## United States Court of App eals

F O R T H E E I G H T H C I R C U I T

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No. 1 0- 30 90

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca, *

* Pl ai nt iff - App el le e, *

* App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s

v. * Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e Weste rn
* Dis tri ct of M is so ur i. Que nt in R. Gray s, *

* Defen da nt - App el la nt

. *

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Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 1, 2 01 1 Fi le d: May 2, 20 11

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Befo re LOKEN, BALDOCK , and MURPHY, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

. 1

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MURP HY, Circ ui t J ud ge

.
Que nt in Gray s pl ed gu il ty to be i n g a f e lo n in po ss es si on of a fir earm , in
vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 92 2( g) (1 ). The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced hi m to 10 8 m on th s 2
in pr is on fo ll owe d by th ree y ears of su pe rv is ed rel eas e. Gray s ap pe al s hi s se nt en ce,
arg ui ng th e di st ric t c o ur t erre d in ap pl y in g a cro ss refe ren ce un de r th e se nt en ci ng

The Hon or ab le Bo bb y R. Bal do ck
, Uni te d St at es Ci rcu it Ju dg e fo r th e Ten th 1 Ci rcu it , si tt in g b y

de si gn at io n.

The Hon or ab le Greg Kay s, Uni te d S t a te s Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e W es te rn 2
Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.gu id el in es an d in co nv ert in g cas h to it s dr ug eq ui va le nt fo r pu rp os es of cal cu la ti ng th e d ru g q ua nt it y

in vo lv ed in th e o ffen se . W e aff irm.

Kan sa s Ci ty po li ce arre st ed Gray s, al read y a fel on at th e ti m e, in May 20 08 fo r

ev ad in g of

fic ers an d co m

m it ti ng tra ffi c vi ol at io ns du rin g a car ch as e. A se arch
in ci de nt to th e arre st rev eal ed h e h a d in hi s po ss es si on a Ru ge r ha nd gu n an d sm al l

qu an ti ti es o f c r ack
, co cai ne , an d m ari juan a. A y ear la te r, in May 20 09
, Gray s so ld

crac k to a co nf

id en ti al in fo rm an t (CI)

. The ne xt m on th th e sa m e CI in fo rm ed po li ce th at Gray s was arm ed an d dri vi ng a 20 02 Ch ev ro le t Taho e. A tact ic al sq ua d a ct in g

on th e ti p fo un d th e Tah oe un at te nd ed in a sh op pi ng cen te r pa rk in g lo t. W he n Gray s

em erg ed fro m th e sh op pi n g c e n t e r , he sa w th e wait in g po li ce an d fle d on fo ot

. He

pu ll ed a Glo ck ha nd gu n fro m hi s wais tb an d an d flu ng it un de r a pa rk ed c a r be fo re of fic ers ov ert oo k an d arre st ed hi m

. The y se arch ed Gray s an d di sc ov ered he ha d $5 35 0 in cas h on hi m , in cl ud in g 20 0 twen ty do ll ar bi ll s. Offi cers in ve nt or ie d Gray s’
Tah oe aft er hi s arre st an d fo un d 13 .91 gr am s of crac k in si de

. The y al so reco ve red th e ha nd gu n Gra y s h ad to ss ed away

.

Gray s was ind ic te d on two co un ts of be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm ,
on e co un t for th e Ru ge r he ha d in 20 08 an d th e o th er fo r th e Glo ck he was c arrying
in 20 09

. W it ho ut a writ te n pl ea ag reem en t Gray s p l e d gu il ty t o th e co un t ch arg in g
po ss es si on of th e Ru ge r, an d th e go ve rn m en t di sm is se d th e rem ai ni ng c h arg e. At

se nt en ci ng Dete ct iv e Don St an ze te st ifi ed ab ou t th e 20 09 arre st

. He sa id th at th e

am ou nt of crac k fo un d in th e Tah oe m ad e it li ke ly th at it was in te nd ed fo r di st rib ut io n
rat he r th an pe rs on al us e. He al so sa id th at twen ty do ll ar bi ll s are co m m on ly us ed in
th e dr ug tra de

. Gray s’ si st er, Keai ra Gray s, te st ifi ed on hi s be ha lf. Sh e sa id th at sh e ha d gi ve n Gray s $5 00 0 in cas h on Ju n e 6, 20 09
, as a do wn pa y m en t to ward he r
pu rch as e of hi s Tah oe

. Sh e di d no t cl ai m to ha ve an y pe rs on al kn owl ed ge of whe th er Gray s h ad th at cas h wi th hi m on th e d ay

of h is arre st

.

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-Th e d i s tri ct co ur t di d no t cred it Keai ra Gray s’ te st im on y be cau se of in te rn al

in co ns is te nc ie s in he r st or y

. The co ur t in st ead cred it ed of fic er St an ze’ s te st im on y an d
fo un d th at th e $5 35 0 in cas h was con ne ct ed to Gray s' d ru g b us in es s. In cal cu la ti ng Gray s’ se nt en ce, th e di st ric t co ur t ap pl ie d th e cro ss refe ren ce a t U n i t ed St at es Sen te nc in g Gui de li ne s § 2K2 .1(c )(1 ), whi ch is tri gg ered whe n a de fen da nt po ss es se s

a fir earm in co nn ect io n wit h an un de rlyin g of fen se

. The pr e s e nt en ce rep or t (PSR )
ha d i de nt ifi ed th e u nd erl y in g o ffen se as d ru g t raff ic ki ng

.

