COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, Hale y and Senior J udge Annunziata Argued at Alexandria, Virginia

MARRON FRANKLIN ANTHONY NOWLIN MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 3050-05-4 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA DECEMBER 12, 2006 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA Lisa B. Kemler, Judge Joan C. Ruff, Senior Assistan t Public Defender, for appellant. Karri B. Atwood, Assistant Attorn ey General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Appellant, Marron Franklin An thony Nowlin (Nowlin), was convicted of possession of cocaine. He appeals his convicti on and argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because the police conducted a warrant less strip and body cavity search. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
BACKGROUND On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppr ess, we consider the evidence adduced at both the suppression hearing and th e trial, DePriest v. Commonwealth , 4 Va. App. 577, 583, 359 S.E.2d 540, 542-43 (1987), and we view that evid ence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Commonwealth v. Grimstead , 12 Va. App. 1066, 1067, 407 S.E.2d 47, 48 (1991). “[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them,” McGee v. Commonwealth , 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opin ion is not designated for publication.- 2 - 259, 261 (1997) ( en banc ), but we review de novo the trial court’s applic ation of defined legal standards such as reasonable susp icion and probable cause to the pa rticular facts of the case, see Ornelas v. United States , 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). On March 26, 2005, Officers Seth Weinstei n and Kha Le were dispatched to an apartment building after Nowlin’s wife contacte d the police, informing them Nowlin was armed and under the influence of drugs. Prior to arriving at the scene, Weinstein learned there was an outstanding warrant against Nowlin. Weinstein apprehended Nowlin, handcuffed hi m, and placed him in his police cruiser, intending to transport him to the police st ation for booking. Anothe r officer on the scene informed Weinstein that Nowlin’s wife reporte d Nowlin was concealing cocaine in his buttocks

area. Weinstein and Le took Nowlin to an area hidden from public view. Weinstein pulled Nowlin’s pants and underwear stra ight out from his body and shined a flashlight in the area. Weinstein observed a clear plastic bag protru ding several inches from between Nowlin’s clenched buttocks. Based on his experience and the information received from Nowlin’s wife, Weinstein suspected the bag contained narcotics. Le reached into Nowlin’s pants, grabbed the protruding portion of the bag, and removed the it em. The bag contained eleven rocks of crack cocaine.
ANALYSIS Nowlin argues he was subj ected to an impermissible, warrantless strip and body cavity search. We note that the Fourth Amendment proscr ibes only “unreasonable searches and seizures,” McNair v. Commonwealth , 29 Va. App. 559, 563, 513 S.E.2d 866, 868 (1999) ( en banc ), not reasonable ones. A standard “not ca pable of precise defi nition or mechanical- 3 - application,” Bell v. Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 559 (1979), reasonabl eness hinges on the facts of each case. Depending upon the circumstances, reasonableness may permit police officers to conduct warrantless searches ranging from “a ge neralized search of the person to the more intrusive strip search or body cavity search.” Hughes v. Commonwealth , 31 Va. App. 447, 455, 524 S.E.2d 155, 159 (2000) ( en banc ). “A strip search generally refe rs to an inspection of a naked individual, without any scrutiny of his body cavities. A visual body cavity search extends to a visu al inspection of the anal and genital areas.” Co mmonwealth v. Thomas , 429 Mass. 403, 708 N.E.2d 669, 672 n.4 (1999). “A ‘m anual body cavity search’ includes some degree of touching or probing of body cavities.” Cookish v. Powell , 945 F.2d 441, 444-45 n.5 (1st Cir. 1991). McCloud v. Commonwealth , 35 Va. App. 276, 282-83, 544 S.E.2d 866, 868-69 (2001). Strip Search In McCloud , this Court declined to treat a search as an improper strip search when the evidence established that the officers only “pulle d back [McCloud's] underwear in the front.” 35 Va. App. at 279, 544 S.E.2d at 867. There, we no ted that “[w]e have found no cases, nor has appellant cited any, that include ‘arranging’ of the suspect’s clot hing in a definition of ‘strip search.’” Id. at 282, 544 S.E.2d 868. Similarly, in this case, Weinstein pulled back the waistband of appellant’s underwear and looked in side, immediately spo tting the bag containing narcotics. Nowlin’s reliance on Kidd v. Commonwealth , 38 Va. App. 433, 565 S.E.2d 337 (2002), is misplaced. In Kidd , the officer conducting the search “[l]ook[ed] into Kidd’s underwear for drugs” and “inspect[ed] Kidd’s partially-naked body.” Id. at 446, 565 S.E.2d at 343. In this case, the evidence indicates that the officers could not see Nowlin’s genitals or anus when pulling back his underwear. Thus, as in McCloud , and unlike in Kidd , the officers did not view Nowlin’s genital or anal area and he simply was not subjected to a “strip search.”- 4 - Body Cavity Search In Hughes , upon which Nowlin relies, we held H ughes was subjected to a visual and physical body cavity search when the police had Hughes bend over to expose his anus, enabling [the officer] to visually inspect the anus. The visual search became more intrusive when [the officer] “told” Hughes to cough in order to expand the officer’s view of the anus and an even more intrusive physical body cavity search when [the officer ] removed the plastic bag from Hughes’ anal cavity. Hughes , 31 Va. App. at 455-56, 524 S.E.2d at 159. In this case, Weinstein and Le merely l ooked into Nowlin’s unde rwear and immediately observed a bag protruding several inches from Nowlin’s clenched buttocks, not his anal cavity. The officers neither viewed nor touched Nowlin’s anus or anal cavity. Instead, Le touched only the protruding portion of the bag and removed th e item from Nowlin’s underwear. Therefore, the officers did not subject Nowlin to either a visual or physical body cavity search. Exigent Circumstances Nowlin properly notes that “a warrantless search involving a bod ily intrusion, even though conducted incident to a la wful arrest, violates the Fo urth Amendment unless (1) the police have a ‘clear indication’ that evidence is located within a suspect’s body and (2) the police face exigent circumstances. ” Commonwealth v. Gilmore , 27 Va. App. 320, 330-31, 498 S.E.2d 464, 469 (1998). However, Nowlin’s argument that th e search in this case failed to meet these two conditions is unavailing under the facts of this case, as no strip or body cavity search occurred. For the reasons noted above, the trial cour t did not err by denying Nowlin’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the search inci dent to his arrest. Th erefore, we affirm the decision of the trial court. Affirmed.