[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 17-10626

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cr-00017-RH-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

MICHAEL JOSEPH WARD, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

________________________

(January 16, 2018)

Before JULIE CARNES, JILL PRYOR and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

In this direct criminal appeal, defendant Michael Joseph Ward appeals his 

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2

convictions and sentence. Following a two-day trial, a jury found Ward guilty on 

all three charges in the indictment. After thorough review of the briefs and record, 

we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Two Warrants for Ward’s Arrest for Failure to Appear

On June 28, 2013, Ward was arrested for possession of two different 

controlled substances and drug paraphernalia in violation of Florida Statutes 

§ 893.13. Ward was in a pretrial release program. On December 2, 2013, the 

Fourteenth Judicial Circuit Court (“Florida circuit court”) in Bay County, Florida 

issued a capias warrant for the arrest of “Joseph Ward” because he failed to appear 

at a pretrial conference related to his three drug charges. Subsequently, this arrest

warrant for “Joseph Ward” was recalled and reissued with a corrected name, 

“Michael Joseph Ward.”

On November 14, 2014, a separate capias warrant was issued for Ward’s 

arrest after he failed to appear in court regarding a charge for misdemeanor 

criminal mischief. Thus, Ward had two outstanding warrants for his arrest.

B. Search Warrant for Target Telephone

In February 2016, local law enforcement agencies and the United States 

Marshals Service, Florida Regional Fugitive Task Force, (“USMS Task Force”) 

made efforts to locate fugitives in Bay County.

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On February 3, 2016, Officer Richard Bagwell of the Bay County Sheriff’s 

Office (“BCSO”) presented a sworn application for a search warrant under Florida 

law to the Florida court. The application requested, inter alia, the authorized use of 

a cell-site simulator to assist in locating a “Target Telephone” described as the 

cellular telephone with the number (850) 691-6225. In support of the application, 

Officer Bagwell: (1) listed the above drug charges against Ward; (2) stated an 

active warrant for Ward’s arrest existed; (3) indicated two confidential sources, 

including a family member, had advised that fugitive Ward was using the cellular 

number of (850) 691-6225; (4) represented this was the same telephone number as 

the contact number Ward provided to the courts; and (5) indicated the Target 

Telephone was believed to be used by Ward and would assist law enforcement in 

arresting Ward.

On February 3, 2016, the Florida court granted the application and issued a 

search warrant limited to a 45-day period from February 3, 2016 through 

March 18, 2016 for tracking the Target Telephone with cellular telephone number 

(850) 691-6225. During that 45-day period, the search warrant permitted BCSO to 

“install and use” such equipment as necessary to obtain “communication detail 

records,” “caller identification,” telephone numbers dialed, and GPS locations in 

relation to cell towers. This equipment included “pen register[s],” “trap and trace 

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device(s),” and “cell-site simulator technology.”1 The search warrant also ordered 

SPRINT Wireless to furnish various records pertaining to Ward’s cellular 

telephone and to assist in the installation and use of the various types of tracking 

equipment for that cellular telephone number.

C. Ward’s Arrest

The next day (February 4, 2016), pursuant to the search warrant, the United 

States Marshals Service utilized a cell-site simulator and determined that the 

Target Telephone was located near a Dollar General store in Panama City, Florida. 

Members of the USMS Task Force went to the Dollar General and observed Ward 

outside. When Ward saw the police, he fled on foot but police arrested him. 

On his person, the officers found a car key for a Ford Taurus, a Dollar General bag,

and a black zipper pouch containing a handgun. The Ford Taurus was located in 

the Dollar General parking lot.

During Ward’s arrest, the officers approached Ward’s Ford Taurus vehicle. 

The odor of marijuana emanated from the Ford Taurus, which was one reason the 

officers searched the vehicle. Ultimately, the officers also towed and inventoried 

the vehicle. The officers found—among other things—four handguns, a variety of 

drugs, $6,700, and a locked safe in the vehicle. Officers later obtained a search 

 

1

Notably, this is not a case where we must determine if the government can obtain cellsite simulator information without a search warrant. Here, the government obtained a search 

warrant.

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warrant for the safe, which contained another handgun and ammunition. Thus, 

Ward had a total of six firearms: one on his person, four in the vehicle, and one in 

the safe.

D. Grand Jury Indictment

On June 21, 2016, a three-count indictment charged Ward with: 

(1) possession with intent to distribute controlled substances, including marijuana, 

crack cocaine, fentanyl, methamphetamine, morphine, buprenorphine, diazepam, 

and heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), (b)(1)(D), (b)(1)(E), 

and (b)(2) (Count 1); (2) possession of six firearms2 in furtherance of the drug 

trafficking crime charged in Count 1, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) 

(Count 2); and (3) possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 

18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count 3).

E. Hearing on Motion to Suppress

Before trial, Ward moved to suppress the evidence of the firearms and drugs. 

The district court conducted a two-day evidentiary hearing on Ward’s motion

where various officers testified.

