# Patent

## Title
Method for introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream

## Abstract

The method for introducing an additive into a flowing stream of media pulses discrete quantities of the additive into the stream at a pressure higher than the pressure of the stream and at set time periods to cause the pulses to penetrate into the stream. Use is made of a nozzle that can introduce the additive in flow and counterflow to the stream of media.

## Background
This application is a Division of Ser. No. 09/936,039 filed Sep. 8, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,171.
This invention relates to a method for introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream. More particularly, this invention relates to a method of introducing an additive into a fluidized flow.


BACKGROUND
U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,717 describes a process of injecting a small portion of plastics without introducing inert gas (preloading) followed by sectional introduction of inert gas using frequencies from 4 to 100 cycles per second and a pressure of 300-1500 psi (2 to 10 MPa) into the continuous passing plastic material. The result is a multi-layered inside foamed structure. The present invention expands this method by applying injection technology used in the combustion engine technology and reaching a more intensive penetration by higher pressure (40 to 200 MPa), higher frequency (100 to 1000 hz) and more exact dosing by controlled width of the pulses, frequency of the pulses and regulation of pressure using this technology. Various designs of nozzle and channels utilizing hydro-mechanical principles can be achieved for metal, bulk materials and highly viscous melts.
EP161614 shows a device for the injection of certain amount of medium into a fluid stream. The adding of the additives happens by a charging pump which is activated by the flowing medium. Energetic mixing is not possible because of the small pressure difference,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,324 describes a device for adding additives into a liquid stream of high viscosity using a supply member standing transversely to the direction of flow. Dosing occurs in a side stream and independently of the main stream.
Devices for adding additives after a plasticizing unit are described in EP 0 432 336, WO89053226 (blowing in of air), U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,236 (spraying in of air/gas to obtain a hose with a foamed layer), and DEI 948454, BAYER, 1971 (injection of a chemical gas producer).
Use of a nozzle for the application of glue by pulsation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,521. As described, a nozzle-needle is activated by a pneumatic cylinder to move up and down, so that glue pours out in a pulsing way.
It has been known in burner systems, airless jet systems and spraying systems (atomizers) to add liquid or gas by pulsation. The present invention distinguishes from these applications by using a higher pressure of the liquid than 40 MPa and high energetic atomizing. This pressure is not possible with the nozzles used at this time. Only by electrical activated hydraulic servo valves in common rail technology can these pulsations be realized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The basic concept of the inventive method for introducing additives consist of obtaining intensive atomizing, mixing and deep penetrating of additives into a medium stream by using high kinetic energy of the additives and exact timed pulsing and exact pulse width using appropriate injectors.
The method of the for introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream comprises the steps of positioning a nozzle with an exit end in fluid communication with a flowing medium stream; and introducing an additive from the exit end of the nozzle into the stream at a pressure at least higher than the pressure of the stream and at variably set time periods to pulse discrete quantities of the additive into the stream with sufficient intensity to cause the pulses of additive to penetrate into and subsequently mix with the stream and to result in a substantially homogenous mixture of the additive and the stream.
The exact dosing of the additives is obtained by regulation of the operation parameters of introduction, for instance, pressure, frequency, pulsing width, etc.
The state of the art of combustion engines using the “common rail” injection technology is utilized. The flexibility of this system by modifying the operating parameters is the highlight of this technology in comparison to the present mechanical operated injection methods because there is injection nozzle, etc. The common rail is loaded with fuel being pressurized up to 200 MPa and supplies the injector with this constant pressure. Electronic controller activating solenoid and piezo-operated, electro-hydraulic servo-valves move the nozzle needle by push rods with high precision. According to this technology exact dosing and homogenous distribution will be obtained,
The application and further development of this injection technology is subject to utilizing this improved technology for further applications as mentioned before.
Furthermore, detailed design and configuring of nozzles, nozzle-needles, the arrangement of orifices in position and shape as well as arrangement of injectors are aspects of this invention.
The spatially predetermined position of the additives in the flowing material, also called a fluid bed, is obtained by controlling the pulsating injection. The introduction and exact dosing of additives, that is hardeners, dyes, gas producers and softener for instance, into a liquid plastic stream or metal stream for instance or the fluid bed of bulk material, such as powder, granules and pellets, is carried out by means of an injector and injection arrangements. The nozzle needle of at least one nozzle is variable and highly precisely moved for the introduction by means of a device and in such a way that an additive is dosed exactly in relation to the volume flow of the medium and that a pulsating stream is injected into the medium flowing past the pulsating stream by means of at least one well-aimed nozzle opening. The additives are dosed by means of a pressure that can be variably adjusted such as by pulse width and pulse frequency. The desired homogenous distribution is obtained by the penetrating injection jet during compounding for instance.
The invention is used in melting units, in hot channel systems, in tools, components of tools and injection molding machines, extruders, injection molding, pelletizing, and burners
Economical benefit of the present invention.
i) Introduction into a plastic melt stream. The introduction of an additive occurs downstream of a plasticizing unit. Producing material of different properties out of one plasticizing unit is possible.
ii) Injection molding systems. Predetermined properties like porosity, and coloring are possible in one process step through a variable introduction of the additive. Only multi-component injection molding machines can accomplish this today.
iii) Extruder systems. Profiles can be extruded with different components at predetermined sections which can be foamed. A portion of a plastic melt stream can be diverted in a side stream and a gas generator introduced via an injector so that this melt stream will expand and then be joined together with the material of the main stream.
iv) Plastics for sheet and tube extruders. Dyes, gas processors and softeners can be added downstream of the extruder. Therefore, a fast change of the material properties is possible that leads to economical flexibility in the production process.
v) Pelletizing systems in nutrition. Pelletizing systems can be modified by introducing flavors and additives after an extruder via injectors, so that the material does not have to go through all the total length of the screw.
vi) Chemical and Process-technological systems. Distillation-water treatment plants, oil refineries and the like can utilize the invention. In this regard, the introduction and dosing and the homogenous distribution of bleaching agents, solvents in circuits of cellulose, pulp and mechanical wood pulp can be carried out according to the state of art by dosing units with subsequent mixing. High shear forces are needed for the efficient mixing. Further, any modification of the operation parameters (because there is a change in the amount of additives or changing of color chemical additives) will have an effect only after completing a total running through of one plastisicing circuit.
The following application, processes and devices can be economically realized with the invention:
Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of additives, such as hardeners, dyes, gas processors, softener, and reactants, into the melt stream of plastics in:

    
    
        Extrusion systems for sheets, tubes and profiles,
        Compounding systems for production and adaptation of plastics.
        Injection molding, forming operation, preform manufacturing systems.
        Auxiliary processing, forming operation, preform manufacturing systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of catalyzers, reactants in flowing liquid in chemical, processing systems as well as, for instance, distillation water treatment, refinery systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of blowing agents, solvents into the circuit of pulp and ground wood systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution into alloys and metallurgical additives as well as gas processors into the metal melt flow of die casting, profile casting and continuous casting systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of additives and flavor agents for palletizing, dough and noodle processing systems in the nutrition industry.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of fuel into combustion systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of dyes and solvents in airless and spraying systems.
        Introducing, dosing and homogenous distribution of additives into fluidized material like bulk and powder material, granules, pellets in plants operating fluidized bed and whirl sintering installations.

