G-1 

APPENDIX G - DATA ON FAMILIES 

TABLE G-1--SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF CHILDREN, 

SELECTED YEARS 

 Teen Pregnancy Rate

 (Rates per 1,000 women age 15-19) 

Pregnancy Outcomes 1990 1993 1996 1999

 Births 59.9 59.0 53.5 48.8 

 Induced abortions 40.3 33.9 28.6 24.7 

 Estimated Miscarriages 16.1 16.3 14.9 13.2 

 Pregnancies 116.3 109.2 97.0 86.7 

Source: Ventura, et al (2003). 

 International Infant Mortality Rates 

Country 1980 1990 1995 1999

 Japan 7.5 4.6 4.3 3.4 

 U.S. (white) 10.9 7.6 6.3 5.8 

 Canada 10.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 

 England/Wales 12.1 7.9 6.2 5.8 

 U.S. (total) 12.6 9.2 7.6 7.1 

 Hungary 23.2 14.8 10.7 8.4 

 U.S. (black) 22.2 18.0 15.1 14.6 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 

 Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 

Group 1970 1980 1990 2002

Total children under 18 69,162,000 63,427,000 64,137,000 72,321,000 

 Living with one parent 8,199,000 12,466,000 15,867,000 19,770,000 

 Percent of all children 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.3 

 Living with never married parent 557,000 1,820,000 4,853,000 8,111,000 

 Percent of all children 0.8 2.9 7.6 11.2 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 

 Children Below Poverty

 (numbers in thousands/rate per 1,000) 

Ethnic Group 1974 1980 1990 2002

Total 10,156 (15.4) 11,543 13,431 (20.6) 12,133 

 Black 3,755 (39.8) 3,961 4,550 (44.8) 3,645 (32.3) 

 White 6,223 (11.2) 7,181 8,232 (15.9) 7,549 (13.6) 

 Hispanic1

 NA 1,749 2,865 (38.4) 3,782 (28.6) 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 

 Educational Achievement

High school dropouts (percentage of status 1985 1990 1995 2000

 dropouts age 16-24) 

 Total 12.6 12.1 12.0 10.9 

 White, non-Hispanic 10.4 9.0 8.6 6.9 

 Black, non-Hispanic 15.2 13.2 12.1 13.1 

 Hispanic1 27.6 32.4 30.0 27.8 

Average verbal SAT score 509 500 504 505 

Average SAT math score 500 501 506 514 

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2001). 

1

 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

NA – Not available. 
G-2 

TABLE G-2--TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF MARRIAGES 

AND DIVORCES, SELECTED YEARS, 1950-2002 

Number (thousands) Rate1 Year 

 Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces 

1950 1,667 385 11.1 2.6 

1960 1,523 393 8.5 2.2 

1970 2,159 708 10.6 3.5 

1980 2,390 1,189 10.6 5.2 

1990 2,443 1,182 9.8 4.7 

1995 2,336 1,169 8.9 4.4 

1996 2,344 1,150 8.8 4.3 

1997 2,384 1,163 8.9 4.3 

19982

 2,256 1,135 8.3 4.3 

19992

 2,358 NA 8.6 4.1 

20002

 2,329 NA 8.5 4.2 

20012

 2,327 NA 8.4 4.0 

20023

 2,254 NA 7.8 4.0 

1

 Per 1,000 population. 

2 Divorce rate excludes CA, CO, IN, and LA; population excludes these States. 

3 Provisional data. 

NA - Not available. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2002); National Center for Health Statistics (2003a). 

TABLE G-3--PERCENT NEVER MARRIED BY AGE AND SEX, 

SELECTED YEARS 1960-2002 

Age and Year 

sex 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1998 2000 2002 

Women: 

20-24 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.8 66.7 70.3 72.8 74.0 

25-29 10.5 10.5 20.9 31.1 35.3 38.6 38.9 40.4 

30-34 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.4 19.0 21.6 21.9 23.0 

Men: 

20-24 53.1 54.7 68.8 79.3 80.7 83.4 83.7 85.4 

25-29 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.0 51.0 51.0 51.7 53.7 

30-34 11.9 9.4 15.9 27.0 28.2 29.2 30.0 34.0 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2002); U.S. Census Bureau (2003a). 
G-3 

TABLE G-4--NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED 

WOMEN, BY AGE AND RACE OF MOTHER, 

1980, 1993, 1997, 1999, AND 2001 

Number of Births Rate per 1,000 unmarried women Year Age 

of mother All Races 1

 White Black All Races 1 White Black 

1980 

 Under 15 9,024 3,166 5,961 NA NA NA 

 15-19 262,777 130,417 126,278 27.6 18.5 87.9 

 15-17 121,900 58,705 60,548 20.6 12.0 68.8 

 18-19 140,877 71,712 65,728 39.0 24.1 118.2 

 20-24 237,265 118,445 114,538 40.9 25.1 112.3 

 25-29 99,583 46,772 47,594 34.0 21.5 81.4 

 30-34 40,984 21,325 18,160 21.1 14.1 46.7 

 35-39 13,187 7,298 5,338 9.7 7.1 19.0 

 40 + 2 2,927 1,611 1,202 2.6 1.8 5.5 

 Total3

 665,747 328,984 318,799 29.4 18.1 81.1 

1993 

 Under 15 11,467 4,868 6,293 NA NA NA 

 15-19 357,432 213,080 133,031 44.0 33.3 101.2 

 15-17 152,212 87,032 60,412 30.3 21.9 76.0 

 18-19 205,220 126,048 72,619 66.1 51.9 139.7 

 20-24 438,538 283,538 159,598 68.3 53.8 139.9 

 25-29 233,776 139,905 84,604 55.9 46.0 92.8 

 30-34 132,263 79,136 47,330 38.0 31.9 56.7 

 35-39 55,570 34,283 18,526 18.9 16.3 25.7 

 40 + 2 11,126 7,319 3,094 4.4 3.9 5.8 

 Total 3

 1,240,172 742,129 452,476 44.8 35.6 83.0 

1997 

 Under 15 9,685 4,631 4,682 NA NA NA 

 15-19 376,117 240,353 122,986 41.4 33.6 84.5 

 15-17 156,253 98,021 52,722 27.7 22.0 59.2 

 18-19 219,864 142,332 70,264 63.9 52.8 124.5 

 20-24 438,632 276,764 145,647 68.9 57.9 124.2 

 25-29 234,762 147,318 76,977 53.4 47.0 81.4 

 30-34 124,831 77,543 41,520 37.9 33.6 51.0 

 35-39 59,870 37,878 19,223 18.7 16.6 24.3 

 40 + 2

 13,547 8,715 4,019 4.6 3.9 6.5 

 Total 3

 1,257,444 793,202 415,476 42.9 36.3 71.6 

1999 

 Under 15 8,737 4,457 3,958 NA NA NA 

 15-19 374,485 245,467 115,739 39.7 33.2 76.5 

 15-17 143,391 92,953 45,151 25.0 20.7 50.1 

 18-19 231,094 152,514 70,588 62.4 52.8 115.3 

 20-24 476,497 303,489 155,600 70.7 60.2 126.8 

 25-29 246,873 156,933 78,984 56.8 50.8 85.6 

 30-34 124,894 79,427 39,643 38.1 34.9 49.0 

 35-39 62,637 40,308 19,362 19.0 17.3 24.2 

 40 + 2

 14,437 9,471 4,190 4.6 4.1 5.8 

 Total 3

 1,308,560 839,552 417,476 43.3 37.4 69.7 
G-4 

TABLE G-4--NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED 

WOMEN, BY AGE AND RACE OF MOTHER, 

1980, 1993, 1997, 1999, AND 2001-continued

Number of Births Rate per 1,000 unmarried women Year Age 

of mother All Races 1

 White Black All Races 1 White Black 

2001 

 Under 15 7,494 3,833 3,440 NA NA NA 

 15-19 352,026 232,945 106,005 37.0 31.3 69.9 

 15-17 127,638 82,713 40,238 22.0 18.1 43.8 

 18-19 224,388 150,232 65,767 60.6 52.1 110.2 

 20-24 514,959 335,051 160,840 71.2 61.7 122.8 

 25-29 257,702 166,999 79,107 59.5 54.6 84.1 

 30-34 135,040 87,461 40,831 40.4 37.2 51.2 

 35-39 65,257 42,346 19,622 20.4 18.6 25.4 

 40 + 2

 16,771 11,213 4,688 5.3 4.9 6.3 

 Total 3 1,349,249 879,848 414,533 43.8 38.5 68.2 1

 Includes races other than black, white, and Asian or Pacific Islander. 

2

 Rates computed by relating total births to unmarried women aged 40 years and over to 

unmarried women aged 40-44 years. 

3 Rates computed by relating total births to unmarried women, regardless of age of mother, to 

unmarried women aged 15-44 years. 

Source: Martin et al. (2002); Hamilton et al. (2003b); Ventura et al. (2001). 
TABLE G-5--TWO- AND ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AS PROPORTIONS OF ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILD

PRESENT BY RACE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2000

Family Type Year (all races) Year (white) Year (black) 

 1970 1992 1996 2000 1970 1992 1996 2000 1970 1992 1996 

Numbers in thousands 

Two-parent family groups 25,823 24,880 25,361 25,771 23,477 21,909 22,178 22,241 2,071 1,948 1,942 One-parent family groups 3,808 10,499 11,717 11,724 2,638 6,938 7,769 7,838 1,148 3,216 3,493  Maintained by mother 3,415 9,028 9,855 9,680 2,330 5,753 6,329 6,216 1,063 2,994 3,171 

 Never married 248 3,284 3,721 4,181 73 1,391 1,712 2,039 173 1,799 1,884  Spouse absent 1,377 1,947 2,067 1,716 796 1,341 1,377 1,146 570 548 620 

 Separated 962 1,658 1,718 N/A 1,168 1,146 1,168 N/A 479 482 503  Divorced 1,109 3,349 3,660 3,392 930 2,692 2,957 2,748 172 550 581 

 Widowed 682 448 406 391 531 328 283 283 148 97 87  Maintained by father 393 1,472 1,862 2,044 307 1,186 1,440 1,622 85 222 322 Total families with children under age 18 29,631 35,379 37,077 37,495 26,115 28,847 29,947 30,079 3,219 5,164 5,434 

