg the necessary education of not over two or three years' trainina to 

teachers in normal schools, requires at least an expenditure of tru;tysix millions ... That amount will be necessary in order to bring the 

average condttion of the means of education throughout the Southern 

~tates up to anything like an inferior comparison with what they are 

m the Northern States; and I have already shown that even in the 

North illiteracy is overgrown, and in many cases it is more than overgrown, in comparison witl;l the progress of common-.school ~ducation. 

The tables I have submitted also showthecomparativeabili.tv ofthe 

two sectio~ of the country to endure taxation, and I respectfully call 

the attention of the Senate to a careful examination of these tables. 

I wish here to read a short extract from the report of the superintendent of schoolB of the State of New York. I read the other day 

something from a recent message of the governor of the State of Connecticut. · ThU! is the latest report from New York that is bound so 

far as. I know. There is anothex report made to the Legislature by the 

supenntenden~ ·or the State. of New York. This is the report of last 

year; but I Wlll say that from the newspaper abstract of the report of 

the present y~ar the facts stated ~ the report of the preceding year are agam ~mphas1zed as not only bemg true, but as being unquestioned. 

'l'he State of New York has one of the best school systems to be found 

anywhere in the country, with an enormous fund and a wealthy people, 

•. 

giving with great willingness, as a general rnle, the necessary taxation 

for the support of schools. He says: 

From the data in our possession it; seems that 59 per cent. of the school popu- lation attended the public schools at some time during the year. 

That was the year 1886, this being the report of 1887. The report is 

dated January 4, 1887. 

In 1880 it was 62 per cent., and in 1870 it was 69 per cent. 

So that from 1870 to 1880 the proportion of the school population who 

attended school at all decreased from 69 to 62 pex cent., and from 1880 

to 1886 it fell off from 62 to 59 per cent. 

The average attendance, taking the entire year together, was 36 per cent. of the children of school age; in 1&s0 it was 35 per cent., and iu 1870,32 per cent. The average time each child attended school during the last year was twenty- two and one-tenth weeks; iu 1880, it was twenty and four-tenth weeks; and in 1870, it was seventeen and six-tenths weeks. From these figures, it is apparent that while the children who do attend the schools come with greater regularity than formerly, still the whole number who attend the schools for some period of the year, in proportion to the whole number of school age, has been growing smaller since 1870, notwithstanding the "compulsory education act" enaeted in 1874. 

The figures showing the percentage of school population which aetually at.. 

tends the schools will be misleading, and indicate the non-attending class to be la1:ger than it really is, unless it be borne in mind that the private schools and academies are not taken into account, and that the "school age" is made to cover a period commencing before most children are sent to school and extend ing several years beyond the time wheu most have commenced work. The number in the public schools and the private schools and academies at some time during the year was 68 per cent. of the school population. It is believed that these figures a1·e reliable with perhaps this exception. There has been no census since 1880, and the number of children of "school age " reported since that time bas, undoubtedly, in some cases, been- estimated. The estimates can not, however, be far out of the way. Again, H would be strange if many of the private schools had not failed of being reported by loc..<tl school officers. 

It then suggests some further legislation by the State. 

The Senator from Vermont [l'II.r. EDMUNDS] desires a short execu 

tive session, and I give way to him to make a motion for that purpose. 

EXECUTIVE SESSIO:N. 

J'lir. EDMUNDS. It is highly necessary for the public interest that 

there should be a brief executive session, not with a view of the Senate 

adjourning afterwards, but a very brief executive session; and I ac- cordingly move it. 

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. PUGH in the chair). The Senator from Vermont moves that the Senate proceed to the consider-ation 

of executive business. 

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the considera 

tion o~ executive business. After ten minutes spe11t in executive session 

the doors were reopened. 

AID TO COMMOY SCHOOLS. 

The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the consideration 

of the bill (S. 371) to aid in the establishment and temporary support 

of common schools, the pending question being on the amendment of 

Mr. PLUMB. 

Mr. BLAIR. I will say to the Senator from Massachusetts · [Mr. 

HOAR], who was not present when it was referred to awhile ago, that 

the rate of taxation in the city of Charleston is 3.10 mills on the dollar , 

for school purposes, while in the city of Boston it is 1. 54 mills for school 

purposes. · 

M:r. HOAR. The Senator said the other day ~'for all purposes.'' 

?!Ir, BLAIR. For all purpo es the ta.xation in the city of Charleston is 3.10 cents on the dollar, while in Boston it is 1.24 cents; that is 

to say, it is 1t per cent. in Boston and it is 3.10 per cent. in Charleston, 

being very much higher for both school and general purposes in the 

latter than the former. 

I have here a table in which the States of the country are arranged 

in gmg.ps. TheN ew England States have an average valuation per capita of $661. The Southern States have al! average valuation per capita 

of $155. The Western States have an average valuation per capita of 

$334; the Middle States of $473; the Territories of $211; while the 

average valuation of the entire countryisS327 fo.rpurposes oftaxation. 

The tabl-e is .as follows: 

TABLE 15.-Skowing assessed valuation of real and personal property; 

total population by States, groups, and grand total; also a'l:erage valMtion 

per capita for t:he several States and groups. 

Total assessed Total ·valuation. population. States. 

NEW ENGLAZ."D STATES. 

Maine~ ...................... _................................ $235,978,716 648,936 $363 Kew Hampshire ........•....................•... ~······ 154,755,181 346,991 474 Vermont .................................... :-................ 86,806,775 3o"2,2S6 261 

rh~recr~!~~~.::::::::::~:::·:::.::::::·.:·.:::::: ::::::::::: 1

' ~~t ~: ~ l, ~~:~~ ~ Connecticut ........................................... _.... 3Zl, 177,385 622, 700 525 

-------------1-----------:---- Totals for the group ....... _................ 2,652,011,532 1 4,010,5291 661 

. . • SOUTHERN STATES. 

Vugtma .....................................................• West Virginia ..........................•.................. 308, 4.55,1351 1, 512, 5551 203 139.622, 705 618, 457 225 

l ' 
740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

TABLE 15.-Showi?lg assessed valuation of ·real and personal property, 

totals, etc.-Continued. 

Stat~s. 

