# Patent

## Title
Systems, methods, and computer program products to reduce computer processing in grid cell size determination for indexing of multidimensional databases

## Abstract

Systems, methods, and computer products that improve the techniques used to search multidimensional databases over techniques of the past. The preferred embodiment of the present invention advantageously improves the technique of determining a grid index that is used to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention improves the technique of sampling data for defining the grid cell size in a grid for a given data set, thereby improving the grid indexing process that locates a particular minimum-bounding rectangle and the associated geometric shape.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation application of and claims the benefit of “Systems, Methods, and Computer Program Products to Reduce Computer Processing in Grid Cell Size Determination for Indexing of Multidimensional Databases”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,143,098, issued on Nov. 28, 2006, having application Ser. No. 10/144,389, filed May 10, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
U.S. application Ser. No. 10/144,058, entitled “Systems, Methods, and Computer Program Products to Improve Indexing of Multidimensional Databases,” filed on the same date herewith, by Ying Chen et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention, contains subject matter related, in certain respect, to the subject matter of the present invention, and is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. Although not limited thereto, the present invention employs such a method in one of its preferred embodiments.
U.S. application Ser. No. 10/141,919, entitled “Reducing Index Size for Multi-Level Grid Indexes,” filed on the same date herewith, by David Adler et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention, contains subject matter related, in certain respect, to the subject matter of the present invention, and is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 10/792,446, entitled “Index Exploitation For Spatial Data,” filed on Mar. 2, 2004, by David Adler, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/255,357, entitled “Reducing Index Size for Multi-Level Grid Indexes,” filed on Oct. 20, 2005, by David Adler et al., which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 10/141,919, filed May 10, 2002, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/255,296, entitled “Reducing Index Size for Multi-Level Grid Indexes,” filed on Oct. 20, 2005, by David Adler et al., which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 10/141,919, filed May 10, 2002, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/931,786, entitled “Reducing Index Size for Multi-Level Grid Indexes,” filed on Oct. 30, 2007, by David Adler et al., which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 10/141,919, filed May 10, 2002, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/007,132, entitled “System And Method For Determining An Optimal Grid Index Specification For Multidimensional Data,” filed on Dec. 7, 2004, by David Adler, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to the field of indexing computer-based multidimensional data. It is more particularly directed to reducing data collection used in the determination of the grid cell size when grid-indexing techniques are applied to multidimensional data on a computer system.
2. Description of the Background Art
Indexing techniques are used to quickly access data that is sorted. Spatial data is typically information associated with geometric shapes such as lines, points, poly-lines, polygons, and surfaces. Spatial data is often very large and may have two, three, or more dimensions. Spatial data may be indexed. Indexing such data by traditional techniques, such as a B-tree, may not be feasible due to the large amount of computer resources required to index spatial data. Further, B-tree indexing is typically associated with single-dimensional data, not multidimensional data. Therefore, sorting capabilities associated with B-tree indexing are typically not sufficient to be efficiently applied to multidimensional data. To reduce data processing time, various spatial indexing techniques have been studied and developed. Grid indexing is one of these indexing techniques associated with searching spatial multidimensional data, and is used by the product marketed under the trademark IBM DB2® Spatial Extender.
The grid cell size used in grid indexing strongly affects the efficiency of accessing spatial data by techniques that employ grid indexing. A problem has been to refine the determination of particular grid cell sizes and thereby reduce the overhead associated with searching a spatial data set via grid indexing over techniques of the past. More particularly, a problem has been to reduce the amount of data that results from the sampling that occurs during statistics collection. Such data is used to determine the proper grid cell size.
An optimal relationship between a geometric shape and a grid cell is a one-to-one relationship in which each geometric shape overlaps only one grid cell, and each grid cell includes at most one geometric shape. This optimal relationship simplifies searching for a particular geometric shape by simplifying the process of sorting and accessing spatial data via grid indexing. By means of an example, if the grid cell size is too large, many geometric shapes may overlap with one grid cell and identification of a particular geometric shape is difficult due to the lack of a one-to-one association between a grid cell and a geometric shape. On the other hand, if the grid cell size is too small then a geometric shape overlaps many grid cells and it becomes quite difficult to quickly access the geometric shape by spatial indexing. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the technique of accessing spatial data by determining overlap of a geometric shape with a grid cell.
A geometric shape that is typically the subject of spatial data may be approximated by a rectangle. When a rectangle bounds the geometric shape with a minimum enclosure, it is referred to as a “minimum-bounding rectangle.” When a minimum-bounding rectangle has been defined and approximates a geometric shape that is located in space, coordinates located on a grid that represent the location of the minimum-bounding rectangle may be used to reference the minimum-bounding rectangle and the approximated geometric shape. For example, the coordinates on a grid that correspond to the corners of the minimum-bounding rectangle may be stored and used to reference the minimum-bounding rectangle.
An index enables fast access of a certain subset of data contained in a larger set of data. The index comprises a data structure and the techniques used to build, maintain, and search the data structure for the purpose of accessing a subset of data. For example, an index may define a data structure that is used to access a specific geometric shape included in a set of spatial data. The particular index of the present example may define a data structure that contains references to the minimum-bounding rectangles associated with various geometric shapes in a spatial data set. By accessing locator references associated with the minimum-bounding rectangles the process of accessing particular geometric shapes in a spatial data set is simplified.
Techniques of the past have typically required significant resources to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database. The lack of an efficient process for determining an index that facilitates streamlined location of minimum-bounding rectangles, and the associated geometric shapes, has contributed to inefficient access of information in spatial databases with grid indexing. More particularly, a problem has been to minimize the amount of data that is processed to determine an efficient grid cell size. That is, there exists a need to reduce the amount of data that results from sampling during statistics collections that are used to determine an efficient grid cell size so that the technique of grid indexing that locates a particular minimum-bounding rectangle is sufficiently efficient. From the foregoing it will be apparent that there is still a need to improve the determination of the grid cell size when grid-indexing techniques are applied to spatial data on a computer system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention relates to systems, methods, and computer products that improve the techniques used to search multidimensional databases over techniques of the past. A problem has been that significant resources were required to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database. The preferred embodiment of the present invention advantageously improves the technique of indexing data in a multidimensional database. Such data is used to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database by associating the geometric shape with one or more grid cells. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention minimizes the amount of data that results from sampling during statistics collections that are used to determine an efficient grid cell size so that the technique of grid indexing that locates a particular minimum-bounding rectangle is sufficiently efficient. The minimum-bounding rectangle is associated with one or more grid cells and facilitates the location of geometric shapes.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention reduces the amount of computer processing that occurs from sampling data during statistics collections associated with determining efficient grid cell sizes. An embodiment of the present invention, by indexing, estimates the number of index entries associated with geometric shapes in the spatial database at a first grid level by accessing the number of index entries associated with two or more grid levels thereby reducing the overall number of index entries used to determine an index performance indicator, “Ne.” The index performance indicator, Ne, evaluates the grid index performance. While accessing the number of index entries, the preferred embodiment of the present invention obtains the number of index entries, and additionally determines a ratio of the grid cell sizes associated with two or more grid levels that is used to estimate the number of index entries associated with the first grid level. By reducing the number of index entries that identify associations between grid cells and geometric shapes, computer processing used during indexing data in a multidimensional database is minimized. Therefore the present invention provides a technique for improving searches that use indexing techniques and operate on databases that may include spatial data.
The techniques of the present invention are especially advantageous when applied to grid-indexing techniques that are associated with geometric shapes that are represented by spatial data in spatial databases. However, the present invention is not restricted to techniques applied to spatial databases and can be used with techniques for searching other multidimensional databases.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention improves techniques of the past that were used to determine the grid cell size and that facilitate efficient indexing of a spatial database. More particularly, a reduced number of index entries is generated when defining the grid cell size in a grid for a given data set over techniques of the past. By reducing the number of index entries the determination of a minimum value of the index performance indicator is improved over techniques of the past by minimizing the number of index entries that must be evaluated during a search for a geometric shape associated with a spatial database. The minimum value of the index performance indicator further represents the minimum number of grid cells that overlap with any particular geometric shape. Once the minimum number of index entries is determined space, which may be represented by data, can be partitioned by a grid into the appropriate number of grid cells to support efficient grid indexing.
The index performance indicator is determined by generating and processing statistics associated with the data, such as the spatial data. The preferred embodiment of the present invention constructs and maintains indexes by use of a key generator function, that is a user-defined structured query language (SQL) statement. SQL is a standardized language for defining and manipulating data in a relational database. This statement generates index information similar to, or identical to, information used during the original construction and subsequent maintenance of the database. The index information generated by the SQL statement may be used to determine the minimum index performance indicator.
An embodiment of the present invention is achieved by systems, methods, and computer products that determine an improved grid cell size by first determining the minimum index performance indicator that is used to improve grid indexing of data when searching a multidimensional database. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention minimizes sampling data during statistics collections. The method comprises: (a) sampling the grids; (b) efficiently determining the quality of a sample of geometric shape information by: (i) collecting statistics and (ii) determining Ne; and (c) using the size of each grid cell to determine an efficient number of index entries thereby determining the minimum Ne. The grid cell size may be estimated by the techniques of the present invention. It be appreciated that the method described herein is exemplary and other equivalent methods that determine Ne, and more particularly the minimum value of Ne, in order to determine the grid cell size may be used to practice the present invention.
A technique for partitioning space into grid cells, for the purpose of accessing spatial multidimensional data, may include ascribing different levels to the partitioned space. The plurality of levels may represent partitions of the space in varying levels of granularity. The preferred embodiment of the present invention novelly operates on a plurality of such levels.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the following detailed description and in the several figures of the drawings, like elements are identified with like reference numerals.
FIG. 1 includes FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B;
FIG. 1A is a block diagram that illustrates the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram that illustrates the index-solver module;
FIG. 2 includes FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, and FIG. 2C;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of a multidimensional data cube that is suitably configured for operation with the present invention;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram that illustrates the grid;
FIG. 2C is a block diagram that illustrates the SQL table and the index data structure;
FIG. 3 includes FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, FIG. 3C, FIG. 3D, FIG. 3E, FIG. 3F, FIG. 3G, and FIG. 3H;
FIG. 3A is a flow diagram that illustrates the method of present invention;
FIG. 3B is a flow diagram that illustrates grid sampling;
FIGS. 3C, 3D, and 3E are flow diagrams that illustrate collecting statistics;
FIG. 3F is a flow diagram that illustrates determining Ne;
FIG. 3G is a flow diagram that illustrates the operation of the present invention on multiple levels;
FIG. 3H is a flow diagram that illustrates determining concentration of geometric shapes; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computer system suitably configured for employment of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As shown in the drawings and for purposes of illustration, the preferred embodiment of the invention novelly improves the techniques used to search multidimensional databases over techniques of the past. A problem has been that significant resources were required to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database. The preferred embodiment of the present invention advantageously improves the technique of indexing data in a multidimensional database. Such data is used to locate a geometric shape in a spatial database. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention improves the technique of sampling data while defining the grid cell size in a grid for a given data set, thereby improving the grid-indexing technique that locates a particular minimum-bounding rectangle and the associated geometric shape.
As shown in FIG. 1A and in element 100, the preferred embodiment of the present invention may operate in a client-server computer system configuration. Therefore, a client computer system 104 may communicate with a server computer system 102 during the operation of the present invention. The index-solver module 120 operates in either the client 104 or the server 102 to perform the preferred embodiment of the present invention. For example, information may be communicated to either the server 102 or the client 104 via the user interface 117 and may subsequently be used by the index-solver module 120 to determine the size of the grid 148 that will enable efficient grid-indexing searches of spatial multidimensional data 110. The preferred embodiment operates on the server 102 since the client 104 is typically smaller than the server 102 and may not be sufficiently robust to handle the computer resource requirements associated with practicing the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The user interface 117 may communicate with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, either via batch input 119 or user input 118. Element 148 is described with reference to FIG. 1B.
