IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs January 25, 2005

GREGORY CHRISTOPHER FLEENOR v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County

No. C46,705 R. Jerry Beck, Judge

No. E2004-00943-CCA-R3-PC - Filed June 16, 2005

The petitioner, Gregory Christopher Fleenor, pled guilty in the Sullivan County Criminal Court to

first degree felony murder and especially aggravated robbery, and the trial court sentenced him to

concurrent sentences of life and fifteen years respectively. Subsequently, the petitioner filed a

petition for post-conviction relief, alleging (1) that he received the ineffective assistance of trial

counsel and (2) that his guilty pleas were not knowingly and voluntarily entered. After an

evidentiaryhearing, the post-conviction court dismissed the petition, and the petitioner now appeals.

Upon review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction

court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed.

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J., and

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., joined.

Keith A. Hopson, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gregory Christopher Fleenor.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; William G. Lamberth, II, Assistant Attorney

General; and H. Greeley Wells, Jr., District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Factual Background

This case relates to the petitioner’s participation in the killing and robbery of John T. Bussell

in August 2001. At the guilty plea hearing, the state gave the following factual account of the

crimes: The eighty-one-year-old victim owned a bait shop and restaurant in Sullivan County. On

August 21, 2001, the petitioner, his girlfriend, Steven Rollins, and Rollins’ girlfriend went to the bait

shop, intending to rob the victim. While the petitioner and his girlfriend waited in the car, Rollins

and his girlfriend went into the bait shop. The petitioner heard a commotion and heard the victim

pleading for his life. The petitioner got out of the car, walked to the bait shop door, and saw Rollins
Steven Rollins was convicted of first degree premeditated murder, felony murder, and especially aggravated 1

robbery and was sentenced to death. This court affirmed the convictions. See State v. Steven James Rollins, No.

E2003-01811-CCA-R3-DD, 2005 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 373 (Knoxville, Apr. 21, 2005). Pursuant to Tennessee

Code Annotated section 39-13-206(a)(1), his case is currently before our supreme court.

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bending over behind a cash register. The petitioner did not see the victim. Rollins and the petitioner

left the bait shop and walked to the victim’s camper. They stole items from the camper and left the

scene. According to the petitioner’s statement to police, Rollins told the petitioner that he stabbed

the victim and cut the victim’s throat when the victim reached for a gun. The petitioner also said that

Rollins threatened to kill the petitioner if he went to the police. Pursuant to a plea agreement, the

petitioner pled guilty on March 14, 2002, to first degree felony murder and especially aggravated

robbery, a Class A felony. The trial court sentenced him to concurrent sentences of life for the 1

murder conviction and fifteen years for the especially aggravated robbery conviction. 

At the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that he was charged with

the crimes in October 2001 and that the state filed a notice of intent to seek the death penalty. The

trial court appointed two attorneys to represent him, and the petitioner discussed his case with them.

The attorneys told the petitioner that they filed motionsin the case, including a motion for discovery.

The attorneys gave the petitioner documents they received during discovery and reviewed the

documents briefly with him. The petitioner stated that the sheriff’s department recorded some of his

telephone conversations while he was in jail and that he asked his attorneys to give him copies of

the audiotapes. However, the petitioner stated that he never received the tapes and that his attorneys

never told him what was on the tapes. When the petitioner decided to plead guilty, his attorneys told

him that he would be making an Alford plea but that he would “still have some of [his] rights.”

However, they did not explain what an Alford plea was and did not tell him that he would lose his

right to appeal his convictions. Before the petitioner decided to plead guilty, his attorneys sent him

a letter explaining that they believed he would get the death penalty if he went to trial. The

petitioner’s attorneys also talked to his mother. The petitioner related that his attorneys told him

about lesser included offenses but told him that lesser included offenses “would not apply” in his

case. He said that if he had known that the trial court would have instructed the jury on lesser

included offenses, he would not have pled guilty and would have gone to trial.

