Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-17-00610-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF S.M.R., S.L.R. and S.I.R.

From the 285th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2016-PA-00851

Honorable Richard Price, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: March 14, 2018

AFFIRMED

This appeal arises from an order terminating the parental rights of Andrea G. and Mark R. 

to their daughters: seven-year-old S.M.R., six-year-old S.L.R., and four-year-old S.I.R. On appeal, 

Andrea G. argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s 

finding that termination of her parental rights was in the best interest of her children. Appellant 

Mark R. brings two issues on appeal. With respect to S.M.R., he argues the evidence is legally and 

factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of his parental rights was 

in the best interest of S.M.R. With respect to S.L.R. and S.I.R., Mark R. argues the trial court erred 

in terminating his parental rights pursuant to section 161.002(b)(1) of the Family Code because he 

“clearly and unequivocally claimed to be the children’s father during his testimony at trial.” We 

affirm.
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BACKGROUND

In December 2015, the Department of Family and Protective Services became concerned 

about the children in this case when it received information that Andrea G. and Mark R. were 

involved in domestic violence and illegal drug use and that their children were living in unsanitary 

and unsafe conditions. After a period of family-based services, in April 2016, the Department filed 

a petition seeking removal of the children from the parents’ care, conservatorship of the children, 

and termination of the parents’ rights. In September 2017, the case proceeded to a bench trial. At 

the bench trial, four witnesses testified: caseworker Jeanna Obermayr, caseworker Lilly Alcorta, 

Andrea G., and Mark R. 

Jeanna Obermayr, a family-based caseworker with the Department, testified she was 

assigned to this case for about three months. When the underlying termination proceeding was 

filed, another caseworker was assigned to the case. Obermayr testified her job is to “provide 

services and work with the family toward reunification.” She received a referral based on 

“allegations of domestic violence, drug use, and neglect of the children.” According to Obermayr, 

in December 2016, “there were allegations that came into the Department that there was domestic 

violence happening between [Andrea G.] and [Mark R.], that there was drug paraphernalia [and] 

broken glass in the home, that the home was deplorable [and] unsanitary, that the children were in 

soiled diapers, and that there was nothing for them to eat.” The children were “placed in a safety 

plan with the maternal grandmother in her home.” 

According to Obermayr, she attempted to make contact with Mark R., but he had been 

arrested and jailed for endangerment of all three children and for failure to identify himself. 

Obermayr testified Mark R.’s arrest was related to why the referral had been made to the 

Department. Obermayr testified that the family violence concerns related to Mark R. abusing “the 

mother” and “the children also.”
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Obermayr was able to make contact in person with Andrea G. After Mark R.’s arrest and 

incarceration, Andrea G. had moved into her mother’s home, the same home her children had been 

placed pursuant to the safety plan. Obermayr told Andrea G. that the reason for the Department’s 

involvement was “domestic violence between her and [Mark R.], drug use by her and [Mark R.], 

and the neglect of their children.” According to Obermayr, Andrea G. “admit[ted] that there was 

domestic violence occurring between her and [Mark R.] and that they did use illegal substances,” 

including marijuana, opiates, and Xanax. Andrea G. said she smoked “marijuana at the home while 

the children were sleeping in the home.” At this time, the children were five years old, four years 

old, and two years old. Obermayr testified Andrea G. was given a service plan and offered many 

services, including parenting, domestic violence, psychological and individual counseling, family 

counseling, drug assessment, and drug counseling. Obermayr testified Andrea G. began the drug 

treatment program and counseling, but did not complete these services. Andrea G. did not 

participate in any of the other services offered. According to Obermayr, she attempted to persuade 

Andrea G. to continue her services and engage in other services, but Andrea G. “just was not 

engaging.” 

