FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 APRIL 25, 2012

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 11-13227 

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-00844-TCB

AKANTHOS CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC,

ARIA OPPORTUNITY FUND LTD.,

CNH CA MASTER ACCOUNT, L.P., 

GLG INVESTMENTS PLC: SUB-FUND GLG

GLOBAL CONVERTIBLE UCITS FUND, 

GLG INVESTMENTS IV PLC: SUB-FUND GLG

GLOBAL CONVERTIBLE UCITS (DISTRIBUTING) FUND, et al.,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellees,

CC ARBITRAGE, LTD, et al.,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs,

 versus

COMPUCREDIT HOLDINGS CORPORATION, 

DAVID G. HANNA, 

FRANK J. HANNA, III, 

RICHARD R. HOUSE, JR., 

RICHARD W. GILBERT, 

K. K. SRINIVASAN, 

J. PAUL WHITEHEAD, III, 
THOMAS G. ROSENCRANTS, 

GREGORY J. CORONA, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Georgia

 ________________________

(April 25, 2012)

Before WILSON and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and ALBRITTON, District Judge. *

WILSON, Circuit Judge:

This case concerns the applicability of a standard “no-action clause” in a

trust indenture governing a company’s notes. The clause at issue states that a

noteholder cannot “pursue any remedy with respect to this Indenture or the

Securities” unless the noteholder falls within one of two exceptions. This appeal

asks whether noteholders who do not fall within a stated exception to the clause

may nonetheless bring fraudulent transfer claims against the issuer of the

securities and its directors and officers. Although the district court found the noaction clause inapplicable to the claims, we disagree and hold that the language of

 Honorable W. Harold Albritton, United States District Judge for the Middle District of *

Alabama, sitting by designation.

2
the no-action clause controls, barring noteholders from bringing this suit. 

I.

The district court in its March 15, 2011 order laid out the long and litigious

history among the parties in this appeal, so we confine our recitation of the facts to

those most relevant to this appeal. Defendant-Appellant CompuCredit Holdings

Corporation (“CompuCredit”) is a publicly traded financial services provider that

serves the subprime market. Additional Defendants-Appellants are CompuCredit

insiders that fall within two groups: Officers and Directors. Plaintiffs are a

collection of hedge funds that hold notes issued by CompuCredit; they allege to

collectively own the majority of CompuCredit’s notes and claim status as

CompuCredit’s creditors under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act (“UFTA”). 

See O.C.G.A. § 18-2-70 et seq.

1

Each series of CompuCredit’s notes was issued pursuant to a trust indenture

containing a standard “no-action clause.” The clause states that noteholders “may 2

not pursue any remedy with respect to this Indenture or the Securities.” However,

the clause also contains two exceptions that a noteholder may fall within if it

 Georgia’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act is based upon and substantially similar to 1

the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, successor to the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.

 For the purposes of this appeal, the trust indentures governing each series of notes held 2

by Plaintiffs are identical and shall be collectively discussed. 

3
satisfies certain conditions precedent. The first exception, referred to by the

parties as the “trustee demand exception,” is satisfied if: (1) a noteholder gives the

Trustee written notice that a Default has occurred and is continuing; (2) holders 3

of at least 25% of the notes make a written demand to the Trustee to pursue a

remedy; (3) a noteholder agrees to indemnify or offer security to the Trustee for

any costs incurred; (4) the Trustee does not respond to the request of the

noteholders within sixty days of receipt of the notice and the offer of security or

indemnity; (5) during the sixty-day window, the majority of the noteholders do not

give the Trustee an instruction inconsistent with the request for a remedy. The

second exception to the no-action clause is the “right to payment” exception,

which is not at issue here. The trust indentures have a choice-of-law provision

specifying that New York law governs the agreement. 

In December 2009, Plaintiffs brought UFTA claims against CompuCredit.

4

Plaintiffs alleged that CompuCredit was in financial distress but had nevertheless

issued a dividend to shareholders—the majority of whom were company

insiders—and planned to spin off the company’s profitable microloan lending

business. Plaintiffs argued that these actions were fraudulent transfers intended to

 Section 1.01 of the Indentures defines the term “Default.” The parties agree that no 3

Default has occurred here. 