Method of Introducing Additives.

    
    


Exact dosing and homogenous distribution is utilized. The present invention relates to introducing additives for instance gas processors into the melt stream of plastics or low melting metals, The advantage of this process is the application of light weight structures at locations of a part where it is demanded. The gas processing substance for expanding the matrix material is introduced in spatially predetermined positions. Various operation modes and combination of these can be obtained firstly by pressure differences between melt and gas processing substances and secondly by the frequency of pulsation and thirdly by the shape of the nozzle reaching into the melt channel.
i) Creation of Foam:
Creation of foam is possible using high frequency pulsation and therefore atomizing at high pressure differences and the advantages of counterflow and the subsequent high acceleration of the melt past variable sections of the melt channel. The difference in the speed of melt and additive is selected to be of a high value.
ii) Macro-Hollow Cavities:
The introduction happens by drop shaped dosing of the melt flow at low frequency of the pulsation and only small pressure difference in flow direction and essentially laminar streaming conditions of gas processors and melt,
iii) Continuous Introduction:
Continuous introduction of a string of gas processors at nearly adequate flow speed of the passing medium. Small pressure difference is an advantage.
An apparatus for injection molding of compound parts with a charger which is connected to a pump which compresses a chemical blowing agent has been described in DE1948454 to achieve a spatially predetermined foaming. Because of the insufficient mixing and dosing, the proposed foam quality cannot be reached. The present invention distinguishes from this apparatus by using injectors (combination of valve and nozzle) and pulsing injection and optionally using a continuously pressurized pipeline “common rail” and hydro-electrical activated valves. Because of the shaping of the nozzles and channels according to hydrodynamic principles as well as regulated pressure, the apparatus is different. A solenoid is activated by electrical supply and optionally controlled to generate selected wave forms from an arbitrary wave generator. This leads to an operation mode like atomizing, dosage and continuous string. The selection of pressure difference and frequency of pulsation leads to a predetermined introduction of gas processors into the melt. The exact dosing and pressure regulation leads to a targeted dosage of drops into the melt resulting in a subsequent macro hollow cavity expansion.
The apparatus for the introduction of gas generating substances into the highly pressurized melt consists of a nozzle in immediate connection with a servo-valve, or consists of a pump-nozzle system with a non-return-valve combination.
The injection technology of combustion engineering has reached a high state of art concerning the exact repeatability due to the demands of strict exhaust specifications and is especially applicable to the invention. The state of the art is shown by “fuel-injection valves for internal combustion engines” disclosed in DE2028442. The hydraulic activation of the valve push rod is regulated by a three way valve. An “injection device” with hydroelectric activation is described in FR2145081. The valve is pushed by a continuous hydraulic pressure and released by a controlled pressure loss on the backside of the push rod. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,422, the control of the hydroelectric activation has been improved by using a two circuit hydraulic system.
The present injectors show features which are necessary to comply with the demands of the inventive application and specification thereof. These are pressure regulation, electro-hydraulic activation by a push rod valve and pressure controlled by a sphere valve at the high pressure circuit, which is necessary to reach the high frequency pulsation and have the high pressure available at the nozzle needle immediately at the valve seat by a common rail system. This makes the accuracy independent of pressure and velocity differences between the gas creating substances and the melt.
The present invention relates to this high pressure technology which is to be adapted for the special condition of the introduction into the melt. The high pressure for injectors in combustion engines is needed for atomizing and distribution of the fuel in the combustion zone. The high pressure for injectors in melt introduction processes is needed to overcome the high melt pressure of about 100 to 140 MPa. Pressure of about 200 MPa can be reached by the available injectors with common rail. The continuous supply and the activation of the valves are solved with high reliability today.
An essential presupposition for running the injectors is the lubrication by the fuel because gas generating substances (water, alcohol, liquid, gas) do not have substantial lubrication effect. The basic idea of the present invention is the use of two circuits applied to the standard injectors available in the market for making additional measures.
The patent JP 8170569 shows a version of injectors for diesel engines by using a high pressurized circuit for injection and a low pressurized circuit for the servo hydraulic system. The inventive injector operates by separation of the hydro-electrical activation of the push rod of the valve which uses standard hydraulic oil and the introduction of gas creating substances happens at a slightly lower pressure (different than JP 8170569) because of a non return lock pressure that prevents penetration of the melt into the injector. Only the needle and seat of the valve are in touch with the non lubrication medium. These parts can be made of sintered highly wear resistant material and are easily changeable. The electro-hydraulic servo circuit is not effected because of the separate circuit.
Further alternative solutions for the injector are:
1) Pump nozzle system with a combination of high pressure piston and spherical valves.
2) An electric activated swing system attached to a pump piston.
3) Limits for the stroke and positioning of the inlet valve as known for airless spraying systems can be used as well. In some applications, it is an advantage to have a small pressure difference between the introduced material and the melt. For this the above solution can be used.
The regulation and control of the introduction process has the following features. Optionally, the hydraulic circuit can be separated from the gas creating substances to be introduced. The pressure p1 of the medium to be introduced and the pressure p2 of the hydraulic system are regulated by a pressure limit valve. The controller regulating the pressure depends on the melt p3, for the hydraulic system circuit as well as the injection pressure of the introduced medium. The injector is activated by a solenoid or piezo actuator. The regulation is controlled by an “Arbitrary Wave Form Generator”, known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the specification of hydraulic, nozzles, injectors and melt channel are described below.