Obermayr testified in April 2016, the children were removed from their safety placement 

at the maternal grandmother’s home, and the underlying termination proceeding began. According 

to Obermayr, she conducted a visit at the maternal grandmother’s home shortly before the removal 

of the children. Obermayr found the children “not being taken care of.” “The children were infested 

with lice and scabies, and there were a lot of safety hazards within the household.” “There were 

several sharp hazards.” “Chemicals were not stored properly.” “Medications were not stored 

properly.” Further, the home was unsanitary. “There were hundreds of flies.” “There was 

deteriorating food, rotten food in the home.” Obermayr gave Andrea G. and the maternal 

grandmother forty-eight hours to clean the home and rectify the safety hazards. When the 
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conditions did not improve, the children were removed from the home and the petition for 

protection, conservatorship, and termination was filed. 

Lilly Alcorta, the legal caseworker with the Department, testified she was assigned to this 

case after the chapter 262 hearing. Alcorta worked with Andrea G. on a family service plan. Andrea 

G. reviewed the service plan, appeared to understand it, had an opportunity to ask questions about 

it, and signed it. The service plan was then filed with and approved by the trial court. The service 

plan required Andrea G. (1) to complete a drug assessment and follow all recommendations; (2) 

to sign a form to release information; (3) to obtain and maintain a stable home, to show the ability 

to keep the home sanitary and free of hazards, and to make the home available to the caseworker 

for random and scheduled visits; (4) to maintain contact with the Department and notify it of any 

major life changes, such as employment, housing, or criminal record; (5) to complete a 

psychological evaluation and follow all recommendations; (6) to attend individual counseling and 

follow all recommendations; (7) to attend all appointments with the Department and children; (8) 

to refrain from criminal activity; (9) to submit to drug tests and remain drug free; and (10) to 

complete a domestic violence class. 

Alcorta testified Andrea G. had just given her, on the day of the third setting for trial, 

certifications of completion relating to a parenting class and a domestic violence class. Alcorta 

stated that she and Andrea G. had “been going back and forth for the past two months about 

[Andrea G.] bringing [Alcorta] all of this information, and every day there’s a reason why she 

can’t show up.” According to Alcorta, Andrea G. did attend individual therapy, but “was released 

on that as unsuccessful.” Alcorta testified that Andrea G. had also not shown she was able to 

acquire and maintain suitable housing. Until four months before trial, Andrea G. had been living 

with her mother. She then moved into an apartment with Mark R., who had been released from 

jail. Alcorta testified she spoke with the office manager of the apartment complex who said Andrea 
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G. and Mark R. were living in the apartment. However, Alcorta was not able to verify the living 

arrangements, even though she had attempted five times:

We knock on the door, and we can see people looking through the window, but they 

don’t – they don’t let us in. Actually, we went yesterday, and they did the same 

thing. They opened the window. You could see them look through the window, but 

they don’t let us in. 

Alcorta testified Andrea G. and Mark R. would not have this apartment much longer as they were 

being evicted for failure to pay rent. 

Alcorta testified that with regard to employment, on the day of trial, Andrea G. showed her 

a pay stub. Alcorta testified that for the majority of the proceeding, Andrea G. had not been 

employed at all. Further, according to Alcorta, Andrea G.’s lifestyle had not changed since this 

case began. Alcorta testified Andrea G. had failed several random drug tests at the beginning of 

the proceeding. Those tests were positive for marijuana and opiates. However, Andrea G.’s more 

recent test results had been negative. 

With regard to Mark R., Alcorta testified the service plan required him to complete 

parenting classes, individual counseling, have legal income and stable housing upon his release 

from jail, complete a drug and alcohol assessment, and complete domestic violence counseling. 

Mark R. was incarcerated from December 2015 to July 2016. After he was released from jail, 

Alcorta discussed the service plan with him and made the referrals for him to begin services. Mark 

R. understood his obligations under the plan. According to Alcorta, Mark R. did not show that he 

completed psychological services. He completed a drug assessment, but did not follow through 

with the recommendations made. He did not complete the domestic violence class. Further, Alcorta 

testified Mark R. had not shown stable employment. Mark R. had had about four or five jobs 

throughout the proceeding, and he had not had a stable home. Alcorta testified that Mark R. “still 
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has a lot to work on towards being able to parent—to be the proper parent to his children so that 

they have all of their basic needs met.” 