 Directors and Officers were added as defendants in May 2010. 4

4
benefit company insiders. Plaintiffs also asserted that CompuCredit was operating

on the brink of insolvency and depleting its available funds, endangering its ability

to redeem Plaintiffs’ notes when they came due. In June 2010, each of the three

groups of Defendants—CompuCredit, Directors, and Officers—individually filed

a motion to dismiss. The Officers raised in their motion the argument that is at

issue in this appeal: that the no-action clause in the trust indentures governing

CompuCredit’s notes barred Plaintiffs from bringing their claims. The Directors

adopted and joined the motions to dismiss filed by the other Defendants. 

CompuCredit did not reference the no-action clause in its initial motion, but it

stated in its reply brief: “As set forth in the opening brief and reply brief in support

of [Officers’] Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs’ claim

also should be dismissed because Plaintiffs have not complied with the Indentures’

requirements for bringing suit.” 

On March 15, 2011, the district court ruled on all the motions jointly,

finding that although no-action clauses are generally upheld, the clause did not bar

Plaintiffs’ UFTA claims under the circumstances of this case. The court

predicated its ruling on three factors it found to be determinative: (1) the

noteholders bringing the suit constituted a majority of the noteholders, therefore

satisfying the purpose of the clause to prevent suits not in the majority’s best

5
interest; (2) CompuCredit announced its intent to pay a dividend less than sixty

days in advance, thereby making it impracticable for Plaintiffs to satisfy the sixtyday waiting period requirement of the trustee demand exception; and (3)

Plaintiffs’ claims were extra-contractual and the terms of the clause contemplated

a contractually-defined Default predicating a suit. 

On April 1, 2011, the district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) certified

the following question of law for interlocutory review:

Under New York Law, may noteholders sue under Georgia’s Uniform

Fraudulent Transfer Act where the noteholders have not complied

with the conditions precedent to filing suit specified in the “no-action

clause” in the trust indentures governing the notes?

Defendants then petitioned this court for permission to file an interlocutory appeal

regarding the certified question, and we granted Defendants the right to appeal. 

II.

As an initial matter, we must sort out which parties are proper participants

in this appeal. Plaintiffs first challenge whether CompuCredit may appeal, given

that it (1) did not join its co-Appellants in petitioning the district court to certify its

March 15, 2011 order for interlocutory review and (2) only discussed the noaction clause in its reply brief in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims.

 Plaintiffs also contest whether Directors and Officers have the ability to argue for

6
the applicability of the no-action clause, given that they are not parties to the trust

indentures. For the reasons stated below, we find that CompuCredit, Directors,

and Officers are all proper parties to this appeal. 

A.

Plaintiffs point out that only Officers, not CompuCredit, petitioned the

district court to certify its March 15, 2011 order denying Defendants’ motions to

dismiss; Plaintiffs argue that CompuCredit therefore cannot participate in this

appeal. This court generally only reviews final orders of the district court, but 5

under some circumstances we have jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals. 

Relevantly, we have jurisdiction over a district court order not otherwise

appealable if (1) a district judge states in the order that he is “of the opinion that

such order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial

ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may

materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation,” and (2) application

to appeal is made to this court within ten days of such an order. See 28 U.S.C. §

1292(b). On April 1, 2011, the district court, responding to Officers’ motion to

 Plaintiffs actually state in their brief that Officers and Directors filed a motion for 5

interlocutory appeal, but that motion bears only Officers’ names. Regardless, as our discussion

below evidences, it is immaterial which parties filed the motion at the district court level. We

include both CompuCredit and Directors in our discussion of this matter for the sake of

completeness.

7
certify its order for interlocutory review under § 1292(b), issued an order granting

Officers’ motion for certification and amended its March 15, 2011 order to state

that the no-action clause question presented “a controlling question of law as to

which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate

appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the

litigation.” On April 11, CompuCredit, Directors, and Officers jointly filed a

notice of appeal to this court, requesting permission to appeal the amended order. 