Percent Distribution 

Two-parent family groups 87.1 70.3 68.4 68.7 89.9 75.9 74.1 73.9 64.3 37.7 35.7 One-parent family groups 12.9 29.7 31.6 31.3 10.1 24.1 25.9 26.1 35.7 62.3 64.3  Maintained by mother 11.5 25.5 26.6 25.8 8.9 19.9 21.1 20.7 33.0 58.0 58.4 

 Never married 0.8 9.3 10.0 11.2 0.3 4.8 5.7 6.8 5.4 34.8 34.7 

 Spouse absent 4.6 5.5 5.6 4.6 3.0 4.6 4.6 3.8 17.7 10.6 11.4 

 Separated 3.2 4.7 4.6 N/A 1.8 4.0 3.9 N/A 14.9 9.3 9.3  Divorced 3.7 9.5 9.9 9.0 3.6 9.3 9.9 9.1 5.3 10.7 10.7 

 Widowed 2.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 2.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 4.6 1.9 1.6 

 Maintained by father 1.3 4.2 5.0 5.5 1.2 4.1 4.8 5.4 2.6 4.3 5.9 

Total families with children 

under age 18 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Source: Table prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau. See prior Green Books for additional years’ data. 
G-6 

TABLE G-6--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 

YEARS, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2002 

Living arrangements of children 

and marital status of parent 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2002 

Numbers in thousands 

Living with: 

 Two Parents 58,93948,62446,50348,27649,795 49,666 

 One Parent 8,200 12,46615,86718,93819,220 19,770 

 Mother Only 7,452 11,40613,87416,47716,162 16,473 

 Father Only 748 1,060 1,993 2,461 3,058 3,297 

 Other relatives or 

 nonrelatives only 2,023 2,337 1,767 3,040 2,997 2,885 

 Total children 69,16263,42764,13770,25470,012 73,321 

Living with: Percent distribution 

 Two parents 85.2 76.7 72.5 68.7 71.1 67.7 

 One parent 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.0 27.4 27.0 

 Mother only 10.8 18.0 21.6 23.5 23.1 22.5 

 Father only 1.1 1.7 3.1 3.5 4.4 4.5 

 Other relatives or 

 nonrelatives only 2.9 3.7 2.8 4.3 4.3 3.4 

 Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Note-Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old 

who maintain households or family groups. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 

TABLE G-7--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 

YEARS LIVING WITH ONE PARENT, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2002 

Living arrangements of children 

and marital status of parent 1970 1980 1990 1996 2001 2002 

 Numbers in thousands 

Never Married 557 1,820 4,853 7,202 7,840 8,111 

Married, spouse absent 3,521 3,898 3,767 4,453 3,631 3,869 

Widowed 1,649 1,469 1,125 782 822 857 

Divorced 2,473 5,281 6,122 7,315 6,957 6,932 

Total 8,199 12,466 15,867 19,752 19,250 19,770 

Percent distribution 

Never Married 6.8 14.6 30.6 36.5 40.7 41.0 

Married, spouse absent 42.9 31.3 23.7 22.5 18.9 19.6 

Widowed 20.1 11.8 7.1 4.0 4.3 4.3 

Divorced 30.2 42.4 38.6 37.0 36.2 35.1 

 Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Note - Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
G-7 

TABLE G-8--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF WHITE CHILDREN UNDER 

18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2002 

Family Type 1970 1980 1990 1996 2001 2002 

All children (numbers in thousands) 

Two parents 52,624 43,200 40,593 41,609 42,188 41,944 

One parent 5,110 7,901 9,869 12,335 12,263 12,600 

 Mother only 4,581 7,059 8,321 10,239 9,826 10,052 

 Father only 528 842 1,549 2,096 2,437 2,548 

Other relatives 695 887 708 1,176 1,166 1,171 

Nonrelatives 362 254 220 594 519 561 

Total 58,791 52,242 51,390 55,714 56,135 56,276 

All children (percent) 

Two parents 89.5 82.7 79.0 74.7 75.2 74.5 

One parent 8.7 15.1 19.2 22.1 21.8 22.4 

 Mother only 7.8 13.5 16.2 18.4 17.5 17.9 

 Father only 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.8 4.3 4.5 

Other relatives 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 

Nonrelatives 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.0 

Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married 131 552 1,894 3,101 3,760 3,889 

 Married, spouse absent 1,822 2,243 2,356 2,915 2,405 2,643 

 Separated 1,111 1,817 1,982 2,423 1,871 2,026 

 Widowed 1,160 1,000 774 518 556 603 

 Divorced 1,997 4,106 4,847 5,801 5,542 5,465 

 Total 5,110 7,901 9,869 12,335 12,263 12,600 

Children in single-parent families (percent) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married 2.6 7.0 19.2 25.1 30.7 30.9 

 Married, spouse absent 35.7 28.4 23.9 23.6 19.6 21.0 

 Separated 21.7 23.0 20.1 19.6 15.3 16.1 

 Widowed 22.7 12.7 7.8 4.2 4.5 4.8 

 Divorced 39.1 52.0 49.1 47.0 45.2 43.4 

Note- Detail may not sum due to rounding. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b) . 
G-8 

TABLE G-9--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF BLACK CHILDREN 

UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2002 

Family Type 1970 1980 1990 1996 2001 2002 

All children (numbers in thousands) 

Two parents 5,508 3,956 3,781 3,816 4,356 4,481 

One parent 2,995 4,297 5,484 6,560 6,115 6,210 

 Mother only 2,783 4,117 5,132 6,056 5,573 5,605 

 Father only 213 180 353 504 542 605 

Other relatives 822 999 655 883 892 779 

Nonrelatives 97 123 98 175 216 176 

Total 9,422 9,375 10,018 11,434 11,578 11,646 

All children (percent) 

Two parents 58.5 42.2 37.7 33.4 37.6 38.5 

One parent 31.8 45.8 54.8 57.4 52.8 53.3 

 Mother only 29.5 44.0 51.2 53.0 48.1 48.1 

 Father only 2.3 1.9 3.5 4.4 4.7 5.2 

Other relatives 8.7 10.7 6.5 7.7 7.7 6.7 

Nonrelatives 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.5 

Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married 423 1,235 2,839 3,792 3,772 3,911 

 Married, spouse absent 1,651 1,573 1,251 1,372 1,038 989 

 Separated 1,343 1,463 1,125 1,073 753 740 

 Widowed 482 411 278 199 204 178 

 Divorced 438 1,078 1,117 1,197 1,101 1,132 

 Total 2,995 4,297 5,484 6,560 6,115 6,210 

Children in single-parent families (percent) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married 14.1 28.7 51.8 57.8 61.7 63.0 

 Married, spouse absent 55.1 36.6 22.8 20.9 17.0 15.9 

 Separated 44.8 34.0 20.5 16.4 12.3 11.9 

 Widowed 16.1 9.6 5.1 3.0 3.3 2.9 

 Divorced 14.6 25.1 20.4 18.2 18.0 18.2 

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
G-9 

TABLE G-10--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF HISPANIC CHILDREN 

UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-2002 

Family Type 1970 1980 1990 1996 2001 2002 

All children (numbers in thousands) 

Two parents 3,111 4,116 4,789 6,381 8,111 8,338 

One parent NA 1,152 2,154 3,321 3,625 3,853 

 Mother only NA 1,069 1,943 2,937 3,055 3,212 

 Father only NA 83 211 384 570 641 

Other relatives NA 183 177 411 505 453 

Nonrelatives NA 8 54 138 205 173 

Total 4,006 5,459 7,174 10,251 12,446 12,817 

All children (percent) 

Two parents 77.7 75.4 66.8 62.2 65.2 65.1 

One parent NA 21.1 30.0 32.4 29.1 30.1 

 Mother only NA 19.6 27.1 28.7 24.5 25.1 

 Father only NA 1.5 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.0 

Other relatives NA 3.4 2.5 4.0 4.1 3.5 

Nonrelatives NA 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.3 

Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married NA 228 703 1,336 1,725 1,775 

 Married, spouse absent NA 468 728 990 885 1,033 

 Separated NA 400 577 786 642 760 

 Widowed NA 103 149 114 157 148 

 Divorced NA 353 574 881 860 897 

 Total NA 1,152 2,154 3,321 3,627 3,853 

Children in single-parent families (percent) 

Parent Marital Status 

 Never Married NA 19.8 32.6 40.2 47.6 46.1 

 Married, spouse absent NA 40.6 33.8 29.8 24.4 26.8 

 Separated NA 34.7 26.8 23.7 17.7 19.7 

 Widowed NA 8.9 6.9 3.4 4.3 3.8 

 Divorced NA 30.6 26.6 26.5 23.7 23.3 

NA - Not available. 

Note- Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
G-10 

TABLE G-11—LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 

18 YEARS OF AGE BY RACE, MARCH 2002 

Living arrangements All races White Black Hispanic 

origin1

 Numbers in thousands 

Living with both parents 49,666 41,944 4,481 8,338 

Living with mother only 16,473 10,052 5,605 3,212 

Living with father only 3,297 2,548 605 641 

Living with neither parent 2,885 1,732 956 626 

 Total 72,321 56,276 11,646 12,817 

 Percent distribution 

Living with both parents 68.7 74.5 38.5 65.1 

Living with mother only 22.8 17.9 48.1 25.1 

Living with father only 4.6 4.5 5.2 5.0 

Living with neither parent 4.0 3.1 8.2 4.9 

 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1

 People of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

Note – Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003a). 
G-11 

TABLE G-12--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY 

MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENT, 

AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 20021 

[In thousands] 

Family type defined by Family living arrangement 

mother's marital status Total Independent Extended Cohabiting 2

 Unrelated families 

Number of persons 

 Never married 12,087 7,364 2,487 1,503 732 

 Separated/other 4,232 3,214 565 245 208 

 Divorced 10,045 7,466 911 877 791 

 Widowed 1,217 909 163 32 113 

 Total 28,959 19,911 4,429 2,702 1,917 

Number of poor persons 

 Never married 5,212 3,673 554 751 235 

 Separated/other 1,767 1,368 159 115 125 

 Divorced 2,313 1,654 153 283 224 

 Widowed 348 237 44 17 49 

 Total 10,199 7,368 999 1,180 651 

Poverty rate (percent poor) 

 Never married 43.1 49.9 22.3 49.9 32.1 

 Separated/other 41.8 42.6 28.2 47.0 60.0 

 Divorced 23.0 22.2 16.7 32.2 28.3 

 Widowed 28.6 26.1 27.1 NA 43.8 

 Total 35.2 37.0 22.6 43.7 34.0 

Number of families 

 Never married 4,416 2,497 1,074 596 250 

 Separated/other 1,811 1,289 322 101 98 

 Divorced 3,504 2,539 357 341 266 

 Widowed 416 301 67 12 35 

 Total 10,146 6,627 1,819 1,050 649 

1

 The CPS defines families on the basis of marital and blood relations, and treats families as a basic 

economic unit in its measures of family poverty and income. Under such definitions, an unmarried, 

cohabiting, couple would be viewed as two distinct economic units; either as two unrelated 

individuals, if no child dependents were involved, or as one or two single-parent families, if one or 

both members of the couple had children residing in the household. Cohabiting couples are 

identifiable on the CPS only by inference. The Census Bureau identifies such families as unmarried 

couple households--a household with only two adults who are unrelated and of the opposite sex (one 

of whom is the householder) with or without the presence of children under the age of 15. The CPS 

assigns a residing child to only one of the two adult members of the unmarried couple, even though 

the child may be the couple's offspring. 