The hydraulics for continuous production for instance extrusion, continuous casting and for part production by injection molding and die casting are prescribed. The system for continuous production is used for extruders. Continuous charging and multiple injector assembly is preferred. The system for part production is used in injection molding and die casting systems. Because of the interruption after the injection a simple solution using a pressure multiplier double cylinder is offered for injection molding systems. The hydraulic system of existing machines have usually a pressure of 26 MPa that can be used to produce high pressure by a pressure multiplying system. While plastification takes place, the pressure multiplier for the hydraulic system as well as for the introducing system is loaded with hydraulic oil and gas creating substance respectively. For the dosage of the melt with concrete size and spatially predetermined position it is necessary to achieve a constant pressure difference while injection takes place. A high pressure difference leads to the destroying of the melt. The ramping of the pressure is shown in FIG. 9. The injection pressure increases to the nominal pressure during the injection operation. During the injection, the gas generating medium must be introduced by a higher pressure than the melt. The velocity of the melt in the gate of the mould has to be equivalent to the introduction speed of the gas creating medium. In order to achieve this feature, an exact pressure regulation with electrical pressure limit and a precise activation of the hydroelectric valves is necessary. The shaping of the valve, valve seat and the smooth configuration of the melt channel according to hydrodynamic principles is important for repeatable dosage of the melt. The injectors of the “common rail technology” have the capability to fulfill these features.
The regulation of the solenoid takes place by controlling with “Arbitrary Wave Form Generator”, opening and locking can be optimized by this system. Furthermore the shape of nozzle and melt channel is described.
d) Examples of introducing additives.
The present process relates to the modification of the properties (compounding) of an original extruded material by diversion of a part of the main stream into a side stream and introducing additives into this side stream by dosing, mixing and distribution of the original material. The kind of additives determine the properties of the plastic material of the melt. These additives are, for instance, additional components such as hardeners, dyes, gas processors, softeners, fillers and reinforcements.
This process can be applied to inside melt channels of molds for extrusion as well as for injection molding systems, by means of using at least two diverted streams of melt to obtain different properties of the plastic material.
Profiles produced by this process have different properties of the material at spatially predetermined positions. This method saves an additional extruder to produce the additional material component. The essential advantage is, that based on the same original material, the waste disposal is not necessary, because based on the same material the recycling results in a unique material. The additives are introduced by nozzle, injector, charging tube, mixing head, porous sinter metal, sliding pump, charger and spraying system. The following concrete application for production of profiles are subsequently shown for instance:
i) PVC Window profiles.
Sections of the profile close to the outside or inside can be insulated with the present process by using foam filling at the concerned chambers. The calipers as used for the known multiple chamber systems will be adapted with inside channels and with the present described devices. From the main melt stream, diverted material comes to the channel duct within the caliber in which by means of a metering regulation (as there are valve, throttle) the melt is fed to the device for introduction of the additives. Subsequently, devices for mixing and homogenizing are placed in the channel to complete the compounding process.
Using PVC for the window profile the additive will be physical gas generators such as water, carbon dioxide, alcohol, glycerin, etc. The pressure ramping in the melt duct is decreasing because the additives provide additional gas volume. For expansion of the material, a conical zone is configured according to the volume increase or the velocity increase and the additional volume comes to an expansion zone (conical increasing outlet) so that the compounded material is fed to the outside as solid PVC profile shells and can be homogenous and adhesively bound together.
The advantage of the profiles with multi-components comes by the cost effective production and the better properties of the material for heat and sound insulation (low pressure within the foam cells and therefore lower heat transfer rates) and less cost for recycling of the waste material. As a variation, the additives can be introduced by singular dosage leading to a profile with honeycomb shaped cellular structures of high strength. These structures replace the necessary stiffener profiles.
ii) Window profiles out of Polyolefins.
This is as described above but using Polypropylene PP or Polyethylene PE, HDPE, and the like.
iii) Claddings or panel shaped coverings for outside or inside walls.
This is simpler than described above. The total extruded profile with foam core and large cell structure can be obtained by one diverted material stream from the main stream to be compounded within the center of the profile. The subsequent process of calibrating and cooling remains the same as before. The so obtained profiles can be used for inside cladding, mobile walls, and the like having high stiffness by using large cell striker.
iv) Tubes from PVC, PO
Because of a suitable introduction of gas generating and/or fillers, or reinforcement to the melt stream into spatially predetermined locations (as there are intermediate layer, outside layers, etc.), a multi-component tube can be produced with simple measures. The device for compounding is attached in between the flanges of the extruder and the mold and is supplied by the channels of the mold to modify the properties of the material. Another production process with excellent mixing of the melt consists of introducing the additives before the cellular pump. Another improvement can be installed by attaching a mixer or dynamic mixing head for homogenous compounding.
v) Coloring of the outside layers of the profiles.
The introduction of dyes into the diverted melt channel makes it possible to produce a fast changeable coloring process. The process is most economical, because the expensive dyes are only applied on the outside and no loss of material happens by changing of color because the extruder does not have to be emptied completely. The change of the color comes into force immediately. Further possibilities for cost reduction can be achieved by bringing the coloring to the outside layers only.
vi) Production of sheets, insulation sheet material and compound sheets.
For systems having a large working width, the additives can be introduced into the center layer of the extruded sheet, or diverted to a melt channel similar to that described before for the device as implemented into the calipers having the total width of the sheet.
vii) Apparatus for adding up an extrusion system for multi-component process.
The apparatus will be attached in between the flanges of the extruder and the mould. Following elements are included:

    
    
        1) Inlet cones with diverting device for the melt channels;
        2) Pressure and volume metering system;
        3) Device for introduction of the additives optional consisting of nozzle injector, charging pipe, mixing head, porous sinter metal, sliding pump, charger or spraying system (The mixer consist of static mixer, for instance with shafts, pins, diaphragms, helical zones.), and,
        4) The expansion zone consists of variable sections, especially for foam components or macro cellular structures in the melt stream.
    
    


viii) Apparatus for dosage and mixing of additives into liquid medium by using valve cone orifice or pocket hole orifice, especially hot runner valve. The invention relates to a multifunctional mixing and dosing head, consisting of a nozzle cone and a nozzle needle in which the volume flow is metered or blocks the outside flowing medium by the position of the outside nozzle needle and consisting of a nozzle cone and a nozzle needle, in which the volume flow is metered or blocks the inside flowing medium by the position of the inside nozzle needle.
This combination of valve, nozzle and injector leads to an economical mixing and dosing directly on the needle top of the concentric double cone.
The invention also relates to a hot runner valve, having an injector, for introducing the additives into the outer flowing medium, instead of the valve needle, Several combinations of mixing and dosing heads are mentioned, especially the attachment to plasticizing unit, extruders, melt channel and the subsequent attachment of static mixer systems.
The economical benefit consists of the spatially predetermined location of the dosage and the excellent mixing and the exact dosing according to the mixing ratio. Applications for this hot runner valve with integrated mixing head includes introducing additives like dyes, hardener, softener, gas processors, etc. directly into the plastic melt and immediately before the gate of the mould. Besides the several known two component hot runner valves, the present suggested solution has the following features:
The application of the concentric positioned nozzle needles within the nozzle needle of this invention can be compared to EP 0310 914, where a concentric positioned nozzle needle is shown in FIGS. 6.1 to 6.5. The present apparatus distinguishes from the above by using a spatially predetermined dosing of the melt while in EP 0310914 only each of the two media is switched to the mould. The present apparatus can achieve any mixing ratio in between by using the introduction of the additives by pulsation.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,496, a hot runner valve for two components is presented with concentric positioned charging tube. By the cavities (9) and (6) within the nozzle needle, depending on the position either the one or the other component is blocked or opened. The concentric shaping of the inside located nozzle makes it possible to regulate the dosing by moving the outside nozzle needle which is controlled by the inner or outer nozzle. A mixing or a fast pulsing introduction as shown by the present apparatus is not a subject of the U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,496.
The object of the present invention is not only to introduce at least two media in a concentric manner, but also to achieve a mixing, i.e., a dosage of the outer medium with the inner medium.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,184, a variation of the concentric nozzle is published, which differs from U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,496, in that it discloses the activation of the hollow shaped nozzle needle. Also in this case, there is a concentric introduction, but no mixing or dosage is the target.
The nozzle needle is activated by a push rod within the boring of the nozzle needle and is regulated by a servo-mechanic. To reach a spatially predetermined position by the dosage and/or dosing and excellent mixing, the usage of a valve cone orifice VCO and a CDI injector, as it is used in combustion engines, is an advantage. The activation of the injector is known by a hydraulic piston but also can be used for the servo-mechanics for instance, solenoid, piezo actuator, hydraulic servo, and the like.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may take form in certain parts and arrangement of parts, preferred embodiments of which will be described in detail and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectioned view of a valve cone orifice nozzle tip;
FIG. 2 is a sectioned view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating a pocket hole orifice;
FIG. 3 is an elevation schematic view of a dosing and mixing arrangement;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the schematic arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic, cross-sectioned view of a tube shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a schematically sectioned plan view of an extruder mold reducing the cylindrical profile;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged, schematically sectioned view of one of the nozzles illustrated in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a schematic, sectioned plan view of an injector fitted to a tube;
FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the injection nozzle/tube arrangement illustrated in FIG. 8 showing cascade distribution of the injection;
FIGS. 10 and 11 are schematically sectioned elevation views showing the invention applied with a plasticating screw;
FIG. 12 is a schematic elevation view showing the invention applied after the mold gate of a plasticating screw arrangement;
FIGS. 13 and 14 are schematic representations indicating the nozzle flow pattern;
FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of a dosing and mixing arrangement for a combustion system;
FIG. 16a is a schematic representation of a mold for an extruder;
FIG. 16b is an orthogonal representation of the mold depicted in FIG. 16a; 
FIGS. 17a and 17b are views similar to FIGS. 16a and 16b respectively;
FIG. 18 is a schematic operating diagram for standard injectors used in the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a schematic, cross-sectional elevation view of a standard, conventional injector shown with a pocket hole valve;
FIG. 20 is a schematic elevation view of a prior art injector;
FIGS. 21 and 22 are views similar to FIG. 20 showing modifications to the injector;
FIG. 23 is a schematic elevation view showing a pump nozzle configuration;
FIG. 24 is a view similar to FIG. 23 illustrating an airless spraying system;
FIG. 25 is a hydraulic circuit representation for the application of the invention's injection molding and die casting system;
FIG. 26 is a graph showing melt pressure traces as a function of time;
FIGS. 27, 28 and 29 are schematic representations of various melt channels used with the invention;
FIG. 30 is a depiction of several different nozzles designated “a”, “b”, “c”, capable of being used with the invention;
FIGS. 31, 32 and 33 are also depictions of nozzle configurations with orifice views designated by “b”;
FIG. 34 is a schematic elevation view depicting the device compounding a melt stream;
FIG. 35 is a schematic representation of a plan view of the arrangement shown in FIG. 34;
FIGS. 36a and 36b are cross-sectioned views of the outlet and inlet, respectively, of the arrangement shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 illustrating the condition of the melt therein;
FIGS. 37a and 37b are schematic view of the outlet and inlet, respectively, of the nozzle disclosed in FIG. 33;
FIG. 38 is a schematic elevation view of a melt chamber;
FIG. 39 is a schematic elevation view of a melt chamber similar to FIG. 38;
FIGS. 40a, 40b, 40c and 40d illustrate various profile shapes capable of being produced by the subject invention;
FIG. 41 is a schematic elevation view of the melt channel similar to that shown, for example, in FIGS. 38 and 39;
FIG. 42 is an enlarged view of the injector used in the melt channel shown in FIG. 41;
FIG. 43 is an elevation view of a hot runner valve;
FIG. 44 is a view of the orifice of the hot runner valve shown in FIG. 43 in greater detail with the nozzle/orifice arrangement of the present invention depicted on the right side of the drawing and prior art injector nozzle arrangement shown on the left side of the drawing;
FIGS. 45a, 45b and 45c schematically depict, respectively progressively closing positions of the needle valve used in the subject invention;
FIGS. 46a, 46b and 46c represent enlarged views of the orifice/needle shown in FIGS. 45a, 45b and 45c, respectively;
FIGS. 47 and 48 are schematic elevation representations of an injector in the hot runner valve; and
FIGS. 49 and 50 are elevation schematic cross-sectioned views of the injector applied to specific melt channels.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OP THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating preferred embodiments of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same, there is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 nozzles, nozzle needles and nozzle seats. The subsequent FIGS. 3 through 17 show samples for the application of the present method of introduction with exact dosing and homogenous distribution. In FIGS. 1 and 2, nozzles and nozzle needles and needle seats are shown. The subsequent FIGS. 3 to 17 show samples for the application of the present method of introduction with exact dosing and homogenous distribution.
FIG. 1 shows a valve cone orifice, “VCO” nozzle tip. With (1) the nozzle needle closing the needle seat (3) is located in the nozzle body (2). The small volume of the front chamber (5) is the target of the VCO. The orifices (4) are inclined about 80° to the axis as used in combustion engines. Other orifices (6) shown on the right side of the axis having a stepwise inclinations of 0° to 75° inclined to the axis.
In FIG. 2, a pocket hole orifice is shown. The larger front chamber (8) of the nozzle gives a larger volume of free drops, by means an inexact dosing. The larger chamber gives the possibility of several radial arranged orifices (6) as well as an axial positioned orifice (7).
In FIG. 3, an arrangement of a dosing and mixing arrangement for a flowing medium in a tube (10) is drawn with five injectors (11) reaching into the tube The injectors are connected to a high pressure pipeline (12) containing the additive. The tank (14), the high pressure pump (9) and the common rail (15) and the leakage pipe (13) are shown.
In FIG. 4, an arrangement of FIG. 3 is shown from the top view for an extrusion system. The dosing and mixing unit is positioned in flow direction between the cellular pump (16) the mixing tube (10) and mixer (10) and the mould (22)
FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of the tube (10) which is enlarged. The five nozzle tips (2) are in a radial 720 pattern arranged. Each nozzle tip has 7 orifices positioned in an angle of 75°, 50°, 25° and 0°, etc. The jet of the injection (18) gives a complete covering of the section of the medium (17). The length of the jet stream is determined by the diameter of the orifice and is usual between 0.11 mm and 0.14 mm.
FIG. 6 shows a mould for an extruder producing a cylindrical profile. Two of the several arranged injectors (11) are shown in the section. The additives (18) are introduced according to the velocity of the medium (17) in the flow direction.
In FIG. 7 the detail of the nozzle arrangement is drawn. The nozzle bodies (2) have at least one orifice (4) in the direction of the melt channel. The jet stream is directed to bring the additives, not wall sides (10), into the core (38) of the stream.
In FIG. 8, an application for a single injector is arranged which is inclined about 45° to the tube axis (10). The orifice (4) is inclined at a flat slope angle to the medium flow i.e. the orifice is positioned about 40° out of the axis of the injector. The pulsing introduction gives a cascade distribution as shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10 gives applications for injection molding systems. Similar to FIGS. 8 and 9, two injectors (11) introduce an additive with a slight slope in the direction of the axis of the nozzle tip (21) of the plastisicing unit. The location of the injector is after the screw tip (40) but within the front chamber (20) of the barrel (19). Further excellent mixing, for example of dyes can be had. This arrangement also can be placed within screw sectors within the plastisicing arrangement.
For accurate dosing with less mixing the arrangement of FIG. 11 takes place. The introduction happens in the center hole of the plastisicing nozzle tip (21). This is used for application with hardener and softener (minimum leakage).
In FIG. 12, the introduction happens by the injector (11) immediately after the mould gate at the inlet of the mould (22). The advantage of a hot runner system (23) is evident. The mixture of medium and additives is not depending on the plastisicing unit (19) but determined by the introduction of additives, i.e., flexible and variable.
FIG. 13 shows an airless jet stream (25). The flowing medium (39) is the streaming side air. The additive is dyes (18). The pulsation determines the coloring conditions.
The nozzle arrangement is shown in FIG. 14. At least one orifice (4) in the nozzle body (2) is directed near the axis and determines the spraying structure (18).
In FIG. 15 the dosing and mixing arrangement is shown for a combustion system. The nozzle body (2) is reaching into the combustion chamber (27) and is limited by the casing (28) of the burner zone. The combustion air is compressed by a blower (26) and the atomizing of the fuel uses the standard arrangement of orifices located on a cone. The injection jet stream (18) results in accurate dosing and mixing of the perfect combustion. (29).
In FIGS. 16a and 16b, the application of a mold for an extruder production of profiles—for instance window profiles—is arranged. The dosing and mixing have the purpose of modifying material diverted from the main stream of the melt for example with gas processors. The section shape is shown in FIG. 16b. The injector (11) reaches into the side channel (30). The different material streams (31) are separated by inlet channels, calipers (32). An additive is introduced into the melt stream (17) to create a foam in the side stream which is transported to the chambers (33) and (34). Chambers with solid calipers creating hollow profile space is usual.
In FIGS. 17a and b, the introduction of additives (18) by pulsation into the side channel is shown. The arrangement is also for extrusion systems as in FIG. 16 as well as for pelletizing and continuous casting with mixing zone (10) applicable. FIG. 17a shows the tube section (30) and the single tube (10). FIG. 17b shows the lateral section of the tube (30/10). The nozzle body (2) has 7 radial arranged orifices (4) and gives full coverage of the material section (17) by the jet streams (18) for dosing and mixing. A sequence of several jet streams (36) respectively (37) introduced in flow direction are shown in 17b. 
In FIG. 18, the total apparatus for injectors of standard design is given in the layout. The utilization of pumps (101) and (105) enable the application to be used in a continuous operation (extrusion). The circuit for the additives (103) is separated from the circuit of the hydraulic oil of the servo (104). The pressure of the circuits is regulated by an electrically activated presser limit valve (102, 106). The valve (112) is released by electro-hydraulic mechanics. The mechanics consists of a solenoid (109), a spherical valve (108) and the push rod connected to the high pressure piston (110). The controller (122) is regulating the electrohydraulic mechanics according to the information (120) given by the operation data as there is injection time/extrusion data (123) according to the pressure sensor in the melt (115) of the pressure of the additive circuit (102) and the pressure of the hydraulic oil of the servo (106).
The arbitrary wave form generator (120) creates the opening current for the electro mechanism (112). The introduction of the gas processors (117) into the melt stream (114) happens in the interface (116) part after the extruder tip (160) by a nozzle (113) reaching into the channel. For heating, a heater band (159) is located around the nozzle (113).
FIG. 19 shows a standard injector. This version shows a pocket hole valve (113) with a small front chamber. The valve seat (112) blocks the nozzle from the continuous pressurized circuit.
The push spring (131) increases the force resulting from the difference of force on the nozzle needle (112) and the hydraulic pressing (110). The opening is activated by the solenoid (109) which releases the sphere of the valve (108) and hydraulic oil of the servo is able to stream out of the high pressure chamber (110).
FIG. 20 shows an injector of the state of art. The essential features can be readily recognized. The version with the electro-hydraulic activation is extended by throttle (129) and anchor (127) and double chamber. Standard Injectors have separate inlets (126) for the servo supply and the injection supply.
FIG. 21 shows a section of a modification of a standard “common rail injector”. The already available two supply borings are attached to a special fitting.
FIG. 22 shows the modification of a standard “common rail injector” with a second boring. The supply (132) of the hydraulic servo circuit is blocked by a pin. Additional supply is given by a boring (133) and a second fitting (126) for the servo circuit.
FIG. 23 shows a pump-nozzle configuration in principle, by means of the high pressure chamber being close to the location of the nozzle. The medium of the additive is supplied through a boring in the push rod (135) and the pressurizing is effected by an inlet valve (137) and an outlet-valve (139). The penetration of the melt into the injector is prevented by a sphere (137) which is pressed by a non-return-spring (138) into the valve seat. The push rod (135) is activated by a magnetic swing system (127). By stroke limit (134) the size of the pulsation is determined. The line for leakage (140) returns the overflowing medium.
FIG. 24 shows the principle of an airless spraying state of the art system, applied to the present application by using a valve sphere (139) within the nozzle. The advantage of a small front chamber can be reached by a overlapping (141) of the sphere valve (134,135,140) as shown in FIG. 23.
FIG. 25 shows a hydraulic system for part production for instance for injection molding and die casting systems. The operation of the injector employs a twin circuit system. The pressure multiplier is connected to the basic hydraulic system of the machine (142). While processing the part, there is time to load the system for injection. The pressure multiplier cylinder for the additive (143) and for the servo hydraulic oil (144) are pressurized and regulated by the pressure limit valve (142) during the melt injection having the pressure p4. Subsequently, the chambers of the cylinders are refilled by pumps (101) for the additive and pumps (105) for the hydraulic oil.
FIG. 26 shows the features of the pressure ramping y-axis in MPa (145) over the duration for the present processing. The melt pressure p3 is shown by the curve (148). The pressure of the additive pi is shown by curve (146), the pressure of the servo hydraulic p2 shown with the line (147). The electric potential (153) to activate the electro-hydraulic regulation is shown by the curve (149). Various wave forms can be produced and are shown by way of example as triangle (154), half sinus waves (155) at different frequencies and full sinus wave form (156) with different frequencies and phases or full sinus form (157) in different frequency or different phases (158) as well as unsymmetrical wave forms, all being produced by an arbitrary wave form generator.
FIGS. 27, 28 and 29 show several melt channels. FIG. 27 shows a parallel melt channel (114) in which an additive (116) is added in the flow direction between a mold (162) and a nozzle tip (160) of the barrel. This arrangement is applicable for dosage with drops (116) into the melt stream (114).
FIG. 28 shows radial multiple orifices (163) in flow and counterflow positions for excellent mixing of the additives with the melt in an enlarged melt channel (114) which causes additional mixing by a change of velocity.
FIG. 29 shows a continuous string introduction (164) into the melt channel. This method is able to process axial hollow cavities for extruded profiles.
FIGS. 30, 31 and 32 show a nozzle with various orifices. FIG. 30 shows state of the art. 30a shows a VCO valve cone orifice. FIG. 30b shows radial multiple orifices. FIG. 30c shows pocket hole orifices.
FIG. 31 shows a nozzle for flow and counterflow introduction. For introduction of additives as drop into the melt, the nozzle is designed according to hydrodynamic principles. For preventing atomizing, sharp edges have to be avoided. The channel profile has smooth profiles in valve cone (170) and at the nozzle profiles (171).
FIG. 32 shows a nozzle introducing drops sidewise in flow direction.
FIG. 33 shows a nozzle for atomizing in the conical seat (172) and plane seat (173) rectangular to the flow direction.
FIG. 34 shows a detail of the device for compounding a melt stream. This version is implemented in calipers (53) of profile molds (51) or for array assembly for molds to produce sheets. The section shows details of FIGS. 16a and 16b. The view shows the material flow from right to left. The caliber (53) at the inlet side (64) is conical shaped. The inlet has a pressure sensor (63) connected to the controller (62) to supply data to the controller (62). The introduction of the additive is in both the flow direction (55b) and counterflow direction (55a). The advantage of the counterflow is the introduction of individually closed dosages. The introduction may optionally be caused by pulsation. For instance, chicanes can be provided for the melt so that a change of velocity can lead to shear forces and to additional mixing in the expansion zone (60).
FIG. 35 shows the top view of FIG. 34 and the relevant reference characters are the same. Note the narrow section in the melt channel.
In FIGS. 36a and 36b, the section of the inlet and outlet is shown related to the device in FIGS. 34 and 35. FIG. 36b shows the inlet in a sectional view.
FIGS. 37a and 37b show the version of the invention as it is in FIGS. 33a and 33b but for simple foamed profiles as there are claddings with integrated insulation, panels and tubes. Reference characters are the same as in FIG. 33,
FIG. 38 shows a version of melt channel before the distribution chamber of the mould. Two inlet cones (64), (65) and the center inlets (66) provide a twin chamber to the melt.
FIG. 39 shows a version of melt channel design with a central inlet of the side channel and a concentric (twin) introduction of additives and subsequent merging of the melt at spatially predetermined locations of the profile. The melt channel crosses the main channel (67) in the center of the surrounded flow.
FIG. 40a shows a rectangular profile. FIG. 40b shows a circle, tube profile. FIG. 40c shows an elliptical profile and FIG. 40d shows a rounded rectangular profile. Several profile shapes with multiple components are shown for instance in FIGS. 33, 38, 39 and 41 as being produced as simple tubular profiles.
FIG. 41 shows a device with an add on for existing extrusion systems and can be modified for multi-component operation. For example, an interface part (70) for the introduction of an additive may be positioned in the melt channel (71) between the flange (68) of the melt channel and the flange (69) of the extruder.
FIG. 42 shows the device in FIG. 41 in detail. The device is made out of a disc (70) and is attached between the flanges (68) and (69). The disc has injectors for introduction of the additives as well as diaphragms (72) to divert the melt channel. The tube (72) with attached planes for the hollow calipers is shown in principle.
In FIGS. 43 to 46, hot runner valves for injection molding systems are shown.
In FIG. 44, a device in accordance with the invention is compared to the state of the art device.
FIG. 43 shows a device for mixing and dosing and dosage. The inner nozzle needle (82) is activated by the adjusting device (93) and is in the shape of the seat (83) for a pocket hole orifice or a valve cone orifice. This insert also is part of the outer nozzle needle and shaped to be attached to the actuator piston (90). The supply of the additive happens by the boring (85) and is again attached to the interface (91). The viscous medium is supplied by the channel (89) and passes between the outer nozzle (81) and the supply tube (94,) for instance a hot runner valve a plasticizing unit or a melt channel of an extruder to the final destination.
In FIG. 44 the nozzle beneath ‘Prior Art’ shows the version of a conventional inner nozzle needle as a push rod (84), as well as the inner nozzle seat, as well as the outer nozzle (94), or both according to the position of the push rod (84) for opening or locking. The outer nozzle needle is moved and regulated according to the supply of the outer medium. In FIG. 44 the present device is shown and has a nozzle insert (83) as shown in the Figure as a valve cone (VCO). The orifices of the inner nozzle (83) are completely covered when inside needle (82) is locked. The inner substance is supplied between the nozzle needle (82) and the valve cone orifice (83) and is introduced in the inlet to the outer medium (89). According to the position of the inner nozzle (82) and the pulsation, the atomizing of the introduced substance (85) into the outer medium (89) occurs. The conical shaped outer nozzle needle (83), being at the same function for the inner nozzle needle blocks the orifices of the nozzle seat of the hot runner (94) of the plasticizing unit (95) or of the melt channel of an (97), and regulates the opening according to the demanded volume flow and the introduction of the two media (92).
FIGS. 45A to 45C show the progressive activation of the needle tip and FIGS. 46A to 46C correspond to FIGS. 45A to 45C, respectively, and show the needle tip in detail.
In FIG. 45A, the open position for introducing the outer medium is shown, The outer nozzle needle (81) is open. The inner nozzle (82) is closed. The substance (85) cannot penetrate. In FIG. 45B, the inner nozzle needle (82) is open and gives space for the valve cone orifices (83) and the inner substance (85) is introduced to the outer medium (92). In FIG. 45C, the inner nozzle needle (82), as well as the outer nozzle needle (83) is closed.
FIGS. 46A, 466, 46C correspond to FIGS. 45A, 456, 45C but show enlarged details.
FIG. 47 shows the version of the invention with high frequency pulsing (CDI Injector) and particularly shows the combination of a CDI injector (88) in a nozzle seat as cone valve/pocket hole nozzle (87), having the function of the nozzle needle in the needle seat of the melt channel and closing the valve seat of the hot runner valve (94). The CDI injector is activated by the position device (93). The inner nozzle needle is activated by a solenoid/hydraulic or a piezo/hydraulic servo. The supply of the substance happens through the fitting (91). The melt is supplied by the channel (89).
FIG. 48 shows the integration of CDI Injectors in the hot runner valve and particularly shows details of FIG. 46 and differs by the melt channel (89) attached as a separate insert (87).
FIG. 49 shows the arrangement of a mixing and dosing head for example in the melt channel of the plasticizing unit of an injection molding machine or an extruder. FIG. 49 particularly shows the arrangement of a mixing and dosing head (95) inside the nozzle tip of the plasticizing unit (96) of an injection molding system. The insert (87) reaches into the mixing head (95) and the outer nozzle (81) and, at the same time, the insert (87) regulates the flow of the melt (89).
FIG. 50 shows an arrangement of a twin unit in counterflow used for liquid/liquid mixing as well as for extruders with a downstream static mixer. In particular, FIG. 50 shows the dosing and mixing head (98) in a tube, for instance in a tube as liquid/liquid mixer of a melt channel of an extrusion system (99). The inserts (87a, 87b) reach into the conical nozzle seat of the mixer and modify the outer nozzle needle (81) according to the position of the volume flow of the melt (89). The supply occurs by a charging device (97) directing the melt into the conical valve seat. The additional mixing occurs by arranging the mixing heads in a counter flow to have counter impact on the media flow. Optionally, this arrangement can have four media which can be mixed together. Optionally, a static mixer can be attached downstream of the mixing and dosing device.
Indexing of Reference Numbers:













1.
Nozzle needle precisely moved


2.
Nozzle body


3.
Nozzle needle seat


4.
Plane plurality of orifice arrangement


5.
Cavity at valve cone orifice VCO


6.
Radial plurality of orifice arrangement


7.
Axial boring in nozzle body


8.
High pressure pump


10.1
Channel of streaming medium


11.
Injector


12.
High pressure piping


13.
Leakage backflow piping


14.
Container of additives


15.
Common rail (communication system)


16.
Cellular pump


17.
Streaming medium


18.
Injection spray stream


19.
Plasticizing barrel


20.
Dosing chamber of barrel of injection



molding machines


21.
Nozzle of plasticizing barrel


22.
Mould


23.
Hot runner system


24.
Non-return valve


25.
Airless spraying system


26.
Compressor


27.
Combustion air piping


28.
Combustion chamber


29.
Combustion zone


30.
Inner rod (caliber) of extrusion mould


31.
Section of extruded profile


32.
Inner rod (caliber) for hollow section


33.
Foamed inner section


34.
Hollow section


35.
Extruded profile


36.
Cascade shaped injection


37.
Radial plurality of orifice arrangement



for extrusion


38.
Core of the mould


39.
Jet streaming combustion air


40.
Screw of plasticizing unit


41.
Expansion zone in the extrusion



mould, preferable situated in the inner rod



of the mould


51.
Mould for production of profiles by



extrusion


52.
Melt stream, feeding of melt from



extruder to the mould


53.
Caliber inside the melt stream section,



implementation for the mould to conduct



the melt stream, particular with any



integrated melt stream, particular with an



integrated melt channel.


54.
Injector, nozzle for introducing of



additives into the separately arranged melt



channel.


55.
Injector, nozzle for introducing of



additives into the separately arranged melt



channel


55a.
Introduction in flow direction


55b.
Introduction in counter flow


56
Outlet section of separately arranged



melt channel.


57.
Caliber inner rod for forming a hollow



section and hollow profile.


58.
Melt channel with original shaped



extruded profile and the corresponding



section


59.
High pressure pump for additives.


60.
Zone of expansion for the introduced



gas creating additives.


61.
Adjustable section for controlled



outflow, chicane for mixing


621.
Adjustable section for controlled



inflow.


63.
Pressure sensoring cells for the



separately arranged melt stream as



indicator.


64.
Caliber inner rod with melt channel



and inlet opening


65.
Tubular inlet section for multiple shell



arrangement for extrusion profiles.


66.
Central inlet opening for the inner



shell of the extrusion profile.


67.
Intersection melt duct, passing



through main melt stream.


68.
Flange of the mould


69.
Flange of the extruder


70.
Intermediate add up equipment


71.
Extension of the melt stream channel


72.
Intersection through the melt stream



channel


81.
Melt medium nozzle needle outside


82.
Additive nozzle needle inside


83.
Coaxial conical needle seat


84.
Bolt in boring to activate the additive



nozzle needle


85.
Supply of additives to the boring


86.
Details of mixing and dosing device


87.
Valve cone orifice, Pocket hole orifice


88.
Common rail injector (CDI injector)


89.
Supply channel for melt stream


90.
Activator piston by hydraulics


91.
Supply of the add


92.
Introduction of additives to the melt


93.
Servo-mechanics for instance



electro/hydraulic, piezo/hydraulic


94.
Hotrunner Nozzle seat


95.
Injection Molding nozzle seat


96.
Injection Molding plastisicing nozzle


97.
Extrusion nozzle seat


98.
Supply device


99.
Melt channel for extruders


100.
Static mixer


101.
Feeding device for gas creators


102.
Pressure controller for gas C. p1


103.
Circuit for gas creator substance


104.
Hydraulic circuit for activation


105.
Feeding device for hydraulic circuit


106.
Pressure control for hydraulic c. p2


107.
Tank for hydraulic oil


108.
Spheres for valve


109.
Solenoid or piezo activator device


110.
Hydraulic activation of the valve


111.
Back pressure, seal


112.
Valve for the injector


113.
Nozzle of injector


114.
Gate of the melt stream


115.
Pressure sensor-cell in melt stream


116.
Adapting device between the runner


117.
Introduction of additives to the melt


118.
Heaterband of the adapting device


119.
Pressure control for additives p3


120.
Arbitrary Wave Form Generator


121.
Pressure controller for additives


122.
Controller


123.
Interface to injection molding



machine, extruder, die-casting


124.
Pump-nozzle combination


125.
Leakage piping


126.
Supply piping for hydraulic


127.
Anchor for solenoid activation


128.
Injector


129.
Throttle valve


130
Valve push rod


131.
Spring for clamping


132.
Feeder piping for gas creator


133.
Additional channel for 2nd medium


134.
Stopping device f.stroke limitation


135.
Pump push rod


136.
Feeding pipeline valve


137.
Feeding pipeline for sphere valve


138.
Reverse motion spring 18


139.
Backpressure valve on melt end


140.
Leakage pipeline


141.
Shrinkage of sphere seat


142.
Hydraulic system of basic machine


143.
Pressure multiplier piston additive


144.
Pressure multiplier piston hydraulics


145.
Axis for force in MPa


146.
P1 Pressure of additive


147.
P2 pressure of hydraulic


148.
P3 pressure of melt


149.
P5 pressure of control piston


150.
Axis of time


151.
Current supply to solenoid


152.
Center line


153.
Trapezoid wave shape


154.
Triangle wave shape


155.
Half sinus wave


156.
Full sinus wave


157.
Periodic wave form


158.
Unsymmetrical full sinus wave


159.
Heaterband for injector


160.
Injector


161.
Introduction in flow direction


162.
Adaptation to the mould


163.
spraying in melt flow/counter melt



flow


164.
Volume enlargement after



continuous introducing of additives


165.
Nozzle body


166.
Slot shaped nozzle


167.
Radial shaped nozzle borings


168.
Valve cone orifice


169.
Enlarged Laval channel


170.
Nozzle needle open


171.
Channel of nozzle


171.
Valve cone orifice nozzle channel


172.
Conical nozzle needle, axial spray.

## Claims

1. A method for introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream comprising the steps of
positioning a nozzle with an exit end in fluid communication with a flowing medium stream in a tube; and
introducing an additive from the exit end of the nozzle into said stream within the tube at a pressure at least higher than the pressure of said stream and at variably set time periods to pulse discrete quantities of said additive into said stream with sufficient intensity to cause said pulses of additive to penetrate into and subsequently mix with said stream and to result in a substantially homogenous mixture of said additive and said stream.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of controlling at least one of the pressure and temperature of said additive and at least one of the parameters of said stream selected from the group consisting of pressure, temperature and mass flow to set the frequency and duration of said pulses of additive.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said additive is selected from the group consisting of hardeners, dyes, gas producing chemicals, compounding chemicals, softeners, fillers and reinforcing chemicals and said medium in said stream is selected from the group consisting of melted metal and hydrocarbons.

