485

References to illustrations appear in bold;

references to captions appear in italics.

A

Academy of Music, New York, 247

Academy of Rome, 258

Academy of Science, Philadelphia, 287

Acker, Nicholas, stone cutter, 199

acoustics

commission on, 219, 258

House chamber

extension, 287

post-fire, 141–144, 180

in windowless rooms, 218

Statuary Hall, 372

Adam, Robert, architect, 126

Adams, Christopher, brick maker, 202, 213

Adams, John, 42, 44, 45, 127

Adams, John Quincy, 128, 147, 156, 157, 165,

432

Adams Building. See Library of Congress,

Adams Building

Adams Express Building, 201, 227, 276, 290

air conditioning, 402–403

Akers, Robert S., Capitol policeman, 367

Albert, Speaker Carl, 440, 448

Albert, Colonel J. J., 189, 194

alcohol. See workmen, alcohol and

Allied Architects, 405, 406, 406

Allison, Senator William B., 351, 355

Alston, Congressman Willis, 68

aluminum, structural use of, 409

America, statue of

by Crawford, 246, 261, 280, 314

by Persico, 157, 158

American Electric Light Company, 366

American Institute of Architects (AIA), 375,

412, 420, 422–423, 427, 439, 440, 442, 447

Committee on National Capitol, 423

founding of, 190

relations with Woods, 376, 377, 377, 399

local chapters support east front extension,

423, 426

American order, 4. See also corn cob columns;

magnolia columns; tobacco columns

Ames, James T., metal caster, 308, 325,

331–332

Ames foundry, 209

art commission, 279, 302–303

art deco, 410

Arthur, Chester A., 353

Articles of Confederation, 3

artists

foreign, 248, 250, 281, 302, 307

native-born, 258

Astor Library, New York, 247

Auchincloss, Congressman James, 433, 435

awnings, 360

Ayers, Congressman William, 440

B

Bache, Alexander D., acoustical committee,

219, 270, 277

Bacon, Francis H., Boston furniture maker, 396

Bacon, Henry, New York architect, 399

Badger, Senator George E., 223

Baird, John, Philadelphia marble merchant,

204, 331

baize, as door covering, 265

bakeries, in Capitol, 313, 322

Ball, Congressman Edward, 256, 257

Baltimore, as potential capital, 5

Baltimore marble, 119, 299

Bank of Pennsylvania, 51, 81

banks, offer to finance repairs, 100

Bannister, Turpin, historian/educator, 427

Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chapman, 176

barber shop, 400, 418

Barbour, Senator James, 109

Barnes, Edward Larrabee. See Edward

Larrabee Barnes/John M. Y. Lee & Partners

Bartholdi Park, 409

Bartlett, Congressman Ichabod, 161

Bartlett, Paul Wayland, sculptor, 392–393

bathing rooms, 400

bathtubs, 360–361

Baudin, Edmond, sculptor, 278, 278

Bayard, Senator James, 305, 341

Beale, Robert, Senate sergeant at arms, 194

Beaux Arts

architectural style, 388, 404

school of, 380

Beck, Senator James B., 351, 354

Beeshekee, Chippewa chief, 250

Bellinger, Congressman Joseph, 131

bells, electric, 362

INDEX

Ammann & Whitney, New York engineers, 442,

445

Anacostia River, 8

Anderson, Charles Frederick, New York

architect, 188, 189, 192, 194, 196, 329

Anderson, Senator Joseph, 56, 57

Anderson, Joseph, architect/builder, 12

Andrei, Giovanni, sculptor

arrival, 65

column carving

dwarf, 119

exterior, 152

House chamber, 71, 76

magnolia, 91

mantels, 131

salary, 106

sent to Italy, 105–106

Andrews, Senator Charles O., 412, 413

Anthony, Senator Henry B., 352

Antiquities of Athens, 71, 73, 120, 156

Apotheosis of Democracy, by Bartlett,

392–393, 393

Apotheosis of Washington, by Brumidi,

322–323, 328, 338, 340, 340, 431

aqueduct. See Washington Aqueduct

Aquia Creek quarry, 25, 28, 32, 50, 53, 54, 64,

65, 106, 150, 151, 153

Aquia Creek sandstone. See sandstone

Archer, Warner & Miskey, Philadelphia

foundry, 272, 278

architect of the Capitol

office of, 216

title, 343, 377, 398

history of, 401

term of office, 459

See also Edward Clark, Elliott Woods, 

David Lynn, George Stewart, George White,

Alan Hantman

architect’s office, described, 128, 201

architects’ salary, 103, 128, 196

Architectural Forum, opposes east front

extension, 425

Architectural Ironworks, New York foundry,

301, 333, 337

arsenal, Greenleaf’s Point, 98

art

Committee on the Library, 174

sectionalism, 253
486 Index

Belluschi, Pietro, architect/educator, 452

Bembe and Kimbel, furniture makers, 266,

272

benches, in House chamber, 298, 308

Bennett, Parsons & Frost, Chicago architects,

409

Bentley, Caleb, silversmith, 24, 99

Benton, Thomas Hart, congressman and

senator, 277

Berla, Julian, Washington architect, 424, 427

Bethlehem Steel Company, 434

Beveridge, George, writer, 426

bicentennial, 458–459

Bierstadt, Albert, artist, 279

Bigler, Senator William, 268, 277, 282

Billings, Dr. John, committee on ventilation,

362, 363

bird control, 431

birds, as ornament, 278

Bladensburg, battle of, 98

Blagden, George, master stone mason, 30, 75,

106, 131, 160, 237

brick domes, 116

column shafts, 150

hearths, 119, 132

recruits stone cutters, 130

vaults, 130

Blanchard, William, draftsman, 117

Blodgett’s Hotel, 99

Bogardus & Hoppin, New York foundry, 209

Boggs, Congresswoman Lindy, 432

boilers, for extension, 245

bomb shelter, 422, 423

Bomford, Lieutenant Colonel George, 115,

130, 145

Bonnani, Pietro, ornamental painter, 132, 372

Borah, Senator William, 401

Borglum, Gutzon, sculptor, 388, 392

Borland, Senator Solon, 203, 204, 209, 216, 222

Boston Properties, 457

Botanic Garden, 317, 346, 353, 408, 409, 409,

429

Bowman, Captain Alexander H., engineer, 230

Bradbury, Senator James W., 204

Bradley, Senator Stephen R., 85

Brainard, Owen, engineer, 381

Breckinridge, Vice President John C., 286, 307

Brent, Congressman Richard, 49

Brevoort House, New York hotel, 247

brick

cost, 129

for extension, 202, 219–220

criticism of, 224

for iron dome, 236

kilns on Capitol Hill, 30, 34

ordered 1797, 34

Brick Capitol, 107, 108, 115, 127, 132, 134, 140

bricklayers

number of, 144

wages, 129

working on extension (1853), 219, 221

bricklaying cost (1797), 35

Brick Market, Newport, 12, 21

bridge, from terrace to Capitol, 161, 162, 163

Bridgeport, Connecticut, 219

Bridges, Senator Henry Styles, 420, 423

Bridport, George, architect/painter, 69, 86, 87

Briggs, Robert, engineer, 245, 291, 331, 364

Bright, Senator Jesse, 305

British fire, described, 98

Brodhead, Senator Richard, 209, 210

bronze doors. See Columbus Doors; Thomas

Crawford, bronze doors

bronze, formula, 308

Brooklyn Bridge, 244

Brooks, Congressman James, 329

Brooks, Congressman Preston, 277

east front extension and, 390–391

Lincoln Memorial and, 407

Woods and, 387, 399

Cannon House Office Building, 382–383

addition proposed, 405–406

description, 381

floor added, 396, 398

named, 435

opened, 384

preliminary design, 378–379, 379

Canova, Antonio, sculptor, 62

Capellano, Antonio, sculptor, 112, 162

capitals. See columns

Capitol

authorized, 4

burning, 98

completed (1826), 159

cost (1893), 366

name derivation, 10

site 

preparation, 11

selection, 8

size, 181, 356, 461

See also Capitol extension; center building;

dome; east front extension; north wing;