The co ur t ad op te d th e PSR an d ap pl ie d § 2D1 .1 of th e se nt en ci ng gu id el in es , whi ch req ui res a cal cu la ti on of th e qu an ti ty of dr ug s in vo lv ed in or de r to de te rm in e th e of fen se le ve l. The co ur t to ok in to acco un t th e am ou nt of crac k, co cai ne , an d

m ari juan a in vo lv ed in th e 20 08 arre st , th e sa le to th e CI, an d th e 20 09 arre st

. It al so

acco un te d fo r th e cas h fo un d on Gray s by cal cu la ti ng ho w m uc h crac k $5 35 0 wou ld

rep res en t, us in g a rat e of $6 5 pe r 1.5 8 gr am s ( t h e am ou nt th e CI pa id Gray s fo r th e 1.5 8 gr am s of crac k he p u r c h a s e d i n 20 09 ). Pu rs ua nt to ap pl ic at io n no te 10 of §
2D1 .1, th e co ur t co nv ert ed th e crac k an d co cai ne in to th ei r m ari juan a eq ui va le nt s an d

to ta le d th e m ari

juan a in vo lv ed

. Gray s’ gu id el in e se nt en ci ng ran ge was cal cu la te d to be 87 to 10 8 m on th s. Th e co ur t s en te nc ed hi m to 10 8 m on th s.

Gray s ap pe al s hi s se nt en ce, arg ui ng th at th e § 2K2 .1(c )(1 ) cro ss refe ren ce was i n co rrec tl y ap pl ie d be cau se he po ss es se d a fir earm in co nn ect io n wit h d r u g
po ss es si on , no t dru g traf

fic ki ng

. He al so arg ue s t ha t t he cas h s ho ul d n ot ha ve be en

co nv ert ed in to it s dr ug eq ui va le nt

. W e rev ie w th e di st ric t cou rt’s app li cat io n of the

se nt en ci ng gu id el in es de no vo an d it s fact ua l fin di ng s fo r cl ear erro r. Uni te d St at es v. Swa ns on , 61 0 F .3d 10 05 , 10 07 (8t h C ir. 2 01 0)

.

Afte r rev ie w o f th e reco rd , we co nc lu de th at th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t cl earl y

err in fin di ng th at Gray s po ss es se d a fir earm in co nn ect io n wit h dr ug tra ffi ck in g. He
ha d a di st rib ut io n qu an ti ty of dr ug s wit h hi m whe n po li ce fo un d hi m in po ss es si on of th e Glo ck

. Tho ug h he pl ed gu il ty on ly to th e Ru ge r co un t, th ere is no req ui rem en t

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-th at th e fir earm fo r whi ch an en ha nc em en t is im po se d be th e sa m e as th e on e in vo lv ed
in th e co un t to whi ch th e de fen da nt pl ed gu il ty. See Uni te d St at es v. Man n, 31 5 F.3 d
10 54
, 10 56 (8 th Ci r. 20 03 ). The en h a n c e men t ap pl ie s ev en whe n th e of fen se of

co nv ic ti on an d th e po ss es si on of th e fir earm are no t co nt em po ran eo us

. Uni te d St at es

v. Dav is
, 36 0 F.3 d 90 1, 90 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ). The re is su ffi ci en t ev id en ce to su pp or t th e co ur t’s fin di ng th at Gray s po ss es s e d th e Glo ck in co nn ect io n wit h a dr ug
tra ffi ck in g o ffen se , whi ch pro pe rly tri gg ered th e cro ss refe ren ce t o § 2D1 .1.

W e al so co nc lu de th at th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t cl earl y err in co nv ert in g th e

c as h in to it s crac k eq ui va le nt

. “ [I]n or de r to accu rat el y refl ect th e sc al e o f d r u g
tra ffi ck in g act iv it y , th e Gui de l i n e s a ut ho riz e th e di st ric t co ur t to co nv ert se iz ed

m on ey in to a q ua nt it y

of d ru gs .” Uni te d S ta te s v . Kin g, 5 18 F.3 d 57 1, 57 5 (8t h Cir.
20 08 ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. Here, th e co ur t co ns id ered it li ke ly th at th e

m on ey was co nn ect ed to dr ug tra ffi ck in g ba se d on Gray s’ sp ars e em pl oym en t hi st or y , hi s rece nt crac k sa le to th e CI, an d th e in cred ib il it y of Keai ra Gray s’ te st im on y

. Tha t

ev id en ce am

pl y su pp or ts th e co nc lu si on th at th e co nv ers io n he lp ed to refl ect th e sc al e of Gray s' un de rlyi n g d r u g tra ffi ck in g of fen se m or e accu rat el y , whi ch is al l th e
gu id el in es req ui re.

The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

.

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