2

 Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a 

household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single 

adult male. 

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling 

error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Marital 

status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 2003. Poverty status is 

based on family income in the prior year (2002). 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on analysis of the March 

2002 Current Population Survey (CPS) microdata files. 
TABLE G-13-- BIRTHS AND FERTILITY RATES, BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1950-20

[Fertility rates are births per 1,000 women aged 15-44] 

Number of births Fertility rate Year All 

Births1 White Black American Indian2 Asian/Pacific Islander All Births1 White Black American Indian2 Asian/Pac

Islander 

1950 3,632,0003 3,108,000 NA NA NA 106.2 102.3 NA NA NA 1960 4,257,8503 3,600,744 602,264 21,114 NA 118.0 113.2 153.5 NA NA 1970 3,731,3863 3,091,264 572,362 25,864 NA 87.9 84.1 115.4 NA NA 1980 3,612,258 2,936,351 568,080 29,389 74,335 68.4 65.6 84.7 82.7 73.2 1990 4,158,212 3,290,273 684,336 39,051 141,635 70.9 68.3 86.8 76.2 69.6 1991 4,110,907 3,241,273 682,602 38,841 145,372 69.3 66.7 84.8 73.9 67.1 1992 4,065,014 3,201,678 673,633 39,453 150,250 68.4 66.1 82.4 73.1 66.1 1993 4,000,240 3,149,833 658,875 38,732 152,800 67.0 64.9 79.6 69.7 64.3 1994 3,952,767 3,121,004 636,391 37,740 157,632 65.9 64.2 75.9 65.8 63.9 1995 3,889,589 3,098,885 603,139 37,728 160,287 64.6 63.6 71.0 63.0 62.6 1996 3,891,494 3,093,057 594,781 37,880 165,776 64.1 63.3 69.2 61.8 62.3 1997 3,880,894 3,072,640 599,913 38,572 169,769 63.6 62.8 69.0 60.8 61.3 1998 3,941,553 3,118,727 609,902 40,272 172,652 64.3 63.6 69.4 61.3 60.1 1999 3,959,417 3,132,501 605,970 40,170 180,776 64.4 64.0 68.5 59.0 60.9 2000 4,058,814 3,194,005 622,598 41,668 200,543 65.9 65.3 70.0 58.7 65.8 2001 4,025,933 3,177,626 606,156 41,872 200,279 65.3 65.0 67.6 58.1 64.2 

1 For 1950-91 includes births to races not shown separately. 2 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. 3 Data are by race of child; see source below for more information.NA - Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (2000a); Hamilton et al. (2003b). 
G-13 

TABLE G-14--NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, 

AND PREGNANCIES, BY AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME1

, 

SELECTED YEARS 1976-1999 

Total Number (in thousands) Rate per 1,000 females Age 

group and 

year 

Female 

Population l Births Induced 

abortions

Fetal 

Losses1 Pregnancies Birth Abortion Pregnancy 

Age 15-19 

1976 10,582 559 363 151 1,072 52.8 34.3 101.3 

1980 10,143 552 445 149 1,146 53.0 42.7 110.0 

1985 9,174 467 399 114 981 51.0 43.5 106.9 

1990 8,709 522 351 140 1,013 59.9 40.3 116.3 

1991 8,407 520 314 141 975 61.8 37.4 116.0 

1992 8,389 505 295 138 939 60.3 35.2 112.0 

1993 8,496 501 288 139 927 59.0 33.9 109.2 

1994 8,689 505 275 141 922 58.2 31.6 106.1 

1995 8,929 500 263 140 903 56.0 29.4 101.1 

1996 9,193 492 263 137 892 53.5 28.6 97.0 

1997 9,425 483 256 134 873 51.3 27.1 92.6 

1998 9,641 485 249 133 867 50.3 25.8 89.9 

1999 9,762 476 241 129 846 48.8 24.7 86.7 

Age 10-14 

1976 9,837 12 16 4 32 1.2 1.6 3.2 

1980 8,926 10 15 3 29 1.1 1.7 3.2 

1985 8,339 10 17 3 30 1.2 2.0 3.6 

1990 8,322 12 13 5 29 1.4 1.5 3.5 

1991 8,659 12 12 5 29 1.4 1.4 3.3 

1992 8,897 12 13 5 30 1.4 1.4 3.4 

1993 9,129 13 12 5 30 1.4 1.4 3.3 

1994 9,266 13 12 5 30 1.4 1.3 3.2 

1995 9,366 12 11 5 28 1.3 1.2 3.0 

1996 9,477 11 10 4 26 1.2 1.1 2.7 

1997 9,557 10 10 4 24 1.1 1.0 2.5 

1998 9,667 9 9 4 23 1.0 1.0 2.3 

1999 9,856 9 9 4 21 0.9 0.9 2.2 

Age 15-17 

1976 6,319 215 153 70 439 34.1 24.2 69.4 

1980 6,100 198 183 65 446 32.5 30.1 73.2 

1985 5,410 168 166 51 385 31.0 30.6 71.1 

1990 4,890 183 130 79 393 37.5 26.5 80.3 

1991 4,882 188 118 82 388 38.6 24.2 79.5 
G-14 

TABLE G-14--NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, 

AND PREGNANCIES, BY AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME1

, 

SELECTED YEARS 1976-1999, continued

1992 4,993 188 114 82 384 37.6 22.9 76.8 

1993 5,086 191 113 83 387 37.5 22.2 76.0 

1994 5,249 195 110 86 391 37.2 21.0 74.5 

1995 5,424 193 106 85 383 35.5 19.5 70.7 

1996 5,582 186 104 82 372 33.3 18.6 66.6 

1997 5,732 180 98 80 358 31.4 17.2 62.5 

1998 5,790 173 95 77 345 29.9 16.4 59.6 

1999 5,811 164 88 73 325 28.2 15.2 55.9 

Age 18-19 

1976 4,263 343 210 82 635 80.5 49.3 148.9 

1980 4,313 354 261 84 699 82.1 60.6 162.2 

1985 3,765 300 234 63 596 79.6 62.0 158.3 

1990 3,819 338 221 61 620 88.6 57.9 162.4 

1991 3,526 331 196 59 587 94.0 55.7 166.5 

1992 3,395 318 181 57 556 93.6 53.3 163.7 

1993 3,410 311 175 56 541 91.1 51.2 158.6 

1994 3,440 310 165 56 531 90.2 47.8 154.2 

1995 3,505 307 157 55 520 87.7 44.8 148.2 

1996 3,611 306 159 55 520 84.7 44.0 144.0 

1997 3,693 303 157 54 515 82.1 42.6 139.4 

1998 3,851 312 154 56 522 80.9 40.0 135.4 

1999 3,951 312 153 56 521 79.1 38.6 131.9 1 Spontaneous fetal losses from recognized pregnancies of all gestational periods as reported by 

women in the 1982, 1988, and 1995 National Survey of Family Growth conducted by the 

National Center for Health Statistics. The rate of pregnancy loss depends on the degree to 

which losses at very early gestations are detected.

NA -- Not available. 

Source: Ventura et al. (2000b); Ventura et al. (2003). 
G-15 

TABLE G-15 -- NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES FOR WOMEN 

AND AGES 15-19 BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER,1

SELECTED YEARS, 1950-2002 

Number of Births Birth rate2

Year All women 15-19 15-17 18-19 White Black 

White Black White Black White Black 

1950 318,522 98,100 70 NA NA NA NA NA 

1955 372,678 108,375 79.1 NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 458,130 118,044 79.4 156.1 NA NA NA NA 

1965 443,754 141,026 60.6 144.6 NA NA NA NA 

1970 463,608 171,826 57.4 140.7 29.2 101.4 101.5 204.9 

1975 410,129 161,044 46.4 111.8 28.0 85.6 74 152.4 

1980 393,564 147,378 45.4 97.8 25.5 72.5 73.2 135.1 

1985 324,590 130,857 43.3 95.4 24.4 69.3 70.4 132.4 

1990 354,482 151,613 50.8 112.8 29.5 82.3 78 152.9 

1991 352,359 150,956 52.6 114.8 30.6 83.6 83.2 157.6 

1992 342,739 146,800 51.4 111.3 29.9 80.6 83.1 156.2 

1993 341,817 143,153 50.6 107.3 30.1 78.9 81.3 149.9 

1994 348,081 140,968 50.5 102.9 30.4 75.2 81 145.8 

1995 349,635 133,694 49.5 94.4 29.7 68.6 80 134.6 

1996 344,685 130,596 47.5 89.6 28 63.4 77.4 130.1 

1997 338,272 128,539 45.5 86.3 26.6 59.4 74.8 127.4 

1998 340,694 126,937 44.9 83.5 25.6 55.5 73.9 124.3 

1999 337,388 121,166 44.0 79.1 24.5 50.7 72.8 120.1 

2000 333,013 118,954 43.2 77.4 23.3 49 72.3 118.8 

2001 318,563 110,843 41.2 71.8 21.4 43.9 70.8 114 

20023 305,749 103,221 39.4 66.2 20.5 39.7 68 107.1 

1 Births are tabulated by race of child through 1975, and by race of mother for 1980-2002. 

2

 Births per 1,000 women in specified group. 

