# Patent

## Title
Nanocrystalline plated golf club head

## Abstract

A golf club (40) having a club head (42) with a face component (60) and an aft body (61) is disclosed herein. The face component (60) has a striking plate portion (72) and a return portion (74). The aft-body (61) is composed of a crown portion (62), a sole portion (64) and optionally a ribbon section (90). The face component (60) is composed of a metal material, and the aft-body (61) is composed of an injectable polymer material such as a nylon. A plating layer (300) is disposed on at least a portion of the aft-body (61). The plating layer (300) preferably comprises a nanocrystalline material. The club head (42) preferably has a volume in the range of 290 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not Applicable
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not Applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf club head with at least a portion of the golf club head composed of a nanocrystalline plated material. More specifically, the present invention relates to a golf club head with a sole section and a crown section composed of a nanocrystalline plated non-metal material.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nanocrystalline or nanophase technology originated a number of decades ago. The technology has progressed since its origin and application of the technology to various goods have been explored and documented by numerous individuals.
One of the earliest patents for this technology is U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,797 to Erb et al., for a Nanocrystalline Metals. This patent discloses a process for producing nickel-iron alloy nanocrystalline metals having a grain size of less than eleven nanometers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,046 to Schulz et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,170 to Schulz et al., both for Nanocrystalline Ni-Based Alloys, disclose nanocrystalline nickel based alloys having grain sizes less than 100 nanometers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,450 to Hui, for a Method and Apparatus for Depositing Ni—Fe—W—P alloys, discloses electrodepositing a nickel-iron-tungsten phosphorous alloy to promote wear resistance.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,504 to Taylor et al., for Electrodeposition of Catalytic Metals Using Pulsed Electric Fields, discloses a method for forming nanocrystalline metals on a substrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,011 to Gonsalves for a Nanostructured Steel Alloy, discloses a steel powder having a grain size in the nanometer range, specifically in the 50 nanometer size, and the steel power is an alloy composed of iron, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium and carbon.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,996 to Gonsalves et al., for Nanostractured Metals, Metal Carbides, and Metal Alloys, discloses nanostructured steel, aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, and other metals having crystallite size ranging from 45 nanometers to 75 nanometers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,624 to Gonsalves et al., for Methods for the Manufacturing of Nanostructured Metals, Metal Carbides, and Metal Alloys, discloses a chemical synthesis method for producing nanostructured metals.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,667 to Ezaki et al., discloses an iron with a striking face composed of copper or a copper alloy and nickel plated.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,427 to Saeki discloses an iron with an non-electrolytic nickel-boron plating and a chromate film, and a method for manufacturing such an iron.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,004 to Nagamoto discloses an iron composed of a soft-iron material with a carbonized surface layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,131,986 to Harada et al., discloses a method for manufacturing a golf club head by electrolytic deposition of metal alloys such as nickel based alloys.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,614 to Sasamoto et al., discloses a golf club head with a face portion that is arranged to have its crystal grains of the material of the face portion oriented in a vertical direction. The '614 patent also discloses nickel-plating of the face portion.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,444 to Buettner discloses an iron composed of a ferrous material having a titanium nitride coating for wear resistance.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,158 to Winrow et al., discloses a golf club head with a coating formed by a high velocity thermal spray process.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,268 to Byrne et al., for a Method Of Plating A Golf Club head discloses a method of plating a golf club head composed of magnesium, magnesium alloys, aluminum, or aluminum alloys.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,628 to Reyes et al., for a Plated Magnesium Golf Club Head discloses a golf club head having a magnesium portion that is plated with a nickel or nickel alloy based material.
U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0135281 to Palumbo et al., for a Strong, Lightweight Article Containing A Fine-Grained Metallic Layer discloses a shaft or face plate that is plated on a single surface with a nanocrystalline material.
The prior art has failed to disclose a nanocrystalline plated material for a golf club head component.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention is a golf club head including a sole portion and a crown portion, both with a nanocrystalline plating. The sole portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The sole portion is preferably composed of a non-metal material. The crown portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The crown portion is preferably composed of a non-metal material. The nanocrystalline plating is deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion. The nanocrystalline plating is preferably composed of a nickel, nickel-based alloy, iron, iron-based alloy material.
The nanocrystalline plating preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.0002 inch to 0.002 inch.
The non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is preferably a nylon material.
Alternatively, the non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is a composite material such as plies of pre-preg.
The golf club head preferably includes a striking plate composed of a titanium alloy material.
The sole portion preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.020 inch to 0.100 inch and the crown portion preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.020 inch to 0.100 inch.
The nanocrystalline plating is preferably composed of a nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy.