Further, a multidimensional data cube 106 may be configured in the memory 458 of either the client 104 or the server 102. Alternatively, the multidimensional data cube 106 may be configured in computer storage such as that of a disk 122. Spatial data 124 is a specific type of multidimensional data 110, and both spatial data 124 and multidimensional data 110 are specific types of data 111. The terms “multidimensional data cube” and “multidimensional database” will be used interchangeably herein. Further, a multidimensional database 106 is a database that may store multidimensional data 110. Element 458 is described with reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram that illustrates the index-solver module 120. The index performance indicator Ne 130 is used by the index-solver module 120 to evaluate the grid index performance. By evaluating the grid index performance the present invention provides a technique for improving searches that use grid-indexing techniques and operate on spatial data 124. Grid indexes 132 are used to search spatial data 124. A particular set of samples of geometric shape information 137 are found and analyzed to determine the index performance indicator Ne 130. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention an improved technique of minimizing the data 111 in the set of samples of geometric shape information 137 is taught. Also, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention thirty samples 137 are taken, however, the present invention may be practiced by the use of any number of samples 137. Elements 111 and 124 are described with reference to FIG. 1A.
A technique for partitioning space into grids 202 may include ascribing different levels 138 to the partitioned space. The levels 138 may represent partitions of the space at various resolutions of the cells 206 of the grid 202. The preferred embodiment of the present invention operates on a plurality of such levels 138 and novelly estimates the number of index entries, numentries 144, on the first such level 138 while operating at two or more such levels 138. The variable “N,” represents the number of grid levels 142. If the number of grid cells 146 exceeds a user-defined threshold 151 the next level 138 of information is determined. Element 124 is described with reference to FIG. 1A and elements 202, 204, and 206 are described with reference to FIG. 2A.
A geometric shape identifier (ID) 134 is used during the operation of the present invention to identify a geometric shape 204 so that the information associated with the geometric shape 204 may be indexed. The geometric shape ID 134 and the associated level 138 information are combined into the geometric shape ID 134 that is a single, unique value. The single, unique value is identified with the associated grid cell 206. The preferred embodiment of the present invention uses an SQL query that calls a “key generator” function 139 to create the index entries 273 associated with each geometric shape 204. Element 273 is described with reference to FIG. 2.
The determination of the index performance indicator Ne 130 is completed by use of other values, such as those that follow. The query box area “Qb” 140 is the average size of the area that is analyzed. The number of geometric shapes 204 that overlap a query box Qb 140 may be determined. The area covered by Qb 140 may be smaller than the size of the extent of data that is analyzed 149. Further, the number of index entries 144 in the data index structure 251 is determined. Also, the number of grid cells 146 that overlap with any geometric shape 204 is determined. The grid cell size, “G,” 148 is also used to determine the index performance indicator Ne 130. The variable “S” 159 represents the ratio of the grid cell size G 148 at a level “i” 138 to the grid cell size G 148 at a level “i-1.” The extent of the data to be analyzed, the “extent,” 149 is also used during the implementation of the present invention. The number of different geometric shapes 143 is also determined. The value, “d,” 157 represents the dimension of the grid 202 and is used to determine Ne 130. The consolidation entry 153 is the number of geometric shapes that overlap with the same number of grid cells 206 and is used in an implementation of the present invention when more than one level, “i,” 138 is analyzed. Element 251 is defined with reference to FIG. 2.
As shown in FIG. 2A a multidimensional data cube 106 is suitably configured for operation with the present invention. Therefore, by means of explanation, an example of the operation of the present invention is described. As shown in FIG. 2A, the preferred embodiment of the present invention novelly determines an efficient size for the grid cells 206 by finding the minimum value of an index performance indicator Ne 130. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention improves the technique of defining the grid cell size 148 in a grid 202 of a given data set. A grid 202 represents the decomposition of data 111 into units that may be uniform or of varying size. A grid cell 206 is a specific instance of a unit contained within a grid 202. Specific examples of grids 202 include the “X” dimension grid that is shown in element 208, the “Y” dimension grid that is shown in element 210,and the “Z” dimension grid that is shown in element 212. Elements 111, 130 and 148 are described with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 2B illustrates a two-dimensional grid 202. The preferred embodiment of the present invention operates on spatial data 124 that is information that represents geometric shapes 204. The two-dimensional grid 202 includes examples of an X dimension grid 208 and a Y dimension grid 210. Further in the present example, the X dimension grid 208 includes six units and the Y dimension grid 210 includes five units. The two-dimensional grid 202 includes grid cells 206 that may be referenced by the units of the X dimension grid 208 and the Y dimension grid 210. The geometric shape “A” as shown in element 220 and the geometric shape “B” as shown in element 222 are each bounded by a minimum boundary rectangle 224. The variable Qb 140 represents a query box size and in this example Qb 140 overlaps two grid cells 206. Element 124 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 2C is a block diagram that illustrates the SQL table 240 and the index data structure 251. The preferred embodiment of the present invention uses an SQL statement to generate the index data structure 251 that includes geometric shape ID's 134 and grid cell ID's 245.
For example, the geometric shape A as shown in element 220, is associated with the Row_A geometric shape ID, as shown in element 248. Also, the geometric shape B as shown in element 222, is associated with the Row_B geometric shape ID, as shown in element 250. Further, the geometric shape C as shown in element 246, is associated with the Row_C geometric shape ID, as shown in element 251.
The geometric shape ID 134 and the grid cell ID 245 may be jointly used as an index to locate a specific geometric shape 204. The term, “index,” as used herein may be implemented as a set of pointers that are logically ordered by the values of a database key. The term “database key” as used herein is a column or an ordered collection of columns that are identified in the description of a table, index, or referential constraint. Indexes provide quick access to data 111 and can enforce uniqueness on the rows in the table. A table is a named data object consisting of a specific number of columns and a set of rows. An index entry 273 is an entire row in the index data structure 251 and includes a grid cell ID 245 and a geometric shape ID 134. Element 111 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
The index data structure 251 is used to associate each grid cell 206 that overlaps with a geometric shape 204 thereby enabling searches of the information associated with a geometric shape 204. For example, geometric shape A, as shown in element 220, overlaps with the following grid cells 206: grid cell (1,3) as shown in element 253, grid cell (2,3) as shown in element 254, grid cell (3,3) as shown in element 256, grid cell (1,4) as shown in element 258, grid cell (2,4) as shown in element 260, and grid cell (3,4) as shown in element 262. Elements 253, 254, 256, 258, 260, and 262 overlap with geometric shape A 220 and are therefore associated with Row_A geometric shape ID, as shown in element 248. Element 206 is described with reference to FIG. 2A.
