03-40052-ag(L) 

Manzur v. DHS 

1

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

3 

4 – – – – – – 

5 

6 August Term, 2006 

7 

8 (Argued: January 26, 2007 Decided: July 13, 2007) 

9 

10 Docket Nos. 03-40052-ag(L), 03-40054-ag(con), 

11 03-40056-ag(con), 03-40068-ag(con) 

12 ________________________________________________________________ 13 

14 RANA YASMEEN MANZUR, ZOHEB MANZUR, 

15 SHAFQAT MUHAMMED MANZUR, and RUBANA MANZUR 

16 

17 Petitioners, 18 

19 -v.- 

20 

21 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, 

22 

23 Respondent. 

24 ________________________________________________________________ 

25 

26 Before: KEARSE, SOTOMAYOR, Circuit Judges, and KOELTL, District 

Judge.* 27 

28 ________________________________________________________________ 

29 

30 On petition for review of a decision of the Board of 

31 Immigration Appeals summarily affirming the Immigration Judge’s 

32 denial of the petitioners’ applications for asylum and withholding 

33 of deportation pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act and 

34 withholding of deportation under the Convention Against Torture. 

35 Because the decision of the Immigration Judge is deficient in 

36 several significant respects, depriving the Court of the 

37 opportunity to conduct a meaningful judicial review, the petition 

38 for review is GRANTED. The decision of the BIA is VACATED, and 

39 the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this 

40 opinion. 

41 

42 WALTER H. RUEHLE, Legal Aid Society, 

43 Rochester, New York, for Petitioners. 

44 

45 JOHN C. TRUONG, Assistant United States 

46 Attorney, Washington, D.C. (Kenneth L. 

 *

 The Honorable John G. Koeltl of the United States District Court 

for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. 
2

1 Wainstein, United States Attorney for the 

2 District of Columbia, and Madelyn E. 

3 Johnson and Heather R. Phillips, 

4 Assistant United States Attorneys, 

5 Washington, D.C., on the brief), for

6 Respondent. 

7 

8 

9 KOELTL, District Judge: 

10 Rana Yasmeen Manzur and three of her adult children, Zoheb 

11 Manzur, Shafqat Muhammed Manzur, and Rubana Manzur, all natives 

12 and citizens of Bangladesh, petition for review of the May 15, 

13 2003 orders of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming 

14 without opinion the January 31, 2002 decision of Immigration Judge 

15 (“IJ”) Michael Rocco, denying the petitioners’ applications for 

16 asylum and withholding of deportation (now “withholding of 

17 removal”) pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA” 

18 or the “Act”) and withholding of deportation under the Convention 

Against Torture (“CAT”).1 19 Because the IJ’s analysis is deficient 

20 in several significant respects, depriving this Court of the 

21 opportunity to conduct a meaningful judicial review, we grant the 

22 petition, vacate, and remand. 

23 

24 

25 

26 

 1

 The procedure now referred to as “withholding of removal” was 

previously described as “withholding of deportation,” the term used in 

the IJ’s decision. See Tandia v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 245, 247 n.5 (2d 

Cir. 2006). 
3

1 I. 

2 A.

3 The petitioners are the immediate family members of the late 

4 Major General Mohammad Abul Manzur, a former high-ranking official 

5 in the Bangladeshi military and a leading Bengali “freedom 

6 fighter” in the 1971 Bangladeshi war for independence from 

7 Pakistan. Rana Manzur, the lead petitioner, is General Manzur’s 

8 widow, and co-petitioners Zoheb, Shafqat, and Rubana Manzur are 

three of the couple’s four children.2 9 

10 The last time Rana Manzur saw her husband, and the children 

11 their father, was in May 1981 when three military officers entered 

12 the Manzurs’ home in the middle of the night and took General 

13 Manzur away. According to the petitioners, that incident marked 

14 the beginning of a pattern of persecution that lasted 

15 approximately twelve years, through 1993, around the time the last 

16 of the petitioners, Rana Manzur, finally left Bangladesh.

17 The following morning, after General Manzur was taken away, 

18 Rana Manzur and her four young children awoke to find the 

19 telephone disconnected and their normal security detail replaced 

20 by more than one hundred armed guards, acting under military 

21 command. Rana Manzur also learned that the night before, the same 

 2

 The fourth child, Karishma Manzur, had her applications for 

asylum and withholding of deportation under the Act, and withholding of 

deportation under the CAT, denied together with those of the rest of her 

family, but she was granted a suspension of deportation and thus is not 

a party to this petition for review. 
4

1 night General Manzur was taken away, the Bangladeshi president, 

2 Ziaur Rahman (known as “Zia”), had been assassinated. When Rana 

3 Manzur tried to escape to find a telephone to call her husband, 

4 she was captured by the guards, returned to her home, and 

5 handcuffed. Her children were tied up. The guards then looted 

6 the house. Rana Manzur was handcuffed intermittently over the 

7 next several days as the family remained under house arrest. 

8 About three days after their house arrest began, a Lieutenant 

9 Colonel Mohammed Abdul Awal, who was married to General Manzur’s 

10 younger sister, came to visit Rana Manzur at her home. Colonel 

11 Awal was a “razakar,” a Bengali officer formerly in the Pakistani 

12 army who fought against Bangladeshi independence in the 1971 war 

13 and against freedom fighters like General Manzur. Colonel Awal 

14 convinced Rana Manzur to leave her home and accompany him to 

15 Dhaka, where he told her General Manzur had been taken. 

16 Escorted by Colonel Awal and armed guards, the family was 

17 transported by military helicopter to the capital city of Dhaka. 