We granted permission to appeal to all Defendants. We had jurisdiction to do so

because both prongs of § 1292(b) had been satisfied: the district court had stated

the required language in its order and Appellants had then filed an application for

interlocutory appeal within ten days of that statement. For purposes of

determining proper parties to this appeal, it is simply not relevant that the district

court amended its Order at the request of Officers alone because we properly

granted all Defendants the right to appeal. 

Plaintiffs next contest whether CompuCredit has the ability to make its noaction clause argument given that it only cursorily discussed the issue in its reply

brief in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims. Plaintiffs rely on

Thomas v. Crosby for the proposition that an appellant’s failure to press an

argument before the district court forecloses that appellant’s right to present the

8
argument on appeal. 371 F.3d 782, 800 (11th Cir. 2004). However, even if we 6

were to agree with Plaintiffs’ proposition that the issue was not sufficiently raised

below, we do not join in its conclusion that appeal of the issue is prohibited. 

Thomas, to which Plaintiffs cite, instructs that our circuit’s “rule foreclosing

review of issues not presented below is not a jurisdictional limitation but is instead

a rule which may be abrogated in our sound discretion.” Id.; see also First Ala.

Bank of Montgomery, N.A. v. First State Ins. Co., 899 F.2d 1045, 1060 n.8 (11th

Cir. 1990). 

At the heart of this rule is the concept that “a court will not consider on

appeal for the first time a question that requires development of factual issues.”

Troxler v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. 717 F.2d 530, 533 (11th Cir. 1983) (emphasis

added). As the Supreme Court has articulated, our procedural scheme makes it the

sole province of lower courts to develop the factual record, and it is essential that

the issues of a case be fully argued below “in order that litigants may not be

surprised on appeal by final decision there of issues upon which they have had no

opportunity to introduce evidence.” Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U.S. 552, 556, 61

 Here, it is unclear whether the district court considered the issue adequately raised. 6

Although Officers, Directors, and CompuCredit all filed separate motions to dismiss, the district

court’s order addressed all Defendants jointly and did not specify that any of its holdings

regarding the no-action clause were specific to any one party. Additionally, the district court’s

conclusions were rooted in principles of law that would have applied to all Defendants.

9
S. Ct. 719, 721 (1941). Essentially, we seek to avoid prejudicing the parties. See

Ochran v. United States, 117 F.3d 495, 503 (11th Cir. 1997). A second reason for

the rule is a “concern for judicial economy.” Id.; see also Roofing & Sheet Metal

Servs. v. La Quinta Motor Inns, Inc., 689 F.2d 982, 990 (11th Cir. 1982). 

In the instant case, Officers and Directors raised the no-action clause issue

below, arguing the same points that CompuCredit now wishes to assert. 

CompuCredit seeks to address only issues already raised before the district court;

none of its arguments would require development of the factual record. Plaintiffs

had the opportunity below to respond to and present evidence regarding the noaction clause question, and the district court had the opportunity to make findings

of fact and legal conclusions. Therefore, Plaintiffs would not be prejudiced were

we to consider the precise issue raised by CompuCredit’s co-appellants. See

Ochran, 117 F.3d at 503 (“There is no prejudice to the [defendant] in this case

since it fully briefed all the issues that we address.”) Furthermore, in this case

considerations of judicial economy would weigh against declining to consider this

argument because the issues are fully briefed and ripe for appellate review.

We have previously identified some circumstances under which we have

found it appropriate to exercise our discretion to hear issues not argued below:

 First, an appellate court will consider an issue not raised in the

district court if it involves a pure question of law, and if refusal to

10
consider it would result in a miscarriage of justice. Second, the rule

may be relaxed where the appellant raises an objection to an order

which he had no opportunity to raise at the district court level. Third,

the rule does not bar consideration by the appellate court in the first

instance where the interest of substantial justice is at stake. Fourth, a

federal appellate court is justified in resolving an issue not passed on

below where the proper resolution is beyond any doubt. Finally, it

may be appropriate to consider an issue first raised on appeal if that

issue presents significant questions of general impact or of great

public concern.

 Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, 741 F.2d 355, 360–61 (11th Cir. 1984)

(alteration, footnotes, and quotation marks omitted). This case presents a pure

question of law that we believe was answered incorrectly below. Furthermore, the

significant question presented in this appeal has general impact, given that it

relates to a standard clause present in most indentures of this type. For the

foregoing reasons, we find it appropriate to consider CompuCredit’s appeal. 

B.

Plaintiffs also argue that the applicability of the no-action clause cannot

properly be asserted by persons—such as Officers and Directors—who are not

parties to the indentures containing that clause. A number of courts applying

New York law have addressed this argument, both explicitly and implicitly, and

have held that non-party defendants may still assert the no-action clause. See Peak

Partners, LP v. Republic Bank, 191 F. App’x 118, 126–27 (3d Cir. 2006)

(applying New York law) (finding no-action clause applicable despite plaintiff’s

11
argument that defendant was not a party to the trust indenture); Sterling Fed.

Bank, F.S.B. v. DLJ Mortg. Capital, Inc., 2010 WL 3324705, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Aug.

20, 2010) (applying New York law) (holding that no-action clause barred plaintiff

from bringing suit against mortgage-servicer defendant who was not party to the

trust indenture); In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & “ERISA” Litig., 2008 WL

744823, at *17 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 19, 2008) (applying New York law) (stating that

courts have allowed non-parties to enforce no-action clauses and citing in support

Lange v. Citibank, N.A., 2002 WL 2005728, at *6–7 (Del. Ch. Aug. 13, 2002)

(applying New York law) and Feldbaum v. McCrory Corp., 1992 WL 119095, at

*8 (Del. Ch. June 2, 1992) (applying New York law)). In Feldbaum, the court

explained that “in consenting to no-action clauses by purchasing bonds, plaintiffs

waive their rights to bring claims that are common to all bondholders,” and that

waiver “applies equally to claims against non-issuer defendants as to claims

against issuers.” 1992 WL 119095, at *7. The court also pointed out that the

clauses at issue in Feldbaum, like the clauses here, “explicitly make their scope

depend on the nature of the claims brought, not on the identity of the defendant.” 

Id. Here, Plaintiffs agreed to the terms of the no-action clause when they

purchased the notes, and that clause bars the pursuit of “any remedy with respect

to this Indenture or the Securities” (emphasis added). We therefore find that

12
Officers and Directors may assert that the no-action clause prevents Plaintiffs from

bringing this suit.

III. 

CompuCredit, Officers, and Directors argue that the district court erred in

denying their motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims because the court relied upon

an incorrect finding of law—namely, that the no-action clause did not bar

Plaintiffs’ claims. We review de novo a district court’s denial of a motion to

dismiss. See Oxford Asset Mgmt., Ltd. v. Jaharis, 297 F.3d 1182, 1187 (11th Cir.

2002). 

It is undisputed that the language of the no-action clause states that

noteholders may not bring any actions with respect to the “Indenture or the

Securities.” It is also clear that Plaintiffs’ suit relates to the trust indentures or the

securities. The clause itself lists only two possible exceptions to its prohibition on

suits—the trustee demand exception and the right to payment exception—and

Plaintiffs acknowledge that they have not taken the steps required to qualify for

either of the exceptions. Therefore, the question before us is whether the district

court was correct in relying upon three alternative reasons to find the clause

inapplicable, despite the background principle that no-action clauses have

“generally been upheld by courts.” Murray v. U.S. Bank Trust Nat’l Ass’n, 365

13
F.3d 1284, 1289 n.9 (11th Cir. 2004).

A.