SOUTHERN STATES-continued, 

North Carolina ........................................... . South Carolina .......................................... . Georgia ................. ..................................... : Florida ..................................................... .. Alabama. .................................................... . 

~~~~~i~:::::::::·::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::· :::::::: Texas ......................................................... . Arkansas .................................... ............. : .. . Kentucky ................................................. . Tennessee .................................................. . 

Totals for the group ....................... .. 

WESTERN STATES. 

Ohio .......................................................... .. Indiana .................................................... .. IHinois ....................................................... . 

~\~~~~::::::·.::·.·::.::::·.·.·.·.·:.::::·.·::.:::::::·::::: ::::::: Iowa ...... ................................................... .. Minnesota ...................... ........................... .. Missouri .................................................... . Kansas ................................................ · .... .. Nebra.ska ................................................. .. Colorado ................................................... .. Nevada ..................................................... .. Oreg-on ...................................................... .. California ................................................. .. 

Totals for the group ........................ .. 

JIUDDLE STATES. New York ................................................ .. New Jersey ............................................... . Pennsy lvania ............................................ . Delaware .................................................. . :1\Iaryland .................................................. .. District of Co~umbia, ................................ .. 

Totals for the group ........................ .. 

TERRITORIES, 

Arizona ..................................................... . Dakota .......................................... ............ .. Idaho ........................................................ . 1\:Iontana .................................................... . New~:Ie:ri.co .............................. ................ . Utah ...... ................................................... .. Washington ............................................... . Wyoming ................................................. .. 

Totals for the group ......................... . 

Grand totals .................................... .. 

Total assessed 

valuation. 

$156, 100, 202 

133,560,1~ 

239,472,5 

30,938,309 

122, 867' 228 110, 628, 129 

161, 162, 439 320, 364, 515 

86,409,364 

350, 563,971 

211, 778, 538 

2, 370, 923, 266 

Total 

population. 

1,399, 750 995,577 

1,542,180 

269,493 

1,262,505 

1,131,597 

939,946 

1,591, 749 

802,525 

1,648, 690 1,542, 359 

15,257,393 

111 

134 

15.'l 

114 

97 

97 

170 

201 

107 

218 

137 

155 

1===========1=========1==== 

1, 534, 360, 508 3,198, 062 479 727, 815,131 1, 978,301 367 786, 616, 394 3,077,871 ·255 517, 666,359 1,636, 937 3J6 438, 971, 751 l,315,497 333 398, 671, 251 1,624, 615 245 258, 028, 687 780,773 330 532, 795, 801 2,168, 380 245 160, 1<91, 689 996,096 161 90,585,782 452,402 200 74, 471,693 194,327 372 29,291,459 62,266 469 52,522,084 174,768 300 

584., 578, 036 864,694 676 

------------~-----·--- ----- 6, 187,266,625 18,524, 989 334 

I==== 

2, 651, 940,006 5, 082,871 521 512, 518, 361 1,131,116 506 1, 683, 459,016 4,282,891 S93 59, 951,643 146, 608 409 

497' 307' 675 934,943 531 99,401,787 177,624 559 1------------- ------- 5, 564, 578, 488 11,756,053 473 

9,270,214 40,440 226 20,321,530 135, 177 150 6,444,876 32,610 197 18,609,802 39,159 475 11,363,406 119,565 95 24,775,279 143,963 172 23, 810,693 75,116 316 13,621,829 20,789 655 

------------- -------~- -----

128, 213, 629 606,819 211 

16, 902, 993, 543 I 50,155,783 337 

1==========:========1=== 

It will be seen that the Southern Staw, with reference to the entire 

country, including themselves, have a capacity to bear taxation which 

is represented by the relation of 155 to 327, and by examining the -statement which I have submitted, their capacity to bear taxation as compared with other secbions of the Union can be easily ascertained. 

I have stated that to give a good school of three months' length in the 

Southern States to all the children requires an expenditure for schoolhouses, and for the qualification of teaehers, and the furnishing of the 

necessary apparatus of upwards of$36,000,000. That amount would 

be necessary to bring them to the point of offering facilities to be educated to meet all the children of school age. Ofcoursethat item isalready supplied at theN orth, and taxation at theN orth is largely applied 

to the running expenses of the schools themselves. 

If $15,000,000, which is the highest sum that under the provisions 

of this bill is to be distributed in any one year--more than twice the sum which is to be distributed the :first year-if $15,000,000 are divided upon the basis of illiteracy, the individual child will receive for 

his education--in California, $15.12; in Colorado, $14.34; in Connecticut, $10.71; in Nevada, $14.40; in New Hampshire, $10.07; in Rhode 

Island, $11.36; in the District of Columbia, $13.61; and in Massachusetts, $19.21; while in Alabama, a.fter this division is made, mind 

y6u, more than twice what they get the :first year, added to their 

own, 'fhat is already raised--in Alabama the individual child will receive $3.64; in Arkansas, $3.13; in Florida, $3.75; in Georgia, $4.30; 

in Kentucky, $3.67; in Louisiana, $4.96; in Mississippi, $4.90; in Virginia, $3.94; in West Virginia, $4.31; in North Carolina, $3.26, and in 

South Carolina, $5. 05. . Since the census there has been in some States and some localities an increase of taxation, so that these amounts will be in some localities 

decreased. The extension of the school system to all parts of the 

States is not so apparent, but the increase in any event would be but 

slight, and as compared with the present expenditure it will be noted· 

that this is a division of $15,000,000, the calculation for which .is given, 

so that actually the increase next year, if this fund should be made 

available in these States, would not be sufficient to bring them up, even with their present contribution, to ,the amount which is stated 

in what I have read to the Senate. 

I have already placed in the possession of the Senate some recent 

statements from the State of Virginia. Since I did so I have received 

from Mr. YosT, a member of the other House from Virginia, some ad- .ditionalletters from school authorities, which I will read to the Senate. 

I look upon these as of special value, because they are from men whose 

official duty compels them to know, or in fact makes it unavoidable 

that they should know, the actual condition of the schools within their 

jurisdiction; and there is no reason to doubt that what they say is 

fairly applicable to the entire State. · 

I read first a letter from William C. Corson, county superintendent 

of the public schools of Cumberland County, Virginia, dated January 

16, 1888, addressed to Ron . .J. YosT, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. He says: 

DEAR SiR: Your communication of the 5th January to hand. With much 

pleasure I now proceed to answer the interrogatories therein contained in ref- erence to t-he public schools of my county. 

First. Total school population, according to the census of 1880, 4,121; white, 

1,053; colored, 3,068. 

Second. Total enrollment, session of 1886-'87, 1,889; white, 685; colored, 1,204. 

Third. Total average daily attendance, 1051; whit-e, 456; colored, 595. 

Fourth. Length of school session, 5.02 months. 

Fifth. Cost per pupil enrolled, $4.68 per session. 

Sixth. Cost per pupil in average attendance , $8.4 L per session. 

Thus it will be seen that out of a total school population as far ba-ck 

as 1880--and during the six years this sortofpopulation has undoubtedly rapidly increased--out of what was then a total of 4,121 there were 1,889 enrolled, which is less than one-half, and 685 whites, a little more 

than half the whites, and 1,204 colored, which is much less than half 

the colored population that should be attending school, while the aver- age daily attendance is 1,000 as compared with the 4,000 who should attend the schools. Mr. Corson goes on: 

Seventh. The condition of school-houses. 

I call the attention of the Senate to this matter especially, as there 

seems to be an inclination to consider this expendi tlire wholly with refer- ence to the necessity of the tuition of the child, the payment of the 

teacher. The money, with the exception of the $2,000,000 which goes 

to assist in the construction of school-houses in sparsely -settled localities, 

among poor populations, is to be expended in the actual running of the 

schools, so that the local taxation which is now available for teachers 

and school-houses, and the like, must hereafter, if school-houses are to 

be provided, be very much more largely expended in the direction of 

providing the plant. That has got to be done from some source, and 

it is believed a much smaller amount would be expended hereafter from 

the local taxation for the payment of teachers. 

Seventh. Condition of school-houses: About one-half of our school-houses are comfortable and well furnished; the others, cheap log buildings, poorly 

lighted, and in every way unsuited for the purpose. We greatly need more and 

better houses, but are unable to build with our present means. Eighth. Salaries of teachers : Teachers are paid from $20 to 130, according to 

the grade of superintendent's certificates held by the teacher. It is difficult to secur-e competent,. efficient teachers for t-he meager pay we can offer. The short 

five months' session I regard the most objectionable feature of our public-school 

system. Ninth. Improv.ements demanded: More and better school-houses, with good 

furniture, longer sessions, an increase of teachers' pay, and means to furnish indigent pupils with text-books. The Blair bill would give us the money t-o rem- edy all these defects and enable us to make our public schools what they should be-the pride and glory of our land. I rejoice to know that you are among the friends of the bill, and you may rest assured that your constituents 

in this county will, to a man, help to hold up your hands whilst battling to gain thio; great boon for your State and your country. The public schools are the only 

hope for the ed ucatiou of the children of the people, and an earnest zeal in behalf 

of this great cause is, to my mind, the strongest evidence of true patriotism. Virginia. is doing all she can to educate her children, but it would require double 

the amount annually appropriated to meet the pressing needs of her public 

schools. A very small per cent. of our w bite people are able to educate their children in 

private schools, and such schools are entirely out of the question among the 

colored race. The education of the negroes is greatly retarded on account of the extreme poverty of this race; the parents are too poor to buy the necessary text- books for their; children. Often in ·visiting the colored schools I .find from three to half a. dozen pupils trying to prepare their lessons from one book. The public 

funds are so limited that the district boards do not feel warranted to expenc1 more than a few dollars each year to furnish books to indigent pupils. The name of every member of the Fiftieth Congress who works and votes for the 

Blair educational bill will be honored in Virginia and his memory will be cherished and revered to the latest generations. Allow me to thank you in behalf of 

the people~ Cumberland for the interest which you manifest in the cause of 

public education. 

Very respectfully, WM. C. COR.SON. 

That is addressed to Mr. YosT, a member of the other House. 1\:f.r. 

YosT has also furnished me the following letter, sjgned by C. T. Jordan, 

superintendent of schools for Augusta County, Virginia: 

STAUNTON, VA., Janua;y 13, 1888. 

DEAR Sm: Owing to my absence your fa vor of 5th instant has just been rece~i~~t. a~gers~~~~lnp~p~~~~I~n of Augusta County is 10,947. 

Second. The enrollment for 1886-'87 was 7,149. 

Third. The average daily attendance was 4,629. 

Fourth. Length of session, five months. 

Fifth. The cost of tuition per pupil enrolled was 79 cents. Sixth. The cost of tuition per pupil, in daily average attendance was $1.20. 

Seventh. The school-houses are in a fairly good condition, butareinmostcasea 
.... 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 741 

destitute of good blackboards, wall maps, globes, and other aids to teaching as are needful to secure the best results with the least cost. Eighth. Average salaries: White males, $27.79 per month; whit-e females, 

$26.30; colored males, $25.44; colored females, $24.70. 

Ninth. We need trained teachers, skilled teachers. Skilled labor is always 

expensive; it has a high value; to secure these trained teachers we must offer such compensation as will enable them to qualify themselves for the work. We can never have professional teachers until we.can pay salaries large enough to induce professiom.l teachers to teach in our public schools. 

It will be seen that at an average they get only five months' work, 

and that at these low rates per month there is no encouragement for 

any intelligent person to engage in teaching. Mr. Jordan proceeds: 

Hence the first thing we need is more money. It should be borne in mind that our public schools have superseded a great many good private schools, and unless as good instruction is given in. the public schools as was given in these private schools, the adoption of the public-sch~olsyste~ will be a great sin .. The efficiency of our present system of public educatiOn could be greatly mcrea.sed by paying the district trustees an amount equivalent to the work re- quired of them. At present they receive no pay; consequently much important work is neglected by them. 

What we need is money. We have the material; we can utilize it if we can pay a reasonable sum to get what we must have to do good work. I have written hastily, but will be glad to give you any further information when called upon. With kind regards, I am, very respectfully, etc., 

Hon. JACOB YosT, 1\I. C., 

WashingtOn, D. C. 

C. T. JORDAN, 

Superintendent Schools, Augusta County. 

Another superintendent, G. E. McCarkle, superintendent of Alle-

• ghany County, writes: ALLEGHANY COUNTY, VIRGHiiA. 

School population: White, 2,153; colored, 602; total, 2,755. 

Enrollment: White, 1,234; colored, 247; total, 1,-181. 

Average daily attendance: White, 864; colored, 140; total, 1,001. 

Average length of session, 4.97 months. · Cost per pupil enrolled: White, 82 cents; colored, 63 cents. Cost per pupil in average daily attendance: White, 62 cents; colored, 53 cents. Average salaries of teachers: Male, $27.37; female, $26.07. 

Condition of school-houses: Very bad and no money to improve them. Our school system is in a very bad condition and is very unpopular, all because we have not the funds to improve it. 

I have a statement from G. E. Caskie, superintendent of public 

schools for Nelson County, Virginia, addressed to Mr. YosT. Mr. Caskie writes as follows: 

LOVINGSTON, VA., January 9,1888. 

SIR: Yours of the 5th instant received. In a~swering the interrogatories therein propounded I will use the figures shown by my annual report for the school year ending July 31,1887. I do this because I suppose it would be fairer than to take any one month of the present session as the basis of my answers. First '£he school population of this county is, according to the last census, 1885: White.3,594; colored,3,185; total, 6,779. Second. The enrollruent for last session WM: White, 2,151; colored, 1,600; total. 

3,811. 

'£bird. The avera~c daily attenda nce during the same period was: Whites, 1,157; colored, ';"04; total, l.861. 

Fourth. The le ngth of the school session is five months. There aJ:e three schools in the county which 1·un six months; all the others run only five months, 

except such as are closed sooner because of failure to make the required aver- age, or some reason of that sort. The average last year was just five months. Fifth. The cost of the whole system· (including all expenses-my salary and everything) last year was 59 cents per month pe r pupil enrolled, or $2.95 for the session per pupil enrolled. · Sixth. The cost for last session, including everything, was 81.21 per month per pupil in average daily attendance, or $6.05 for the session per pupil enrolled. 

Seventh. There are now in this county ninety schools, of which about twentyfive houses belong to the school board; the residue are cabins, log houses, etc., 

which the people let us bo.ve. Of the twenty-five which we own, about eight a1·e good houses; the others are mostly log, about two-thirds of which are hewed 

logs and the others just built of round poles. Of those furnished by the patrons abont the same proportion of hewed and round log buildings exists. With the exception of the eight mentioned above, all of these houses are in bad repair, some much more so than others. Some are hardly fit to be occupied at all. L ast year I was forced to condemn some, and if I did my duty I would condemn others now. Some of them h>~.ve board roofs, held on with logs or rocks; some others have sliding windows-i.e., plank windows without any glass-and when you open the window to let in the light you leave a hole. In many of these houses the chinking is knocked out and the teacher has to daub it up with mud as best he can. I think I may safely sa.y that all the furniture we have, including desks, 