On cross-examination, the petitioner acknowledged that his codefendant, Steven Rollins,

went to trial, was convicted, and received the death penalty. The state introduced into evidence the

Request for Acceptance of Plea of Guilty Waiver of Rights form signed by the petitioner. The

petitioner acknowledged that the form stipulates “this case is at an end.” However, he stated that he

only read part of the form and did not know he was giving up his right to a direct appeal. The

petitioner acknowledged that at the guilty plea hearing, he told the trial court that he had read the

form. He said, however, that he lied to the trial court because his attorneys told him to say, “Yes,

Sir” when the trial court asked him questions during the guilty plea hearing. The petitioner also

acknowledged that he met with his attorneys one week before the guilty plea hearing and told them

he wanted to accept the state’s plea offer. Regarding lesser included offenses, the petitioner

acknowledged that his attorneys sent him a letter in which they stated that the trial court would
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instruct the jury on lesser included offenses if the petitioner decided to go to trial. The petitioner also

acknowledged that the trial court asked him at the guilty plea hearing if he was pleading guilty

knowingly and voluntarily and that he responded, “Yes.”

On redirect examination, the petitioner testified that the first time he saw the waiver of rights

form was on the morning of the guilty plea hearing and that he did not read the entire form. He said

that his attorneys told him the trial court would instruct the jury on lesser included offenses but that

the jury would never convict him of a lesser included offense. He acknowledged that at the guilty

plea hearing, the trial court advised him that if he pled not guilty, he would have the right to appeal

his convictions.

Barbara Ann Smith, the petitioner’s mother, testified that she and the petitioner had a close

relationship and that the petitioner asked her to meet with his attorneys to discuss the state’s plea

offer. During themeeting, the petitioner’s attorneys showed her gruesome photographs of the victim

and one of the attorneys told her, “I don’t think [the petitioner] wants you watching him getting a

lethal injection on the table.” After the meeting, she told the petitioner to accept the state’s offer.

She said that if she had known about lesser included offenses, she may have suggested to the

petitioner that he go to trial. On cross-examination, Ms. Smith testified that the petitioner’s attorneys

told her they thought the petitioner would be convicted of first degree murder and would be

sentenced to death.

One of the petitioner’s trial attorneys testified that he had been practicing law since 1981 and

primarily practiced criminal law. He and co-counsel filed sixty-six motions in the petitioner’s case,

including a discovery motion. The state turned over discovery material, including twelve audiotapes

of the petitioner’s telephone conversations recorded by the sheriff’s department while the petitioner

was in jail. Co-counsel reviewed the tapes, and both attorneys discussed the tapes with the

petitioner. The petitioner’s attorney testified that the tapes were not exculpatory, that the state was

not going to use them against the petitioner at trial, and that the petitioner knew what was on the

tapes. The attorneys told the petitioner that if he went to trial, the trial court would instruct the jury

on lesser included offenses. However, counsel did not think that a jury would find the petitioner

guilty of any lesser included offenses. At some point, the state made a plea offer to the petitioner.

Counsel thought that a jury would convict the petitioner of first degree murder and sentence him to

death because photographs of the victim showed “a very elderly man who had been butchered.”

Moreover, the petitioner’s girlfriend was going to testify against him at trial. 

The attorney testified that he told the petitioner he would lose his right to a direct appeal if

he pled guilty. However, he also told the petitioner that the petitioner could appeal his sentences if

the trial court sentenced him outside the guilty plea agreement or gave him an illegal sentence. He

stated that he went over the state’s plea offer and the waiver of rights form with the petitioner and

that the petitioner understood the offer and the form. Counsel testified that at the time the attorneys

met with the petitioner’s mother, the state had not yet made a plea offer. During their meeting with

the petitioner’s mother, the petitioner’s attorneys discussed the evidence against the petitioner and

told her why they thought a plea agreement would be in the petitioner’s best interests. They also
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showed the petitioner’s mother photographs of the victim and discussed possible punishments the

petitioner would receive. The petitioner’s attorney testified that because the petitioner did not stab

the victim, he thought the jury likelywould convict the petitioner of first degree murder and sentence

him to life without the possibility of parole. However, he stated that the petitioner “could very well

receive the death penalty.”