First, we must answer whether under New York law extra-contractual

fraudulent transfer claims are exempted from the operation of the no-action

clause. This issue was addressed directly in Feldbaum, in which plaintiffs

7

bringing fraudulent conveyance claims argued that no-action clauses apply only to

claims for breaches of express indenture provisions. 1992 WL 119095, at *6. The

Delaware Chancery Court rejected that argument, concisely stating: “The clause in

question bars all action ‘with respect to’ the indenture or the securities. A

fraudulent conveyance action is such an action.” Id., at *7. It explained that

“‘no-action’ clauses in the indentures constitute waivers by plaintiffs” of their

rights to bring claims relating to the securities, id. at *5, and instead vest those

rights in the trustee (or in “the holders of a substantial amount of bonds,” provided

that the trustee has “the right to prosecute such a suit in the first instance”), id. at

*6. The court reasoned that because the plaintiffs’ fraudulent transfer claims

“allegedly arise from transactions by issuers of their bonds and assert injuries

arising from the bondholder status of plaintiffs . . . [,] [plaintiffs] are hurt

 Plaintiffs argue (and the district court found) that because the trustee demand exception 7

contemplates an event of Default, the entire no-action clause only applies to claims predicated on

a Default. We do not agree that the scope of an exception to a rule should necessarily define the

scope of the rule itself. 

14
derivatively . . . . and thus should share any remedy they receive on a pari passu

basis with other bondholders.” Id. at *8. Therefore, the claims could only be

properly be brought by the trustee. Id.

The Delaware Chancery Court in Lange also dismissed fraudulent transfer

claims of securityholders, finding that a no-action clause prevented their suit. 

2002 WL 2005728, at *5. In that case, plaintiffs were holders of Fairwood

Corporation’s (“Fairwood”) debentures and brought an action against the directors

of Fairwood; Consolidated Furniture Company (“Consolidated”), a subsidiary of

Fairwood; and affiliates of a company that allegedly controlled Fairwood. Id. at

*1. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants had made fraudulent transfers by selling

some subsidiaries of Consolidated at unfairly low prices. Id. at *4. Plaintiffs

acknowledged that their debentures contained a no-action clause but argued that

the clause did not apply to their claims. Id. at *6. The court summarized

Plaintiffs’ argument to be “that the [no-action clause] somehow does not apply to

their claims, because the amended complaint attempts to state fraudulent

conveyance claims and because the complaint alleges that Fairwood and

Consolidated were either insolvent or on the brink of insolvency at all relevant

times.” Id. The court responded that “[n]either of the Debentureholders’

arguments helps them escape the clear import of [the no action-clause.]” Id. It

15
explained that Feldbaum controlled and that “the particular nature of a claim that

is asserted on behalf of the Debentureholders as a class is not determinative of the

applicability of [the no-action clause]; what is determinative is whether the claim

is one with respect to the Indenture or the Debentures themselves.” Id. at *7.

Ernst v. Film Production Corp., 264 N.Y.S. 227 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1933)

employed a similar logic. Ernst featured bondholder plaintiffs that—wishing to

set aside allegedly fraudulent conveyances of contracts and property by the issuer

to the defendant—petitioned the court to appoint a receiver of the property at

issue. Id. at 228. Defendants argued that by the terms of the trust indenture,

plaintiffs could not bring suit unless a prior demand had been made upon the

trustee by the holders of a quarter of the outstanding bonds—a condition

analogous to a condition of the trustee demand exception in the instant case. Id.

The court framed the issue as: “If plaintiffs have no capacity to bring an action

under the indenture, the question arises whether under the present form of action

they may obtain a receiver pendente lite[.]” Id. It determined that the plaintiffs’

claim related to the bonds and that plaintiffs were “presuming to speak for all the

bondholders and not for themselves alone.” Id. at 229. Therefore, the court found

that the indenture condition barring suit applied to the action and ultimately denied

plaintiffs’ motion. Id. Courts applying New York law have consistently held, in

16
accordance with the rationale of Feldbaum, Lange, and Ernst, that no-action

clauses bar fraudulent conveyance claims. See, e.g., Enron, 2008 WL 744823, at

*9; McMahan & Co. v. Wherehouse Entm’t, Inc., 859 F. Supp. 743, 749 (S.D.N.Y.

1994), rev’d in part on other grounds, 65 F.3d 1044 (2d Cir. 1995); Victor v.