3

 Preliminary data. 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: Hamilton et al (2003a); Hamilton et al (2003b); Martin et al (2002); U.S. Census Bureau 

(2002). 
G-16 

TABLE G-16-- BIRTH RATES FOR UNMARRIED WOMEN 

AGES 15-17 AND 18-19 BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN1

, 

1990-2001 

[Births per 1,000 unmarried women in specified group] 

White 2

 Black 2 Hispanic 3

Year 

15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 

1990 20.4 44.9 78.8 143.7 45.9 98.9 

1991 21.7 49.4 79.9 147.6 49.5 107.4 

1992 21.5 51.1 77.3 146.2 49.2 106.6 

1993 21.9 51.9 76.0 139.7 49.5 109.1 

1994 23.9 55.7 74.0 139.2 55.5 116.0 

1995 23.3 54.6 67.5 128.7 52.5 109.6 

1996 22.3 53.4 62.8 126.8 49.6 102.7 

1997 22.0 52.8 59.2 124.5 50.5 100.9 

1998 21.5 53.0 55.2 121.0 49.7 101.4 

1999 20.7 52.8 50.1 115.3 48.6 100.1 

2000 19.7 53.1 48.3 115.0 47.0 102.2 

2001 18.1 52.1 43.8 110.2 44.2 104.3 1

 Race of mother. 

2

 Race and Hispanic origin reported separately on birth certificates. Data for persons of 

Hispanic origin also are in data for each race group. 

3

 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 

Source: Hamilton et al. (2003b). 
G-17 

TABLE G-17 -- BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN 

AGED 15-19 YEARS, BY STATE, 

SELECTED YEARS 1970-2001 

State 1970 1 1980 1990 1995 2000 2001 

Alabama 89.2 68.3 71.0 68.5 60.7 56.5 

Alaska 87.3 64.4 65.3 54.5 49.0 41.0 

Arizona 76.7 65.5 75.5 73.5 67.9 64.3 

Arkansas 90.8 74.5 80.1 71.9 66.2 62.3 

California 65.0 53.3 70.6 66.8 47.0 44.1 

Colorado 64.3 49.9 54.5 52.3 51.3 47.3 

Connecticut 42.5 30.5 38.8 38.6 31.1 28.2 

Delaware 72.1 51.2 54.5 54.6 48.0 47.4 

District of Columbia 109.5 62.4 93.1 85.2 53.2 63.6 

Florida 85.0 58.5 69.1 60.2 51.1 47.7 

Georgia 97.6 71.9 75.5 69.8 62.8 60.0 

Hawaii 59.7 50.7 61.2 48.8 46.1 42.1 

Idaho 64.5 59.5 50.6 48.7 42.9 41.0 

Illinois 65.8 55.8 62.9 58.4 48.0 45.8 

Indiana 73.4 57.5 58.6 56.6 49.1 46.8 

Iowa 51.5 43.0 40.5 38.3 34.2 33.5 

Kansas 61.4 56.8 56.1 52.0 46.1 44.3 

Kentucky 85.9 72.3 67.6 62.3 55.1 51.9 

Louisiana 85.4 76.0 74.2 69.9 62.1 58.6 

Maine 65.4 47.4 43.0 33.9 29.2 27.3 

Maryland 67.6 43.4 53.2 47.2 41.3 37.5 

Massachusetts 37.8 28.1 35.1 33.3 25.9 24.9 

Michigan 66.1 45.0 59.0 49.1 40.2 38.3 

Minnesota 41.8 35.4 36.3 32.5 30.1 28.4 

Mississippi 102.0 83.7 81.0 79.2 70.1 66.8 

Missouri 70.9 57.8 62.8 55.1 48.7 46.4 

Montana 57.8 48.5 48.4 42.4 36.7 36.0 

Nebraska 51.5 45.1 42.3 37.8 37.7 36.8 

Nevada 89.7 58.5 73.3 73.4 63.0 56.4 

New Hampshire 55.3 33.6 33.0 30.3 23.3 21.1 

New Jersey 47.6 35.2 40.5 37.7 31.8 28.9 

New Mexico 77.3 71.8 78.2 74.0 65.6 63.2 

New York 48.6 34.8 43.6 42.2 33.2 32.2 

North Carolina 86.2 57.5 67.6 63.0 58.6 55.0 

North Dakota 43.1 41.7 35.4 32.9 27.3 27.2 

Ohio 63.3 52.5 57.9 53.4 46.0 42.8 

 
G-18 

TABLE G-17 -- BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN 

AGED 15-19 YEARS, BY STATE, 

ELECTED YEARS 1970-2001-continued

State 1970 1

 1980 1990 1995 2000 2001 

Oklahoma 81.1 74.6 66.8 63.7 59.7 58.3 

Oregon 56.1 50.9 54.6 50.1 42.8 40.3 

Pennsylvania 51.7 40.5 44.9 40.9 34.0 33.0 

Rhode Island 44.5 33.0 43.9 39.8 33.6 36.0 

South Carolina 88.9 64.8 71.3 62.8 58.0 56.5 

South Dakota 49.8 52.6 46.8 40.9 38.1 38.2 

Tennessee 87.4 64.1 72.3 66.6 59.5 57.1 

Texas 84.3 74.3 75.3 75.6 68.9 66.0 

Utah 54.0 65.2 48.5 40.9 38.3 38.3 

Vermont 53.4 39.5 34.0 28.1 23.4 23.9 

Virginia 72.4 48.3 52.9 48.4 40.9 39.8 

Washington 58.0 46.7 53.1 48.0 39.2 35.6 

West Virginia 71.9 67.8 57.3 52.7 46.5 45.6 

Wisconsin 43.6 39.5 42.6 37.9 35.2 34.1 

Wyoming 69.1 78.7 56.3 47.9 41.7 39.0 

United States 66.3 53.0 59.9 56.0 47.7 45.3 

1

 Birth rates for 1970 are the average for the years 1969-71. 

Source: Hamilton et al. (2003b); Spratley (1977); Taffel (1984). 
G-19 

TABLE G-18—BIRTH RATES FOR WOMEN AGED 15-19 YEARS, 

BY STATE, SELECTED YEARS 1990 - 2001 

 [Births per 1,000 women]

State 1990 1993 1996 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 71.0 69.2 67.1 60.9 60.7 56.5 

Alaska 65.3 59.7 50.8 47.7 49.0 41.0 

Arizona 75.5 78.1 71.5 68.0 67.9 64.3 

Arkansas 80.1 72.8 73.5 66.1 66.2 62.3 

California. 70.6 71.8 61.0 49.1 47.0 44.1 

Colorado 54.5 55.8 50.7 50.0 51.3 47.3 

Connecticut 38.8 38.8 36.6 32.7 31.1 28.2 

Delaware 54.5 58.0 53.8 50.7 48.0 47.4 

District of Columbia 93.1 112.8 79.2 56.0 53.2 63.6 

Florida 69.1 63.7 57.2 51.7 51.1 47.7 

Georgia 75.5 72.0 66.8 63.5 62.8 60.0 

Hawaii 61.2 53.7 48.9 45.0 46.1 42.1 

Idaho 50.6 50.3 46.9 43.5 42.9 41.0 

Illinois 62.9 62.0 55.3 49.7 48.0 45.8 

Indiana 58.6 57.9 55.1 50.5 49.1 46.8 

Iowa 40.5 40.7 37.4 35.4 34.2 33.5 

Kansas 56.1 55.5 49.4 48.1 46.1 44.3 

Kentucky 67.6 63.7 61.2 56.4 55.1 51.9 

Louisiana 74.2 75.9 66.8 63.0 62.1 58.6 

Maine 43.0 37.1 31.7 30.2 29.2 27.3 

Maryland 53.2 49.7 45.7 42.2 41.3 37.5 

Massachusetts 35.1 37.2 31.1 27.4 25.9 24.9 

Michigan 59.0 53.1 46.4 41.4 40.2 38.3 

Minnesota 36.3 35.0 32.3 30.3 30.1 28.4 

Mississippi 81.0 82.2 74.0 70.9 70.1 66.8 

Missouri 62.8 59.4 53.2 49.4 48.7 46.4 

Montana 48.4 46.1 39.3 36.0 36.7 36.0 

Nebraska 42.3 40.5 38.9 37.5 37.7 36.8 

Nevada 73.3 73.2 69.5 63.9 63.0 56.4 

New Hampshire 33.0 30.5 28.2 23.8 23.3 21.1 

 
G-20 

TABLE G-18—BIRTH RATES FOR WOMEN AGED 15-19 YEARS, 

BY STATE, SELECTED YEARS 1990 – 2001-continued 

 [Births per 1,000 women] 

State 1990 1993 1996 1999 2000 2001 

New Jersey 40.5 37.9 35.2 32.8 31.8 28.9 

New Mexico 78.2 80.6 70.5 66.8 65.6 63.2 

New York 43.6 44.6 39.9 34.7 33.2 32.2 

North Carolina 67.6 66.1 62.3 58.0 58.6 55.0 

North Dakota 35.4 36.3 31.6 27.0 27.3 27.2 

Ohio 57.9 56.7 50.4 46.5 46.0 42.8 

Oklahoma 66.8 68.3 63.1 60.1 59.7 58.3 

Oregon 54.6 50.8 50.5 46.1 42.8 40.3 

Pennsylvania 44.9 43.7 38.4 35.1 34.0 33.0 

Rhode Island 43.9 47.6 38.9 33.5 33.6 36.0 

South Carolina 71.3 64.7 60.2 58.5 58.0 56.5 

South Dakota 46.8 44.4 40.1 38.5 38.1 38.2 

Tennessee 72.3 69.2 64.5 60.8 59.5 57.1 

Texas 75.3 77.7 73.1 69.6 68.9 66.0 

Utah 48.5 43.4 41.2 38.8 38.3 38.3 

Vermont 34.0 34.8 29.5 25.0 23.4 23.9 

Virginia 52.9 49.6 45.4 42.6 40.9 39.8 

Washington 53.1 50.5 45.6 41.0 39.2 35.6 

West Virginia 57.3 55.6 50.5 48.5 46.5 45.6 

Wisconsin 42.6 41.0 36.9 36.3 35.2 34.1 

Wyoming 56.3 49.9 44.7 41.4 41.7 39.0 

Total 59.9 59.0 53.5 48.8 47.7 45.3 

Source: Hamilton, et al (2003b) 
G-21 

TABLE G-19--PERCENTAGE OF BABIES BORN TO WOMEN 

RECEIVING EARLY CARE, OR LATE OR NO CARE, BY RACE OF 

CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER, 

SELECTED YEARS 1970-2001 

Percent born to women beginning care in 

first trimester 

Percent born to women beginning care in 

Year third trimester or having no care 

White Black Hispanic1

 Total2 White Black Hispanic1 Total2

1970 72.3 44.2 NA 68.0 6.3 16.6 NA 7.9 

1975 75.8 55.5 NA 72.4 5.0 10.5 NA 6.0 

1980 79.2 62.4 60.2 76.3 4.3 8.9 12.0 5.1 

1985 79.3 61.5 61.2 76.2 4.8 10.2 12.4 5.7 

1990 79.2 60.6 60.2 75.8 4.9 11.3 12.0 6.1 

1995 83.6 70.4 70.8 81.3 3.5 7.6 7.4 4.2 

1996 84.0 71.4 72.2 81.9 3.3 7.3 6.7 4.0 

1997 84.7 72.3 73.7 82.5 3.2 7.3 6.2 3.9 

1998 84.8 73.3 74.3 82.8 3.3 7.0 6.3 3.9 

1999 85.1 74.1 74.4 83.2 3.2 6.6 6.3 3.8 

2000 85.0 74.3 74.4 83.2 3.3 6.7 6.3 3.9 

2001 85.2 74.5 75.7 83.4 3.2 6.5 5.9 3.7 

1 Prior to 1993, data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate were 2

 Includes races other than white, black, and Hispanic. 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 
G-22 