4. A method for introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream comprising the steps of
extruding a plastic melt from a front chamber of an extruder into a mold;
positioning a nozzle with an exit end in fluid communication with the plastic melt;
introducing an additive from the exit end of the nozzle into said melt at a pressure at least higher than the pressure of said melt and at variably set time periods to pulse discrete quantities of said additive into said melt with sufficient intensity to cause said pulses of additive to penetrate into and subsequently mix with said melt and to result in a substantially homogenous mixture of said additive and said melt;
said additive being introduced into said plastic melt at a location selected from the group consisting of the front chamber of the extruder, the mold and channels leading to the mold downstream of the extruder.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein said additive is a gas producing agent for producing foamed plastic in the mold, and the frequency and duration of said pulses of additive are controlled to produce foamed plastic of a set cell size in the mold.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of intermittently pulsing said gas producing agent after a series of pulses, each pulse in said series occurring at set times and frequencies to produce regions of foamed plastic within the molded product.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said pulse in each series of pulses is variably altered as to frequency and/or pulse width.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of controlling the pressure of said stream in the tube, controlling the pressure of said additive in said nozzle and maintaining a constant pressure differential between said additive and said stream to assure uniform injection of said additive into said stream.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising the steps of positioning a plurality of said nozzles at circumferentially spaced increments about an axis directed towards said stream and at set inclinations to said axis, and introducing pulses of additive from each said nozzle in uniformly interspersed manner throughout the cross-section of said stream to effect a homogenous mixing of said additive and said stream.

10. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of changing the direction of the flow of said stream in the tube downstream of said nozzle to cause mixing of said additive and said stream thereat.

11. The method of claim 8 further comprising the steps of providing a longitudinally extending core in the tube to define a channel through which at least a portion of said stream flows, said core tapering radially inwardly from a position adjacent said nozzle to define a discrete channel length of increasing cross-sectional area downstream of said nozzle; introducing said pulses of additive into said stream in said channel; and maintaining said stream and said pulses of additive at sufficient pressure to cause said pulses of additive and said stream to mix as said pulses of additive and said stream expand in said discrete channel length downstream of said nozzle.

12. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of positioning a static mixer in the tube downstream of said nozzle for mixing said stream and said pulses of additive during passage therethrough.

13. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of positioning flow obstructions in the tube downstream of said nozzle and mixing said pulses of additive and said stream during passage thereby.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein each said pulse of additive is an atomized spray whereby mixing and homogenization occurs immediately.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein each said pulse of additive is a drop of set size.

16. The method of introducing an additive into a flowing medium stream comprising the steps of
providing a nozzle having a nozzle bore with an exit end;
positioning a movable needle within said nozzle bore, said needle having a needle bore and a plurality of outlet orifices communicating said needle bore with said nozzle bore;
positioning a movable needle valve in said needle bore;
introducing a stream of medium into said nozzle bore at a first pressure;
introducing a flow of additive into said needle bore at a second pressure;
regulating the movement of said needle valve to cause pulses of additive to pass from said needle bore through said outlet orifices into said nozzle bore for mixing with the medium therein while regulating the movement of said needle to cause the mixture of medium and additive to pass from said nozzle bore through said exit end.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein said needle valve is axially movable within said needle bore to open and close said orifice passages.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said exit end of nozzle bore has a curved shape and the pressure of said medium and additive passing through said nozzle bore is controlled such that laminar flow occurs therein.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein the flow of the medium in said nozzle bore creates a suction assisting in drawing said pulses of additive out from said needle bore.

20. The method of claim 16 further comprising the steps of extruding a plastic melt from an extruder through at feast one runner channel in fluid communication with at least one melt channel in a die or mold, said nozzle bore being disposed in said runner channel whereby said melt constitutes said medium and is mixed with said pulses of additive.

21. A method for blending a viscous additive with a viscous medium having different physical and/or chemical characteristics from said additive comprising the steps of
flowing said viscous medium at a set velocity and medium pressure in a conduit;
injecting discrete quantities of said additive into the viscous medium in the conduit as pulses of a set frequency and duration at a set additive pressure higher than said medium pressure; and
mixing said additive and said medium into a substantially consistent mixture downstream of the position whereat said additive is injected into said viscous medium.

22. The method of claim 21 further including the steps of dividing said conduit into first and second channels for passage of said medium; injecting said pulses of additive into said first channel; mixing said pulses of additive with said medium flowing in said first channel to obtain a mixture thereof; and joining the obtained mixture with the medium flowing in said second channel within said conduit downstream of said first and second channels to form a composite mixture of medium and additive/medium in spaced relationship to one another.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein said first channel expands in cross-section from an entrance end thereof to an exit end thereof to cause mixing of said pulses of additive with said medium in said first channel.

24. The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of extruding a plastic melt from en extruder into said conduit and positioning said conduit in a die mold with said first and second channels formed within said die mold.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein said die mold is open to atmosphere downstream of said first and second channels and said additive is a gas forming substance for foaming downstream of said channels to form a plastic product containing a foamed plastic section.

26. The method of claim 24 wherein said first channel expands in cross-section from an entrance end to an exit end, said die mold is open to atmosphere, and said additive is a gas forming substance for foaming to form a foamed plastic, and wherein said foamed plastic is joined with said plastic melt to form a plastic product having foamed sections therein.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein said additive is a blowing agent and which further comprises the step of pulsing said blowing agent to produce macro or microcellular foam.

28. The method of claim of claim 22 wherein said medium is a first plastic composition and said additive is a second plastic composition, said method further including the step of providing a static mixer in said conduit and passing said first and second plastic compositions through said static mixer to form a plastic compound having properties associated with said first and second plastic compositions.

29. The method of claim 21 further including the step of providing a nozzle having a discharge passage in fluid communication with said conduit and a bore axially extending therein for receiving the additive, providing a push-rod in said bore, and providing a one-way valve in said discharge passage for preventing said medium from entering said bore, and said injecting step comprises vibrating said push-rod in an axial direction to cause said additive to pass said one-way valve and enter said conduit.

30. The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of providing an axially extending passage within said push-rod communicating with said bore and a spring biased one-way valve between said passage and said bore and said vibrating step opening said spring biased one way valve to permit additive to pulse flow into said bore and into said conduit.