Alcorta testified the two oldest children were in one foster home, and the other two children 

were in a different foster home.1 According to Alcorta, all three children are “doing really well,” 

“thriving,” and “excelling” in their current placements. Alcorta testified she had seen the children 

interact with their foster placements, and everyone is “very comfortable” with each other and “very 

at ease.” The children “don’t have any fears” and appear bonded with their foster families. 

Alcorta testified Andrea G. and Mark R. had regularly visited their children and appear 

bonded with them. Alcorta criticized Andrea G. for safety concerns, testifying about one incident 

where she had to correct Andrea G. for “running around” in a stroller and not strapping in one of 

the young children. Alcorta also claimed Andrea G. had “taken the girls into the restroom and told 

them to tell” Alcorta that “they want[ed] to go home” and did not “want to be at their foster homes 

anymore.” According to Alcorta, it would not be in the children’s best interest to be returned to 

their parents. Alcorta explained Andrea G. and Mark R. had not shown the ability to provide a 

stable home or a safe environment. Neither had family support. Further, Alcorta had ongoing 

domestic violence concerns about Andrea G. and Mark R. Alcorta testified,

I do believe dad empowers mom, and I think he has a little control over her. And 

she–if–I believe she lets him continue to control her. [She] and I actually have had 

this conversation, and she actually agreed with me. So, if he continues to–if she 

continues to allow him to control her in that manner, you know, if would be–it 

wouldn’t be safe for the children because she will continue to stay the way it was 

when they first came into care. 

Alcorta thus recommended that parental rights be terminated. Alcorta testified the Department’s 

plan for the children was adoption by their present placements. 

 1 During the pendency of this termination suit, Andrea G. was pregnant. The youngest child, an infant, was removed 

when she tested positive for drugs at birth. The youngest child is not part of this proceeding, but has likewise been 

placed in foster care.
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Andrea G. testified all four of her children were in foster care. She admitted she had not 

sought employment during much of this proceeding, but argued that she could not work because 

she had been pregnant. She testified two months ago, she started working at her current job at a 

cleaning agency. According to Andrea G., the problems identified at her mother’s home were 

“really just [related to] cleaning” and she now knew how to clean. Andrea G. claimed she was not 

involved in a relationship with Mark R., but admitted she was currently living in his apartment. 

According to Andrea G., she and Mark R. had separated, and he had left her in the apartment. She 

denied that she was being evicted, stating that the six-month lease was up at the end of the month 

and she was not on the lease. She did admit that she and Mark R. had fallen behind in the rent 

because he had lost his job. Andrea G. testified she owed $800 for the last month and had not paid 

the rent for the current month because she needed to save money to lease a new apartment. 

According to Andrea G., she had about $400 in savings. She testified she was searching for a new 

apartment and her father-in-law was “supposed to help” and “co-sign” a lease. She testified her 

salary is about $1000 per month; she also believed she would qualify for food stamps or public 

assistance. Andrea G. argued she did have family support and her sisters and mother-in-law would 

babysit the children. 

Mark R. testified that with regard to his service plan, he completed his parenting class, the 

drug assessment, and his psychological exam. He admitted that he did not complete the domestic 

violence class. With regard to his living situation, he said his lease is expiring this month, and 

Andrea G. was going to move to a new apartment with his father’s help as a co-signor. Like Andrea 

G., he stated that they were no longer a couple. He did not know where he was going to be living 

and admitted he did not have a place where his daughters could live. Mark R. testified that his 

daughters loved him and he loved them. He testified he had lost his job and got a new job two 

weeks ago. He testified he works at a restaurant and is paid $8.50 per hour.
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At the end of the bench trial, the trial court made an oral ruling, stating that Andrea G.’s 

and Mark R.’s parental rights were terminated pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(O) of the Family 

Code for failure to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the 

actions necessary for the mother and father, respectively, to obtain the return of the children who 

have been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department for not less 

than nine months as a result of the children’s removal from the parent under chapter 262 for the 

abuse or neglect of the children. The trial court also stated that termination of the parents’ rights 

was in the best interest of the children. 