benches, tables, chairs, etc., for the ninety schools, is not worth over $:10. The befiches usually, in fact with very few exceptions, have no backs, and in many instances are made by splitting a log in two and boring holes in which legs are put, thUB making two benches. With the exception of a very few schools, a few of these benches, a small blackboard, and a plank nailed to the side of a house for a writing desk, constitute the fui·nitm·e. There is not a map, globe, -chart, or anything of that sort in a single school in the county. . Eighth. Our teachers are paid according to the grade of certificate they hold- first grade, $30 per r.nonth; second grade, $25; third grade, $20. The average salary last year was$23.74. Owing to the lack of funds, the trustees often prefer a third to a first grade teacher, because they are cheaper. Of course, this injures the schools very much. 

Ninth. To cover the county and provide school facilities to all of the people we need about fifteen or sixteen more schools. The country is so broken and mountainous that it requires a larger number of schools than if it were more level. Our aim now is to so locate the schools that no person will be over 2 miles from a school. Yet in many cases they are 3 miles, and in some in- stances 3t or 4 miles. In bad weather these latter persons are practically de- barred of all school privileges, and irregular attendance makes the school but little benefit to the scholar, and the scholar a disadvantage to the school. We need hoUBes fearfully, and where we have them we need to repair them. We need school apparatUB, maps, globes, charts, etc. We should run the schools for at least two months longer each year, and in the small towns and villages, 

where the children are not compelled to work, the schools should be run for nine months. 

Owing to scacrity of funds we are unable to pay the school trustees any salary. · Hence they can not give the time ahd attention io the duties of their office which are necessai·y for the proper performance ofth~se duties; and of course the 

county superintendent-s are badly paid. They should be able to give their whole t-ime to the schools. 

Hoping that your efforts in behalf of the "Blair bill" may be successful, 

I remain, yours respectfully, - · G. E. CASKIE. 

. Hon. J. YosT, Wa.shinglon, D. C. 

I turn now to a communication I have just received from the State of 

Tennessee, a letter. from Col. William J. Sykes, under date of January 

15, 1888, addressed to myself. He says: 

MEMPHIS, TENN"., January 15,1888. 

DEAR SIR: I send you my speech on Federal aid. I have taken ~reat inter- est in this question, although I am no school teacher, no~ school director, n<?r school superintendent. I have no children nor grand-children to go to public 

schools. I sent for tb e pamphlet issued bY: theN ew York ~vening ~ost on'' T~e 

bill to promote mendicancy." It is anythmg but conclusive, ~nd lB very easi!Y answered. I intend to write them a private letter on the subJect. Federal a1d is essential if we ever wish an efficient system of public schools in the Southern States. I consider you one of t.he best friends the Southern States have. I wish you would letmeknowwheretheChristian Union, to.which the Even- ing Post so often alludes, is published, and where Mr. 1\Iay~ hve~. ·whenever the subject is fully discussed in the Southern States the people With?ut regar~ 

to party will be in favor of it-. I have writt~n a letter to.the Nashville ~merican showing that we never can have an ~fficient sys~~ m T~nnesse~ Without Federal aid. If it comes before I send this letter, I will mclose1t. I wlll be glad to hear from you. Yours, truly, Wl\l . .J. SYKES, 

19 West Cou1-t Street, Memphis, Tenn. 

I pr~me the Senator from Tennessee [1\fr. HARRIS] knows ~. Sykes well, and that he is a responsible gentleman. At all e~ents hiS 

address which he sends to me, indicates that. The address 1s on the 

subject'of ''Federal aid to education, its constitutionality, its justice, 

and its necessity.". It was delivered August 9, 1886. He goes over the question from the standpoint of a Democrat. He says: 

I am for it because it is Democratic. The national conv~ntion wh!ch noiD:- inated Grover Cleveland for President and ThomasA. Hendnc.ks for VIce-Presi- dent adopted as a part of its platform the following : ~ 

"We favor the diffusion of free education by common schools, so that every child in the land may be taught the rights and duties of citizenship." This must have referred to national aid to education. The Federal Govern- ment has nothing to do with purely local mattersHow true that is! We hear that corroborated every day in the Senate-:-

and a national convention would not say anything in reference t.o them. The great body of our laws are purely local, therefore the national convention ~ad 

nothino- to say about these laws, because the .Federal Government had nothmg to do ;ith them. The fact that the national convention did speak out on this question showed that they considered it a national question. Whether the States as States should encourage education-,publ!c-school ed~cation-ifi~ had been merely a local question, could not have be~~ mterfered w1tl;t by~natiOn!!-1 

convention which look-ed only to matters reqmrmg Federal legislation. This is conclusiv'e as to the Democratic party in convention assembled. 

I am glad that the Senator from Missouri (Mr. VEST] is here to catch 

the idea of his Democratic friend from Tennessee. He goes on: 

NO FEDERAL CONTROL. 

It is sometimes said we should not permit the Federal Government to control our State schools. To this I agree in the fullest manner and to the largest ex- tent. But aiding our State schools and permitting us to control them in every particular is anything but control of our State schools. 

He goes on to discuss the subject fully and cites some authorities. 

He seems to appreciate the efforts made by Northern Senators. He 

says: · 

I am glad that so many Northern Senators have been libe.ral and wise enough to adopt the basis of illiteracy for the distribution of this fund. lllitera.cy is not only injurious to the State in which it exists, but it is injurious to the country as a whole and well did Mr. Jefterson characterize education as one of '.'the great foundations of prosperity and union." Let us be ~ully agreed upon the principle of national aid to education, and then the details of the measure can be arranged with satisfaction to all parts of the Union. 

I can not, of course, introduce much of this address, but there are some other points in it which I should like to notice. I will read an- other short extract from the same address upon the inefficiency of our 

present system. Mr. Sykes says: 

Our present public-school syst.em is a failure, no~wit~~anding the 'earnest, 

energetic efforts that have been put forth to render It e:ffiCJent. Only 192,463 of: our scholastic population, which is 609,028, are in daily attendance upon the 10chools and only 373,877 enrolled pupils. There are only 25,569 enrolled pupils at priv~te schools and 20 503 in daily attendance. Wherever funds are sufficient more children ar~ in sch~ol. In Obion County 7,563 out of 10,450 are enrolled, and in Williamson County only 5,200 are enrolled out of a. scho_la~tic population of 10,200. Obion County has a school ftmd of $26,477.50, and \Vill1amson County a school fund of $20,382.63. 

'Vith the money we would get under the educational bill we could establish more industrial colleges, where all kinds of indUBtry.could be taught, and we could so improve our free-school system ~s to make it efficien.t. . Every species of labor and of mechamcal employment _might be taught In these industrial schools. Young men and young women m1ght leave them pre- pared to make an honest living by labor. Labor would be rendered in the high- est degree honorable, and all would b~ taught to re:>pect not:only the l_abor but the laborer. Stat-istics show that wherever there IS the most educatiOn there labor is the most profitable as well as the most honored. Educatio~-~rofitable, 

'"aluable education-is now not confined to boys, but extends to their sisters, un- til now they are becoming self-sustaining and independent. A glorious con- summation! 

You can not reasonably expect much i~migration into Tennessee until you establish and sustain good public schools, since laboring people, who constit-ute our most valuable immigrants. will not go into any State where there are not good public schools. These you ca:n not get without Federal aid; th~refore it is essential to the development and Improvement of the State. If th1s measure should be defeated and the people deprived of good public schools, they will hold the men who defeat it responsible, and fearful will be the responsibility. 

From the State of Kentucky I have received several communications 
742 CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-SENATE. J.ANU~Y 26, 

which I will read. The first is a communication from the president of 

the Teachers' Association of the State, R. w.· Roark, and is as follows: 

GLASGOW, KY., December 28, 1887. 

DEAR SIR: I want to help by setting forth a few facts' which possibly may be of some value. I find t.h em true not only of Kentucky, but of many of the other Southe1n States. - . • 

It will be borne in mind that this is a communication from the presiding officer of the State Association of Teachers for the State of Kentucky. It is hardly possible that there could be a communication from 

higher authority upon this subject. He proceeds: 

First, then, the large towns and cities in Kentucky illustrate what might be in the countTy distriots-i. e., the establishment of good graded schools, with good buildings, furniture, and well-paid teachers, is strongly opposed; but when once established these schools receive a warmer support than in the North. The people are always ready to tax themselves to support them. 

He says that before the schools are established the people strongly 

oppose them, and after they are established _they are always ~eady to 

support them, even more so than the people of the North. I read this 

because it is applicable from his observations to the other parts of the 

South. He proceeds: 

In the light of ·this fact let us look at two points : F:irst1 conditions of education in Kentucky; second, needs (or ne.ed) of edu- catwn m Kentucky. 

First, conditions: 1. Tea.che1·s. Teaching does not offer money enough to tempt competent men and women; therefore tlhe work falls largely into the hands of inefficient boys and girls who want to make a little " spending money." Such teachers- and the older ones who 1ue in the work-consequently- teach for the small amount of money involved, and for that only. They must, then, make out a living by doing something else at least half the time. There is very little pro- fessional spirit, of course, manifested by such a body. The teacher.'! are shifting 

constantly from one school to another, and from teaching to other business. These t-eachers will gladly teach for the beggarly sum of $1.65 per ca-pita which the State pays, and have been known to" throw in" a month in order to outbid a competitor! The people are not pleased, and the whole educational system falls into disrepute. Local taxation for helping such malpractice as the pupils suffer from will not be entertained without much educating Qf the people them- selves. ' 2. Buildings. Such teachers will, of course, be content to teach in any sort ofhouse, and do do so, although the law grants them to dismiss until "things are fixed." The buildings in the country are inferior to bar!!s in very many cases; they have no furniture (worth the name), no blackboards, no apparatus. 

Here, in this town,claiming3,000, and where three districts ''cornered," we have had no school-house until this year! The teachers have been accustomed to supply their own furniture and to rent a house at their own expense. Glasgow 

supports two private schools very well. · 3. County superintendents get beggarly pay, for the most part; and, like the teachers, have no professional spirit. Many of them can not, and few try to, 

give any tone to· the schools. These officers have to eke out a living by some other work, and many of them are farmers, more yet' are broken-down lawyers or pat.ien tless doctors, etc. They are careless of the kind of teachers they grind out through the examination mill. They hold institutes, and, so far as can be seen, pocket the fees themselves, etc. 4. Trustees (directors) are cut by same pattern. Few want the place; those who take it are often guilty of the most shameful neglect of duty or·of the gross- est nepotism-the bane of so many of our schools. No honor or dignity at- taches to the place, and so it falls into all sorts of hands. The question these officers ask an applicant is-so often-not '' What work can you do?'' but "What is your price?" They try to secure the cheapest teacher, let him board himself and do his own janitoring. . 5. Public opinion of the common schools is necessarily at a low ebb in such a state of affairs-must be to permit them. The schools are so worthless that many refuse to send to them. The people have no confidence in or respect for the profession of tea{Jhing in common schools. Then the old Southern aristo- cratic idea that the "common schools " are "poor folks' " schools prevails so largely, The rich man sends his children to good private schools, and does not feel like paying tax to keep up schools for his poor neighbor. A point I always try to drive home is that although the South is Democratic politically it neglects the most democratic of all institutions, the public school. One very baneful result of such indifference is the springing up here and there at almost every cross-roads, of catch-penny "seminaries," "colleges," "acade: mi~ ," et.c., which are wholly irresponsible, wholly mercenary, and wholly nnfit. 

Second. Needs: Thereisonefundamentalneed; thatis,moremoney. Growth of public sent.iment would follow inevitably, We need money. '.ro illustrate generally, the present work of the Kentucky State Teachers' Association must be educative, educative of the teachers, the people; educative rather than tech- nical or professiona l. But lack of money prevents teachers from attending either annual meetings or ~tate. district meetings, or even county meetings, 

keeps them out of the readmg Circle, keeps them away from eve1·ything that might help to educate. The. same aJ!Plies h> county superintendents. It is easy to see money is needed to help stir up public appreciation of our educational condition. Take the points as before: 1. Pay the teachers moie, and we can get better ones; better ones will be in the market. Our own good ones-will stay in the Stateandothergood ones will come in. The work will become professional, and that means permanency of workers and growth of spirit. 2. While Federal money may not give us buildings, yet a better class of teach- . ers, secured by increased pay, will insist upon better buildings, better furniture, better apparatus, etc., and will be a.ble to so interest the public in their work and to so demonstrate the value of good work and good tools that better houses, 

furniture, et<1., will come as a mattei of course by subscription and local tax- ation. 

3. If county superintendents had more money to handle the people would surely bemorecareful,atleastinsmall towns and in thecount.ry, to place better men than now in the office. And if there were a living in the. office, worthy and competent men would offer themselves as candidates, or be called out. In this State the county superintendent can exert a vast influence for good, if he be of the right sort. Our schools would be great.ly improved by simply putting the right men in the office of county superintendent. · 4. It is ;r.lain the same cause (more money) would operate to secure better trustees ldirectois) in the districts, for the people would elect, or the super- intendents appoint, at least outside of city politics, worthier men than now to supervise the school, and select the tea{Jher to whom this increase of money should be paid. Give these local officials relief on the money question and they would soon learn to ask," Who is fitted?'' not, as naw, "Who is cheapest?" Ex- perience with our city schools proves that when considerable money is involved t!J.e office ?f trustee grows in dignity, and wor.thy men are willing to serve, some- times desire strongly to serve, though there IS no salary or chance for nepotism. 

5. As a natural result of all the facts above set forth, the people would have more confidence and interest in the public schools and would give them their influence and patronage. Whenever it is made plain that as good or better an education can be secured for a trifling tax as can be had by p ay'ment of large sums for private tuition, it is easy to see 'vhat will follow. Then good public schools mean the death from inanition of the worthless, harmful cross-roads private schools, "academies," "seminaries," etc., with which the South is literally cursed. The demand would be for well-equipped 

colleges, whether private or State, und that they should do collegiat-e work, not primary and intermedia te, a s now. A State normal would. surely be one r esult of this demand. Let me empha size the peculiar fact, though it be irrelevant, that Kentucky sustains agoodnormalforthe negroes, but none for whites, who must get professiona l instruction .where they can. I have written in this wa y becaus~ I know you were already in possession of the general facts of illiteracy, attendance, etc., and I wanted you to see some things as we do whoworknearthem. I have tried to be suggestive and to state some salient difficulties. · I have stated the general rule. I am glad there are many gratifymg and note- worthy exce-ptions to the conditions above given. I shall be glad to be of service to you in any way. Cordially, 