Riklis, 1992 WL 122911, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. May 15, 1992).

Although courts applying New York law have found no-action clauses

applicable as a general rule, they have been willing to abrogate that rule under one

consistently acknowledged exception: when the trustee, by reason of conflict of

interest or unjustifiable unwillingness, cannot properly pursue a remedy for trust

beneficiaries. See, e.g., CFIP Master Fund, Ltd. v. Citibank, N.A., 738 F. Supp. 2d

450, 477–78 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[I]t is well established under New York law that

where . . . trustees are under a duty to enforce [a] claim and have improperly and

unjustifiably failed to do so, the beneficiaries may bring a suit on behalf of the

trust, analogous to stockholders’ derivative suits on behalf of a corporation.”

(internal quotation marks omitted)) (excusing failure to comply with the no-action

clause where trustee allegedly violated its fiduciary duties); Feldbaum, 1992 WL

119095, at *7 (“I do not mean to imply that courts will apply no-action clauses to

bar claims where misconduct by the trustee is alleged”). Because a standard noaction clause vests in the trustee all of the securityholders’ rights to bring suit,

17
making the trustee the only path to a remedy, courts have been unwilling to

enforce such clauses when the trustee’s conflicts or irrationality bar that path to

relief. As the Feldbaum court explained: 

For the same reason that equity has long recognized that, in some

circumstances, corporate shareholders will be excused from making a

demand to sue upon corporate directors, but will be permitted to sue

in the corporation’s name themselves, bondholders will be excused

from compliance with a no-action provision where they allege

specific facts which if true establish that the trustee itself has

breached its duty under the indenture or is incapable of

disinterestedly performing that duty. 

 1992 WL 119095, at *7. 

 Given this established trustee misconduct exception, we find the present

case—involving no allegations of misdeeds by the Trustee—factually

distinguishable from cases in which claims are brought against the trustee. 

Therefore, we reject Plaintiffs’ reliance on Howe v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 783 F.

Supp. 2d 466 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) and Metropolitan West Asset Management, LLC v.

Magnus Funding, Ltd., 2004 WL 1444868 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2004) (“Metro

West”) because both of those cases involved allegations that the trustee had

breached its fiduciary duties. The court in Metro West acknowledged that the

presence of trustee misconduct was a determinative factor in its decision, stating

“Feldbaum . . . is inapplicable because there was no claim in that case that the

Trustee participated in any wrongdoing, as opposed to this case, where such

18
alleged wrongdoing is a central issue.” 2004 WL 1444868, at *5 n.4. Howe relied

explicitly on Metro West in permitting plaintiffs to bring claims against the trustee,

and the court explained it would “not presume that the parties intended to limit the

noteholders’ rights to sue on claims arising out of the Trustee allegedly taking

extra-contractual action or breaching its fiduciary duties to the noteholders.” 783

F. Supp. 2d at 474 (emphasis added). Because courts in the absence of allegations

of trustee misconduct have adhered to the general rule that no-action clauses bar

fraudulent conveyance claims, we find no persuasive reason to deviate from that

rule in the present case.

B.

 Second, we must address whether Plaintiffs’ majority ownership of the

notes should serve as grounds to refuse to apply the no-action clause. In New

York, contracts are construed to effectuate their purposes. Bijan Designer for

Men, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 705 N.Y.S.2d 30, 33 (N.Y. App. Div. 2000). 

An important purpose of no-action clauses is to “protect against the exercise of

poor judgment by a single bondholder or a small group of bondholders, who might

otherwise bring a suit against the issuer that most bondholders would consider not

to be in their collective economic interest.” Feldbaum, 1992 WL 119095, at *5–6

(reciting rationale for clause stated in Commentaries on Indentures § 5.7 at 232

19
(1971)). Therefore, Plaintiffs urge that “[e]nforcing the no-action clause in the

instant case would not serve the purposes for which it was placed in the

Indenture.” Whitebox Convertible Arbitrage Partners, L.P. v. World Airways, Inc.,

2006 WL 358270, at *4 (N.D. Ga. Feb. 15, 2006).8

There are two problems with this argument urging us to look into the

purposes of the no-action clause. First, “a court must be concerned with what the

parties intended, but only to the extent that they evidenced what they intended by

what they wrote.” Broad v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 642 F.2d 929, 947 (5th Cir. Apr.