An Order of Termination was signed by the trial court later that day. With respect to Andrea 

G., the trial court’s order complied with its oral pronouncement. However, with respect to Mark 

R., the signed order differed from the trial court’s oral pronouncement. With respect to S.M.R., 

the trial court’s order terminated Mark R.’s parental rights pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(O). 

However, with respect to S.L.R. and S.I.R., the trial court’s order terminated Mark R.’s parental 

rights pursuant to section 161.002(b)(1) of the Family Code, which provides that the rights of 

alleged father may be terminated if “after being served with citation, he does not respond by timely 

filing an admission of paternity or a counterclaim for paternity under chapter 160.” TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 161.002(b)(1) (West Supp. 2017). Three months later, the trial court signed a Nunc 

Pro Tunc Order of Termination. In the nunc pro tunc order, Mark R.’s parental rights to his three 

children were terminated pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(O) for failure to comply with the courtordered service plan. 

BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILDREN

Parental rights may be terminated only upon proof of clear and convincing evidence that 

(1) the parent has committed an act prohibited by section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code, 

and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) 
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(West Supp. 2017). Here, Andrea G. and Mark R. both challenge the legal and factual sufficiency 

of the evidence to support the trial court’s finding that termination of their parental rights is in their 

children’s best interest.

When the legal sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, we look at all the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the trial court’s finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could 

have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 

344 (Tex. 2009). “To give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s conclusions and the role of a 

court conducting a legal sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts 

in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” Id. (citation omitted). “A corollary 

to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could 

have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.” Id. (citation omitted). “If, after conducting its 

legal sufficiency review of the record evidence, a court determines that no reasonable factfinder 

could form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court 

must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient.” Id. at 344-45 (citation omitted).

When a parent challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, we give due 

deference to the factfinder’s findings and do not supplant its judgment with our own. In re H.R.M., 

209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We look at all the evidence, including disputed or conflicting 

evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence 

that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a 

factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is 

factually insufficient.” Id. (citation omitted).

Under Texas law, there is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by 

keeping the child with a parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, a court 
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must also presume that “the prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment

is . . . in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a) (West Supp. 2017). And, in 

determining whether the child’s parents are willing and able to provide the child with a safe 

environment, a court should consider the factors set out in section 263.307, which include, but are 

not limited to, the child’s age, and physical and mental vulnerabilities; whether the child is fearful 

of living in or returning to the child’s home; whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive 

conduct by the child’s family; whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family; 

the willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling 

services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; the 

willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes 

within a reasonable period of time; whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting 

skills; and whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends 

is available to the child. Id. § 263.307(b). 

In applying these statutory factors, we note that the children are very young, and there is 

undisputed evidence Andrea G. and Mark R. engaged in domestic violence and have a history of 

substance abuse. The evidence was undisputed that Andrea G. and Mark R. had not fully engaged 

in the services offered to them. They had not fully cooperated with the Department. The 

caseworker testified she had problems obtaining information about employment and living 

arrangements from them. She testified they would not answer the door when she attempted on 

multiple occasions to visit them at their current apartment. The caseworker testified the parents 

did not have an adequate support system, citing the need to remove the children from the maternal 

grandparents’ home. The parents testified Mark R.’s father will co-sign on a future lease, and 

Andrea G. testified her in-laws and sisters would help with childcare, but the trial court was free 

to disbelieve this testimony. 
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In addition to the statutory factors above, in considering the best interest of the children, a 

court may also consider the factors set forth by the Texas Supreme Court in Holley v. Adams, 544 

S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 (Tex. 2013). Those factors 

may include (1) the desires of the child, (2) the present and future physical and emotional needs of 

the child, (3) the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child, (4) the parental 

abilities of the persons seeking custody, (5) the programs available to assist those persons seeking 

custody in promoting the best interest of the child, (6) the plans for the child by the individuals or 

agency seeking custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) acts or omissions 

of the parent which may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate, and (9) 

any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372. These Holley factors are 

neither all-encompassing nor does a court have to find evidence of each factor before terminating 

the parent-child relationship. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). 