TABLE G-20—ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN BY STATE OF 

OCCURRENCE, SELECTED YEARS 1991-2000 

State 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 

Alabama 15 15 15 13 14 14 

Alaska 12 12 14 12 NA NA 

Arizona 18 16 13 11 11 9 

Arkansas 12 11 9 11 11 10 

California. 49 45 40 38 NA NA 

Colorado 14 12 14 10 6 4 

Connecticut 24 22 16 19 19 18 

Delaware 34 31 26 30 30 29 

District of Columbia 1 1 1

 68 59 46 

Florida 25 24 26 27 28 27 

Georgia 23 22 20 20 18 17 

Hawaii 22 22 21 18 18 16 

Idaho 7 6 4 3 3 3 

Illinois 17 21 20 19 17 17 

Indiana 10 9 9 10 9 9 

Iowa 11 10 10 16 10 9 

Kansas 13 20 19 20 22 21 

Kentucky 11 10 8 8 6 5 

Louisiana 12 12 11 12 12 11 

Maine 13 12 10 9 9 9 

Maryland 16 16 14 8 9 10 

Massachusetts 25 25 21 20 19 19 

Michigan 16 16 14 13 12 12 

Minnesota 16 14 13 13 14 13 

Mississippi 14 10 6 7 6 6 

Missouri 13 11 9 9 7 7 

Montana 18 15 14 15 14 13 

Nebraska 17 15 13 14 13 11 

Nevada 25 23 21 19 15 14 

New Hampshire 14 11 10 8 NA NA 

New Jersey 21 20 19 17 20 18 

New Mexico 16 15 13 14 14 14 

New York 37 38 34 35 34 31 

 
G-23 

TABLE G-20—ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN BY STATE OF 

OCCURRENCE, SELECTED YEARS 1991-2000-continued

State 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 

North Carolina 23 22 20 19 19 17 

North Dakota 12 10 10 9 10 10 

Ohio 16 16 15 15 15 16 

Oklahoma 15 14 11 9 NA 10 

Oregon 21 19 20 21 20 20 

Pennsylvania 19 18 15 14 14 14 

Rhode Island 31 29 26 25 23 23 

South Carolina 15 14 12 11 9 9 

South Dakota 7 7 7 6 5 6 

Tennessee 17 15 15 15 14 14 

Texas 22 21 20 19 18 16 

Utah 10 9 8 7 7 7 

Vermont 22 19 16 15 13 14 

Virginia 21 18 15 16 17 18 

Washington 26 23 20 21 20 20 

West Virginia 4 6 7 7 7 7 

Wisconsin 14 13 11 11 10 10 

Wyoming 3 2 2 2 1 NA 

Total 24 22 20 20 17 16 

NA – Not available. 

1

 More than 100 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. Over 50 percent of abortions 

obtained by out-of-State residents. 

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2003). 
G-24 

TABLE G-21--INFANT, NEONATAL, AND POSTNEONATAL 

MORTALITY RATES, BY RACE,1 

SELECTED YEARS 1950-2000 

[Mortality rates per 1,000 live births] 

Year All races White Black 

Infant mortality rate:2 

1950 29.2 26.8 43.9 

1960 26.0 22.9 44.3 

1970 20.0 17.8 32.6 

1980 12.6 10.9 22.2 

1990 9.2 7.6 18.0 

1995 7.6 6.3 15.1 

1997 7.2 6.0 14.2 

1999 7.1 5.8 14.6 

2000 6.9 5.7 14.1 

Neonatal mortality rate:3

 

1950 20.5 19.4 27.8 

1960 18.7 17.2 27.8 

1970 15.1 13.8 22.8 

1980 8.5 7.4 14.6 

1990 5.8 4.8 11.6 

1995 4.9 4.1 9.8 

1997 4.8 4.0 9.4 

1999 4.7 3.9 9.8 

2000 4.6 3.8 9.4 

Postneonatal mortality rate:4

 

1950 8.7 7.4 16.1 

1960 7.3 5.7 16.5 

1970 4.9 4.0 9.9 

1980 4.1 3.5 7.6 

1990 3.4 2.8 6.4 

1995 2.7 2.2 5.3 

1997 2.5 2.0 4.8 

1999 2.3 1.9 4.8 

2000 2.3 1.9 4.7 

1

 As of 1989, race for live births (denominator of infant mortality rates) is tabulated according to 

race of mother. For all prior years, race is tabulated according to race of child. 

2

 Deaths before age of one. 

3

 Deaths under 28 days. 

4

 Deaths from 28 days to 11 months. 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003a). 
TABLE G-22--ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) CASES, ACCORDING TO AGE A

DIAGNOSIS, SEX, DETAILED RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN, SELECTED YEARS 1985-2002 

All years1 Number, by year of report Age at diagnosis, sex, race, 

and Hispanic origin Percent distribution2 Number 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cases p

100,000 pop

in 200

Male 

All males, 13 years and older4 100.0 676,609 7,504 36,179 56,689 34,013 30,135 30,663 31,644 28.0 

 Race and Hispanic Origin 

White, non-Hispanic 47.7 322,920 4,746 20,825 26,028 12,691 11,314 11,054 11,221 13.9 

Black, non-Hispanic 35.4 239,650 1,710 10,239 20,833 14,830 13,082 13,764 14,310 111.9 

Hispanic5 15.6 105,628 992 4,743 9,111 6,043 5,275 5,318 5,543 39.3 

 Age 

13-19 years 0.4 2,632 27 107 223 131 145 184 199 1.4 20-29 years 15.4 104,174 1,501 6,921 8,387 3,972 3,327 3,291 3,433 17.5 30-39 years 44.7 302,420 3,588 16,668 25,684 14,410 12,543 12,082 12,101 56.2 40-49 years 27.8 188,299 1,634 8,828 16,151 10,836 9,648 10,261 10,658 49.5 

50-59 years 8.7 58,745 597 2,645 4,692 3,479 3,387 3,633 3,959 24.9 

60 years and older 3.0 20,339 157 1,010 1,552 1,185 1,085 1,212 1,294 6.5 

Female 

All females, 13 years and older4 100.0 145,696 524 4,544 12,978 10,312 9,958 10,617 10,951 9.2 

 Race and Hispanic Origin 

White, non-Hispanic 22.0 32,000 143 1,228 3,042 1,896 1,859 1,993 1,930 2.3 

Black, non-Hispanic 61.2 89,130 280 2,557 7,586 6,711 6,489 6,963 7,339 50.0 

Hispanic5 15.9 23,145 98 726 2,236 1,599 1,462 1,543 1,561 11.8 

 Age 

13-19 years 1.4 1,995 5 67 157 166 170 171 203 1.5 
TABLE G-22--ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) CASES, ACCORDING TO AGE 

DIAGNOSIS, SEX, DETAILED RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN, SELECTED YEARS 1985-2002-continu

All years1 Number, by year of report Age at diagnosis, sex, race, 

and Hispanic origin Percent distribution2 All years1 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cases p

100,000 pop

in 200

20-29 years 20.6 29,996 178 1,117 2,676 1,886 1,750 1,717 1,819 9.6 30-39 years 43.6 63,504 232 2,087 5,934 4,234 3,973 4,145 3,991 18.7 40-49 years 24.1 35,168 45 780 3,059 2,789 2,857 3,147 3,377 15.3 50-59 years 7.0 10,243 26 274 818 916 867 999 1,150 6.9 

60 years and older 3.3 4,790 38 219 334 321 341 438 411 1.5 

Children 

All children, under 13 years4 100.0 8,807 131 725 745 255 189 170 150 0.3 

 Race and Hispanic Origin 

White, non-Hispanic 18.2 1,601 26 157 117 30 32 30 23 0.1 Black, non-Hispanic 61.6 5,422 87 390 483 171 122 111 99 1.2 Hispanic5 19.1 1,685 18 169 135 49 30 26 24 0.2 

 Age 

Under 1 year 36.9 3,249 54 298 258 87 61 47 46 1.1 1-12 years 63.1 5,558 77 427 487 168 128 123 104 0.2 

All races 831,112 8,159 41,448 70,412 44,580 40,282 41,450 42,745 15.0 

1 Includes cases prior to 1985 and through December 31, 2002. 2 Percents may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding. 3 Computed using estimates of July 1, 2001 U.S. resident population. 4 Includes races other than white, black, and Hispanic. 5 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 
G-27 

TABLE G-23--TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND DRUG USE AMONG HIGH 

SCHOOL SENIORS BY SUBSTANCE AND FREQUENCY OF USE, 

SELECTED YEARS 1975-2002 

 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 

 Percentage reporting having ever used drugs 

Cigarettes 73.6 71.0 68.8 64.4 64.2 62.5 61.0 57.2 

Alcohol1

 90.4 93.2 92.2 89.5 80.7 80.3 79.7 78.4 

Any illicit drug 55.2 65.4 60.6 47.9 48.4 54.0 53.9 53.0 

Any illicit drug other 

than marijuana2 36.2 38.7 39.7 29.4 28.1 29.0 30.7 29.5 

Selected illicit drugs 

Cocaine 9.0 15.7 17.3 9.4 6.0 8.6 8.2 7.8 

Heroin 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.4 1.8 1.7 

LSD 11.3 9.3 7.5 8.7 11.7 11.1 10.9 8.4 

Marijuana/hashish 47.3 60.3 54.2 40.7 41.7 48.8 49.0 47.8 

MDMA (Ecstasy) NA NA NA NA NA 11.0 11.7 10.5 

PCP NA 9.6 4.9 2.8 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 

 Percentage reporting use of drugs in the previous 30 days 

Cigarettes 36.7 30.5 30.1 29.4 33.5 31.4 29.5 26.7 

Alcohol1

 68.2 72.0 65.9 57.1 51.3 50.0 49.8 48.6 

Any illicit drug 30.7 37.2 29.7 17.2 23.8 24.9 25.7 25.4 

Any illicit drug other 

than marijuana2 15.4 18.4 14.9 8.0 10.0 10.4 11.0 11.3 

Selected illicit drugs 

Cocaine 1.9 5.2 6.7 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.3 

Heroin 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 

LSD 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.9 4.0 1.6 2.3 0.7 

Marijuana/hashish 27.1 33.7 25.7 14.0 21.2 21.6 22.4 21.5 

MDMA (Ecstasy) NA NA NA NA NA 3.6 2.8 2.4 

PCP NA 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 1

 In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in three of six forms to indicate that a "drink" 

meant "more than a few sips." Data for years after 1993 are based on all six forms which include 

this change. 