Alternatively, the nanocrystalline plating is composed of a nickel-iron-chromium alloy.
Another aspect of the present invention is a golf club head including a face component, a sole portion and a crown portion, both with a nanocrystalline plating. The face component is preferably composed of a metal material. The face component preferably has a striking plate portion and a return portion. The striking plate portion has a thickness in the range of 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch and the return portion has a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch. The sole portion is attached to the return portion of the face component. The sole portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The sole portion is composed of a non-metal material. The crown portion is attached to the return portion of the face component. The crown portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The crown portion is composed of a non-metal material. The nanocrystalline plating is deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion. The nanocrystalline plating is preferably composed of a nickel, nickel-based alloy, iron, iron-based alloy material.
The nanocrystalline plating preferably has a thickness ranging from 10 microns to 100 microns.
The non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is preferably selected from the group consisting of a nylon material, a composite material, a polycarbonate material and a polyurethane material.
The nanocrystalline plating is preferably composed of a material selected from the group consisting of nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy and a nickel-iron-chromium alloy.
The golf club head preferably has a volume ranging from 290 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters.
The golf club head preferably has a moment of inertia about the Izz axis of the golf club head is greater than 3000 grams-centimeter squared.
The face component is preferably composed of a metal material selected from the group consisting of titanium alloy, amorphous metal, stainless steel and maraging steel.
Another aspect of the present invention is a golf club head including a face component, a sole portion and a crown portion, both with a nanocrystalline plating, and a plurality of weight members. The face component is preferably composed of a metal material. The face component preferably has a striking plate portion and a return portion. The striking plate portion has a thickness in the range of 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch and the return portion has a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch. The sole portion is attached to the return portion of the face component. The sole portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The sole portion is composed of a non-metal material. The crown portion is attached to the return portion of the face component. The crown portion has a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The crown portion is composed of a non-metal material. The nanocrystalline plating is deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion. The nanocrystalline plating is preferably composed of a nickel, nickel-based alloy, iron, iron-based alloy material. Each of the plurality of weight members is positioned within a weight pocket of the plurality of weight pockets of the sole portion. Each of the plurality of weight members has a mass ranging from 5 grams to 50 grams.
The golf club head preferably has a coefficient of restitution ranging from 0.81 to 0.94, a volume ranging from 420 cubic centimeters to 475 cubic centimeters, and a mass ranging from 175 grains to 225 grams.
The plurality of weight pockets are preferably positioned on the internal surface of the sole portion.
Alternatively, the plurality of weight pockets are positioned on the external surface of the sole portion.
Having briefly described the present invention, the above and further objects, features and advantages thereof will be recognized by those skilled in the pertinent art from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of a golf club.
FIG. 1A is a front view of a golf club illustrating the measurement for the aspect ratio of the face.
FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a golf club head.
FIG. 3 is rear view of the golf club head of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a heel side plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 is a front view of the golf club head.
FIG. 8 is a toe side view of the golf club head of FIG. 2.
FIG. 9 is a heel side plan view of a golf club head illustrating the Z axis and X axis through the center of gravity.
FIG. 10 is a front plan view of a golf club head illustrating the Z axis and Y axis through the center of gravity.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a component of the golf club head illustrating the plating that encompasses the injectable polymer material.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a component of the golf club head illustrating the injectable polymer material, an interstitial layer and a plating layer.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a sole portion of the golf club head illustrating the plating that encompasses the injectable polymer material.
FIG. 14 is an exploded view of a golf club head.
FIG. 15 is an isolated bottom view of a lower section of an aft-body of the golf club head.
FIG. 16 is a top perspective view of the lower section of the aft-body of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a top plan view of the lower section of the aft-body of FIG. 15.
FIG. 18 is an isolated interior view of an upper section of an aft-body of the golf club head.
FIG. 19 is an isolated top perspective view of the upper section of the aft-body of FIG. 19.
FIG. 20 is an isolated heel view of a face component of the golf club head.
FIG. 21 is an isolated toe view of the face component of FIG. 20.
FIG. 22 is an isolated top plan view of the face component of FIG. 20.
FIG. 23 is an isolated bottom plan view of the face component of FIG. 20.
FIG. 24 is a front view of a golf club head illustrating regions of thickness.
FIG. 25 is a cut-away view along line 25-25 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 26 is a cut-away view along line 26-26 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 27 is an enlarged view of circle 27 of FIG. 26.
FIG. 28 is an enlarged view of circle 28 of FIG. 26.
FIG. 29 is a top exploded perspective view of a golf club head.
FIG. 30 is a bottom exploded perspective view of a golf club head.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As shown in FIG. 1, a golf club is generally designated 40. The golf club 40 has a golf club head 42. Engaging the club head 42 is a shaft 48 that has a grip 50, not shown, at a butt end 52 and is inserted into a hosel 54 at a tip end 56.
