NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DENNIS TALLMAN, Individually and on 

behalf of all others similarly situated, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

CPS SECURITY (USA), INC., et al.,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 14-16508

D.C. No. 2:09-cv-00944-PMPPAL

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Nevada

Phillip Pro, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 5, 2016

San Francisco, California

Before: BERZON, and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and ZOUHARY,** District

Judge.

FILED

JUL 25 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except

as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

 ** The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the Northern

District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to impose sanctions

under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and in declining to reduce the attorney fee award under the

Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) to account for counsel’s misconduct at trial. We

affirm.

1. The parties dispute whether recklessness alone is sufficient to impose

sanctions under Section 1927, or whether “something more” is required, such as

knowledge, frivolousness or bad faith. As this Court has previously recognized, our

cases “have been less than a model of clarity” on this issue. B.K.B. v. Maui Police

Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1107 (9th Cir. 2002). Regardless of the proper standard, the

district court did not err in declining to impose sanctions in this case. 

Although the court repeatedly ruled evidence related to other lawsuits

inadmissible, it also stated on the record that the introduction of Exhibit 528 by CPS

Security “open[ed] the door on these lawsuits.” The court later also acknowledged in

its Order denying sanctions that Tallman’s attorney “reasonably may have believed

the Court’s comments approved of inquiry in this area despite the Court’s prior

rulings.” Recklessness requires “much more than mere negligence: it is a gross

deviation from what a reasonable person would do.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th

ed.). While a more prudent course of action existed (i.e., seeking clarification from

the court before pursuing the line of inquiry in front of the jury), the court’s

2
determination that Tallman’s attorney did not behave “unreasonably . . . given the

context of the trial” precludes a finding of recklessness—let alone “something more.”

Though a less generous court might have ruled differently, we cannot say the court

here clearly erred in reaching its conclusion.

2. The FLSA provides a district court “shall . . . allow a reasonable attorney’s

fee” and costs to be paid by a defendant to a prevailing plaintiff. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). 

To calculate a reasonable fee, courts begin by multiplying the number of hours

reasonably expended in litigating the case by a reasonable hourly rate—an amount

known as the lodestar. Courts exclude any hours that were not “reasonably expended”

because they were “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary,” and “[q]uality

of representation is generally considered at the lodestar stage.” Van Gerwen v.

Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045–46 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). 

Tallman did not request, and the district court did not award, any fees for the

attorney who caused the mistrial, or any fees for any attorney related to trial time. 

Instead, the fee application sought only fees for time spent by Tallman’s two other

attorneys and a paralegal on discovery, motions practice (excluding unsuccessful

motions), mediation, and other pre-trial preparation. On his own initiative, Tallman

further reduced the requested hours by between ten and thirty percent. Despite CPS

3
Security’s arguments to the contrary, “the main purpose of fee-shifting statutes is not

to punish or reward attorneys,” but “to enable private parties to obtain legal help in

seeking redress for injuries resulting from the actual or threatened violation of specific

federal laws.” Id. at 1047 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The district

court did not abuse its discretion in declining to further reduce Tallman’s attorney fee

award in light of the mistrial.

AFFIRMED.

4