FILED

January 10, 2000

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE,

AT JACKSON

____________________________________________________________

)

LISA LYNN NORTON, ) Madison County Chancery Court

) No. 40241

 Plaintiff/Appellant, )

) C.A. No. W1999-02176-COA-R3-CV

VS. )

)

MAX LANE NORTON, )

)

 Defendant/Appellee. )

)

______________________________________________________________________________

From the Chancery Court of Madison County at Jackson.

Honorable Joe C. Morris, Chancellor 

Kathryn M. Tucker, KIZER, BONDS & HUGHES, Milan, Tennessee

Attorney for Plaintiff/Appellant.

Joe H. Byrd, Jr., Jackson, Tennessee

Attorney for Defendant/Appellee.

OPINION FILED:

VACATED AND REMANDED 

FARMER, J.

HIGHERS, J.: (Concurs)

LILLARD, J.: (Concurs)
1At trial, the Father conceded that, for purposes of these proceedings, this capital gain

should be included in the gross income used to determine his child support obligation. We note

that the Child Support Guidelines specifically define gross income to include capital gains. See

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(3)(a) (as revised in 1994); see also Smith v. Smith, No.

Plaintiff Lisa Lynn Norton (Mother) appeals the trial court’s judgment increasing the

child support obligation of Defendant/Appellee Max Lane Norton (Father) from $400 per month to

$1200 per month, ordering the Father to contribute $300 per month to an educational trust fund for

the parties’ minor child, and ordering the Father to pay $2000 of the Mother’s attorney’s fees. In

considering the Mother’s petition to modify child support, the trial court found that the Father’s

financial condition had changed very little since 1988 when the parties entered into a Marital

Dissolution Agreement. Nevertheless, based largely upon the Father’s agreement to pay more child

support, the trial court increased the Father’s monthly child support obligation to $1200. We vacate

the trial court’s judgment based upon our conclusion that the court used the wrong test for

determining whether the Mother was entitled to the relief sought in her modification petition.

When the parties were divorced in February 1988, the Father agreed to pay $400 per

month to the Mother for the support of the parties’ ten-month-old son. In January 1998, almost ten

years later, the Mother instituted the present proceedings when she filed a petition to modify the

Father’s child support obligation. In support of her petition, the Mother alleged “that a significant

variance has occurred in the income of Father such that child support should be increased consistent

with the guidelines now in effect in the State of Tennessee.”

At trial, much of the evidence focused on the Father’s income from self-employment

for the tax years 1996 and 1997. In 1997, the Father reported $56,702 in gross income. The Father’s

laundry and car wash business generated gross receipts of $177,202. After taking various business

deductions, however, including $93,478 for depreciation, $40,775 for interest payments, and $3503

for car expenses, the Father reported a net business loss of $73,031. The Father also earned income

from the rental of commercial and residential real estate. The Father reported gross rental receipts

of $271,693. After taking various deductions, however, including $38,509 for depreciation, $95,891

for interest payments, and $3503 for car expenses, the Father reported a net rental income of

$71,787. The remainder of the Father’s income included $12,847 from insurance sales, $903 in

interest, and $21,074 in capital gains.1

 
01A01-9705-CH-00216, 1997 WL 672646, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 1997) (no perm. app.

filed) (observing that “the guidelines do not permit the trial court to ignore capital gains in

calculating child support”).

In 1996, the Father reported a gross income of only $5,192. That year, the Father’s

laundry and car wash business grossed $180,982 in receipts. After deductions, including $114,163

for depreciation, $19,662 for interest payments, and $3977 for car expenses, the Father reported a

net business loss of $54,940. The Father reported gross rental receipts of $245,687 and a net rental

income of $58,064. Again, the Father took substantial business deductions, including $36,538 for

depreciation, $93,270 for interest payments, and $3820 for car expenses. The Father also earned

$1546 in interest in 1996. 

The Father testified that, in addition to his $400 monthly child support obligation, he

currently was paying $400 per month in private school tuition so that the parties’ son could attend

the University School of Jackson (USJ). The Father offered to pay $800 per month in child support,

plus $200 per month for one-half of the son’s USJ tuition, for a total monthly obligation of $1000.

The Father also testified that he had established a college fund for his son and that he contributed

$100 per month to this fund. The Father took the position, however, that the Mother was not entitled

to an additional increase in child support payments because the Father’s financial circumstances had

not changed substantially since the parties’ divorce in 1988. 