As shown in FIGS. 1A-8, the club head 42 is generally composed of a face component 60 and an aft-body 61. The aft-body is preferably composed of an upper section 200 and a lower section 202, which are joined together to form the aft-body 61. The aft-body 61 preferably has a crown portion 62 and a sole portion 64. The golf club head 42 is preferably has a heel end 66 nearest the shaft 48, a toe end 68 opposite the heel end 66, and a rear end 70 opposite the face component 60.
The face component 60 is generally composed of a single piece of metal, and is preferably composed of a forged metal material. More preferably, the forged metal material is a forged titanium material. Such titanium materials include pure titanium and titanium alloys such as 6-4 titanium alloy, SP-700 titanium alloy (available from Nippon Steel of Tokyo, Japan), DAT 55G titanium alloy available from Diado Steel of Tokyo, Japan, Ti 10-2-3 Beta-C titanium alloy available from RTI International Metals of Ohio, and the like. Other metals for the face component 60 include stainless steel, other high strength steel alloy metals and amorphous metals. Alternatively, the face component 60 is manufactured through casting, forming, machining, powdered metal forming, metal-injection-molding, electro chemical milling, and the like.
FIGS. 20-24 illustrate the face component 60 in isolation. The face component 60 generally includes a striking plate portion (also referred to herein as a face plate) 72 and a return portion 74 extending laterally inward from the perimeter of the striking plate portion 72. The striking plate portion 72 typically has a plurality of scorelines 75 thereon.
In a preferred embodiment, the return portion 74 generally includes an upper lateral section 76, a lower lateral section 78, a heel lateral section 80 and a toe lateral section 82. Thus, the return 74 preferably encircles the striking plate portion 72 a full 360 degrees. However, those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that the return portion 74 may only encompass a partial section of the striking plate portion 72, such as 270 degrees or 180 degrees, and may also be discontinuous.
The upper lateral section 76 extends inward, towards the aft-body 61, a predetermined distance, d, to engage the crown 62. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined distance ranges from 0.2 inch to 3.0 inches, more preferably 0.40 inch to 0.75 inch, and most preferably 0.68 inch, as measured from the perimeter 73 of the striking plate portion 72 to the rearward edge of the upper lateral section 76. In a preferred embodiment, the upper lateral section 76 has a general curvature from the heel end 66 to the toe section 68. The upper lateral section 76 has a length from the perimeter 73 of the striking plate section 72 that is preferably a minimal length near the center of the striking plate section 72, and increases toward the toe end 68 and the heel end 66.
The perimeter 73 of the striking plate portion 74 is defined as the transition point where the face component 60 transitions from a plane substantially parallel to the striking plate portion 72 to a plane substantially perpendicular to the striking plate portion 72. Alternatively, one method for determining the transition point is to take a plane parallel to the striking plate portion 72 and a plane perpendicular to the striking plate portion, and then take a plane at an angle of forty-five degrees to the parallel plane and the perpendicular plane. Where the forty-five degrees plane contacts the face component is the transition point thereby defining the perimeter of the striking plate portion 72.
The face component 60 preferably engages the crown portion 62 along a substantially horizontal plane. The crown 62 has a crown undercut portion 62a, which is placed under the return portion 74. Such an engagement enhances the flexibility of the striking plate portion 72 allowing for a greater coefficient of restitution. The crown portion 62 and the upper lateral section 76 are attached to each other as further explained below.
The heel lateral section 80 is substantially perpendicular to the striking plate portion 72, and the heel lateral section 80 covers the hosel 54 before engaging an optional ribbon section 90 and a bottom section 91 of the sole portion 64 of the aft-body 61. The heel lateral section 80 is attached to the sole 64, both the ribbon 90 and the bottom section 91, as explained in greater detail below. The heel lateral section 80 extends inward a distance, d′′′, from the perimeter 73 a distance of 0.2 inch to 3.0 inches, more preferably 0.50 inch to 1.5 inches, and most preferably 0.950 inch. The heel lateral section 80 preferably has a general curvature at its edge.
At the other end of the face component 60 is the toe lateral section 82. The toe lateral section 82 is attached to the sole 64, both the ribbon 90 and the bottom section 91, as explained in greater detail below. The toe lateral section 82 extends inward a distance, d′′, from the perimeter 73 a distance of 0.2 inch to 3.0 inches, more preferably 0.5 inch to 1.50 inches, and most preferably 1.20 inch. The toe lateral section 80 preferably has a general curvature at its edge.
The lower lateral section 78 extends inward, toward the aft-body 61, a distance, d′, to engage the sole 64. In a preferred embodiment, the distance d′ ranges from 0.2 inch to 3.0 inches, more preferably 0.50 inch to 1.50 inch, and most preferably 0.9 inch, as measured from the perimeter 73 of the striking plate portion 72 to the edge of the lower lateral section 78.
The sole portion 64 has a sole undercut 64a for placement under the return portion 74. The sole 64 and the lower lateral section 78, the heel lateral section 80 and the toe lateral section 82 are attached to each other as explained in greater detail below.
The aft-body 61 is preferably composed of an upper section 200 and a lower section 202, which are joined together to form the aft-body 61. The aft-body 61 is preferably composed of a low density polymer material, preferably a nylon material, a polyurethane material, a polycarbonate material or other similar injectable polymer materials. The aft-body 61 may also be composed of a composite material such as plies of pre-preg.
A portion of the aft-body 61 or the entire aft-body is plated to provide greater durability than an un-plated equivalent. Unlike the prior art, the aft-body or the portion of the aft body 61 is plated on an exterior surface, an interior surface and a perimeter surface. In this manner, a relatively fragile golf club head component composed of an injectable polymer material is transformed into a very durable component since the golf club head component is essentially encased within the plating. The plating layer 300 preferably ranges from 20 microns to 2000 microns. Preferably, the plating is composed of a nanocrystalline material. Preferably, the nanocrystalline material is selected from the group of nickel, nickel alloy, nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy, iron alloy, iron, chromium or chromium alloy.