south wing; terrace; west front restoration

Capitol campus, first step toward, 354

Capitol extension

cabinet departments and, 211, 213, 215, 

316–318

carpentry, 242

chambers

original intention, 195

relocation, 217–218, 220

acoustics in, 218

criticized, 222, 223, 225

columns, exterior, 223, 224

competition for, 185–193

connecting corridors, 195, 320

cornerstone, 199–200

decorations

authority in regard to, 280

criticism, 269, 279–280, 307

defense, 270, 281

European architecture and, 218

foundations, 202

investigated, 203

reexamined, 217

glass, 244

gutters, 328

hall of columns, 240–241, 240, 259, 411

heating and ventilating, 245, 291, 291

ventilation criticized, 225

House chamber. See House chamber, 

in the extension

lighting fixtures, 242

machine shops, 244, 244

plumbing, 242

porticoes, 320, 327, 328, 330, 338, 339

roof, 328

covering, 244

structural weakness, 411

truss, 274

sculpture, 245

Senate chamber. See Senate chamber, 

Walter

Senate reception room, 294, 294, 294

skylights, 242

stairways

private, 267, 278, 292

public, 238, 239

symbol of unity, 257–258

tile, 241

window and door casings, 242, 257

Capitol grounds

architect placed in charge of, 342

Brown, Senator Albert G., 235

Brown, Arthur, San Francisco architect, 422

Brown, Glenn, architect/historian, 14, 368,

376, 399

Brown, Justice Henry, 365

Brown, Henry Kirke, sculptor, 252, 279, 302

Brown, J. Carter, museum director, 452

Brown, Robert, mason, 25, 170

Brumidi, Constantino, artist, 228, 236, 248, 360

Agriculture Committee Room, 250, 251, 

252, 259

Apotheosis of Washington, 322–323

architectural features and, 267

art commission and, 302

Calling of Cincinnatus from the Plow, 

250, 251, 252

Clark portrait, 338

Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of

Hostilities Under the Flag of Truce, 271, 

279, 415

House chamber ceiling, 263

Senate committee rooms

Military Affairs, 282

Naval Affairs, 260

staircases and, 278

wages, 252

Bryant, marble clerk, 219

Buchanan, James, 253, 261, 282, 290, 302, 316

Buckingham Palace, 189

Buffon, George-Louis, French naturalst, 14

building lots, sale of, 10, 32

Bulfinch, Charles, architect, 126, 143

accounts, 140

background, 126, 127–128

center building, 132, 135, 137, 137

dismissed, 165–166

dome designs, 145–146, 145

House chamber acoustics and, 143

landscaping, 161, 162–163

lantern and, 130

Latrobe designs and, 128

pediment sculpture, 157

picture gallery and, 135

prolonging work, 162

rotunda and, 153

salary, 128, 147

statue of Washington and, 174

Thornton, views on, 133

west terrace and, 159, 160

Bulfinch, Hanna Apthorp, 158

burial costs, congressional, 252

Burke, New York upholster, 180

Burnham, Daniel, Chicago architect, 375, 407

Busby, C. A., English architect, 151

Butler, Congressman Benjamin, 361, 378

Butler, Senator Pierce, 4

Byington & Company, Washington brick

makers, 213

C

Cabin John bridge, 217

cabinet departments, relocated to Capitol Hill,

100

Caldwell, Timothy, mason, 53

Calling of Cincinnatus from the Plow, by

Brumidi, 250, 251, 252

Cameron, Simon, secretary of war, 311,

315–316

Campbell, Congressman John W., 162

Campbell, Congressman Lewis D., 234

Campbell & Coyle, lumber yard, 267

Campioli, Mario, assistant architect of the

Capitol, 439, 447

Cannon, Congressman Clarence, 433

Cannon, Speaker Joseph G., 377, 377, 377

chairman of House Office Building

Commission, 379
Index 487

enlargement

1872, 340–344

1910–1940, 407, 407

size in 1828, 162

See also landscaping

Capitol Hill, property improvements, 341, 343

Capitol power plant, 175, 378, 386, 386, 403,

429

Capitol Preservation Commission, 459

Capitol rooms, numbered

House

H–109, 64

H–128, 259

H–142, 227

H–153, 64, 75

H–212, 363

H–213, 362

H–214, 363

H–328, 276

Senate 

SB–17, 178

SB–18, 178

S–126, 242

S–127, 259

S–143 & 144, Senate meeting in, 76

S–145, 400

S–146 (with 146A), 305

Senate meeting in, 86

Supreme Court meeting in, 89

S–211, 368

S–214, 437

S–215, 303

S–216, 303

S–229, 368

S–231, 173, 175

S–233, 132

S–313, 267

Capitoline Hill, Rome,10

Car of History, by Franzoni, 119–120, 120,

121, 132

carpenters

hall, 28

trouble with, 34

number working (1821), 144

carpentry

center building, 137

extension, 242

carpet

Brussels, 284

committee rooms, 241

library fire (1826) and, 158

House chamber

post-fire, 144, 180

extension, 267

Supreme Court chamber restoration, 449

tapestry, 286

Carrère, John M., New York architect, 380,

380, 380

Carrère & Hastings, New York architects

Cannon Building addition, 405–406

east front extension and, 391, 421

House chamber reconstruction, 393–394

imitation stone and, 389–390

office buildings and, 380–381

Russell Building addition, 407–408, 408

sculptors and, 392

Senate chamber reconstruction, 401–403

Carrier Engineering Corporation, 402

Carroll, Senator Charles, 5

Carroll, Daniel, of Duddington, 11, 13

Carroll, Daniel, of Rock Creek, commissioner

of the federal city, 7, 27

Carshore, Andrew Mayfield, amateur

architect, 15

Carstairs, Thomas, Philadelphia builder, 23

Carstens, Emmerich, decorative painter, 247,

360

investigation of, 363–364

library building and, 353

marriage, 309

portrait by Brumidi, 338

retirement, 369

Clark, Joseph, architect/builder, 12, 24

Clark, Senator Joseph, 424

Clarke, Senator John H., 184

classical, stylistic influences of, 226, 347, 348,

358

Clay, Henry, 94, 97, 165, 174

Clements, A. N., sand merchant, 202

Clérisseau, Charles-Louis, architect, 12

Cleveland, Grover, 354

Clinton, Vice President George, 87

Clinton, William J., 445, 459, 460

cloakrooms, 266, 361, 373, 396

clocks, 120, 121, 272, 449

Cluskey, Charles B., Washington architect,

188, 337

Coast and Geodetic Survey, 378

Cobb, F. H., engineer, 348

Cobb, Howell, secretary of the treasury, 297

Cobb, Congressman Thomas W., 141

Cockburn, Sir George, 98

Cocke, Congressman John, 160, 162

Cockrell, Samuel Pepys, architect, 51

Coe, Theodore I., Carrère & Hastings associate

architect, 408

Collamer, Senator Jacob, 265

colonial revival, 432

color schemes, 263, 284, 285, 302

Columbian Exposition, 375

Columbian Institute, 153

Columbian marble. See Potomac marble

Columbus Circle, 457

Columbus Doors, by Rogers, 257, 278, 324,

325, 325, 328, 360

column 

bases, post-fire chambers, 119 

capitals

cost comparison, 105

extension vestibules, 238

iron, 58

Italian, cost of, 132

sandstone exterior, 141 152

metal, 238

shafts

marble

cost, 301

discontinued, 338

east front extension, 431–432

extension exterior, 223, 224, 267, 298

imperfections, 320

Italian, 267

Walter and monoliths, 290

sandstone, 150–152

removal, 428, 429

columns

iron

Senate gallery, 133, 164

dome, 230, 231, 231, 236–237, 237

Latrobe

corn, 88, 88, 98, 102

dwarf, 117, 119

Thornton critique, 143

Egyptian, 85, 109

House chamber

post-fire, 103, 105, 110, 113, 114, 121, 

129

pre-fire, 52, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 

70, 72, 89

House vestibule, 73, 74, 98, 102

magnolia, 90, 91

Senate chamber

post-fire, 119

pre-fire, 90

Cartter, Congressman David K., 203

caryatids

extension, 221

Senate chamber

post-fire, 109, 116, 132

pre-fire, 90

Casali, Federico, bronze caster, 250, 265

Casey, Edward Pearce, 369

Casey, Congressman Robert, 448

Casey, Thomas Lincoln, 362

Cass, Senator Lewis, 223, 257

cast iron, advantages of, 226–227

Cate, Lieutenant T. J., 313

caucus rooms, 381, 383, 385

Causici, Enrico, sculptor, 120, 132

cement, 202, 203, 259

centennial ceremony, 364–366

center building

construction suspended, 26

cornerstone, 137

furniture, 153

plans

Bulfinch, 129, 135, 136

early, 33, 36

progress (1818), 137

rooms, 153

western projection finished, 146

See also crypt; dome; Library of Congress;