2

 Other illicit drugs include hallucinogens, crack, other cocaine, heroin, or any use of other 

narcotics, amphetamines, sedatives, or tranquilizers not prescribed by a doctor. In 2001, the 

question text was changed on half of the questionnaire forms. "Other psychedelics" was changed 

to "other hallucinogens" and "shrooms" was added to the list of examples. For the tranquilizer list 

of examples, Miltown was replaced with Xanax. The 2001 data are based on the changed forms 

only. The 2002 data are based on all forms. 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: Johnson et al. (2003). 
G-28 

TABLE G-24--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION BY 

SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER 25, 

SELECTED YEARS 1950-2000 

Sex, race, and age 1950 1970 1990 1995 1999 2000 

All races: 

Under 1 year 3,299.2 2,142.4 971.9 780.3 736.0 736.7 

1-4 years 139.4 84.5 46.8 40.4 34.2 32.4 

5-14 years 60.1 41.3 24.0 22.2 18.6 18.0 

15-24 years 128.1 127.7 99.2 93.4 79.3 79.9 

White males: 

Under 1 year 3,400.5 2,113.2 896.1 720.7 667.0 667.6 

1-4 years 135.5 83.6 45.9 39.0 33.9 32.6 

5-14 years 67.2 48.0 26.4 24.3 19.7 19.8 

15-24 years 152.4 170.8 131.3 120.1 102.8 105.8 

Black males: 

Under 1 year NA 4,298.9 2,112.4 1,664.7 1,592.8 1,567.6 

1-4 years1

 1,412.6 150.5 85.8 73.1 59.0 54.5 

5-14 years 95.1 67.1 41.2 38.5 32.0 28.2 

15-24 years 289.7 320.6 252.2 246.6 184.6 181.4 

White females: 

Under 1 year 2,566.8 1,614.6 690.0 574.4 542.0 550.5 

1-4 years 112.2 66.1 36.1 31.3 27.5 25.5 

5-14 years 45.1 29.9 17.9 16.5 14.6 14.1 

15-24 years 71.5 61.6 45.9 43.7 41.5 41.1 

Black females: 

Under 1 year NA 3,368.8 1,735.5 1,399.9 1,317.4 1,279.8 

1-4 years 1,139.3 129.4 67.6 59.5 46.1 45.3 

5-14 years 72.8 43.8 27.5 25.4 20.9 20.0 

15-24 years 213.1 111.9 68.7 68.9 58.6 58.3 

1

 In 1950 rate is for the age group under 5 years. 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 
G-29 

TABLE G-25--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY MOTOR VEHICLE 

ACCIDENT BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER 

AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950-2000 

 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1999 2000 

Age: 

 Under 1 year 8.4 8.1 9.8 7.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 

 1-4 years 11.5 10.0 11.5 9.2 6.3 4.2 4.2 

 5-14 years 8.8 7.9 10.2 7.9 5.9 4.3 4.3 

 15-24 years 34.4 38.0 47.2 44.8 34.1 26.2 26.9 

 

Race and Sex (15-24 years): 

 White male 58.3 62.7 75.2 73.8 52.5 37.8 39.6 

 Black male 42.5 46.4 58.1 34.9 36.1 30.5 30.2 

 White female 12.6 15.6 22.7 23.0 19.5 17.1 17.1 

 Black female 11.6 9.9 13.4 8.0 9.9 11.8 11.7 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 

TABLE G-26--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 FOR HOMICIDE 

ACCORDING TO SEX, RACE, AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, 

SELECTED YEARS 1950-2000 

 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1999 2000 

Age: 

5-14 years 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.9 

15-24 years 5.8 5.6 11.3 15.4 19.7 19.6 12.9 12.6 

Race and sex (15-24 years): 

White male 3.2 5.0 7.6 15.1 15.2 15.9 10.3 9.9 

Black male 53.8 43.2 98.3 82.6 137.1 129.4 84.7 85.3 

White female 1.3 1.5 2.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.7 

Black female 16.5 11.9 17.7 18.4 18.9 16.4 11.2 10.7 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 
G-30 

TABLE G-27--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY SUICIDE BY SEX, 

RACE, AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 

1950-2000 

 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1999 2000 

Age: 

5-14 years 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.7 

15-24 years 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.3 13.2 13.0 10.1 10.2 

Race and sex (15-24 years): 

White male 6.6 8.6 13.9 21.4 23.2 23.1 17.5 17.9 

Black male 4.9 4.1 10.5 12.3 15.1 17.8 14.3 14.2 

White female 2.7 2.3 4.2 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.2 3.1 

Black female 1.8 NA 3.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.2 

NA -- Not available. 

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2003b). 

TABLE G-28--MEAN SAT SCORES FOR COLLEGE-BOUND 

SENIORS, SELECTED YEARS 1975-2003 

Verbal Math 

Year Males Females Total Males Females Total 

1975 515 509 512 518 479 498 

1980 506 498 502 515 473 492 

1985 514 503 509 522 480 500 

1990 505 496 500 521 483 501 

1995 505 502 504 525 490 506 

1996 507 503 505 527 492 508 

1997 507 503 505 530 494 511 

1998 509 502 505 531 496 512 

1999 509 502 505 531 495 511 

2000 507 504 505 533 498 514 

2001 509 502 506 533 498 514 

2002 507 502 504 534 500 516 

2003 512 503 507 537 503 519 

Note - For 1972-1986 a formula was applied to the original mean and standard deviation to 

convert the mean to the recentered scale. For 1987-1995, individual student scores were 

converted to the recentered scale and then the mean was recomputed. From 1996-1999, 

nearly all students received scores on the recentered scale. Any scale on the original scale 

was converted to the recentered scale prior to computing the mean. From 2000-2003, all 

scores are reported on the recentered scale. 

Source: College Board (2003). 
G-31 

TABLE G-29--EVENT DROPOUT RATES FROM GRADES 10-12, 

 BY SEX AND RACE, 1980-2000 

[In percent) 

Sex Race/ethnicity1

Year Total 

Male Female White nonHispanic 

Black nonHispanic Hispanic 

1980 6.1 6.7 5.5 5.2 8.2 11.7 

1981 5.9 6.0 5.8 4.8 9.7 10.7 

1982 5.5 5.8 5.1 4.7 7.8 9.2 

1983 5.2 5.8 4.7 4.4 7.0 10.1 

1984 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.4 5.7 11.1 

1985 5.2 5.4 5.0 4.3 7.8 9.8 

1986 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.7 5.4 11.9 

1987 2 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.5 6.4 5.4 

1988 2 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.2 5.9 10.4 

1989 2 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.5 7.8 7.8 

1990 2 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.3 5.0 7.9 

1991 2 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.2 6.0 7.3 

1992 2,3 4.4 3.9 4.9 3.7 5.0 8.2 

1993 2,3 4.5 4.6 4.3 3.9 5.8 6.7 

1994 2,3,4 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.2 6.6 10.0 

1995 2,3,4 5.7 6.2 5.3 4.5 6.4 12.4 

1996 2,3,4 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.1 6.7 9.0 

1997 2,3,4 4.6 5.0 4.1 3.6 5.0 9.5 

1998 2,3,4 4.8 4.6 4.9 3.9 5.2 9.4 

1999 2,3,4 5.0 4.6 5.4 4.0 6.5 7.8 

2000 2,3,4 4.8 5.5 4.1 4.1 6.1 7.4 

1

 Due to small sample sizes, American Indians/Alaska Natives and Asians/Pacific Islanders 

are included in the total but are not shown separately. 

2

 Numbers for these years reflect new editing procedures that began in 1987 by the U.S. 

Census Bureau for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. 

3

 Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment in the Current 

Population Survey beginning in 1992. 

4

 Numbers in these years reflect changes in the Current Population Survey beginning in 1994 

due to newly instituted computer-assisted interviewing and the change in the population 

controls used in the 1990 Census-based estimates, with adjustments for undercounting in the 

1990 Census. 

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2001). 
G-32 

TABLE G-30--HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION RATES FOR 18-24 

YEAR OLDS, BY RACE/ETHNICITY, 1980-2000 

[In percent] 

Race/ethnicity1

Year Total White nonHispanic Black non-Hispanic Hispanic 

1980 83.9 87.5 75.2 57.1 

1981 83.8 87.1 76.7 59.1 

1982 83.8 87.0 76.4 60.9 

1983 83.9 87.4 76.8 59.4 

1984 84.7 87.5 80.3 63.7 

1985 85.4 88.2 81.0 66.6 

1986 85.5 88.8 81.8 63.5 

1987 2 84.7 87.7 81.9 65.1 

1988 2 84.5 88.7 80.9 58.2 

1989 2 84.7 89.0 81.9 59.4 

1990 2 85.6 89.6 83.2 59.1 

1991 2 84.9 89.4 82.5 56.5 

1992 2,3 86.4 90.7 82.0 62.1 

1993 2,3 86.2 90.1 81.9 64.4 

1994 2,3,4 85.8 90.7 83.3 61.8 

1995 2,3,4 85.3 89.8 84.5 62.8 

1996 2,3,4 86.2 91.5 83.0 61.9 

1997 2,3,4 85.9 90.5 82.0 66.7 

1998 2,3,4 84.8 90.2 81.4 62.8 

1999 2,3,4 85.9 91.2 83.5 63.4 

2000 2,3,4 86.5 91.8 83.7 64.1 1

 Due to small sample sizes, American Indians/Alaska Natives and Asians/Pacific Islanders 

are included in the total but are not shown separately. 