Senator H. W. BLAm, 

lVnshington, D. 0. 

R. N, ROARK, 

President Glasgow Norm,.Q.l School, 

P1·esidentKentucky State Teachers' Association. 

I have just received, under postmark of January 20, a letter from 

1\irs. Margaret Anderson Watts, of Louisville, Ky., dated January 20, 

1888, addressed to myself. She goes on to say that she will give me some facts concerning her own ci~y, a.nd proceeds: 

I have attended se veral State teachers' associations, and out of about one lmn- dred and fifty counties in the State there were not over fifty counties represented. Great stress was laid upon the fact that many of the counties were destitute of schools, and in some of the countieswhe.re they had schools they were not kept open but for a short time during the year. It does not matter what the news- papers and politicians say concerning the need of Federal aid for school pur- poses in the South, let any one who is true to-himself and his country travel through Kentucky where the railroads have not penetrated, and the ignorance of the people is appalling. The Courier-Journal, the leading paper of this city, is doing its best to deceive the people. trying to build up the sickly Democrats by flattery, saying that Kentucky has done all that was asked or expected to be done by the State. For several winters pa,st we women have made application to our Legislature for an appropriation to build a home for friendless women. We could not se- cure one dollar from t.he State. The cry was that the State was not in a finan- cial condition to render such aid. The purpose of the home for friendless women was to educa.te them, of course, for many of the inmates were from fifteen to twenty years of ago, and more than half of them could not read &nd write. If the State of Kentucky is so able to educate all of her youth, why was the aid withheld from uswh'o plead so earnestly for the smn.ll and insignificant amountof$5,000? I do not wish to intrude upon your valuable time, butwould be glad to have you read my report. at our last convention. I cut it out of the pamphlet and inclose U. Respectfully, 

1\IARGARET ANDERSON WATTS. 

This lady is one of the leading members of the Woman's Christian 

Temperance Union, and from her report I read a few extracts. She 

says: 

It is too late in the day to argue about the expediency of land grants, or to what other purposes this heap of gold and silver could be applied. 1\Ioney is what is needed now to lift the weight of illiteracy and ignorance off of the people. . - It is too late now to discuss State rights. The seceding States have been re- constructed some years ago. The restoration of the Union proves the power of the National Government. Af3 much harmony exists now as can exist while the discord of ignorance grates so harshly upon the ears of the educated. It is too late now for the women of so great an organization as the 'Yorld's Woman's Christian Temperance Union to be silenced. Every subject connected with the· welfare of humanity is a p-art of its existence. The women are press- ing forward earnestly for t,he removal of illiteracy and ignorance, using what- ever means God appoints to accomplish it. It is too late now to say that women are too pure to touch p olitics. If this be true, then they are too pure for this world! A large proportion of the inhab- itants of this world are women. '.rhey breathe the same atmosphere; they live under the-same laws; they suffer the same annoyances, and feel keenly the sm:ne unjust oppression t.hat partisan political voters do. How can they avoid being touched by politics, however unclean such may be? 

She signs the report" J\1. A. Watts." Other matters she discusses 

ably, but I will not take the liberty to read them now. I have here an address by Judge Beckner, an eminent citizen of Kentucky. In inclo§ing the address he writes me a personal letter under 

date' December 3, 1887. This letter, with the consent of the Senate, as there are six or seven pages, I will ask to have printed in the REcoRD 

with the other matter. 

The letter is as follows: 

'VINCHESTER, KY., Decemher 3, 1887. 

DEAR Sm: I know of no measure likely to engage the attention of Congress of so much importance to the people of Kentucky as the Blair bill. We need its aid. Our pro rata, or per capita, for school purposes is $1.90. This gives to each school of forty pupils the sum of $76 wit.h which to conduct a. school for Rn entire year. Under our State constitution, the districts can not be compelled to supplement this per caput with local taxation. In the cities and larger t.ownsof course there are graded schools, but even in a large majority of the county seats there are no free schools save those carried on from the p1·oceeds of the p e r capita distribution. In the country districts the situation is deplorable. In richer sections of the State subscription schools are carried on for several months in each year, but even these are, as a general thing, under the control of a cheap class of teachers. Our people take a deeper interest in education now than. they did a. few years ago, but the apathy is still distressing. Under the census of 1880 nearly 30 per cent. of ourpopulat.ion over ten years of age could not read or write, and the same could be said of22 per cent. of our white population. Since then I doubt if the percentage has improved. If we could be awakened to a proper interest in the education of the masses, there are difficulties to be encountered which those raised in the Eastern !::itates can not easily understand, Compare Kentucky, for instance, with Massachu- · setts. Here we have over40,000 square miles of territory; there they have only 

7,000. Here we had only three hundred and fifty millions of taxable valuation 
/ 

1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 743 

under the census of 1880. There it was about sixteen hundred millions. Here the per caputis$1.90. There it is five timesagmuch. How shall we on less than 

one-fourth the valuation raise enough school revenue to scatter over six times ns much territory four times as much to each child? It is impossible; and yet the 

schools o{ Massachusetts are none too good, and we need the best even more than 

does that enlightened State with its two and a half centuries of common schools 

and its abundant colleges, to say nothing of its intelligent founders and its hom- ogeneous population. 

.And then, again, we havetheproblemoftwo races that will not mingle in the 

schools. This is a question which many in the North do not understand, but it 

is a most serious and troublesome one with ns. The negroes came out of slavery 

with habits and conditions that made them unfit for the association that mixed 

schools would bring. The greatest trouble that common schools meet with in 

the South is the deiDJtgogical cry of their enemies that they will lead to mixed 

schools. An eminent citizen who ought to-know better condescended in the 

State canvass last summer to urge this as an objection to Federal aid. Had he 

taken the trouble to read the Blair bill he would have seen that there is nothing 

in its provisions to prevent the States from controlling, in every respect, the 

schools to which its aid would go. .And then, again, in Kentucky we have the prejudice against common schools 

which has come to us from Virginia. In all the Southern States the idea of pau- per schools found early lodgment, but when Jefferson indicated that a system based on this idea would be a failure he was not understood. The ruling ele- ments south of l\1ason and Dixon's line unde:r the old regime were not much in 

favor of the education of the masses, and the traditions of the elders are obstacles to progress not easily overcome. The close of the war found the seceded 

States conquered provinces. They bad to begin anew, and accepted conditions 

that would most readily enable them to rise. Kentucky was not subjugated, 

and her people are more stubborn about changes. There is a large element here 

(and in high places, too) who are willing to see pauper schools conducted, but 

who are not in sympathy with the idea of the common school, which means edu- cational facilities for all that are good enough for the best. We will not have 

adequate provision for popular education for generations to come if your benefi- cent scheme fails. If we could ha>e the efficiency of our system increru!ed, which can not be done without more money, the people would see the value of the 'improvement and would not consent to return to the old conditions. Population 

and wealth would speedily increase, and the Constitution would be so changed as to give the Legislature power to pas.s laws sufficient to compel local aid in every district. The sentiment in favor of Federal aid is rapidly gaining ground 

inKcntucky. I am a Jeffersonian Democrat in politics, but take more interest 

in school que tiona than in those of any other nGti.on. The feeling in favor of 

the Blal"t bill elect-ed three Republicans to Congress from Kentucky in 1886. It will increase the number in 1888 if the Democratic leaders do not learn wisdom 

before their conventions are held. I see no reasonable hope for schools for the children of this State sufficient for 

their proper education within the next generation or two unless Federal aid comes right speedily. It is more than a blunderf01:anySoutbern man to oppose it. He ought to be emalhen1-a m.aranatha in every household where the_re is a child. I do most ardently hope that you and the other good men-of Congress may suceed in accomplishing what will be entitled to rank third in the great achievements of American statesmanship in the interests of humanity-first, the 

Declaration of Independence; second, the abolition of slavery, and, third, pro- vision for the education of the masses, t.o whom must be intru.sted the preserva- tion of our liberties. They who oppose Federal aid in the South are of a. class 

who insisted that slavery was a Divine institution, and would no doubt have been 

opposed to the revolutionary and unconstitutional course of those who severed 

the ties that bound .America to Great Britain. I inclose a copy of an address 

which I prepared in the summer ofl886, and which, through the zeal of friends 

of the cause, was scattered throughout Kentucky to the extent of 50,000 copies. 

If I had the means and ability, I would canvass the State and stir the people until no public man would dare to stand out against the light and knowledge which 

the passage of your bill would certainly bring .. Yours, sincerely, 

llon. H. ,V. BLAIR, 

Washington City, D. 0. 

W. M. BECKNER. 

From Georgia I have communications which should be placed before 

the Senate. First, I will read an extract from a letter from Mr. R. R. 

Wright, who is a prominent colored citizen, and the same gentleman whom the honorable Senator who now is presiding [M:r. PuGH in 

the chair] will remember as a witness before the Committee on Education and Labor some four years ago. He was the last witness who was 

examined by the committee, and is a gentleman of great intelligence, 

a teacher himself, and now editor of what I should judge to be one of 

the leading colored papers in the cquntry. He says: 

AUGUSTA, GA., January 4,1888. 

1\lv DEAR Su:.: I have just returned from a pretty thorough tour of the State. 

During my absence I have taken occasion to ascertain whether the demand for 

national aid for education were as urgent now as ever. I have it to say to you that it is, in the opinion of hundreds of people with whom I have conversed, even more urgent. You of course know that there are but few places in the 

State where schools are in session more than sixty-five days. In many places, even in the large cities, children by the hundreds can not enjoy these few days 

for the lack of teachers and school room. I sincerely hope, not only for the sake 

of Richmond County's illiterates, but for the sake of the illiterates throughout 

Georgia and the South, that you will not hold up until the bill becomes a law. 

With their eyes upon the crying need for this aid, the Southern white and black man care nothing for the technical opposition urged by some gentlemen. You a1·e aware of the fact that we held a most enthusiastic meeting here last year, urging the passage of the bill. The meeting was presided over by the mayor an4 addressed by the most prominent white and colored citizens in the cil~ - At the Jast me~ting of our State Teachers' .Association, to which the governor, Ge11eral John B. Gordon, delivered the welcome address, the following 1"630111-

tion was passed and a telegram sent you: " Be it reso£ved lnJ the State Teachers' Associatio•n, a-ssembled i1l the capitol of 

Ge01·gia, That this body telegraph to Senator BLAIR onr hearty approval of 

his godly effort to relieve the illiterates of the South by the passage of the educational hilt 

"Re-solved further, That we request and urgeourSenatorsandRepresentatives to use every honorable endeavor in their power to secure the adoption of said 

bill, commonly called the Blair educational bill." 

This body was made up of teachers from all over the State, and of both white 

and colored teachers, earnestly engaged in the work of educating the people. 

The people me with you; God is with you; and we believe that you will 

finally succeed. 

Yours, sincerely, 

Senator H. W BLAIR. 

RICHARD R. WRIGHT, 

Principal Ware High School. 

From Dodge County, in the State of Georgia, I have this communication; · 

Henry Coleman, dealer in general merchandiseBut who, it seems, is county school commissioner of Dodge CountyEASTMAN, GA., Decemhet· 20,1887. 

DEAR Sm: At a meeting of the county school commissioners, in the city of Atlanta., during the month of July, a resolution, which I had the honor to intr o· duce, was unanimously adopted requesting the Senators and Representatives to encourage the passage of your educational bill. Public sentiment in Georgia 

is for it. In this county the number of white children attending public schools 

is 1,221; colored, 610; an increase from last year of 38 per cent. whites and 23 per cent. of colored. The fund t.hat is appropriated by the State does not meet the requirements, and unless national aid is given the public-school system is 

indanger. . Pardon for the liberty I take in writing, but I feel it a sense of duty to give you this information. 

I remain, your obedient servant, HENRY COLEMAN, 

County School COtmnissioner, Dodge County, Geo·rgia. Hon. H. W. BLAm, 

Mr. DAWES. Why does not the State pay. more ? It is a- rich 

State. 

Mr. BLAIR. If you examine the valuation of the State and compare H with that of other Sta.tes, you will find that they are paying as 

high taxes for all purposes as most other States. They a-re rich, but 

it is in the ground mainly, and it has got to be dug out. Most of the 

capital that is going to the South is, as you know, being invested in a 

way that does not help the schools. People first constru.ct houses; 

they develop their mines; they erect their ma:imfactories; they do not 

go to educating their children, Northern people do not go down there 

with Northern capital for that purpose. 

Another thing: I imagine that Northern people going down there, 

many of them, the capitalists, are perfectly willing that the average 

condition of the people should remain pretty much a.s it is; that they 

are not anxious to educate them. Labor is cheap, and it will always 

remain cheap until it is educated. On the other hand, it never will 

consume much until it is educated, and the development of the South 

will make a market at the Sout:P for all her increased productions. 

1\II:. DAWES. If the .Senator has any evidence upon which he founds 

the statement :which he has just made, that Northern people go down 

into Georgia and such States as Georgia to invest their capital, with a 

desire that the people there shall continue, if they are now, in ignorance in order that labor shall be cheap-if he has any evidence upon 

which he makes that remark, I should like to have it put on the record 

with his statement. 

:Ur. BLAIR. The statement has not been made. I do not propose 

that the Senator shall make a statement for me to go on the record. 

He has misapprehended me entirely. I sa.id this-- . 

~11. .. DAWES. I should like to have the Senator make it so clear 

that other Northern people as well as myself will understand it. I am 

afraid they wil1 mistake him as I have done myself. 

M:r. BLAIR. I will endeavor to do so. I made no such statement. 

I say this, that I believe the primary purpose of the investment of capital from the North or from any other country in the South is the development of her wealth. for the purpose of self-appropriation. I say that 

that is the rule throughout the nniverse, so far as I know the universe. 

Men do not go there t{) educate. the people; they go there to build factories, to develop mines, to establish diversified industries, on account of 

the money that they hope to make thereby. They understand, many 

of them, of course, that intelligence is an improvement of any community. They do not object to the increase of intelligence; but they are 

not interested especially in tbe increase of intelligence to the extent of 

going there with their capital with that view. That is not their purpose; it is not their primary design; they go for the investment of capital But I say in regard to cheap labor that I believe as a rule the capitalistic elements of the country are willing that labor should continu.e 

