*

 The Honorable Richard Mills, United States District Judge for the Central District of

Illinois, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0334n.06

Filed: May 10, 2006

No. 05-1482

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JEFFERY LEE MOORE,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE WESTERN

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: KEITH and COLE, Circuit Judges; MILLS, District Judge*

R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. Defendant Jeffery Lee Moore pleaded guilty to bank

robbery pursuant to a plea agreement and was sentenced by the district court to 180 months in

prison. Moore now appeals his sentence as unreasonable, on the ground that the district court did

not adequately consider and discuss Moore’s history of mental illness and substance abuse, and on

the ground that Moore’s sentencing range, which the district court considered as advisory at

sentencing, overstates the seriousness of his criminal history. For the reasons that follow, we affirm

the sentence imposed by the district court.
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I.

Moore admitted to the following facts at the time he entered his guilty plea. Moore walked

into a bank in Berrien County, Michigan, approached a teller and asked her for money, and handed

her a note that stated, “I have a gun,” and, “no dye packs, no tracking devices.” Moore was not

actually carrying a gun, but put a reference to a gun in the note because other bank robbers “told

[him] what to put in there.” He admitted that the reason for including mention of a gun was for

“intimidation,” but insisted that he “was very polite” to the teller. 

Moore also admitted to robbing another bank the previous day in South Bend, Indiana.

Moore used the $850 obtained from that robbery to purchase an ounce of cocaine, then crossed into

Michigan and committed the second robbery. In his plea agreement, Moore agreed to be sentenced

as if he had been convicted of an additional count of robbery, in exchange for the U.S. Attorney’s

Office and Indiana authorities agreeing not to prosecute him for the Indiana robbery.

Moore was apprehended the day after the Michigan robbery, and police recovered

approximately $1,742 on his person, which he admitted was from the Michigan robbery. At the time

the offenses were committed, Moore had recently been released from prison.

At the time of sentencing, Moore had prior convictions for embezzlement, aggravated

robbery, and bank robbery. The embezzlement conviction arose from Moore’s stealing an

automobile from his place of employment, a car dealership, and selling it for crack cocaine. The

prior robberies included stealing money from an open cash register at a gas station and another

instance of bank robbery using a note similar to the note used in the instant offense. Moore
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committed the instant offense while on supervised release, and less than two years after being

released from custody for his prior bank robbery conviction.

The Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) calculated Moore’s sentencing range under the

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines as follows. Because Moore had two prior felony robbery convictions

prior to the instant offense, he met the definition of a career offender under U.S. Sentencing

Guideline § 4B1.1. The crime of bank robbery carries a statutory maximum of twenty years, see 18

U.S.C. § 2113(a), putting Moore’s base offense level as a career offender at thirty-two. See U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.1(b)(C). A three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility brought Moore’s total

offense level to twenty-nine. As a career criminal, Moore’s criminal history category was

automatically determined to be VI, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, resulting in a Guideline range of 151 to

188 months. If Moore were not within the definition of a career criminal, Moore’s total offense

level would have been twenty-three and his criminal history category would have been V, resulting

in a sentencing range of 84 to 105 months. 

Moore submitted a letter stating he had no objections to the Guidelines calculations

contained in the PSR, but provided “comments” for the court’s consideration, including the assertion

that his “demeanor was polite, courteous, and quiet throughout” the bank robbery.

Moore has a history of mental health problems, and has participated in mental health

evaluations in the context of his prior convictions and sentencings. At Moore’s plea hearing in the

instant case, the district court sua sponte recommended the performance of a new mental health

evaluation to assist with sentencing and prison placement. The PSR summarizes Moore’s prior

mental health history as well as the results of his most recent evaluation. In the past Moore has been
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treated for depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective

disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Moore stated he has made approximately twenty

suicide attempts. Moore also reported that he was sexually abused when he was twelve. In the past

Moore has exhibited “attention seeking” behavior; when placed on a one-to-one suicide watch when

hospitalized in 1990, he “appeared to enjoy having that level of personal attention.”

In connection with the preparation of the PSR, a new mental health evaluation was

performed. According to the PSR, Moore did not complete several questions “requiring more

introspective responses” and that the “responses he did complete were superficial or flippant.” The

PSR notes that Moore’s profile test results were likely to be invalid. Moore insists that he did his

best to participate meaningfully in the evaluation. Moore was diagnosed with cocaine dependence

and borderline personality disorder. Moore is described as “very manipulative, and he will go to any

length to get what he wants,” “will probably continue to act out with suicidal gestures until he is

successful,” and has a poor prognosis. The PSR also indicates that Moore takes the medications

Depakote and Ristereal for mental health issues. Moore has participated in “many substance-abuse

programs.”