Officer Chris Nichol with the Panama City Police Department (“PCPD”) 

helped arrest Ward and found a firearm in the pouch Ward had on his person. 

 

2

The six firearms were (1) an Armi Tanfoglio Giuseppe .25 caliber pistol, (2) a 

Beemiller, Inc. C9 9mm pistol (“Hi-Point”), (3) a Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc. (“Ruger”), SR9 9mm 

pistol, (4) a Ruger P89 9mm pistol, (5) a Beretta 951 9mm pistol, and (6) an Arminius N-38 

Titan Tiger .38 caliber pistol.

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Nichol testified that, upon arrival, officers identified a “gray Ford sedan”

associated with Ward and observed a man pacing in front of the Dollar General

store who matched Ward’s description. Officers arrested Ward and searched his 

person, which yielded the car key and other items.

3

 Nichol approached the car and 

smelled the odor of fresh and burnt marijuana coming from inside.

Stephen O’Brien, a Special Investigator with the BCSO, also testified. 

O’Brien arrived at the Dollar General after Ward was in custody and other officers 

had already opened the vehicle. O’Brien also smelled marijuana upon approaching

the vehicle. O’Brien explained that, because “[t]he operator of the vehicle was 

[Ward]” and “the registration on the vehicle came back to [Ward]’s brother,” 

BCSO’s policy dictated a tow and inventory of the vehicle. O’Brien obtained a 

search warrant for the safe. Inside, O’Brien found a firearm and ammunition. 

Officer Richard Bagwell of the BCSO Warrants Division also testified. 

Officer Bagwell swore to the application for the search warrant for the Target 

Telephone with the cell phone number (850) 691-6225. Bagwell testified that 

investigators obtained Ward’s telephone number from two witnesses, one being his 

brother, as well as from an affidavit in Ward’s 2014 criminal mischief case.

 

3

Ward had the car key, the Dollar General bag, the black zippered pouch, and other items 

on his person when he was arrested. One of the officers placed all of the items found on Ward’s 

person on the curb. Officers did not know the black zippered pouch contained a handgun until 

they retrieved the pouch from the curb, which occurred approximately 30–40 minutes after 

Ward’s arrest. That handgun was the Armi Tanfoglio.

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After these three witnesses, the district court verbally denied Ward’s motion 

as to the use of the cell-site simulator to locate the Target Telephone (in order to 

locate him) because: (1) there was a valid arrest warrant for Ward, and the officers 

were trying to find him; (2) two sources represented the cell phone number of 

(850) 691-6225 was being used by Ward; and (3) the officers procured a valid 

search warrant to locate and find the Target Telephone with that number and were 

entitled to information about the location of that cell phone based on that search 

warrant. Likewise, even if the search warrant for the Target Telephone location 

was later held invalid, the district court found that the officers procured a search 

warrant and acted under the “good-faith exception” described in United States v. 

Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S. Ct. 3405 (1984).

On the second day of the evidentiary hearing, Officer Shane Tholcke, who 

was employed by PCPD at the relevant time, also testified. Upon arrival at the 

Dollar General, Tholcke noticed a gray Ford Taurus parked in the lot and observed 

Ward walking out of the store. Although Ward initially attempted to flee, officers 

apprehended him. Incident to the arrest, officers found a car key, a cellular phone, 

and other items on Ward’s person. They also found a Dollar General bag and a 

black zippered pouch that contained a small firearm inside. 

Officer Tholcke also testified that, while approaching the trunk of the car, 

both he and Officer Kevin Doheny could smell the odor of fresh marijuana 

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emanating from the vehicle. After concluding that marijuana was likely inside, the 

officers entered the car using Ward’s key. Various firearms and several drugs

were found in the vehicle.

Officer Doheny’s testimony echoed that of Tholcke. Doheny testified that 

officers arrested Ward. Standing by the trunk of the car, Doheny and Tholcke 

smelled the odor of fresh marijuana coming from the car. Doheny put his nose to 

the front-passenger door and confirmed his suspicion. When Tholcke unlocked the 

car and opened the passenger door, the odor of marijuana became overwhelming. 

The officers found crack cocaine and methamphetamine in the ashtray, a police 

scanner on the dashboard, a Ruger P89 pistol between the driver’s seat and 

console, and, in the passenger seat, a bag filled with currency, drug paraphernalia,

marijuana, and unidentified substances.

4

At the conclusion of this testimony, the district court denied Ward’s motion 

to suppress the guns and drugs found in the vehicle. The district court found the 

officers’ testimony to be “particularly credible” and truthful. The district court 

verbally found that the officers had probable cause to search the car based solely 

on the odor of marijuana before they entered the vehicle.

5

 In its order dated 

 

4

At trial, O’Brien testified to finding a Ruger SR9 pistol also in this same bag.

5

The district court found the search of the vehicle was not a valid inventory search 

because the relevant police policy was a “completely open-ended provision for searching as 

necessary for [the] safety of the vehicle [that did not] limit discretion, and [thus was] not 

sufficient to say this [was] an inventory search.”