cheap because it lessens the price of commodities, whether at the North 

or at the South. Mr. DAWES. Did not the Senator say he believed that Northern 

capitalista went . down there perfectly willing, -if not desirous, that 

labor should remain chM.p and in ignorance? 

l\Ir. BLAIR. I did not say "if not desirous." If I did sa.y it, I 

certainly did not design to do so. I believe that the object of the investment of capital in the South is the development of. industries and 

the making of inoney, and that is why the surplus of Northern capital 

overflows and goes to the South; and I think tEat unless along with 

this there be a development·, an elevation, an evolution, and a betterment of the condition of the common peo]le of the South, the la.boring 

people of the North and the fixed capitaf of the North will feel--· 

l\'l.r~ D A. WES rose. 

M:r. BLAIR. The Senator will please not interrupt me. The fixed 

capital of the North and the labor of the North will soon find in competition with their home production a cheaper commodity visiting every 

Northern market1 competition with which will be infinitely more troublesome to Northern industries than that which we provide against by our protective tariff. It is absolutely indispensable to the safety of the 

capital, of the labor, of the ind~trial condition of the masses of North- ern people, owing to the free trade which exists between the States, and 

which must always exist between the States, that the competition aris-
744 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

ing Jrom the development and diversification of the industries of the 

South, based as it is upon their cheaper labor, should in some way be 

met. Ot.herwise it is inevitable that the prices of Northern labor must 

fall to the prices of Southern labor. 

One of the great objects which I, as an individual, have in this bill, so far as my own people are cuncerned, is to do them good by providing 

for the general development of the Southern people, by the elevation of 

the masses, so that they shall comprehend their rights; that by the attainment of intelligence and skill and consequent knowledge of those 

wants which go to make up civilized life, they shall be able to ask 

and to receive as wages for their labor that increased compensation 

which is indispensable in order to have a proper purchasing power. 

Wben that is done the result will be that the South will herself be- come the great market for all that she produces. That will be the re- sult of a general elevation of the people of the South and a homogeneous condition of all the people throughout the country. It will 

relieve the North from that free-trade competition which is inevitable 

in the near future, for many of the industries of the South are to-day 

meeting wittb the productions of the North in the markets of the North, 

and taking them away from the North. 

That must inevitably result in a competition when everything is 

produced at the South that is produced at the North, for it is unrestricted; there is no ta,riff; it is free trade between the States; and it 

must inevitably result in a competition ruinous to the existing rate of 

wages and the existing condition of civilization, which is simply the 

existence ::mil the satisfaction of wants on the part of the common people of the North; and so of the capital of the North, which is :fixed 

there, and can not make its transit and invest itself in the Southern 

portion of the country, and thus take advantage of the cheap condition of labor which now exists in the South. 

On the other hand, it might be said that the operation of a bill of 

this kind in developing and elevating and improving the condition of 

the masses of the people at the South, by making labor more expensive, would be injurious to the development of the industries of the 

Sout.h. But that is not true at all, .for as you develop the masses of 

the people at the South, as you give them intelligence to comprehend 

what belongs to a more highly civilized condition of life, and ine1·ease 

their wages, they become a consuming power, precisely as at theNorth. 

The people of the North, the producers or the North, the manufacturers, find in the North itself the principal market wherein they dispose of their productions. -

Mr. DAWES. Now, will the Senator yield? I ask him if he does 

not think that the capitalist of the North understands that question 

just as well as be does, and that the more intelligent the laborer is the 

greater the reward? Does he not think that the intelligent capitalist 

of the North who takes his capital down into the Southern country 

understands that just as well as he does, and that the more intelligent 

the laborer, the employe, is the greater his return will be? Why then 

does the Senator s:1y that capitalists in the North seek to invest their 

capital in Southern States and at the same time are perfectly willing, 

if not desirous, that the employes shall remain ignorant? 

Mr. BLAIR. The Senator again uses a phrase which I have alrea<ly 

repudiated. I said simply that the primary purpose of the Northern 

capitalist in going to the South is a business motive. He goes there 

because there are resources, there is cheaper labor, and for the time being be can manufactme with his surplus capital at a cheaper rate than 

at the North and reach markets which he otherwise could not reach. 

Mr. DAWES. If it is for remuneration, and the Senator goes on to 

argue that remuneration is greater where there is a greater intelligence, 

then if the Northern capitalist is intelligent and understands what is 

his interest, it is just as much for his interest whenhegetsdownin t·he 

Southern States to see to it that his employe is an intelligent man as it 

ts when he is in the North. 

Mr. BLAIR. That is a good argument; it is a legitimate conclusion. 

I did not say it was not a good argument; it is the argument I am making. I was talking of the prima.ry motive which always leads capital 

from one section to another section, or from one country to another, 

and I was pointing to a class of people w bo are the masses of ow:.. people 

at the North, the laboring, working element of the North, and to a coming competition from the South, based on the free trade between a cheaper form of labor, a cheaper form of production at the South than · at the North; and I point to it, too, as something for the consideration of 

Northern capital, the great mass of which must continue, as it is now fixed, in the Northern States. . As to the intelligence of tl!e Northern capitalist, .of colirse he has intelligence. I am not so tenner-footed about saying something that may 

possibly affect the feelings of Northern capitalists. I have no purpose 

in advocating this bill but the general good of the whole country, and 

I am thinking something of the good of my own section of the country as well as of the South in reckoning from an industrial standpoint. I 

say to-day, under the solemnity of my convictions and my responsibility here in this sea.t, that I believe the North is as much interested 

in the passage of this bill as is the South. We are spending life and are ready to end nre death to prevent a reduction of the tariff. We con- sider it absolutely indispensable for the continuance of the prosperity 

of Northern industry, and why? Because we fear that if the tarlffis 

red need the prod u.ctions of the Old World will come in here and s warn p our indushies, break t bem down, and turn our people loose· upon some other occupation or turn them loose in simple idleness and want nnd 

destitution. We therefore keep up our tariff and fence out foreign productions, and fence out foreign industry-at. least we propose to do it, 

and have already done it in the case of Chinamen. 

Everybody knows that all kinds of labor at the South average scarcely 

anything more in actual cash than 50 per cent. of what we pay to the 

Northern laborer. I have seen the Southern laborer in the factory, the w bite laborer, a.s skillful, and I believe even more skillful than the average white laborer at the North employed in the factory. The same Anglo-Saxon blood, ~he same sort of blood that was in the faetories of 

Lowell and elsewhere in New England forty years ago is in the factories of the South to-day, not so well educated as it ought to be and as it gladly would be. The fire in the eyes, the deftness of the fingers, the 

handiness of the work in the mills is, I think, in excess of that which 

is developed in the mills of the North to-day, coming as the operatives 

do, not from the loins of New England, but from other countries as well; 

and I believe that man for man, operative for operative, in the South- ern mills they will produce as much to-day as they do in the North. 

Yet they do not cOnsume as much; production does not cost as much. 

We have no tariff against the South. We want·notariffagainst the 

South. We are politically joined and must continue so; but unless 

there be a homogeneo~s condition produced throughout the whole coun- try it is inevitable that the labor where it is the highest must sink to 

the cost of the labor where it is lowest, ·and there is no way to change 

th.g price of labor among the masses of the people of the South bub by 

educating them and developing them. They will see then their wants. 

They will read the newspapers, and there is another wn,nt. They will 

desire that which goes to make up n, higher civilization. They will demand proper pay. They know what compensation the Northern laborer gets, and they will increase their own wages accordingly. If nec- essary, they will combine, as workmen do at the North, and sustain 

themselves in these great conflicts with capital. What is the result? 

The coRt of production will become uniform with the cost of production 

at the North. 

Bnt our country is increasing immensely at the South as well as at 

the North, and with this multiplication of wants among the common people of the South will come added to it the purchasing power of which 

I spoke. From their increased wages will come the power to consume at home, and there is the market for all the increased productions of 

the South, no matter to what extent it may be carried. 

That is my theory so far as the Northern people are concerned in advocating a distribution of this money in such a way as to give the South, so far as her schools are concerned, the benefit of the great mass of it; 

and I think the Sonth will get along and feel the pinch less than will 

the North unless something of this kind is done. I say the Son th will 

feel the pinch less, beeause that which a man has had and enjoyed it is 

difficult for him to surrender. If he has had a better house, a better 

garment, a betier education, if in the thousand respects which appertain to the higher enjoyments of life he bas had his wants satisfied, 

when he is deprived of them, when his purchasing power disappean by 

the reduction of his wages, he inevitably suffers; but the man who never enjoyed these things, or the family which never possessed them, 

gets along in the same old way. . I have here a fetter from Mobile, Ala., on the same subject, from 

Philip Joseph, which I will submit: 

MoBILE, ALA., January 4, 1888. 

DEAR SIR: Herewith please find:copy of thirty-second annual report of super- intendent of education of the State of Alabama. It is for 1886, six years since the census. It is the latest report. The State superintendent of education in this State and all of the county superintendents are Democrats, so that presumably the figures furnished are not unfavorable to their side. I h ave thought you would prefer drawing your own inferences from these tables; but I beg to invite atten- tion to page 89, wherein you will find the white scholars taught per teacher are an average of 39, while the average colored is 48-in favor of the whites nearly 30 per cent. , In cities (pages 9&-97) the annual school terms range from 140 to 200 days, the latter te.rm existing in Birmingham only, where there bas been a great influx of energy and capital. In all othet: places in country districts, from 40 to 75 days. an averageofaboutthreemonths. Fifty-nine days' schooling in Walker Co unty, where the boasted coal deposits exist (see pages 92, 93, 94, 95). You will observe that tuition to colored children is almost wholly confined to orthography, read- ing, writing, and arithmetic; and even in these elements the number of colored children taught is very much less than the whites. Only 12,157 colored children are taugb t grammar, 3, 742 history, and 348 a.lgebra. (see page 95). Average length of school term, including the cities, 87. 25 days 

(see page 98). Outside of the cities, no comfortable school-house or furniture is provided at all for the colored childran or the poorer whites; churches or rude cabins are used for this purpose. Pages 84, 85, 86 show the comparative sal aries paid, but you will see that the compensa tion to colored teachers is less t h a n that paid to white teachers. In a number of districts throughout this State no colored schools exist .. My personal knowledge and observation of the condition of education amon g the children of both races in the States of Alabama, G eorgia, Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana would warrant me in say ing that the need of national aid to schools is as grea t now as when "the Blair educational bill" was first intro- duced by you, eight years ago. · I inclose letter from an old t eacher and ex-secretary of the Mob ile County school board, referring to the schools in this city and county. 

Very truly, yours, PHILIP JOSEPH. 

Ron. H. W. BLAIR, United States Sen ate. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENAT·E. 745 

Here is a telegram showing the action of the Teachers' Association· He writes a letter under date of January 25, 1887, addressed to Rev. 

of Georgia: · Dr. Stearns, chancellor of the New York University: 

.ATLANTA, GA., May 13, 1887. 

Sm: By a. unanimous vote of the Georgia State Teachers' .Assoc-iation, I am directed to express its hea1·ty sympathy for you in your struggle for popular education. 

Hoo. H. W. BLAIR. 

G. A. GOODWIN, 

Recording Sec.reiary. 

I have a letter from Rev. A. G. Haygood, which I am very desiroUB 

of reading. He is the agent of the Slater fund. His position is analogoUB to that of the superintendent of the Peabody fund. He says: 

DECATUR, GA., November 24, 1887. 

DEAR Sm: Go on with the bill for national aid. It is more needed in the 

South with each year; illiteracy outgrows wealth. 'l'he South is not able to rorry its double burden of ignorance and po"\'erty. The nation put on the negro the burden of citizenship before he was ready, and the nation owes it to him; 

the nation owes it to the South, that more than any other section feels the dan- ger of an illit-erate vote strong enough to control elections; the nation owes it to itself. The South is not prosperous outside a few cities. Where the buTden 

pinches most, in the 1·ural districts, the people are poor and unable to carry their burden. '.rhe nation has a vast surplus. Teach these people it made free 

before they were ready. 

The census states the facts and makes the argument. 

My work carries me through the South from Washington to Texas. I see the 

things of which I write. 

Respectfully, 

A. G. HAYGOOD, 

General Agent of the John F. Slater Fund. 

Hon. H. W. BLAIR, Washington Oily. 

I haYe here a letter from West Virginia, which is as follows: 

BEVERLY, RANDOLPH COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA, ..4prit Z'/, 1887. 

DEAR SIR:, Yours of the 21st instant at hand requesting me to give you cer- tain information and opinion as to national aid to public schools. West Virginia is not as needy as some of her Southern sisters, but when her present sources of taxation a.re considered and her needs for present necessities summed up, the absolute necessities are apparent. It is unneceESary to argue the matter. Our Senators and Representatives are favorable to the measure. I am convinced 

that four-fifths of our people would sign a petition for national aid, and an equal 

portion would vote for it were it submitted to them. ~m~k~~ ' 

Hon. H. W. BLAIR, 

Washington, D. C. 

B. L. BUTCHER. 

I have received the following letter from :Mississippi: 

WALNUT GROVE, Miss., January 2,1888. 

DEAR Sm: Your letter oflate dale asking for information on the state of education is at hand. • There is so much that ought to be said that I do not know where to begin, 

but if there is any section of country that needs Federal aid to education more t-han any, other, it is Central Mississippi. The public-school system of this Stat-e 

is worse thana mockery. Under the law we can only have·four months of free 

school during the year. The maximum salary is $55 per month and the mini- mum $15, but there are few who get more than $35per month. This salary is paid 

in three to twelve months after it is due-oftener the latter than the former. The 

effects of such a system are apparent. The best teachers, as a rule, seek more lucrative positions in other States, and the second and third grade schools are kept-not taught-by those who are not equal to the task in education and, in many cases, in natural endowment .. '.rhere are a few leaders who are laboring earnestly for the great cause of 

education, but the great mass of the people lie dormant. The awakening has not come to them yet, and I fear it neve1· will unless we can get more money with which to back the school system. · The people as a body do not yet see the 

