Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-23-00668-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF A.R.P.

From the 408th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2022-PA-01013

Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Associate Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: January 24, 2024

AFFIRMED

Appellant appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to her two-year-old 

daughter A.R.P.1 On appeal, she argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support 

the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights is in the best interest of her daughter. 

We affirm.

BACKGROUND

On June 27, 2022, the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the Department”) 

filed the underlying suit to terminate appellant’s parental rights, along with an affidavit in support 

of the emergency removal of then seven-month-old A.R.P. After a bench trial, the trial court 

1

To protect the identity of the minor children, we refer to the parties by fictitious names, initials, or aliases. See TEX.

FAM. CODE § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
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terminated appellant’s parental rights pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(N), (O), and (P) of the 

Texas Family Code. The trial court also found that termination of her parental rights was in the 

child’s best interest. On appeal, appellant argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient 

to support the trial court’s best-interest finding. 

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

A. Standard of Review

To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code, the 

Department has the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that parental rights should 

be terminated pursuant to one of the predicate grounds in subsection 161.001(b)(1) and that 

termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1), 

(2). In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support these findings, we look “at all the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact 

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 

336, 344 (Tex. 2009) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). In reviewing the 

factually sufficiency of the evidence, we consider disputed or conflicting evidence. Id. at 345. “If, 

in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have 

credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed 

a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting In re J.F.C., 

96 S.W.3d at 266). Under these standards, the factfinder is the sole judge of the weight and 

credibility of the evidence. Id.

B. Best-Interest Finding

There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by keeping the child 

with a parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). In determining whether the child’s 

parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment, the trial court should 
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consider the relevant factors set out in section 263.307. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b).2 In 

addition to these statutory factors, in considering the best interest of the child, a factfinder may 

also consider the nonexclusive list of factors set forth by the Texas Supreme Court in Holley v. 

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976).3 The Holley factors are neither all-encompassing nor 

does a court need to find evidence of each factor before terminating the parent-child relationship. 

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002); see In re E.A.R., 672 S.W.3d 716, 722 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio 2023, pet. denied) (noting that a best-interest finding does not require proof of any 

particular factor). “Evidence of a single factor may be sufficient for a factfinder to form a 

reasonable belief or conviction that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re E.A.R., 672 

S.W.3d at 722 (quoting In re J.B.-F., No. 04-18-00181-CV, 2018 WL 3551208, at *3 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio July 25, 2018, pet. denied)). Finally, in determining whether termination of the 

parent-child relationship is in the best interest of a child, a factfinder may also judge a parent’s 

future conduct by her past conduct. In re E.A.R., 672 S.W.3d at 722; In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 

2

These factors include (1) the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of outof-home placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) whether the child 

has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention by the Department; (5) whether the child 

is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, or developmental 

evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members, or others who have access to the child’s home; (7) 

whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to the 

child’s home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the 

child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and ability of the 

child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate 

agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and 

personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting 

skills, including providing the child and other children under the family’s care with: (A) minimally adequate health 

and nutritional care; (B) care, nurturance, and appropriate discipline consistent with the child’s physical and 

psychological development; (C) guidance and supervision consistent with the child’s safety; (D) a safe physical home 

environment; (E) protection from repeated exposure to violence even though the violence may not be directed at the 

child; and (F) an understanding of the child’s needs and capabilities; and (13) whether an adequate social support 

system consisting of an extended family and friends is available to the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b). 3

These factors include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) the child’s desires; (2) the child’s present and future 

emotional and physical needs; (3) any present or future emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental 

abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the child’s 

best interest; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the 

home or proposed placement; (8) the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship 

is improper; and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 n.9 (Tex. 2013) 

(citing Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72).
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620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied). The predicate grounds for termination may also 

be probative of best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; In re E.A.R., 672 S.W.3d at 722.