Since the parties’ divorce, the Father had remarried. In addition to the parties’ son,

the Father had two younger sons by his second marriage. The Father acknowledged that, in an

October 1997 financial statement, he reported a net worth of $4.1 million, which included assets of

$5.7 million and liabilities of $1.6 million. The Father also acknowledged that he made significant

monthly expenditures to support his current lifestyle, including a house payment of between $1700

and $1800, car payments totaling about $1550, and a boat payment totaling about $750 per month.

The Father recently installed an in-ground swimming pool at his home at a cost of $18,275, and he

took all three of his sons on a trip to Disney World. 

As previously indicated, at the trial’s conclusion, the trial court entered a judgment

increasing the Father’s monthly child support obligation from $400 to $1200, ordering the Father
to contribute $300 per month to an educational trust fund for the parties’ son, and ordering the Father

to pay $2000 of the Mother’s attorney’s fees. The trial court’s order indicated that $200 of the

Father’s $1200 monthly child support obligation was to pay for one-half of the son’s private school

tuition. In explaining how it arrived at the $1200 support figure, the trial court stated that

[t]he [Father] agreed to increase his child support, and has, in

fact, increased his support to eight hundred dollars ($800.00) per

month by paying the child’s private school tuition. The [Father]

further agreed to pay an additional two hundred dollars ($200.00) per

month and one-half (1⁄2) of the private school tuition. 

Although the trial court increased the Father’s monthly child support obligation based largely upon

the Father’s agreement to pay more support, the court specifically found that the Father’s financial

condition had “changed very little since the parties entered into a Marital Dissolution Agreement”

in 1988.

On appeal, the Mother presents the following issues for this court’s review:

I. Whether the trial court erred in finding that a significant

variance did not exist.

II. Whether the trial court erred in its calculation of [the

Father’s] net income by allowing deductions from gross

income for depreciation, excessive business expenses,

business losses, and property enhancement debt.

III. Whether the trial court erred in ordering an increase in the

educational trust fund when child support payments were

inadequate.

IV. Did the trial court err in allowing tuition payments as child

support?

V. Is [the Mother] entitled to an award for reasonable attorney’s

fees and expenses, both at the trial level and on this appeal?

I. The Significant Variance Test

In 1994, the General Assembly changed the statutory standard for modifying child

support orders. See generally Turner v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 340, 342-43 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).

Prior to July 1, 1994, the trial court could decree an increase or decrease of an existing child support
2T.C.A. § 36-5-101(e) (1996).

3To a large extent, the “significant variance” test has replaced the “material change of

circumstances” test. See Turner v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 340, 342-43 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). 

Nevertheless, the amended statute appears to recognize that a material change of circumstances

still may justify a modification of an existing child support award. In addition to the significant

variance test, the amended statute permits the trial court to modify an existing child support

award if necessary “to provide for the child’s health care needs.” T.C.A. § 36-5-101(a)(1)

(1996). Moreover, we can envision other circumstances that might require a modification of

child support. For example, the Child Support Guidelines recognize that an upward adjustment

of support may be justified by other factors, such as extraordinary educational expenses or less

than average overnight visitation being exercised by the obligor parent. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs.

1240-2-4-.02(5) (as revised in 1994).

award “only upon a showing of a substantial and material change of circumstances.” T.C.A.

§ 36-5-101(a)(1) (1991). Effective July 1, 1994, the legislature changed the statutory standard to

provide that the trial court shall decree an increase or decrease of an existing child support award

“when there is found to be a significant variance, as defined in the child support guidelines

established by subsection (e),2 between the guidelines and the amount of support currently ordered.”

T.C.A. § 36-5-101(a)(1) (1996) (footnote added).3

 As promulgated by the Department of Human

Services, the Child Support Guidelines define a significant variance as fifteen percent (15%) or

fifteen dollars ($15.00), depending upon the amount of the current support order. See Tenn. Comp.

R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.02(3) (as revised in 1994). A significant variance shall be “at least 15% if the

current support is one hundred dollars ($100.00) or greater per month and at least fifteen

dollars ($15.00) if the current support is less than $100.00 per month.” Id.

Under this standard, if the trial court finds a significant variance between the

guidelines support amount and the current support amount, the court generally is required to modify

the existing child support award by ordering the obligor to pay the guidelines amount. Once the trial

court determines the guidelines amount, which is based upon the obligor’s salary, a presumption

arises that this amount is the correct amount to be awarded. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs.