On cross-examination, the petitioner’s attorney testified that the petitioner was easy to work

with and was cooperative. He and co-counsel discussed with the petitioner the questions that the

trial court would ask the petitioner at the guilty plea hearing and the rights that the petitioner would

be waiving. At some point, the attorney mailed a letter to the petitioner recommending that the

petitioner accept the state’s offer. The attorney enclosed a copy of the plea agreement and waiver

of rights form with the letter. Regarding the audiotapes, the attorney testified that the petitioner

never asked to listen to the tapes and that he would have allowed the petitioner to listen to the tapes

if the petitioner had asked to do so.

In denying the petition for post-conviction relief, the post-conviction court expressly

discredited the petitioner’s testimony and accredited his trial attorney’s testimony. The postconviction court found that the petitioner was not pressured into pleading guilty and voluntarily

entered his guilty pleas. The trial court also held that his attorneys discussed lesser included offenses

with him and that the trial court advised him at the guilty plea hearing that he was giving up his right

to appeal his convictions. Finally, the trial court concluded that the petitioner’s attorneys “did an

excellent job” in representing him.

The petitioner claims that he received the ineffective assistance of trial counsel because his

attorneys failed to provide him with the audiotapes of his telephone conversations, failed to tell him

that lesser included offenses would be instructed to the jury if he went to trial, and failed to inform

him that he would lose his right to a direct appeal if he pled guilty. In addition, he contends that his

guilty pleas were not knowingly and voluntarily entered because his attorneys used his mother and

the threat of the death penalty to coerce him into pleading guilty. Finally, he claims that his guilty

pleas were not knowing and voluntary because the trial court failed to tell him during the guilty plea

hearing that the judgments of conviction would be used to enhance punishments he received for any

subsequent convictions and failed to ask him if his willingness to plead guilty resulted from prior

discussions between the district attorney and the petitioner or his attorney as required by Rule 11(d),

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 

II. Analysis

In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner bears the burden of proving the grounds raised

in the petition by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f). “Evidence is

clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the

conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1998) (citing Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 n.3 (Tenn. 1992)). Issues regarding

the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be accorded their testimony, and the factual
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questions raised by the evidence adduced at trial are to be resolved by the post-conviction court as

the trier of fact. Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 579 (Tenn. 1997). Therefore, we afford the

post-conviction court’s findings of fact the weight of a jury verdict, with such findings being

conclusive on appeal absent a showing that the evidence in the record preponderates against those

findings. Id. at 578.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

On appeal, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of law and

fact subject to de novo review. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). As such, the

post-conviction court’s findings of fact are entitled to a presumption of correctness unless the

evidence preponderates against those findings. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001).

However, a post-conviction court’s conclusions of law, such as whether counsel’s performance was

deficient or whether that deficiency was prejudicial, are subject to a purely de novo review with no

presumption of correctness. Id.

When a petitioner seeks post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of

counsel, “the petitioner bears the burden of proving both that counsel’s performance was deficient

and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)

(citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984)).

Because a petitioner must establish both prongs of the test, a failure

to prove either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to

deny relief on the ineffective assistance claim. Indeed, a court need

not address the components in any particular order or even address

both if the [petitioner] makes an insufficient showing of one

component.

Id. at 370.