portico; rotunda

centering, defined, 66

central heating, 193

Central Park, New York, 343, 345

Ceracchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, 134

cesspool, north wing, 40

chair rails, 41

Chambers, Sir William, architect/author, 20,

83, 126, 152

chandeliers, 242, 257, 447

broken, 322

falling, 179

gas, 387

and electric, 367

president’s room, 287

Senate chamber restoration, 450

Senate reception room, 294

Statuary Hall, 451

White House, 387

Chandler, Congressman Joseph R., 194, 209,

224, 225, 268

Chapawamsic Creek quarries. See sandstone

Chapman, John, artist, 176

Chavez, Senator Dennis, 419

cherubs, as ornament, 265, 278, 279

Chipman, Congressman Norton P., 343

cholera, 41

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, 70, 71, 103 

Choragic Monument of Thrasyllus, 156

cistern, 40, 53

City Beautiful movement, 375, 415

Civil War

Capitol

hospital in, 320–321

illumination, 333

sanitary conditions, 314

troop occupation, 312, 313, 313–314

Washington, conditions in, 313, 314

Clair, Dr. Miles, engineer, 438

Clapham, Samuel, quarry owner, 110, 111, 131

Clark, Senator Daniel, 298, 304

Clark, Edward, architect of the Capitol, 319

appointment, 338

apprenticeship 201

background, 338

committee on ventilation, 362

employing landscape architect and, 345

enlarging grounds and, 341, 343

historian, 366
488 Index

Supreme Court chamber, 54, 98, 113

tobacco, 113, 113, 368, 389

Walter

exterior order, 299

tobacco, 240, 240–241

vestibules, 319

wooden, 40, 41, 44, 68, 77, 79, 82

Commission for the Extension and Completion

of the Capitol, 391, 440

Commission on Art and Antiquities (Senate),

448

Commission on Fine Arts, 404, 414, 422, 452

Commission on Public Buildings, 101, 112

“commissioner of dead horses,” 112

commissioner of public buildings, 112, 147,

196, 292, 342–343. See also Samuel Lane,

Joseph Elgar, Charles Douglas, William

Easby, Benjamin B. French

commissioners of the federal city

first board (1791–1794), 7–8

authorized, 7

financial troubles, 28, 32, 47

Hallet and, 21, 22, 23, 26

L’Enfant and, 11

Thornton design evaluated, 22

See also competition, 1792

second board (1794–1802), 27

abolished, 47

Adams appointees, 44

building piecemeal, 28

expenditures, 28

financial requirements, 33

Hadfield and, 29, 30–32, 34, 37–38 

loans to, 29, 37

Committee on Additional Accommodations for

the Library (Joint Select), 353

Committee on Agriculture (House), 250, 250,

256, 259, 279

Committee on Appropriations 

House, 344, 377, 377, 386, 421, 433, 442, 

447, 448

Legislative Appropriations Subcommittee, 

439, 442

Senate, 260, 352, 355, 402, 423, 447

Legislative Appropriations Subcommittee,

419, 439, 440, 441, 442

Committee on Arrangements (Senate), 285

Committee on Atomic Energy (Joint), 466, 466

Committee on Claims, 74

Committee on the District of Columbia

House, 100, 176

Senate, 368, 375, 420

Committee on Expenditures in the War

Department (House), 300

Committee on Expenditures on Public

Buildings (House), 114, 115, 129, 130

Committee on Finance (Senate), 317, 402

Committee on the Library

and works of art, 174

House, 157, 158, 392, 393, 396

Joint, 132, 252, 258, 280, 333, 353

Senate, 174, 206, 392

Committee on Military Affairs

House, 382

Senate, 216, 260, 282

Committee on Naval Affairs (Senate), 259, 260

Committee on the Organization, Conduct, and

Expenditures in the Executive Department

(Senate), 376

Committee on Public Buildings

House, 131, 132, 141, 144, 171, 180, 185, 

191, 192, 193, 205, 222, 229, 256, 276, 

318, 338, 341, 346, 403, 413

subcommittee on ventilation and 

acoustics, 361

Senate, 184, 187, 191, 192, 203, 205, 207,

298, 305, 317, 341, 343, 350, 354, 355, 358,

403, 412

Committee on Public Works (Senate), 424, 452

Committee on Public Works and

Transportation (House), 442

Committee on Rules and Accommodations

(House), 272

Committee on Rules (Senate), 401

Committee on Territories (House), 259, 422

Committee on Ventilation (Special), 329, 331

Committee on Ways and Means, 234, 236, 406

House meets in room of, 412

early meeting room, 432

committee rooms

former library space and, 388

Latrobe period, 75

north wing and, 109, 109

Olmsted terrace and, 354–355, 358–359

scarcity of, 77, 181

Senate seated in, 76, 89

“squint-eyed,” 64

Supreme Court seated in, 77, 89

rotunda and, 133, 135

temporary building for, 130 

competitions, architectural

architects’ dislike of,

Latrobe, 67–68

Upjohn, 192

extension, 185–193

Library of Congress, 352

1792, 11–18, 21

Compromise of 1850, 184, 185

Condict, Congressman Lewis, 114, 115

cone, north wing lantern, 130, 131

conference of July 1793, 23

conference plan, 23, 26, 39, 52, 55

conference room, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 36,

36, 53–54

Conflict of Daniel Boone and the Indians,

by Causici, 163

Conger, Congressman Omar D., 360

Congress Hall, Philadelphia, 7, 13

Conkling, Senator Roscoe, 358, 364

Connally, Senator Tom, 411

connecting corridors, initial idea for, 195

Connolly, John F., quarry owner, 290, 299

Consolidated Engineering Company, Baltimore

contractor, 414

Constantine, Thomas, New York cabinetmaker,

449

continental trench, construction shortcut, 

26, 29

Coombe, Griffith, merchant, 75, 162

Copeland, Senator Royal S., 401, 402

copper, for extension roof, 244

coppersmiths, 144

Copyright Act of 1870, 349

Corcoran Gallery of Art, 376

corn, as ornament, 238, 279, 319

corn cob columns, 88, 88, 98, 102

Cornelius & Baker, Philadelphia metal

workers, 238, 242, 287, 450

cornerstone

center building, 137

east front extension, 429–430

extension, 199–200

first ceremony, 24–25

Russell Building, 374

cornices, 35, 40, 77

Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of Hostilities

Under the Flag of Truce, by Brumidi, 271,

279, 415

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, 176, 203, 204,

213, 224, 230

Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army,

180, 181, 185, 189, 203, 312

Cosway, Maria, 23, 51

cotton, as ornament, 241, 248

Court of Claims, 242, 332

courtyards, western, 159, 160

filled, 444, 444, 445

Cox, Allyn, New York artist, 431

Crabb, Congressman Jeremiah, 33

Craige, Congressman Burton, 277

Cranch, William, commissioner of the federal

city, 44, 123

Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, 236, 245

art commission, 281, 302

bronze doors, 248, 248, 249, 257

Progress of Civilization, 246, 259, 280, 314

criticized, 280

installed, 327

statue of America, 314

statue of Freedom, 253–255, 254, 255, 292, 

308, 322, 325, 326–327

conservation of, 458–459, 459

statues of Justice and History, 325

Crawford, Mrs. Thomas, 331

Crayon, The, New York art journal, 222, 233,

263

Cret, Paul, Philadelphia architect, 414

Crisp, Speaker Charles Frederick, 365

Crocker Brothers & Company, copper

suppliers, 244

Crutchett’s lantern, 178–180

crypt, 138, 163, 390

Cuddy, John, ironworker, 323

Culberson, Senator Charles, 399

Cullon, William, clerk of the House, 266, 267

Cummins, Reverend George D., 271

Custis, George Washington Parke, 171

Cutler, Congressman Manasseh, 46

D

Daggett, Senator David, 131

Dalton, Tristram, commissioner of the federal

city, 44

Davis, Alexander Jackson, New York architect,

172

Davis, Gideon, Georgetown merchant,162

Davis, Jefferson, 184, 185, 211, 223, 260, 261,

282

art commission, 280

background, 216

chamber relocation, 303, 305

columns, 298

criticized, 318, 364

decorations

authority, 280

House chamber colors, 265

sculpture, 245

extension and, 191, 192–193, 215

liberty cap and, 246, 253, 254

photograph of, 216

Walter and, 224, 268, 304

Davis, Shadrach, clerk of the works, 106, 112,

122

Davis, Solomon, quarry overseer, 131

Dawes, Senator Henry L., 353, 358

Dawson, Congressman John, 49

Dawson, Senator William C., 230

day’s pay, 107, 202

Dearborn, Congressman Henry, 33, 97, 171, 174

Declaration of Independence, by Trumbull,

134, 155

decorations, 269, 279–280, 307

DeCourcy & Noell, glass importers, 244

deer, as ornament, 278, 278

Delahanty, John, mason, 25

De Lamano & Company, New York decorative

painters, 210

Denham, Zephaniah, extension clerk, 201,

219, 276, 314, 319

desks and chairs. See furniture
Index 489

DeWitt, Poor & Shelton, architectural firm,

422, 438, 447, 454, 454, 455

DeWitt, Roscoe, Dallas architect, 422, 434

Diamond, James, architect, 16

Dick, Dr. E. C., 24

Dickerson, Senator Mahlon, 132, 153

Diocletian’s portico, 150

Dirksen Senate Office Building, 418–419, 418,

420, 451

Discovery of America, by Persico, 158, 245,

426

Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto, by

Powell, 176

District of Columbia

improvements in, 342

named, 10

residents as political orphans, 101

See also seat of government, Washington, D. C.

Dobie, Samuel, architect/builder, 15

Dobson, John, stonecutter, 28, 30

Doe Hazelton Company, furniture makers, 266

dome

general

prestige of, 18

Washington’s desire for, 17–18

Bulfinch, 145–146, 145

comparative expense, 146

eyesore, 229

fire hazard, 206, 225

height reduction, 193

removal, 233

Latrobe, 91, 145

Thornton, 21, 145

Walter, 225

authorization, 230

brackets, 236

brickwork, 236, 259

canopy, 323

Civil War and, 315

columns, 236–237, 237

completed, 340

cost, 233, 235, 236

criticized, 233

design

adjustments, 230, 231, 232

initial, 226, 227

revisions, 255, 288–289, 288, 289

economic revitalization, effects on, 229

foundation, 233

illumination, 398

Interior Department and, 316–318

interior design, 232–233, 289

melting, 368

painting, 321–322, 388

livestock damage to, 321

statue for, 253–255, 254, 255, 325–327

symbol of national unity, 257–258

raising of, 353

replica, 391

weight, 235

domes, over the wings, 115

Thornton’s critique, 143

Doolittle, Senator James, 298, 304

doorkeepers’ residences, 92

doors, 37, 242, 243

Doric order, pre-fire House chamber, 58, 59

Douglas, Charles, commissioner of public

buildings, 179, 180

Douglas, Senator Stephen A., 185, 252, 257,

275, 298, 341

Douglass, Frederick, Jr., 349

Downing, Andrew Jackson, 204

draftsmen, working for Walter, 268

drapery

for paintings, 154, 164

for Senate, 94

Drinkard, William R, acting secretary of war,

F

Fairfax, Ferdinando, 95

Fame and Peace Crowning Washington, by

Capellano, 158, 162, 426, 428

Fanciulli, Francesco, Marine band conductor,

365

fancy piece, by Hallet, 17, 18, 19

fans, 291, 292

electric, 361

steam powered, 245

Utica, 272

Farnsworth, Congressman John, 360

federal city. See Washington, D. C.