As shown in FIG. 11, the injectable polymer material 299 is encased by the plating layer 300. The plating layer 300 preferably comprises an exterior surface 300a, an interior surface 300b and a perimeter surface 300c. 
As shown in FIG. 12, an interstitial layer 301 is formed between the injectable polymer layer 299 and the plating layer 300. This interstitial layer 301 represents the integration of the nanocrystalline material of the plating layer 300 with the polymer material of the injectable polymer material 299.
A cross-sectional view of a sole portion 64 of the aft-body 61 is shown in FIG. 13. The injectable polymer material 299 is encased by the plating layer 300. The plating layer 300 preferably comprises an exterior surface 300a over an exterior surface 299a of the injectable polymer material, an interior surface 300b over an interior surface 299b of the injectable polymer material and a perimeter surface 300c over a perimeter surface 299c of the injectable polymer material.
A preferred plating process is electroless plating which involves plating onto a substrate by chemical reduction. Electroless platings are produced without an externally applied electric current. An alternative plating process is electrolytic plating, which is well-known and involves passing a direct current between an anode and a cathode to deposit metal or metal alloys particles, which are in an electrolyte medium, on the cathode.
The face component 60 is preferably adhered to the aft-body 61 with an adhesive, which is preferably placed on the interior surface of the return portion 74. The adhesive may also be placed on the undercut portions 62a and 64a. The upper section 200 is preferably adhered to the lower section 202 with an adhesive. Such adhesives include thermosetting adhesives in a liquid or a film medium. A preferred adhesive is a two part liquid epoxy sold by 3M of Minneapolis Minn. under the brand names DP420NS and DP460NS. Other alternative adhesives include modified acrylic liquid adhesives such as DP810NS, also sold by the 3M company. Alternatively, foam tapes such as Hysol Synspan may be utilized with the present invention.
As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, the return portion 74 overlaps the undercut portions 62a and 64a a distance preferably ranging from 0.25 inch to 1.00 inch, more preferably ranges from 0.40 inch to 0.70 inch, and is most preferably 0.50 inch. In a preferred embodiment, an annular gap 170 is created between an edge 190 of the crown portion 62 and the sole portion 64, and an edge 195 of the return portion 74. The annular gap 170 preferably has a distance from the edge 190 of the crown portion 62 to the edge 195 of the return portion 74 ranging from 0.020 inch to 0.100 inch, more preferably from 0.050 inch to 0.070 inch, and is most preferably 0.060 inch. A plurality of projections 177 on an upper surface of the undercut portions 62a and 64a establishes a minimum bond thickness between the interior surface of the return portion 74 and the upper surface of the undercut portions 62a and 64a. The bond thickness preferably ranges from 0.002 inch to 0.100 inch, more preferably ranges from 0.005 inch to 0.040 inch, and is most preferably 0.030 inch. A liquid adhesive preferably secures the aft body 61 to the face component 60. A leading edge of the undercut portions 62a and 64a may be sealed to prevent the liquid adhesive from entering the hollow interior 46.
FIGS. 15-17 illustrate a preferred embodiment of the lower section 202 of the aft-body 61. In a preferred embodiment, the entire lower section 202 of the aft-body 61 has a plating layer 300. The sole portion 64, including the bottom section 91 and the optional ribbon 90 which is substantially perpendicular to the bottom section 91, preferably has a thickness in the range of 0.010 to 0.100 inch, more preferably in the range of 0.025 inch to 0.070 inch, even more preferably in the range of 0.028 inch to 0.040 inch, and most preferably has a thickness of 0.033 inch. The undercut portion 64a has a similar thickness to the sole portion 64. The lower section 202 preferably comprises the bottom section 91 and a lower portion of the ribbon 90. The bottom section 91 preferably has a medial ridge 220 which extends from the undercut portion 64a rearward. A heel convex portion 222 is preferably located on a heel end 66 next to the medial ridge 220 and a toe convex portion 224 is preferably located on a toe end 68 next to the medial ridge 220. An alternative embodiment of the bottom section 91 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,152, entitled Hollow, Metallic Golf Club Head With Relieved Sole And Dendritic Structures, assigned to Callaway Golf Company, and which pertinent parts are hereby incorporated by reference.
An aft weight cavity 244 is preferably located rearward of the medial ridge 220. The aft weight cavity 244 preferably allows swing weighting of the golf club head 42. The aft-weight cavity 244 is accessible from the exterior of the golf club head 42 was all of the components are joined together. The interior of lower section 202 has a heel weight cavity 240 and a rear weight cavity 242 for placement of mass prior to the joining of components of the golf club head 42. The interior surface 220a of the medial ridge 220 creates a depression in the interior surface of the lower section 202 while the interior surfaces 222a and 224a of the heel convex portion 222 and toe convex portion 224 create projections in the interior surface of the lower section 202. A wall 245 of the aft-weight cavity 244 projects inward from the interior surface of the lower section 202. The lower section 2020 has a first ledge 250 and a section ledge 252.
FIGS. 18-19 illustrate the upper section 200 of the aft-body 61. The upper section 200 preferably comprises the crown portion 62 and an upper section of the ribbon 90. The crown portion 62 of the aft-body 61 is generally convex toward the sole 64, and engages the ribbon 90 of sole 64 outside of the engagement with the face member 60. The crown portion 62 preferably has a thickness in the range of 0.010 to 0.100 inch, more preferably in the range of 0.025 inch to 0.070 inch, even more preferably in the range of 0.028 inch to 0.040 inch, and most preferably has a thickness of 0.033 inch. The undercut portion 62a has a similar thickness to the crown portion 62. The interior surface of the upper section 200 has a plurality of interior projections 179 the engage the first ledge 250 of the lower section 202. The upper section 200 has a first ledge 254 that engages the second ledge 252 of the lower section 202. As explained above, the upper section 200 and the lower section 202 are joined together preferably through use of an adhesive. An aft-body gap 205 is preferably created upon joining of the upper section 200 and the lower section 202. The crown undercut portion 62a has a plurality of undercut projections 177 extending upward from an exterior surface, and a plurality of gap projections 175 extending outward from the edge 190 of the crown portion 62. The plurality of gap projections 175 maintain the annular gap 170 between the crown portion 62 and the return portion 74.