In this case, Andrea G.’s and Mark R.’s parental rights were terminated pursuant to 

subsection (O) of section 161.001(b)(1), which allows for termination of parental rights for failure 

to comply with a court-ordered service plan when the child has been removed from the parent for 

abuse or neglect. “Many of the reasons supporting termination under subsection O also support 

the trial court’s best interest finding.” In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249; see also In re C.H., 89 

S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding that same evidence may be probative of both section 

161.001(1) grounds and best interest). Additionally, in determining whether termination of the 

parent-child relationship is in the best interest of a child, a court may judge a parent’s future 

conduct by her past conduct. In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. 

denied). 

Applying the Holley factors applicable in this case, we note the children are very young. 

There was evidence they are bonded with both their parents and their foster parents. There is 
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disputed evidence about whether the children wanted to go home with their parents. The 

caseworker testified Andrea G. had been “coaching” them in the bathroom during visitations to 

express to caseworkers that they wanted to return home. Thus, the children’s desires are not known. 

Further, with regard to the children’s physical and emotional needs, and physical and emotional 

danger to the children, the evidence is undisputed that both Andrea G. and Mark R. have engaged 

in domestic violence and have engaged in substance abuse. They claim to no longer be in a 

relationship together, but the trial court could infer from the circumstantial evidence in this case 

that they are still living together. Neither Andrea G. nor Mark R. have fully participated in the 

services offered to them. Indeed, neither has completed the required domestic violence class. 

Further, neither has shown the ability to provide a safe and stable home for their children. During 

the pendency of this case, neither parent has shown stable employment or the ability to keep a 

home for their children. See In re G.M.G., 444 S.W.3d 46, 60 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2014, no pet.) (explaining that a parent who “lacks stability, income, and a home is unable to 

provide for a child’s emotional and physical needs”). Finally, there was evidence that the children 

have bonded with their foster parents and were thriving in their current placements. There was also 

evidence their foster parents wished to adopt the children. We hold the evidence is legally and 

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best interest finding that termination of Andrea G.’s 

parental rights is in the best interest of the children. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344. We 

likewise hold the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that 

termination of Mark R.’s parental rights is in the best interest of the children. See id.

JUDGMENT NUNC PRO TUNC

In his second issue, Mark R. argues that the trial court erred in terminating his parental 

rights to S.L.R. and S.I.R. pursuant to section 161.002(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code. Section 

161.002(b)(1) provides that the “rights of an alleged father may be terminated if: (1) after being 
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served with citation, he does not respond by timely filing an admission of paternity or a 

counterclaim for paternity under Chapter 160.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.002(b)(1) (West 

Supp. 2017). As noted previously, on December 21, 2017, the trial court signed a judgment nunc 

pro tunc, correcting its previous order of termination to comport with its oral pronouncement at 

trial. See In re E.S.M., 550 S.W.2d 749, 752 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1977, writ ref’d 

n.r.e.) (explaining that “a clerical error occurs where the minutes of the court do not correctly recite 

the judgment actually rendered” and may be corrected by a judgment nunc pro tunc). A 

supplemental clerk’s record has been filed containing the Nunc Pro Tunc Order of Termination. 

The nunc pro tunc order states that Mark R.’s parental rights are also being terminated because, 

pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(O), Mark R. “failed to comply with the provisions of a court 

order that specifically established the actions necessary for the father to obtain the return of the 

child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department . 

. . for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 

262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.” Mark R. has not challenged the sufficiency of this ground 

of termination. Therefore, the trial court’s order of termination can be upheld on this ground. See

In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (explaining that along 

with a best interest finding, a finding of only one ground alleged under section 161.001(b)(1) is 

sufficient to support a judgment of termination).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating Andrea G.’s and 

Mark R.’s parental rights.

Karen Angelini, Justice