Federal Hall, New York City, 4, 13, 19, 44, 158

fence, 112, 162, 341

Fessenden, Senator William Pitt, 317, 341

Few, Senator William, 5

Fillmore, Millard, 185

authority to select architect, 185, 187

decides on wings, 195

political judgment, 196

visits Crawford, 255

fire engine, 158, 159, 160

fireplaces, in Capitol extension, 193

fireproofing, and iron, 207

fires

gas explosion, 368

Library of Congress

1826, 157–158

1851, 206

Meigs’ office, 259

of 1814, 98

prevention of, 158, 176

sawmill, 292

firewood, stored in cellars, 158, 159

First Street addition, Russell Building, 381

fish ponds. See reservoirs

Fitzgerald, J. F., Company, Boston

construction company, 430, 438

floors, cleaning of, 360

Floyd, John B., secretary of war, 261

appoints Franklin, 297

background, 264

granite columns and, 267

Italian marble and, 298

leaves cabinet, 309

photograph of, 264

folding room, 379

Foot, Senator Solomon, 317, 318, 320, 328

Ford, Gerald, 438

Forsyth, Senator John, 174

Fort Pickens, 312

Fosberg, G. W., artist, 360

fountain, 348, 348, 351, 357, 352, 356

fountain, drinking, 178

Fowler, Charles, New York foundry owner,

225, 312, 337

dome contract, 298

library extension, 333, 334

Fox & Company, predecessor to Janes, Beebe

& Company, 209

frames, rotunda paintings, 155

Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, by Powers, 258

Franklin, Captain William B., engineer, 293,

294, 297, 299, 312

dome contract, 301

Senate chamber relocation, 303–304

Franzoni, Carlo, sculptor, 112, 132

Car of History, 119, 121

figures of Justice and Young America, 120, 

449

Franzoni, Giuseppe, sculptor, 59, 65, 105

allegorical figures, 71, 72

corn columns, 88

statue of Liberty, 71, 72

Freedom, by Crawford, 253–255, 254, 255

arrival, 292

293

drinking fountains, 242

dry dock, at Navy Yard, 50–51

Dumeste, J. A., Corps of Engineers, 176

Durand, John, editor, 222

Dwight, Congressman Henry, 163

Dyer, William, Washington builder, 46

E

eagle, as ornament, 278

Eagle, figure of

by Franzoni, 59, 65

Thornton’s critique, 81

by Valaperti, 120

Easby, William, rigger and commissioner of

public buildings, 174, 196, 216

library fire, 206, 207

Walter, 211–212

east front extension

cornerstone, 429–430

first proposed, 328

interest in, 369, 377, 390–391

on Olmsted plan, 347

portico demolition, 428, 429

progress, 430–433

Walter

1865 design, 332

1874 design, 353

east plaza, parking, 423, 456, 459

Eastern Branch. See Anacostia River

Edison Company for Isolated Lighting, 366

Edmands, Congressman John Wiley, 229

Edmunds, Senator George F., 353

Edward Larrabee Barnes/John M. Y. Lee &

Partners, 457

Eggers, Otto, New York architect, 418

Eggers & Higgins, New York architectural firm,

418, 451

Egyptian library, Latrobe, 85, 85, 114

Eisenhower, Dwight, 419, 429

electric call buttons, 373

electric lighting, 356, 359, 360, 364

fixtures, 387

House wing, 366–367

Senate wing, 366

terrace, 359, 366

electricity, production of, 386

elevators, 360

Elgar, Joseph, commissioner of public

buildings, 146

aqueduct, 176

dismisses Bulfinch, 165

monolithic column shafts, 150–151

sculpture for east portico, 157

Ellender, Senator Allen J., 419

Ellicott, Andrew, surveyor, 8, 10

Elliott, William P., Washington architect, 189,

192, 194

embargo, 70, 86, 89

Embarkation of the Pilgrims, by Weir, 176

Emory, Amos, Iowa architect, 427

Emory, Matthew, granite merchant, 202, 293

energy conservation, 451

Ensign, William L., acting architect of the

Capitol, 460

entablature, 20, 119

Eppes, Congressman John Wayles, 74, 76

Erechtheion, Athens, 401

Esty, Alexander, Boston architect, 353

Everett, Edward, congressman, senator, and

secretary of state, 157, 158, 162, 163, 245,

246

Ewbank, Thomas, Patent Office commissioner,

204

executive apartment. See president’s room

extension. See Capitol extension
490 Index

casting of, 308, 322

conservation of, 458–459, 459

headdress criticized, 326–327

installation and celebration, 325–327

patina, 325

prompts revision to dome design, 288–289

freestone, 25. See also sandstone

French, Benjamin Brown

Capitol illumination, 333

commissioner, 217

cornerstone ceremony, 200

disbursing officer, 319

House chamber, opinion of, 269, 271

removed from extension office, 323

resuming work during war, 316

sculpture installation, 245

secession, opinion of, 309

Senate chamber, opinion of, 286

Statuary Hall and, 330

support for Andrew Johnson, 342

French, Benjamin B., Jr., 337

fresco, technique described, 250, 252

Fromentin, Senator Eligius, 100

funds spent

account of (up to)1794, 28

account of (up to)1802, 47

account of 1815–1817, 114

account of 1815–1818, 129

account of 1817, 129

account of 1828, 164

furnace, hot air, 259

furniture, 130, 266, 303

desks and chairs

House chamber, 265–266, 266, 298, 308, 

396

Senate chamber, 286, 499

House

Latrobe, 68

Walter, 265–266

Woods, 396

House committee rooms, 371

members’ retiring room, 362

Senate, 87

Supreme Court, 90

G

Gage, Warner & Whitney, tool supplier, 243

Gallatin, Albert, secretary of the treasury, 47

galleries, 266, 285, 396

Galt, Alexander, sculptor, 250

Galway, James, painter, 321

garages, 422, 423, 433, 434

Gardnier, Samuel, inventor, 366

Garfield, James A., 344, 361

Garnett, Congressman, Muscoe, 281

Garnsey, Elmer, artist, 388

gas 

explosion, 366–368, 367

leaks, 364

lighting, 178–180, 218, 285

chandeliers, 275, 287, 294

exterior fixtures, 356

House chamber, 265

sconces, 270, 270

pipes, 242

structural problems, 179

gate houses, 159, 161, 163, 164

Genius of America, by Persico, 157, 158,

162, 428

George Washington Resigning his

Commission, by Trumbull, 155

George Washington University, 153

Georgia Marble Company, 426, 428

Georgian architecture, 13, 19, 21

Georgian revival, 405

Gerry, Vice President Elbridge, 108

foundations, 31

Hamilton, Alexander, secretary of the

treasury, 5, 45

Hamlin, Talbot, biographer, 154

Hammitt Desk Company, 266

Hantman, Alan M., architect of the Capitol, 460

Harbaugh, Leonard, carpenter, 38, 106, 122

Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Lawson,

Philadelphia architects, 414, 422, 433

Harbeson, John, Philadelphia architect, 422,

426

Hardison, Fred L., Dallas architect, 422, 434

Harkness, John C., sworn measurer, 219, 295

Harlan, James, secretary of the interior, 334,

337, 342

Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia),

110

Harris, Congressnman Morrison, 307

Harrison, Peter, architect, 12

Harry, Phillip, architect, 189, 192

Hart Senate Office Building, 451–453, 452, 453

Hartnet, John, mason, 110, 111, 117, 129, 131

Haskell, Douglas, editor, 425

Hastings, Thomas, New York architect, 380,

380, 380, 381, 399, 403

Hayden, Senator Carl, 447

Haydock, stone cutter, 107

Hayes, Rutherford, 353

Hayward & Bartlett, Baltimore ironworkers, 333

health

air conditioning effects on, 402

Capitol effects on, 184–185, 287, 305

ventilation effects on, 329, 363, 364

Healy, George P. A., artist, 316

hearths, 41

heating and ventilating, 193, 245, 291, 291

former library space, 371

Post Office extension, 292–293

rotunda, 154

See also House chamber, in the extension; 

Senate chamber, Walter; ventilation

Hechinger Engineering Corporation, 408

Heebner, Charles, marble merchant, 277

Henderson, stone carver, 112

Hennings, Senator Thomas C., 453

Henry, Chick, Washington plasterer, 371

Henry, Joseph, secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution, 194, 270, 331

acoustics committee, 219

marble commission, 204

reprimanded by Meigs, 258

ventilation committee, 362

Henry, William Wirt, orator, 365

Hepburn, Congressman William, 376, 379

Hibbard, Congressman Harry, 229

Higgins, Daniel Paul, New York architect, 418

Hill, Samuel, Boston engraver, 10

Hints on Public Architecture, 182

historic preservation, 425–426, 439, 441, 445,

451

Hoban, James, architect/builder, 122, 141

ignores bad workmanship, 27

Latrobe and, 65, 93

north wing construction, 38

“oven” and, 45

President’s House

repairs, 101, 102

south portico, 153

Senate chamber and, 43

surveyor of public buildings, 23

Hoffman, Congressman Clare E., 433

Holland, John Joseph, decorative painter, 69

Hollings, Senator Ernest, 441

Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, 310

Hoover, Andrew, lime merchant, 202

Hope, by Persico, 157, 158

hospital, 27, 321

Gibson, J. & J. H., Philadelphia ornamental

glass makers, 245, 263

Gilbert, Cass, New York architect, 403–405,

404, 404

gilding, in Library of Congress, 210

Gilman, Ephraim, gilder, 155

Gilmer, Congressman John A., 277

Gimbel Brothers, New York merchants, 382

Girard College, 190, 190, 194, 209, 226

Givan, Alexander, architect/builder, 12

glass

English, 69, 70

German, 66, 69

hammered, 431

north wing, 38, 40, 41

plate, 244

gneiss, foundation stone, 202

Goldsborough, Congressman Charles, 100

Gothic style, 358

Grain Market, Paris. See Halle au Bled

granite

extension, 202, 219 

exterior column shafts, 267, 291

grounds, 356

Post Office extension, 293

grape, as ornament, 238, 265

Grecian architecture, Latrobe’s taste for, 68

Greek revival, 226

Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson, real estate

syndicate, 28

Greenough, Horatio, sculptor

endorses Lee marble, 205

statue of Washington, 171, 174–175, 175

criticism, 174, 246

relocation, 189

Rescue, 158, 245, 246

Greenwood, Congressman Alfred, 229

Gregg, Andrew, congressman and senator, 68,

86

Gros, Antoine Jean, French artist, 340

Grosvenor, Congressman Thomas P., 100

grotto. See summerhouse

grounds. See Capitol grounds

gutta-percha, 242

gutters

extension, 328

north wing, 38, 41, 53, 76

snow melting, 361

H

Hadfield, George, architect, 51, 72, 406

background, 29

cabinet offices, 38

dismissed, 38

modifications proposed, 30–32, 31

restoration cost estimate, 100

Senate chamber and, 43

hail, damage from, 266

hair, for plaster, 40

Hale, Senator Eugene, 354, 355

Hale, Senator John P., 303, 305

Hall, J. P., 356

hall of columns, 240–241, 240, 259, 411

Hall of the People. See rotunda

Halle au Bled, 63, 63, 64, 70

Jefferson’s admiration for, 23, 56, 67

skylights, Latrobe’s objections to, 63

Halleck, Congressman Charles, 420

Hallet, Etienne (Stephen), architect

background, 17

competition prize, 21

designs

courtyard, 26, 36, 39

fancy piece, 17, 18, 19

final competition, 21, 22

employment, 23, 26

evaluation of Thornton’s design, 22
Index 491

Houdon, Jean-Antoine, sculptor, 171

House chamber

in Brick Capitol, 143

in the extension

acoustics, 270–271, 287

artwork, 302

carpentry, 267

ceiling, 263, 264

cotton ornaments, 247

temporary supports, 412

clock, 272

color scheme, 302

criticism, 271, 281

doors, 265, 265

fly doors, 265, 266

floor replacements, 361, 372, 373

furniture, 265–266, 298, 308, 396, 396

gallery seats, 266

heating and ventilating, 245, 271, 272

air-conditioning, 402

hospital, 321

lighting, 265

electric, 367

plans, 198, 220

reconstruction, 411–415

proposed, 381, 393–396

relocation, 217–218

sections, 199, 221

skylight, 263, 264

Speaker’s rostrum, 268

television coverage, 415

voting, electronic, 415

in Library of Congress, 45, 61

in the “oven,” 45–46, 46, 54, 55, 60, 122

in the south wing

post-fire

acoustics, 141–144

alterations (1832), 180

carpet, 180

ceiling, 132, 210

chandelier, 179

colonnade, Thornton critique, 143

columns, 103, 105, 110, 113, 114, 121, 129

bases, 119

capitals, 105

design, 103–105

dome, 115

furnishings, 130

lantern, 104

marble, 132

religious services in, 144

sculpture, 120

venders in, 329, 330

windows, 180

See also Statuary Hall

pre-fire

acoustics, 71, 72

ceiling decoration, 69

columns, 52, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68,

70, 72, 89

colonnade, 57, 57, 102

description, 72

destroyed, 98

Hallet plan

criticism, 52

description, 55–56

variations on, 52, 56

raising of, 56

press reviews, 71

sculpture, 71, 72

House chamber vestibule (small House

rotunda), 59, 73, 74, 98, 390

House of Commons, Dublin, 55

House of Commons, London, 225, 363

House Office Building Commission, 379, 433

House office buildings. See Cannon Building

(1908), Longworth Building (1933),

Latrobe and, 61, 76, 87, 94

L’Enfant and, 8, 11

library, 110, 132

Maison Carrée, 13

“oven,” 45

panel lights, 67, 70

President’s House, design for, 15

public speaking, 54

reputation, 70

Residence Act, 5, 6

retirement, 86

rotunda and, 134

Senate chamber

arrangement of, 41

raising of, 77

south wing

approves changes, 58

construction pace, 53

statues of

by David d’Angers, 50

by Powers, 258

Virginia capitol, 12, 12, 13

Jenckes, Congressman Thomas A., 361

Jenkins Hill, 8, 11

jet d’eau, 285

Johnson, Andrew, 193, 334, 338

Johnson, Congressman James, 140

Johnson, Lady Bird, 448

Johnson, Lyndon B., 421

Johnson, Senator Robert W., 222, 223, 305, 306

Johnson, Thomas, commissioner of the federal

city, 8, 13, 27

Johnston, Senator Josiah S., 157

Johnston, Senator Samuel, 5

Jones, John, guard, 206

Jones, Walter, Latrobe’s lawyer, 94

Joyce, Mr., stone carver, 147

Judiciary Square, 89, 353, 404

Jupiter, Stator, temple of, 62, 152

Justice

by Carlo Franzoni, 120, 449

by Persico, 157, 158

Justice and History, figures by Crawford, 325

K

Kearney, John, plaster contractor, 40

Kennedy, Senator Anthony, 298, 305

Kennedy, John, 432, 445, 445

Kensett, John F., artist, 302

Kerr, Congressman Michael C., 361

Key, Francis Scott, lawyer, 94, 95

Kidder, Dr. J. H., 363

King, James, Washington architect, 189

King, John Crookshanks, sculptor, 432

King, Senator Rufus, 5, 109, 110

Kinyoun, Dr. J. J., 363

Kirtland, Charles, New York foundry owner, 337

Know-Nothing party, 248

Kreps & Smith, New York gilders, 180

L

labor problems

carpenters, 34

grounds, 348

masons, 30

stone cutters, 130, 159–160

stone workers strike, 330

laborers

number working, 144

wages, 129

See also workmen

ladies retiring room, 267

Lafayette, Marquis de, portrait by Scheffer,

176, 271

Lafayette Square, landscape tied to Capitol, 346

La Follette, Senator Robert, 417

Lambdin, James R., artist, 302

Rayburn Building (1965)

