U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

i

61–710 CC

" ! COMMITTEE PRINT 106TH CONGRESS

2d Session

WMCP:

2000

106–14

COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

2000 GREEN BOOK

BACKGROUND MATERIAL AND DATA ON PROGRAMS WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE

COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS

OCTOBER 6, 2000

Prepared for the use of Members of the Committee on Ways and Means

by members of its staff. This document has not been officially approved

by the Committee and may not reflect the views of its Members

(ii)

COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS

BILL ARCHER, TEXAS, Chairman

A.L. SINGLETON, Chief of Staff

This document was prepared by the majority staff of the Committee on Ways and

Means and is issued under the authority of Chairman Bill Archer. This document

has not been reviewed or officially approved by the Members of the Committee.

(iii)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS,

Washington, DC, September 13, 2000

Hon. BILL ARCHER, Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means,

House of Representatives, Washington, DC.

DEAR CHAIRMAN ARCHER: Since 1981, the Committee on Ways

and Means has published the Green Book which presents background material and statistical data on the major entitlement programs and other activities within the Committee’s jurisdiction. Information on major social programs outside the Committee’s jurisdiction is also included.

Since its inception 19 years ago, the Green Book has become a

valuable resource for Members of the Committee, other Members

of Congress, analysts in the various legislative agencies, officials in

the executive departments, scholars who study these programs, and

citizens interested in government social programs.

On behalf of all those who worked on this, the 17th edition, I am

pleased to transmit to you and other Members of the Committee

on Ways and Means the 2000 Green Book.

The Committee staff who worked on the 2000 Green Book wish

to call to your attention, and to the attention of Green Book users,

the superb help we have received from many individuals and organizations. These include:

The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress:

David Koitz, Coordinator

Jennifer O’Sullivan, Coordinator (Health Programs)

Craig W. Abbey Frances Larkins Richard Rimkunas

Evelyne Baumrucker Ann Lordeman Alix Salinas

Vee Burke Bob Lyke Gary Sidor

Alice Butler Carolyn Merck Madeleine Smith

Hinda Chaikind Paulette C. Morgan Pam Smith

Christine Devere Dawn Nuschler Denny Snook

Gene Falk Carol Carmen SolomonCelinda Franco O’Shaughnessy Fears

Thomas P. Gabe Richard Price Karen Spar

Melinda Gish Pat Purcell Emilie Stoltzfus

Shannon Harper Edward Rappaport James Storey

Jean Hearne Bernice Sibyl Tilson

Lisa Herz Reyes-Akinbileje Ruth Ellen Wasem

Rachel Kelly Joe Richardson Heidi Yacker

Geoffrey Kollmann

iv

The Congressional Budget Office:

Bruce Vavrichek, Coordinator

Charles Betley

Michael Birmbaum

Tom Bradley

Julia Christensen

Sandy Christensen

Paul Cullinan

Jeanne De Sa

Cyndi Dudzinski

Carol Frost

Susan Labovich

Taman Morris

Carla Pedone

John Peterson

Eric Rollins

Christi Hawley

Sadoti

William Terry

Chris Topoleski

David Weiner

Roberton Williams

Dorothy Rosenbaum

The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce:

Charles T. Nelson, Coordinator

Joseph Dalaker

Tim Grall

Diana Marz

Jack McNeil

Martin O’Connell

Bernadette Proctor

Kristin Smith

The Department of Health and Human Services:

Julia Isaacs, Coordinator

Linda Adams

Julie Alberino

Karen Beebe

Lisa Bernhardt

Sharon Brown

Roger Buchanan

Sue Castleberry

Gil Crouse

Maria Diacogiannis

Janice Drexler

Denise Franz

Cindy Foltz

Janet Fox

John Gaudiosi

Betsy Hanczaryk

John Hargrove

Paula Higger

Sean Hurley

Renee Jackson

Roger Keene

G. Wilson Kirby

John Klemm

George D. Lintzeris

Elizabeth LowerBasch

Clare McFarland

Evelyne Mills

Audrey MirskyAshby

Solomon Mussey

Charles Owen

Leo Porter

Robert Pruim

James Rich

Mae Robinson

Howard Rolston

Kathy Sagel

Lou Schiro

Clarence Small

Stephen Smith

Reuben Snipper

Bill Surine

Craig Turner

Stephanie Ventura

John Wandishin

Carter Warfield

Andrew Young

The Department of Labor:

John Colbert, Coordinator

Erica Cantor Jim Giuliano Bill Rabung

Gerri Fiala Cheryl Kerr Sherri Spencer

The Social Security Administration:

Webster Phillips, Coordinator

Ed Book Arthur Kahn Karen McKenna

Alfreda Brooks Lenna Kennedy Shirley Queen

Mike Cronin Jeff Kunkel Rozzie Rosensweig

Terry Dodson Charlie Lanak Ed Ryan

Ruth Fell Barbara Lingg Cathy McDonald

Shirley GeorgiaSolomonMary McKay

The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation:

Joseph Grant, Coordinator

Michael Rae

v

The Joint Committee on Taxation:

Joseph W. Nega, Coordinator

The Railroad Retirement Board Staff

Many members of the Committee’s majority staff made major

contributions to the preparation and publication of this document.

Ron Haskins, Staff Director of the Subcommittee on Human Resources, assisted by Cassie Statuto Bevan and Margo Smith of the

Subcommittee staff, edited the 2000 Green Book. Mike Compson

provided editorial assistance. Margaret Pratt coordinated our contacts with the agencies that participated in the preparation of sections and tables, typed and retyped much of the text and all the

tables, assisted in preparation of the final manuscript, and generally handled the numerous details that accompany a major undertaking of this type. Suzanne Kayne spent endless hours preparing the final manuscript for printing. Alix Salinas, Angela Napili,

and Victoria Agee (Agee Indexing Service) did an exemplary job of

overseeing preparation of the index under serious time pressures.