18 Once there, the family was driven to a two-story house in a remote 

19 area. They never saw General Manzur. Instead, for the next 

20 month, the family was detained in that house, confined to a single 

21 room on the second floor. During that time, the family was under 

22 constant guard by armed men dressed in civilian attire. These men 

23 told Rana Manzur that they were with the “foreign service,” but 

24 she suspected that they were with the Directorate of General 
5

1 Forces Intelligence (“DGFI”), a government intelligence 

2 organization, then headed by a razakar. The guards refused to 

3 tell Rana Manzur why the family was being detained. After about a 

4 month, the family was released. 

5 Once released, Rana Manzur learned that her husband, General 

6 Manzur, had been killed. According to the account provided by the 

7 Bangladeshi government, General Manzur was executed for his 

8 alleged role in a coup d’etat attempt that led to President Zia’s 

9 assassination. In addition, thirteen other military officers, 

10 eleven of whom were freedom fighters, were eventually executed for 

11 their alleged involvement in the coup, including a nephew of 

12 General Manzur; for the same alleged reason, two hundred freedom 

13 fighters were dismissed from the army. Allegedly, Lieutenant 

14 General Hossain Mohammed Ershad, a razakar who was then head of 

15 the Bangladeshi army, ordered General Manzur’s execution.

16 The petitioners contend--consistent with at least one account 

17 of the events surrounding the 1981 coup--that General Ershad 

18 fabricated General Manzur’s involvement in the alleged coup and 

19 orchestrated the president’s assassination as part of a high-level 

20 conspiracy designed simultaneously to eliminate the president, 

21 suppress political opposition from the freedom fighters, 

22 particularly General Manzur, and clear the path for General 

23 Ershad’s eventual rise to power. In 1982, General Ershad seized 

24 control from Bangladesh’s interim government in a bloodless, 
6

1 military coup, imposed martial law, and, in 1983, declared himself 

2 president.

3 The petitioners allege that General Ershad was the driving 

4 force behind their persecution in Bangladesh, both before and 

5 after their release from detention. A friend in the military 

6 informed Rana Manzur that after the 1981 coup, General Ershad 

7 wanted to kill her and her children, but was talked out of the 

8 idea by other officers. Another friend, whose husband was in the 

9 military and privy to such information, informed Rana Manzur of a 

10 government report alleging that she was involved in antigovernment 

11 activity. 

12 After the Manzurs’ release from confinement, the family 

13 remained under constant surveillance, which lasted throughout 

14 their time in Bangladesh; they were followed frequently by what 

15 they perceived to be agents of the DGFI. For about six months 

16 after their release, the petitioners lived with various extended 

17 family members, but were forced to move frequently, in part 

18 because these family members were fearful of what they perceived 

19 to be a significant threat from ongoing government surveillance. 

20 At this time, the DGFI would come to the house where the 

21 petitioners were staying and ask personal questions of those with 

22 whom the petitioners lived. 

23 During their time in Bangladesh, the petitioners allege that 

24 they suffered other harms as well, which they attributed to 
7

1 General Ershad and his regime. These harms included alleged 

2 economic privation, based on, for example, the government’s 

3 refusal to provide Rana Manzur with the benefits to which she 

4 believed she was entitled as a military officer’s widow, 

5 obstruction of her employment opportunities, and the denial of a 

6 bank loan to start a business. These alleged harms also included, 

7 among other things, restrictions on travel, societal 

8 discrimination, the denial of medical care to Rubana Manzur, and 

9 several attempted rapes of Rana Manzur by an army officer who 

10 accompanied her and her daughter on a trip outside the country. 

11 In December 1990, General Ershad was ousted from power and 

12 forced to resign by a democratic movement led in part by Begum 

13 Khaleda Zia, the widow of former President Zia. Khaleda Zia was 

14 elected Prime Minister of Bangladesh and assumed the office in 

15 March 1991. Between September 1990 and September 1991, all of the 

16 petitioners except for Rana Manzur left Bangladesh for the United 

17 States.

18 Rana Manzur remained in Bangladesh after General Ershad was 

19 ousted from power to investigate General Ershad’s involvement in 

20 her husband’s death and to pursue his prosecution for the 

21 execution of her husband. She was inspired by campaign statements 

22 made by Khaleda Zia while running for Prime Minister accusing 

23 General Ershad of the assassination of Khaleda Zia’s husband, 

24 former President Zia, and stating that General Ershad should be 
8

1 brought to justice. Immediately after General Ershad resigned, 

2 Rana Manzur began speaking with lawyers about the possibility of 

3 prosecuting General Ershad and, after Khaleda Zia’s election as 

4 Prime Minister, attempted to meet and speak with Prime Minister 

5 Zia on the subject. Her efforts, however, were unsuccessful. 

6 Prime Minister Zia refused to meet with Rana Manzur, and the 

7 lawyers with whom Rana Manzur spoke refused to take the case, at 

8 least one of whom expressed fear for his safety. 