House pediment, sculpture for, 391, 392–393

Houston, Sam, congressman and senator

fights library fire, 158

investigates extension office, 211–213

criticizes sculpture, 280

Howard, Senator Jacob, 342

Howe, Senator Timothy, 352, 353

Howland, Dr. Richard, National Trust

president, 425, 426

Huddleston, Senator Walter D., 441

Humphreys, General A. A., 343

Hunter, Senator Robert M. T., 184, 194, 207,

209, 257

Huxtable, Ada Louise, critic, 424

I

Iardella, Francisco, sculptor, 112, 113, 113

ice, 361

immigrants, prejudice against, 248

inaugurals, location of, 165

industrialization, 243, 243

Inge, Henry, cabinetmaker and ironmonger, 75

Ingersoll, Congressman Charles, 101

Inman, Henry, artist, 176

insects, as ornament, 265

iron

beams, 148

ceilings

hall of columns, 240

library, 208, 209

Speaker’s office, 269, 269

staircases, 307

columns, Senate gallery, 164

dome. See dome, Walter

fireproof construction, 207

pipes, 176

railings

to protect artwork, 135, 162

terrace, 162

library, 159

reinforcement, 130

roof, south wing, 68

window and door casings, 242

Isherwood, Robert, Washington merchant, 152

Iverson, Senator Alfred, 304

Izard, Senator Ralph, 4, 5

J

Jackson, Andrew, 156, 165, 166

Jackson, Congressman John G., 68

Jacobs, Congressman Andrew, 440

Jacobsen, Hugh Newell, Washington architect,

445

jail, Alexandria, 166

James Madison Memorial, 453–454, 454

James Madison Memorial Building. See Library

of Congress, Madison Building

Janes, Beebe & Company (later Janes, Fowler,

Kirtland & Co.), New York foundry

iron dome

contract, 298, 301

skin, 287

wartime construction, 315

work force, 302

ceilings, 307

Library of Congress, 209, 333

Janes, Adrian, foundry owner, 337

Jarvis, Congressman Leonard, 171

Jefferson, Thomas

American taste and, 13–14, 50

antique architectural models and, 13, 17, 18

Capitol plan, 14

competition, 13, 17, 19

conference, 23

corn cob capital, 88, 113

Halle au Bled, 23, 56, 63, 67
492 Index

Landing of Columbus, by Vanderlyn, 176

Landing of the Pilgrims, by Causici, 163

landscaping

Bulfinch, 161, 162–163

Olmsted, 345–348, 356, 358

Lane, Samuel, commissioner of public

buildings, 112

accounts overdrawn, 140

Bulfinch appointment, 127

confidence in Latrobe, 122–123

death, 146

mantels and, 120

Lansburgh, Julius, Company, Washington

merchants, 382

lantern

Crutchett’s, 178–180

House chamber, post-fire, 104

Jefferson and, 69, 76

north wing, 111, 116, 130

lath, 40, 76

Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, architect/engineer

accounts overdrawn, 74

ancient architecture, 69

artistic talents, 126

background, 51

columns

corn, 88, 88, 98, 102

magnolia, 90, 91

tobacco, 113, 113

congressional standing, 93, 125

cost estimates

faulty, 76

for finishing Capitol, 86

for restoration, 115

dome

central 91, 145, 151

wings, 116, 117

employment

appointed, 50

city surveyor, 107

position discontinued, 94

rehired, 103

resigned, 123

Grecian architecture and, 68, 105

Hallet-Thornton design and, 52, 67

Hoban and, 65

jailed, 123

Jefferson

confidence and, 61

relationship with, 87, 94

taste of, 70

Lenthall and, 71

library, Egyptian, 85, 85, 85, 114

marble exploration, 106, 110

portico, east, 91, 150, 151

portrait by Peale, 51

President’s House and, 65

Private Letter, 67–68

rotunda niches, 153–154

sandstone and, 140

sculpture, exterior, 120

skylights

dislike for, 53

Halle au Bled, 63

panel lights, 63, 64, 66–67

Thornton

feud, 53, 56, 60, 80–82

libel suit, 82, 94–95

room shapes, 56

vaulting north wing, 82

vindication, 372

Vindication of His Professional Skill, 130

Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, Jr., 235

Latrobe, Henry Sellon Boneval, 89, 123

Latrobe, John Hazelhurst Boneval, 177

Latrobe, Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst, 101–102,

123

lightning rods, 40

lime, 103, 202, 217

lime house, 28

limestone, Indiana, 381, 443, 445

Lincoln, Abraham, 298, 307, 308

and dome construction, 315

Lincoln Memorial, by Burnham, 407

Litchfield, Electus D., New York architect, 399

Lloyd, Senator James, 85, 127

loan, from Congress, 37

loan guarantee, 32–34

congressional reaction, 33

lenders, 35

Maryland funds, 35

Logan, Senator George, 79

Logan, Vail & Company, New York merchants,

243

Lombardy poplars, 161

London, size compared with Washington, D. C., 10

Long’s Tavern, 89, 107, 108

Longworth House Office Building, 405–407,

406, 435

Look, magazine, 425

Louis XVI, portrait of, 44

Lovejoy, Congressman Owen, 279

Lovering, William, Washington builder, 37, 46

lumber, 202

Lynn, David, architect of the Capitol

architect’s office history, 401

background, 399

old Senate and old Supreme Court

chambers, 446

photograph of, 399

retirement, 419

succeeds Woods, 399–400

Lyon, Congressman Caleb, 228

M

Machen, Thomas, stonemason, 75

Maclay, Senator William, 4

Macnichol & Sons, painting contractor, 388

Macomb, Captain John N., Corps of

Topographical Engineers, 312, 314

Macon, Speaker Nathaniel, 68

Madison, Dolley, 127, 182

Madison, James, 101

flees capital, 99

House chamber revisions and, 105

Revolutionary War paintings and, 134

Residence Act and, 4, 6

uninterested in Capitol, 115

Madison Building. See Library of Congress,

Madison Memorial Building

Madison Memorial. See James Madison Memorial

magnolia, as ornament, 319

magnolia columns, 90, 91

Magruder, Thomas C., 319, 323

Mahon, Congressman George, 448

maintenance, 359–361

Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, 12, 14

Maitland, James and John, masons, 25

Mall, 8, 9, 21

focus of McMillan Commission, 375

landscape united with Capitol, 346

railroads on, 344

Mallory, Senator Stephen, 306

Malone, Dumas, biographer, 54

Maltby House, first Senate office building, 378,

381

Mann, Congressman James R., 386, 398

Mansfield, Senator Mike, 432, 447, 448, 450

Manship, Paul, New York sculptor, 428, 436

mantels, 41, 71, 74, 129, 131, 140

cost of, 120

missing, 322

stored in tomb, 313

maple leaves, as ornament, 238

Law, John, lawyer, 94

law library, 173, 305, 306

Lawrie, Lee, sculptor, 410

lead, 38, 53, 68, 69

Lear, Tobias, 27, 44

Leckie, Robert, quarrier, 119

Lee, John M. Y. See Edward Larrabee

Barnes/John M. Y. Lee & Partners

Lee, Richard Bland, commissioner, 6, 101, 112

Lee, William, 125, 126

Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 417, 436

L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, engineer

building plans and, 11

city plan and, 6, 10

dismissed, 11

Federal Hall and, 4, 158

silhouette by DeHart, 8

statue of Washington and, 170

orders house demolished, 11

L’Enfant plan, 9, 9

buildings on, 11

described, 8

Lenox, Peter, carpenter, 46, 122, 128

Lenthall, John, clerk of the works, 53, 64, 71, 83

Les Invalides, Paris, 185, 226

Leutze, Emanuel, artist, 247, 315–316, 319

Levy, Uriah P., naval officer, 50

Lewis, Congressman Joseph, 69, 74, 100, 101

Lewis, Congressman David J., 446

Liberty, by Giuseppe Franzoni, 59, 71, 72

Thornton’s critique, 81

Liberty, proposed statue of, 189

Liberty and the Eagle, by Causici, 120, 132

liberty cap

on statue of America by Crawford, 246, 261

on statue of Freedom by Crawford, 253, 254, 

255, 255

Library of Congress

general

established, 41

Jefferson sale, 110, 132

moves out of Capitol, 369

Adams Building, 408, 410, 410

Capitol

north wing, 43, 44

Egyptian design, 85, 85

House meets in, 45, 61

removed from north wing plan, 109

west center building

Bulfinch room, 149

fires, 157–158, 206

proposed location of House chamber, 

144, 180

shelving capacity, 147

space shortage, 181

stoves, 148

west central portico, 148

Walter rooms

construction, 209–211

decorative painting, 210

enlargement proposed, 349, 350, 350

extension of, 332–333, 334, 337, 338

flooring from, 139

influence on cast-iron dome, 227, 229

reviews, 222

skylight, 222

reconstructed space, 370

construction, 369–371

decoration, 388

furniture, 371

Jefferson Building

background, 344, 353, 369

interiors compared with Capitol, 388

rare book room addition, 408

Madison Memorial Building, 454, 455, 455

lighters, cigar, 361

lighting fixtures, 242
Index 493

marble

exploration, 110

extension, 218

exterior window frames, 257

first building in Washington faced with, 204

floors

from Library of Congress, 139

House corridors, 411

Statuary Hall, 330

vestibule, 319, 319

verd antique, 131, 239

See also column shafts, marble; marble

quarries

Marble Falls, Texas, 429

marble quarries

Baltimore, 119, 299

imperfections, 320

Colorado, 433

Connecticut, 131

Georgia, 410, 426, 428, 

Italy, 238, 239, 283, 290

capitals, cost of, 132

exterior column shafts, political support, 

298

Maryland, 106, 205, 290

Massachusetts, 204, 205, 290

route to Washington, 219

New York, 119, 131, 205, 299

Philadelphia, 119, 132

Potomac, 106, 110, 111, 117, 119

Tennessee, 238, 239, 239, 303, 438