1981) (en banc) (applying New York law) (emphasis added). In other words, 9

“[t]he best evidence of what parties to a written agreement intend is what they say

in their writing. Thus, a written agreement that is complete, clear and

 Plaintiffs also argue that because Section 6.05 of the indentures gives the majority the 8

ability to direct the “time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy

available to the Trustee” and Section 6.06(e) of the indentures gives the majority veto power over

Trustee actions, the majority de facto controls litigation proceedings. Plaintiffs reason that

demanding compliance with the other conditions of the trustee demand exception to the noaction clause is futile and serves no purpose because Plaintiffs hold ultimate control. However,

Section 6.05 of the indentures also states that “the Trustee may refuse to follow any direction [by

the majority] that conflicts with law or this Indentures or that Trustee determines is unduly

prejudicial to the rights of other Securityholders or would involve the Trustee in personal

liability. . . .” Therefore, the majority’s right to control the manner in which a suit is brought and

to veto suits brought by the Trustee does not equate to empowerment to direct all litigation

decisions; majority ownership alone is not sufficient to eviscerate the need for compliance with

the conditions of the trustee demand exception.

 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we

9

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to

October 1, 1981.

20
unambiguous on its face must be enforced according to the plain meaning of its

terms.” Greenfield v. Philles Records, Inc., 780 N.E.2d 166, 170 (N.Y. 2002)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the no-action clause’s terms

are absolute: noteholders “may not pursue any remedy with respect to this

Indenture or the Securities” unless they complete the conditions precedent

allowing them to fall within one of the two stated exceptions. It is true that

majority ownership is one of the necessary elements to qualify for the trustee

demand exception to the clause. Yet in addition to majority ownership, the

exception also requires that noteholders (1) give the Trustee notice of a Default,

(2) make a demand on the Trustee to pursue a remedy, (3) offer the Trustee

reasonable security or indemnity, and (4) give the Trustee sixty days to take action

before noteholders pursue remedies independently of the Trustee. Looking at the

unambiguous text of the clause, we see no intent to allow noteholders to fall

within an exception if they have not satisfied all the stated pre-conditions to that

exception. 

Second, even if we were to look outside the text of the clause and evaluate

whether its purposes were fulfilled, Plaintiffs’ arguments would remain

unconvincing. Although one purpose of the no-action clause is to deter suits

brought by the minority, other purposes of the clause are to “prevent rash,

21
precipitate, or harassing suits by bondholders who disrupt corporate affairs,” Watts

v. Missouri-Kansas-Texas R.R. Co., 383 F.2d 571, 574 (5th Cir. 1967), and to

protect the issuer from a multiplicity of lawsuits, Quirke v. St. Louis-San

Francisco Ry. Co., 277 F.2d 705, 709 (8th Cir. 1960). Majority ownership offers

no guarantee that those purposes are fulfilled. We conclude that the plain

language of the no-action clause gives no indication that majority ownership in

and of itself is reason to allow noteholders to bring suit when they do not fall

within a stated exception, and an examination of the purposes of the clause

confirms that our conclusion is correct. We therefore reject the “novel proposition

that a party to a contract should be excused from complying with a condition

precedent merely because it was capable of compliance.” McMahan, 859 F. Supp.

at 749 (quoting the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation). 

C.

Third, we must address whether it is relevant that CompuCredit made it

impossible for Plaintiffs to comply with one of the conditions of the trustee

demand exception. Plaintiffs argue that because the trustee demand exception

requires noteholders to wait sixty days after making a demand on the trustee and

CompuCredit announced its dividends less than sixty days in advance, Plaintiffs

were estopped from complying with the no-action clause when they sought to

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enjoin the issuance of dividends. The “prevention doctrine,” upon which

Plaintiffs’ argument relies, dictates that a party cannot insist that a condition

precedent be performed when the non-performance was caused by the party itself.