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September 28, 2016, the district court denied Ward’s motion to suppress “[f]or the 

reasons set out on the record of the hearing on September 6 and 26, 2016.”

F. Trial

On October, 24, 2016, a two-day trial commenced.6

 Before opening 

statements, the district court verbally denied Ward’s motion to reconsider the 

denial of his suppression motion. Relevant to this appeal, Ward’s brother, John

Thomas Ward (“Jack”) testified on the second day of trial.

First, Jack testified about one of many letters he received from Ward after 

the arrest. Among other things, a June 19, 2016 letter stated, “I would never ask

you to lie in a court of law.” It continued, “All I would like you to do, if asked 

about any involvement with the car, just plead the 5th, OK?” Jack understood this 

sentence to mean that Ward did not “want [him] to say anything about the car.” 

The letter also stated, “With your help, I can get the evidence suppressed, and get 

$6,700.00 in seized currency from your car—I’ll give you $2,000 if you help me.”

 

6

In addition to the officers who testified at the suppression hearing, the government 

presented testimony from: (1) Antonio Jones, a BCSO officer who physically apprehended 

Ward; (2) Richard Thore, a PCPD officer who searched the trunk of the Ford Taurus and located 

two additional firearms and the locked safe; (3) Special Agent A.C. Llorens, who handled chain 

of custody for evidence found in the vehicle; (4) Jeremiah Bortle, a crime lab analyst at the 

Florida Department of Law Enforcement (“FDLE”) who tested and quantified the drugs found in 

the vehicle; (5) Scott Goodlin, a senior forensic chemist at the Southeast Laboratory of the 

FDLE; (6) Michael Layland, President and CEO of Amtel, which is a company that provides 

phone services for inmates and records phone calls; (7) Patricia Simmons, a previous girlfriend 

of Ward; and (8) John Thomas Ward, defendant Ward’s brother.

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Second, Jack identified two CDs containing recorded phone calls with Ward 

and testified that his brother called him from jail on several occasions. In one 

recorded call on February 4, 2016, Ward told his brother, “Listen, you’re not 

implemented [sic] in anything, so, you just tell them you loaned it to me a few 

weeks ago or whatever. Don’t tell them anything, just say, you know, I need my 

car.” At trial, Jack confirmed that he had not loaned his brother the car a few 

weeks ago, but rather Ward purchased the car and registered it in Jack’s name. 

In a second phone call, Ward pleaded with his brother: “Jack, I’m not asking 

you—I didn’t ask you to lie, but you don’t have to talk to them. If you don’t talk 

to them, you’re not lying.” Ward also instructed Jack, “Don’t answer any 

questions. If they ask you about this stuff, say I don’t know nothin’ about it.”

In another recorded phone call on March 1, 2016, Ward cautioned his 

brother: “I was affiliated with a conglomerate, and uhm, they’re at a loss of income 

right now because of my incarceration. Like I said, I’m not making much money 

in here. And, I have no control over what goes on outside of this jail cell.” After 

Jack admitted to turning over ammunition evidence to the BCSO, Ward responded, 

“You did? OK. Well, Jack, like I said, anything that happens from this point of 

time is out of my hands, OK? But, I instructed you what to do—you don’t want to 

listen to me.”

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The jury found Ward guilty on all three charges.7

G. Presentence Report and Objections

Ward’s Presentence Report and addendum (collectively the “revised PSR”) 

ultimately assigned him a base offense level of 14 for Counts 1 and 3, pursuant to 

§ 2K2.1(a)(6) of the Sentencing Guidelines. The PSR applied (1) a two-level 

increase under § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice and (2) a two-level increase under 

§ 2K2.1(b)(1)(A) because the offense involved at least three but less than seven 

firearms. As to Counts 1 and 3, the PSR calculated a total offense level of 18. 

Count 2 carried a mandatory consecutive sentence of 60 months of imprisonment.

The revised PSR calculated Ward’s criminal history category as IV.

It assessed three criminal history points for Ward’s 1994 convictions in Brevard 

County Circuit Court for: (1) manslaughter; (2) leaving the scene of an accident; 

(3) assignation to commit prostitution or lewdness; and (4) possession of cocaine,

all conduct occurring on November 6, 1993. He was sentenced to 14 years on the 

manslaughter conviction and 5 years concurrent on the leaving the accident scene 

conviction. Later, Ward was granted conditional release but violated this release 

on January 28, 2002 and was re-incarcerated on February 22, 2002. Ward was 

released again on January 12, 2007 but violated his conditional release on 

 

7

Although the indictment included heroin in Count 1, the district court removed heroin 

from the jury instructions and permitted either side to mention in closing argument that the 

instruction was omitted because “there wasn’t any evidence of heroin.”

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October 1, 2007 and was re-incarcerated on November 5, 2007. As to these 1994 

convictions, Ward was not released from custody until September 18, 2009.