Vermont, 239, 299, 358, 381, 370, 426, 428, 

433

Virginia, 106

marble room, 303, 303, 401

Marie Antoinette, portrait of, 44

marine band, 365

marine barracks, Pensacola, 283

Marine Corps, 349

Capitol police and, 349

guarding stone cutters, 130

library fire and, 206

marshal, Supreme Court, 368

Marshall, Congressman Humphrey, 279, 281

Marshall, John, congressman and chief justice,

170

bust by Powers, 258

statue by Story, 352

Marshall, Thomas W., structural engineer, 411

Marshall Building. See Thurgood Marshall

Federal Judiciary Building

Martin, James, blacksmith,164

Martin, Congressman Joe, 419, 424

Marvin, Congressman Dudley, 163

Maryland donation, 28

Mason, J. L., engineer, 203

Mason, General John, 101

masons

number working, 144

recruitment, 25

trouble with, 30

See also stone cutters

Masons, 24, 199

Massachusetts, soldiers from, 313, 313, 313

Massachusetts statehouse, 126, 145, 148

Master Plan for Future Development of the

Capitol Grounds, 455–456, 456

Maynard, Congressman Horace, 344

Mazzei, Phillip, 62, 65

McArthur, James, Philadelphia architect, 190

McBeath, & Sons, contractors, 428

McCall, Congressman Samuel, 392, 393–396

McCleland, Thomas, Virginia architect, 192

McCloskey, Matthew H., Philadelphia

contractor, 435 

McCloskey & Company, Philadelphia

contractors, 434, 435

Senate plan, 192–193, 192, 193

House chamber alterations, 180

marble building, Washington’s first, 204

photograph of, 188

Walter’s job, desire for, 216–217

Washington, George

statue of, 174

tomb of, 171

water supply, 177

Mills, Theophilus, sculptor, 392

Miner, Congressman Charles, 160

Mitchell, Congressman James, 163

Mitchell, Congressman Samuel L., 49, 54

Moberly, Charles E., artist, 360

models

Capitol as designed

by Bulfinch, 147

by Latrobe, 92, 151

by Thornton, 37

center building, 135

east front extension, 391

extension and new dome, 235

Monroe, James

dome and, 145

inaugural, 115

New England tour, 127

quarry trip, 117

urges speed, 115, 121

Moore, Henry D., Pennsylvania treasurer, 311,

316

morocco, as upholstery, 265, 266, 266

Morrill, Justin, congressman and senator

background, 344

criticizes planting, 358

enlarging grounds, 343–344

library building, 353

Olmsted and, 346

photograph of, 344

Statuary Hall, 329–330

terrace

funding, 350–352, 354

windows, 355

Morris, Senator Robert, 6

Morse, Samuel F. B., artist/inventor, 176

Mosaic Tile Company, 371

Moyamensing Prison, Philadelphia, 242

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, presidential aide

and senator, 440

Mullett, Alfred B., Washington architect, 353

Munroe, Professor Charles, explosives expert,

368

Munroe, Thomas, superintendent of the city of

Washington, 49, 76, 99, 112, 131

Murray & Hazlehurst, boiler manufacturers,

245

N

Nason & Dodge, heating and ventilating

contractors, 245, 272, 292, 293

National Arboretum, 429

National Bureau of Standards, 430

National Historic Preservation Act, 439

National Park Service, 429

National Press Club, 426–427

naval hospital, Norfolk, 166

Navy Yard, 151, 180

dry dock, 50–51

marble tests, 205

sails from, 340

Neihaus, Charles, sculptor, 392

Nelson’s Column, model of scaffold, 233

neoclassical revival, 401, 404, 406, 407

neoclassicism, 12, 19, 21, 51, 126

New York, as potential capital, 5

New York Times, 424, 442

Newsham & Company, Baltimore foundry, 274

Newsweek, 442

McComb, John, New York architect, 119, 120,

126

McCormack, Speaker John, 435, 438

McFarlan, A. B., foreman of south wing

plasterers, 250

McIntire, Samuel, craftsman/architect, 17, 17

McIntosh, stone carver, 112

McKim, Charles, New York architect, 375, 376,

377, 380

McKim, Mead & White, New York architects,

380, 390, 415

McKnight, Congressman Robert, 318, 327

McMillan, Senator James, 375

McMillan Commission, 375, 376, 377, 379, 381,

404, 408, 409

McMullen, Congressman Fayette, 209

McNair, Congressman John, 203, 211

Meade, Simeon, carpenter, 75

Meehan, John S., librarian of Congress, 206,

211, 222

Meigs, Louisa Rogers, 252, 270

Meigs, Montgomery C., engineer

acoustics, 273

Anderson and, 329

appointed supervising engineer, 215

art and artists

encouragement of, 281

search for sculptors, 245

background, 217

books, ideas from, 247

column shafts, monolithic, 290

control, lost of, 317–318

credit and recognition, 228, 247, 258, 267,

272, 274, 275, 282–283

as an architect, 272

dome 

contract, 301, 312

cost estimate, 227

raising, 353

unaware of revisions, 289

See also dome, Walter

farewell, 294–295

Franklin and, 310

glass industry, 244

Olmsted terrace, 350

photograph of, 217

plan revision, 219

Post Office extension, 230

quarry visits, 259, 283

salary, 275

snakes, 250

stonework evaluation, 237–238

Walter

dismissal, 310–312

drawings, 283

relations with, 224, 228, 287

titles, 289–290

work routine, 237

work stopped, 314

members’ retiring room, 362, 363, 395

Mexican War, 181–182

Michler, General Nathaniel, 343

Milford, Connecticut, 131

military superintendence, 222, 223, 256, 257

Millard, Thomas, New York carver, 180

Miller, Senator Stephen, 174

Miller & Coates, New York tile importers and

installers, 241

Mills, Clark, sculptor and bronze caster, 245,

307–308, 322

Mills, Robert, Washington architect, 101, 169

background, 188

Crutchett’s lantern and, 179

death, 230

drinking fountain, 178, 358

extension proposals, 182, 184, 189, 189

premium awarded, 192
494 Index

Nicholas, Congressman John, 33

Nixon, Richard, 421, 440

Noland’s Ferry, Maryland, 110, 117

north wing

post-fire

committee rooms, 109

dome removal, 193

gas explosion, 368

lantern, 111, 116, 130

principal stair, relocated, 113

progress reports, 107, 113, 131

restoration, cost of, 115

roof, 129, 371, 371, 372

staircases, 129

pre-fire, 42, 43, 44

committee rooms, scarcity of, 77

conditions assessed, 77

cost, compared with south wing, 74, 86

elevations, mismatched, 53

interior finishes, 40–41

doors and windows, 37

glass, 38, 40

plaster, 40, 41

woodwork, 41

materials, inferior, 82

roof

cistern, 53

covering, 35

gutters, 38, 41, 53, 76

leaks, 49, 

new, 76

structural problems, 52, 76

workmanship, 54

reconstruction

corn columns, 88, 88, 98, 102

funds, 79, 80

plans, 78, 78, 79, 79

progress report, 84

stairs, 83

vaulting, 82

See also Senate chamber, Latrobe; Supreme

Court chamber

O

O’Neale, William, stone contractor, 29

O’Neill, Speaker Thomas P., 440

oak, for floors, 411

Odd Fellows, 199

Oertel, Johannes, artist, 263

office story, south wing, 57, 58, 75

Olin, Congressman Gideon, 68

Olmsted, Frederick Law, landscape architect

background, 345

criticized, 352

fees and wages, 346, 348, 355

photograph of, 345

preserving views, 345–346

resignation, 354

summerhouse, 356–358, 358

terrace

funded, 354

library and, 349–354

proposed, 347, 347

windows, 355–356

trees, removal of, 348

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 375

Orr, Douglas, Connecticut architect, 438

Orr, Speaker James L., 287

Otis, Senator Harrison Gray, 126

Ould, Robert, district attorney, 341

“oven,” temporary House chamber, 45–46, 46,

54, 55, 60, 122

Overstreet, Congressman Jesse, 376

Owen, Robert Dale, congressman/author,182

Polk, James K., 171, 179, 181, 183

Polk, Senator Trusten, 305

Pompeii, 259, 260

Poole & Hunt, Baltimore foundry, 236

Poor, Alfred, New York architect, 422, 434

Pope, John Russell, New York architect, 418

porter’s lodges. See gate houses

portico

Diocletian, 150

east central

column shafts, 150–152

construction, 153, 156–157

demolition, 428, 428, 429

design, 147, 150

historical significance, 420

Latrobe, 91, 150, 151

reproduction, 431–432

sculpture, 157

step replacement, 397

Thornton, 19, 21, 150, 151

House, 327, 328, 338, 339

north, south, and west; proposal to eliminate,

320

Senate, 320, 327, 327

west central, 148, 148

braces, 438

Latrobe, 92

restoration, 445

structural problems, 437

Thornton, 36

Post Office, 188

extension, 230, 318, 334

first marble building in Washington, 204

heating and ventilating, 292–293

Potomac marble, 106, 110, 111, 117, 119, 128,

131, 140

Potomac River 3, 5, 6, 7

Potomack company, 7, 8, 27, 44

Potts, Senator Richard, 27

Powell, William R., artist, 176

power plant. See Capitol power plant

Powers, Hiram, sculptor, 245, 246, 248, 258

Praeger, Kavanaugh & Waterbury, New York

engineers, 439

Pratt, Senator Thomas J., 230

Pratt, Congressman Zadock, 180

Preservation of Captain John Smith by

Pocahontas, by Capellano, 163

President’s House

conversion

for Congress, 33, 56

for Supreme Court, 36

demolition proposal, 33

hearths for, 119

Jefferson and, 15

landscape united with Capitol, 346

never-ending work on, 160

reconstruction, 415

sandstone for, 140

president’s room, 18, 39, 287, 303, 304

press gallery

House, 367, 395

Senate, 401

Private Letter, by Latrobe, 67–68, 81