9 In 1992, after Rana Manzur commenced her efforts to have 

10 General Ershad prosecuted, she began receiving threatening phone 

11 calls. The calls became more frequent in 1993. The calls 

12 normally came in the middle of the night. The callers told her 

13 that they knew her every move, knew about her attempts to meet 

14 with Prime Minister Zia, and threatened that if she continued her 

15 efforts, she would suffer the same fate as her husband. Apart 

16 from the threatening anonymous calls, Rana Manzur received one 

17 call from a Major Mizzan, a member of Prime Minister Zia’s 

18 political party and a family friend, who advised her not to do 

19 “anything silly” and not to pursue the subject, because she should 

20 remember how her husband died. 

21 Around this time, Rana Manzur was also visited on several 

22 occasions by the “anticorruption police,” who asked her personal 

23 questions about her life, income, and children. Further, after 

24 her absence from a military ceremony in 1993, she received calls 
9

1 from the DGFI inquiring as to her absence and accusing her of 

2 trying to “conflict with the government.” Finally, in the fall of 

3 1993, Rana Manzur observed an army jeep with what she perceived to 

4 be DGFI agents parked openly in front of her house for the first 

5 time. After that, she abandoned her efforts to pursue General 

6 Ershad’s prosecution, went into hiding, and began seeking a way to 

7 leave for the United States. She entered the United States 

8 several months later, in January 1994, on a visitor’s visa.

9 

10 B.

11 The IJ held a series of hearings on the petitioners’ 

12 applications for asylum and withholding of deportation. The 

13 hearings commenced on July 22, 1997 and concluded with a final 

14 hearing in January 2000. In a written decision dated January 31, 

15 2002, the IJ denied the petitioners’ applications, but granted the 

16 petitioners’ requests for voluntary departure. 

17 The IJ found that the petitioners had “failed to show that 

18 their experiences, whether considered singly or in the aggregate, 

19 establish persecution within the meaning of the [INA].” While the 

20 IJ did not appear to question the credibility of the petitioners 

21 with respect to the individual incidents about which they 

22 testified and provided evidence, he analyzed each of the incidents 

23 and found that each incident did not support a finding of 

24 persecution. He found, for example, that the petitioners’ release 
10

1 from confinement in 1981 “without harm” did not rise to the level 

2 of persecution or reveal action motivated by a desire to punish 

3 the petitioners based on a protected ground such as membership in 

4 a particular social group or political opinion. He found that the 

5 petitioners’ testimony about harassment by individuals they 

6 believed to be agents of the government of Bangladesh did not 

7 describe harm that rose to the level of persecution under the INA. 

8 The IJ rejected any claims of economic deprivation because the 

9 petitioners failed to establish that they were unable to support 

10 themselves, and because their economic conditions were more 

11 consistent with economic reality than with conspiratorial design. 

12 The IJ also found that the petitioners had not established that 

13 whatever threats they received constituted persecution or 

14 persecution on account of a protected ground. 

15 On May 15, 2003, the BIA issued a separate order for each 

16 petitioner affirming without opinion the decision of the IJ. 

17 Thereafter, the petitioners filed this petition for review. 

18 

19 II.

20 To qualify for asylum, which is available at the Attorney 

21 General’s discretion, an applicant bears the burden of 

22 establishing that the applicant is “unable or unwilling” to return 

23 to the applicant’s native country because of persecution or a 

24 well-founded fear of persecution “on account of” a protected 
11

1 ground: “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

2 social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 

3 1158; see Edimo-Doualla v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 276, 281 (2d Cir. 

4 2006); Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169, 178 (2d Cir. 

5 2004). While “persecution” is not defined in the INA, this Court 

6 has explained that 

7 persecution includes more than threats to life and 

8 freedom, and therefore encompasses a variety of forms of 

9 adverse treatment, including non-life-threatening 

10 violence and physical abuse, or non-physical forms of 

11 harm such as the deliberate imposition of a substantial 

12 economic disadvantage. In short, persecution is the 

13 infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ on 

14 the basis of a protected statutory ground. . . . 

15 

16 Ivanishvili v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 433 F.3d 332, 341 (2d Cir. 

17 2006) (internal citations, alterations, and quotation marks 

18 omitted). A showing of past persecution on account of a protected 

19 ground triggers a rebuttable presumption that the applicant has a 

20 well-founded fear of future persecution on that ground. See Uwais 

21 v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 478 F.3d 513, 517 (2d Cir. 2007); Secaida22 Rosales v. I.N.S., 331 F.3d 297, 306 (2d Cir. 2003). 

23 In contrast to asylum, withholding of removal (formerly 

24 “withholding of deportation,” see supra note 1, at 2) is 

25 nondiscretionary, but requires the applicant to satisfy the more 

26 stringent showing that “it is more likely than not” that the 

27 applicant’s “‘life or freedom would be threatened’” on account of 

28 one of the protected grounds if the applicant were returned to the 

29 applicant’s native country. Ramsameachire, 357 F.3d at 178 
12

1 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)); see Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 

2 281; Yan Fang Zhang v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 167, 172 (2d Cir. 2006). 

3 To obtain withholding of removal under the CAT, an applicant must 

4 show that it is more likely than not that the applicant would be 

5 tortured if removed. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c); see Edimo-Doualla, 464 

6 F.3d at 281. 

7 Where, as here, the BIA affirms the decision of the IJ 

8 without issuing an opinion, this Court reviews the decision of the 

9 IJ directly, as the final agency determination. See Twum v. 

10 I.N.S., 411 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir. 2005); Secaida-Rosales, 331 F.3d 

11 at 305; see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4). 