At sentencing, defense counsel did not object to the manner in which the Guideline range

was calculated, but requested a sentence below the Guideline range on the ground that the career

offender status overstated the seriousness of Moore’s criminal record. Counsel emphasized that,

although Moore’s two prior robberies were considered crimes of violence, Moore did not engage

in violent behavior in the commission of either robbery. The district court rejected counsel’s

arguments. The court observed that the crimes were committed “for purposes of intimidation” and
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in that sense were a violent act even though no one was physically hurt. It summarized the facts

surrounding Moore’s prior convictions, stressing that the crimes all occurred while Moore was under

the influence of crack cocaine or in an attempt to obtain money to buy crack cocaine, and that the

crimes occurred over a relatively short period of time. The court stated that based upon the

narrative, the crimes did not appear to “involve mental health issues,” but rather “involved crack

cocaine questions.”

 Upon the court’s invitation to present remarks in allocution, Moore’s counsel stressed

Moore’s past history of mental illness, and Moore stressed his drug problems and claimed that he

committed these crimes in order to ensure he would go back to federal prison where he could

participate in drug treatment programs. Moore also reiterated that he conducted the robberies in as

polite a manner as possible.

After hearing a response from the government, the district court imposed a sentence of 180

months, and articulated its reasoning at some length. The court characterized the robbery as an

“assault on tellers,” rejected the argument that the crime was spur of the moment, and rejected the

notion that Moore’s crack cocaine problems excused his behavior. The court listed various factors

it was considering in imposing the sentence, including the need to provide a just punishment,

promote respect for law, protect the public, deter like-minded offenders, and provide opportunities

for rehabilitiation. The court made note of Moore’s young age and encouraged him to avail himself

of rehabilitative programs.

The court recommended that the Bureau of Prisons review Moore’s medication regimen and

possibly make adjustments, and required Moore to participate in a substance abuse treatment
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program for his crack cocaine addiction. The district court also sentenced Moore to three years of

supervised release, imposed a fine of $2,000 and a mandatory special assessment of $100, and

ordered payment of restitituion for the outstanding balance of Moore’s thefts. The court ordered

Moore to pay these amounts on a schedule of $25 every two months while in prison, and $100 a

month while on supervised release, with interest waived.

II.

In reviewing a sentence for reasonableness, this court considers “not only the length of the

sentence but also the factors evaluated and the procedures employed by the district court in reaching

its sentencing determination.” United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005). Moore

objects both to the length of his sentence and to the district court’s procedure.

Moore argues that the length of his sentence is unreasonable because it is based upon a

Guideline range that overstates the seriousness of his criminal history. Moore does not argue that

the district court committed an error in calculating his Guideline range, but simply argues against

the “mechanical application” of that range in his given circumstances. When a sentence is properly

calculated under the Guidelines, however, a rebuttable presumption attaches that the sentence length

is reasonable. United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 707-08 (6th Cir. 2006). Moore has not

provided an argument sufficient to overcome that presumption. 

Moore further argues that the district court did not adequately discuss the factors required

under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including his history and characteristics, and specifically his drug

addiction and history of mental health problems. Moore’s argument fails.
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Even when crediting a sentence within the appropriate Guidelines range as presumptively

reasonable in length, this court has gone on to determine whether the district court satisfied the

procedural requirements of considering the § 3553(a) sentencing factors and providing sufficient

analysis to allow for meaningful review. E.g., Williams, 436 at 708-09; United States v. Richardson,

437 F.3d 550, 553-54 (6th Cir. 2006). A sentencing judge must consider the list of sentencing

factors articulated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 626 (6th Cir. 2005).

These factors include “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics

of the defendant,” see § 3553(a)(1), as well as the need for the defendant’s sentence “to reflect the

seriousness of the offense,” “promote respect for the law,” “provide just punishment,” “afford

adequate deterrence,” “protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,” and “provide the

defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional

treatment in the most effective manner,” see § 3553(a)(2). Courts are also instructed to consider the

“kinds of sentences available,” the relevant sentencing range, any pertinent policy statements issued

by the Sentencing Commission, “the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities,” and “the

need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(3)–(7). The

district court “need not recite these factors but must articulate its reasoning in deciding to impose

a sentence in order to allow for reasonable appellate review.” Kirby, 418 F.3d at 626. This court

upholds a sentence as reasonable where the “record indicates that the district judge carefully

reviewed and weighed all the relevant information provided by [the defendant], the government, and

the probation office before arriving at [the defendant’s] sentence.” Williams, 436 F.3d at 709;

accord Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554 (upholding sentence where the district court did not simply
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select what it viewed as an appropriate sentence but instead “explicitly considered many § 3553(a)

factors in sentencing [the defendant]”). 