FIGS. 25-26 illustrate the hollow interior 46 of the club head 42. The hosel 54 is disposed within the hollow interior 46, and is located as a part of the face component 60. The hosel 54 may be composed of a similar material to the face component 60, and is preferably secured to the face component 60 through welding or the like. The hosel 54 may also be formed with the formation of the face component 60. Additionally, the hosel may be composed of a non-similar material that is light weight and secured using bonding or other mechanical securing techniques. A hollow interior of the hosel 54 is defined by a hosel wall 120 that forms a tapering tube from the aperture 59 to the sole potion 64. The shaft 48 is disposed within a hosel insert 121 that is disposed within the hosel 54. Such a hosel insert 121 and hosel 54 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,482, entitled Golf Club With Hosel Liner, which pertinent parts are hereby incorporated by reference. Further, the hosel 54 is preferably located rearward from the striking plate portion 72 in order to allow for compliance of the striking plate portion 72 during impact with a golf ball. In one embodiment, the hosel 54 is disposed 0.125 inch rearward from the striking plate portion 72.
As shown in FIG. 14, weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c are preferably disposed within the heel weight cavity 240, the rear weight cavity 242 and the aft-weight cavity 244, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, all of the weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c are utilized in order to increase the moment of inertia and control the center of gravity of the golf club head 42. However, those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that none or only one or two of the weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c, and also additional weighting members may be placed in locations of the club head 42 in order to influence the center of gravity, moment of inertia, or other inherent properties of the golf club head 42.
In a preferred embodiment, the weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c are bonded within the heel weight cavity 240, the rear weight cavity 242 and the aft-weight cavity 244, respectively. Individually, each of the weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c has a mass ranging from 10 grams to 30 grams, preferably from 14 grams to 25 grams, and more preferably from 15 grams to 20 grams. Each of the weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c has a density ranging from 5 grams per cubic centimeters to 20 grams per cubic centimeters, more preferably from 7 grams per cubic centimeters to 12 grams per cubic centimeters, and most preferably 8.0 grams per cubic centimeters.
FIG. 24 illustrates the variation in the thickness of the striking plate portion 72. The striking plate portion 72 is preferably partitioned into elliptical regions, each having a different thickness. In a preferred embodiment in which the face component 60 is composed of a titanium or titanium alloy material, a central elliptical region 102 preferably has the greatest thickness that ranges from 0.120 inch to 0.090 inch, preferably from 0.115 inch to 0.100 inch, and is most preferably 0.105 inch. The central elliptical region 102 preferably has a uniform thickness. A first concentric region 104 preferably has the next greatest thickness that ranges from 0.110 inch to 0.076 inch, preferably from 0.100 inch to 0.086 inch, and is most preferably 0.088 inch. The first concentric region preferably has a thickness that transitions from the first concentric region 102 thickness to the periphery region 110 thickness. A periphery region 110 preferably has the next greatest thickness that ranges from 0.082 inch to 0.062 inch, and is most preferably 0.072 inch. The variation in the thickness of the striking plate portion 72 allows for the greatest thickness to be localized in the center 111 of the striking plate portion 72 thereby maintaining the flexibility of the striking plate portion 72 which corresponds to less energy loss to a golf ball and a greater coefficient of restitution without reducing the durability of the striking plate portion 72.
Other alternative embodiments of the thickness of the striking plate portion 72 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,603, for a Contoured Golf Club Face and U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,666 for a Golf Club Striking Plate With Variable Thickness, which are both owned by Callaway Golf Company and which pertinent parts are hereby incorporated by reference.
As mentioned previously, the face component 60 is preferably forged from a rod of metal material. One preferred forging process for manufacturing the face component is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,011, entitled Method For Processing A Striking Plate For A Golf Club Head, owned by Callaway Golf Company, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the face component 60 is cast from molten metal in a method such as the well-known lost-wax casting method. Additional methods for manufacturing the face component 60 include forming the face component 60 from a flat sheet of metal, super-plastic forming the face component 60 from a flat sheet of metal, machining the face component 60 from a solid block of metal, electrochemical milling the face from a forged pre-form, and like manufacturing methods. Yet further methods include diffusion bonding titanium sheets to yield a variable face thickness face and then superplastic forming.
Alternatively, the face component 60 is composed of an amorphous metal material such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,604, owned by Callaway Golf Company, and which pertinent parts are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The golf club head 42 has a high coefficient of restitution thereby enabling for greater distance of a golf ball hit with the golf club head of the present invention. The coefficient of restitution (also referred to herein as “COR”) is determined by the following equation:




  e
  =
  
    
      
        v
        2
      
      -
      
        v
        1
      
    
    
      
        U
        1
      
      -
      
        U
        2
      
    
  




wherein U1 is the club head velocity prior to impact; U2 is the golf ball velocity prior to impact which is zero; v1 is the club head velocity just after separation of the golf ball from the face of the club head; v2 is the golf ball velocity just after separation of the golf ball from the face of the club head; and e is the coefficient of restitution between the golf ball and the club face.

The values of e are limited between zero and 1.0 for systems with no energy addition. The coefficient of restitution, e, for a material such as a soft clay or putty would be near zero, while for a perfectly elastic material, where no energy is lost as a result of deformation, the value of e would be 1.0. The coefficient of restitution of the club head 42 under standard USGA test conditions with a given ball ranges from approximately 0.81 to 0.94, preferably ranges from 0.83 to 0.883 and is most preferably 0.87.
Additionally, the striking plate portion 72 of the face component 60 has a smaller aspect ratio than face plates of the prior art. The aspect ratio as used herein is defined as the width, “W”, of the face divided by the height, “H”, of the face, as shown in FIG. 1A. In one preferred embodiment, the width W is 78 millimeters and the height H is 48 millimeters giving an aspect ratio of 1.625. In conventional golf club heads, the aspect ratio is usually much greater than 1. For example, the original GREAT BIG BERTHA® driver had an aspect ratio of 1.9. The striking plate portion 72 preferably has an aspect ratio that is no greater than 1.7. The aspect ratio preferably ranges from 1.0 to 1.7. One embodiment has an aspect ratio of 1.3. The striking plate portion 72 of the golf club head 42 is more circular than faces of the prior art. The face area of the striking plate portion 72 of the golf club head 42 ranges from 4.00 square inches to 7.50 square inches, more preferably from 5.00 square inches to 6.5 square inches, and most preferably from 5.8 square inches to 6.0 square inches.
The club head 42 preferably has a greater volume than a club head of the prior art while maintaining a weight that is substantially equivalent to that of the prior art. The volume of the club head 42 of the present invention ranges from 290 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters, and more preferably ranges from 330 cubic centimeters to 510 cubic centimeters, even preferably 350 cubic centimeters to 480 cubic centimeters, and most preferably 420 cubic centimeters or 470 cubic centimeters.
The mass of the club head 42 preferably ranges from 150 grams to 300 grams, more preferably ranges from 175 grams to 250 grams, and yet more preferably ranges from 180 grams to 225 grams. Preferably, the face component 60 has a mass ranging from 50 grams to 110 grams, more preferably ranging from 65 grams to 95 grams, yet more preferably from 70 grams to 90 grams, and most preferably 78 grams. The aft-body 61 (without weighting) has a mass preferably ranging from 10 grams to 60 grams, more preferably from 15 grams to 50 grams, and most preferably 35 grams to 40 grams. The weighting members 122a, 122b and 122c have a combined mass preferably ranging from 30 grams to 120 grams, more preferably from 50 grams to 80 grams, and most preferably 60 grams. The interior hosel 54 preferably a mass preferably ranging from 3 grams to 20 grams, more preferably from 5 grams to 15 grams, and most preferably 12 grams. The plating layer 300 preferably has a mass ranging from 0.5 grams to 5 grams, more preferably from 1.0 grams to 3.0 grams, and most preferably 2.5 grams. Additionally, epoxy, or other like flowable materials, in an amount ranging from 0.5 grams to 5 grams, may be injected into the hollow interior 46 of the golf club head 42 for selective weighting thereof.
As shown in FIG. 5, the length, “Lg”, of the club head 42 from the striking plate portion 72 to the rear section of the crown portion 62 preferably ranges from 3.0 inches to 4.5 inches, and is most preferably 3.5 inches. As shown in FIG. 4, the height, “Hg”, of the club head 42, as measured while in striking position, preferably ranges from 2.0 inches to 3.5 inches, and is most preferably 2.50 inches. As shown in FIG. 5, the width, “Wg”, of the club head 42 from the toe section 68 to the heel section 66 preferably ranges from 4.0 inches to 5.0 inches, and more preferably 4.4 inches.
FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate the axes of inertia through the center of gravity of the golf club head. The axes of inertia are designated X, Y and Z. The X axis extends from the striking plate portion 72 through the center of gravity, CG, and to the rear of the golf club head 42. The Y axis extends from the toe section 68 of the golf club head 42 through the center of gravity, CG, and to the heel section 66 of the golf club head 42. The Z axis extends from the crown portion 62 through the center of gravity, CG, and to the sole portion 64.