12 Legal questions, including mixed questions of law and fact 

13 and the application of law to fact, are reviewed de novo. See

14 Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70, 77 (2d Cir. 2005); Secaida15 Rosales, 331 F.3d at 307. This Court reviews the IJ’s factual 

16 findings under the substantial evidence standard; findings of fact 

17 are treated as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would 

18 be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. 

19 § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also Zhou Yun Zhang v. U.S. I.N.S., 386 F.3d 

20 66, 73 (2d Cir. 2004). An IJ’s factual finding will be affirmed 

21 if it is “supported by evidence that is ‘reasonable, substantial, 

22 and probative’ when considered in light of the record as a whole.” 

23 Jin Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 426 F.3d 104, 113 (2d Cir. 
13

1 2005) (quoting Diallo v. I.N.S., 232 F.3d 279, 287 (2d Cir. 

2 2000)). 

3 Despite the deference typically afforded IJ and BIA 

4 decisions, this Court “require[s] a certain minimum level of 

5 analysis from the IJ and BIA opinions denying asylum, and indeed 

6 must require such if judicial review is to be meaningful.” 

7 Poradisova, 420 F.3d at 77. Where the BIA has affirmed without 

8 issuing an opinion, our review is limited “‘to the reasoning of 

9 the IJ, and we will not search the record independently for a 

10 basis to affirm the BIA.’” Jin Chen, 426 F.3d at 113 (quoting 

11 Secaida-Rosales, 331 F.3d at 305); see also Cao He Lin v. U.S. 

12 Dep’t of Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 400 (2d Cir. 2005). “[T]he 

13 immigration court must adequately link its decision to the record 

14 evidence in a reasoned opinion that properly applies the 

15 law. . . .” Ivanishvili, 433 F.3d at 337. 

16 This Court retains substantial authority to vacate and remand 

17 BIA and IJ decisions that result from flawed reasoning, a 

18 sufficiently flawed fact-finding process, or the application of 

19 improper legal standards. See Rizal v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 84, 89 

20 (2d Cir. 2006); Cao He Lin, 428 F.3d at 400–01, 406; see also

21 Ivanishvili, 433 F.3d at 337. This Court also will not hesitate 

22 to vacate and remand where the BIA or IJ analysis is insufficient 

23 to determine whether the correct legal standard was applied. See

24 Beskovic v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 223, 224 (2d Cir. 2006); Mirzoyan 
14

1 v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 217, 221 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam). Such 

2 defects “are not excused by the fact that a hypothetical 

3 adjudicator, applying the law correctly, might also have denied 

4 the petition for asylum.” Jin Shui Qiu v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 140, 

5 149 (2d Cir. 2003). This Court “will vacate BIA conclusions, as 

6 to the existence or likelihood of persecution, that a perfectly 

7 reasonable fact-finder could have settled upon, insofar as the BIA 

8 either has not applied the law correctly, or has not supported its 

9 findings with record evidence.” Id.

10 Finally, even if an IJ’s decision contains errors, the 

11 decision will not be vacated and remanded if doing so would be 

12 futile. Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 339 

13 (2d Cir. 2006). This Court will decline a remand as futile if we 

14 can “‘confidently predict’ that the agency would reach the same 

15 decision absent the errors that were made.” Id. (quoting Cao He 

16 Lin, 428 F.3d at 395); see also Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 282. 

17 

18 III.

19 The IJ in this case found, among other things, that the 

20 petitioners failed to establish past persecution within the 

21 meaning of the Act. The IJ never made a specific adverse 

22 credibility determination. Instead, the IJ analyzed each of the 

23 petitioners’ alleged incidents of persecution seriatim and 

24 disposed of each claim individually by concluding--for various 
15

1 reasons--that the incidents did not constitute past persecution. 

2 Cf. Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 282. The IJ’s finding that the 

3 petitioners failed to establish past persecution is deficient in 

4 several respects. The IJ’s analysis is inadequate for us to 

5 determine whether he properly considered the petitioners’ claims 

6 in the aggregate, and his individual analysis of several of the 

7 alleged incidents of harm contains both legal and factual errors. 

8 Because we cannot confidently predict whether the IJ would adhere 

9 to his decision absent these defects, we vacate the decision and 

10 remand the case for further consideration. 

11 

12 A.

13 The IJ’s analysis is inadequate for this Court to determine 

14 whether the IJ properly considered in the aggregate the incidents 

15 of harm constituting the petitioners’ claim of past persecution. 

16 While the IJ recited that he considered the petitioners’ 

17 experiences both singly and in the aggregate, there is no 

18 reasoning in the decision that reflects that he did so. He 

19 considered each of the incidents separately without determining 

20 how they affected the significance of the other incidents. 

21 However, this Court has cautioned against precisely this sort of 

22 approach. See Poradisova, 420 F.3d at 79 (“Also troubling is the 

23 IJ’s apparent (and erroneous) technique of addressing the severity 
16

1 of each event in isolation, without considering its cumulative 

2 significance.”); see also Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 283. 

3 “Taking isolated incidents out of context may be misleading. 

4 The cumulative effect of the applicant’s experience must be taken 

5 into account.” Poradisova, 420 F.3d at 80 (quoting Office of the 

6 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook on 

7 Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status Under the 

8 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of 

9 Refugees (Geneva 1992)); see also Edimo-Doualla, 464 F.3d at 283 

10 (“A series of incidents of mistreatment may together rise to the 

11 level of persecution even if each incident taken alone does 

12 not.”). 