privies, 41, 52, 56, 159, 160, 162, 178. See

also water closets

Procter, J. R., 376

Progress of Civilization, by Crawford, 246,

259, 280, 280, 314, 327

Propylaea, Athens, 92

Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 348

Provost & Winter, marble contractor, 204, 237,

238, 257, 266, 276, 300, 301

Proxmire, Senator William, 448

Pugh, Senator George, 305

Purcell, Redmont, carpenter, 37

Purdy, John, lumber merchant, 202

P

Page, Russell, landscape architect, 429

paint

dome, 388

outside walls, 140

removed from interior stonework, 388, 389

painters, wages, 322

Palladio, Andrea, 20, 62

Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, 252

panel lights, 63, 64, 66–67, 104

panics, financial, 144, 147, 190

Pantheon, Rome, 14, 19, 21, 22, 132, 144, 146,

152, 155

Panthéon, Paris, 226, 228, 289, 340

papier mâché, 247, 263, 264

parade, stone cutters, 152

Parker, Myron, D. C. commissioner, 365

Parry, Henry, tile layer, 331

Parsons, William E., Chicago architect, 407

Parthenon, Athens, 246

Partridge, John A., engineer, 348

passageways

between north wing and “oven,” 54

between north and south wings, 87

between House extension and south wing, 271

Patent Office, 99, 188, 409

extension, 204, 215, 334, 338

pavement, 356

paving, in corridors, 163

Peace, by Persico, 158, 426, 428

Peace Protecting Genius, by Bartlett, 393

Peale, Charles Willson, 51, 65, 175

Peale, Rembrandt, 175–176, 279, 437, 450

Pearce, Senator James A., 206, 229, 257, 277,

304, 305

pebble marble. See Potomac marble

pediment sculpture

central, 157, 158, 162, 428, 428

House, 391, 392–393, 393

Senate, 246, 259, 280, 314

pediments, added to east porticoes, 218

Pei, I. M., New York architect, 452

Pelz, Paul, Washington architect, 369

penitentiary, Washington, D. C., by Bulfinch,

166

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, by Gevelot,

163

Pennington, Speaker William, 298

Pennsylvania Avenue, 9

Pension Building, Washington, D. C., 217, 404

perch, stone measurement defined, 25

Periphery and Historic Transition District, 457

Persico, Luigi, sculptor, 219

Discovery of America, 158, 245, 426

Genius of America, 157, 158, 162, 428, 428

statues of War and Peace, 158, 426

Philadelphia

as potential capital, 5

temporary capital, 6

size compared with Washington, D. C., 10

Pierce, Franklin, 211, 213, 219, 261

Pierson & Wilson, Washington architects, 410

pilasters, 20, 153

pine, northern white, 28, 38

Piper, Joseph, stone merchant, 202

pipes, iron, 176

planters, by Olmsted, 348

plants, stolen, 358

plaster, 40, 54, 132

plasterers wages, 40, 248

Platt, Congressman James H., 346

plaza, east, 347

Plumbe, John, photographer, 183

plumbing, 242, 371

Poindexter, Senator George, 174

police, 348, 349, 349

police protection, 358
Index 495

Purves, Edmund R., AIA executive director,

423

Purviance, Nicholas & Co., English merchants,

120

Putnam, Israel, painting of, 251, 279

Q

quarry. See marble quarries; sandstone

Quay, Senator Matthew, 376

Queen, John, mason, 112

R

Rabaut, Congressman Louis C., 411

railings

library, 159

Senate visitor gallery, 164

terrace, 162

to protect artwork, 135, 162

west walk, 165

Rakemann, Joseph, artist, 360, 388

Raleigh, Michael, ironworker, 210

Ramée, J. J., architect, 101

Randolph, Congressman John, 68, 69, 71, 75,

140

Randolph, Senator Jennings, 452

rats, control of, 387

Rayburn, Speaker Sam, 421, 421, 421

east front extension, 426–427

House chamber remodeling, 413

House office building, 433

Rayburn House Office Building, 433–437, 436

recess, 74

construction, 66

funding, 64

Latrobe’s term, 52

plan approved, 58

Reed, J. M., foundry owner, 301

Rehnquist, Chief Justice William H., 457

religious services, 144

Rescue, by Greenough, 158, 245, 246, 426

reservoirs, 177

Residence Act, 6, 27

restaurant, 178

rhythons, 436

Rice, John, Philadelphia marble merchant,

204, 205, 211, 267, 268, 274, 276, 290, 311

Rice & Baird, Philadelphia marble contractor,

204, 205, 211, 213, 223, 267, 277, 282, 290,

298–299, 300

Richardson, Henry Hobson, Boston architect,

355, 357

Richardson, Congressman James D., 379

Richardson & Burgess, Washington

contractors, 390

Rinehart, William, sculptor, 272

Ringgold, Tench, commissioner, 101, 102, 107

Rivardi, John Jacob Ulrich, 20, 21

Roberts, Ralph, clerk of the House, 432

Robinson, Senator Joseph T., 446

rococo style, 226, 238, 413

Roe, Cornelius McDermott, stone contractor,

25, 30

Roebling, John A., wire rope supplier, 244

Rogers, Isaiah, Boston architect, 175

Rogers, J. H., electrician, 366

Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, 249, 278

art commission and, 281, 302

Columbus Doors, 257, 278, 324, 325, 325, 

328, 360

Romanesque, stylistic influence, 347, 348, 356

roofs

extension, 328, 411

north wing, 35, 38, 79, 83, 129, 143, 371, 

371, 372

south wing, 64, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 94, 

129, 371

rooms, numbered. See Capitol rooms, numbered

sanitary conditions, Civil War, 314

Saxbe, Senator William, 440

Sayer-Mann Electric Company, 366

Schafer, George, cement merchant, 202

Scheffer, Ary, artist, 176

Schenck, Congressman Robert, 330

Schoenborn, August, draftsman, 201, 226, 335,

373, 378, 388

School of Surgery, Paris, 55, 89

Schott’s Alley, 418

Schrag, Philip, draftsman, 283

Schuyler, Senator Philip, 5

Schumann, F., advisory committee on

ventilation, 362

Schwengel, Congressman Fred, 427

sconces, 242

Scott, Gustavus, commissioner of the federal

city, 27, 44

Scott, Pamela, historian, 18

sculptors

desired temperament, 62

wages, 62

seat of government

location of, 3–7

moved westward, 203, 342, 343

relocation threat, 99, 101

See also District of Columbia, Washington, D. C.

Seaton, William, editor, 131

sectionalism, and art, 253

Sedgwick, Congressman Theodore, 33

Seely, Samuel, lime merchant, 202

Senate

seated in committee room, 76, 86

seated in library, 86, 87

Senate chamber

Hadfield-Hoban room, 40, 43, 44

ceiling problems, 76, 77

heating, 55

plaster failure, 54

raising of, 77

wooden columns, 77

Latrobe, post-fire room

caryatids, 109, 116

column bases, 119

columns, dwarf, 117, 119

Thornton’s critique, 143

dome, 115

enlargement, 108–109

entablature, 119

furnishings, cost of, 130

galleries, 133, 164

marble for, 131, 140

pre-fire and post-fire chambers 

compared, 132

restoration, 445, 449–450

Supreme Court using, 305, 306, 306

Latrobe, pre-fire room

destroyed, 98

opened, 89

vaulting, 83

Walter room

air-conditioning, 402–403

artwork proposal, 302

carpet, 284

ceiling supports, 412, 412

color scheme, 284

criticized, 302

description, 286

electric lighting, 367

gallery seats, 285

heating and ventilating, criticized, 305

plan

original, 197

revised, 217–218, 220

reconstruction, 412–415

proposals for, 303–304, 304, 401–403, 

401

rooms, shaped like musical instruments, 56

Roosevelt, Congressman Robert B., 344

Roosevelt, Theodore, Sr., glass importer, 244

Ross, General Robert, 98

rotunda

Capitol

artwork proposed, 302

Bulfinch, 154, 156

description, 153

committee rooms and, 133, 135

conversion into reading room, 353

early designs for, 26, 118, 133, 134

events in, 165, 333

floor

opening, 163, 164, 171, 233

disk, 389

heating, 154, 155, 161, 163, 320

hospital, 320

improvements, 369, 373

proposed, 388, 388

niches, 153–154

sculpture, 163

size, 153

walls, 146

painting, 153, 163

paint removal, 388, 389

Walter period expansion, 232, 236

temporary roof, 233

office buildings, 381

Russell Building, 384

Rotunda, University of Virginia, 14

Royal Bavarian Foundry, Munich, 308, 324

Ruins of Palmyra, 150

“rumpus room,” 446

Rush, William, sculptor, 41

Russell Senate Office Building, 381, 384,

384–385, 451

C Street improvements, 407–408

First Street addition, 407–408, 408

S

Sage, Congressman Russell, 235

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, sculptor, 375

Saint Isaac, Cathedral of, St. Petersburg, 226

Saint Paul, Cathedral of, London, 185, 189, 226

Saint Peter, Cathedral of, Rome, 226

salaries and wages

bricklayers, 129

Bulfinch, 128

clerk, 201

day, disadvantages of, 107, 202

laborers, 129

Latrobe, 103

Meigs, 275

Olmsted, 348

painters, 322

sculptors, 129

stone workers, 129, 330

superintendent, 202

Walter, 196

Woods, 376

sand, 202

sandstone

Aquia Creek quarry, 25

Chapawamsic Creek quarry, 28, 107

columns shafts, 150–152

Connecticut, 106

cost, 129

compared with Potomac marble, 111

defects in, 140, 204, 328, 425, 437

delivery of, 153

north wing

first set, 30

progress, 35

repairs using, 103

rotunda, 141

west front restoration, 443, 445
496 Index

vice president’s desk, 283, 283

wartime conditions, 313–314

windows for, 364

Senate Office Building Commission, 381, 418,

419, 420, 451, 452

Senate office buildings. See Russell Building

(1909), Dirksen Building (1958), Hart

Building (1982)