importance of universal education. 'Ve need more active men and women, more true teachers, in the field, and in order to get them we must have more money. Those who know anything of the state of affairs, as a rule, are favorable toward your bill, though many never heard of .its existence. I have been 

doing all in my power to enligQten them, but it is a very difficuH process. I send you herewith a copy of my paper, from which you will see that I am an advocate of" Federal aid." 

Hoping that you may be successful in your eff01·ts in behalf of popula1· education, I am, w.ith best wishes, 

Yours, truly, 

Hon. H. W. BLAIR, 

Washington, D. C. 

W. C. ROATEN. 

I have here- the proceedings of the State Teachers' Association of the 

St-ate of Arkansas, in 1887. It resolved as follows: 

Whereas existing conditions are such as to render it impossible to turn back 

the tide of illiteracy that is bearing down upon us without long years of labor, 

much expenditure of local revenue; and 

Whereas this Government reaps the benefit of whatever is or has been ex- pended by any portion of it for the promotion of intelligence: Be it resolved, That the Arkansas State Teachers' Association, in convention 

assembled, recognizing the wisdom that prompt-s immediate and systematic 

steps being taken towards the removal of illiteracy from all portions of our land, 

does hereby express its sentiments in favor of such national aid as shall supple- ment State school funds, the expenditure of which we firmly believe to be nec- essary to our contentment and well-being. Be it further 1·esolved, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished our R.ep- l"esentatives in Congress and the various Stat-e papers. On motion of Mr. Sampson the resolutions were adopted by a. !'ising vote. The work of the association having reached its closing, the retiring president 

presented the incoming president the gavel_, and no further business appearing, 

the Arkansas State Teachers' Association was declared adjourned sine die. .. J. J. DOYNE, Bec1·etary. 

I have here what perhaps should be read in this connection, a letter 

from Ron. Robert C. Winthrop, for many years, as is well known, 

the president of the board of trustees of the Peabody fund. Since 

his connection with that board he has always been a strong advocate 

of Federal aid to common-school education, exclusively, perhaps, or primarily, in the South, and he has been a strong advocate of this bill. 

Time after time he has so expressed himself to me and to many others. 

BosTOX, January 25, 1887. 

MY DEAR SIR: I was glad to.learn by your kind lett-er of the 11th instant that you were proposing to make Mr. Peabody's great gin for the schools of the 

South the subject of special commemoration at the normal college on the 7th 

of February next. Twenty years will then have been completed since his letter of trust was-placed 

in my hands. The original letter is before me at this moment, dated" Washington, February 7,1867," with the autograph signature of George Peabody. You have just called it "one of the most remarkable and important letters ever written in this country.'' The munificent endowment which it announced was the first practical manifestation on a grand scale of that spirit of conciliation 

by which alone the wounds of the civil war oould be healed and peace restored to our land. That letter gave also the earliest impulse tothatcau8eofcommonschool education whkh was vital to the regeneration of the States impoverished 

and devastated by the war. And still further, it afforded the grand example, 

which has been so happily followed iu later years, of a rich man pouring out millions during his lifetime for the relief and welfare of his fellow-countrymen 

in their distress. In all these ways 1\.fr. Peabody's letter of the 7th of February, 1867, was indeed most remarkable and most important, and one of these days it - will find a place among the most precious manuscripts of our oountry, perhaps 

in the new Congressional Library at Washington. 

Congress, as you may remember, awarded a costly gold medal to Mr. Peabody 

in grateful recognition of his pat,riotic philanthropy, and his Jetter of trust may well be ultimately assigued to the archives ·of the Government. 

Meantime that letter bas already accomplished great results. Every expectation and hope of the writer has been fulfilled. Excellent school laws in all the 

Southern States, thriving oommon schools in many of the cities and towns, and a deep pervading interest in the work of education animating the whole people, 

all unite in attesting the influence and inspiration of Mr. Peabody's letter. Your own normal college, with its more than one hundred Peabody scholarships, is a noble iUustration of what, I trust, it is destined to accomplish in 

stili larger measure in future years. Of those to whom the letter was addressed, sixteen in all, five only are living, 

and only four are still members of the board of trustees. I can not be too grateful to a kind Providence that I have been privileged to preside over this distinguished board from the first, agreeably to the appointment of Mr. Peabody himself. He had taken me into his confidence six or seven months before his lett-er was signed, and I had promised to watch over his great trust so long as health 

and strength should perm it me. It has been one of the greatest satisfactions of my life to do so, and will be to the end. 

Education is the great necessity of our country. Free government can rest securely on no other basis than free schools. Increasing millions of people, with votes in their hands which they can neither write nor;read, are a standing menace to the safety of our institutions and the purity of our elections. With a surplus rev- enue in ourTreasurywhichCongressseemsincapableeither to reduce or squan- der, it is lamentable that all national aid for the children of the schools should con- tinue to be denied or evaded. But I dare not dwell on this topic. Believe me, dear Dr. Stearns, with the warmest wishes for the prosperity and welfare of the 

normal college at Nashville, Your friend and servant, 

ROBERT C. WINTHROP. Rev. Dr. STEARNS, 

Chancellor of Na.shviUe University. 

I have observed, introduced by some Senator in the debate,_ a statement t.hat General Arm~trong, of the Virginia Normal Institute, has 

lately developed into an opponent of national aid to education. I can 

not believe it. He was early one of the active agents in initiating 

these movements, and always supported them. I have here a report 

of his as late as 1886, in which he strongly advocates the employment 

of additional aid for the benefit of common-school education. If he 

has changed his mind since that t~e I can only say that it is against 

the univerEal testimony of educators in the South as far as I know. 

The great mass of educators North and South, the great educational 

bodies, the religious bodies, the intelligent gentlemen, the observers, 

and all who seem to have actual knowledge of the facts, as far as I 

know, with scarce an exception, testify unitormly in this same direction. ' 

The school itself is a charity, and it has been extraordinary that a 

man living in a State which is going behind in the matter of literacy, 

and himself supported by the charity of that State and of the National 

Government in his institution-that he of all men should come out 

against the existing order of development of things and protest against 

anything like national aid. I have understood it to be stated that 

this is the case with General Armstrong. I do not believe in the story 

of his having ceased to be an advocate of national aid. I will read 

what he said in his report of 1886: 

The movement in this Stat-e is active. * * * 

The nation which freed and enfranchised four million of slaves, thereby cre- ating most serious and dangerous political conditions, has felt its responsibility, 

and has from t-ime to time attempted to do something towards cultivating intelligence n.nd moral sense of its new-made citizens. The "Blair bill" is the last 

expression of this feeling, and has failed. · Undenia-bly; a better measure might have been prepared. Too much was asked for in too short a time, and this mistake gave some justification to the cry of" pauperizing the South." 

That, allow me·to observe, is a matter of opinion. The whole amount 

which this bill would give in the first year is only $7,000,000 for the 

entke country, and the amount expended in the entire South would be 

less than is expended in many a single Northern State, and such .a 

statement as that rhUBt be made in very comprehensive ignorance of the 

facts. 

Undeniably a better measure might have been prepared. Too much was asked for in too short a time, and this mistake gave some justification to tp.e cry of "pauperizing the South." The fifteen millions given by Northern 

charity for Southern (chiefly negro) education have had a tremendous mental 

and moral result. 

Just so. It has not belittled the people; it has not taken away their 

self-dependence and reliance. It is said to have been a good thing 

r 

• 
·, 

746 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

coming from private charity. It is difficult to see how ~t would make 

any difference to the child if the money that educates him comes from 

the nation, from the State, from the parent, or from a charity. If there 

is a self-reliant and intelligent gentleman ·here on this floor he has re- ceil"ed his education not from himself, but from an outside source; and 

to supply education in this country has cost millions and millions beyond the ::unount with which this bill undertakes to supplement the 

efforts of the States themselves. As to its producing a bad effect upon 

the people who are now subject. to taxation and who are too poor to 

suffer additional taxation, I will say that they are now, with all their 

poverty, bearing greater percentages of burden in many cases than are 

the rich and wealthy States of the North. 

The three and a half millions of Government money issued by the educational department of the Fxeedmen's Bureau between 1865 and 1870 was the means of teaching a million black children to read and write. It did broad 

foundation work for the institutions that wexe to follow it, and, in my opinion, 

wise and legitimate means can be found for using national aid against that worst enemy of republics, an ignorant population. The need of it for the enor- mous mass of illiterate blacks and whites is unquestionable. 

The need of national aid he is speaking of again: 

There is danger in neglect of them. and we who· know what the trouble of 

the past has been, see the trouble ahead am~ feel that the worst is yet to come. 

This is found in the Virginia school report of 1886, the sixte~mth annual report of the superintendent of public instruction, for the yen.r 

ending July 31, 1886. It is absolutely incomprehensible that sine& 

then, there having been no change of facts or circumstances, General 

Armstrong bas pronounced any well-considered opinion to the contrary. 

I have here_the Progressive Teacher, published at New Orleans, which 

seems to be a paper published in the school teache1·s' interest. It is 

dated "New Orhmns, January 15, 1887." That is a misprint in the 

date. It should be 1888. Speaking of Alabama, it says: 

No State in the Union possibly is at this tim.e making such gigantic strides to- wards material development as is the State of .Alabama. Numerous railroads are being surveyed and built through the territory. Towns are springing into existence as if by magic. New and better residences are being built in town and village. l\1anufacturing enterprises of gigantic pt·oportions are going up in many sections. Her great iron furnaces outnumber 

those of any other St.ate. Capital is pouring into her lap. Her population is 

rapidly increasing. The pxe.sent is probably the most important period in the 

bistm·:y of this great State. 

With all this material prosperity, what of her publie scllools? What of her 

school-houses? Three months in the year, a.nd often in a miserable hut or an open, barn-like church. Not enough money spent on them t(}arousean interest in the public schooL Salaries so meager for teacher and superintendent that no · man can live by this work. Half-paid, and therefore half-prepared. teachet·s. 

Fifty per cent. of illiteracy, and that on the increase. 'Vhat is the remedy? l\fore money, more money! This is the only l'emedy. Can our legislators not see that the amount spent does not a-ccomplish the purpose for which it is intended?· Can they not see that the force is lost by being scattered? That twice 

the amount will do four times the good? No system can accomplish anything 

without support. Nothing can run itself, and to half-way do a thing is not wise. 

Give the schools a chance. Gi-ve the child.l·en a chance. Ignorance is danger- ous. The safety of a republic lies in the intelUgencc of its ~itizens. We must educate or suffer for our negligence. But what can a public-school system do 

with only 50 cents per capita for its edueatable children? Not much. Would not Alabama better double her appropriation or double her endeavors. to have 

the Blair bill passed by the Congress? 

Now in regard--

1\Ir. HAWLEY. Before the Senator passes from that I should like to 

make an inquiry. ~Ir. BLAIR. Allow me to make one observation while it is in my 

_mind. In regard to the allegation that in all instances States fail to 

tax themselves according to their capacity to endure taxation, I think, 

from the facts I have submitted, that is shown not to be so; bu~ even if 

that were so, with whom are we dealing? We are not dealing alone 

with the interests of the States; we are not dealing with those too old 

to attend school and who have on themselves the burden of life, who 

must live and who must die under substantially the conditions which 

now surround them. 

We are dealing with the children, not of the State alone, but of the 

whole country. The question is whether they shall be educated. The 

child can not wait while we are dawdling here as to whether we shall 

compel the States to pay i~ all or will give our aid; and if the States 

fail to realize the necessity of educating their children, if the States or municipalities in the States by reason of the fact that th-ey are unac- customed· to the common schools, by reason of the conditions which 

formerly existed but are passing away-if, by .reason of these fmmer 

conditions, they have failed to appreciate the necessity of education 

(for it is an indispensable necessity with reference to the future), are 

we to permit this to go on, having the means, having the constitutional 

power-I speak now to those who believe in that constitutional power-

-simply because even the people do not want it? Are we to fail to give 

it, and, by such means as are in our power, see as to its proper distribution and judicious use? On the principle contended for, you should 

have refused the $15,000,000 of Northern charity and over that which 

has found its way South. 

How would the Peabody fund have accomplished the great good which 

it has accomplished if this idea were to be followed? That wa,s an impulse from a remote corner of the Republic, from a single individual, 

and the same principle which carries benevolence wherever it will do 

good, and which is invited from the locality where it is expended and 

where it must locate itself, requires that this great nation apprehending the want shall relieve that want; and when once it has been. re- lieve~ when once people understand the necessity of this institution, 

how it will promote their interests and the interests of their children, 

morally, mentally, materially, in every wa.y, they will stand by the common school, as they do in our Northern States, until tho death, for 

they will feel that its destruction would be death. 1\Ir. HAWLEY. I wished, while the Senator was talking about 

Northern capital going South, and about AJabama, to measurably correct what I think is a mistaken impression which he has imbibed. 

Florida, for example, judging by his own reports, bas shown a great 

deal of public spirit and energy about the matter of education. I have 

been in the habit of attributing that, to a considerable extent, to the 

Northern people who go down there, most of them with some means, 

and some of them quite well off, as the world goes: and who carry with 

them their early traditional impressions in regard to popular education. 

One thing more as to the importation of Northern capital into the 

South. The Senator's remarks about Alabama remind me of the fact 

that two very large nnd flourishing towns, in one case a new town and 

another growing to be snch, were established by capital from Connecticut. I refer for one to Anniston, and for the other to the Shelby Iron 

Works. I happen to know in regard to one of them particularly, and 

the other by inquiry, that there is nobody in the South more favorable 

to religious and intellectual education than those two concerns that 

went down there according to the Senator's idea simply to carry away 

the dollars from the locality. There are to be found churches and 

school-houses in Anniston, I think, entirely built up by the corporation, and in Shelby they have assisted public education and are gener- ous and public-spirited people who carried not only their capital, but 

their traditions with them. 

l'IIr. BLAJR.. I dislike that Senators should attempt to place me in a false attitude. I have said nothing, I havethonghtnothingthatju.stifies the' conclusion to which the Senator from Connecticut seems to 

have arrived in his own mind that I was complaining. 

Ur. HAWLEY. Let me explain now. I do not mean that the Senator said anything more than this, that they went down there with 