The PSR assessed an additional three criminal history points for Ward’s

other 1994 conviction in Brevard County Circuit Court for being a felon in 

possession of a firearm or concealed weapon on January 29, 1993. Ward was 

sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment on that firearm conviction. The above

circumstances of conditional releases, violations, re-incarceration, and the final 

release date of September 18, 2009—all listed in the revised PSR—are the same 

for this conviction.

Based on a total offense level of 18 and a criminal history category of IV, 

the revised PSR calculated Ward’s advisory guidelines range as 41 to 51 months 

for Counts 1 and 3, with a consecutive 60 months as to Count 2.

Ward filed written objections to the initial PSR before it was revised. Ward 

objected, inter alia, to the increase for obstruction of justice because he “explicitly 

told his brother not to lie in court.” Ward also objected to the six criminal history

points for his various 1994 convictions on the grounds that they fell outside the 15-

year look-back period for counting prior convictions. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(e)(1)

(providing for inclusion of any prior sentence exceeding one year and one month 

“that was imposed within fifteen years of the defendant’s commencement of the 

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instance offense” or “that resulted in the defendant being incarcerated during any 

part of such fifteen-year period.”).

A problem with Ward’s argument, however, was that, due to his reincarcerations, Ward was not released from custody on these 1994 convictions 

until September 18, 2009, which fell within the 15-year window. See id.

§ 4A1.2(k)(2)(A) (instructing sentencing court to use “the date of last release from 

incarceration” when determining whether a prior sentence falls within the 15-year 

period, where the prior sentence involved revocation of probation, parole, 

supervised release, or a similar program). Ward then argued that the government 

presented insufficient documents to verify the 2009 disposition date as his final 

release date. Ward also argued the revocations of his conditional release and reincarcerations under Florida law do not count under § 4A1.2(k) for computing 

inclusion in the 15-year period.

H. Sentencing Hearing

The district court held a sentencing hearing on February 2, 2017. As to 

Counts 1 and 3, Ward objected to the two-level increase for six firearms as

“impermissible double counting” because of Ward’s § 924(c) conviction in 

Count 2. The government argued that the § 924(c) crime in Count 2 required only 

one firearm, whereas the enhancement to Counts 1 and 3 was designed to punish 

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offenders with more than three firearms because of the increased danger. The 

district court overruled Ward’s objection.

As to the obstruction-of-justice increase, Ward objected and contended that 

he never told his brother Jack to lie to a court of law and that the context is 

different from other cases because they are siblings. The government emphasized 

the importance of Jack’s testimony at trial and argued that, among other things, 

Ward’s reference to the “conglomerate” was a veiled threat. The district court 

found that Ward’s conduct went “well beyond saying don’t speak,” but rather it 

was “a suggestion to provide false information and a veiled suggestion that it might 

benefit the brother financially to withhold information or give false information, 

and that it might threaten his safety to tell the truth.”

As to his criminal history, Ward argued that there was insufficient evidence 

to support the dates of the conditional release violations and re-incarcerations on 

his 1994 convictions. Probation Officer Cynthia Wilson testified that she based the 

dates of the conditional releases, the re-incarcerations, and the final release on (1) a 

docket sheet obtained directly from the Brevard County Clerk of Court’s Office,

and (2) an “Inmate Release Information Detail” document obtained from the

website of the Florida Department of Corrections. On the website for the Florida 

Department of Corrections, Wilson obtained the “Inmate Release” document from 

a secure area for law enforcement requiring “special permission to gain entry.”

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Based on these documents, Wilson testified to the dates when Ward was in 

custody, conditionally released, and re-incarcerated, and to the fact that Ward was 

not finally released until September 18, 2009. The “Inmate Release” document 

identified Ward by name, date of birth, social security number, and photograph.

The district court overruled Ward’s objection, finding that there was 

sufficient evidence to find that Ward was still in custody on these 1994 convictions

in 2009. After the district court’s ruling, Ward then argued that conditional release 

does not qualify as a program listed under § 4A1.2(k), and thus his reincarcerations for violating that program should not be counted. The district court 

overruled this objection.

The district court adopted the revised PSR’s calculations of a total offense 

level of 18 and a criminal history category of IV, resulting in an advisory 

guidelines range of 41 to 51 months’ imprisonment for Counts 1 and 3 to run 

concurrently, with a 60-month consecutive sentence for Count 2. The district court 

sentenced Ward to 41 months for Counts 1 and 3 concurrently and a consecutive 

60 months for Count 2.

Ward filed a timely notice of appeal.

II. SEARCH AND SEIZURE

On appeal, Ward challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to 

suppress the evidence of firearms and drugs found in the vehicle. As to probable 

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cause, Ward asserts that the officers’ testimony—that they smelled marijuana 

outside of the car—was not credible.8

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees “[t]he 

right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against 

unreasonable searches and seizures . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “[S]earches

conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or 

magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject to only 

a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.” Katz v. United 

States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S. Ct. 507, 514 (1967) (footnotes omitted); see

United States v. Holloway, 290 F.3d 1331, 1334 (11th Cir. 2002). 