2

 Numbers for these years reflect new editing procedures instituted by the U.S. Census 

Bureau for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. 

3

 Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment in the Current 

Population Survey beginning in 1992. 

4

 Numbers in these years reflect changes in the Current Population Survey beginning in 

1994 due to newly instituted computer-assisted interviewing and the change in the 

population controls used in the 1990 Census-based estimates, with adjustments for 

undercounting in the 1990 Census. 

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2001). 
TABLE G-31--TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF FEM

HEADED FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1987, 1993, 1998, AND 2002 

Poor 1 Nonpoor 1 Total 

 1987 1993 1998 2002 1987 1993 1998 2002 1987 1993 199Number of Families (in thousands) 3,525 4,361 3,660 3,301 4,082 4,969 5,682 6,520 7,607 9,329 9,34Family Characteristics: 

Percent Never Married 35.6 43.2 47.5 50.1 15.2 20.9 29.0 32.3 24.6 31.3 36.2 

Percent with head age 15 to 19 2.7 3.7 3.4 2.6 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.1 Percent with head age 20 to 29 35.9 36.9 34.9 35.5 17.8 15.3 18.7 18.5 26.2 25.4 25.0 Percent with head age 30 and over 61.4 59.4 61.6 61.9 81.7 84.2 80.1 80.1 72.3 72.6 72.Percent white non-Hispanic2 42.5 41.4 42.0 37.6 66.5 63.5 61.2 53.6 55.3 53.2 53.6 

Percent black non-Hispanic2 41.9 40.8 37.5 37.0 25.0 26.6 27.1 27.3 32.9 33.2 31.

Percent Hispanic2 15.6 17.8 20.6 20.8 8.5 9.9 11.8 14.7 11.8 13.6 15.2 

Percent “mixed” or “other” races2 NA NA NA 4.5 NA NA NA 4.4 NA NA NA 

Average family size 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 

Percent with income from: 

Earnings3 47.7 49.7 64.7 62.0 96.6 94.5 96.5 96.0 74.0 73.5 84.

Social Security 10.9 8.6 10.6 10.3 16.7 16.0 13.0 13.2 14.0 12.5 12.Pensions 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 5.6 5.8 4.8 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 Unemployment Compensation 4.0 4.6 4.6 6.2 5.8 8.0 5.3 7.9 5.0 6.5 5.0 

Worker Comp, Disability 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.1 3.8 4.0 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.9 1.8 Veterans Administration 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.7 0.8 0.7 SSI 7.3 9.6 10.7 9.8 3.3 6.0 4.7 4.3 5.1 7.7 7.0 AFDC, TANF, Other Public Asst. 60.2 60.2 38.6 21.7 8.8 11.8 6.9 4.5 32.7 34.4 19.4 Child Support, Alimony 17.8 20.5 17.8 23.9 37.8 38.8 39.5 36.0 28.6 30.2 31.0 

Interest, Dividends3 11.1 10.3 10.8 12.2 53.9 51.7 48.2 42.7 34.0 32.3 33.5 

Food Stamps 67.5 71.9 56.7 52.4 8.4 16.7 13.0 11.7 35.8 42.5 30.School Lunch 63.1 65.5 68.2 66.7 54.4 57.3 62.7 59.4 58.4 61.1 64.9 Housing 31.8 33.7 32.5 32.6 7.5 7.3 8.6 8.3 18.8 19.6 18.0 

Percent of total income from: 

Earnings3 26.6 25.1 41.1 43.0 79.5 76.8 80.7 82.4 69.2 65.7 74.5 

Social Security 6.5 4.7 5.7 6.5 4.5 4.5 3.6 3.5 4.9 4.6 3.9 Pensions 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.4 Unemployment Compensation 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 
Worker Comp, Disability 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 

Veterans Administration 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 

SSI 3.4 4.5 5.2 5.4 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.5 AFDC, TANF, Other Public Asst. 32.9 26.1 12.9 6.6 1.3 1.6 0.7 0.4 7.5 6.8 2.6 Child Support, Alimony 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.0 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.5 Interest, Dividends3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.4 2.8 2.3 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.0 

Food Stamps4 17.4 17.3 13.3 12.5 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 3.7 4.3 2.6 

School Lunch4 4.7 3.8 4.1 4.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 

Housing Assistance4 0.9 9.9 9.2 9.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.3 1.7 

Mean income per family member5 

(2002 dollars) $3,142 $3,400 $3,319 $3,253 $12,578 $12,164 $12,810 $13,338 $7,982 $7,913 $8,89

Percent with 50 percent or more of income 

from public assistance5 58.1 61.1 42.8 36.2 2.1 2.9 1.7 1.1 28.1 30.1 17.

Percent with 90 percent or more of income 

from public assistance5 39.1 37.2 22.1 18.2 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 18.3 17.8 8.8 

1 Based on official U.S. Census Bureau poverty levels. 2 Before 2002, “other” races were included in the white racial category.” Beginning in 2002, individuals on the CPS could identify as belonging 

than one racial group. In 2002, the racial categories for whites and blacks are for individuals identifying as belonging to only one racial group; pe

“mixed” race and races other than white only or black only are separately identified in 2002. Hispanics may be of any race, and are identified sep

3 Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. 4 The cash values of food stamps and housing assistance were estimated using their market values. Their cash values are excluded from total inco

purposes of determining poverty status. Cash values of food stamps and housing assistance are included in total income for calculating the perce

of total income. 

5 Includes cash values of food stamps and housing assistance, and includes negative incomes (i.e. losses). 1987, 1993, and 1998 income converted 

dollars using the CPI-U (Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers). Note - Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the March 1988, 1994, and 2003 Current Population 

Survey (CPS). 
TABLE G-32—PERCENT OF MALE-PRESENT FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN WITH INCOME FROM VAR

SOURCES, BY THE RATIO OF TOTAL INCOME TO THE POVERTY THRESHOLD1

, 2002

Ratio of Total Income to Poverty Threshold 

Under 

0.50 

0.50 to 

0.74 

0.75 to 

 0.99 

1.00 to 

1.24 

1.25 to 

1.49 

1.50 to 

1.99 

2.00 to 

2.99 

3.00 & 

over 

Poor Nonpoor T

Number of Families (Thousands) 720 648 890 1,096 1,292 2,637 5,363 16,882 2,259 27,270 2Earnings2 60.4 87.8 90.5 94.8 97.8 97.7 99.2 99.8 80.1 99.2 

 Social Security 7.2 13.0 12.2 10.0 7.8 7.9 6.4 4.6 10.8 5.7  Pensions 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.6 2.7 3.2 4.3 0.9 3.7  Unemployment Compensation 4.5 9.0 9.8 9.9 10.9 13.4 11.1 7.5 7.9 9.0 

 Disability 1.4 3.7 4.3 4.1 4.7 4.2 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.0  Veterans Administration 1.2 0.5 0.3 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.5 0.6 1.5 

 SSI 5.0 7.1 5.3 5.0 3.6 3.5 1.7 0.7 5.7 1.5  TANF, General Assistance 8.1 12.4 7.9 4.0 2.7 2.1 1.3 0.2 9.2 0.9  Child Support, Alimony 4.3 3.5 3.2 4.5 4.7 5.2 6.6 5.6 3.7 5.7 

 Interest, Dividends2 17.1 20.3 15.8 22.7 24.3 34.1 48.0 76.1 17.5 61.9 

 Food Stamps 28.0 35.5 26.0 16.5 10.5 6.6 2.0 0.3 29.4 2.4 

 School Lunch 57.4 62.8 64.3 63.7 60.6 57.1 54.5 47.4 61.7 51.0 

 Housing Assistance 10.9 8.6 6.9 5.2 4.9 3.0 1.2 0.2 8.7 1.1 

Family Characteristics  Percent - head age 15 to 19 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.2 1.9 0.5 

 Percent - head age 20 to 29 25.4 24.4 21.8 24.5 22.8 21.0 16.3 7.5 23.7 12.0 

 Percent - head age 30 and over 72.4 73.7 76.6 74.2 76.4 77.7 82.8 92.3 74.4 87.5  Percent - white non-Hispanic3 46.0 42.1 37.8 45.8 46.7 54.5 65.0 78.7 41.6 70.8 

 Percent - black non-Hispanic3 12.6 11.9 12.9 9.8 12.6 10.5 9.9 7.2 12.5 8.4 

 Percent – Hispanic3 32.3 40.9 42.5 37.6 34.2 28.2 18.6 7.7 38.8 14.3 

 Percent other non-Hispanic3 9.0 5.2 6.9 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.4 6.5 7.1 6.5 

1 Based on Census (“Orshansky”) poverty levels. 2 Negative Incomes (i.e. losses) set to zero. 3 Beginning in 2002, individuals on the CPS could identify as belonging to more than one racial group. In 2002, the racial categories for white

blacks are for individuals identifying as belonging to only one racial group; people of mixed race and races other than white only or black only separately identified. Hispanics may be of any race, and are identified separately. Note - Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. 

Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service using March 2003 Current Population Survey (CPS). 
G-36 

TABLE G-33 -- NUMBERS, PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND 

RATES OF CHILDREN BELOW POVERTY 1

, BY RACE 1980-2002 

[Numbers in thousands] 

Number Rate 

Year 

Total Black White Hispanic1

 Total Black White Hispanic1

1980 11,114 3,906 6,817 1,718 17.9 42.1 13.4 33.0 

1981 12,068 4,170 7,429 1,874 19.5 44.9 14.7 35.4 

1982 13,139 4,388 8,282 2,117 21.3 47.3 16.5 38.9 

1983 13,427 4,273 8,534 2,251 21.8 46.2 17.0 37.7 

1984 12,929 4,320 8,086 2,317 21.0 46.2 16.4 38.7 

1985 12,483 4,057 7,838 2,512 20.1 43.1 15.6 39.6 

1986 12,257 4,037 7,714 2,413 19.8 42.7 15.3 37.1 

1987 2 12,275 4,234 7,398 2,606 19.7 44.4 14.7 38.9 

1988 2 11,935 4,148 7,095 2,576 19.0 42.8 14.0 37.3 

1989 12,001 4,257 7,164 2,496 19.0 43.2 14.1 35.5 

1990 12,715 4,412 7,696 2,750 19.9 44.2 15.1 37.7 

1991 2 13,658 4,637 8,316 2,977 21.1 45.6 16.4 39.8 

1992 2 14,521 5,015 8,752 3,440 21.6 46.3 16.5 39.0 

1993 14,961 5,030 9,123 3,666 22.0 45.9 17.0 39.9 

1994 14,610 4,787 8,826 3,956 21.2 43.3 16.3 41.1 

1995 13,999 4,644 8,474 3,938 20.2 41.5 15.5 39.3 

1996 13,764 4,411 8,488 4,090 19.8 39.5 15.5 39.9 

1997 13,422 4,116 8,441 3,865 19.2 36.8 15.4 36.4 

1998 12,845 4,073 7,935 3,670 18.3 36.4 14.4 33.6 

1999 2 11,678 3,698 7,194 3,561 16.6 32.8 13.4 29.9 

2000 3 11,005 3,495 6,834 3,342 15.6 30.9 12.4 27.6 

2001 4 11,175 3,423 7,086 3,433 15.8 30.0 12.8 27.4 

2002 5 11,646 3,570 7,203 3,653 16.3 32.1 13.1 28.2 1 People of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

2

 For 1999, figures are based on 2000 census population controls. For 1992, on 1990 census 

population controls. For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from 

the original March 1992 CPS file. For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing 

procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 

1988 advance report, Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, 

No. 166. 

3 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population 

controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 

4 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 

The reference rate groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are: white, non-Hispanic white, 

black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 

5 The 2003 CPS (data for 2002) allowed respondents to choose more than one race. The 

numbers and rates reported for white and black are for those who reported white and did not 

report any other race category, or those who reported black and did not report any other race 

category. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
TABLE G-34 -- NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AG

POVERTY BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1998-2002 

[Numbers in thousands] 

1998 1999 2000 1 2001 20

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number 

Families2 12,845 18.3 11,510 16.3 11,018 15.6 11,175 15.8 11,646 

White 7,935 14.4 7,123 12.9 6,838 12.3 7,086 12.8 7,203 Black 4,073 36.4 3,644 32.7 3,417 30.4 3,423 30.0 3,570 Hispanic3 3,670 33.6 3,382 29.9 3,173 27.3 3,433 27.4 3,653 

Married-Couple Families2 4,550 9.0 4,297 8.4 4,219 8.1 4,108 8.0 4,352 

White 3,604 8.4 3,428 7.9 3,431 7.8 3,294 7.7 3,482 Black 536 12.1 510 10.8 402 8.2 492 10.1 518 Hispanic3 1,723 23.3 1,745 22.2 1,719 20.9 1,699 19.5 1,898 

Female Householder Families, No Spouse Present2 7,627 46.4 6,602 41.9 6,116 39.8 6,341 39.3 6,564 

White 3,875 40.0 3,266 35.5 2,955 33.0 3,291 34.7 3,271 Black 3,366 54.7 2,997 51.7 2,830 49.4 2,741 46.6 2,855 Hispanic3 1,739 59.6 1,471 52.4 1,303 48.3 1,508 49.3 1,501 

Male Householder Families, No Spouse Present2 669 20.0 611 18.1 684 19.8 726 20.6 731 

White 456 17.6 430 16.7 453 16.7 501 18.6 450 Black 171 28.6 137 22.3 185 31.4 189 28.6 197 Hispanic3 207 33.7 166 25.7 150 21.2 225 29.3 253 

1 Based on a November 2001 weighting correction. 3 Includes races other than white, black, or Hispanic. 3 People of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
G-38 

TABLE G-35 – POVERTY RATE OF CHILDREN BY FAMILY TYPE 

AND RACE, 1970-2001 

Female Head Male Present 

Year Total Black White Hispanic1 Total Black White Hispanic1

 Total 

1970 14.9 67.7 43.1 NA 53.0 26.0 7.3 NA 9.2 

1971 15.1 56.6 44.6 NA 53.1 25.5 7.4 NA 9.3 

1972 14.9 69.5 41.1 NA 53.1 24.1 6.8 NA 8.6 

1973 14.2 67.2 42.1 68.7 52.1 21.7 6.0 18.8 7.6 

1974 15.1 65.0 42.9 64.3 51.5 20.0 6.9 20.0 8.7 

1975 16.8 66.0 44.2 68.4 52.7 22.1 8.2 23.8 9.8 

1976 15.8 65.6 42.7 67.3 52.0 19.4 7.1 20.8 8.5 

1977 16.0 65.7 40.3 68.6 50.3 19.9 7.1 17.9 8.5 

1978 15.7 66.4 39.9 68.9 50.6 17.6 6.8 17.2 7.9 

1979 16.0 63.1 38.5 62.2 48.6 18.7 7.3 19.2 8.5 

1980 17.9 54.8 41.6 65.0 50.8 20.3 9.0 22.9 10.4 

1981 19.5 67.7 42.8 67.3 52.3 23.4 10.0 24.5 11.6 

1982 21.3 70.7 46.5 71.8 56.0 24.1 11.6 27.8 13.0 

1983 21.8 68.3 47.1 70.6 55.4 23.7 12.0 27.2 13.5 

1984 21.0 66.2 45.9 71.0 54.0 24.3 11.0 27.5 12.5 

1985 20.1 66.9 45.2 72.4 53.6 18.8 10.4 27.4 11.7 

1986 19.8 67.1 46.3 66.7 54.4 17.0 9.8 25.8 10.8 

1987 20.0 68.3 45.8 70.1 54.7 19.8 9.5 28.3 10.9 

1987 2

 19.7 66.9 45.0 69.8 53.7 19.1 9.3 27.7 10.6 

1988 19.0 64.7 44.9 69.6 52.9 18.7 8.5 25.4 10.0 

1989 19.0 63.1 42.5 64.3 51.1 20.0 9.1 25.5 10.4 

1990 19.9 64.7 45.9 68.4 53.4 19.3 9.5 26.7 10.7 

1991 21.1 68.2 47.1 68.6 55.5 17.3 10.1 29.1 11.1 

1992 3

 21.6 67.1 45.9 65.9 54.6 19.4 10.3 29.6 11.8 

1993 22.0 65.9 45.6 66.1 53.7 19.5 11.3 29.9 12.4 

1994 21.2 53.2 45.7 68.3 52.9 17.7 10.4 30.8 11.7 

1995 20.2 61.6 42.5 65.7 50.3 14.4 9.8 28.8 10.7 

1996 19.8 58.2 43.1 67.4 49.3 16.0 9.9 30.4 10.9 

1997 19.2 55.3 44.3 62.8 49.0 14.2 9.4 26.9 10.2 

1998 18.3 54.7 40.0 59.6 46.1 14.1 8.9 24.1 9.7 

1999 4

 16.6 51.9 35.7 52.4 42.1 12.2 8.5 22.4 9.1 

2000 5

 15.6 49.3 33.9 49.8 40.1 10.9 8.2 20.8 8.6 

2001 15.8 46.6 34.7 49.3 39.3 12.3 8.3 20.3 8.8 

1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

2 Revised. 

3 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls. 4

 Reflecting Census 2000-Based population controls. 

5

 Reflecting Census 2000-Based population controls and a 28,000 household expansion. 

NA - Not available 

Note - Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003b). 
G-39 

TABLE G-36 – NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 AND 

FROM 6 TO 17 YEARS AND THEIR POVERTY RATES, 1971-2002 

[Numbers in thousands] 

Year 

Total number 

of children 

under 18 

Total 

number 

under 6 

Total number 

of poor 

children 

under 6 

Poverty rate 

of children 

under 6 

Total number of 

poor children 

6-17 years 

Poverty rate 

of children 

 6-17 years 

1971 68,816 20,898 3,579 17.1 6,972 14.5 

1972 67,930 20,510 3,388 16.5 6,896 14.5 

1973 66,959 20,043 3,204 16.0 6,438 13.7 

1974 66,134 19,887 3,361 16.9 6,795 14.7 

1975 65,079 19,353 3,522 18.2 7,582 16.6 

1976 64,028 18,971 3,358 17.7 6,915 15.3 

1977 63,137 18,518 3,426 18.5 6,862 15.4 

1978 62,311 18,789 3,344 17.8 6,587 15.1 

1979 63,375 19,012 3,479 18.3 6,898 15.5 

1980 62,914 19,974 4,054 20.3 7,489 17.4 

1981 62,449 20,396 4,487 22.0 8,018 19.1 

1982 62,345 20,789 4,899 23.6 8,748 21.1 

1983 62,334 21,039 5,302 25.0 8,609 20.8 

1984 62,447 21,196 5,066 23.9 8,354 20.3 

1985 62,876 21,526 4,951 23.0 8,059 19.5 

1986 62,948 21,656 4,796 22.1 8,080 19.6 

1987 63,290 21,860 4,984 22.8 7,979 19.3 

1988 1

 63,747 22,232 4,957 22.3 7,499 18.1 

1989 64,144 22,505 5,071 22.5 7,518 18.1 

1990 65,049 22,937 5,412 23.6 8,019 19.0 

1991 65,918 23,206 5,702 24.6 8,639 20.2 

1992 2

 68,440 24,070 6,360 26.4 8,934 20.1 

1993 69,292 24,219 6,352 26.5 9,375 20.8 

1994 70,020 24,265 6,093 25.1 9,196 20.1 

1995 70,566 24,184 5,821 24.1 8,844 19.1 

1996 70,650 23,452 5,333 22.7 8,431 18.3 

1997 71,069 23,363 5,049 21.6 8,373 18.0 

1998 71,338 23,160 4,775 20.6 8,071 17.1 

1999 71,685 23,105 4,170 18.0 7,340 15.5 

2000 3

 71,741 23,243 3,917 16.9 7,101 14.9 

2001 72,021 23,014 4,188 18.2 6,987 14.6 

2002 72,696 23,247 4,296 18.5 7,350 15.2 

1 Revised. 

2

 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 Census population controls. 

3 Based on a November 2001 weighting correction. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, (2003b). 

 
G-40 

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