1240-2-4-.02(7) (as revised in 1994). If the evidence sufficiently rebuts this presumption, the trial

court may decline to award the guidelines amount. Id. In that event, however, “the court must make

a written or specific finding that the application of the . . . guidelines would be unjust or

inappropriate in that particular case.” Id. Moreover, the court’s findings “must state the amount that

would have been required under the guidelines and include a justification for deviation from the

guidelines which takes into consideration the best interest of the child.” Id. The trial court also may
decline to modify the amount, despite the existence of a significant variance, if the variance “resulted

from a previously court-ordered deviation from the guidelines and the circumstances which caused

the deviation have not changed.” T.C.A. § 36-5-101(a)(1) (1996).

In the present case, we conclude that the trial court erred in failing to apply the

significant variance test. In its order, the trial court found that the Father’s financial condition had

changed very little since the parties entered into their Marital Dissolution Agreement (MDA). This

finding suggests that the trial court was applying the “material change of circumstances” test rather

than the “significant variance” test. Although the trial court modified the Father’s child support

obligation, the court apparently did so based largely upon the Father’s agreement to increase his

obligation. 

We further conclude that, if the trial court had properly applied the significant

variance test, the court would have found that a significant variance existed between the guidelines

amount and the Father’s current support obligation. At the time of the modification hearing, the

Father’s support obligation was only $400 per month per the parties’ MDA. As explained in the

following section of this opinion, we have determined that the Father’s gross monthly income is

$14,358. Under the guidelines table in effect at the time of the modification hearing, this gross

monthly income figure translated into a monthlychildsupport obligation that was approximately five

times the amount of the Father’s $400 support obligation. See Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4

(Table) (as revised in 1998). Inasmuch as the variance between the guidelines amount and the

Father’s $400 support obligation exceeded fifteen percent (15%), the trial court should have granted

the Mother’s modification petition by ordering the Father to pay at least the guidelines amount.

Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand this case for the trial court to

determine the Father’s modified child support obligation under the guidelines using the gross

monthly income figure of $14,358.

In urging this court to affirm the trial court’s judgment in its entirety, the Father points

out that the Mother was represented by competent counsel when she executed the MDA that settled

all of the issues in the parties’ divorce, including the amount of child support the Father was

obligated to pay. We note, however, that, as a general rule, a custodial parent may not waive her
4Section 36-5-101(h) provides that “[n]othing in this section shall be construed to prevent

the affirmation, ratification and incorporation in a decree of an agreement between the parties as

to support and maintenance of a party or as to child support.” T.C.A. § 36-5-101(h) (Supp.

1998). In executing such an agreement, however, “the parties must affirmatively acknowledge

that no action by the parties will be effective to reduce child support after the due date of each

payment” and, further, “that they understand that court approval must be obtained before child

support can be reduced, unless such payments are automatically reduced or terminated under the

terms of the agreement.” Id.

minor child’s right of support. See Cagle v. Davis, 1989 WL 44921, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 5,

1989), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 7, 1989); see also Vickers v. Scinta, No.

01A01-9507-CH-00281, 1995 WL 656881, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 1995) (no perm. app.

filed); Barzizza v. Barzizza, No. 02A01-9110-CV-00246, 1992 WL 139862, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.

June 23, 1992) (no perm. app. filed); Pera v. Peterson, 1990 WL 200582, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Dec. 14, 1990) (no perm. app. filed); State ex rel. Woody v. Morris, 1990 WL 2867, at *2 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Jan. 19, 1990) (no perm. app. filed). Moreover, we observe that, even if the Mother’s

execution of the MDA could be construed as such a waiver, it did not meet the requirements of

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-101(h) (Supp. 1998).4 See Dwight v. Dwight, 936 S.W.2d

945, 948 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

II. Deductions from Father’s Gross Income

The Child Support Guidelines permit the obligor, in computing income from selfemployment, to deduct reasonable expenses necessary to produce such income. See Tenn. Comp.

R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(3)(a) (as revised in 1994) (providing that “[i]ncome from self-employment

includes income from business operations and rental properties, etc., less reasonable expenses

necessary to produce such income”). When a business deduction is challenged, the obligor has the

burden of showing that the challenged deduction was a reasonable expense necessary to produce his

income. See Howard v. Howard, No. 03A01-9811-CV-00374, 1999 WL 427596, at *2 (Tenn. Ct.