13 The petitioners’ claim of past persecution in this case is 

14 primarily predicated on the alleged pattern of harms to which the 

15 petitioners were subjected over approximately a twelve-year period 

16 in Bangladesh. This pattern of incidents is significant in at 

17 least two respects. First, accumulation of harm from the 

18 individual incidents may rise to the level necessary for 

19 persecution even though an individual incident may not. Second, 

20 “the motive for the harm inflicted must be analyzed in light of 

21 the context in which the harm occurred.” Uwais, 478 F.3d at 517 

22 (emphasis added). The pattern provides context for the 

23 petitioners’ claims and may lend evidentiary support to a 

24 conclusion that individual incidents of harm were in fact “on 
17

1 account of” a ground protected by the Act, such as political 

2 opinion or social group membership. 

3 The IJ’s practice of dividing this pattern of harms into 

4 isolated incidents and disposing of each on different grounds, 

5 without explaining the cumulative significance--if any--of each of 

6 these harms on the petitioners’ aggregate claim of persecution, 

7 both misconstrues the nature of the petitioners’ claim and 

8 deprives this Court of the opportunity to review meaningfully any 

9 aggregate analysis the IJ may have conducted. Thus, although the 

10 IJ stated that he considered the petitioners’ claim both “singly” 

11 and “in the aggregate,” there is no analysis in the decision that 

12 shows that the IJ correctly applied this standard. 

13 

14 B.

15 Apart from the IJ’s apparent failure to consider adequately 

16 the petitioners’ claim of past persecution in the aggregate, the 

17 IJ also erred in his individual analysis of several of the alleged 

incidents of harm.3 18 

19 

20 

21 

 3

 Although we discuss the IJ’s analysis of certain individual 

claims, the IJ should address and--if appropriate--consider, as part of 

his aggregate analysis, all of the events that the petitioners have 

alleged as contributing to their persecution. See supra at 7–8 (listing 

other alleged harms). 
18

1 1.

2 First, the IJ erred in analyzing whether the petitioners’ 

3 month-long confinement in 1981 was persecution on account of a 

4 protected ground. The IJ concluded, without further explanation, 

5 that the petitioners’ “release from confinement in 1981 without 

6 harm does not [1] describe harm that rises to the level of 

7 persecution or [2] reveal action motivated by a desire to punish 

8 the [petitioners] on account of familial relationship, political 

9 beliefs or any political belief imputed to them.” The IJ’s 

10 conclusions are unsupported. 

11 The meaning of the IJ’s finding that the petitioners were 

12 released “without harm” is unclear, and to the degree that it 

13 means that their confinement did not support a finding of 

14 persecution, it is unfounded. If the IJ meant, somewhat 

15 trivially, that the petitioners suffered no harm at the moment of 

16 their release, the IJ failed to consider adequately the harm 

17 suffered during the petitioners’ month-long confinement. The 

18 phrase “without harm” could also be a finding that the 

19 petitioners’ month-long detention was not at all harmful. If so, 

20 the IJ’s finding is not supported by substantial evidence. For 

21 example, the IJ did not appear to consider that the petitioners 

22 have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder based on 

23 their alleged persecution in Bangladesh, which includes their 

24 detention by authorities. Finally, “without harm” might refer to 
19

1 the fact that the petitioners did not allege that they suffered 

2 physical harm during their month-long detention. If the IJ meant 

3 to suggest that a showing of physical harm is always required to 

4 demonstrate persecution, this conclusion was error. No such 

5 requirement has ever been established. See Ivanishvili, 433 F.3d 

6 at 341 (“[P]ersecution includes . . . non-life-threatening 

7 violence and physical abuse or non-physical forms of harm such as 

8 the deliberate imposition of a substantial economic disadvantage.” 

9 (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted)). 

10 Other than the statement that the petitioners were released 

11 “without harm,” the IJ provided no further explanation for his 

12 finding that the petitioners’ month-long confinement did not rise 

13 to the level of persecution. The IJ thus failed adequately to 

14 link his decision to the evidence in the record and in doing so 

15 deprived this Court of the opportunity to exercise any meaningful 

16 review of this finding. 

17 The IJ also rejected the evidence of confinement as a factor 

18 in establishing a claim of past persecution because he found that 

19 there was no evidence that those responsible for the confinement 

20 sought to harm the petitioners “on account of familial 

21 relationship, political beliefs or any political belief imputed to 

22 them.” 

23 The IJ noted that “there is no persuasive evidence that those 

24 responsible [for General Manzur’s death] sought to harm the 
20

1 [petitioners] for his opinions.” However, an asylum applicant can 

2 establish a persecutor’s motives by either direct or 

3 circumstantial evidence. See I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 

4 478, 483 (1992); Uwais, 478 F.3d at 517. 

