THE

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA

LITERAL PRINT

1

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more

perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and

secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,

do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States

of America.

Article I.

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested

in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed

of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of

the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a

Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected,

be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among

the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined

by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those

bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not

taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration

shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the

Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term

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of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The

Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty

Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New

Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight,

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five,

New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware

one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State,

the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to

fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and

other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence

of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be

into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class

shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and the third

Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may

be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any

State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then

fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained

to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the

4 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
United States and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President

of the Senate but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when

he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or

Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried

the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members

present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold

and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United

States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and

subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in

each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at

any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to

the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and

such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless

they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 5
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,

Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority

of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller

Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized

to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner,

and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from

time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in

their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the

Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire

of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,

nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall

be sitting.

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive

a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and

paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all

Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their

respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;

and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be

questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which

he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the

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Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time;

and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall

be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in

the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or

concur with amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he

shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to

that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter

the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House

shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the

Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall

become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses

shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the

Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the

Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a

Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress

by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall

not be a Law

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence

of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary

(except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the

President of the United States; and before the Same shall take

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 7
Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him,

shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed

in the Case of a Bill.

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and

provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United

States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform

throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the

several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United

States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign

Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive

Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on

the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and

make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

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To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money

to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the

land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws

of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed

in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of

training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over

such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of Particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to

exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be,

for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and

other needful Buildings;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for

carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United

States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as

any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall

not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imCONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 9
posed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each

Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases or Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in

the Proportion to the Census of Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any

State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged

to enter, clear or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States:

and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them,

shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any

King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance,

or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin

Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

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No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any

Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be

absolutely necessary for executing it’s inspection Laws: and the

net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United

States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and

Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any

Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,

enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with

a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or

in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article II.

Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office

during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole

Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may

be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative,

or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United

States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote

by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an

Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall

make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of

Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States,

directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the SenCONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 11
ate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be

counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall

be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole

Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one

who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes,

then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by

Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall

in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives

from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall

consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States,

and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice.

In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the

Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have

equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice

President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which

Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the

United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution,

shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the

Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within

the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of

his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and

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Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice

President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case

of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act

as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the

Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected,

and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take

the following Oath or Affirmation:—“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the

United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of

the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of

the several States, when called into the actual Service of the

United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the

principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any

Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he

shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences

against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent

of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with

the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the suCONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 13
preme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose

Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which

shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest

the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper,

in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of

Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that

may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress

Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their

Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and

expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both

Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may

adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall

receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take

Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section 4. The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high

Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.

Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be

vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the

Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges,

both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices

during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for

14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished

during their Continuance in Office.

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in

Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of

the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made,

under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other

public ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States

shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—

between a State and Citizens of another State;— between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State,

or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers

and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other

Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,

shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where

the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places

as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist

only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to

the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 15
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment

of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption

of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article IV.

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State

to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other

State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records, and Proceedings shall be proved,

and the Effect thereof.

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all

Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other

Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State,

shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from

which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under

the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence

of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party

to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into

this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within

the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by

the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without

the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well

as of the Congress.

16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all

needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other

Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the

United States, or of any particular State.

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State

in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the

Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot

be convened) against domestic Violence.

Article V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem

it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or,

on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,

which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions

in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight

hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth

Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no

State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before

the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the

United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 17
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which

shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or

which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States,

shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every

State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or

Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the

Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and

judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several

States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this

Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a

Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be

sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the

States so ratifying the same.

The Word, “the,” being interlined between the seventh and

eighth Lines of the first Page,

The Word “Thirty” being partly

written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The

Words “is tried” being interlined between the thirty second

and thirty third Lines of the first

Page and the Word “the” being

interlined between the forty third

and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest WILLIAM JACKSON

Secretary

done in Convention by the Unanimous

Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year

of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the

Independance of the United States of

America the Twelfth. In witness whereof

We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

Go

. WASHINGTON—Presidt.

and deputy from Virginia

New Hampshire JOHN LANGDON

NICHOLAS GILMAN

Massachusetts NATHANIEL GORHAM

RUFUS KING

18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
Connecticut Wm SAMl JOHNSON

ROGER SHERMAN

New York . . . . ALEXANDER HAMILTON

New Jersey WIL: LIVINGSTON

DAVID BREARLEY.

Wm PATTERSON.

JONA: DAYTON

Pennsylvania B FRANKLIN

THOMAS MIFFLIN

ROBt MORRIS

GEO. CLYMER

THOs FITZSIMONS

JARED INGERSOL

JAMES WILSON

GOUV MORRIS

Delaware GEO: READ

GUNNING BEDFORD JUN

JOHN DICKINSON

RICHARD BASSETT

JACO: BROOM

Maryland JAMES McHENRY

DAN OF St THOs JENIFER

DANl CARROLL

Virginia JOHN BLAIR—

JAMES MADISON JR.

North Carolina Wm BLOUNT

RICHd DOBBS SPAIGHT

HU WILLIAMSON

South Carolina J. RUTLEDGE

CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

CHARLES PINCKNEY

PIERCE BUTLER

Georgia WILLIAM FEW

ABR BALDWIN

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 19
In Convention Monday, September 17th 1787.

Present

The States of

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr Hamilton from

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

Resolved,

That the preceeding Constitution be laid before the United

States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this

Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof,

under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent

and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States

in Congress assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this

Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall

have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress

assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a

Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors

should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected:

That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election

of the President, and should transmit their Votes certified, signed,

sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place

20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the

Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and counting

the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the

Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay,

proceed to execute this Constitution.

By the Unanimous Order of the Convention

Go

: WASHINGTON—Presidt.

W. JACKSON Secretary.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 21