their capital honestly and in the ordinary mercantile way, but that 

their purpose was to go there to make money. I say they carried with 

them higher purposes than m-ere money-making. 

Mr. BLA.I.R. I said that capital seeking the South went there to 

improve its chances. · t did not say that citizens from the North going 

South1 .loca.ting themselves permanently there, and becoming a pa.rt of 

the community, knowing what was necessary for the benefit of their own families, whlch by reflex action would affect the happiness of the 

community, and their children in time to come-! did not say that 

those people did not carry Northern institutions with them. They do 

that1 and from undoubtedly as high motive as anybody does good to 

others while doing good to himself: That is all true and all right. 

I w~ speaking of the necessity of some attention to this matter on 

the part of the people of the North who are to remain in the North, 

the capital and the industry in the North, that it was importa,nt to 

them that the de-velopment of the masses of the Southern people should 

go on with equ-al step with the development of their industries, in or- der that the 8outh might not become the great competing producing 

country under the operation of the protective-tariff idea, which is the 

great source of danger to orrr Northern industries and onr institutions. 

The mass of the people of the North get the great proportion of that 

which is produced there-they get it in wages-but no man can get 

nnything that he has not the ability to pay for. 

All admit that the purchasing power of theN orthern laborer is better 

because he has in his wages greater purchasing power than the laborer 

at the South; but when yon give the laborer at the South corresponding int-elligence he will know then what belongs to him; he will ask 

high wages, and he will get his pay, and it becomes part of the component cost of production, and with these wages he consumes at· home 

and he will buy at home, and the South becomes then like the most advanced communities at the North. 

In this same paper there is a short editorial upon national aid. I 

had perhaps better not take the time of the Senate to read it. It is 

largely devoted to the advocacy of this measure, or something which 

has a prospect of the results contemplated by this measure. I desire to have read, which I ask the Secretary to read for me, a letter from Dr. A. D. :Mayo1 which I find in the Springfield Daily Republican. I suppose the Senate will understand that Dr. Mayo, a Northern 

gentleman, a citizen of Massachusetts, has for the last thirty or more 

years devoted himself, I think wholly, to a peripatetic acqu-aintance 

with the condition of Southern education, keeping up his connection 

with Northern ed'ucators and carrying from the North all that he could 

to the South, and devoting himself with ability and zeal and success to 

the general good of the Southern as well as the Northern people, and 

to the coru-se of education, that has made him one of tbe great bene· 

factors of his time. He has been assailed, as aU men are assailed who 

amount to anything, and he has written this letter, which I think will 

be instructive to the Senate, and I ask to have it read from the desk. 
1888. CONG-RESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 747 

The Secretary read as follows: 

NATIONAL AID TO EDUCATION. 

To the Edilor of the Rep~'~lican : 

The enemies of the Blair educational bill, who flatter themselves that national aid to education is a lost cause, will probably be enlightened by the immediate passage of a similar measure through the Senate. Then for the third time within a.- five years this important legislative act will appear at the bar of the House, 

claiming the ordinary right of a fair discussion on its merits. We believe it will not be a wholesome or safe exercise of the powers vested in a few leaders to prevent such c0nsideration again as in the past. ~ 

'J"·he main ground of open opposition to the measure has already been outlined in the opposition press. But it is evident that the most obstinate opponents and most vital reasons for this persistent opposition are behind the scenes. One thing is demonstrated already-that every man, North or South, opposed to the present tendency and importance of the public-school system, and who desires for any reason to curtail its power, will be found in his own place with a de- cided negative. It is not necessary to disparage the motives of this formidable host arrayed in opposition to the American public school; but the fact remains, and the friends of national aid will be compelled to meet and overcome every form of this hostility. Of course there are friends of the public school now and then influential, who will act on the same line; but the "old guard" of the op- position, North and South, remains. It only needs a glance at the ostensible grounds of opposition to dispose of some that have been vigorously worked. The attempt to disparage national aid by painting Senator BLAIR as a. crank, and fastening its :wthorship and chief advocacy upon unreliable and visionary schoolmen, disappears with the fact that the Blair bill is simply the Senate bill wrought into its present form after five years of the most searching criticism by the leaders of both parties and sec- tions, assisted by the most eminent public-school men of the North and South. Any bill that passes the Senate will be of the same sort. The great debate of three years ago in the Senate, one of the ablest, broadest, and most vital in all ways since the war, effectually disposed not only of the "constitutional·~ objection, but of the pretense that this is a uew question sprung upon the couritry. The bill has passed muster before almost every great 

lawyer in the Senate, and is demonstrated to be in the direct line of the national policy from the beginning. Nothing would please its friends better than that the ex-governor of South Carolina, Lawyer Chamberlain, should execute his threat of cap-ying it before the Supreme Court. The grounds of opposition this winter will be, first, that public interest in the bill has died; second, that the South is getting on well enough now without it; third, that it would paralyze home effort if passed. The question must turn finally on the attitude of the South. 'l'he opinions and theories of educational philosophers, politicians, and even important jour- nals in the North will finally be tested by the deliberate and growing conviction of the competent class of the Southern people, with the grounds of their faith. It is not understood, as it should be, that this bill is neither a theory of a few schoolmen, a political bribe offered to the South, or anything but a legitimate cause that has grown in a natural way from a growing public necessity, and was never so powerful when clearly understood as to-day. When Mr. HOAR pushed through the House his original bill, he represented the most advanced and reliable estimate of Southern needs by the best-informed common-school public of the South. The measure originated in this quarter, and from the first almost every eminent public-school man of the South has been its determined 

advocate. . . . . • The growth of pubhc Southern opmwn m the ex-Confederate States has been ir:resistible, overcoming every form of opposition, till only five of the twenty-two Senators of that section have opposed it in the Senate, and three of them misrep- resent Tennes ee, Alabama, and South Carolina. Each of these eleven States, if polled to-day, would cast a heavy majority of the white with the solid column of the colored vote in the u.ffirmative. If Texas is excepted, even there the com- mon-school public is practically unanimous, as shown by repeated demonstra- tion of its representative teachers: The Southern opposition is most power- ful in Maryland, Kent.ucky, and Missouri. But in each of those States the leading public-school men are almost unanimous in its favor, and the gen- eral public Jess informed because not pressed by such imperative need. With one or two exceptions every leading Southern journal is its advocate. Within the past year Southern public opinion has rapidly developed, as shown in the adoption of the measure by the Democratic leaders of Virginia, the revolt of the Democratic governor of Tennessee from the Harris plank in the State platform, and by the growing impatience with every Congressman in open opposition. It is as easy to deny this and to keep exclusively among the oppo- sition as to live for a year in Boston in eminent families who have lost faith in republican institutions or to walk on the shady side of the street; but. the fact remains. The grounds of this conviction, by that portion of the Southern people who look to univer!!al education through the common school for the only permanent relief of the ills that worry and the perils that threaten Southern society, are easy to be seen. All assertions, doctoring of statistics, optimistic expectations, and oratorical buncomb, North and South, to the contrary notwithstanding, these cold facts remain: First That of 6,000,000 children and youth in need of a good country district school in the sixteen Southern States, not 3,000,000 are to-day in constant and effective attendance on any school four months in the year, to say nothing of the brief term of school years possible for the Southern girl and boy. Second. That to achieve this the commonschoolpublicoftheSouthhaslashed the Southern people very near to the dead-line of taxation for education, many of their towns now exceeding, and the whole South falling but little below, the Norlh in its expenditure, according to valuation. Third. W'hile the valuation of New England equals, and of Massachusetts and New York largely excels, the whole South, and the savings b anks of Ma.'!sachu- setts could pocket the State of Georgia, it is idle to talk of the possibility of meeting this emergency by home effort for years to come. There is no such general boom down South as justifies any reasonable expectation of large im- mediate increase in the school funds. To-day, Massachusetts expends half as much on her 50C,OOO school children as the whole South on its 6,000,000. Mean- while, the barbarism we call illiteracy broods, a. threatening cloud, over the abyss of the lower side of Southern life. 'l'urn and twist and declaim as we may, this is the situation as reported by men like Drs. Haygood and Curry, President Johnston, Governor Thompson- indeed everybody who has looked this thing through to the end. If there is any better cause than this which' the common-scho~l Southern public now present to the country we are not informed of it. The fear that the Southern school public will be "demoralized" by a yearly 

gift of some $8,000,000, which would afford. less than $2 per capita for each school child, leaving then the expenditure less than one-fourtn per capita. of Massa- chusetts, is not well grounded. National aid for education, in every possible form, has been showered upon the fourteen Northern States west of the Alle- ghanies for more than a generation; and to-day these States lead the world in the zeal o( home effort for the common school. The Southern people are no exceptional race, and the voting of moderate national aid to encourage, stimu- late, and finally help to establish a good six-months' country district a ad an eight-months' graded town school of the American tyne, is one of th~ most imperative duties of Congress. It required years of work, with two Presidential vetoes, to secure the agricultural and mechanical college laud grant to aJl the States in 1862. It will not require half the time to carry a judicious measure for national aid in the present emergency of Southern educational affairs. A. D. MAYO. 

Mr. BL.AIR. Mr. President, I have a letter of three pages from ·a 

colored clergyman at Mobile, Ala.~ ' 

MoniLE, ALA., Januar-y 2, 1888. 

DEAR Sm: I have kindly been asked by Ron. Philip Joseph, of this city, to write you a. letter concerning the colored schools or colored school system of the State of Georgia. I am a native of Georgia and in ·my earlier life was engaged in the public schools. I am now a preacher in the Methodist itinerancy in the State of Alabama.. Now, so far as the schools in the State of Georgia are con- cerned, I will say I believe we have only one large school in the State that gets any public fund; that is the Atlanta University, that gets $8,000 annually; there are other graded schools that get smaller amounts. Most all of the larger towns in tneStatehavepublicschools, I mean the cities, thati-unfrom.six to nine months during the year. The teachers are paid according to the grade of their certifi- cate, and in all cases thew bite teachers through the State get the largest amount of salary. Now,as to what we call the country schools, in the more rural dis· tricts, I must say that in most places those poor people have only the advantage of about three months' school. There may be in some localities a little longer 

session, but no country school in the State of Georgia ever runs nine months and very few of them run longer than three months in the year, and most places the colored teachers get very poor pay. I have given you a synopsis of the colored schools ofJ the State of Georgia. which is simply true. I hope this may do the good for which it is intended, and ere long that grand old Blair ed- ucational bill shall take the lead of education for the colored. I am sincerely, yours for the bill, 

M. L. BLALOCK. Mr. H. W. BLAIR, Washington, D. a. 

The Florida School Journal, published at Lake City, Fla., in its issue of November, 1887, contains a letter from A. J. Russell, State 

superintendent of public instruction,_ from which I extract the following paragraph: 

There are many teachers who have managed to barely scrape through, and obtained a third-class certificate and are content to rest upon that. Somelknow of, who have held just such a certificate for five, six, and even ten years, some- times re-examined, sometimes the certificate is hastily renewed by the county 

superintendent by writing the word ''renewed " across the face of the old cer- tificate for the coming year. 

From Columbia, S. C., I have this letter: 

OFFICE OF THE CAROLINA TEACHER, 

aoLumlJia, B. 0., DecemlJer 23, 1887. 

MY DEAR SIR: Since the receipt of yours of the 14th I have done such work in the line it proposed as my limited time would allow, and have started your letter on the rounds in order that each may have the benefit of your timely sug- gestions without subjecting you to so much writing. The inclosed letters will show something of the sentiment among Southern editors, and the same feeling is gaining fa.vor among the people. They begin to realize, as they never have before, the necessity of education for all, and when they get to this point the provisions of the "Blair bill" are not objection- able at all. Inclosed you will also find editorials clipped from the Charles_ton (S. C.) News and Courier, which I am sure will interest you, if they have not already come to your notice. I shall send you all such that come to me. Please accept my thanks for the" educational bill," as well as for your kind letter, and believe me, Very respectfully, yours, W. L. BELL. Hon. H. W.BLA.IR., 

United States Be11ator, Washington, D. a. THE BLAill BILL. 

It is often easier to procure the. passage of a bad law, or one of doubtful utility, than one that promises the greatest good to the greatest number. -When men's passions are excited they are quick enough to put their will into shape if they have the power, and in legislative bodies the majority has the power. Laws for the general welfare, however, are everybody's business alike, and the rule is, in most cases, that these wait for consideration until othets of particular in- terest are out of the way. - The history of'the Blair educational bill illustrates this rule. It is one of the most important measures to the whole country that has been introduced into Congress in ,the last twenty years. It looks to the education of the people to qualify them to be good citizens, and provides for the education of a class of per- sons who are numbered by the million, and who will not be educated if the bill fails to become a law. Yet it has been held back and suffered to remain inop· 

erative, while hundreds of measures of little or no concern, except to politicians or limited private interests, have been hurl"ied through Congress without diffi- culty. 

We believe that. the Blair bill will pass sooner or later. Every day shows more and mo1·e the need of some such law. Every year that is lost means so I 

many more ignorant and dangerous voters who have passed beyond hope of re-' demption or improvement. The bill ought to pass this session, since it has been delayed too long already. The Senate Committee on Education are unanimous in favor of its pas...«age in the shape in which it passed the Senate in the last Con- gress, and it will probably be sent to the House at an early day. • No IDOre important measure will demand the attention of that body, even at this most important session, and the Congressmen from the South particularly, who know how urgently help is needed here in the cause of pupular education, should see to it that the Blair bill has a fair and full hearing. 

* * * * * * Southern Congressmen who haYe opposed the Blair bill heretofore would do well to study closely the educational situation in the South and satisfy themselves whether there has been any such material progress in that direc- tion in the past year as to warrant them in continuing their opposition. The Southern States might do a. vast deal more than they are now doing for the cause of popular education and still make but little impression on t.he number of illiterates. And there is no prospect of their doing very much more with their own means for many years to come. • 