Other staff members who assisted with individual chapters or appendixes included: Dennis Chavarro, Nick Gwyn, Kim Hildred,

Jennifer Hetzel, Malay Majmundar, Janice Mays, William (Mac)

McKenney, Jeff McLynch, Chris Smith, Carl Taylor, Matt

Weidinger, and Jennifer Whitson. In addition, useful comments on

Appendix L were provided by: Richard Bavier, Peter Germanis,

Mark Greenberg, Judy Gueron, Larry Mead, William Passero,

Wendell Primus, and Julie Strawn.

Sincerely,

A.L. ‘‘PETE’’ SINGLETON,

Chief of Staff.

(vii)

P R E F A C E

After 16 previous editions, the Green Book has become a standard reference source on American social policy. It is widely used by

Members of Congress and their staffs, analysts in congressional

and administrative agencies, members of the media, scholars, and

citizens interested in the Nation’s social policy.

This edition of the Green Book follows the basic pattern of previous editions. The volume is divided into two parts, Program Descriptions and Appendixes. In the Program Description part, separate sections are devoted to the major programs under jurisdiction

of the Committee on Ways and Means: Social Security; Medicare;

Supplemental Security Income; Unemployment Compensation;

Earned Entitlements for Railroad Employees; Trade Adjustment

Assistance; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (Aid to Families with Dependent Children in previous editions); Child Support

Enforcement; Child Care; Title XX Social Services Block Grant;

Child Protection; Foster Care and Adoption Assistance; Social Welfare Programs in the Territories; Tax Provisions Related to Retirement, Health, Poverty, Employment, Disability, and Other Social

Issues; and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. A final section summarizes major social programs that are not under jurisdiction of the Committee (including food stamps, Medicaid, the State

Children’s Health Insurance Program, Federal housing assistance,

School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, the Special Supplemental

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, the Child

and Adult Care Food Program, the Workforce Investment Act,

Head Start, the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program,

veterans benefits and services, and workers’ compensation).

The Appendixes include information directly related to the programs under Committee jurisdiction, including: health care of the

elderly; long-term care health care expenditures; Medicare reimbursements for hospitals and physicians; the Medicare+Choice Program; data on employment earnings, and unemployment; data on

families and poverty; Federal budget tables; benefits available to

noncitizens and spending on income-tested benefits in recent decades; a literature review of studies of the effects of welfare reform;

and information about nonmarital births and Federal strategies to

reduce nonmarital pregnancies.

This year’s Green Book contains several changes from the 1998

edition. In addition to updating data and legislative changes in all

the sections and appendixes, a number of the sections have been

substantially rewritten. The new section on the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program that was created by the 1996

welfare reform law is almost completely new. In addition, the sections on Social Security and child protection have been extensively

viii

reorganized and revised. Finally, three new appendixes have been

added. One new appendix provides detailed information about the

Medicare+Choice Program. Another new appendix, on which we received very helpful comments from many scholars and policy experts, reviews the large and growing research on welfare reform.

The new appendix on nonmarital births, included in the Green

Book at the suggestion of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, provides a useful overview of historical trends in nonmarital births

and recent actions taken by Congress to combat these trends.

ix

C O N T E N T S

Page

Letter of Transmittal .................................................................. iii

Preface .......................................................................................... vi

P R O G R A M D E S C R I P T I O N S

Section 1. Social Security: The Old-Age, Survivors, and

Disability Insurance Programs ........................................ 1

Section 2. Medicare ................................................................. 97

Section 3. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) .............. 211

Section 4. Unemployment Compensation .......................... 279

Section 5. Earned Entitlements for Railroad Employees ............................................................................................ 315

Section 6. Trade Adjustment Assistance ............................ 337

Section 7. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF) ..................................................................................... 351

Section 8. Child Support Enforcement Program ............. 463

Section 9. Child Care .............................................................. 571

Section 10. Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program ......................................................................................... 633

Section 11. Child Protection, Foster Care, and Adoption Assistance ...................................................................... 645

Section 12. Social Welfare Programs in the Territories 761

Section 13. Tax Provisions Related to Retirement,

Health, Poverty, Employment, Disability, and Other

Social Issues .......................................................................... 777

Section 14. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ........................................................................................... 845

Section 15. Other Programs .................................................. 861

A P P E N D I X E S

Appendix A. Data on the Elderly ............................................... 991

Appendix B. Health Status and Expenditures of the Elderly,

and Background Data on Long-Term Care ........................... 1007

Appendix C. National and International Health Care Expenditures and Health Insurance Coverage .......................... 1033

Appendix D. Medicare Reimbursement to Hospitals and Physicians ....................................................................................... 1081

Appendix E. Medicare+Choice ................................................... 1179

Appendix F. Data on Employment, Earnings, and Unemployment .......................................................................................... 1223

Page

x

Appendix G. Data on Families ................................................... 1235

Appendix H. Data on Poverty .................................................... 1281

Appendix I. Budget Tables ......................................................... 1329

Appendix J. Welfare Benefits for Noncitizens .......................... 1361

Appendix K. Spending for Income-Tested Benefits, Fiscal

Years 1968–98 .......................................................................... 1393

Appendix L. Monitoring the Effects of Pre- and Post-TANF

Welfare Reform Initiatives ..................................................... 1405

Appendix M. Data on Nonmarital Births to Adults and Teenagers and Federal Strategies to Reduce Nonmarital Pregnancies ...................................................................................... 1519

Acronyms ..................................................................................... 1533

Index ............................................................................................ 1539