Slip Op. 14-

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

OPINION

[Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted; defendant’s cross-motion for summary 

judgment is denied.] 

Dated:

Mandy A. Edwards and S. Richard Shostak, Stein Shostak Shostak Pollack & O’Hara, 

LLP, of Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiff. 

Beverly A. Farrell, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. 

Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant. With her on the brief were Stuart F. 

Delery, Assistant Attorney General, and Amy M. Rubin, Acting Assistant Director, International 

Trade Field Office. Of counsel on the brief was Sheryl A. French, Attorney, Office of the 

Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, of 

New York, NY.

Goldberg, Senior Judge: At issue is the proper classification of merchandise sold under 

the name Shop & Play® Funny Farmer (“Funny Farmer” or “merchandise”)1

 and imported by 

Plaintiff Infantino, LLC (“Infantino”). Infantino and the United States (the “Government”) have 

cross-moved for summary judgment. The Government argues that U.S. Customs and Border 

Protection (“Customs” or “CBP”) correctly classified the merchandise under U.S. Harmonized 

Tariff Schedule (“HTSUS”) subheading 9404.90.20. Infantino claims that the merchandise is 

1

 The parties refer to the merchandise as the “Funny Farmer,” though Infantino’s catalogue refers to it as 

the “Funny Farm.” See Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at Ex. B at 35, ECF No. 

45. The court assumes that the parties have correctly identified the name of the product at issue and refers to the

product as “Funny Farmer” throughout this opinion. 

INFANTINO, LLC, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant.

Before: Richard W. Goldberg, Senior Judge 

Court No. 11-00497

%FDFNCFS

Court No. 11-00497 Page 2

properly classifiable under HTSUS subheading 9503.00.00. Merchandise under HTSUS 

subheading 9503.00.00 enters duty free, while merchandise under HTSUS 9404.90.20 carries a 

six percent ad valorem duty. The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (2012). 

As set forth below, the court grants Infantino’s motion for summary judgment and denies the 

Government’s cross-motion for summary judgment. 

BACKGROUND

The Funny Farmer is sold under the Shop & Play® brand as a “2-in-1 play mat” specially 

designed for use both as a normal play mat and inside of a shopping cart. See Pl.’s Mot. for 

Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Br.”) at Ex. 1, ECF No. 39; Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & CrossMot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Br.”) at Ex. E at 2, ECF No. 45. It measures approximately nineteen 

to twenty inches wide and forty-five inches long and is stuffed with a uniform, light polyesterfiber batting. See Pl.’s Br. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 4 & Ex. 1. One side of the Funny 

Farmer is a solid blue color, while the activity side depicts a farm theme and contains brightly 

colored graphics, five removable activity toys, and one sewn-in activity toy. Id. Some of the 

merchandise’s features enable its shopping-cart use, such as a detachable waist belt, leg flaps, a 

crescent-shaped detachable bolster pillow decorated like a pea pod, small pockets designed as a 

“convenience add-on” for parents to store items, and Velcro that secures the mat to the shoppingcart seat. Def.’s Br. at Ex. C (“Cosky Dep.”) at 49:8; see Pl.’s Br. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶¶ 

4–6 & Ex. 1. The packaging for the Funny Farmer advertises the Funny Farmer’s dual use as 

both the “perfect mat for tummy time play” and an in-cart mat that “turns any shopping cart into 

a clean, comfy activity center.” Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1.
Court No. 11-00497 Page 3

Infantino imported the Funny Farmer merchandise in question on February 3, 2008 at the 

Long Beach Seaport. Summons 1, ECF No. 1. The merchandise was assigned Entry Number 

231-5466017-1 and entered under HTSUS subheading 9404.90.20. Id. at 2. That heading covers

[m]attress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing (for example, 

mattresses, quilts, eiderdowns, cushions, pouffes and pillows) fitted with springs 

or stuffed or internally fitted with any material or of cellular rubber or plastics, 

whether or not covered.

CBP liquidated the entry without change on December 19, 2008. Def.’s Br. 2; Pl.’s Notice of 

Errata 1, ECF No. 50. Infantino subsequently filed Protest Number 2704-09-101681, claiming 

that the Funny Farmer is properly classified under HTSUS subheading 9503.00.0080, which 

pertains to 

[t]ricycles, scooters, pedal cards and similar wheeled toys; dolls’ carriages; dolls, 

other toys; reduced-scale (“scale”) models and similar recreational models, 

working or not; puzzles of all kinds; parts and accessories thereof. 

See Compl. ¶¶ 3, 6, ECF No. 5; Pl.’s Br. 3. Customs denied that protest, apparently without 

extensive analysis, on August 5, 2011. See Compl. ¶ 3. The propriety of Customs’ protest 

denial is the subject of the instant action. Infantino claims that the denial is in error, reasserting 

that the Funny Farmer must be classified under subheading 9503.00.00. The Government claims 

that the protest was properly denied, because the original 9404.90.20 subheading was correct. 

Although the protest denial in this case was executed summarily, Customs earlier issued a 

more detailed ruling that classified identical or nearly identical merchandise imported by 

Infantino. See Def.’s Br. at Ex. F (“HQ H031397”). The issue in HQ H031397 was the same: 

whether the merchandise had been properly classified under HTSUS heading 9404 or should 

have been classified, per Infantino’s protest, under 9503. Id. at 2. In order to decide whether 

9503 was the proper heading, Customs analyzed whether the primary purpose of the merchandise 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 4

was “to amuse or to provide a utilitarian/functional quality.” Id. at 3. To that end, Customs 

considered several of the analytical factors set forth in United States v. Carborundum Co., 63 

CCPA 98, 102, 536 F.2d 373, 377 (1976). Specifically, Customs considered “(1) the general 

physical characteristics of the merchandise; (2) the expectation of the ultimate purchasers; (3) the 

channels, class or kind of trade in which the merchandise moves; (4) the environment of the sale 

. . . ; [and] (5) usage, if any, in the same manner as merchandise” principally designed for 

amusement. HQ H031397 at 3. Customs ultimately determined that, though the Funny Farmer 

“has some amusing features incorporated into the design, this is outweighed by the utilitarian 

design and purpose of the article which is intended to provide for the safety and comfort of 

infants while in a shopping cart.” Id. at 4. Thus, Customs denied Infantino’s protest and upheld 

the Funny Farmer’s classification under heading 9404. Id. at 5. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 In the context of a protest denial, the court reviews CBP’s findings of fact and 

conclusions of law de novo. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2639(a)(1), 2640(a); Tyco Fire Prods. L.P. v. 

United States, 37 CIT __, __, 918 F. Supp. 2d 1334, 1339 (2013). The court arrives at the proper 

classification by first determining the meaning of the relevant tariff provisions (a question of 

law) and then deciding under which of the properly construed tariff provisions the merchandise 

at issue falls (a question of fact). See Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 

1365–66 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Though the court accords “respect” to CBP’s classification rulings 

“proportional to [their] ‘power to persuade,’” United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 235 

(2001) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)), the court has “an 

independent responsibility to decide the legal issue of the proper meaning and scope of HTSUS 

terms,” Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States, 407 F.3d 1207, 1209 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
Court No. 11-00497 Page 5

Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to 

the nonmoving party, “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact 

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(a); see also Anderson 

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). In a classification case, this means that 

summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to the underlying factual 

issue of exactly what the merchandise is.” Bausch & Lomb, 148 F.3d at 1365. 

DISCUSSION 

The court now considers Infantino’s and the Government’s claims and holds that the 

Funny Farmer is properly classified as a toy under subheading 9503.00.00. The rationale for this 

holding must be prefaced with a brief explanation of the import-classification process. 

Import classifications are governed by the General Rules of Interpretation (“GRIs”) of the 

HTSUS and any applicable Additional United States Rules of Interpretation. See Dependable 

Packaging Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 757 F.3d 1374, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The GRIs are 

applied in numerical order. Id. Accordingly, the court’s analysis begins with GRI 1, which 

provides that “classification shall be determined according to the terms of the [HTSUS chapter] 

headings and any relative section or chapter notes.” Id. at 1377–78.2

 In evaluating whether 

subject merchandise fits within a particular heading, the court generally construes HTSUS terms 

“‘according to their common and commercial meanings, which are presumed to be the same.’” 

Id. at 1378 (quoting Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States, 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). In

its analysis, the court may also consult the World Customs Organization’s “Explanatory Notes,” 

 2

 The HTSUS is composed of a total of ninety-nine chapters, which are distributed among twenty-two 

sections. Each chapter contains headings that are further divided into subheadings. “The headings contain ‘general 

categories of merchandise,’ whereas ‘the subheadings provide a more particularized segregation of the goods within 

each category.’” Deckers Outdoor Corp. v. United States, 714 F.3d 1363, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Orlando 

Food Corp. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1437, 1439 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). In applying GRI 1, the subheadings are not to 

be consulted until it is determined that the merchandise in question is classifiable under a particular heading. 

Dependable Packaging, 757 F.3d at 1377–78.
Court No. 11-00497 Page 6

which, though not legally binding, are “generally indicative of the proper interpretation of the 

various HTSUS provisions.” Kahrs Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 713 F.3d 640, 644–45 (Fed. Cir. 

2013). If, consulting these sources, “the proper heading can be determined under GRI 1, the 

court is not to look to the subsequent GRIs.” Dependable Packaging, 757 F.3d at 1378. 

If, however, the proper heading cannot be determined under GRI 1 because the 

merchandise is prima facie classifiable under two or more headings, the court moves to GRI 3. 

GRI 3(a) provides that, in such a case, “[t]he heading which provides the most specific 

description shall be preferred to headings providing a more general description.” In cases when 

GRI 3(a) is unavailing, GRI 3(b) offers guidance for composite goods. Under GRI 3(b), 

composite goods “shall be classified as if they consisted of the material or component which 

gives them their essential character.” See, e.g., Alcan Food Packaging (Shelbyville) v. United 

States, 771 F.3d 1364 (2014). 

 Infantino and the Government each claim that the Funny Farmer is prima facie 

classifiable only under their respective proposed headings, and not under the other’s heading, 

such that this case is properly resolved under GRI 1. Infantino alternatively claims that the 

Funny Farmer is prima facie classifiable under both heading 9404 and 9503, and that heading 

9503 is the more specific of the two, rendering it victorious under GRI 3(a). As to Infantino’s 

alternative claim, the Government rebuts that heading 9404 is appropriate because it is the only 

heading to “wholly” describe the Funny Farmer. 

 In its de novo review, the court agrees with Infantino’s alternative claim—but only in 

part. Although some parts of the Funny Farmer fall within heading 9404 and others within 

9503—such that the good falls prima facie within both headings—neither heading wholly 

describes all parts of the Funny Farmer. That is, each heading describes “part only” of the Funny 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 7

Farmer. GRI 3(a). In such a situation, the proper GRI to apply is GRI 3(b) for composite goods. 

Under GRI 3(b), the court holds that the Funny Farmer’s essential character is imparted by its 

toy components, which are classifiable under HTSUS heading 9503. Accordingly, the entire 

good is classifiable as such. 

I. The Merchandise Is Prima Facie Classifiable Under HTSUS Heading 9404 

The court first holds that the merchandise is prima facie classifiable under

HTSUS heading 9404. As previously noted, heading 9404 covers “articles of bedding and 

similar furnishing (for example, mattresses, quilts, eiderdowns, cushions, pouffes and pillows) 

fitted with springs or stuffed or internally fitted with any material.” The Explanatory Notes 

define “any material” to include “cotton, wool, horsehair, down, synthetic fibres, etc.”

Explanatory Note (“EN”) 94.04. The body and pillow of the Funny Farmer is stuffed with 100% 

polyester-fiber filling and is a quilt, cushion, or similar item. HTSUS 9404. Thus, the court 

agrees with the Government that the Funny Farmer is prima facie classifiable under HTSUS 

heading 9404.

Infantino disagrees with this classification, but does not directly address the plain 

language of HTSUS heading 9404. Pl.’s Reply to Gov’t’s Opp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 

(“Pl.’s Reply Br.”) 12–13, ECF No. 49. Instead, Infantino merely attempts to distinguish a 

case—Bauerhin Technologies Ltd. Partnership v. United States, 110 F.3d 774 (Fed. Cir. 1997)—

that the Government cited as an analogue favoring its preferred classification. In Bauerhin, the 

Federal Circuit found that certain cushioned inserts “imported in the shape and form of” the baby 

car seats into which they were to be inserted were “cushions” within the meaning of HTSUS 

9404. Id. at 775, 779–80. In so holding, the court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that HTSUS 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 8

heading 9404 was limited to items whose primary purpose is to facilitate sleeping or napping.

Id. at 776–778. 

Infantino points out a number of physical differences between the Funny Farmer and the 

cushioned seat inserts at issue in Bauerhin, for example that Funny Farmer does not form-fit its 

receptacle shopping cart. But these differences are not the issue: The important point from 

Bauerhin is that heading 9404 can cover non-sleep-purposed cushioning, like the Funny Farmer 

in both its play-mat and shopping-cart configurations. Id. The Funny Farmer certainly qualifies 

as cushioning, insofar as it is stuffed with a polyester-fiber filling and is designed to cushion a 

child in either of its configurations. It is thus prima facie covered under HTSUS heading 9404, 

and Infantino’s effort to distinguish Bauerhin is inapposite.

II. The Merchandise Is Prima Facie Classifiable Under HTSUS Heading 9503 

The court’s inquiry does not end upon concluding that the Funny Farmer is prima facie

classifiable under HTSUS heading 9404. The court must next consider whether the Funny 

Farmer is also classifiable under HTSUS heading 9503, which, inter alia, covers “other toys.”3

There being no HTSUS definition of the term “toys,” this court has determined a toy to be “an 

object primarily designed and used for pleasurable diversion,” as opposed to practicality or 

utility. Springs Creative Prods. Grp. v. United States, Slip Op. 13-107, 2013 WL 4307857, at *8 

 3

 The Government argues that the court should decline to undertake its own HTSUS heading 9503 inquiry 

because CBP already decided the matter in HQ H031397, and that ruling deserves Skidmore deference. Def.’s Br. 

14–15. The court disagrees. In Mead, the Supreme Court held that courts may accord Skidmore deference to a 

particular CBP ruling based on its “thoroughness, logic and expertness, its fit with prior interpretations, and any 

other sources of weight.” 533 U.S. at 235; see also Rubie’s Costume Co. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1350, 1354 

(Fed. Cir. 2003). In HQ H031397, CBP did not arrive at its ruling following a “‘deliberative notice-and-comment 

. . . process,’” which is “an important factor [in] attributing Skidmore deference to a particular classification ruling.” 

Structural Ind., Inc. v. United States, 356 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Rubie’s, 337 F.3d at 1356). 

Moreover, CBP’s ruling is not reflective of a consistent pattern in classifying similar imports. See id. at 1370–71 

(declining to afford Skidmore deference, in part, because no consistent pattern of rulings existed). As the Federal 

Circuit has noted, “[a] single ruling standing alone has very limited value.” Id. at 1371. Finally, CBP’s analysis in 

HQ H031397 is not particularly persuasive because it focuses heavily on the utilitarian features of the Funny Farmer 

while only summarily considering the product’s countervailing amusing features. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 9

& n.4 (CIT Aug. 16, 2013).4

 The court holds that the Funny Farmer is prima facie classifiable

under HTSUS heading 9503, because it was designed for and is used for pleasurable diversion. 

 Three aspects of the Funny Farmer render it prima facie classifiable as a toy: (1) the way 

that Infantino trademarked and tested the Funny Farmer, (2) its product positioning,5

 and (3) its 

physical characteristics. First, Infantino trademarked and tested the Funny Farmer as a toy. The 

trademark for the entire Shop & Play® line is associated with International Class 28, Pl.’s Br. at 

Ex. 11, which is in turn defined to include “[g]ames and playthings” see 37 C.F.R. § 6.1 (2014).

And Infantino also designed and tested the Funny Farmer so that it would comply with U.S. and 

British toy standards. Specifically, at Infantino’s behest, SGS Hong Kong Ltd. and Bureau 

Veritas Consumer Products Services UK Ltd. tested the Funny Farmer for compliance with an 

internationally recognized toy standard published by ASTM International and a mandatory 

European toy standard published by the British Standards Institution. See Pl.’s Br. at Decl. of 

Wicky Lee ¶¶ 3–4 & Exs. 14–16. 

Infantino’s positioning of the Funny Farmer also indicates that the Funny Farmer is 

prima facie classifiable as a toy. In positioning the Funny Farmer—and all other themed two-inone play mats sold under the Shop & Play® line—Infantino underscored the product’s 

“uniqueness” as an “activity center that moms could use for their babies at home and then take 

with them into an actual shopping environment” so that children could be “surrounded by their 

toys and be entertained.” Cosky Dep. 27:10–24. 

 4

 The Springs Creative court observed its duty to accord undefined terms their common and commercial 

meanings by consulting dictionaries to reach the common meaning of “toy” quoted in the text. The court also found 

that this definition was consistent with judicial interpretation and the HTSUS Explanatory Note 95.03(D) defining 

other toys, in part, as “toys intended essentially for the amusement of persons (children or adults).” 2013 WL 

4307857, at *7–8. 

5

 “Product positioning” refers to a company’s intended purpose for a product, as consistently 

communicated across a variety of media platforms. See Cosky Dep. 25:22–26:14. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 10

This positioning is evident from the Funny Farmer’s catalogue placement and also its 

packaging. Infantino included the Funny Farmer in its “2007 Toys & Activity Play” catalogue.

Def.’s Br. at Ex. B. In that catalogue, Infantino separated at least a portion of its products into 

various tabs labeled “Pegged Toys,” “Boxed Toys,” “Gyms & Playmats,” “Puzzles,” and 

“Shopping Cart Covers.” Id. The Shop & Play® line in the Funny Farmer theme appeared 

under the “Shopping Cart Covers” tabs alongside other activity-themed shopping-cart inserts 

sold under different product line names (Shop & Dine®, CartSafariTM, CartTunesTM). Though 

the catalogue’s description of the Shop & Play® line emphasizes its utilitarian features 

(including that the product is easy to clean, is protected by a material that inhibits the growth of 

bacteria, contains storage pockets, and offers a back rest and soft padding), the description and 

accompanying photograph also prominently portray the accompanying “plush pals.” Id.

Furthermore, though Infantino does not refer to its Shop & Play® line as “toys” like other items 

in the catalogue, the catalogue itself is called a “Toys and Activity Play” catalogue and does not 

feature Infantino’s purely utilitarian travel products. See id.6 Thus, Infantino’s placement of the 

Funny Farmer in the Toys and Activity Play catalogue suggests that the product is a toy. 

 So does the packaging of the Funny Farmer itself. The packaging displays the Shop & 

Play® brand name on all sides of the box. The front, back, and side of the packaging describes 

the Funny Farmer as a “2-in-1 play mat [that] turns any shopping cart into a clean, comfy activity 

center.” Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1. The front of the package also contains three different-sized 

photographs. The largest photograph depicts a smiling baby seated in a shopping cart covered by 

 6

 A screenshot of Infantino’s website from July 16, 2008 shows that Infantino separated products on its 

website into “Toys,” “Carriers,” “Soft Travel,” “Shopping Cart Covers,” and “Puzzles.” Def.’s Br. at Ex. D. The 

Funny Farmer was featured under the “Shopping Cart Covers” tab and not the “Toys” tab. Similarly, when 

Infantino marketed its products at trade shows, Infantino separately featured the Shop & Play® line instead of 

visually grouping the Shop & Play® products with its “Toys.” Pl.’s Br. at Exs. 7–8. But that the product was not 

advertised as a pure “toy” does not preclude classification under HTSUS 9503. See Springs Creative, 2013 WL 

4307857, at *9. Indeed, Infantino does not contend that the Funny Farmer is a toy in its entirety. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 11

the Funny Farmer, with the Funny Farmer’s toys dangling outside the cart. See id. Infantino 

purposely positioned the toys outside the cart “to highlight them,” even though the toys usually 

dangle inside the cart in front of the child. See id. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 13. A second 

picture depicts a different angle of a child playing inside a shopping cart fitted with the Funny 

Farmer while the storage pockets are visible. Lastly, the smallest of the photographs depicts the 

Funny Farmer laid flat along with the description, “The perfect mat for tummy time play!” 

The back cover of the packaging contains a more thorough description of the Shop & 

Play® product line that emphasizes the product’s toy-like aspects in both its mat and cart-insert 

configurations. Specifically, the packaging provides,

Gone shopping? Shop & PlayTM can make your errands more rewarding for baby 

and more relaxing for you. At home Shop & PlayTM spreads out to surround baby 

with a world of fun things to discover. At the store, its padded, wraparound 

design transforms any shopping cart into a clean, secure and comfortable

activity center for baby to keep on playing and learning. 

Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1 (emphasis in original, in the form of words offset in different font colors). The 

back cover also contains a picture of the Funny Farmer laid flat with arrows pointing to and 

describing, inter alia, “[r]oomy storage pockets,” protective leg flaps, a “cozy headrest for 

baby,” and “[f]ive removable toys that rattle, crinkle and squeak!” Id.

Collectively, the packaging supports classification as a toy. The court acknowledges that 

the packaging extols the utilitarian features of the Funny Farmer when used in a shopping cart. 

But Infantino’s emphasis on the Funny Farmer’s shopping cart use was not intended to downplay 

the product’s additional use as a traditional play mat. Rather, Infantino chose to highlight Funny 

Farmer’s more novel use instead of its familiar use. See Pl.’s Br. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 

12. Furthermore, and most importantly, the uniform theme throughout the packaging is not the 

product’s ability to keep a child comfortable, clean, or secure in a cart; it is that the product is 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 12

uniquely situated to keep children entertained both at home and on-the-go. While only a portion 

of the good’s packaging emphasizes the Funny Farmer’s shopping-cart use, the entirety of the 

packaging highlights the Funny Farmer’s amusing activity elements (which do not vary based on 

use in a cart or on the floor).

 Finally, the Funny Farmer’s physical characteristics support prima facie classification as 

a toy. An examination of the Funny Farmer confirms that it is a “configured shopping cart seat 

cover or insert” that is visually similar to a traditional play mat and that has been “specifically 

adapted to be reconfigured into a play mat for an infant or toddler.” Compare Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1, 

with Def.’s Br. at Ex. E at 2. But regardless of whether the Funny Farmer is used in a shopping 

cart or on the floor, the item contains many features that are obviously amusing to small children. 

See Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1.7

 The activity side of the Funny Farmer displays multiple bright colors and 

is farm-themed, consisting of graphics of food items (such as watermelon slices, eggs, cheese, 

peas, carrots, and strawberries), barnyard animals (such as rabbits, cows, chickens, and pigs), and 

farmers (both male and female, wearing overalls and straw hats). See id. There are also several 

removable cloth toys attached to the Funny Farmer. See id.; Def.’s Br. 4 (referring to the items 

as toys). These toys dangle in front of the child when seated in a shopping cart and lie flat on the 

ground when used as a play mat. 

Three of the toys make crinkling sounds when squeezed—(1) a stuffed red tomato; (2) a 

fabric square that contains a drawing of a cow along with the word “moo!” on one side and a 

cheese wedge on the other side; and (3) a fabric square that contains a drawing of a chicken 

 7

 The court need not address the parties’ arguments related to the admissibility of a publication by the U.S. 

Consumer Products Safety Commission (“CPSC”) (appended to Infantino’s moving brief as Exhibit 13) identifying 

various toy characteristics that are amusing to young children. The Government does not seriously dispute that 

portions of the Funny Farmer are stimulating and amusing to young children and indeed refers to the items attached 

to the mat as “toys” in its briefing. See Def.’s Br. 4. The amusement/play value of the Funny Farmer is apparent 

from a simple physical examination of the merchandise, and reliance on the CPSC document is unnecessary. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 13

along with the words “cluck cluck!” on one side and a cooked egg on the other side. Another 

toy, a stuffed cloth milk “carton,” rattles when shaken. Lastly, there is a “book” that opens to a 

graphic of a smiling baby along with the phrase “I see you” on one side and a mirror on the 

other. The front cover of the “book” contains graphics of a female and male farmer along with 

the words “funny farmers!” and the back cover contains a graphic of a smiling baby waving 

along with the words “bye-bye!” The Funny Farmer also features one sewn-in toy, a cloth 

basket, that sits upright on the shopping-cart handle when the Funny Farmer is used in a cart. 

The basket is intended to allow children to mimic the actions of their parent in a shopping cart by 

moving the detachable toys (the tomato, the milk carton, etc.) in and out of the basket. See Pl.’s

Br. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 5 & Ex. 1. 

Though the Funny Farmer offers much amusement value, the product also serves a 

utilitarian purpose as a shopping-cart insert and contains features exclusively geared towards that 

use. For instance, the Funny Farmer contains leg flaps that may be secured by Velcro when used 

solely as a play mat. See id. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 10 & Ex. 1; Def.’s Br. at 3–4. The 

Funny Farmer also has a removable waist belt that secures a child inside a shopping cart and 

pockets intended to store items for parents while shopping. See Def.’s Br. at 3–4. Lastly, the 

Funny Farmer contains a removable, decorative bolster pillow that supports a child’s back when 

used in a shopping cart (and that serves to prop up a child engaged in tummy-time play). Id. 

Even so, many goods that have been classified as toys had some utilitarian value: for 

instance, traditional play mats, inflatable floats, and play tents. See Ero Indus. v. United States,

24 CIT 1175, 1180–84, 118 F. Supp. 2d 1356, 1360–63 (2000) (classifying play tent with 

licensed graphics of children’s characters as a toy even though it provided some utility as a 

tented play structure); Ideal Toy Corp. v. United States, 78 Cust. Ct. 28, 34, C.D. 4688 (1977) 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 14

(upholding classification of a brightly-colored, themed inflatable float as a toy); Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 

12 (compiling CBP rulings classifying play mats and play gyms as toys); see also Springs 

Creative, 2013 WL 4307857, at *9 (classifying a craft blanket kit as a toy notwithstanding its 

utilitarian value as a blanket). While the court acknowledges that the Funny Farmer has more 

utilitarian value than a pure play mat, it also lacks certain features detracting from its overall 

utility as a shopping-cart insert. For instance, the Funny Farmer does not contain additional 

padding where the child sits or near areas of the cart with which the child would come into 

contact, thus detracting from the product’s use for comfort. See Pl.’s Br. 7–8 & Ex. 1. The 

Funny Farmer also does not cover the sides of the cart, thus reducing the overall utility of the 

product in keeping the child clean and germ-free. Id. Furthermore, the Funny Farmer is not a 

particularly useful means of safely securing a child in a shopping cart, as the waist belt “is not 

intended to prevent children from standing up in or climbing/falling out of a shopping cart.”

Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1; see also Ideal Toy, 78 Cust. Ct. at 34 (finding that, given the play float’s 

possibility of overturning, the prime motivation of a parent purchasing a play float is to amuse 

the child and not to offer safe support in water). Lastly, the Funny Farmer cannot even be used 

in a shopping cart until a child can sit upright and has value only as a play mat for the first 

months of a child’s life. See Pl.’s Br. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 16. As such, the Funny 

Farmer’s utilitarian value cannot be said to outweigh its amusement value, and the product is 

prima facie classifiable as a toy. 

III. Those Portions of the Funny Farmer that Impart the Product’s “Essential 

Character” Are Classifiable under HTSUS Heading 9503 

Having concluded that the Funny Farmer is prima facie classifiable under two headings 

(HTSUS headings 9404 and 9503), the court must next apply GRI 3. Although GRI 3(a) would 

normally provide for the Funny Farmer to be classified under the heading that “provides the most 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 15

specific description,” that provision does not apply “when two or more headings each refer to 

part only of the materials or substances contained in mixed or composite goods.” In such a 

circumstance, GRI 3(b) applies instead, and provides that the goods at issue “shall be classified 

as if they consisted of the material or component which gives them their essential character.” 

See, e.g., Alcan Food Packaging, 771 F.3d at 1364. 