Similarly, geometric shape B, as shown in element 222, overlaps will the following grid cells 206: grid cell (4,2) as shown in element 264, grid cell (5,2) as shown in element 266, grid cell (4,3) as shown in element 268, grid cell (5,3) as shown in element 270, grid cell (4,4) as shown in element 272, and grid cell (5,4) as shown in element 274. Elements 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, and 274 overlap with geometric shape B 222 and are therefore associated with Row_B geometric shape ID, as shown in element 250.
FIG. 3A illustrates the method of the preferred embodiment of the present invention that determines more efficiently than in the past the grid-sampling information that is used to determine the value of a grid index 132 that is typically the minimum value of the index performance indicator Ne 130, and that is used in searching data 111 in a multidimensional database 110. More particularly by using additional grid levels 138 to minimize the number of index entries 273 to be processed, the preferred embodiment of the present invention efficiently determines the index performance indicator “Ne” 130 in a multidimensional database 110. The grid-indexing searches may be performed on data 111, such as spatial data 124 that may be stored on a disk 122. The method comprises: (a) sampling the grids 202, as shown in element 310 associated with the multidimensional database 110; (b) as shown in element 314, and for each grid 312, efficiently determining the quality of a sample 137, by: (i) collecting statistics, as shown in element 316, and (ii) determining “Ne” 130 as shown in element 318; and (c) as shown in element 320 using the size of each grid cell 148 to determine an efficient number of index entries 273 thereby efficiently determining the minimum Ne 130. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention and as shown in element 314, the quality of a sample 317 is determined with respect to other samples 137. It will be appreciated that the method described herein is exemplary and other equivalent methods that determine “Ne” 130, and more particularly the minimum value of “Ne” 130, in order to determine the grid cell size 148 may be used to practice the present invention. The method will be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 3B-3H. Elements 111, 130, 132, 137, 138, and 148 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 202, 206, and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
FIG. 3B illustrates grid-sampling 310. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention thirty samples 137 are taken. This number may be determined by analysis of experimental data 111 and may be set by the user via the user interface 117. The preferred embodiment of the present invention advantageously exploits other grid levels 138 at each sampling, when the processing of the index entries 273 associated with other grid levels 138 may be accomplished more efficiently while processing the first grid level 138. As shown in element 311, the spatial data 124 is analyzed. This includes determining the query box area Qb, 140 of the spatial data 124 to be analyzed. Then as shown in element 313, the average size of the geometric shapes 204, is determined. Elements 111, 117, 124, 137, 138, and 140 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 202, 204, and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
Continuing, as shown in element 319, the preferred method of the present invention represents the size of the grid cell 148 for the first level 138 as a factor of the average size of the geometric shapes 204. Also, as shown in element 321, if there is more than one grid 202, the size of grid cells 206 for each grid 202 at each level 138 and for each sample 137 are determined, and is described in further detail with reference to FIG. 3H. While determining the size of the grid cells 206 for each grid 202, the present invention produces an estimated number of index entries 273 for each geometric shape 204 as if they were indexed at the first level 138, as shown in element 322. Elements 138, 148, and 149 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 206 and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
The estimated number of index entries 144 is calculated from the collected data 111 that is associated with the other grid levels 138. By means of example, the number of index entries 144 that is estimated while processing two or more levels 138 is minimized. By the operation of the present invention each geometric shape 204 is indexed at one level 138. The index entries 273 associated with the two or more levels 138 are determined, then according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention the number of index entries 144 for the first level 138 is estimated. The number of index entries 144 for the first level 138 are estimated by reference to the number of index entries 144 at the first and subsequent levels 138, as described in detail with respect to FIG. 3D. By means of example, if only the first level 138 were used to determine the number of index entries 144 the total number of index entries 144 to be produced and analyzed would be, for instance, one thousand. By using the second and subsequent grid levels 138 the total number of index entries 144 to be produced and analyzed might be reduced to, for instance, two hundred. Therefore the operation of the present invention minimizes the number of index entries 144 that are generated and analyzed while determining the appropriate grid cell size, G, 148. Element 144 is described with reference to FIG. 1, and element 202 is described with reference to FIG. 2.
FIGS. 3C, 3D, and 3E illustrate the process of collecting statistics 316 to simulate geometric shape ID's 134 and determine the number of geometric shape ID's 134 per grid cell 206, and is used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The preferred embodiment of the present invention generates the index data structure 251 by initiating a Structured Query Language (SQL) function that produces information that was used by the database application to initially construct the index entry 273. The index entry 273 is used to search the spatial data 124 via grid indexing. The preferred embodiment of the present invention uses an SQL query that calls a “key generator” function 139 associated with each geometric shape 204 in the table and generates all the associated index entries 273. The result is that the geometric shape ID's 134 that were initially generated are computed again, typically as they exist internally in a database, such as the product marketed under the trademark DB2®. The index entries 273 are now available for search and analysis of multidimensional data 110. Elements 110 124, 134, and 139 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 204, 206, 251, and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
By use of the SQL statement, the preferred embodiment of the present invention advantageously determines grid index entry values 273 without requiring disk 122 storage of such index entries 273. Therefore this improves the performance of determining the grid indexes 132 because there is minimal disk 122 storage overhead, or disk 122 access overhead associated with such techniques. This use of the SQL statement also improves the efficiency of collecting statistics in the sample 137 over techniques of the past. Further, the present invention is not restricted to spatial indexes and can be used for other techniques that construct and maintain indexes by use of a key generator function 139.Elements 122 and 132 are described with reference to FIG. 1.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is an efficient technique for determining the minimum value of the index performance indicator Ne 130. It is highly efficient compared to techniques of the past for searching multidimensional data 110, which include time-consuming index-creation processes. For instance, creating a grid-index 132 on a multidimensional database 110 with 100,000 rows may take as much as 30 seconds on a certain computer system 400. The computer system 400 used to generate this information is the computer system 400 marketed under the trademark Netfinity®. Typically, techniques of the past created hundreds of indexes to determine the size of grid cells 148 when a search of the database was performed. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, up to fifteen seconds on the same computer system 400 are needed to process the statistics collection SQL key generator function 139. Elements 102, 110, and 149 are described with reference to FIG. 1, element 206 is described with reference to FIG. 2A, and element 400 is described with reference to FIG. 4.
By means of example, a query follows that includes a select statement that calls a key generator function 139, and is used to produce the index data structure 251 for each level “i,” as shown in element 138 (as shown in FIG. 1). A detailed discussion of the per-level techniques of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. 3G.