The district court clearly considered Moore’s history and characteristics, including his

criminal history, his substance abuse, his mental health issues, his age, and his acceptance of

responsibility. The district court discussed Moore’s criminal history at length, and characterized it

as motivated by his crack cocaine use. The district court supported this conclusion by noting the

presence of crack cocaine in all of Moore’s prior crimes. The transcript also makes clear the reasons

the court did not reduce Moore’s sentence in light of his crack cocaine use: The court did not

believe that substance abuse justified a lower sentence. The court stated, “I have yet to read

anything in the literature or in law that indicates that an addiction to crack cocaine is an ameliorating

circumstance for an individual to be removed from some kind of responsibility.” The court appeared

displeased that Moore’s prior prison terms were “not sufficient to dissuade the defendant from either

using crack or committing robberies.” The court also appeared critical of Moore’s attitude toward

substance abuse treatment programs, stating that “contrary to his view of this process, it is not a

matter of enrolling in a course, getting some kind of a magic wand of you’re cured and walking

away. It’s a much longer process of self-examination, addiction being both a physical and a

psychological issue.”

The record also reveals that the district court specifically considered Moore’s mental health

history. The district court made reference to Moore’s history of mental illness three times during

sentencing. The court concluded that the motivation for Moore’s crimes “did not involve mental

health issues,” but rather “involved crack cocaine questions.” It stated that the record before the
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court was insufficient for establishing a mental health defense “for purposes of ameliorating the

consequences of the responsibility for one’s actions in this matter.” The court also noted that Moore

was on a “medication regimen for these apparent mental health issues” even though this fact was

raised by neither party. The district court recommended that the Bureau of Prisons review that

medication regimen and make appropriate adjustments. 

The court also took into account Moore’s age, stating it believed “that the sentence of this

Court, contrary to Mr. Moore’s interpretation, is not that of life because Mr. Moore is thirty-five

years of age.” The court took into account Moore’s financial circumstances by waiving interest on

his fines and restitution repayments and by working out a long-term schedule of repayment. The

court considered the “rather forthright approach Mr. Moore has taken throughout this whole thing

. . . , figuratively speaking, throwing himself on the mercies of this Court.” In sum, the record is

clear that the district court gave substantial consideration to Moore’s history and characteristics, and

simply took a different view from the defendant regarding how those factors should affect the

sentence.

The same is true for the district court’s consideration of the nature and circumstances of the

offense. The district court discussed at length the nature and circumstances of Moore’s robbery,

focusing on the crime as one in a “series of thefts and robberies occurring over a relatively short

period of time,” and linking the crime to Moore’s recent history of crack cocaine binges. The

district court characterized the crime as “an assault on tellers, in this case women, who have as their

job serving the public,” emphasizing the victim’s perspective, and rejected Moore’s characterization

of the crime as “spur-of-the-moment,” discussing in detail Moore’s method of perpetrating the
No. 05-1482

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offense. The court gave its reasons for rejecting the characterization of the crime as non-violent,

noting that even though “no one was shot or hurt,” nevertheless “it was an act which was done for

purposes of intimidation,” and suggesting that the statement “I have a gun” on the robbery note

conveyed an implicit threat. 

The district court also made explicit reference to the factors listed in § 3553(a)(2)(A), (B),

(C), and (D). The court noted that both the “seriousness of th[e] offense” and Moore’s forthright

acceptance of responsibility were “weighed together to determine what a just punishment is and

what kind of a sentence will not only promote respect for law, but also protect the public and serve

as a deterrent to others who maybe of a like mind.” At the end of its colloquy, the court observed

that “in any event, this Court believes that 180 months in the Federal Bureau of Prisons is an

appropriate sentence to address all these characteristics in protecting the public, promoting respect

for law, and providing an opportunity for rehabilitation.” 

The district court’s articulation of its reasoning was clear and thorough, and therefore clearly

satisfied the requirement that it “consider” the § 3553(a) factors.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the sentence imposed by the district court.