As defined in Golf Club Design, Fitting, Alteration & Repair, 4th Edition, by Ralph Maltby, the center of gravity, or center of mass, of the golf club head is a point inside of the club head determined by the vertical intersection of two or more points where the club head balances when suspended. A more thorough explanation of this definition of the center of gravity is provided in Golf Club Design, Fitting, Alteration & Repair. 
The center of gravity of a golf club head may be obtained using a center of gravity table having two weight scales thereon, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,452, entitled High Moment Of Inertia Composite Golf Club, assigned to Callaway Golf Company, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. If a shaft is present, it is removed and replaced with a hosel cube that has a multitude of faces normal to the axes of the golf club head. Given the weight of the golf club head, the scales allow one to determine the weight distribution of the golf club head when the golf club head is placed on both scales simultaneously and weighed along a particular direction, the X, Y or Z direction.
In general, the moment of inertia, Izz, about the Z axis for the golf club head 42 of the present invention will range from 2800 g-cm2 to 5000 g-cm2, preferably from 3000 g-cm2 to 4500 g-cm2, and most preferably from 3750 g-cm2 to 4250 g-cm2. The moment of inertia, Iyy, about the Y axis for the golf club head 42 preferably ranges from 1500 g-cm2 to 2750 g-cm2, preferably from 2000 g-cm2 to 2400 g-cm2, and most preferably from 2100 g-cm2 to 2300 g-cm2. The moment of inertia, Ixx, about the X axis for the golf club head 42 preferably ranges from 1500 g-cm2 to 4000 g-cm2, preferably from 2000 g-cm2 to 3500 g-cm2, and most preferably from 2500 g-cm2 to 3000 g-cm2.
In general, the golf club head 42 has products of inertia such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,832, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Preferably, each of the products of inertia, Ixy, Ixz and Iyz, of the golf club head 42 have an absolute value less than 100 grams-centimeter squared. Alternatively, the golf club head 42 has a at least one or two products of inertia, Ixy, Ixz and Iyz, with an absolute value less than 100 grams-centimeter squared.
FIG. 29 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a golf club head 342 having a plated magnesium portion. The golf club head 342 has a striking plate 360 and an aft-body 361. The aft-body 361 comprises a sole section 370 and a crown section 375. The striking plate 360 is preferably composed of a titanium alloy, titanium, amorphous metal (as described above) stainless steel or other steel alloy. The aft-body 361 is preferably composed of a low density-polymer material, such as described above, which also has a plating layer 300 (as described above) on a portion of the aft-body 361. The striking plate 360 is positioned over an opening 380 in the aft-body 361, and attached to the aft-body 361 through well-known methods such as press-fitting, brazing and the like. In one embodiment, the sole section 370 has a plating layer 300. In another embodiment, the sole section 370 and the crown section 375 both have plating layers 300. The golf club head 342 preferably has similar volumes, CORs, moments of inertia, mass and products of inertia as described above in reference to the golf club head 42.
FIG. 30 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a golf club head 442 having a plated portion. The golf club head 442 has a striking plate 460 and an aft-body 461 with a sole section 470 and a crown section 475. The striking plate 460 is preferably composed of a titanium alloy, titanium, amorphous metal (as described above) stainless steel or other steel alloy. The aft-body 461 is preferably composed of a low density-polymer material such as described above, which also has a plating layer 300 (as described above) on a portion of the aft-body 461. The striking plate 460 is positioned over an opening 480 in the aft-body 461, and attached to the aft-body 461 through well-known methods such as press-fitting, brazing and the like. In one embodiment, the sole section 470 has a plating layer 300. In another embodiment, the sole section 470 and the crown section 475 both have plating layers 300. The golf club head 442 preferably has similar volumes, CORs, moments of inertia, mass and products of inertia as described above in reference to the golf club head 42.
From the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof, and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, numerous changes, modifications and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claims. Therefore, the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims.