5 In this case, the petitioners were detained without 

6 explanation immediately after General Manzur was taken away by 

7 military officers in the middle of the night and, as petitioners 

8 later learned, executed. The petitioners’ relationship to General 

9 Manzur was no secret. Rana Manzur repeatedly asked about her 

10 husband throughout the family’s detention. Furthermore, General 

11 Ershad and Colonel Awal, who took the petitioners into detention, 

12 were members of a political group that General Manzur had fought 

13 against. Indeed, there was evidence that General Ershad wanted to 

14 kill Rana Manzur and her children after the 1981 coup, but was 

15 dissuaded from doing so. At the very least, the IJ erred in 

16 apparently failing to consider this probative circumstantial 

17 evidence that the Manzurs were detained on account of General 

18 Manzur’s political opinions that were imputed to them or because 

19 of their membership in a particular social group, defined by their 

familial relationship to General Manzur.4 20 See Cao He Lin, 428 

 4

 The IJ’s decision appears to assume that “familial relationship” 

may be a protected ground for asylum purposes within the broader 

category of membership in a particular social group, but did not discuss 

this issue. See, e.g., In re A-M-E, 24 I. & N. Dec. 69, 73–74 (BIA Jan. 

31, 2007) (discussing the standard for social group membership). We do 

not address whether familial relationship may constitute a “particular 

social group” under the INA, in light of the Supreme Court’s 

determination that the BIA must decide this question in the first 
21

1 F.3d at 400; Jin Shui Qiu, 329 F.3d at 149 (holding that all 

2 factual assertions in a claim must be considered unless the 

3 evidence is “too insignificant to merit discussion” (internal 

4 quotation marks omitted)). 

5 The IJ also appears to have imposed an overly stringent 

6 burden of proof on the petitioners in analyzing whether the 

7 petitioners’ month-long detention was on account of a protected 

8 ground. In considering this issue, the IJ speculated that because 

9 the petitioners’ confinement occurred during the chaotic period 

10 following the assassination of President Zia, “their temporary 

11 confinement may have had purposes unrelated to any persecution on 

12 account of political views or family affiliation.” However, “an 

13 asylum applicant need not show with absolute certainty why the 

14 events occurred, but rather, only that the harm was motivated, in 

15 part, by an actual or imputed protected ground.” Uwais, 478 F.3d 

16 at 517; accord Osorio v. I.N.S., 18 F.3d 1017, 1028 (2d Cir. 

17 1994). The IJ appears to have applied a stricter standard, 

 

instance. Gonzales v. Thomas, 547 U.S. 183, 186–87 (2006) (per curiam); 

see also Ucelo-Gomez v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 163, 170 (2d Cir. 2006) (per 

curiam) (noting that an individual IJ’s interpretation, “even if 

summarily affirmed by the BIA, [is] not sufficient to constitute the 

agency’s interpretation”). Nor do we address whether familial 

relationship may form the basis of an imputed political opinion, as 

several other courts of appeals have suggested. See, e.g., Dia v. 

Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 255 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc) (finding reasonable 

petitioner’s conclusion that military officials raped his wife because 

of his alleged involvement with rebels); Navas v. I.N.S., 217 F.3d 646, 

659 n.18 (9th Cir. 2000) (“Where police beat and threaten the spouse of 

a known dissident, it is logical, in the absence of evidence pointing to 

another motive, to conclude that they did so because of the spouse’s 

presumed guilt by association.”). 
22

1 requiring the petitioners to disprove speculative alternative 

2 explanations and failing to recognize that asylum can be based on 

3 persecution that is motivated in part on a protected ground. This 

4 was legal error. 

5 

6 2.

7 The IJ also erred in his analysis of the petitioners’ claim 

8 of persecution based on the constant surveillance to which the 

9 family was subjected after their release from detention. The IJ 

10 concluded that the petitioners’ “alleged harassment by unknown 

11 individuals believed to be agents of the government does not 

12 describe harm that rises to the level of persecution under the 

13 Act.” The only asserted basis for this conclusion was that 

14 “[t]here is no evidence in this record that any of the 

15 [petitioners] were ever arrested, detained or physically abused by 

16 the conduct described.” This statement was plainly wrong because 

17 all of the petitioners had been detained for more than a month in 

18 1981. Assuming that the IJ was referring solely to the subsequent 

19 surveillance, the IJ appears to have used an overly restrictive 

20 definition of persecution. There is no requirement that a 

21 petitioner claiming past persecution allege either detention or 

22 physical harm. See Ivanishvili, 433 F.3d at 341; see also

23 Begzatowski v. I.N.S., 278 F.3d 665, 669 (7th Cir. 2002) (“Types 

24 of actions that might cross the line from harassment to 
23

1 persecution include: detention, arrest, interrogation, 

2 prosecution, imprisonment, illegal searches, confiscation of 

3 property, surveillance, beatings, or torture.” (internal quotation 

4 marks omitted)), cited in Kyaw Zwar Tun v. U.S. I.N.S., 445 F.3d 

5 554, 567 (2d Cir. 2006). 

6 The IJ appears to have viewed skeptically the petitioners’ 

7 claim that the individuals engaged in the surveillance were 

8 government agents, referring to them as “unknown individuals 

9 believed to be agents of the government.” The IJ did not, 

10 however, articulate this observation as an alternative basis for 

11 denying the petitioners’ past persecution claim, and the IJ 

12 provided no basis for a conclusion that surveillance was being 

13 conducted by some non-governmental group. As best we can tell, 

14 the IJ rejected this claim exclusively on the ground that it did 

15 not describe harm rising to the level of persecution. Our review 

16 is limited to the reasoning of the IJ, and as to this claim, that 

17 reasoning was deficient. 

18 

19 3.