The Senator from Connecticut [Mr. HAWLEY] has left the Chamber, 

but with regard to his reference to the State of Florida, I wish to say 

that I hope it is correct. I do not desire to disparage anything he 

says, but I put against it what I have just read from there. 

The late Mr. Taft, in his report to the Commissioner of Education 

this year, occupies five or six pages. The States are brought into com- parison by the .relation of actual attendance to the number of school 
748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JANUARY 26, 

children of the ages between six and fourteen, that is, within the y,ears 

during which the common schools generally give education, and it seems by that test that Florida has only some 50 per cent. of children 

who attend school, while in New Hampshire by the same test 88.1 

per cent. attend, and in Vermont almostlOO per cent ., and so geneJally 

throughout the North the average attendance is nearly, if not quite, 

double what it is in the Southern States of those who are of the educatable age. , If therefore the schools were of the same quality, attendance for the snme number of days would carry instruction to only about one-half 

the number of pupils in the one case, and in the other case the entire 

number would be receiving instruction. · Then, further, the character of the schools has quite as much to do 

with the benefit received from them as the length of time of attendance. 

This description of the condition, inevitable from the circumstances surrounding them of a great number of the Southern schools which must 

be the case in Florida, as well as elsewhere, shows that the attendance 

fQr one hundred days on one of their schools would not probably be 

50 per cent. ofthe like benefit there would be in attendance on North- ern schools, which have competent teachers, suitable plant, and everything necessary for instruction. 

I will not trouble the Senate further at the present time with the 

geo.eral discussion of the question; but as· various points may come up 

I shall take part in the debate only as I am compelled to do so incidentally while others are speaking. Having confined myself to a presentation of the testimony in this case brought down to the present 

time by competent witnesses from all parts of the country, I submitto 

the Senate that if there ever was any need of na.tional aid to education 

that need continues and is increasing and not diminishing. 

11-Ir. l\IORGAN. 1\Ir. President--

ADJOURNMENT 'IO MONDAY. 

M:r. BUTLER. I move that when the Senate adjourn to-day it adjourn to meet on Monday next. ["Oh, no!"] 

The PRESID.ENT pro tempore. The Senator from South Carolina 

mo,·es that when the Senate adjourn to-day it be to meet on Monday 

next. 

Mr. TELLER. I call for the yeas and nays. 

The yeas and nays were ordered; and the Secretary proceeded to call 

the roll. 

Mr. CALL (when his name was called). I am paired with the Senator from Mississippi [Mr. WALTHALL]. Otherwise I should vote 

"nay." 

Mr. SPOONER (when his name wascalled). I am generally paired 

"ith the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BLACKBURN], but I am informed 

that if he were present he would vote ''yea.'' I therefore v:ote '' yea.'' 

The roll-call having been concluded, the result was announced-yeas 

30, nays 17; a.s follows: 

YE.AS-30. 

Bate, Davis, Hearst, 

Beck, Evarts, Hiscock, 

Brown, Faulkner, Ingalls,' Butler, George, Kenna, 

Chandler, Gorman, McPherson, 

Cockrell, Gray, Mitchell, 

Cullom, Harris, Morgan, 

Daniel, Hawley, - N.A.YS-17. 

A1lison, Colquitt, Hoar, 

Berry, Dawes, Pugh, 

Blair, Dolph, Sawyer, 

Blodgett, Eustis, Sherman, 

Coke , Frye, Teller, 

ABSENT-29. 

Aldrich, Gibson, - Pasco, 

Blackburn, Hale, Payne, Howe n, Hampton, Plumb, 

Ca ll, Jonesof Arkansas, Quay, 

Cameron, .Jones of Nevada, Ransom, 

Chace, Manderson, Sabin, Ed munds, Morrill, Saulsbury, F a n vell, Paddock, Stanford, 

So the motion was agreed to. 

Mr. RIDDLEBERGER. 1\fr. President-· 

Mr. MORGAN. Mr. President--

Palmer, 

Platt., 

Reagan, 

Riddleberger, 

Spooner, 

Vest, 

Wilson of Iowa. 

Turpie, 

Vance. 

Stewat·t, 

Stockbridge, 

Voorhees, 

Walthall, 

Wilson of Md. 

1\Ir. BUTLER. I presume the Senator from Alabama does not desire to proceed this evening; so I move that the Senate do now adjourn. 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Alabama is entitled to the floor upon the pending bill. The Senator from Virginia rose. PERSONAL EXPLANATION. 

Ur. RIDDLEBERGER. I desire to state that I was absent this 

morning from the Senate Chamber by reason of an engagement to meet a member of the House of Representa.tives, when the votes were taken on the passage of the bill (S. 257) granting a pension to MaryS. Logan, 

and the bi11 (S. 574) to increase the pension of Mrs. Apolline A. Blair. 

I desire to state that if I had been present I should have voted for the 

passage of both those bi1ls. Mr. BUTLER. I mo•e that the Senate do now adjourn. 

Tbe motion was agreed to; and (at 4 o'clock and 44 minutes p. m.) 

the Senate adjourned until Monday, January 30,1888, at12o'clockm. 

CONFIRMATIONS. 

Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate Jmmary 23, 1888. 

TERRITORIAL ASSOCIATE 'JUSTICE. 

Stephen De Wolfe, of Montana, to be associate justice of the supreme 

court of the Territory of Montana. 

TERRITORIAL CHIEF-JUSTICE. 

Newton W. McConnell, of Tennessee, to be chief-justice of the supreme court of the Territory of !\fontana. 

DISTRICT CHIEF-JUSTICE. 

Edward F. Bingham, of Ohio, to be chief-justice of the supreme 

court of the District of Columbia. 

RECEIVER OF PUBLIC MONEY. 

Alexis E. Lemee, of Natchitoches, La .. , to be receiver of public 

moneys. 

SUPERVISING INSPECTOR OF STEA.l!I-VESSELS. 

Marshall Parks, of Virginia, to be supervising inspector of steamvessels for the third district. 

UNITED STATES 1\IABSHAL. 

John W. Emerson, of Missouri, to be marshal of the United States 

for the eastern district of Missouri. 

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 

John Madigan, of New York, to be collector of customs for the district of Dunkirk, in. the State of New York. 

John W. Martin, of New York, to be collector of customs for the district of Genesee, in the State of New York. 

UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS. 

GeorgeS. Peters, of Ohio, to be attorney of the United States for the 

Territory of Utah. 

Emory B. Sellers, of Indiana, to be attorney of the United States 

for the district of Indiana. 

George E. Pritchett, of Nebra.ska, to be attorney of the United 

States for the district of Nebraska. 

Clarence H. Pitkin, ofVermont, to be attorney of the United States 

for the district of Vermont. 

Thomas E. Haydon, of Nevada, to be attorney of the United States 

for the district of Nevada. 

Owen A. Galvin, of Massa<lhusetts, to be attorney of the United 

States for the district of Massachusetts. 

Whitaker M. Grant, of Iowa, to be attorney of the United States 

for the district of Alaska. 

UNITED STATES CONSULS. 

Thomas W. Hotchkiss, of New York, to be consul at Ottawa, Ontario. 

Jacob L. Doty, of Brooklyn, N. Y., to be consul at Tahiti, Society 

Islands. 

George Osgood Prince, to be consul at Moscow. • L. Austin Spalding, of Lockport, N. Y., to be consul at Aix-laChapelle. 

Lewis Gebhard Reed, ofBrooklyn,' N. Y., to be consul atBarbadoes. · Henry F. Dqwning, of New york City, N. Y., to be consul at St. 

Paul de Loando. 

John 0. Bridges, of Massena, N. Y., to be consul at Brockville, Ontario. 

PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. 

Eng'ineer Corps. 

Passed Assistant Engineer Burdett C. Gowing, to be a chief engi-1 

neer in the Navy. 

Passed Assistant Engineer Absalom Kirby, to be a chief engineer in 

the Navy. 

Passed Assistant Engineer Entwistle, to be a chief engineer in the 

Navy. 

Passed Assistant Engineer Nathan P. Towne, to be a chief engineer 

in the Navy. 

POSTMASTERS. 

John Meehan,\q be postmaster at St. Mary's, in the county of Pottawatomie and State of Kansas. 

Joseph L. Mattingly, to be postmaster at Sedan, in the county of 

Chautauqua and State ·of Kansas. 

Alfred M. McPherson, to be postmaster at Galena, in the county of 

Cherokee and State of Kansas. 

Cornelius S. Mace, to be postmaster at St. John, in the county of 

Stafford and State of Kansas. - John M. Landis, to be postmaster at Oswego, in the county of Labette and State of Kansas. 

Charles F. Buchhalter, to be postmaster atArmourda.le, in the county 

of Wyandotte and State of Kansas. 

Archibald G. Buchanan, to be postmaster at Abilene, in the county 

of Dickinson and State of Kansas. 
1888. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 

John W. Brown, to _be postmasJ.erat Ness City, in the county of Ness 

and State of Kansas. 

Frank S. Blades, to be postmaster at Sterling, in the county of Rice 

and State of Kansas. · _ 

John F. Baker, to be postmaster at Ellsworth, in the county of Ellsworth and State of Kansas. 

William W. Threlkeld, to be postmaster at Scott, in the county ·of 

Scott and State of Kansas. • Louis E. Humrichouse, to be postmaster at Dighton, in the county 

of Lane and State of Kansas. 

Lewis R. Norton, to be postmaster at Westfield, in the county of 

Hampden and State of l\Iassachusetts. 

Henry'N. Pardee, to be postmaster at Northford, in the county of 

New Haven and State of Connecticut. 

Charles H. Edwards, to be postmaster at Portland, in the county of 

Middlesex and State of Connecticut. . Isaac R. Wilkinson, to be postmaster at Pawtucket, in the county of 

Providence and State of Rhode Island. • Charles H. George, to be postmaster at Providence, in the county of 

Providence and State of Rhode Island . . Susan C. Lewis, to be postmaster atOlneyville, in the county ofProvidence and State of Rhode Island. 

Frank,E. Fitzsimmons, to be po~tmaster at Lonsdale, in the county 

of Providence and State of Rhode Island. 

John F. Galvin, to be postmaster at East Greenwich, in the county 

of Kent and State of Rhode Island. 

Daniel W. Pratt, to be postmaster at Farmington, in- the county of 

Franklin and State of Maine. 

Oliver N. Goldsmith, to be postmaster at Englewood, in the county 

of Cook and State of Illinois. 

John W. Arnold, to be postmaster at Lockport, in the county ofWill 

and State of Illinois. - -

Lewis H. Wilcox, to be postmaster at Corunna, in the county of _Shiawassee and State of Michigan. 

Elvin L. Sprague, to be postmaster at Traverse City, in the county 

of Grand Traverse and State of Michigan. 

George W. Brown, to be postmaster at Cherokee, in the county of 

Crawford and State of Kansas. 

William -F. Trough ton, to be postmaster at Seneca, in the county of 

Nemaha and State of Kansas. 

Seneca B. Sproule, to be postmaster at Greensburgh, in the county of 

Kiowa and State of Kansas. 

GeorgeS. Selvidge, to be postmaster at Meade Centre, in the county 

of Meade and State of Kansas. 

Leonidas T. Reese, to be postmaster at Smith Centre, in the county 

of Smith and State of Kansas. 

Anna E. Ratcliffe, to be postmaster at Cimarron, in the county of 

Gray and State of Kansas. 

Patrick J. Morgan, to be postmaster at Solomon City, in the county 

of Dickinson and State of Kansas. 

John B. Kessler, to be postmaster at Ottawa, in the· county of Fl'anklin and State of Kansas. 

Isa-ac E. Johnson, to be postmaster at Syracuse, in the county of Hamilton and State of Kansas. 

David S. Gardiner, to be postmaster at Downs, in the county of Osborne and State of Kansas. 

James N. Fike, to be postmaster at Colby, in the county of Thomas 

and State of Kansas. 

George W. Farrelly, to be postmaster at Chanute, in the county of 

Neosho and State of Kansas. 

John E. Chapman, to be postmaster at La Cygne, in the county of 

Linn and State of Kansas. 

Daniel D. Murphy, to be postmaster at Red Jacket, in the county of 

·Houghton and State of Michigan. 

John G. Mansfield, to be postmaster at Buchanan, in the county of 

Berrien and State of Michigan. 

Julius Granger, to be postmaster at Fort Gratiot, in the county of 

St. Clair and State of Michigan. _ ' 

Leon Ephraim, to be postmaster at Manistique, in the county of 

Schoolcraft and State of Michigan. 

William Dester, to be postmaster at Berrien Springs, in the county of 

Berrien and State of l\Iichigan. 

Martin Cremer, to be postmaster at Ypsilanti, in the· county of Wash- .tenaw and State of Michigan. 

John H. Chapman, to be postmaster at Whitehall, in the county of 

Muskegon and State of Michigan. 

Theron L. Arnold, to be postmaster at Three Rivers, in the county of 

St. Joseph and State of Michigan. 

Thomas F. Gorman, to be postmaster at Whitinsville, in the county 

of Worcester and State of Massachusetts. 

Clarence L. Clark, to be postmaster at Janesville, in the county of 

Rock and State of Wisconsin. · Sarah Hodgdon, to be postmaster at Deming, in the county of Grant 

and Territory of New Mexico. _ Robert H. Hopper, to be postmaster at Kingston,·in the county of 

Sierra and Territory of New Mexico. 

Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate January 26, 1888. 

UNITED STATES . .ATTORNEY. 

John Blair Hoge, of the District of Columbia, to be attorney of the 

United States for the District of Columbia. 

.ASSOCIATE JUSTICE. 

Martin V. Montgomery, of Michigan, to be associate justice of the 

supreme court of the Dis~ict of Columbia~ 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

THURSD.A. Y, January 26, 1888~ 

The House met at 12 o'clock m. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. W. 

H. MILBURN, D. D. 

The Journal ofyesterday's proceedings was read and approved. 

RECEIPTS .A.N~ EXPENDITURES, TREASURY DEP .A.RTMENT. 

The SPEAKER pro temjJore laid before the House a letter from the 

Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting statement of receipts and ex- penditures of that Department for the-fiscal year ended June 30, 1885; 

which was referred to the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury 

Department, and ordered to be printed. 

MARRIA.GE BETWEEN WHITE MEN .AND INDIAN WOMEN. 

The SPEAKER pro tempore also laid before the House the bill (S. 

928) in relation to the marriage of white men and Indian women, re- called by resolution of the Senate on the 25th instant; which was read a first and second time, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. 

CHANGE OF REFERENCE. 

The SPEAKER pro tempm·e. .A. communication from the clerk of 

the Court of Claims, transmitting findings of fact in the French spoliation claim "Ship Joanna," was erroneously referred to the Committee on War Claims. Without objection, that committee will be discharged from its further consideration, and the same will be referred 

to the Committee on Appropriations. 

There was no objection, and it ':as so ordered. 

LE.A. VE OF ABSENCE. 

By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted to Mr. HoPKINS, 

of Virginia, ~or four days. 

DIRECT T.A.X. 

Mr. ELLIOTT, by unanimous consent, introduced a bill (H. R. 

5996) to settle claims arising out of the execution of the direct-t:tx: act 

of Congress, in Beaufort district, South Carolina; which was read a - first -and second time, referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and 

ordered to be printed. 

PETITIONS REFERRED UNDER THE RULE. 

Mr. JACKSON. Mr. Speaker, I rise to a question of privilege. 

The SPEAKER pro tempo1·e. The gentleman will state it. 

Mr. JACKSON._. Within the last ten days I have, in accordance 

with the rules of this House, sent to the desk and had deposited in the 

petition-box, for reference, certain petitions addressed to the Congress, 

asking for legislation, that have not appeared in the RECORD at the 

proper time. One of these petitions was from the citizens of my dis-: trict against the admission of the Territory of Utah as a State, another was a petition asking Congress to increase the compensation of fourthclass postmasters, and a third was a numerously~signed petition by 

citizens of Pennsylvania asking the passage of a law prohibiting the 

manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors within the District of Columbia. -

In the case of neither petition did ther~appear in the CONGRESSIONAL 

RECORD of the following morning any notice of its_..presentation. Under the rule lists of these petitions are made up in the Clerk's office and 

sent for publication in the RECORD. I made inquiry; and in one case the petition clerk made search and found one of the petitions some time 

after among other papers, and on the following day it appeared noted in 

the RECORD. The others have not as yet been noticed in the RECORD, so far as I have been able to learn. One of these was presented yesterday, and another on Friday last, and the other on the Thursday preceding. 

I desire, therefore, to call the attention of the proper officers of the 

House to some app~ent oversight or clog in the maphinery regulating 

this part of the proceedings of the Honse. 

I need not say that this is a matter of considerable importance, not 

only to members of Congress themselves but to the people whom they 

represent, who desire to know that their petitions are duly presented 

and referred, as the right of petition is one of the highest privileges of 

the citizeil, and one t,hat shpnld in no manner be abridged. .A. notice 

in the RECORD at the time is, the only way our constituents have of 

knowing that their petitions have been properly presented to Congress. 

The officers of the House are usually so accurate and· careful in their 

duties that I know they will prefer to have their attention called to