One such exception, known as the automobile exception, permits “the police 

to conduct a search of a vehicle if (1) the vehicle is readily mobile[,] and (2) the 

police have probable cause for the search.” United States v. Lindsey, 482 F.3d 

1285, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007). The mobility requirement is satisfied by a showing 

that the automobile is operational. United States v. Watts, 329 F.3d 1282, 1286 

(11th Cir. 2003). In Ward’s opening brief, Ward concedes, as he must, that law 

 

8 As to a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, “we review the district court’s 

factual findings for clear error, and its application of the law to the facts de novo.” United States 

v. Williams, 871 F.3d 1197, 1199 n.2 (11th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted) 

(quoting United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000)). In doing so, we 

construe the facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Id.

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enforcement officers may conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle when they 

have probable cause to believe it contains contraband.

Probable cause for a vehicle search “exists when under the totality of the 

circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime 

will be found in the vehicle.” Lindsey, 482 F.3d at 1293 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). It is also well established that if a police officer detects the odor of 

marijuana, this gives rise to probable cause. See United States v. Johns, 469 U.S. 

478, 482, 105 S. Ct. 881, 884 (1985) (“After the officers came closer and detected 

the distinct odor of marihuana, they had probable cause to believe that the vehicles 

contained contraband.”); United States v. Tobin, 923 F.2d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 

1991) (en banc) (“There is no doubt that the agent’s suspicions rose to the level of 

probable cause when, as the door stood open, he detected what he knew from his 

law enforcement experience to be the odor of marijuana.”); United States v. Lueck, 

678 F.2d 895, 903 (11th Cir. 1982) (“At the point marijuana was smelled by [an 

officer], probable cause to believe a crime had been committed . . . arose.”).

In this case, law enforcement found Ward’s vehicle in a Dollar General 

parking lot as Ward was exiting the store. Nothing in the record indicates that the 

vehicle was not functional. When Ward was arrested under the two outstanding 

warrants, officers found the key to this vehicle in his pocket. As to probable cause, 

Officers Doheny and Tholcke testified that they smelled marijuana emanating from 

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the vehicle prior to unlocking or opening the doors. The district court found this 

testimony to be “particularly credible” and truthful. A district court’s credibility 

determinations are entitled to substantial deference. See United States v. McPhee, 

336 F.3d 1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2003); United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 

744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002).

On this particular record, Ward has not established that the district court 

erred in finding the officers were credible or in determining that the officers had

smelled marijuana before entering the vehicle and thus had probable cause to 

search the vehicle.

Ward’s brief lists four discrete issues on appeal: (1) whether the district 

court erred when it determined law enforcement had probable cause to search the 

gray Taurus; (2) whether it erred by including the 1994 convictions in Ward’s 

criminal history calculations; (3) whether it erred by applying a two-level increase 

for the number of firearms Ward possessed; and (4) whether it erred by applying a 

two-level increase for obstruction of justice.

Although his brief does not identify it as an issue on appeal, Ward does 

briefly argue that the officers had no proper authority to use a cell-site simulator to 

locate his telephone and that without the simulator, the officers would not have 

located Ward or his vehicle. Ward’s argument ignores that the officers actually 

obtained a search warrant to use the simulator to locate the Target Telephone. 

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In his brief on appeal, Ward makes a general, but somewhat conclusory, argument 

that the search warrant was vague and that the 45-day limitation period applied 

only to SPRINT Wireless. However, this 45-day argument is belied by the fact 

that the search warrant clearly provides to the contrary above the signature line, 

stating: “This Warrant, unless sooner renewed or terminated by a court of 

competent jurisdiction, will terminate forty-five (45) days from the date of its 

beginning operation . . . .” And the Target Telephone was located the next day.

Even assuming Ward properly preserved a simulator-search-warrant issue, 

we need not address any potential vagueness or other issues about the search

warrant because, in any event, the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle 

based on the smell of marijuana alone. Moreover, in locating Ward, the officers 

acted in good faith in reasonable reliance upon the search warrant for the Target 

Telephone. See Leon, 468 U.S. at 922, 104 S. Ct. at 3420; United States v. Martin, 

297 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2002).

III. CRIMINAL HISTORY

Ward also challenges the district court’s criminal history calculations based 

on two prior 1994 convictions in the PSR, which we discussed above.

9

 

9

For the first time on appeal, Ward also argues that his 1994 felon-in-possession 

conviction should not be counted as a prior conviction because it does not fall into the “category” 

of state offenses qualifying for conditional release under Florida law. See Fla. Stat. § 947.1405.