20 The IJ’s analysis of petitioners’ claim of past persecution 

21 based on the threats that Rana Manzur received in response to her 

22 efforts to have General Ershad prosecuted is also insufficient. 

23 It is unclear whether the IJ rejected this claim because the 

24 petitioners did not identify the source of the threats or because 
24

1 the petitioners did not demonstrate that the threats were “on 

2 account of” a protected ground. To the extent the decision rested 

3 on the former conclusion, it was legal error. The IJ cited a case 

4 from the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, Mitev v. I.N.S., 67 

5 F.3d 1325 (7th Cir. 1995), for the proposition that “while threats 

6 could amount to persecution, an asylum applicant must identify who 

7 issued a particular threat, in what setting and for what purpose.” 

8 In Mitev, however, the court was discussing the importance of the 

9 “context” of threats and specifically discounted threats that came 

10 from co-workers, often in the context of political discussions. 

11 Mitev, 67 F.3d at 1331. The court did not conclude that anonymous 

12 threats could not be included in the mix of evidence showing that 

13 an applicant had been subjected to persecution. As this Court has 

14 noted, “[c]oncluding that persecutors’ failure to reveal their 

15 identities and motivations . . . undercuts an applicant’s

16 credibility does not rest on the ‘legitimate nexus’ required in 

17 credibility findings.” Secaida-Rosales, 331 F.3d at 311; see also

18 Poradisova, 420 F.3d at 80 (“The IJ also unreasonably dismissed as 

19 ‘of no value’ the anonymous threatening calls [the petitioner] 

20 Tatiana received in 1992 simply, and inexplicably, because they 

21 were anonymous.”). 

22 To the extent the IJ concluded that the death threats were 

23 not “on account of” a protected ground, the IJ failed to explain 

24 adequately the basis for this conclusion. Specifically, the IJ 
25

1 did not explain the basis for his conclusion that Rana Manzur’s 

2 attempts to have General Ershad prosecuted did not constitute the 

3 expression of a political opinion or cause a political opinion to 

4 be imputed to her. Here, Rana Manzur actively pursued General 

5 Ershad’s prosecution after Prime Minister Zia, in her campaign, 

6 elevated the issue of bringing General Ershad to justice to the 

7 political stage. Rana Manzur testified that she began receiving 

8 threatening phone calls and visits from the anti-corruption police 

9 after she began pursuing General Ershad’s prosecution, and that 

10 she was accused of “trying to conflict with” the government by the 

11 DGFI for not attending a military ceremony. The IJ asserted that 

12 the attempt to prosecute a public official, standing alone, is not 

sufficient to establish the expression of a political opinion.5 13 

14 The IJ also noted parenthetically that purely personal retribution 

15 is not persecution on account of political opinion. 

16 This Court has rejected an “impoverished view of what 

17 political opinions are, especially in a country . . . where 

18 certain democratic rights have only a tenuous hold.” Yueqing

19 Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 546 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting 

20 Osorio, 18 F.3d at 1030). In cases of opposition to government 

21 corruption, this Court has stated that the central questions for 

 5

 The IJ’s statement that the attempt to prosecute a public 

official “standing alone” did not establish the expression of a 

political opinion is a further illustration of the IJ’s general failure 

to evaluate adequately the petitioners’ claims in light of the entire 

evidentiary context in which they arose. 
26

1 determining the nature of an applicant’s actions, which the IJ 

2 neither discussed nor recognized, are “whether the applicant’s 

3 actions were directed toward a governing institution, or only 

4 against individuals whose corruption was aberrational” and 

5 “whether the persecutor was attempting to suppress a challenge to 

6 the governing institution.” Id. at 548 (internal quotation marks 

7 and citation omitted); see also Hasan v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 1114, 

8 1120 (9th Cir. 2004); Njuguna v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 765, 770 (9th 

9 Cir. 2004); Grava v. I.N.S., 205 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2000) 

10 (finding that when alleged corruption which the petitioner exposed 

11 is inextricably intertwined with government operation, the 

12 exposure and prosecution of such abuse is necessarily political); 

13 Reyes-Guerrero v. I.N.S., 192 F.3d 1241, 1245-46 (9th Cir. 1999); 

14 Gomez-Saballos v. I.N.S., 79 F.3d 912, 917 (9th Cir. 1996) 

15 (finding that personal retaliation against a vocal political 

16 opponent does not render the opposition any less political, or the 

17 opponent any less deserving of asylum). In addition, this Court 

18 has stated that the determination of whether a petitioner’s 

19 persecutors were motivated by the petitioner’s opposition to the 

20 government “is a complex and contextual factual inquiry.” Yueqing

21 Zhang, 426 F.3d at 548. Because the IJ did not engage in this 

22 inquiry regarding the nature of Rana Manzur’s actions or the 

23 motivation of her persecutors, the proper course is to remand for 
27

1 further consideration of whether Rana Manzur made the requisite 

2 showing. 