See Bank of N.Y. v. Tyco Int’l Group, S.A., 545 F. Supp. 2d 312, 324 n.81

(S.D.N.Y. 2008). “Under such circumstances, the prevention doctrine will operate

to excuse [a] condition precedent which was wrongfully prevented from occurring

. . . .” Lomaglio Assocs. Inc. v. LBK Mktg. Corp., 892 F. Supp. 89, 93 (S.D.N.Y.

1995) (emphasis added). The “prevention doctrine is substantially related to the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing implicit in every contract.” Cauff,

Lippman & Co. v. Apogee Fin. Group, Inc., 807 F. Supp. 1007, 1022 (S.D.N.Y.

1992). However, “the prevention doctrine does not apply where, under the

contract, one party assumes the risk that fulfillment of the condition precedent will

be prevented.” Mobile Commc’ns Corp. of Am. v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 1985

WL 11574, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 17, 1985); see also Doherty v. Am. Home Prods.

Corp., 2000 WL 777948, at *2 (2d Cir. June 15, 2000). 

There are a number of grounds upon which we find the prevention doctrine

inapplicable to the case at hand. First, the rationale behind the doctrine is that: 

One who unjustly prevents the performance or the happening of a

condition of his own promissory duty thereby eliminates it as such a

condition. He will not be permitted to take advantage of his own

wrong, and to escape from liability for not rendering his promised

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performance by preventing the happening of the condition on which it

was promised.

Ellenberg Morgan Corp. v. Hard Rock Café Assocs., 500 N.Y.S.2d 696, 699

(N.Y. App. Div. 1986) (quoting 3A Corbin on Contracts § 767, p. 540). Here,

CompuCredit escaped no duty by failing to give sixty-days notice; in fact, the

conditions precedent at issue in this case are not pre-conditions to contractual

duties of either party. Instead, they are conditions allowing Plaintiffs to fall within

an exception to an agreed-upon contractual bar to suits brought by Plaintiffs. 

Plaintiffs fail to offer—and we cannot find—any cases to justify extending the

prevention doctrine far beyond its established limits to apply under these

circumstances.

Second, “[t]he key operative language in the definition of the prevention

doctrine is the term ‘wrongfully prevented.’ If . . . defendant’s alleged

‘prevention’ is authorized by the contract, then naturally it does not constitute a

breach and cannot be considered ‘wrongful.’” A.I.C. Ltd. v. Mapco Petroleum Inc.,

711 F. Supp. 1230, 1238 n.24 (D. Del. 1989). Even if the prevention doctrine

were to apply in this case, Section 10.01 of the trust indentures requires

CompuCredit to give only twenty-days notice before it issues a dividend. 

CompuCredit gave such notice. Therefore, CompuCredit complied with the terms

of the contract and its act of giving less than sixty-days notice of a dividend was

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not wrongful.

IV.

We find unpersuasive all of the proffered reasons for deviating from the

plain language of the no-action clause barring holders of securities from bringing

any claims “with respect to this Indenture or the Securities.” The clause itself

identifies two exceptions to that rule—the trustee demand exception and the right

to payment exception—and we have identified one judicial exception to the

rule—when the trustee is accused of misconduct. None of these exceptions apply

to the present case, but Plaintiffs urge us to find new exceptions. We find their

arguments unconvincing. 

The no-action clause here is not an individualized contract condition

particular to these parties; it is a standard provision present in many trust

indentures. As such, it “must be given a consistent, uniform interpretation.”

Sharon Steel Corp. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 691 F.2d 1039, 1048 (2d Cir.

1982) (discussing “boilerplate” contract language). Such uniform interpretation of

standard contract language ensures effective functioning of our financial markets, 

Broad, 642 F.2d at 943, and begets stability, Sharon Steel, 691 F.2d at 1048. 

Because we find no persuasive, legally grounded reason to depart from the

established law that no-action clauses are generally applicable, we REVERSE and

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REMAND for dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims.

REVERSED and REMANDED. 

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