WITH envelopeGrid(level, geomID, xyID) AS









( SELECT level, geomID, CHAR(x) || ‘#’ || CHAR(y)



 FROM ( SELECT GENERATE_UNIQUE( ) AS geomID,









shape..xmin, shape..xmax,



shape..ymin, shape..ymax









FROM schema.table



WHERE shape IS NOT NULL )









AS tab(geomId, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax),



TABLE ( db2gse.generate_grid(xmin, ymin,









 xmax, ymax,grid1, grid2, grid3) )









AS keyGen(level, x, y, gxn, gyn, gxx, gyx) )







SELECT level,









COUNT(*) AS IndexEntries,



COUNT(DISTINCT geomID) AS IndexedGeometries,



COUNT(DISTINCT xyID) AS GridCells







FROM envelopeGrid


GROUP BY level









As shown in element 330, the entries in the data index structure 251 and the levels, “i,” 138 on which each geometric shape 204 is indexed are both determined. More particularly, as shown in element 332, while there are geometric shapes 204; a unique geometric shape ID 134 and the associated minimum-bounding rectangle information 224 are generated, as shown in element 334. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the minimum-bounding rectangle 224 information is generated concurrently with the geometric shape ID 134 and comprises: a minimum value and a maximum value for the X dimension grid 208 and the Y dimension grid 210. As shown in element 336, index entries 273 are produced and returned on a per-level basis. For each index entry 273, the geometric ID 134 is associated with a grid cell ID 245 that identifies a grid cell 206 that overlays the associated geometric shape 204. The method associated with element 336 will be described in detail with respect to FIG. 3D. Elements 130 and 134 are described with reference to FIG. 1, elements 208, 210, and 224 are described with reference to FIG. 2B, and element 251 is described with reference to FIG. 2C.
FIG. 3D illustrates the method of producing an estimated number of index entries 144 for each grid 202 at each level 138, as shown in element 336. As shown in element 374 the grid cell size “G,” as shown in element 148, at a particular level 138 such as at level “i” is determined. In order to determine such a grid cell size G 148, the grid cell size at the first level G1, as shown in element 148, and “S,” which represents a ratio of the grid cell size 148 at level “i” compared to the grid cell size 148 at level “i-1” are used. “i” represents a particular level 138 from one to N, as shown in element 142. Further, N 142 represents the total number of grid levels 138. Therefore, at the ith level 138, the grid cell size 148 is described by Equation One. Elements 138, 144, and 148 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and element 202 is described with reference to FIG. 2.

Gi=G1*S(i-1)  (1)

The preferred embodiment of the present invention improves the technique of estimating the number of index entries 144 for each grid level 138 by sampling the grid cell size 148 at the first level and estimating efficient grid cell sizes 148 on subsequent levels 138 based on the sampled grid cell sizes 148 at two or more levels 138. By minimizing the amount of actual sampling that occurs while determining the number of index entries 144 the preferred embodiment of the present invention operates more efficiently than techniques of the past.
The present invention novelly and advantageously does not require the exact information associated with sampling the spatial database 110 to ascertain the size of a grid cell 148 at a particular level 138. The present invention estimates the grid cell size 148 that is subsequently used to determine the number of index entries 144.
When a grid cell size 148 is smaller than the average minimum boundary rectangle 224 many index entries 273 will be produced. Therefore, determining a grid cell size 148 that is large enough to minimize the number of index entries 144 while maintaining a useful grid cell size 148 improves techniques of the past. The grid cell size 148 of the first level 138 is therefore smaller than the grid cell sizes 148 of subsequent levels 138. Now by estimating coarser grid cell sizes 148 on subsequent levels 138, large geometric shapes 204 that would produce many index entries 273 therefore produce fewer index entries 273. Elements 204, 224, and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
As shown in element 376, the present invention uses Equation One with the variable S, as shown in element 159, which is a ratio determined as shown in Equation Two. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that Equation Two is derived from Equation One.