However, the record establishes that Ward received conditional release from state incarceration 

for this state offense in Florida, and thus Ward, at a minimum, has not shown plain error. See

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Because sentencing issues present mixed questions of fact and law, we 

review a district court’s factual findings for clear error and their application of the 

Guidelines to those facts de novo. United States v. Gupta, 572 F.3d 878, 887 (11th 

Cir. 2009); United States v. Bradford, 277 F.3d 1311, 1312 (11th Cir. 2002).

A. Evidentiary Basis for the Prior Convictions

“The government bears the burden of establishing the facts necessary to 

support a sentencing enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence.” United 

States v. Dimitrovski, 782 F.3d 622, 628 (11th Cir. 2015). A sentencing court 

“may consider all relevant information, regardless of its admissibility under the 

rules of evidence.” United States v. Onofre-Segarra, 126 F.3d 1308, 1310 (11th 

Cir. 1997). Relevant information includes evidence presented during the 

sentencing hearing. United States v. Louis, 559 F.3d 1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2009).

In this case, the district court did not err in finding that the documents and 

testimony about Ward’s prior 1994 convictions were amply sufficient to establish 

the length of his incarceration. Ward’s probation officer first identified and 

explained how she obtained and reviewed two documents about Ward’s 1994 

convictions: (1) the docket sheet sent to her directly from the Brevard County 

Clerk of Court’s Office; and (2) the “Inmate Release Information Detail”

 

United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d 587, 592 (11th Cir. 2014) (outlining plain-error 

standard).

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document, which she directly obtained from the database of the Florida 

Department of Corrections through a secure login portal. The database entry 

identified Ward by name, date of birth, social security number, and photograph. 

Likewise, the “Inmate Release” document outlined all of the specific dates of

Ward’s incarceration history and his final release date on September 18, 2009.

It demonstrated that Ward was in custody during the relevant time periods and that 

he was re-incarcerated for conditional release violations on the dates indicated in

the PSR. The district court also found that “[t]here are no other convictions that he 

[Ward] would have been [in prison] on in this period of time.” The district court 

had sufficient evidence to find that Ward was incarcerated on his 1994 convictions 

until 2009. Ward has not shown these findings were clearly erroneous.

B. Prior Sentences under §§ 4A1.1 and 4A1.2

Section 4A1.1 of the Guidelines instructs the sentencing court to add three 

points to a defendant’s criminal history category for each “prior sentence of 

imprisonment exceeding one year and one month.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a).10 

Application note 1 to § 4A1.1 instructs the sentencing court not to include 

“[a] sentence imposed more than fifteen years prior to the defendant’s 

 

10A “sentence of imprisonment” is defined as “a sentence of incarceration and refers to 

the maximum sentence imposed.” Id. § 4A1.2(b). Included in this calculation are “[a]ny prior 

sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month that was imposed within fifteen 

years of the defendant’s commencement of the instance offense” and “any prior sentence of 

imprisonment exceeding one year and one month, whenever imposed, that resulted in the 

defendant being incarcerated during any part of such fifteen-year period.” Id. § 4A1.2(e)(1).

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commencement of the instant offense . . . unless the defendant’s incarceration 

extended into this fifteen-year period.” Id. § 4A1.1 cmt. n.1; see also id.

§ 4A1.2(e) (discussing applicable time period for prior sentences). Ward’s 

incarceration period extended to September 18, 2009, which was within 15 years 

of Ward’s February 4, 2016 offense conduct in this case.

When a prior offense involves a revocation of probation, parole, supervised 

release, or similar program, the sentencing court must look to “the date of last 

release from incarceration” to determine the cutoff for the prior sentence of 

imprisonment. See id. § 4A1.2(k)(2)(A); see United States v. Shannon, 449 F.3d 

1146, 1148 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he court ordinarily should count a conviction that 

is imposed, and on which the defendant is paroled, outside the window, when the 

defendant later—within the window—is incarcerated for breaching the conditions 

of his parole.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Here, the instant offense occurred on February 4, 2016. The applicable 15-

year look-back period for prior sentences of imprisonment began on February 4, 

2001. As to his 1994 convictions, Ward was (1) sentenced to 14 years, (2) granted 

conditional release prior to 2002, (3) remanded for a violation of conditional 

release in 2002, (4) granted conditional release again in 2007, (5) remanded again 

for a violation of conditional release in 2007, and (6) ultimately released in 2009. 

Using his final release date, Ward’s 1994 convictions properly fell within the 15-

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year period under § 4A1.2(e)(1). Thus, the district court did not err by including 

the 1994 convictions in Ward’s criminal history calculations.

Lastly, Ward contends that Florida’s conditional release is not like the 

other programs listed in § 4A1.2(k) and thus, even if the revocations were 

accurately established in his criminal history, should not function to extend 

the applicable period for prior sentences of imprisonment. Ward’s main 

arguments are that Florida conditional release is not included in the 

programs listed in § 4A1.2(k)(2) and that the revocation of conditional 

release lacks the judicial intervention required by the other programs listed 

in § 4A1.2(k)(2). 