To establish constitutionally deficient performance, the petitioner must demonstrate that

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 687-88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. Specifically, the petitioner must show that

counsel’s performance was not within “the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal

cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). On appeal, this court will neither

second guess the tactical and strategic decisions of defense counsel, nor measure the representation

by “20-20 hindsight.” Cooper v. State, 849 S.W.2d 744, 746 (Tenn. 1993). To establish prejudice,

the petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104

S. Ct. at 2068; see also Dean v. State, 59 S.W.3d 663, 667 (Tenn. 2001).
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In this case, the petitioner claims that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel

because his trial attorneys failed to provide him with audiotapes of his telephone conversations

recorded while he was in jail, failed to tell him that lesser included offenses would be instructed to

the jury if he went to trial, and failed to inform him that he would lose his right to a direct appeal if

he pled guilty. Regarding the audiotaped telephone conversations, the petitioner’s trial attorney

testified at the post-conviction hearing that the tapes were not exculpatory, that the State was not

going to use the tapes against the petitioner at trial, that counsel discussed the tapes with the

petitioner, and that the petitioner knew what was on the tapes. The tapes have not been included in

the record on appeal. The trial court accredited the petitioner’s testimony over that of the petitioner.

The petitioner has failed to show that his attorneys rendered deficient performance for failing to give

him the tapes or that he was prejudiced by any deficiency.

Regarding lesser included offenses, the petitioner admitted at the evidentiary hearing that his

attorneys told him lesser included offenses would be charged to the jury if he went to trial.

Moreover, the trial court noted that it informed the petitioner at the guilty plea hearing that the jury

would be instructed on lesser included offenses. Our review of the guilty plea hearing transcript

shows that the trial court informed the petitioner that the jury would be instructed on lesser included

offenses of first degree murder and especially aggravated robbery if he went to trial. As to the

petitioner’s claim that his attorneys failed to inform him that he would lose his right to a direct

appeal if he pled guilty, the petitioner’s attorney testified that he told the petitioner he would lose his

right to a direct appeal. In its order denying post-conviction relief, the trial court noted that the

petitioner signed a guilty plea agreement and waiver of rights form. The form provides that by

pleading guilty “there will not be a trial; and this case is at an end, other than the imposing of the

above sentence on me.” Although the petitioner testified at the post-conviction hearing that he did

not read the entire form and that his attorneys never told him that he would lose his right to a direct

appeal, the trial court accredited the petitioner’s attorney, and the record does not preponderate

against the trial court’s conclusion that the petitioner knew he was waiving his right to a direct

appeal by pleading guilty. 

B. Knowing and Voluntary Guilty Pleas

In determining whether a petitioner’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, this court must

look at the totality of the circumstances. State v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 346, 353 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1995). “This court is bound by the post-conviction court’s findings unless the evidence

preponderates otherwise.” Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

When a defendant enters a plea of guilty, certain constitutional rights are waived, including

the privilege againstself-incrimination, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a trial by jury.

 Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 1712 (1969). Therefore, in order to comply

with constitutional requirements, a guilty plea must be a “voluntary and intelligent choice among the

alternative courses of action open to the defendant.” North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31, 91

S. Ct. 160, 164 (1970). In order to ensure that a defendant understands the constitutional rights being
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relinquished, the trial court must advise the defendant of the consequences of a guilty plea. Boykin,

395 U.S. at 243-44, 89 S. Ct. at 1712.

In State v. Mackey, 553 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tenn. 1977), superseded on other grounds by

Tenn. R. Crim. App. 37(b) and Tenn. R. App. P. 3(b), our supreme court set out the procedure trial

courts should follow when accepting a guilty plea. Prior to accepting the guilty plea, the trial court

must advise the defendant of the consequences of a guilty plea and determine whether the defendant

understands those consequences. See id.; see also Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(c). A verbatim record of

the guilty plea must be made and must include, without limitation, “(a) the court’s advice to the

defendant, (b) the inquiry into the voluntariness of the plea including any plea agreement and into

the defendant’s understanding of the consequences of his entering a plea of guilty, and (c) the inquiry

into the accuracy of a guilty plea.” Mackey, 553 S.W.2d at 341.