App. June 25, 1999) (no perm. app. filed); accordEly v. Ely, No. 03A01-9707-CH-00255, 1998 WL

2510, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 6, 1998), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 26, 1998).

The Child Support Guidelines require the trial court, in determining the obligor’s

income from self-employment, to disallow deductions for “[d]epreciation, home offices, excessive

promotional, excessive travel, excessive car expenses, or excessive personal expenses” because,
under the guidelines, these expenses are not considered reasonable. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs.

1240-2-4-.03(3)(a) (as revised in 1994). Citing this language of the guidelines, the Mother contends

that, in computing the Father’s gross income, the trial court should have disallowed the Father’s

deductions for “excessive” business expenses. During the modification hearing below, the only

deductions challenged by the Mother were deductions for car expenses, interest payments, and

depreciation. Accordingly, we will limit our review to the specific deductions challenged by the

Mother below. See Barnhill v. Barnhill, 826 S.W.2d 443, 458 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (holding that

appellant waives issue for purposes of appellate review by failing to raise such issue at trial court

level).

At trial, the evidence showed that the Father used four different vehicles for business

purposes, a 1998 GMC extended cab truck, a 1996 Ford Ranger, a 1998 Porsche Boxster, and a 1998

Ford Expedition. The Father’s present wife drove the 1998 Ford Expedition, and the Father drove

the other three vehicles. The Father explained that he used the 1996 Ford Ranger and the 1998 GMC

extended cab truck in his commercial real estate rental business and his laundry and car wash

business. The Father also used the Porsche for business purposes, and he explained that,

[b]eing that I’ve got other business interests, there are times

when I need to be in a car instead of a truck. So I wear different hats

and different – I mean, it just depends on what I’m having to do. 

The Father’s CPA defended this practice, and he pointed out that he only allocated sixty

percent (60%) of the Father’s car expenses as business expenses whereas many of the CPA’s clients

insisted on deducting between seventy-five percent (75%) and ninety percent (90%) of their car

expenses. In 1997 the Father deducted a total of $7006 in car expenses, and in 1996 he deducted

$7797. 

In light of the foregoing evidence, we conclude that the trial court was not required

to disallow the deductions for car expenses claimed by the Father on his tax returns. At trial, the

Mother presented the testimony of a CPA who questioned why the Father needed to use three

vehicles for a business that had no employees. Other than the question raised by the Mother’s CPA,
however, the record contains no evidence that the Father’s use of several vehicles in his businesses

was unreasonable or that the car expenses he deducted were excessive. Inasmuch as the only

evidence on this issue consisted of the unrebutted explanations of the Father and his CPA, we

conclude that the Father met his burden of proving that the challenged expenses were reasonable.

We likewise conclude that the trial court was not required to disallow the Father’s

deductions for interest payments made to banks. In 1996 the Father deducted interest payments

totaling $112,932, and in 1997 he deducted $136,666. On appeal, the Mother contends that these

deductions should be disallowed for the following reason:

The allowance or a deduction of investment interest would benefit the

obligor parent now by reducing his net income for the purposes of

calculating support while building future wealth for the obligor that

will become a debt-free asset when he is no longer paying support.

If [the Father] is allowed to deduct his investment interest it will

significantly reduce his obligation to his child and continue to build

future wealth and assets for [the Father] that may never benefit the

minor child. 

In support of this argument, the Mother cites Kimble v. Kimble, No. 02A01-9503-CV-00049, 1996

WL 445272 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 1996) (no perm. app. filed).

In Kimble, we were faced with the issue of whether a capital expenditure constituted

a reasonable and necessary expense that was deductible from the obligor’s gross income from selfemployment. Kimble, 1996 WL 445272, at *2-*5. There, the husband purchased $10,313 worth

of office equipment and deducted this expense from his gross income. Id., at *2. On appeal, the

wife contended that the trial court should have disallowed the deduction for this capital expenditure,

and she pointed out that the husband also took a depreciation deduction for the same office

equipment. Id. In remanding the case for the trial court to reconsider this issue, we observed that,

inasmuch as “our own state legislature has not seen fit to either expressly exclude or authorize a

deduction for capital expenditures, we believe it within the sound discretion of the trial court to

determine when and if expenditures of this type are ‘reasonable.’” Id., at *5. Citing Kamm v.

Kamm, 616 N.E.2d 900 (Ohio 1993), we listed the factors for the trial court to consider in

determining whether the deduction for capital expenditures was reasonable. Kimble, 1996 WL
5These factors included

(1) the cost of the capital asset compared to the parent obligor’s

gross income; (2) the cost of the capital asset compared to the net

worth of the obligor’s business; (3) the existence of a past pattern

of acquisition of capital assets as deductions against gross income

for child support calculations; (4) the proximity in time of the

acquisition of the capital asset to the date of termination of the

child support obligation; (5) analysis of the necessity of the capital

asset to maintain or increase past or current levels of income as

opposed to unnecessary, punitive or overly aggressive expansion of

business; and (6) whether the asset is acquired from the current

year’s income or out of past year(s)’ savings.

Kimble, 1996 WL 445272, at *3.

6An exception to this general rule may arise where the record contains proof that the

interest payments are unreasonable or unnecessary, such as “where a parent obtains unusually

short-term loans resulting in excessive short-time interest expenditures.” Zakrowski v.

Zakrowski, 594 N.E.2d 821, 824 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992). No such evidence appears in the present

445272, at *3, *5.5

We believe that the Mother’s reliance upon the Kimble decision is misplaced. Rather

than challenging deductions for certain capital expenditures, the Mother is challenging deductions

for interest payments that the Father made to various banks relative to capital expenditures. In our

view, interest payments should be distinguished from their associated capital expenditures. Interest

is “the compensation allowed by law or fixed by the parties for the use or forbearance or detention

of money.” Black’s Law Dictionary 729 (5th ed. 1979); see also Pacific E. Corp. v. Gulf Life

Holding Co., 902 S.W.2d 946, 960 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). In contrast, a capital expenditure is the

acquisition cost of a capital asset. Kimble, 1996 WL 445272, at *3. We are not convinced that the

argument made in Kimble relative to capital expenditures can be applied to the interest paid on

money borrowed to acquire such capital.

Courts from other jurisdictions also have distinguished between capital expenditures

and their associated interest payments in computing a child support obligor’s gross income from selfemployment. These courts recognize that trial courts, in their discretion, may disallow deductions

for capital expenditures and principal payments because such expenditures and payments contribute

to the obligor’s net worth. In contrast, interest expenses generally constitute reasonable and

necessary business expenses because they represent out-of-pocket expenses that are never recouped

by the obligor.6 See Zakrowski v. Zakrowski, 594 N.E.2d 821, 824 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992); Douglas-
case.

Hill v. Hill, 1 S.W.3d 613, 617-18 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999); In re Marriage of Nikolaisen, 847 P.2d

287, 292 (Mont. 1993); Barham v. Barham, 487 S.E.2d 774, 778 (N.C. Ct. App. 1997), aff’d, 494

S.E.2d 763 (N.C. 1998); Lawrence v. Tise, 419 S.E.2d 176, 182 (N.C. Ct. App. 1992); Fleenor v.

Fleenor, ___ P.2d ___, 1999 WL 1125189, at *3-*5 (Wyo. 1999). In accordance with these

authorities, we hold that the trial court was not required to include the amount of these interest

payments in the Father’s gross income.

On the other hand, we agree with the Mother’s contention that, in computing the

Father’s gross income for purposes of determining his presumptive child support obligation, the trial

court should not have allowed deductions for depreciation. The Child Support Guidelines expressly

provide that depreciation is not a reasonable expense. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(3)(a)

(as revised in 1994). In computing the Father’s gross income, therefore, the trial court was required

to disallow any deductions for depreciation. See Ely v. Ely, No. 03A01-9707-CH-00255, 1998 WL

2510, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 6, 1998), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 26, 1998); Burchfield v.

Nave, No. 03A01-9308-JV-00271, 1994 WL 13374, at *3-*4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 21, 1994), perm.

app. denied (Tenn.May9, 1994); accordSandusky v. Sandusky, No. 01A01-9808-CH-00416, 1999

WL 734531, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 22, 1999) (no perm. app. filed); McGaffic v. McGaffic, No.

03A01-9707-CV-00286, 1997 WL 772899, at *4 n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 9, 1997) (no perm. app.

filed); Hall v. Hall, No. 03A01-9701-GS-00030, 1997 WL 404258, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 21,

1997) (no perm. app. filed); Craft v. Craft, No. 01A01-9609-CH-00417, 1997 WL 122809, at *2-*3

(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 1997) (no perm. app. filed); Kimble v. Kimble, No.

02A01-9503-CV-00049, 1996 WL 445272, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 1996) (no perm. app.

filed).

At trial, the evidence of the Father’s income from self-employment focused on the

tax years 1996 and 1997. In 1996, the Father reported a gross income of $5,192. In calculating this

amount, however, the Father’s accountant deducted depreciation expenses totaling $150,701.

Similarly, in 1997 the Father reported a gross income of $56,702. In calculating this amount, the

Father’s accountant deducted depreciation expenses totaling $131,987. If the deductions for
7The guidelines require the trial court to establish an initial support award by using the

obligor’s average income over the previous two years. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs.

1240-2-4-.04(1)(e) (as revised in 1997). In the present case, the trial court was modifying, rather

than establishing, an initial support award. In our view, however, using the Father’s average

gross income for the previous two years is appropriate in this case because the present action

appears to be the first time that the Father’s child support obligation has been established under

the guidelines and, further, because the Father’s income from self-employment varies from year

to year. See Stacey v. Stacey, No. 02A01-9802-CV-00050, 1999 WL 1097975, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Oct. 6, 1999) (no perm. app. filed).

depreciation are disallowed, the Father’s gross income for 1996 was actually $155,893, and his gross

income for 1997 was $188,689, for an average annual income of $172,291.7

 Thus, the trial court

should have used a gross monthly income figure of $14,358 to compute the amount of the Father’s

child support obligation.

III. Payments to Educational Trust Fund

In its judgment, the trial court ordered the Father to pay $300 per month toward an

educational trust fund that he had established for the parties’ minor son. The ordered amount was

$200 more than the $100 monthly obligation voluntarily assumed by the Father. On appeal, the

Mother contends that the trial court erred in ordering the Father to increase his payments to the

educational trust fund because the guidelines provision permitting the establishment of such a fund

applies only in situations where the obligor’s net income exceeds $10,000. 

We agree. The Child Support Guidelines contain the following provision relative to

requiring an obligor parent to make payments to an educational trust fund:

The court must consider all net income of the obligor as defined

according to 1240-2-4-.03 of this rule. The court must order child

support based upon the appropriate percentage to the custodial parent

up to a net $10,000 per month of the obligor’s income. When the net

income of the obligor exceeds $10,000 per month, the court may

consider a downward deviation from the guidelines if the obligor

demonstrates that the percentage applied to the excess of the net

income above $10,000 a month exceeds a reasonable amount of child

support based upon the best interest of the child and the circumstance

of the parties. The court may require that sums paid above the

percentage applied to the net income above $10,000 be placed in an
educational or other trust fund for the benefit of the child.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.04(3) (as revised in 1997) (emphasis added).

Citing this provision, this court recently held that “the guidelines provide only that

the portion of child support attributable to [the obligor’s] net income over $10,000 per month may

be paid into an educational trust.” Barnett v. Barnett, No. 03A01-9709-CH-00414, 1999 WL 64269,

at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 1, 1999), perm. app. granted (Tenn. June 21, 1999). Thus, the

guidelines’ provision relating to educational trust funds does not apply unless the obligor’s net

monthly income exceeds $10,000.

In the present case, we have determined that the Father’s gross monthly income is

$14,358. Under the guidelines table in effect at the time of the modification hearing, the Father’s

gross monthly income translated into a net income of less than $10,000 per month. See Tenn. Comp.

R. & Regs. 1240-2-4 (Table) (as revised in 1998). Accordingly, we conclude that the guidelines

provision relating to educational trust funds did not apply in this case and that the trial court erred

in ordering the Father to pay $300 per month toward such a fund.

IV. Private School Tuition Payments

We likewise agree with the Mother’s argument that any private school tuition

payments made by the Father should not reduce the amount he is ordered to pay under the Child

Support Guidelines. Inasmuch as the percentage amounts contained therein are minimums only, the

Child Support Guidelines permit the trial court to increase a child support award in cases where the

minor child has extraordinary educational expenses or extraordinary medical expenses that are not

covered by insurance. In that event, the guidelines provide that extraordinary educational or medical

expenses “shall be added” to the guidelines amount. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.04(1)(c)

(as revised in 1997).

Under the guidelines, the payment of private school tuition may justify an upward

deviation from the guidelines amount. This court has held, however, that payments for private
school tuition should not “be incorporated into the percentage of the obligor’s income paid as

support under the Guidelines.” Dwight v. Dwight, 936 S.W.2d 945, 950 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

At trial, the Father testified that, prior to their son’s fifth grade year, the parties

discussed sending him to private school. During this conversation, the Father expressed his opinion

that the son “needs to go to USJ,” referring to the University School of Jackson. When the Mother

indicated that she could not afford to send the son to USJ, the Father agreed to pay the son’s private

school tuition of approximately $400 per month. At least one of the Father’s children from his

second marriage also attended USJ. 

Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court should have added an

appropriate amount to the guidelines percentage to account for the extraordinary educational expense

of the parties’ son. See Barnett v. Barnett, No. 03A01-9709-CH-00414, 1999 WL 64269, at *5

(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 1, 1999), perm. app. granted (Tenn. June 21, 1999). Accordingly, upon

remand, the trial court shall order the Father to pay, in addition to the guidelines amount, the son’s

private school tuition at USJ.

V. Attorney’s Fees

At the trial’s conclusion, the Mother’s counsel submitted a bill indicating that the

Mother had incurred $13,729.11 in attorney’s fees in connection with this modification proceeding.

In its judgment, the trial court ordered the Father to pay $2000 to the Mother “to be applied to her

legal expenses.” On appeal, the Mother contends that she is entitled to an additional award of

attorney’s fees, both at the trial level and on appeal. 

The Mother’s request for attorney’s fees was governed by TennesseeCodeAnnotated

section 36-5-103(c), which provides that

[t]he plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse,

and the spouse or other person to whom the custody of the child, or

children, is awarded may recover from the other spouse reasonable

attorney fees incurred in enforcing any decree for alimony and/or

child support, or in regard to any suit or action concerning the
adjudication of the custody or the change of custody of any child, or

children, of the parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and at

any subsequent hearing, which fees may be fixed and allowed by the

court, before whom such action or proceeding is pending, in the

discretion of such court.

T.C.A. § 36-5-103(c) (Supp. 1998).

The language of this statute is sufficiently broad to authorize an award of attorney’s

fees in child support modification proceedings. See Ford v. Ford, No. 01A01-9611-CV-00536,

1998 WL 730201, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 1998) (no perm. app. filed). When the custodial

parent successfully pursues a petition to modify child support, the trial court generally allows the

custodial parent to recover her legal expenses if these expenses are reasonable and appropriate. Id.

This interpretation of the statute is consistent with prior decisions of this court, which recognize “the

right of the custodial parent to bring suit to enforce the children’s right of support and to recover

reasonable attorney’s fees from the obligor spouse.” Silverstein v. Silverstein, 1987 WL 18376, at

*5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 14, 1987) (citing Graham v. Graham, 204 S.W. 987, 989 (Tenn. 1918)),

perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 1, 1988).

Under this statute, however, the prevailing party is not necessarilyentitled to an award

of attorney’s fees. Deas v. Deas, 774 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tenn. 1989). Rather, the language of the

statute indicates that such an award lies within the discretion of the trial court. T.C.A. § 36-5-103(c)

(Supp. 1998).

In the present case, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

awarding the Mother only a portion of her attorney’s fees. We note that the Mother’s counsel did

not attempt to prove these fees either through the testimony of her client or by affidavit. Instead,

counsel merely submitted her bill as an exhibit at the trial’s conclusion. Moreover, although the

Mother contended that the large attorney’s fee was necessitated by the complicated nature of the

Father’s business practices, we believe that the trial court still may have questioned the

reasonableness of the $13,729.11 fee requested in this case. In light of the sparsity of the Mother’s

proof on this issue, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding the Mother

only $2000 in attorney’s fees.
We agree, however, with the Mother’s contention that she is entitled to an additional

attorney’s fee award on appeal. Accordingly, on remand, the trial court shall award the Mother her

reasonable attorney’s fees incurred on this appeal.

The trial court’s judgment is vacated, and this cause is remanded for the court (1) to

determine the Father’s child support obligation using the Father’s average gross monthly income of

$14,358, (2) to order the Father to pay the son’s private school tuition, (3) to award the Mother her

reasonable attorney’s fees incurred on this appeal, and for any other necessary proceedings consistent

with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Defendant/Appellee Max Lane Norton, for which

execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________________

FARMER, J.

______________________________

HIGHERS, J.

______________________________

LILLARD, J.