However, in United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708 (11th Cir. 2010), 

this Court addressed and rejected a similar argument discussing Florida’s 

“community control” program and found that the enumerated forms of 

supervision located in § 4A1.2(k) are not exhaustive. Id. at 713. In Wright, 

we explained:

The Sentencing Guidelines must be interpreted in accordance with 

federal law, even when the Guidelines refer to some event occurring 

in state court. The Guidelines apply to prior convictions from all fifty 

states, in addition to federal, foreign, tribal and military courts. As 

such, there is inevitably variation in the terminology utilized by the 

individual jurisdictions. Therefore, we look to the substance of the 

punishment, rather than its title.

Id. at 714 (citations omitted).

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Our focus, then, is the substance of the program. Much like the others

listed in § 4A1.2(k)(2), Florida’s conditional release program allows inmates 

to “be released under supervision subject to specified terms and conditions,” 

and can be revoked if terms are not met. See Fla. Stat. § 947.1405(2). 

Indeed, even the Florida Supreme Court has described conditional release as 

an “extra post-prison probation-type program.” Evans v. Singletary, 737 So. 

2d 505, 507 (Fla. 1999) (second emphasis added).

As to its revocability, a defendant on Florida conditional release is 

entitled to notice from and a hearing before the Florida Commission on 

Offender Review. Fla. Stat. §§ 947.01, 947.141. If the defendant elects to 

proceed with a hearing, he or she must be informed both orally and in 

writing of the alleged violation and the right to be represented, to be heard, 

to compel the attendance of witnesses, to produce documents, and to access 

all evidence against him or her. See id. § 947.141(3). This procedure is 

sufficiently similar to other judicially dictated revocations. 

The district court did not err in determining that conditional release is 

materially similar to the other programs listed in in § 4A1.2(k)(2).

11 Thus, 

 

11The district court explained its position: “Parole is listed, and they didn’t list 

community release, and whatever somebody else tries to call it tomorrow won’t be listed either, 

but this counts.”

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we conclude that the district court did not err by including Ward’s 1994 

convictions in his criminal history calculations.

IV. FIREARMS ENHANCEMENT

Ward next argues against the application of a two-level increase under 

§ 2K2.1(b)(1)(A) for an offense involving at least three, but less than seven, 

firearms. Specifically, Ward contends that an increase based on multiple firearms 

constitutes “impermissible double counting” because of his separate conviction 

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) for using, carrying, or possessing a firearm in relation to 

a drug-trafficking crime. Ward relies heavily on application note 4 to § 2K2.4, 

which provides the following in relevant part:

If a sentence under this guideline is imposed in conjunction with a 

sentence for an underlying offense, do not apply any specific offense 

characteristic for possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of an 

explosive or firearm when determining the sentence for the underlying 

offense. A sentence under this guideline accounts for any explosive or 

weapon enhancement for the underlying offense of conviction, 

including any such enhancement that would apply based on conduct 

for which the defendant is accountable under §1B1.3 (Relevant 

Conduct). Do not apply any weapon enhancement in the guideline for 

the underlying offense, for example, if (A) a co-defendant, as part of 

the jointly undertaken criminal activity, possessed a firearm different 

from the one for which the defendant was convicted under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c); or (B) in an ongoing drug trafficking offense, the defendant 

possessed a firearm other than the one for which the defendant was 

convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 cmt. n.4. 

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This Court reviews a claim of double counting de novo. See United States 

v. Flanders, 752 F.3d 1317, 1339–40 (11th Cir. 2014). “Impermissible double 

counting occurs only when one part of the Guidelines is applied to increase a 

defendant’s punishment on account of a kind of harm that has already been fully 

accounted for by application of another part of the Guidelines.” United States v. 

Webb, 665 F.3d 1380, 1382 (11th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted); 

United States v. Dudley, 463 F.3d 1221, 1226–27 (11th Cir. 2006). Double 

counting is permitted if the Sentencing Commission “intended that result and each 

guideline section in question concerns conceptually separate notions relating to 

sentencing.” Flanders, 752 F.3d at 1340 (internal quotation marks omitted); 

Dudley, 463 F.3d at 1227 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Absent a specific 

direction to the contrary, we presume that the Sentencing Commission intended to 

apply separate sections cumulatively.” Webb, 665 F.3d at 1382 (internal quotation 

marks omitted).

Here, we conclude the number of weapons involved in the underlying 

offense to a § 924(c) conviction is a separate type of offense conduct than that 

punished by § 924(c) itself. See United States v. Pineda, 770 F.3d 313, 320–21

(4th Cir. 2014); United States v. Terrell, 608 F.3d 679, 683–84 (10th Cir. 2010). 

The § 2K2.1(b)(1) enhancement relates to a feature of the underlying offense that 

provides the basis for a § 924(c) conviction—namely, quantity—whereas the 

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§ 924(c) conviction and sentence pertain to the particular manner in which the 

defendant used the firearm to effectuate the underlying offense. Terrell, 608 

F.3d at 684. Specifically, the conduct at issue under § 924(c) is punishing the 

defendant for “putting a firearm to a prohibited purpose,” like conduct in 

furtherance of a crime or violence or drug-trafficking. Pineda, 770 F.3d at 321. 