Senate Parks Commission. See McMillan

Commission

Senate reception room, 294, 294, 294

Senate vestibule, doors, 242 

Senators’ retiring room (marble room), 303,

303, 401

Seneca stone, 162

Sengstack, Mr., ornamental painter, 180

Seward, Senator William, 257, 284

Sewell-Belmont House, 451

Shelton, Jesse M., engineer, 422, 434

Shepley, Henry, Boston architect, 422

Shiver & Brothers, power tool suppliers, 244

sidewalks, between Capitol and President’s

House, 41

Simmons, Senator Furnifold M., 399

Sims, Congressman Thetus, 387

skylights

broken by hail, 266

chambers, 242

House chamber, 263

Latrobe’s opinion of, 53

Library of Congress, 222

Meigs’ opinion of, 218

temporary roof, 233

slaves

at the quarry, 25, 129

depictions in art, 252, 279

earnings, 28

firewood for, 35

food for, 28, 34

slave emancipation, depicted in art, 392

Slight, Pringle, master carpenter, 169, 176, 222,

233, 241, 242, 266

Slum’s Row, 418

Small, Jacob, architect/builder, 117

Small, William, draftsman, 117

small House rotunda. See House chamber

vestibule

small Senate rotunda, 79, 111, 367, 367, 389

Smeaton, John, engineer, 51

Smith, Senator Alexander, 424

Smith, Caleb, secretary of the interior, 318, 320,

322

Smith, Frederick A., engineer, 203

Smith, Congressman Jeremiah, 32, 33

Smith, John A., farmer, 177

Smith, Senator Samuel, 86

Smith, Samuel Harrison, newspaper editor, 71, 98

Smithmeyer, John, Washington architect, 353,

354, 368, 369

Smithmeyer & Pelz, Washington architects,

352, 369

Smithsonian Institution, 175

Smoot, Senator Reed, 402

snakes, as ornament, 265, 278

Sollers, Congressman August, 229

Somerset House, 13, 83

Sonnemann, Ottmar, engineer, 230, 233

Soufflot, Jacques-Germain, architect, 226

south wing

post-fire

repairs, 107, 113, 115, 131

roof, 129

dome removal, 193

replacement, 371

pre-fire

adapted for cabinet officers, 36

appropriations, 50, 62, 64, 68–69, 75–76

Stratton, Congressman Samuel S., 439

Strickland, George, artist/architect, 170

Strickland, William, Philadelphia architect, 180,

181, 190

Strieby, George, artist, 360

Strong, Samuel, superintendent, 201, 213, 337

burnings in effigy, 211

Stuart, Alexander H. H., secretary of the

interior, 196

Stuart, David, commissioner of the federal

city, 8, 24, 27

Stuart, Gilbert, artist, 27, 176, 206

Stubbins, Hugh, Cambridge architect, 452

subway, 423, 433

Sullivan, Francis P., Washington architect, 408,

412, 413

Sully, Thomas, artist, 176, 279

summerhouse, by Olmsted, 356–358, 358

Sumner, Senator Charles, 277

superintendent of the Capitol

title established, 377

title restored to “architect,” 398

superintendent of the city of Washington, 49,

112

Supreme Court

Capitol extension and, 197

meeting places, 89

new building for, 344, 403–405, 405

occupies former Senate chamber, 305–306, 

306

relocation, 455–456

room for, 77

Supreme Court chamber, 114, 448, 449

ceiling collapse, 83, 84

furniture, 90

restoration, 423, 445, 449

sculpture, 119, 120

vaulting, 82, 83, 84, 89, 113

Surrender of Burgoyne, by Trumbull, 155, 164

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, by

Trumbull, 155

surveyor of public buildings, 23, 50, 74

surveyor of the Capitol, 103

Suter, John, innkeeper, 24, 25

Swanke, Albert, New York architect, 422, 426,

434

Swanwick, Congressman John, 33

Swift, General Joseph, 115, 130, 145 

Swift, Congressman Zephaniah, 33

Symington, Thomas and Joseph, Baltimore

marble merchants, 147

T

Taft, Senator Robert, Jr., 440

Taft, William Howard, 403–405

Taft Memorial, 438

Tanner, James, 399

Tawney, Congressman James A., 386

Taylor, Congressman George, 276, 280

Taylor, Congressman John, 229

Taylor, Congressman John W., 153, 163

Taylor, Zachary, 181, 183, 185

terrace

Bulfinch, 159, 160, 236

connected to Capitol, 161, 162, 163

extension heating plant and, 245

paving, 162

Olmsted, 355, 355, 356

area covered, 356

authorization delayed, 349

committee rooms, 354–355, 358–359

first suggested, 347

funding, 350–352, 354

sidewalk lights, 359

step replacement, 392

structural condition and restoration, 445

windows, 355–356

carpentry, 64

completion estimates, 49, 61

behind schedule 61, 65–66

construction progress, 54–55, 61, 64, 67, 72

cost, compared with north wing, 74, 86

floors, 64

foundations demolished, 53, 61

furniture, 68

Hallet plan, criticism of, 52

office story, 57, 58, 75

roof, 66, 68

See also House chamber, in south wing

Spanish-American war, 368

Speaker’s lobby, 362

Speaker’s room, 41, 269, 270, 432

location of, 173, 269, 269, 270, 362, 432

Speaker’s rostrum, 268, 271

spittoons, 267, 303

Spofford, Ainsworth, librarian of Congress,

352, 353

Sprague, Senator William, 364

stables, 159, 160, 161

staff, congressional, 417, 451

staircases

extension

private, 267, 278, 292

public, 238–240, 239

north wing, 83, 113

south wing, 57,163, 166

Stanford, Allen G., Atlanta engineer, 434

Stanford, Congressman Richard, 74

Stanton, Edwin, secretary of war, 317

Stanton, Congressman Richard H., 74, 185,

193, 202, 222, 229, 252

Statuary Hall, 344, 372, 451

ceiling, 371–372, 372, 373, 388

created, 329–330

floor, 330, 331, 338

model 

for caucus rooms, 381

for proposed House chamber, 394, 394, 396

for proposed Senate chamber, 401

overcrowded, 410

redecoration, 388

steam engines

for dome construction, 233

for fans, 245, 292

for machine shop, 244

productivity and, 243

steam heat, 359, 360

Stennis, Senator John, 445

Stephens, Congressman John H., 391

Stephenson, Clotworthy, sash maker, 37

Stevenson, Congressman James S., 159

Stewart, J. George, architect of the Capitol, 419,

420, 420, 424, 434

Stewart, Colonel William, Baltimore quarrier,

131, 151

Stone, Horatio, sculptor, 228, 279, 318

stone

cutters

number, 144

parade, 152

recruitment, 65–66

strike, 130, 159–160

wages, 107, 129, 330

cutting cost, 28

exterior cleaning, 107

foundation, cost, 29

imitation, 389–390

interior paint removal, 388, 389

Storming of Stoney Point, by Brumidi, 282

stoves

coal, 259

Library of Congress, 45, 148, 148

rotunda, 154, 155, 161, 163, 360

Senate gallery, 35

under Senate chamber, 55
Index 497

Texas, Maryland, 290

See also Baltimore marble

Texas Front, 421

Thackara, James, Philadelphia engraver, 9, 10

thistle, as ornament, 240, 240

Thomas, Charles F., head machinist, 324

Thomas, Ernest and Henri, New York

ornament makers, 247, 248

Thomas, Henry F., & Company, Baltimore,

heating contractor, 292, 293

Thompson, Launt, sculptor, 392

Thompson, Congressman Philip R., 61, 67

Thompson & Brothers, plumbing contractors,

242

Thompson & Lichtner, engineers, 437–438

Thornton, Maria, 44

Thornton, William, amateur architect

background, 27

Bulfinch

criticism of, 142–143

visited by, 133

commissioner, 27

competition prize, 21, 27

dome design, 145

equestrian statue placement, 133, 170

floor plan and, 36, 39

Hadfield’s modifications and, 31–32

Hallet’s critique, 22

House chamber

acoustics, 142

elliptical plan, 105

Latrobe

feud, 53, 56, 60, 80–82

libel suit, 82, 94–95

Private Letter, 81–82

mausoleum proposal, 134, 170

north wing interiors, 40

Patent Office and, 99

portrait by Stuart, 27

Rivardi and, 20, 21

sculpture, east portico, 157

Thorvaldsen, Bertel, sculptor, 65

Throop, J. V. N., 199

Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building,

457, 458

Thurman, Senator Allen, 351

Tidal Basin, 404

Tiffany & Company, 358

tile

acoustical, 415, 446

encaustic, 241, 360, 371

French floor, 64

rubber, 411

Tingey, Commodore Thomas, 98

tobacco columns

Latrobe,113, 113

Walter, 238, 240–241, 240, 319

tomb, Washington, 170, 171, 172, 313

Tompkins, Charles H., Company, construction

contractor, 430, 455

Toombs, Senator Robert, 304

Toronto, Canada, 97

Tortola scheme, 19, 20

Totten, General Joseph G., marble

commission, 204

tourists, number of, 457

Tower of the Winds, Athens, 58, 62, 73, 147, 178

towers, ventilation, 364

Towson, Thomas, Baltimore quarrier, 119, 131,

150

Train, Congressman Charles Russell, 318

Traquair, James, Philadelphia marble

merchant, 90

Traquair, Thomas, Philadelphia marble

merchant, 119, 131

treasury building, 188, 230

Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil

Architecture, 152

Trowbridge, Congressman Rowland E., 322

Trumbull, John, artist, 121

Bulfinch picture gallery and, 135

Hadfield introduction, 29

on L’Enfant’s Capitol design, 11

on Thornton-Rivardi collaboration, 20

Revolutionary War series, 134–135, 155

restoration, 163–164

rotunda staircases, 138

Trumbull, Senator Lyman, 341, 364

Tucker, Congressman Henry St. George, 129

tunnels, 433

to office buildings, 378

railroad, 379

Turner, Judge George, amateur architect, 17, 19

Turner, Moll, 60, 95

Tyler, John, 174, 316 U

Underwood, Senator Joseph R., 20

Underwood, Senator Oscar, 399

Union Station, 379, 407

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. See Corps of

Engineers

U. S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers.

See Corps of Topographical Engineers

U. S. Botanic Garden. See Botanic Garden

U. S. News and World Report, 442

Upjohn, Richard, New York architect, 190, 192

Usher, John P., secretary of interior, 323, 327,

333

V

Valaperti, Giuseppe, sculptor, 112, 120

Vallance, John, Philadelphia engraver,9, 10

Van Cortland, Congressman Peter, 68

Van Devanter, Willis, Supreme Court justice, 403

Vanderlyn, John, artist, 176

Van Ness, John, commissioner, 93, 101, 102,

112, 123

Varnum, Congressman Joseph, 33

Vaux, Calvert, New York architect, 345, 348

venders, in old House chamber, 329, 330

ventilation

House chamber

criticized, 225, 361–364

improvements to, 361, 362–363

investigations, 363–364

mechanical, 218, 220

Senate chamber

criticized, 225, 305, 364

improvements, 364

ice to cool, 361

towers, 364

See also heating and ventilation

ventilators, 362

Vermont Marble Company, 428

Vernet, Horace, artist, 258

Vest, Senator George G., 355

vice president

desk, 283, 283

office, 173, 175, 303, 401, 437, 437

Vincenti, Francis, sculptor, 238, 250

Vinson, Congressman Carl, 433, 434

violence, 277

Virginia donation, 28

visitor center, 456, 459

Vitruvius Britannicus, 20

Vodges, Frank W., St. Louis architect, 188

Von Eckardt, Wolf, critic, 452

Voorhees, Senator Daniel W., 352, 366 W

wages. See salaries and wages

Walker, C. Howard, Boston architect, 348, 356,

357

Walker, George, recruits Scottish masons, 25

Walker, Congressman Joseph H., 363

Walker, Ralph, New York architect, 427

Wallace, Congressman Daniel, 202

Wallace, McHarg, Roberts & Todd,

Philadelphia architects and planners, 455

Wallack, marshal of D. C., 199

Waller & Morton, shipper, 150

Walter, Thomas U., architect

Anderson and, 329

annual reports of

1863, 328

1864, 331–332

background, 190

Clark and, 373

color scheme opinion, 269

competition of 1850–1851

entries, 190, 193

trips to Washington, 194–195

Davis, assaults from, 304

dome, 225

first design, 226, 227

revisions, 255

1874 designs for enlargements, 353

Franklin and, 297–298

Houston committee, 213

Library of Congress

competition, 352, 353

iron room for, 207, 209–211

Lincoln assassination, 333

marble commission, 204

Meigs and

architectural drawings, 293

attempted dismissal, 310–312

censured by, 287

design control, 267

early relations with, 224

refutes claim as architect, 273

titles, 289–290

Mills foundry, 322

monolithic shafts and, 291

Olmsted terrace, 350

photograph of, 190

resignation, 334–335

salary, 196

secession and, 308

Statuary Hall, 330–331

Walter, William B., Philadelphia glass

merchant, 244

Wanamaker, John, Company, 382

War, by Persico, 158, 426, 428

Ward, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, 392

Warnecke, John Carl, New York architect, 451,

452

Warner, Cyrus W., New York architect, 188

wash basins, 242

Washington, Bushrod, 175

Washington, George

capital and

city plan, 9

promotes Potomac capital, 5

removal of government, 42

Capitol and

competition and, 17

completion of, 34

cornerstone, 24

piecemeal construction, 28–29

progress of, 27

revisions proposed, 26, 32

Thornton design, 19

tomb in, 170, 171

portraits of

by Peale, 175–176, 437, 450

by Vanderlyn, 176, 271

Potomack Company, 7

row houses destroyed, 99
498 Index

statues of

by Greenough, 171, 174–175, 175

criticism, 246

relocation proposed, 189

equestrian, 8, 133, 170, 171

Washington, Congressman George Corbin, 176

Washington, John A., 171

Washington, Martha, 170

Washington Aqueduct, 215, 225, 235, 283, 285

Washington at Valley Forge, by Brumidi, 282

Washington, D. C.

authorized, 4

livestock in, 321

named, 10

size, 10

Walter’s opinion of, 329

wartime conditions, 313, 314

See also District of Columbia, seat of

government

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C.,

188, 200, 344

Washington Post, 441–442

Washington Star, 426, 442

water, brought to Capitol, 176–178

water closets, 46, 242, 360. See also privies

Watterston, George, librarian of Congress, 157

Webster, Daniel, 100, 158, 174

connecting corridors, originator of, 195

extension cornerstone, 200

Weir, Robert, artist, 176

Wendell, Cornelius, brick supplier, 221

Wenderoth, Oscar, architect, 381

West, Clement, architect/clerk, 199, 323

West, George, artist, 259

west front, 179, 391, 392

west front extension, 347, 353, 437–442, 441

west front restoration, 439, 442, 443, 443, 445

Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing

Company, 367

West Point, 230, 258, 302

Westward the Course of Empire Takes its

Way, by Leutze, 316, 319

wharf, 25, 29

White, Alexander, commissioner of the federal

city, 6, 27

White, George M., architect of the Capitol

appointment, 440

bicentennial, 458–459, 458

Hart Senate Office Building, 451–453, 452, 

453

master plan, 454–457, 456

restorations, 445, 448–459, 459

retirement, 459–460

Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary

Building, 457, 458

visitor center, 459

White House. See President’s House

White Sulfur Springs, Virginia (now West

Virginia), 291–292

Whittlesly, Congressman Elisha, 159, 171

Wickliffe, Congressman Charles Anderson,

159, 162, 163

Wiggington’s Island, 45

Wiley, Allen, bricklayer, 35

Will, George, journalist, 441

Willard, Simon, Boston clockmaker, 449

Willard, Solomon, model maker, 135

Williams, Congressman David R., 74, 77, 78

Williams, Elisha Owens, 27

Williams, Wheeler, sculptor, 438

Williams, William, Philadelphia builder, 23

Williamson, Collen, head of stone department,

25, 27, 30

Wilson, Henry, senator and vice president,

282, 437

Wilson, Woodrow, 54, 394–395

Winder, General William H., 98

windows, 37, 242

Winter, Ezra, artist, 412

Wintersmith, Charles, amateur architect, 16

Wirt, William, attorney general, 147

Wise, Congressman Henry, 222

Wisedell, Thomas, New York architect, 348,

349

Witherill, Dr. Charles M., physicist, 331

Witte, Congressman William H., 268, 271, 274,

276

Wood, Congressman Fernando, 360

Wood, John, photographer, 258, 260

Wood, Congressman Silas, 144

Woods, Elliott, architect of the Capitol, 368

acting architect, 369

AIA membership, 398–399

appointment, 376–377

bonus, 386–387

death, 399

east front extension, 390–391

photograph of, 378

office building designs, 378–379, 379

Woods, Congressman John, 163

Woods, Robert, author, 150

workmanship, poor, 26, 29

workmen

account of

1816, 112

1817, 122

1821, 144

alcohol and, 40, 152, 324

petition Congress, 202

wages of, 129

See also laborers

Wright, Senator Robert, 56

Wyatt, James, architect, 29

Wyeth, Nathan, Washington architect, 408

X Y Z

yellow fever, 41–42

Yorktown, battle of, 258

Young, Ammi B., Boston architect, 194

zinc, French, 285, 399