S=exp((1/(i-1))*Natural Log(Gi/G1))  (2)

Then, as shown in element 378, the preferred embodiment of the present invention predicts the number of index entries 144 that shows the number of grid cells 146 that are overlapped by a geometric shape 204. More particularly and as shown in Equation Three, the preferred embodiment of the present invention projects the number of index entries 144 on the first level 138 with the estimated information associated with subsequent levels 138. Therefore, the total number of index entries 144, “NumEntries,” is estimated as the sum of the number of index entries 144 at the first and subsequent levels 138 multiplied by the ratio of the size of the grid cells 148 raised to the power that is the number of dimensions, “d” 157. The number of dimensions, “d” 157, is used as a power to ensure that the effect of dimensional presentation is taken into account in the estimation of the number of grid cells 146, and is described in detail with respect to FIG. 3F. Elements 146, 157, and 159 are described with reference to FIG. 1.

NumEntries=Sum(i=1 to N)[NumEntriesi*(Gi/G1)d]=Sum(i=1 to N)[NumEntriesi*(Si-1)d)]  (3)

The illustration of the method of collecting statistics 316 is continued in FIG. 3E. As shown in element 340, and for each level, “i,” 138, a number of values are determined. The preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a threshold 151 of four to determine when a new level, “i,” 138 should be used. Therefore, if more than four grid cells 206 overlap with a geometric shape 204 the next level, “i,” 138 is used. As shown in element 342, the total number of index entries 144 in the data index structure 251 is determined. Also as shown in element 344, the number of different geometric shapes 143 is determined. The number of grid cells 146 that overlap with any geometric shape 204 is determined, as shown in element 346. The number of levels, N, 142 is also determined. Given that the size of the grid 202 is known, and the number of grid cells 206 and geometric shapes 204 that overlap is now known, the grid cell size G 148 is now determined. Element 151 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 3F illustrates, as shown in element 318, the method of determining the index performance indicator Ne 130. As shown in element 319, the performance indicator Ne 130 is determined for each of the samples 137 with information from each level, “i,” 138. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention thirty samples 137 are used. Therefore thirty samples 137 with information about the geometric shapes 204 indexed on each level, “i,” 138 and the index entries 273 associated with each geometric shape 204 are produced. The validity of the Ne 130 is determined experimentally and Ne 130 is defined in Equation Four and is shown in element 322.

Ne=SUM(i=1 to N)[((Qb/Gi)d+*(NumEntryi/NumCelli)]  (4)

The variable Qb 140 represents a query box size. More particularly, given a query box 140 that is a square, the variable Qb represents the length of a side of the square query box 140. Given that the variable G represents the grid cell size 148 on a per-level basis, the quotient (Qb/Gi) is the ratio of grid cells 206 that are approximated by a query box Qb 140. It is highly unlikely that a query box is aligned perfectly with the edge of a grid cell 206 therefore 1 is added to the quotient of (Qb/Gi) to reflect the likely overlap of a query box 140 with an additional grid cell 206. The value, “d,” 157 represents the dimension of the grid 202. Since the preferred embodiment of the present invention operates on a two-dimensional grid, and uses a square query box 140, the resulting value of “d” is 2 and the value of (Qb/Gi+1) is squared. Therefore, the following represents the number of grid cells 206 that intersect with the query box Qb 140 associated with level, “i,” 130: (Qb/Gi+1)2. Elements 124, 130, 137, 138, 140, 148, 149, and 157 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 202, 206, and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
The quotient, “(NumEntryi/NumGridCelli),” represents the number of entries 144 in the index data structure 251 divided by the number of grid cells 146 associated with the level, “i,” 138, and that overlap with any geometric shape 204. The preferred embodiment of the present invention applies Equation Four to geometric shapes 204 by treating the geometric shapes 204 as being uniformly distributed within two-dimensional space. Since the ratio is an abstraction that smoothes out differences in the data 111 and is applied to areas that include data 111, the present invention applies equally well to areas that include a large amount of data 111 or a small amount of data 111. Element 111 is described with reference to FIG. 1, and element 251 is described with reference to FIG. 2C.
The variable N represents the total number of grid levels 142. When N levels of indexes 142142 are used, the index performance indicator Ne 130 for each level, “i,” 138 is summed from “i=1 to N” as shown in element 323. A detailed discussion of the per-level techniques of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H. Element 151 is described with reference to FIG. 1B.
The index performance indicator Ne 130 is minimized as shown in element 320, and improves the performance of grid-indexing searches on multidimensional data 110, such as spatial data 124. More particularly, as the value of the Ne 130 is reduced, the number of search operations is reduced. That is, the number of index entries 273 to be searched is reduced. The preferred embodiment of the present invention decreases the time required for database search operations that use a grid index 132 over the past, and improves the spatial grid index 132 over the past by determining the minimum value of Ne 130 and the corresponding values of the grid cell size 148. Therefore as shown in element 326, the preferred embodiment of the present invention minimizes the number of index entries 144 in the index data structure 251 and minimizes the size of the grid cell 148 with a goal of one-to-one correspondence between a geometric shape 204 and a grid cell 206. Elements 110 and 132 are described with reference to FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 3G and element 350, the preferred embodiment of the present invention operates with a plurality of levels, “i,” 138. FIG. 3G describes an implementation of the present invention that determines when another level 138 is used. Element 138 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
The number of levels, N, 142 may be determined to ensure optimal operations with specific spatial data 124 and the invention may be practiced with any number of levels, N, 142. The preferred embodiment of the present invention operates by determining the grid cell sizes 148 associated with a sample 137 on a per-level basis using three levels 138, as shown in element 352. The preferred embodiment of the present invention operates efficiently if four or less grid cells 206 overlap with a geometric shape 204. Recall therefore that four is the threshold 151 of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Elements 124, 137, 142, and 149 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 204 and 206 are described with reference to FIG. 2.
As shown in element 354, statistics are collected on a per-level basis and it is determined whether more than four grid cells 206 overlap with any geometric shape 204. The preferred embodiment of the present invention improves the collection of statistics by estimating the grid cell size 148 based on the sample 137 taken at the first level 138. As shown in the test of element 356, in one embodiment of the present invention if one or more geometric shapes 204 overlap more than four grid cells 206, then the next level 138 with a larger grid cell size 148 is used to practice the present invention. Therefore, if the result of the test of element 356 is “YES,” then at other levels 142 a concentration of geometric shapes 206 is determined, as shown in element 362. If there is such a concentration then the appropriate grid cell size, Gi, 148 may be ascertained and is associated with the concentration of geometric shapes 206. The operation of element 362 is described in detail with reference to FIG. 3H. If the result of the test of element 356 is “NO,” then the first level of analysis is used for grid indexing, as shown in element 358. Elements 138 and 148 are described with reference to FIG. 1B.
FIG. 3H and element 362 describe the operation of determining the appropriate per-level grid cell size, “Gi,” 148 given a concentration of geometric shapes 204. The operation of FIG. 3H occurs after the determination of the grid cell size, “G1,” 148 for the first level 138. Therefore, certain values used in the operation of FIG. 3H are based on the analysis of the first level 138. As shown in element 364, the following first level 138 information is available: the geometric shapes 204 and the grid cells 206 they overlap; the average size of the geometric shapes 204; the number of index entries 273 per geometric shape 204; and the threshold 151. The number of index entries 273 per geometric shape 204 also represents the number of overlapping grid cells 206 per geometric shape 204. Advantageously, the preferred embodiment of the present invention also estimates the grid cell sizes 148 at subsequent levels 138 based on sampling from the first level 138. Elements 138, 148, and 151 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and elements 204 and 273 are described with reference to FIG. 2. As shown in element 366, each level, “i,” 138, where “i” starts at 2, is analyzed. Initially as shown in element 368, any index entries 273 that are addressed by the analysis of the previous level, “i-1,” 138 and therefore are within the threshold 151 are filtered out of the current operation. Then the consolidation entry 153 is determined, as shown in element 370. The consolidation entry 153 is the number of geometric shapes 143 that overlap with the same number of grid cells 146. Elements 143 and 146 are described with reference to FIG. 1.
For example, as shown in Table 1: Consolidation Entries, three consolidation entries 153 are illustrated. The first consolidation entry 153 represents 7 geometric shapes 204 that overlap with 5 grid cells 206. The second consolidation entry 153 represents 20 geometric shapes 204 that overlap with 6 grid cells 206. The third consolidation entry 153 represents 2 geometric shapes 204 that overlap with 9 grid cells 206. Element 153 is described with reference to FIG. 1.