On the other hand, § 2K2.1(b) “reflects the Sentencing Commission’s recognition 

that a defendant whose offense involved three or more firearms is more dangerous 

than a defendant who was only accountable for one or two firearms.” Id. (noting 

defendant whose offense involves more firearms is “more dangerous”). In short,

§ 924(c) pertains to particular unlawful uses of a firearm while § 2K2.1(b)(1) 

pertains to the number of firearms involved; these two enhancements punish 

different types of conduct. Id.

Accordingly, the application of both a mandatory sentence under § 924(c) 

and an offense-level increase under § 2K2.1(b) does not amount to “impermissible 

double counting.” See id.; Terrell, 608 F.3d at 683. The number of weapons 

involved in the offense underlying a § 924(c) conviction is a separate “kind of 

harm” than the possession or use of a firearm in relation to specific criminal 

conduct. See Asante, 782 F.3d at 648; Cubero, 754 F.3d at 894; Webb, 665 F.3d at 

1382; Dudley, 463 F.3d at 1226–27. We conclude that the district court properly 

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applied a two-level increase for an offense involving more than three firearms

under § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A).

V. OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

Finally, Ward contends that the district court improperly applied a two-level 

increase for obstruction of justice under § 3C1.1.

12 Specifically, he contends that 

communications with his brother, which were discussed at trial, were insufficient 

to support this enhancement. In its response brief, the government points to these 

communications as evidence that Ward attempted to influence his brother—both 

financially and by the use of veiled threats—to lie to law enforcement and/or to not 

testify against Ward.

Section 3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides:

If (1) the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to 

obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to the 

investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of 

conviction, and (2) the obstructive conduct related to (A) the 

defendant’s offense of conviction and any relevant conduct; or (B) a 

closely related offense, increase the offense level by 2 levels.

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.

Obstructive conduct can include, inter alia, “threatening, intimidating, 

or otherwise unlawfully influencing a . . . witness . . . directly or indirectly, 

or attempting to do so.” Id. § 3C1.1 cmt. n.4(A); see United States v. 

 

12We review the district court’s finding that a defendant obstructed justice for clear error. 

Unites States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1303 (11th Cir. 2006); see United States v. Bradberry, 

466 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2006).

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Hesser, 800 F.3d 1310, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015) (finding obstruction where 

husband attempted to “go over the story line” with his wife in a tax evasion 

case); Bradford, 277 F.3d at 1315 (“Clearly it was not error for the 

sentencing judge to find [defendant’s threatening inmate witnesses] was an 

attempt to obstruct justice . . . .”); United States v. Amedeo, 370 F.3d 1305, 

1319 (11th Cir. 2004) (finding that, at a minimum, the defendant’s urging a 

potential witness to lie constituted “unlawfully influencing” a witness under 

§ 3C1.1); United States v. Garcia, 13 F.3d 1464, 1471 (11th Cir. 1994) 

(holding district court finding that the defendant obstructed justice by asking 

a witness not to speak to law enforcement was not clearly erroneous). 

This provision applies not only at trial and during sentencing but also during 

the course of the investigation. See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.

In this case, trial evidence established numerous instances of Ward’s 

attempting to threaten, intimidate, or otherwise unlawfully influence his 

brother’s testimony and cooperation with law enforcement. See id.

First, in his June 19, 2016 letter, Ward instructed his brother to invoke 

his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination if he was questioned 

about his involvement with the Ford Taurus. Second, Ward offered Jack 

$2,000 for his cooperation.

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Third, in the February 4, 2016 phone call, although Ward had 

previously purchased the Ford Taurus in Jack’s name, Ward again coached 

his brother to “tell them you loaned it to me a few weeks ago or whatever” 

and “[d]on’t tell them anything.” Fourth, in another phone call to his 

brother, Ward implored, “Don’t answer any questions. If they ask you about 

this stuff, say I don’t know nothin’ about it.”

Fifth, and perhaps most concerning, Ward mentioned in a March 1, 

2016 phone call that he was affiliated with a criminal “conglomerate” and 

exclaimed that he had “no control over what goes on outside of [his] jail 

cell.” When he learned that his brother had turned over evidence to law 

enforcement, he repeated, “Well, Jack, like I said, anything that happens 

from this point of time is out of my hands, OK?”

Ward’s communications via letters and phone calls to his brother, 

whose testimony was significant in uncovering Ward’s criminal conduct, 

was clearly meant to obstruct justice. We conclude that the district court did 

not clearly err by applying a two-level increase under § 3C1.1.

VI. CONCLUSION

For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Ward’s 

motion to suppress and affirm Ward’s total sentence of 101 months.

AFFIRMED.

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