In determining whether the petitioner’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, this court

looks to the following factors:

The relative intelligence of the [petitioner]; the degree of his

familiarity with criminal proceedings; whether he was represented by

competent counsel and had the opportunity to confer with counsel

about the options available to him; the extent of advice from counsel

and the court concerning the charges against him; and the reasons for

his decision to plead guilty, including a desire to avoid a greater

penalty that might result from a jury trial.

Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993).

The petitioner claims that his guilty pleas were not knowingly and voluntarily entered

because his attorneys used his mother and the threat of the death penalty to coerce him into pleading

guilty. The post-conviction court held that the petitioner voluntarily entered his pleas. We agree.

According to the guilty plea hearing transcript, the trial court specifically asked the petitioner if his

pleas were voluntary, and the petitioner answered, “Yes, your honor.” Although the petitioner claims

that his attorneys used the threat of the death penalty to coerce him into pleading guilty, we note that

if an attorney believes it to be in the appellant’s best interest to plead guilty in order to avoid the

death penalty, the attorney should advise the appellant to do so. Parham v. State, 885 S.W.2d 375,

381 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). In this case, the petitioner’s trial attorney testified that he thought the

petitioner would be convicted of first degree murder and “could very well receive the death penalty.”

Although the petitioner contends that he was coerced into pleading guilty, given the totality of the

circumstances, the petitioner has failed to show that his guilty pleas were not knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily entered.

 The petitioner also claims for the first time in this appeal that his guilty pleas were not

knowingly and voluntarily entered because the trial court failed to tell him during the guilty plea

hearing that the judgments of conviction would be used to enhance punishments he received for any
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subsequent convictions. See State v. McClintock, 732 S.W.2d 268, 273 (Tenn. 1987) (providing that

when accepting a guilty plea, a trial court “must make it clear to the defendant that the resulting

judgment of conviction may be used in a subsequent proceeding to enhance the punishment for

subsequent offenses”). In addition, he contends that the trial court failed to ask him if his willingness

to plead guilty resulted from prior discussions between the district attorney and the petitioner or his

attorney as required by Rule 11(d), Tenn. R. Crim. P. However, we note that “[t]o the extent the

petitioner’s claim is based upon the requirements for the taking of guilty pleas imposed by Mackey

and Rule 11, Tenn. R. Crim. P., but not related to constitutional rights, it is not cognizable in a suit

for post-conviction relief.” Matthew Melton Jackson v. State, No. M2004-01342-CCA-R3-PC, 2005

Tenn Crim. App. LEXIS 481, at *31 (Nashville, May 18, 2005).

In any event, regarding the petitioner’s claim that the trial court failed to tell him that the

judgments of conviction would be used to enhance punishments for subsequent crimes, our review

of the guilty plea hearing transcript shows that the trial court stated the following:

Now, do you understand that if I accept your pleas of guilty

here today, there will be resulting records of conviction, and if in the

future you should be convicted of some new criminal offense, the

Sentencing Judge will give you a longer sentence because of these

pleas of guilty here today? Do you fully understand that?

Thus, there is no merit to the petitioner’s claim that the trial court failed to inform him that his guilty

pleas could be used to enhance any punishments for subsequent convictions. 

Moreover, as to his claim that the trial court failed to ask him if his willingness to plead

guilty resulted from prior discussions between the district attorney and the petitioner or his attorney

as required by Rule 11(d), Tenn. R. Crim. P., the petitioner has made no showing that the trial

court’s failure resulted in his pleas being unknowing and involuntary. To the contrary, our review

of the guilty plea hearing transcript shows that trial court substantially complied with Rule 11,

thoroughly questioned the petitioner about his guilty pleas, and asked him several times if he was

pleading guilty voluntarily. See Parham, 885 S.W.2d at 381 (providing that a trial court “must ask

a sufficient number of questions to ensure that the accused is voluntarily entering the guilty plea”).

The petitioner has failed to demonstrate that he did not plead guilty voluntarily.

III. Conclusion

Based upon the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

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NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE