# Patent

## Title
Isolated polynucleotides and methods of promoting a morphology in a fungus

## Abstract

The invention includes isolated polynucleotide molecules that are differentially expressed in a native fungus exhibiting a first morphology relative to the native fungus exhibiting a second morphology. The invention includes a method of enhancing a bioprocess utilizing a fungus. A transformed fungus is produced by transforming a fungus with a recombinant polynucleotide molecule. The recombinant polynucleotide molecule contains an isolated polynucleotide sequence linked operably to a promoter. The polynucleotide sequence is expressed to promote a first morphology. The first morphology of the transformed fungus enhances a bioprocess relative to the bioprocess utilizing a second morphology.

## Background
RELATED PATENT DATA
This patent claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Ser. No. 60/382,132, which was filed May 20, 2002.


CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION
This invention was made with Government support under contract DE-AC0676RLO-1830, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention pertains to isolated polynucleotide molecules, recombinant polynucleotide constructs, and methods of promoting a morphology in a fungus.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fungi are becoming increasingly utilized for production of numerous commercially useful products. A type of fungi known as “filamentous” fungi are currently used for the industrial scale production of metabolites such as antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins, for example) and organic acids (citric and fumaric acids for example). Filamentous fungi are additionally useful for the industrial production of enzymes such as, for example, proteases and lipases.
Utilization of a filamentous fungus species for production of desired compounds often involves growing submerged cultures of the fungus. Filamentous fungi can exhibit numerous morphologies in submerged cultures, one of which is the filamentous morphology. When fungi in culture exhibit a filamentous morphology, the filamentous growth can increase the viscosity of the culture medium. The increased viscosity can affect the mass transfer and aeration properties of the culture, can cause mixing problems in a bioreactor, and can typically be accompanied by decreased productivity.
Alternatively, “filamentous” fungi can exhibit a pellet morphology. In contrast to cultures of fungi exhibiting a filamentous morphology, the viscosity of cultures of fungi exhibiting a pellet morphology can be relatively low and can utilize less power for mixing and aeration of the culture. For many products, for example citric acid, itaconic acid, statins, penicillins, and various enzymes, productivity can be enhanced utilizing fungus exhibiting a pellet morphology relative to fungus exhibiting a filamentous morphology. However, at least in certain fungal species, production of peptic enzyme or fumaric acid, for example, can be enhanced by utilizing a fungus exhibiting a filamentous morphology.
It would be desirable to develop methods to promote a desired morphology in a fungus and to develop methods for influencing or controlling morphologies exhibited by a fungus in a culture to optimize productivity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, the invention encompasses an isolated polynucleotide molecule that is differentially expressed in a native fungus exhibiting a pellet morphology relative to the native fungus exhibiting a filamentous morphology.
In one aspect, the invention encompasses a method of enhancing a bioprocess utilizing a fungus. A transformed fungus is produced by transforming a fungus with a recombinant polynucleotide molecule. The recombinant polynucleotide molecule contains an isolated polynucleotide sequence linked operably to a promoter. A polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide sequence is expressed to promote a pellet morphology. The pellet morphology of the transformed fungus enhances a bioprocess relative to the bioprocess utilizing a filamentous morphology of the transformed fungus.
In one aspect, the invention encompasses a method of promoting a morphology of a fungus and enhancing productivity of a bioprocess. A fungus is transformed with an antisense oriented polynucleotide sequence complimentary to a gene sequence. A transcription product of the polynucleotide sequence hybridizes to an mRNA and thereby suppresses expression of the gene. The gene suppression promotes a morphology and enhances a bioprocess relative to the bioprocess in an alternative fungal morphology.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the transcriptional level of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Balu-4 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:1. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 2 shows the alignment and comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of A. niger Balu-4, SEQ ID NO.:2 (top sequence) and the amino acid sequence of Emericella nidulans G-protein beta subunit, SEQ ID NO.:3 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 3 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Balu-42 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:4. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 4 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Brsa-25 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:6. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 5 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Brsa-43 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:8. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 6 shows the alignment and comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of A. niger Brsa-43, SEQ ID NO.:10 (top sequence), and the amino acid sequence of the Homo sapiens lysosomal pepstatin insensitive protease, SEQ ID NO.:11 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 7 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Brsa-47 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:12. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 8 shows the alignment and comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of A. niger Brsa-47, SEQ ID NO.:14 (top sequence), and the amino acid sequence of Sesamum indicum Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase, SEQ ID NO.:15 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 9 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Brsa-109 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:16. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 10 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Brsa-118 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:18. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 11 shows the alignment and comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of A. niger Brsa-118, SEQ ID NO.:20 (top sequence), and the Neurospora crassa probable hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, SEQ ID NO.:21 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 12 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Arsa-7 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:22. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 13 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Arsa-48 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:24. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 14 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the A-37 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:26. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 15 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the A-90 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:28. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 16 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Arsa-43 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:33. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 17 shows the alignment and comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of A. niger Arsa-43, SEQ ID NO.:34 (top sequence), and the Aspergillus nidulans polyubiquitin protein, SEQ ID NO.:35 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 18 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Arsa-10 cDNA partial sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:36. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 19 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger gene corresponding to the Arsa-27 cDNA partial sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:37. Lanes 1, 2 and 3 reflect transcription levels in the pellet morphology. Transcription levels in the filamentous morphology are shown at 20 minutes (lane 4), 40 minutes (lane 5) and 120 minutes (lane 6) after inducing the filamentous morphology.
FIG. 20 shows a comparison of enhanced expression levels in filamentous morphology (right) relative to the pellet morphology (left) of native A. niger for each of the Balu-4, Brsa-25, Brsa-43, Brsa-47, Brsa-109, and Brsa-118 genes.
FIG. 21 shows a comparison of enhanced expression levels in the pellet morphology (left) relative to filamentous morphology (right) of native A. niger for each of the Arsa-7, Arsa-10, Arsa-27, A-27, Arsa-43 and A-90 genes.
FIG. 22 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger genes corresponding to the Balu-4, Balu-42, Brsa-25, Brsa-47, Brsa-109, and Brsa-118 cDNA sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.:1, 4, 6, 12, 16 and 18, respectively. Panel (A) shows transcription levels in native A. niger grown in 10 ppb Mn2+ (pellet morphology) for 14 hr (lane 1), 24 hr (lane 2), 48 hr (lane 3), 72 hr (lane 4), 96 hr (lane 5) and 120 hr (lane 6). Panel (B) shows transcription levels in native A. niger grown in 1000 ppb Mn2+ (filamentous morphology) for 1 hr (lane 1), 2 hr (lane 2), 24 hr (lane 3), 36 hr (lane 4), 72 hr (lane 5) and 108 hr (lane 6).
FIG. 23 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of transcription levels of the native A. niger genes corresponding to the Arsa-7, A-37, Arsa-48, and A-90 cDNA sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.:22, 24, 26 and 28, respectively. Panel (A) shows transcription levels in native A. niger grown in 10 ppb Mn2+ (pellet morphology) for 14 hr (lane 1), 24 hr (lane 2), 48 hr (lane 3), 72 hr (lane 4), 96 hr (lane 5) and 120 hr (lane 6). Panel (B) shows transcription levels in native A. niger grown in 1000 ppb Mn2+ (filamentous morphology) for 1 hr (lane 1), 2 hr (lane 2), 24 hr (lane 3), 36 hr (lane 4), 72 hr (lane 5) and 108 hr (lane 6).
FIG. 24 is a flowchart diagram illustrating a particular aspect of the present invention.
FIG. 25 shows suppression results for A. niger transformed with antisense oriented polynucleotide sequences complimentary to Balu-42 (Panel A), Brsa-25 (Panel B) and Brsa-118 (Panel C). Each panel compares morphologies of control A. niger (left) and transformed A. niger (right) containing the corresponding antisense DNA construct grown in 15 ppb Mn2+ medium.
FIG. 26 shows suppression results for A. niger transformed with antisense oriented polynucleotide sequences complimentary to cDNAs corresponding to Arsa-7 (Panel A), A-37 (Panel B) and A-90 (Panel C). Each panel compares morphologies of control A. niger (left) and transformed A. niger (right) grown in 12 ppb Mn2+ medium.
FIG. 27 shows the citric acid production of control A. niger and transformed A. niger containing antisense polynucleotide sequence complimentary to Balu-42 (strain 2805) or complimentary to Brsa-118 (strain 2808). Panel (A) shows measured citric acid production for individual transformation experiments. Panel (B) shows averaged values of the data depicted in Panel (A).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The invention encompasses polynucleotides that can have differential expression in a native fungus. For purposes of the present description the term “expression” of a polynucleotide sequence can refer to the combined processes of transcription and translation, or can refer to a portion of the combined transcription and translation process. The term “differential expression” can refer to two or more differing levels of expression, or can refer to an absence in expression in a first instance relative to a presence of expression in a second instance.
The invention includes isolated polynucleotide molecules that can include a polynucleotide sequence that is differentially expressed in different morphologies exhibited by a native fungus. For purposes of the present description, the term “native” can refer to an organism that has not been genetically manipulated. The term “isolated” can refer to a naturally occurring molecule such as, for example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide that has been recovered from the organism which produced it, or alternatively can refer to a synthetic molecule.
An isolated polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention can comprise a polynucleotide sequence that has an increased expression in a fungus exhibiting a pellet morphology relative to a lower level or an absence of expression in the filamentous morphology of the fungus. Alternatively, a polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention can comprise polynucleotide sequence having an increased expression level in a filamentous morphology of a native fungus relative to a lower level or absence of expression in the pellet morphology.
Isolated polynucleotides encompassed by the present invention can be isolated from any source fungus that is capable of exhibiting a filamentous morphology and a pellet morphology. A source fungus is not limited to a specific group of fungi and can be a member any of the three major fungi groups. An exemplary member of the Basidiomycetes group is Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Exemplary members of the group of Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungus include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Emericella nidulans, Neurospora crassa, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Trichoderma reesei. Exemplary members of the Zygomycetes group include Rhizomucor miehei and Rhizopus oryzae. 
An exemplary isolated polynucleotide molecule encompassed by the present invention can comprise a polynucleotide sequence isolated from A. niger that is differentially expressed in the filamentous morphology of native-A. niger relative to the pellet morphology of native A. niger. The differentially expressed polynucleotide sequence can comprise, for example, a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 and 37, or can comprise a sequence complimentary to any of those sequences. Each of the polynucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 and 37, corresponds to the sequence determined from a full-length cDNA molecule prepared according to methods discussed below, with SEQ ID NOs.:36 and 37 being partial sequences determined from full length cDNA. It is to be understood that the isolation methods and techniques discussed herein are exemplary and that numerous conventional techniques can be utilized for producing the isolated polynucleotide molecules of the present invention.
Full-length cDNA molecules comprising the polynucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 and 37, are obtained from A. niger strain ATCC11414 utilizing suppression subtractive hybridization techniques (Diatchenko et al., Proceedings National Academy of Science U.S.A. Vol. 93, pp. 6025-6030, 1996), in conjunction with PCR-SELECTTM cDNA subtraction kit (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif.). Two suppression subtractive cDNA libraries are constructed. A first cDNA library is constructed utilizing cDNA obtained from A. niger exhibiting the pellet type morphology as tester and cDNA obtained from A. niger exhibiting the filamentous morphology as a driver. The driver/tester ratio is increased threefold over the ratio suggested by the subtraction kit manual.
A second suppression subtractive cDNA library is created utilizing cDNA obtained from A. niger exhibiting the filamentous morphology as tester and utilizing cDNA obtained from A. niger exhibiting pellet morphology as driver. A first cDNA pool is generated from the first library and a second cDNA pool is generated from the second library. Differentially expressed cDNAs that are specifically present or enhanced in the pellet morphology are isolated from the first cDNA library by hybridization utilizing the first cDNA pool as probes and independently hybridizing utilizing the second cDNA pool as probes. Isolation of cDNA that is enhanced or specific to the filamentous morphology of A. niger is achieved by independently hybridizing the second cDNA library utilizing the first cDNA pool and the second cDNA pool as probes.
The segments of differentially expressed cDNAs that are isolated by suppression subtractive hybridization are selected for DNA sequencing. Sequencing of the segments is performed utilizing single pass sequencing with the T7-2 primer. The DNA fragments isolated by the suppression subtractive hybridization are used to design pairs of gene specific primers for utilization in isolating full-length cDNAs.
Full-length cDNA isolation is achieved utilizing the marathon cDNA amplification kit and the ADVANTAGE® cDNA polymerase (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif.). The gene specific primers designed from the suppression subtractive hybridization clones are utilized for performing rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (RACE-PCR). The sequence of full-length cDNAs is determined using conventional automated DNA sequencing methods.
Twelve full-length cDNA clones and two partial-length cDNA clones are produced and sequenced according to the methods discussed above. The resulting sequences are presented as follows. The sequence of the Balu-4 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:1; the sequence of the Balu-42 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:4; the sequence of the Brsa-25 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:6; the sequence of the Brsa-43 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:8; the sequence of the Brsa-47 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:12; the sequence of the Brsa-109 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:16; the sequence of the Brsa-118 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:18; the sequence of the Arsa-7 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:22; the sequence of the Arsa-48 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:24; the sequence of the A-37 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:26; the sequence of the A-90 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:28; the sequence of the Arsa-43 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:33; the partial sequence of the Arsa-10 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:36; and the partial sequence of the Arsa-27 cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:37.
The amino acid sequence of each of the fourteen determined polynucleotide sequences is predicted utilizing the known genetic code. Homology searches are performed utilizing BLASTP to investigate homology between a predicted amino acid sequence and the sequences in the NCBI non-redundant GenBank CDS. All homology searches are conducted utilizing a threshold E value of E=0.005. Accordingly, the results of each BLAST homology search (discussed below) are based upon this initial threshold value.
Northern blot analysis is utilized to analyze the expression levels of the genes in native A. niger corresponding to each of the fourteen cDNA clones. The expression of each gene by A. niger exhibiting filamentous morphology is compared to the expression of the same gene in A. niger exhibiting the pellet morphology. For expression analysis, A. niger is initially grown in a culture medium containing less than or equal to about 12 parts per billion (ppb) Mn2+ for 12 hours. After the initial 12 hours of growth the culture is divided into two halves, the first half is maintained at low Mn2+ concentration (less than or equal to about 12 ppb) and the other half is brought to a final concentration of approximately 1000 ppb Mn2+ (or in some instances to a final concentration of greater than or equal to about 15 ppb Mn2+). A. niger can be extremely sensitive to Mn2+ concentration. At Mn2+ concentrations at or below about 12 ppb, native A. niger exhibits the pelleted morphology, while at Mn2+ concentrations higher than about 12 ppb, native A. niger exhibits filamentous morphology. To simplify the present description, the point at which the culture is divided into two halves (after 12 hours of initial growth) can be referred to as time zero (t=0). Additionally, since the addition of Mn2+ to a final concentration of above 12 ppb promotes the filamentous morphology, the addition of Mn2+ can be referred to as filament induction.
Culture samples are collected at 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes after time zero from both the non-induced culture (pellet morphology) and the induced culture (filamentous morphology). The samples are centrifuged to form culture pellets which are frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. for future total RNA extraction.
Total RNA can be isolated from the frozen culture pellets utilizing conventional methods. After size fractionation of the total RNA sample by conventional gel electrophoresis techniques and subsequent transfer to a blotting membrane, the total RNA samples collected at each time point are analyzed using hybridization of probes that are synthesized by randomly priming the isolated suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA fragments or by randomly priming fragments of full-length cDNA digested with restricting endonuclease. Probe synthesis includes incorporation of [32P]-α-dCTP. Hybridization results of the Northern blots can be visualized by exposing the blots to x-ray film.
FIG. 1 shows the x-ray film exposure of a Northern blot analysis of the expression of the A. niger gene corresponding to Balu-4 SEQ ID NO.:1. Increased hybridization is apparent in mRNA samples taken from filamentous cultures (lanes 4, 5 and 6) relative to mRNA produced in pellet morphology (lanes 1-3). Fifteen micrograms (μg) of total RNA is used for each lane. The RNA samples utilized are obtained from post t=0 pellet cultures at t=20 minutes (lane 1), t=40 minutes (lane 2) and t=120 minutes (lane 3); and from post-induction filamentous cultures at t=20 minutes (lane 4), t=40 minutes (lane 5) and t=120 minutes (lane 6). The total RNA used for each lane and the lane identification for each of the Northern blots discussed below is the same as that set forth for FIG. 1. The results shown in FIG. 1 indicate that Balu-4 is differentially expressed in native A. niger, with an increased level of expression detected in the filamentous morphology.
The predicted amino acid sequence of Balu-4 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:2. The Balu-4 amino acid sequence is predicted from the Balu-4 cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO.:1). As shown in FIG. 2, an amino acid sequence homology search utilizing BLASTP indicates that SEQ ID NO.:2 (top sequence) has a 97% identity with the amino acid sequence of a G-protein beta subunit of Emericella nidulans, SEQ ID NO.:3 (bottom sequence). Positions of sequence identity are indicated by the placement of the corresponding identical amino acid symbol between SEQ ID NO.:2 (top) and SEQ ID NO.:3 (bottom). The symbol “+” shown intermediate SEQ ID NO.:2 and SEQ ID NO.:3 indicates a conservative amino acid difference. For purposes of the present invention a conservative amino acid difference or a conservative amino acid substitution can refer to a substitution of one amino acid by another amino acid with similar chemical properties. Additionally, the term “homology” can, in some instances, refer to an identical or a conservative amino acid.
The appearance of an open space between corresponding positions in SEQ ID NO.:2 and SEQ ID NO.:3 in FIG. 2 indicates a non-conservative amino acid difference between the two aligned sequences. Three sections of SEQ ID NO.:2 having relatively minimal identity with SEQ ID NO.:3 are set forth as SEQ ID NOs.:30, 31 and 32. SEQ ID NO.:30 corresponds to amino acids 28-49 of SEQ ID NO.:2. SEQ ID NO.:31 corresponds to amino acids 194-209 of SEQ ID NO.:2. SEQ ID NO.:32 corresponds to amino acids 260-288 of SEQ ID NO.:2.
FIG. 3 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the native gene corresponding to Balu-42, SEQ ID NO.:4. The increased detection of mRNA corresponding to Balu-42 in the filamentous morphology indicates that Balu42 is differentially expressed with increased expression in filaments relative to the pellet morphology of native A. niger. 
SEQ ID NO.:5 corresponds to the Balu-42 amino acid sequence predicted from SEQ ID NO.:4. A BLASTP homology search is unable to identify homology between SEQ ID NO.:5 and any sequence in the searched database.
FIG. 4 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the native gene corresponding to the Brsa-25 cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:6. The results indicate that Brsa-25 is differentially expressed with increased expression in the filamentous morphology of native A. niger relative to the pellet morphology.
The predicted amino acid sequence of Brsa-25 SEQ ID NO.:6 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:7. A BLASTP homology search was unable to identify homology between SEQ ID NO.:7 and any sequence in the searched database.
FIG. 5 shows results of the Northern blot analysis of the expression of the native gene corresponding to the Brsa-43 cDNA set forth in SEQ ID NO.:8. The Northern blot results indicate that Brsa-43 is differentially expressed with increased expression in the filamentous morphology of native A. niger relative to the pellet morphology.
The Brsa-43 amino acid sequence predicted from SEQ ID NO.: 8 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 9. SEQ ID NO.:10 corresponds to amino acids 29-594 of SEQ ID NO.:9. FIG. 6 shows the BLASTP alignment and comparison of Brsa-43 SEQ ID NO.:10 (top sequence) which has 31% identity to the amino acid sequence of human tripeptidyl-peptidase I precursor (lysosomal pepstatin insensitive protease), SEQ ID NO.:11 (bottom sequence). Indication of identity and homology between sequences is as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the native Brsa-47 gene corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:12. The results indicate that Brsa-47 is differentially expressed; with increased expression levels apparent in the filamentous morphology relative to the pellet morphology of native A. niger. 
The amino acid sequence of Brsa-47 as predicted from SEQ ID NO.:12 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:13. FIG. 8 shows the BLASTP homology search results for SEQ ID NO.:14 (top sequence) which corresponds to amino acids 26-530 of SEQ ID NO.:13. The BLASTP results indicate that SEQ ID NO.:14 has a 56% identity with the amino acid sequence of Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase from Sesamum indicum, SEQ ID NO.:15 (bottom sequence).
The results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Brsa-109 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:16 is shown in FIG. 9. The results indicate that the Brsa-109 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression detected in the filamentous morphology relative to the pellet morphology.
The Brsa-109 amino acid sequence predicted from SEQ ID NO.: 16, is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:17. A BLASTP homology search is unable to identify homology between SEQ ID NO.:19 and any sequence in the database.
FIG. 10 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Brsa-118 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:18. The results indicate that the Brsa-118 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression in the filamentous morphology relative to the pellet morphology.
The amino acid sequence of Brsa-118 predicted from SEQ ID NO.:18 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:19. FIG. 11 shows the BLASTP homology search results for Brsa-118. The results show that the predicted amino acid sequence of Brsa-118, SEQ ID NO.:20 (top sequence), has 66% identity with the amino acid sequence of probable hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase from Neurospora crassa, SEQ ID NO.:21 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 12 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Arsa-7 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:22. The results indicate that the Arsa-7 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression levels in the pellet morphology relative to expression levels in the filamentous morphology.
The amino acid sequence of Arsa-7 as predicted from SEQ ID NO.: 22 is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:23. BLAST homology search results were unable to identify any sequences with homology to the predicted amino acid sequence of Arsa-7.
FIG. 13 shows the results of Northern blot analysis and the expression of the Arsa-48 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:24. The results indicate the Arsa-48 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression levels occurring in the pellet morphology relative to the filamentous morphology.
The Arsa-48 amino acid sequence as predicted from SEQ ID NO.:24, is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:25. A BLASTP homology search was unable to identify homology between the Arsa-48 amino acid sequence and any other amino acid sequence in the searched database.
FIG. 14 shows the results of a Northern blot analysis of the expression of the A-37 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:26. The results indicate that the A-37 gene is differentially expressed with increased expression occurring in the pellet morphology relative to the expression level detected in the filamentous morphology.
The A-37 amino acid sequence as predicted from SEQ ID NO.:26, is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:27. The BLASTP homology search was unable to detect any homology between the predicted A-37 amino acid sequence and other amino acid sequences in the searched database.
FIG. 15 shows the result of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the A-90 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:28. The results indicate that A-90 is differentially expressed with an increased expression level occurring in the pellet morphology relative to the expression level detected in the filamentous morphology.
The amino acid sequence of A-90 as predicted from SEQ ID NO.:28, is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:29. A BLASTP homology search performed on SEQ ID NO.:29, is unable to detect any homology with any other amino acid sequence in the database.
FIG. 16 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Arsa-43 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:33. The results indicate that the Arsa-43 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression in the pellet morphology relative to the filamentous morphology.
The amino acid sequence of Arsa-43 predicted from SEQ ID NO.:33, is set forth in SEQ ID NO.:34. FIG. 17 shows the BLASTP homology search results for Arsa-43. The results show that the predicted amino acid sequence of Arsa-43, SEQ ID NO.:34 (top sequence), has 96% identity with the amino acid sequence of the polyubiquitin protein from Aspergillus nidulans, SEQ ID NO.:35 (bottom sequence).
FIG. 18 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Arsa-10 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA partial sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:36. The results indicate that the Arsa-43 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression in the pellet morphology relative to the filamentous morphology. Homology searching is unable to detect any homology between SEQ ID NO.:36 and other polynucleotide sequences in the searched database
FIG. 19 shows the results of Northern blot analysis of the expression of the Arsa-27 gene in native A. niger corresponding to the cDNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.:37. The results indicate that the Arsa-43 gene is differentially expressed, with increased expression in the pellet morphology relative to the filamentous morphology. Homology searching is unable to detect any homology between SEQ ID NO.:37 and other polynucleotide sequences in the searched database.
Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21, such show bar-chart comparison of differential expression of various A. niger genes. FIG. 20 shows transcript levels for genes Balu-4. Brsa-25, Brsa-43, Brsa-47, Brsa-109 and Brsa-118, which show increased expression in filamentous A. niger. FIG. 21 shows transcript levels for genes Arsa-7, Arsa-10, Arsa-27, A-37, Arsa-43, and A-90, which show increased expression in the pellet morphology of A. niger. 
Additional expression analysis is conducted utilizing cultures grown for up to 5 days post t=0 (as defined above). Referring to FIG. 22, such shows the increased transcript levels for genes Balu-4, Balu-42, Brsa-25, Brsa-47, Brsa-109, and Brsa-118 in native A. niger grown in filamentous conditions (Panel B) as compared to transcript levels in A. niger grown in pellet conditions (Panel A). Referring to FIG. 23, such shows the increased transcript levels for genes Arsa-7, A-37, Arsa-48 and A-90 in native A. niger grown in pellet conditions (Panel A), as compared to levels of the corresponding transcript in filamentous cultures (Panel B).
In particular embodiments, the present invention encompasses isolated polypeptide molecules comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs.:2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29 and 34, and functional equivalents thereof. For purposes of the present description, the term functional equivalent can refer to a truncated version or a conservatively substituted version of an amino acid sequence having substantially equivalent functional properties and/or biological activity relative to the non-truncated, non-substituted polypeptide. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, conventional methods can be utilized for truncating or introducing conservative amino acid substitutions into the amino acid sequences set forth in the sequence listing. Conventional methods are available that can be utilized for producing of the isolated polypeptides of the present invention.
In addition to the isolated polynucleotide molecules discussed above, the present invention encompasses polynucleotides comprising alternative polynucleotide sequences that encode the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.:2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29 and 34, or that encode functional equivalents of those amino acid sequences. The invention also encompasses amino acid sequences encoded by SEQ ID NOs.:36 and 37, and functional equivalents, and alternate polynucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences encoded by SEQ ID NOs.:36 and 37. As will be under stood by those skilled in the art, various modifications can be introduced into a polynucleotide sequence without affecting the resulting amino acid sequence due to the degenerative nature of the genetic code.
Various recombinant polynucleotide constructs are encompassed by the present invention. In particular embodiments, a recombinant polynucleotide construct according to the present invention can comprise any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences discussed above. All or part of any of the polynucleotide sequences discussed herein can be linked to a promoter, preferably operably linked to a promoter. Operable linkage of a polynucleotide to a promoter to form a recombinant polynucleotide construct can allow expression of the polynucleotide sequence to be controlled by the promoter. Alternatively, a sequence complimentary to at least a part of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 and 37, can be utilized to form a recombinant polynucleotide, and can be incorporated in antisense orientation.
In particular aspects, the complementary sequence can comprise a portion of complementary sequence of sufficient length to enable suppression hybridization (discussed below). Although utilization of polynucleotide sequences of fewer than 30 nucleotides is contemplated, suppression hybridization can typically involve utilization of one or more polynucleotides having a length of greater than or equal to 30 nucleotides. Accordingly, the invention encompasses polynucleotide sequences comprising a fragment of any of the sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 and 37, and complimentary fragments. Such fragments can preferably comprise a length of at least 30 nucleotides of the corresponding sequence, or complimentary sequence.
The invention also encompasses a vector comprising any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences discussed above. Vectors encompassed by the present invention are not limited to a particular type of vector and can be, for example, a plasmid, a cosmid or a viral vector. Vectors according to the present invention can be utilized for introducing into a host cell one or more of the isolated polynucleotide molecules discussed. The host cell is not limited to a particular cell type and can be, for example, a bacterium, a fungus, or a higher-eukaryotic cell. Additionally, vectors encompassed by the present invention can be cloning vectors, expression vectors and/or integration vectors.
The invention also encompasses a transformed host cell and cell cultures which have been transformed to comprise any of the isolated polynucleotide molecules discussed above. Conventional cell transformation techniques can be utilized for introduction of the isolated polynucleotide into a desired host cell.
The present invention encompasses methods for promoting a morphology in a fungus. A process for promoting a morphology in a fungus is described with reference to a flowchart in FIG. 24. At initial step 100, an isolated polynucleotide is provided. The isolated polynucleotide from step 100 can comprise any of the isolated polynucleotides discussed above.