## Claims

1. A golf club head comprising:
a striking plate composed of metal without a nanocrystalline plating;
a sole portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the sole portion composed of a non-metal material;
a crown portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the crown portion composed of a non-metal material; and
a nanocrystalline plating deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion, the nanocrystalline plating comprising a nickel or nickel-based alloy material.

2. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the nanocrystalline plating has a thickness ranging from 20 microns to 2000 microns.

3. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is a nylon material.

4. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is a composite material.

5. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is plies of pre-preg.

6. The golf club head according to claim 1 further comprising said striking plate composed of a titanium alloy material.

7. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the sole portion has a thickness ranging from 0.020 inch to 0.100 inch and the crown portion has a thickness ranging from 0.020 inch to 0.100 inch.

8. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the nanocrystalline plating is composed of a nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy.

9. The golf club head according to claim 1 wherein the nanocrystalline plating is composed of a nickel-iron-chromium alloy.

10. A golf club head comprising:
a face component composed of a metal material without a nanocrystalline plating, the face component having striking plate portion and a return portion, the striking plate portion having a thickness in the range of 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch and the return portion having a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch; and
a sole portion attached to the return portion of the face component, the sole portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the sole portion composed of a non-metal material;
a crown portion attached to the return portion of the face component, the crown portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the crown portion composed of a non-metal material; and
a nanocrystalline plating deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion, the nanocrystalline plating comprising a nickel or nickel-based alloy material.

11. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the nanocrystalline plating has a thickness ranging from 20 microns to 2000 microns.

12. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the non-metal material of the sole portion and the crown portion is selected from the group consisting of a nylon material, a composite material, a polycarbonate material and a polyurethane material.

13. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the nanocrystalline plating is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy and a nickel-iron-chromium alloy.

14. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the golf club head has a volume ranging from 290 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters.

15. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the moment of inertia about the Izz axis of the golf club head is greater than 3000 grams-centimeter squared.

16. The golf club head according to claim 10 wherein the face component is composed of a metal material selected from the group consisting of titanium alloy, amorphous metal, stainless steel and maraging steel.

17. A golf club head comprising:
a face component composed of a metal material without a nanocrystalline plating, the face component having a striking plate portion and a return portion, the striking plate portion having a thickness in the range of 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch and the return portion having a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.250 inch, the return portion extending a distance ranging 0.25 inch to 1.5 inches; and
a sole portion attached to the return portion of the face component, the sole portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the sole portion composed of a nylon material, the sole portion having a plurality of weight pockets;
a crown portion attached to the return portion of the face component, the crown portion having a perimeter surface, an exterior surface and an interior surface, the crown portion composed of a nylon material;
a nanocrystalline plating deposited on the perimeter surface of the sole portion, the exterior surface of the sole portion, the interior surface of the sole portion, the perimeter surface of the crown portion, the exterior surface of the crown portion, and the interior surface of the crown portion, the nanocrystalline plating composed of a nickel material and having a thickness ranging from 20 microns to 2000 microns;
a plurality of weight members, each of the plurality of weight members positioned within a weight pocket of the plurality of weight pockets, each of the plurality of weight members having a mass ranging from 5 grams to 50 grams.

18. The golf club head according to claim 17 wherein the golf club head has a coefficient of restitution ranging from 0.81 to 0.94, a volume ranging from 420 cubic centimeters to 475 cubic centimeters, and a mass ranging from 175 grams to 225 grams.

19. The golf club head according to claim 17 wherein the golf club head the plurality of weight pockets are positioned on the internal surface of the sole portion.

20. The golf club head according to claim 17 wherein the golf club head the plurality of weight pockets are positioned on the external surface of the sole portion.