# Patent

## Title
Stress test rig for helicopter gear units

## Abstract

This application is related to copending application, Ser. No. 08/989307 (Attorney Docket No. 60.1298); filed herewith, for METHOD OF DETERMINING THE PERMEABILITY OF SEDIMENTARY STRATA, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

## Background
The invention relates to well logging procedures and, more particularly, to an improved method of determining the permeability of sedimentary and certain carbonate rock using a permeability estimator constructed from the k-Lambda model and the short time spin echoes of NMR data.

Over the last several decades, well logging methods have become very sophisticated. Many new procedures, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have been used in the testing of well strata. NMR methods have proven useful in determining whether a particular well will be productive. Producible fluids (hydrocarbons) are easily distinguishable by their slow NMR relaxation times.

The estimation of permeability of sedimentary formations is one of the most important factors in distinguishing economic from uneconomic reservoirs. However, in general, the estimation of permeability from log data has been only partially successful.

The present invention introduces an improved method of estimating the permeability of sedimentary rock formations. The current invention uses a k-Lambda permeability estimator developed by Herron (1996) and Herron et al (1997), wherein the .LAMBDA. parameter is the size of dynamically connected pores.

Two equations are used for the k-Lambda estimate from the surface-to-pore volume ratio. The first is:

where: .phi. is the porosity,

This equation is used in estimates that are equal to, or greater than 100 millidarcies (md). For estimates below 100 md, a second k-Lambda equation is used:

where: Z.sub.s2 is a second constant.

one of the forms of this estimator uses a logarithmic mean of the T.sub.1 or T.sub.2 distribution relaxation time. This time is dependent upon the presence of oil or water in the NMR-sensed pore space. The fraction of hydrocarbon in that pore space and the bulk T.sub.2 of any hydrocarbon are not generally known in well logging. This adversity affects the log mean relaxation time estimate of permeability.

This invention reflects the discovery that the early time portion of the T.sub.1 or T.sub.2 distribution provides fundamental information necessary to calculate k-Lambda.

The early time portion of the distribution is not affected by the fluid in the larger pores, and is therefore insensitive to the presence of water or oil.

One of the important advantages of the inventive method is that the k-Lambda technique can be activated using log data. The NMR form of the k-Lambda method uses total porosity and magnetic resonance measurements, (relaxation time, T.sub.1 or T.sub.2) data.

Another important advantage of the method of this invention is that the k-Lambda technique with the short relaxation time T.sub.2, is a robust means of estimating permeability, because it is insensitive to the presence of water or oil, as aforementioned.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of accurately estimating the permeability of sedimentary rock formations from well logging data. The method involves a short T.sub.2 strategy with the identification of the key k-Lambda parameter S/V.sub.p, which is the surface-to-pore volume ratio. The inverse of T.sub.2 is related to this ratio by the surface relaxivity, .rho.2. The S/V.sub.p estimator is given by: ##EQU2## where: .DELTA.V.sub.i represents the ith volume element of the T.sub.2 distribution and the sum over i=1 to n represents some set of early to later volume elements; and V.sub.p is the total pore volume.

It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method of estimating the permeability of sedimentary rock.

It is another object of the invention to provide a technique of determining permeability of sedimentary formations by using a short relaxation time strategy.

A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawing, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent detailed description, in which the FIGURE illustrates a logarithmic graphic plot of measured permeability using the k-Lambda technique of this invention.

Generally speaking, the invention features a method of accurately estimating the permeability of sedimentary rock formations from well logging data. The method involves a short relaxation time strategy with the identification of the key k-Lambda parameter S/V.sub.p, which is the surface-to-pore ratio.

The inverse of T.sub.2 should be related to the surface-to-pore volume ratio through .rho.2, the surface relaxivity, if the dominant relaxation mechanism is the surface relaxation.

The relationship is given by:

The relationship should hold for all values of the T.sub.2 distribution (before or after diffusion correction). A similar relation holds for T.sub.1. Because most of the surface area contribution in real rocks exists in the relatively short T.sub.2 region, the surface-to-pore volume ratio can be approximated by summing the 1/T.sub.2 distribution according to the following equation: ##EQU3## where: .DELTA.V.sub.i represents the ith volume element of the T.sub.2 distribution and the sum over i=1 to n represents some set of early to later volume elements; and V.sub.p is the total pore volume.

In testing the above relationship, .rho.2 was allowed to be a constant over the entire relationship; and the value of .rho.2 for a number of laboratory sandstones was optimized.

Referring to the FIGURE, there is illustrated a comparison between the measured logarithm of permeability on a sandstone data set, with the logarithm of the estimate from the less-than-10 millisecond portion of the T.sub.2 distribution.

The total porosity and m*, determined in the conventional way from the slope of the rock conductivity-brine conductivity plot, were measured independently on each core sample. The agreement between measured and estimated permeability demonstrates the efficacy of the inventive technique.

Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.

Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of estimating permeability of a rock formation using a lambda parameter, .LAMBDA., representing the size of dynamically connected pores in said rock formation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time data, said method comprising the steps of: k-Lambda expression using a short relaxation time strategy.

2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said alternative k-Lambda expression is represented by a general formula: ##EQU4## where: .DELTA.V.sub.i represents volume elements of T.sub.2 distribution and sum over i= 1 to n represents some set of early to later volume elements; distribution.