The isolated polynucleotide from step 100 can be used to form a recombinant polynucleotide in step 110. As discussed above, formation of the recombinant polynucleotide can comprise operably linking a promoter and the isolated polynucleotide sequence. Additionally, formation of a recombinant nucleotide step 110 can comprise formation of a vector which can be utilized to transform a fungus in step 120. Numerous fungi are available for utilization in transformation step 120. Preferably the fungus to be transformed is capable of exhibiting a filamentous morphology and is additionally capable of exhibiting a pellet morphology. Exemplary fungi for purposes of step 120 can be, for example, any of the fungi discussed above with respect to source fungi.
After transformation step 120, a polypeptide encoded by the recombinant polynucleotide can be expressed from the transformed fungus in step 130. The expression in step 130 can promote a particular morphology of the fungus. The particular morphology promoted by the expression can be determined by the sequence of the isolated polynucleotide provided in step 100. For example, a filamentous morphology can be promoted by providing an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 19, and functional equivalents thereof. Alternatively, a pellet morphology can be promoted by providing an isolated polynucleotide in step 100 that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.:23, 25, 2729, and 34, or a functional equivalent thereof; or that encodes an amino acid sequence encoded by polynucleotide SEQ ID NO.: 36 or 37, or a functional equivalent thereof.
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a recombinant polynucleotide comprising an antisense oriented complimentary sequence (discussed above) can be utilized for transformation step 120. In a suppression step 140, the RNA produced from transcription of the antisense DNA can form an RNA duplex (dsRNA) with the native mRNA and thereby promote RNA degradation and/or inhibit or block translation of the mRNA. Accordingly, recombinant antisense constructs introduced in step 120 can suppress or block expression of the complimentary gene to promote a desired morphology. For example, a polynucleotide construct comprising, a sequence complimentary to a fragment or an entirety of any of SEQ ID NOs.:1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 or 18 can be introduced in step 120. In step 140, the transcript produced from the antisense complimentary sequence can hybridize to mRNA transcribed from genes Balu-4, Balu-42, Brsa-25, Brsa-43, Brsa-47, Brsa-109 or Brsa-118, respectively, and inhibit or block production of the corresponding protein product. Suppression of one or more of Balu-4, Balu-42, Brsa-25, Brsa-43, Brsa-47, Brsa-109 or Brsa-118 by methods in accordance with the present invention can promote pellet morphology in the transformed host. Similarly, polynucleotides having one or more sequences complimentary to a fragment or an entirety of any of SEQ ID NOs.: 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36, and 37, can be introduced in step 120, can inhibit or block expression of corresponding gene Arsa-7, Arsa-48, A-37, A-90, Arsa-43, Arsa-10 and Arsa-27. Suppression of one or more of Arsa-7, Arsa-48, A-37, A-90, Arsa-43, Arsa-10 and Arsa-27 in step 140 by methods in accordance with the present invention can promote filamentous morphology in the transformed host.
Although the process shown in FIG. 24 was discussed in terms of providing a single isolated polynucleotide in step 100, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses providing two or more of the isolated polynucleotide sequences discussed above. Additionally, it is to be understood that isolated polynucleotide sequences can be provided in step 100 wherein at least one of the isolated polynucleotides provided can promote pellet morphology when expressed and at least one other provided isolated polynucleotide can promote filamentous morphology when expressed. By operably linking differing isolated polynucleotides to differing inducible promoters in step 110, and using multiple recombinant polynucleotides for transformation step 120, it can be possible to selectively promote either the filamentous morphology or the pellet morphology by inducing expression in step 130 or 140.
It can be advantageous to promote a particular morphology in a fungus since utilization of a particular fungus morphology can enhance a bioprocess in a fungus culture. For example, utilization of a pellet form of a fungus can enhance various bioprocesses such as, for example, expressing hemicellulase, expressing cellulase, expressing lignase, converting biomass to alcohol, producing organic acids, producing glucoamylase, producing penicillin and producing lovastatin. Alternatively, utilization of filamentous fungal cultures can enhance bioprocesses such as fumaric acid production or peptic enzyme production.
The process shown in FIG. 24 can be utilized to produce a transformed fungus and to promote a pellet morphology in the transformed fungus which can be utilized to enhance production of a desired product in a culture containing the transformed fungus relative to non-transformed fungus cultures under otherwise identical conditions. Alternatively, the process can be utilized to produce a transformed fungus and to promote a filament morphology in the transformed fungus. The promoted filament morphology can enhance production of a desired product in a culture containing the transformed fungus relative to non-transformed fungus culture under otherwise substantially identical conditions.
The invention also contemplates co-introduction of one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more proteins of interest along with the morphology promoting constructs discussed above. The protein of interest can be native to the host or can be from a different fungal or non-fungal species. Where the protein(s) of interest have increased expression and/or activity in a first morphology relative to a second morphology, the morphology promoting construct co-introduced can preferably promote the first morphology. A protein of interest may be one that can be collected from the culture or can be one that is involved in a bioprocess that produces a desired product or compound.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
General Methods for DNA Isolation and Functional Analysis
Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains DH5α and JM109 are used as hosts for cloning experiments. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 is utilized as host for binary vectors and transformation of A. niger. 