At trial, there was evidence that A.R.P. came into the care of the Department because of 

appellant’s arrest for driving while intoxicated. At the time of appellant’s arrest for D.W.I., sevenmonth-old A.R.P. was in the back seat of the car. Officer Paul Newman, a patrol officer with the 

San Antonio Police Department, testified that on June 26, 2022, at 1:00 a.m., he arrived at the 

scene and found appellant and A.R.P.’s father on the side of a vehicle arguing. Appellant and 

A.R.P.’s father had gotten into an argument in the vehicle, and A.R.P.’s father had called a friend 

to pick him up. His friend arrived, and then appellant intentionally rear-ended the friend’s vehicle. 

Officer Newman testified that appellant had bloodshot red eyes and was unsteady on her feet. 

Further, her speech was slurred. Officer Newman saw A.R.P. in the back seat. Appellant was 

arrested for felony D.W.I., and A.R.P. was removed from her parents’ care. 

During the pendency of this case, appellant has been arrested and jailed multiple times. In 

September 2022, she was arrested for felony evading arrest, and failure to stop and render aid. In 

January 2023, she was arrested for criminal mischief and theft. At trial, appellant testified that all 

those criminal charges were still pending. When questioned about them, she invoked her right 

under the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination. The jury was free to draw a negative 

inference from her invocation of the Fifth Amendment to these specific questions. See TEX. R.

EVID. 513(c); see also Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976); Wilz v. Flournoy, 228 

S.W.3d 674, 677 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam); In re I.N.D., No. 04-20-00121-CV, 2020 WL 2441375, 

at *6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 14, 2020, pet. denied). 

There was also evidence that appellant had committed domestic violence against A.R.P.’s 

father. The caseworker testified about a “prior incident where [appellant] hit [A.R.P.’s father] over 

the head with a pipe.” According to the caseworker, “they both kind of laughed about it. He said 
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[the reason] he left the home that night was because he didn’t want to get hit over the [head] again 

with a pipe.” The caseworker testified she was concerned neither appellant nor A.R.P.’s father

were concerned about the incident or appeared to take domestic violence seriously. The 

caseworker testified, “They said they fight, but they didn’t seem to think it was that much of a 

problem [in] their relationship.”

Additionally, there was evidence appellant had not made the necessary changes to her 

behavior during the pendency of this case. She failed to regularly attend her domestic violence 

course and was discharged. She engaged in services required by the family service plan 

sporadically but did not complete any services despite knowing that doing so was necessary to 

regain custody. 

The caseworker testified that appellant admitted to marijuana and regular alcohol use. As 

noted above, allegations about appellant’s alcohol abuse are the reason A.R.P. came into the 

Department’s care. Further, the caseworker testified that appellant refused to submit to a hair 

follicle drug test. “[A] fact finder reasonably can infer that a parent’s failure to submit to courtordered drug tests indicates the parent is avoiding testing because they were using illegal drugs.” 

In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). And, despite 

appellant’s substance abuse issues, she failed to complete substance-abuse treatment.

There was also evidence that appellant has not shown she can provide stable housing. The 

caseworker testified that when appellant “has been released from incarceration, she has initially 

gone back to her mother’s home. And her mother’s home was the home that we had the placement 

breakdown due to neglectful supervision in the home. And they refused to drug test to keep the 

[appellant’s children] in the home.” 

Appellant has also failed to show stable employment. The caseworker testified that at one 

point, appellant was working at a liquor store, causing the caseworker to raise concerns due to 
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appellant’s alcohol issues. Appellant testified she was fired from her job in January 2023 after she 

was arrested for breaking into a Bitcoin machine and attempting to break into a safe. 

With regard to A.R.P., the caseworker testified A.R.P. had been placed in a licensed foster 

home, and the foster parents want to adopt her. According to the caseworker, A.R.P. was bonded 

with her foster parents and was being “taken care of really well.” There had been no issues with 

A.R.P.’s needs being met, and the foster mother had been very compliant with sibling visits and 

making sure A.R.P. saw her other siblings. 

In looking at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, we 

conclude a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination 

of appellant’s parental rights was in A.R.P.’s best interest. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344. 

While appellant points to services she is currently engaging in, we cannot conclude that “the 

disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so 

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction” that 

termination was in A.R.P.’s best interest. See id. at 345. Therefore, we hold the evidence is also 

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest finding. 

We affirm the trial court’s order terminating appellant’s parental rights.

Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice