The Honorable Jon P. McCalla, United States Chief District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee,

*

sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 10a0039n.06

No. 08-3856

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MUSA KAMARA,

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN

ORDER OF THE BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS

OPINION

Before: BOGGS and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; and McCALLA, Chief District Judge.*

RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Musa Kamara, a 34-year-old native and citizen

of Sierra Leone, appeals a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) that denied his

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the United Nation’s

Convention Against Torture (CAT). His claims are primarily based on the mistreatment he

allegedly suffered after refusing to join a rebel group in Sierra Leone. For the reasons set forth

below, we DENY the petition for review.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background
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Kamara was born in Sierra Leone in October 1975. (App. 89-90) He lived with his mother

and father on a fruit and livestock farm, but he testified that his family had “no money.” (App. 92)

In 2000, four rebels from the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) came to Kamara’s home and asked

his father for money and diamonds. (App. 93, 95, 107) After his father said that they did not have

any money or diamonds, the rebels beat his father “very bad[ly].” (App. 93) Kamara said that the

rebels targeted his home because his father sold goats and sheep. (App. 99) 

The RUF rebels then took Kamara from the farm, put him in a car, and drove him to a prison.

(App. 96-97) Kamara testified that at the prison, the guards beat him everyday, threw him to the

floor, and used a large piece of wood to beat one of his legs. (App. 98, 100) During his

imprisonment, the RUF repeatedly asked Kamara to join them, but he refused. (App. 100) Kamara

was held in the prison for four months until soldiers from Guinea came and took him back to Guinea,

where he stayed for two days. (App. 100, 103) 

According to Kamara,“[t]his one old guy” in Guinea gave him money and sent him to Mali,

where another individual gave him money to fly to the United States. (App. 104-105) After Kamara

arrived in the United States using a fraudulent passport in August 2001, a man named Malik, who

had previously lived near Kamara’s family in Sierra Leone, told Kamara that his father had passed

away after the rebels took Kamara. (App. 113) Kamara’s mother is currently missing. (App. 145)

B. Procedural history

Kamara timely filed an asylum application, in which he claimed past persecution on account

of race, religion, and nationality, but did not indicate persecution on account of membership in a
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particular social group or political opinion. (App. 148) At the June 2006 merits hearing before an

immigration judge (IJ), however, Kamara’s counsel indicated that Kamara was claiming persecution

on account of a political opinion imputed to him after he refused to join the RUF. (App. 135)

The IJ ultimately found Kamara to be not credible because he gave vague and inconsistent

testimony, did not know the answers to important questions such as what the acronym RUF stands

for, and gave answers that seemed unreasonable under the circumstances. (App. 45-48) Moreover,

the IJ concluded that even if he were credible, Kamara had not established past persecution or a wellfounded fear of future persecution, primarily because he did not establish the required nexus. That

is, Kamara did not prove that the RUF imputed a political opinion to him and that his mistreatment

was “on account of” this imputed political opinion. (App. 51-52) 

The IJ also found that Kamara’s fear of future persecution was not objectively reasonable

because Sierra Leone is now a significantly safer country than when Kamara left in 2000. (App. 51)

Because Kamara had not established eligibility for asylum, the IJ denied the withholding of removal

as well. Finally, the IJ found that Kamara was not eligible for protection under the CAT because

Kamara’s detainment by the RUF and accompanying beatings did not rise to the level of torture and

did not establish that he was more likely than not to be tortured if he were returned to Sierra Leone.

(App. 55) 

The BIA dismissed Kamara’s appeal. Even after giving Kamara the benefit of the doubt by

assuming that he was credible, the BIA agreed with the IJthat Kamara had failed to establish a nexus

between his mistreatment and an imputed political opinion. (App. 7) It also found that he had not
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established a reasonable fear of future persecution, eligibility for withholding of removal, or any

basis for protection under the CAT. Finally, it rejected Kamara’s argument that various errors the

IJ allegedly committed during the merits hearing denied him due process. (App. 8-9) 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review

“Because the BIA adopted the IJ’s decision with additional commentary, we review the

decision of the IJ, as supplemented by the BIA, as the final administrative order.” Ceraj v. Mukasey,

511 F.3d 583, 588 (6th Cir. 2007). We review the factual determinations of the IJ under the

“substantial evidence” test. Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2004). Under this standard,

we will not reverse a factual determination unless “the evidence not only supports a contrary

conclusion, but compels it.” Marku v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 982, 986 (6th Cir. 2004) (emphasis in

original). 

B. Asylum 

Kamara first claims asylum based on the past persecution that he allegedly suffered after

refusing to join the RUF. An alien who seeks asylum must establish that he meets the definition of

a “refugee,” which means a person unable or unwilling to return to his country because of past

persecution or a “well-founded fear” of future persecution “on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Immigration and Nationality Act

(INA) § 101(a)(42); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). The burden of proof is on Kamara to establish that he
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meets this definition. See INA § 208(b)(1)(B)(i); 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Because the BIA

analyzed Kamara’s claims on the assumption that his testimony was credible, we will do so as well.

The IJ and the BIA concluded that Kamara had not established past persecution because he

did not demonstrate a connection between his mistreatment and one of the five protected statutory

grounds. These findings are supported by substantial evidence. The record reflects two instances

of mistreatment suffered by Kamara—first, when the RUF came to his home and beat his father, and

second, when the RUF detained and beat Kamara for four months. Kamara presented no evidence

that either instance of mistreatment was motivated by a political opinion held by Kamara or his

family, whether actual or imputed. Rather, Kamara testified that the RUF rebels came to his home

because they viewed his family as wealthy. 

Moreover, Kamara’s confinement and beatings at the prison were aimed solely at forcing

Kamara to join the RUF. The evidence therefore establishes that Kamara experienced mistreatment

as a result of the RUF’s political opinions, not his own. When the SupremeCourtreversed the Ninth

Circuit’s holding that mistreatment by Guatemalan guerrillas in an attempt to recruit an individual

establishes persecution “on account of” political opinion, it made this same distinction: 

As for the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the guerrillas’ “motive in carrying out

the kidnapping is political”: It apparently meant by this that the guerrillas seek to fill

their ranks in order to carry on their war against the government and pursue their

political goals. But that does not render the forced recruitment “persecution on

account of . . . political opinion.” . . . The ordinary meaning of the phrase

“persecution on account of . . . political opinion” in § 101(a)(42) is persecution on

account of the victim’s political opinion, not the persecutor’s. If a Nazi regime

persecutes Jews, it is not, within the ordinary meaning of language, engaging in

persecution on account of political opinion; and if a fundamentalist Moslem regime

persecutes democrats, it is not engaging in persecution on account of religion. Thus,
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the mere existence of a generalized “political” motive underlying the guerrillas’

forced recruitment is inadequate to establish (and, indeed, goes far to refute) . . .

persecution on account of political opinion, as § 101(a)(42) requires.

INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992) (emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted).

Kamara’s asylum claim is barred by Elias-Zacarias because he has presented no evidence

as to the motive of the RUF in detaining and beating him other than that they were trying to recruit

him. As a result, Kamara is not eligible for asylum based on past persecution because he has not

established that any alleged past persecution was “on account of” his political opinion or any other

protected ground. 

Kamara next claims asylum based on a well-founded fear of future persecution by the RUF

if he were to return to Sierra Leone. (Pet’s Br. 45) But because Kamara did not demonstrate past

persecution, he is not entitled to a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. See

Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 389 (6th Cir. 1998). A well-founded fear of future persecution

“must be both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Abay v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 634,

637 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). 

The findings of the IJ and the BIA that Kamara does not have a well-founded fear of future

persecution are supported by substantial evidence. Although Sierra Leone is not yet entirely free of

political strife, its conditions have significantly improved since the end of the civil war in 2002, and

the RUF now wieldssubstantially less power. (App. 159-174) More importantly, Kamara has again

failed to meet the nexus requirement. That is, he has submitted no evidence to demonstrate that if

he were persecuted in Sierra Leone by the RUF upon his return, it would be “on account of” a
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political opinion that he holds. When asked why the RUF rebels would want to hurt him, Kamara

at first said “I don’t know,” but then answered “[b]ecause . . . I don’t want to join them.” (App. 106)

This evidence is not sufficient to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution because

such future mistreatment would be on account ofthe persecutor’s political opinion, not the victim’s.

SeeElias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 482 (rejecting a claim of well-founded fear of future persecution that

was based on the applicant’s refusal to fight with guerrilla forces in Guatemala); see also Lumaj v.

Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 578 (6th Cir. 2006) (rejecting a claim of well-founded fear of future

persecution because although a widespread threat of violence existed in Albania, there was no

evidence that individuals were targeted on political grounds). 

Moreover, Kamara did not establish that he would be singled out for mistreatment among

the general population. When asked why he would have problems if he returned to Sierra Leone,

he said “[t]hey still have bad people there” and that a lot of people go missing. (App. 106) Kamara,

however, “cannot rely on speculative conclusions or mere assertions of fear of possible persecution,

but instead must offer reasonably specific information showing a real threat of individual

persecution.” See Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396, 412 (6th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added)

(citations omitted). He has not satisfied this standard. The record is devoid of evidence that he faces

an individualized threat beyond the general threat to the population from “bad people.” Kamara

therefore has not met his burden to prove eligibility for asylum based on a well-founded fear of

future persecution. 
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On appeal, Kamara argues for the first time that he is also eligible for asylum based on past

persecution and a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his membership in the social

group of people perceived as wealthy in Sierra Leone by abusive and corrupt government security

forces. (Pet’s Br. 37) Kamara has failed to administratively exhaust this argument, however, because

he did not raise it in his brief before the BIA. We therefore lack jurisdiction to review this claim.

See INA § 242(d)(1); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Ramani v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 554, 560 (6th Cir. 2004)

(holding that “only claims properly presented to the BIA and considered on their merits can be

reviewed by this court”).

Because Kamara did not demonstrate his eligibility for asylum, his claim for withholding of

removal fails. If an applicant has not established past persecution, a claim for withholding requires

evidence that “it is more likely than not that he or she would be persecuted on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion upon removal.”

8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). This standard is more demanding than the standard required to establish

asylum. Sarr v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 354, 362 (6th Cir. 2007). Kamara did not meet the burden of

showing future persecution for asylum purposes and therefore cannot meet the higher burden needed

to qualify for withholding of removal. See id. (rejecting a claim for withholding of removal because

the applicant did not meet the more lenient standard for asylum).

C. Protection under the CAT 

In order to qualify for protection under the CAT, Kamara must demonstrate that it is “more

likely than not” that he would be tortured if he were removed to Sierra Leone. See Pilica v. Ashcroft,
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388 F.3d 941, 951 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). Kamara supports his CAT

claim with two pieces of evidence. He first relies on the 2005, 2006, and 2007 State Department

Country Reports for Sierra Leone, which he claims confirm “the risk of torture” that he faces if he

returns to Sierra Leone. (Pet’s Br. 33) 

As an initial matter, even if these reports establish a risk of torture as Kamara claims, this

does not mean that it is “more likely than not” that he will be tortured, particularly because the

problems enumerated in the reports were listed as exceptions to the general statement that “[t]he

government generally respected the human rights of its citizens.” (App. 159) Moreover, many of

the concerns listed in the reports would either not apply to Kamara or would not rise to the level of

torture. Kamara, for example, would not be subject to child labor, female genital mutilation, or

abuse as a journalist. And other problems mentioned in the reports, such as poor prison conditions,

police theft and extortion, a corrupt judiciary, and insufficient legal representation, generally do not

amount to torture. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2) (“Torture is an extreme form of cruel and inhuman

treatment and does not include lesser forms of . . . punishment that do not amount to torture.”). 