The court holds that neither HTSUS heading 9404 nor heading 9503 describe the Funny 

Farmer in full, and that the portions of the Funny Farmer that impart it with its “essential 

character” are properly classified under HTSUS heading 9503. First, heading 9404 cannot fully 

describe the Funny Farmer. That heading covers articles of bedding and the like; it clearly 

would not cover, for example, the plush toys that can be detached from the Funny Farmer.8

 As 

for heading 9503, no party disputes that it describes the Funny Farmer only in part. See Pl.’s

Reply Br. 13–14. Its detachable seatbelt and backside storage pockets, which serve no 

amusement purpose at all but are strictly utilitarian, make this clear. Def.’s Br. 18–19.

Therefore, both heading 9404 and heading 9503 describe only part of the Funny Farmer. 

This being the case, the court’s mandate under GRI 3(b) is to decide which of the two 

headings covers those parts of the Funny Farmer that impart it with its “essential character.” 

This decision is informed by the Explanatory Note to GRI 3(b): 

The factor which determines essential character will vary as between different 

kinds of goods. It may, for example, be determined by the nature of the material 

 8

 Because the court holds that HTSUS heading 9404 does not “wholly” cover the Funny Farmer, it need not 

address those of the Government’s arguments premised on the notion that heading 9404 is the only heading to 

wholly cover the product. See Def.’s Br. 18–19. The Government does not directly explain why it believes heading 

9404 wholly covers the Funny Farmer: Rather, the Government simply claims that the Funny Farmer is prima facie

classifiable under 9404 despite its attached toys and the like, and then asserts that the product is wholly covered by 

9404. See id. at 17–19. But, in order for GRIs 1 and 3 to make any sense, prima facie and whole coverage must be 

discrete concepts. Otherwise, any product prima facie classifiable under at least one tariff heading pursuant to GRI 

1 would be immune from composite classification under GRI 3(b). That would render GRI 3(b) incapable of 

fulfilling its purpose: to act as a tiebreaker when a good is prima facie classifiable under more than one tariff 

heading. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 16

or component, its bulk, quantity, weight or value, or by the role of a constituent 

material in relation to the use of the good. 

This note suggests that a close examination of the Funny Farmer itself is most helpful in 

determining which of its constituent parts imparts its essential character. See also Simod Am. 

Corp. v. United States, 872 F.2d 1572, 1578 (“[T]he merchandise itself is often a potent witness 

in classification cases.”) 

Upon such an examination, the court holds that the Funny Farmer’s essential character is 

imparted by its toy components. First, per the Explanatory Note, the “bulk” of the Funny 

Farmer’s components are classifiable under 9503: The detachable toys are toys by their own 

terms, and the play mat would be classifiable as a toy were it not convertible into a cart insert.

See Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 12 (compiling CBP rulings classifying play mats and play gyms as toys); see

also Springs Creative, 2013 WL 4307857, at *9 (classifying a craft blanket kit as a toy 

notwithstanding its utilitarian value as a blanket). The fact that most of the items that make up 

the Funny Farmer are toys suggests that the entire good is a toy. 

Second, the Funny Farmer’s packaging and pricing suggest that it is a toy. The 

packaging, as already noted, uniformly touts the Funny Farmer’s benefits as a toy. Pl.’s Br. at 

Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 13 & Ex. 1. By so doing, the packaging suggests that the Funny 

Farmer is essentially a toy, and that its cart-insert function is an auxiliary use. Similarly, the 

Funny Farmer is priced the same as Infantino’s other play mats (which, as discussed, would be 

classified as toys). See id. at Decl. of Wendy McLean ¶ 20 & Ex. 2. This too indicates that the 

Funny Farmer is a toy with cart-insert features. Thus, because the Funny Farmer’s packaging 

and pricing suggest that it is a toy, and also because the bulk of the product’s components would 

be so classifiable, the court holds that entire good is classifiable under heading 9503. 
Court No. 11-00497 Page 17

CONCLUSION 

Because the Funny Farmer is classifiable as a toy under HTSUS 9503.00.00, Customs 

incorrectly liquidated the entries associated with Protest No. 2704-09-101681 at a six percent ad

valorem duty rate under HTSUS 9404.90.20. Accordingly, for reasons discussed above, 

Infantino’s motion for summary judgment is granted and the Government’s cross-motion for 

summary judgment is denied. Judgment will enter accordingly. 

 /s/ Richard W. Goldberg 

Richard W. Goldberg 

Senior Judge 

Dated: 'HFHPEHU

New York, New York