NO. 12-13-00061-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

CLARENCE MONTGOMERY,

APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE

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§

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APPEAL FROM THE 349TH 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

HOUSTON COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Clarence Montgomery appeals his conviction for theft by check in an amount greater than 

$1,500.00 but less than $20,000.00. On appeal, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion in permitting hearsay testimony and that the same evidence also violates his 

constitutional confrontation rights. We affirm.

 

BACKGROUND

Appellant was indicted for passing ―hot checks‖ after opening a checking account.1 At trial, 

a bank vice president testified that Appellant opened a new account and funded it with $20.00. 

Appellant never deposited more funds in the account. Appellant then proceeded to write several 

checks without making adequate deposits to pay the checks. Due to the bank’s automatic overdraft 

protection, the bank paid the first $500.00 of the hot checks, but then began to return the other 

checks to the merchants that received them. After sixty days, the bank closed the account. The 

bank’s records indicated there were almost thirty debits and withdrawals on the account, but only 

the one initial $20.00 deposit with which Appellant opened the account. 

Local merchants and their employees testified to receiving checks from Appellant. Some of 

the witnesses identified Appellant as the one who gave them the check. One store clerk at Lovelady 

 

1 The indictment contained twenty-two counts of theft by check against Appellant. After the State rested at 

trial, the trial court granted Appellant’s motion for directed verdict on counts one through fifteen due to insufficient 

evidence. This appeal concerns only counts sixteen through twenty-two.
2

Farm and Ranch store identified Appellant as the one who presented her with a $533.15 check for 

horse feed. When the check was returned unpaid by the bank, she called Appellant, who identified 

himself as Clarence Montgomery. She told him the check was returned, and Appellant said he 

would come take care of it, mentioning a problem with child support. However, he did not redeem 

the check. The owner of the Spring-Mar Grocery identified Appellant as the one who wrote the 

grocery store a hot check. The owner of Collins Tractor testified about a check for $553.76 that his 

business received, noting Appellant’s driver’s license number had been written on the check when it 

was taken. The clerk who took the check identified Appellant as the one who passed the check. The 

owner of Crockett Farm and Fuel identified Appellant as the person from whom he took a $386.00 

check. The owner testified he went to Appellant’s house at the address on the check and confronted 

him. Appellant said he would bring the money to cover the check the next day, but he did not. The 

president of Houston County Equipment testified about a check for $925.32 taken by his business, 

and identified the photocopy of Appellant’s driver’s license made by his employee when Appellant 

passed the check. The owner of Shotwell’s Farm and Feed testified about Appellant passing a check 

for $398.00 for horse feed he bought.

When the State offered the bank’s documentation of Appellant’s account into evidence 

through the bank’s vice president, Appellant raised numerous objections. His objections included 

that the documents and the statements within them contained hearsay, and the admission of those 

documents violated Appellant’s constitutional right to confront and cross examine the witnesses 

regarding that testimony and documentation. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objections.

Appellant testified that he was working the evening shift at the Pilgrim’s Pride chicken

processing plant in Lufkin, as well as doing side jobs in home repair. He testified he was bringing 

home between $1,000.00 and $1,200.00 per month from his job at Pilgrim’s Pride, but that his child 

support payments were about $800.00 a month. Appellant testified that in late May or early June of 

2011, his hours at Pilgrim’s Pride were reduced. This was around the time that Appellant opened 

the account. 

Appellant testified that Pilgrim’s Pride initially transferred employees’ earnings to some sort 

of debit card. He testified that because of the fees charged for the use of the card and the union fees 

that were deducted through the debit cards, some employees, including him, opened personal bank 

accounts and had Pilgrim’s Pride deposit their earnings into the bank account. Appellant said he 

opened the account at First Community Bank to receive his Pilgrim’s Pride earnings, which allowed 

him to avoid the fees for the Pilgrim’s Pride debit card and the union dues. However, he claimed 
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that his checks from Pilgrim’s Pride ―didn’t make it‖ into the bank account. Appellant explained 

that before he could go and inform the bank about his problem, he was arrested. He identified and 

admitted he wrote the check to the Lovelady Farm and Ranch store for horse feed. He admitted he 

wrote the check to Spring-Mar Grocery and the check to Collins Tractor for some tools. He 

identified and admitted he wrote the check to Crockett Farm and Fuel for some hay and feed for 

horses, the check to Houston County Equipment for a couple chainsaws, and the checks to the 

Super Shop and to Shotwell’s Farm and Feed. 

Appellant testified he called the bank, and asked them to get a total of how much he needed 

to pay the checks and fees, so he could get a ―title loan‖ and pay off the bank. But he said he was 

arrested before he could resolve the issue. Appellant stated that it was his intent to pay the hot 

checks off because of ―the situation that I’m in, the way my life has been for the last 20 years.‖ He 

also confirmed that he knew at that time that there was no money in the Community Bank account. 

Later, he testified he did not know there was no money in the account, or that the checks were being 

returned due to insufficient funds. Appellant also testified to receiving thousands of dollars for 

home repair work, landscaping work, and highway clearing, but he did not deposit that money into 

his accounts.

Rita Rodriguez, who handled hot checks for the Houston County District Attorney’s Office, 

testified that, when the first hot check came into her office, she sent a letter to Appellant advising 

him of the hot check. She then called and talked with Appellant on July 29, but Appellant told her 

that child support payments had taken all his money and he did not have money at that time. As 

more checks came in, she continued to send him notices at the addresses listed on his driver’s 

license and on his checks, but he did not respond. She also attempted to call him at the telephone 

number that he had given the merchants and which she had previously called and spoken with him, 

but she was thereafter unable to contact him. Because Appellant failed to come and repay the hot 

checks, and continued to ignore the later notices of additional hot checks, the hot check office 

referred the hot checks to the district attorney for prosecution.

The jury found Appellant guilty and assessed punishment at six years of imprisonment and a 

$5,000.00 fine.2

 

2 The jury found enhancements alleged in the indictment for prior offenses to be true, raising the punishment 

level for the charged offenses to that of a second degree felony.
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HEARSAY AND CONFRONTATION

In his sole issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting Exhibit ―9,‖ which 

consisted of bank records, over Appellant’s objection that the exhibit was hearsay, and that the 

exhibit’s admission violated his constitutional right to confront and cross examine the witnesses 

who made the records.

Standard of Review

A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 

See Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). An abuse of discretion occurs 

when the trial court acts without reference to guiding rules or principles or acts arbitrarily or 

unreasonably. Galliford v. State, 101 S.W.3d 600, 604 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. 

ref’d). We will affirm the trial court’s ruling if it lies within the zone of reasonable disagreement. 

See Torres v. State, 71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

We review de novo the trial court’s ruling admitting evidence over a Confrontation Clause 

objection. Wall v. State, 184 S.W.3d 730, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Whether a statement is 

testimonial under the Confrontation Clause is a question of law. See De La Paz v. State, 273 

S.W.3d 671, 680 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). 

Hearsay and the Business Records Exception

Hearsay is defined as ―a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at 

the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.‖ TEX. R. EVID.

801(d). Texas Rule of Evidence 803 provides a list of exceptions to the hearsay rule where the 

availability of the declarant is immaterial. TEX. R. EVID. 803. One such exception is 

[a] memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, 

opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with 

knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular 

practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as 

shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, . . . unless the source of 

information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. 

TEX. R. EVID. 803(6).

Rule 803(6) does not require that the person authenticating the record be either the creator 

of the record or have personal knowledge of the information recorded therein. Campos v. State,

317 S.W.3d 768, 777–78 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). Rather, the testifying 

witness need only have knowledge of how the record was prepared. Id. at 778.
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Confrontation Rights and Business Records

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

provides that ―[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted 

with the witnesses against him . . . .‖ U.S. CONST. amend. VI. This protection prohibits the 

admission of testimonial statements unless the declarant is unavailable to testify and the accused 

had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 

124 S. Ct. 1354, 1369, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004); Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 575–76 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2010). 

In the Confrontation Clause context, ―business . . . records are generally admissible absent 

confrontation . . . because—having been created for the administration of an entity’s affairs and not 

for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact at trial—they are not testimonial.‖ MelendezDiaz v. Massachusetts, 587 U.S. 305, 324, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 2539-40, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009); see 

also Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56, 124 S. Ct. at 1367 (noting ―[m]ost of the hearsay exceptions covered 

statements that by their nature were not testimonial—for example, business records. . . .). Federal 

courts have concluded that bank records qualifying as business records are generally not 

testimonial. See, e.g., United States v. Herrera, 466 Fed. Appx. 409, 425-26 (5th Cir. 2012) 

(holding that bank records and summary of those records did not violate Confrontation Clause 

because bank records were made and kept in ordinary course of business and not specifically 

prepared for trial); United States v. Naranjo, 634 F.3d 1198, 1213-14 (11th Cir. 2011) (same).

Discussion

Exhibit 9 consisted of bank records related to Appellant’s account, including the signature 

card, payable on death beneficiary designation, and various ―Account Activity Summar[ies]‖ that 

were generated when each statement period ended. The Account Activity Summaries are ordinary 

bank statements that identify the account holder, the number and amount of any deposits and 

withdrawals, overdraft fees, identification of the checks that were returned for insufficient funds, 

and attached computer generated copies of the deposit slip and the checks written on the account for 

that particular statement period. 

The bank’s vice president testified that she was the individual who opened the account for 

Appellant, and that the documents in Exhibit 9 were created the day Appellant opened the account 

or whenever the account activity summaries came out. She also specifically testified that the 

records were created in the ordinary course of the bank’s business and made at or near the time the 

event occurred by someone with knowledge of the matters recorded in the documents. In other 
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words, the documents in Exhibit 9 were created prior to the anticipation of litigation by the bank as 

part of its ordinary business in tracking customer activity as ―business records.‖ 

As we have stated, when the evidence is nontestimonial, the Confrontation Clause is not 

implicated or violated by the evidence’s admission. Bank records are nontestimonial when they are 

created in the ordinary course of business and not specifically made for the purpose of litigation. 

See Herrera, 466 Fed. Appx. at 425-26; Naranjo, 634 F.3d at 1213-14. Moreover, bank records 

that qualify as ―business records‖ under Texas Rule of Evidence 803(6) do not violate the hearsay 

rule and are admissible in response to a hearsay objection. See Huff v. State, 897 S.W.2d 829, 839-

40 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, pet. ref’d). Since these documents were not made for the purposes of 

litigation and they qualify as business records, the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s 

Confrontation Clause objection and in admitting the bank records under the business records 

exception to the hearsay rule. 

Appellant’s sole issue is overruled.

DISPOSITION

Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

SAM GRIFFITH

Justice

Opinion delivered April 16, 2014.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

APRIL 16, 2014

NO. 12-13-00061-CR

CLARENCE MONTGOMERY,

Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

Appeal from the 349th District Court 

of Houston County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 12CR-045)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court 

below for observance.

Sam Griffith, Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.