Kamara next relies on his past mistreatment while being held at the RUF prison in Sierra

Leone. (Pet’s Br. 31) Even assuming that this past mistreatment constituted torture, it does not

establish that it is “more likely than not” that Kamara would be tortured in the future. Kamara failed

to point to any evidence that suggests that this past mistreatment would be repeated. In particular,

Kamara has presented no evidence to rebut the government’s proof regarding the improvement in

country conditions since 2001, the efforts of the Sierra Leone government to protect its citizens from
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the small remaining remnants of the RUF, the failure of the RUF to gain any political power in recent

elections, and the successful trials of the leadership of the RUF, all of which suggest that Kamara

does not face torture by the RUF if he were to return. (App. 159, 160, 163, 167, 168) 

D. Kamara’s due process arguments 

Beyond challenging the decisions of both the IJ and the BIA, Kamara argues that the

proceedings violated his Fifth Amendment due process rights. Due process requires that aliens

receive a full and fair hearing. A due process violation occurs, however, onlywhere “the proceeding

was so fundamentally unfair that the alien was prevented from reasonably presenting his case.”

Hassan v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429, 436 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Ladha v. INS, 215 F.3d 889, 904

(9th Cir. 2000)). In order to succeed on his due process claim, Kamara must demonstrate

“substantial prejudice.” Gishta v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 972, 979 (6th Cir. 2005). To meet this

standard, he must show that any alleged due process errors actually affected the outcome of his

proceedings. Id.

Kamara first argues that the IJ and the BIA violated his due process rights “by pre-judging

the case” and “by issuing decisions which lack clear administrative findings.” (Pet’s Br. 23) These

claims are without merit. There is no evidence that either the IJ or the BIA prejudged the case.

Similarly, both the IJ and the BIA issued clear and well-reasoned opinions that included citations to

the relevant statutes and caselaw, as well as specific references to the testimony and other evidence

presented at Kamara’s merits hearing. 
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Next, Kamara alleges that the BIA erred in “ignoring deficiencies” in the merits hearing

transcript. (Pet’s Br. 23) The transcript does reflect that certain responses by Kamara were

“indiscernible” to the transcriber. But in some instances, the IJ or Kamara’s counsel followed up

on the indiscernible response with a subsequent question that ultimately clarified the response. In

most of the other instances, the indiscernible responses are irrelevant to the evidence needed to

establish Kamara’s claims, relating instead to the legal status of his wife, Kamara’s education, money

he received from certain individuals once he arrived in the United States, the conversation he had

in the United States in which he learned that his father was dead, or Kamara’s credibility. The core

part of Kamara’s story—that the RUF came to his home because they thought his family was

wealthy, that the RUF beat his father, and that they took Kamara to a prison where he was held and

beaten for four months because he refused to join them—is clear from the transcript. 

Contrary to Kamara’s assertions, therefore, none of the transcript deficiencies affected the

outcome of his case. They do not relate to the RUF’s motive in coming to Kamara’s home and

beating his father. Nor do they bear on why the RUF detained and beat Kamara for four months.

Finally, they are irrelevant to whether Kamara would be singled out for torture by the RUF if he is

returned to Sierra Leone. 

In his final argument on appeal, Kamara contends that the IJ and the BIA erred in not giving

any weight to a letter from his doctor that states that the scars on Kamara’s body are consistent with

his having received multiple beatings. (App. 154-55) But this alleged error did not prejudice

Kamara because the letter does not address any of the critical lapses in his claims. Kamara’s past-
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persecution claim fails not because the mistreatment he experienced was insignificant, but because

he failed to establish a nexus between that mistreatment and any imputed political opinion.

Similarly, Kamara did not demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution because of the lack

of a nexus to any individualized threat. Finally, his CAT claim fails because the Country Reports

show improved conditions within Sierra Leone and demonstrate that the RUF retains little power.

These were the critical lapses in Kamara’s claims, and the doctor’s letter addresses none of them.

Kamara thus has not demonstrated prejudice as a result of this alleged error. 

III. CONCLUSION

For all of the reasons set forth above, we DENY Kamara’s petition for review.