3 The IJ cited the Supreme Court’s opinion in I.N.S. v. Elias4 Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478 (1992), for the proposition that 

5 “[p]ersecution on account of political opinion means persecution 

6 on account of the victim’s not the persecutor’s political 

7 opinion.” While that is a fair description of Elias-Zacarias, the 

8 citation misapprehends Rana Manzur’s claim. Rana Manzur claims 

9 that she was persecuted precisely because of her political opinion 

10 that her husband had been the victim of assassination engineered 

11 by General Ershad and that, consequently, General Ershad should be 

12 prosecuted. She alleges that the threats were directed against 

13 her precisely because of her views, not the persecutors’. The 

14 IJ’s analysis of this claim is, therefore, deficient. 

15 The IJ also did not explain why, on these facts, the 

16 petitioners have not shown that the threatening calls that Rana 

17 Manzur received were motivated--at least in part--by an imputed 

18 political opinion. This Court has stated that, under a theory of 

19 imputed political opinion, an applicant may establish persecution 

20 “on account of” a protected ground by showing that the persecutors 

21 perceived the applicant to have a political opinion and acted 

22 because of it. See Chun Gao v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 122, 129 (2d 

23 Cir. 2005). 

24 
28

1 4.

2 Finally, the IJ’s analysis of the petitioners’ economic 

3 persecution claim is insufficient to determine whether the correct 

4 legal standard was applied. See Beskovic, 467 F.3d at 224. The 

5 IJ rejected petitioners’ claim of economic persecution because he 

6 concluded that they “failed to establish . . . that they were not 

7 able to support themselves,” citing as support several cases that 

8 do not articulate a clear standard for economic persecution. This 

9 Court has previously recognized that the standard for economic 

10 persecution claims is unclear, and remanded to the BIA for 

11 clarification. See Mirzoyan, 457 F.3d at 223-24. 

12 The BIA’s recent decision, In re T-Z-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 163 

13 (BIA May 9, 2007), responds to this Court’s request in Mirzoyan

14 and articulates the BIA’s standard for evaluating nonphysical 

15 harm, including economic harm. Based on this intervening 

16 decision, and because we are unable to determine the standard that 

17 the IJ applied to petitioners’ claim of economic persecution, the 

18 proper course is to remand to the BIA for further consideration in 

19 light of In re T-Z-. 

20 

21 IV.

22 For all of these reasons, the Court concludes that the IJ 

23 erred in considering the petitioners’ claim of past persecution. 

24 Assuming that the petitioners can establish their claim of past 
29

1 persecution, the Government on remand will have to overcome a 

2 rebuttable presumption that the petitioners have a well-founded 

fear of future persecution.6 3 Therefore, because we cannot 

4 confidently predict whether, under these circumstances and absent 

5 the IJ’s errors, the BIA would adhere to its prior decision 

 6

 The IJ did not discuss the issue of whether the petitioners have 

a well-founded fear of future persecution other than to conclude that 

the petitioners had “not established” that “any harm . . . feared was on 

account of any characteristic enumerated in the Act.” The IJ never 

analyzed or even mentioned whether the Government offered sufficient 

evidence to overcome any presumption that the petitioners had a wellfounded fear of future persecution as a result of their past 

persecution. 

The IJ did, however, cite to a July 27, 1998 letter from the State 

Department Office of Asylum Affairs, submitted in response to the IJ’s 

request for an advisory opinion on Rana Manzur’s asylum application. 

Letter from William M. Bartlett, Director, Office of Asylum Affairs, 

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, United States Department of 

State, to Executive Office of Immigration Review, Office of the 

Immigration Judge (July 27, 1998) [hereinafter Letter]. The letter 

summarizes some of the petitioner’s claims and then concludes that “[i]t 

seems unlikely that the applicant would face any mistreatment in 

Bangladesh if she were to return to that country.” Id. at 2. 

It is not clear to what extent the IJ relied on this letter in 

concluding that the petitioners failed to establish their claim of past 

persecution, and in any event, the letter cannot cure the IJ’s failure 

to analyze adequately the petitioners’ claim of past persecution. 

Moreover, it is unclear what weight the IJ gave to the letter in 

assessing whether the Manzurs have a well-founded fear of future 

persecution; we reject the Government’s contention that its position in 

the letter is in any way dispositive of the issue of future persecution, 

particularly given the IJ’s failure to assess the applicable burden of 

proof. The letter is no substitute for the IJ considering the full 

record of testimony and evidence in this case, cf. Tian-Yong Chen v.

U.S. I.N.S., 359 F.3d 121, 130 (2d Cir. 2004) (cautioning against 

excessive reliance on State Department country reports), particularly 

when the letter relies solely on analysis of country conditions and the 

written asylum application and disclaims any independent investigation 

into the pattern of events that petitioners allege constitute past 

persecution. See Letter at 2. The letter in this case also contains 

certain factual misstatements. See id. at 1 (claiming that petitioner 

“does not claim to have been . . . detained” despite the Manzurs’ claim 

of month-long confinement); id. (claiming that President Zia was the 

father, rather than the husband, of Prime Minister Khaleda Zia). 
30

1 denying the petitioners’ applications for asylum, we remand. See

2 Uwais, 478 F.3d at 519 n.1; Beskovic, 467 F.3d at 227; 

3 Because the errors in the IJ’s analysis of the petitioners’ 

4 claim for asylum bear on the petitioners’ eligibility for 

5 withholding of deportation (or removal) under the INA and relief 

6 under the CAT, we remand these latter claims as well. See, e.g.,

7 Abankwah v. I.N.S., 185 F.3d 18, 26 (2d Cir. 1999). 

8 

9 CONCLUSION

10 For all of the reasons discussed above, the petition for 

11 review is GRANTED. The decision of the BIA is VACATED, and the 

12 case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this 

13 opinion.