TABLE 1







Consolidation Entries










Number of
Number of



Geometric
Overlapping



Shapes
Grid Cells















First Consolidation Entry
7
5



Second Consolidation Entry
20
6



Third Consolidation Entry
2
9










As shown in element 372, the consolidation entries 153 are sorted in descending order of number of geometric shapes 204. For example, as shown in Table 2: Sorted Consolidation Entries, the first sorted consolidation entry 153 represents 20 geometric shapes that overlap with 6 grid cells 206.







TABLE 2







Sorted Consolidation Entries










Number of
Number of



Geometric
Overlapping



Shapes
Grid Cells















First Sorted Consolidation Entry
20
6



Second Sorted Consolidation Entry
7
5



Third Sorted Consolidation Entry
2
9










Now, the consolidation entry 153 with the maximum number of geometric shapes 204 is determined, as shown in element 374. Therefore, as shown in Table 2, the first sorted consolidation entry 153 represents the maximum number of geometric shapes 143 and in this example represents 20 geometric shapes that overlap with 6 grid cells 206. Now as shown in element 376, the grid cell size, Gi, 148 is determined for the current level, “i,” 138 that is the grid cell size, G, 148 of the maximum consolidation entry 153. The preferred embodiment of the present invention reduces the effort to determine the grid cell size 148 by estimating the grid cell size 148 based on sampling from two or more levels 138 and estimating the number of index entries 273 for the first level 137 based on the subsequent levels 138. Given the grid cell size, Gi-1 of level i-1 and the number of overlapping grid cells 206, the size of the geometric shapes 204 that overlap a particular number of grid cells 206 may be determined. The operation of element 362 may continue with an unlimited number of levels, “i,” 138, as shown in element 366. Element 148 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computer system 400, suitable for employment of the present invention. System 400 may be implemented on a general-purpose microcomputer, such as one of the members of the IBM Personal Computer family, or other conventional workstation or graphics computer devices, wireless devices, or mainframe computers. In its preferred embodiment, system 400 includes a user interface 417, a user input device 407, a display 415, a printer 420, a processor 455, a read only memory (ROM) 450, a data storage device 122, such as a hard drive, a random access memory (RAM) 440, and a storage media interface 435, all of which are coupled to a bus 425 or other communication means for communicating information. Although system 400 is represented herein as a standalone system, it is not limited to such, but instead can be part of a networked system. For example, the computer system 400 may be connected locally or remotely to fixed or removable data storage devices 122 and data transmission devices 445. Further the computer system 400, such as the server computer system 102 or the client computer system 104, also could be connected to other computer systems via the data transmission devices 445. Elements 102 and 104 are described with reference to FIG. 1A.
The RAM 440, the data storage device 122 and the ROM 450, are memory components 458 that store data 111 and instructions for controlling the operation of processor 455, which may be configured as a single processor or as a plurality of processors. The processor 455 executes a program 442 to perform the methods of the present invention, as described herein. Element 111 is described with reference to FIG. 1.
While the program 442 is indicated as loaded into the RAM 440, it may be configured on a storage media 430 for subsequent loading into the data storage device 122, the ROM 450, or the RAM 440 via an appropriate storage media interface 435. Storage media 430 can be any conventional storage media such as a magnetic tape, an optical storage media, a compact disk, or a floppy disk. Alternatively, storage media 430 can be a random access memory 440, or other type of electronic storage, located on a remote storage system.
Generally, the computer programs and operating systems are all tangibly embodied in a computer-usable medium, such as the memory 458, the data storage device 122, or the data transmission devices 445, thereby making an article of manufacture, such as a computer program product, according to the invention. As such, the terms “computer program product” as used herein are intended to encompass a computer program 442 accessible from any computer readable device or media.
Moreover, the computer programs 442 and operating systems are comprised of instructions which, when read and executed by the computer system 400, cause the computer system 400 to perform the steps necessary to implement and use the present invention. Under control of the operating system, the computer programs 442 may be loaded from the memory 458, the data storage device 122, or the data transmission devices 445into the memories 458 of the computer system 400 for use during actual operations. Those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The user interface 417 is an input device, such as a keyboard or speech recognition subsystem, for enabling a user to communicate information and command selections to the processor 455. The user can observe information generated by the system 400 via the display 415 or the printer 420. The user input device 407 is a device such as a mouse, track-ball, or joy-stick, which allows the user to manipulate a cursor on the display 415 for communicating additional information and command selections to the processor 455.
When operating in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the system 400 determines an index performance indicator Ne 130 to evaluate the grid index 132 performance, and includes a technique for improving grid-indexing searches that use grid indexes 132 and operate on multidimensional databases 110. More particularly the system 400 reduces the amount of data 111 that results from sampling during statistics collections that are used to determine an efficient grid cell size 148 so that the grid indexing that locates a particular minimum bounding rectangle 224 is sufficiently efficient. The processor 455 and the program 442 collectively operate as a module for improving grid-indexing searches that operate on multidimensional databases 110. It will be appreciated that the present invention offers many advantages over prior art techniques. Elements 110, 132, 138, and 148 are described with reference to FIG. 1, and element 224 is described with reference to FIG. 2.
The present invention is typically implemented using one or more computer programs 442, each of which executes under the control of an operating system and causes the system 400 to perform the desired functions as described herein. Thus, using the present specification, the invention may be implemented as a machine, process, method, system, or article of manufacture by using standard programming and engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof.
It should be understood that various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art. However, these should not be viewed as limitations upon the practice of these teachings, as those skilled in the art, when guided by the foregoing teachings, may derive other suitable characteristics of a similar or different nature. The present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims
TRADEMARKS
The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines, Corporation in the United States and other countries: DB2, IBM, and Netfinity.

## Claims

1. A computer-implemented method for reducing a number of index entries for efficiently indexing data in a multidimensional database, said multidimensional database having at least one associated grid, comprising:
using levels associated with two or more said grids, wherein the levels represent partitions of space at various resolutions of said grids, and wherein a same grid cell size is used for cells of a grid at one level of said levels;
sampling said grid at a first said level to produce an estimated number of index entries for at least one geometric shape as if said at least one geometric shape were indexed at said first level while determining sizes for said sampled grid at each level, wherein grid cell sizes are estimated on subsequent levels based on sampled grid cell sizes at two or more levels, wherein said number of index entries for said at least one geometric shape represent a number of overlapping grid cells for said at least one geometric shape;
for each said grid:
collecting statistics on a per-level basis to generate information for each said level;
determining an index performance indicator with said information from each said level; and
determining an efficient number of said index entries in said multidimensional database using said index performance indicator to efficiently index said data in said multidimensional database.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising:
using said index performance indicator to determine a minimum index performance indicator.

3. A computer system including a memory that reduces a number of index entries for efficiently indexing data in a multidimensional database, said multidimensional database having at least one associated grid, comprising:
two or more said grids that are associated with levels being used, wherein the levels represent partitions of space at various resolutions of said grids, and wherein a same grid cell size is used for cells of a grid at one level of said levels;
said grid being sampled at a first said level to produce an estimated number of index entries for at least one geometric shape as if said at least one geometric shape were indexed at said first level while determining sizes for said sampled grid at each level wherein grid cell sizes are estimated on subsequent levels based on sampled grid cell sizes at two or more levels, wherein said number of index entries for said at least one geometric shape represent a number of overlapping grid cells for said at least one geometric shape;
for each said grid:
statistics being collected on a per-level basis to generate information for each said level;
an index performance indicator being determined with said information from each said level; and
an efficient number of said index entries in said multidimensional database being determined using said index performance indicator to efficiently index said data in said multidimensional database.

4. The computer system of claim 3 further comprising said index performance indicator being used to determine a minimum index performance indicator.

5. An article of manufacture comprising a computer usable medium embodying one or more instructions executable by said computer for causing said computer to reduce a number of index entries for efficiently indexing data in a multidimensional database, said multidimensional database having at least one associated grid, wherein:
said computer instructions use levels associated with two or more said grids, wherein the levels represent partitions of space at various resolutions of said grids, and wherein a same grid cell size is used for cells of a grid at one level of said levels;
said computer instructions sample said grid at a first said level to produce an estimated number of index entries for at least one geometric shape as if said at least one geometric shape were indexed at said first level while determining sizes for said sampled grid at each level, wherein grid cell sizes are estimated on subsequent levels based on sampled grid cell sizes at two or more levels, wherein said number of index entries for said at least one geometric shape represent a number of overlapping grid cells for said at least one geometric shape;
for each said grid:
said computer instructions collect statistics on a per-level basis to generate information for each said level;
said computer instructions determine an index performance indicator with said information from each said level; and
said computer instructions determine an efficient number of said index entries in said multidimensional database using said index performance indicator to efficiently index said data in said multidimensional database.

6. The article of manufacture of claim 5 wherein: said computer instructions use said index performance indicator to determine a minimum index performance indicator.