For isolation of morphology associated genes by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), total RNA is isolated from A. niger according to the modified acid phenol-guanidinium isothiocyanate-chloroform extraction method described by Chomczynski and Sacch (Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159 (1987)). The SSH is performed utilizing the PCR-SELECTTM cDNA subtraction kit (CLONTECH, Palo Alto Calif.) as described by the manufacturer, with the exception that the amount of amount of driver cDNA relative to tester utilized was tripled for each of the first and the second hybridizations.
Morphology associated clones are identified by differential screening of SSH cDNA libraries. Two oligonucleotides are designed against each newly isolated clone sequence. Rapid amplification of cDNA and PCR (RACE-PCR) is performed to isolate the 5′-end and the 3′-end of each cDNA clone.
Fungal transformation is achieved utilizing the Bgl II/Xba I pGpdA-hph-TtrpC fragment in pAN7-1 (Punt and van der Hondel, Methods Enzymol. 216: 447-57 (1992)), inserted into binary vector pGA482 (An et al., Binary Vectors” in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Gelvin and Schilperolands (1988), at pp A3/1-19). Introduction of constructs based on pGA482 into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 is conducted utilizing the freeze-and-thaw method (Ebert et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 84: 5745-5749 (1987)). Plasmids are isolated from the transformed A. tumefaciens, are digested with various restriction enzymes, and are analyzed utilizing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm transformation. Fungal transformations are performed as described by Groot et al. (Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 839-42 (1998). At least fifteen independently transformed fungi are selected and grown on agar minimum media containing 250 μg/ml of hygromycin, and 250 μg/ml cefotaxin for each transgenic event.
Example 2
Promoting a Morphology Using Antisense Expression
Individual transgene expression vectors are constructed to comprise polynucleotide sequence complimentary to one the following: Balu-42 (SEQ ID No. 4); Brsa-25 (SEQ ID No.:6); Brsa-118 (SEQ ID No.:18); Arsa-7 (SEQ ID No.:22); A-37 (SEQ ID No.:26); and A-90 (SEQ ID No.:28). The complimentary sequences are incorporated into the vectors in antisense orientation under the control of A. nidulans phosphoglyceral dehydrogenase (gpdA) promoter and A. nidulans trpC terminator. The constructed vectors are independently introduced into A. niger utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Control A. niger is prepared by transformation with binary vector without incorporated antisense sequence.
Referring to FIG. 25, such shows the promotion of the pellet morphology in transgenic A. niger expressing antisense Balu-42, Brsa-25 and Brsa-118 (right), as compared to control A. niger cultured under identical conditions. FIG. 26 shows the promotion of filamentous morphology in transgenic A. niger expressing antisense Arsa-7, A-37 and A-90 (right), as compared to control A. niger cultured under identical conditions.
Example 3
Morphology Enhanced Bio-production
Transgenic A. niger comprising antisense complimentary Balu-42 (strain 2805) or Brsa-118 (strain 2808) is prepared as described in Example 1. Multiple independently transformed cultures of each strain and multiple control cultures (prepared as described above) were grown at 30° C. for about 50 hours. Referring to FIG. 27, Panel A shows the citric acid production for individual cultures of transformed strains 2805 (Balu-42) and 2808 (Brsa-118), and for control A. niger. Panel B shows the average citric acid production for cultures of strains 2805 and 2808 relative to control cultures.
The results indicate that the methods and sequences of the invention can be utilized to promote morphology in fungi. The promotion of a morphology by methodology of the invention can be used for enhancing production of protein and/or enhancing a bioprocess utilizing transgenic fungi.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.

## Claims

1. A method of promoting a morphology in a fungus comprising:
providing a recombinant polynucleotide comprising an antisense orientated sequence that is complementary to a gene coding region that is differentially expressed in a native fungus exhibiting a pellet morphology relative to said native fungus exhibiting a filament morphology wherein the complementary sequence is complementary to an entirety of SEQ ID NO.:4;
transforming Aspergillus niger; 
transcribing the antisense oriented sequence to produce a transcription product of sufficient length to hybridize to a gene coding sequence transcription product to block translation; and
suppressing expression of the gene coding region utilizing transcription products produced by expression of the recombinant polynucleotide, the suppression promoting a pellet morphology capable of being assumed by the fungi in its native form.

2. A method of enhancing a bioprocess utilizing a fungus, comprising:
producing a transformed fungus by transforming Aspergillus niger with a recombinant polynucleotide molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence complementary to the entirety of SEQ ID NO.: 4, linked operably to a promoter, the polynucleotide sequence being in antisense orientation;
transcribing the polynucleotide sequence to produce polynucleotide transcripts; and
hybridizing the transcripts to mRNA to suppress gene expression and promote pellet morphology, the pellet morphology enhancing a bioprocess relative to the bioprocess utilizing a filamentous morphology of the transformed fungus; the bioprocess comprising production of citric acid.