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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

TONIA L. JONES, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 11-215 (RMC)

)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )

)

Defendant. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Without explanation, the District of Columbia Office of Human Rights 

consistently fails to cite the statutory language of the D.C. Human Rights Act when it dismisses a 

complaint administratively. This leaves it to judges to figure out later what the agency intended. 

Such intrusion would be unnecessary and inappropriate if the agency followed its own statute. 

This case demonstrates the problem.

Defendant District of Columbia moves for judgment in its favor on all claims in 

Plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint that are based on the D.C. Human Rights Act. Plaintiffs 

initially filed those claims with the D.C. Office of Human Rights, which investigated, found

probable cause, and then dismissed “administratively.” The District argues that Plaintiffs may 

proceed in court only if the dismissal was for “administrative convenience,” as provided by D.C. 

Code § 2-1403.16(a) and caselaw. It contends that the nature and language of the dismissal 

establish that the dismissal was for the convenience of Plaintiffs and not the D.C. Office of 

Human Rights. Plaintiffs oppose.

It is a very close question. After Plaintiffs posed certain questions to the agency 

and the District of Columbia agreed to dismissal, the D.C. Office of Human Rights dismissed. 
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The agency did not say that its dismissal was for “administrative convenience.” These half 

measures allowed both parties to make strong arguments on how the Court should interpret the 

agency’s action. As explained below, and despite some discomfort, the Court concludes that the 

D.C. Office of Human Rights dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaints for administrative convenience. 

It, therefore, will deny the motion.

I. FACTS

Plaintiffs Tonia L. Jones and Kenniss M. Weeks are female officers in the District 

of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department (MPD). They became squad car partners in early 

2006 and began a lesbian relationship in July 2006. At that time, Plaintiffs were both assigned to 

the same patrol service area within the Seventh District under the supervision of Sergeant Jon 

Podorski. Plaintiffs informed Sgt. Podorski of their relationship in September 2006. They allege 

that thereafter they suffered ongoing harassment from superior officers and disparate treatment. 

They further allege that, after they complained to MPD in January 2007, their supervisors 

blatantly retaliated against them. See Third Am. Compl. [Dkt. 26] ¶¶ 3-112. Because the alleged 

discrimination is not relevant to the immediate issue, the Court will not detail the lengthy 

allegations.

A. The DCOHR Complaints

After following internal MPD procedures, Plaintiffs filed formal charges of 

discrimination based on sexual orientation with the D.C. Office of Human Rights (DCOHR) on 

March 31, 2008, based on the D.C. Human Rights Act (DCHRA), D.C. Code § 2-1401.01 et seq. 

They amended their complaints with DCOHR on December 23, 2008, to include charges of 

gender discrimination, sexual harassment, and reprisal. These latter charges were cross-filed 
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with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) under Title VII of the Civil 

Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. Id. ¶¶ 121-122.

DCOHR investigated Plaintiffs’ allegations and, on July 16, 2010, issued a 

probable cause finding in Plaintiffs’ favor on their complaints of gender discrimination, sexual 

orientation discrimination, and reprisal. The parties then attempted conciliation through 

DCOHR’s mediation program. Those efforts, however, ended unsuccessfully in August 2010. 

Id. ¶¶ 123-124. 

During the course of mediation, Plaintiffs learned of a DCOHR policy to not

award compensatory damages or attorneys’ fees to employees of the District. See Opp’n [Dkt. 

39], Ex. 1 (Jan. 4, 2011 Letter to DCOHR) (erroneously dated 2010) [Dkt. 39-2] at 3. This 

information prompted Plaintiffs to write to Alexis P. Taylor, DCOHR General Counsel on 

January 4, 2011. Plaintiffs sought “written opinions” from Ms. Taylor “on two lingering 

questions which could greatly affect [Plaintiffs’] rights: (1) whether [Plaintiffs] may withdraw 

their claims and proceed to court de novo prior to the [DC]OHR hearing; and (2) the basis of 

[DCOHR’s] position that District employees are not entitled to attorney[s’] fees or compensatory 

damages before [DC]OHR.” Id. at 1. 

Plaintiffs told Ms. Taylor that DCOHR’s mediator had “indicated that [Plaintiffs] 

might still have rights to pursue their claims de novo in court,” citing Weaver v. Gross, Civ. Nos. 

84-1944 & 84-1945, 1986 WL 7553 (D.D.C. Apr. 25, 1986), Jones v. Management Partnership, 

Inc., Civ. No. 82-2854, 1983 WL 143571 (D.D.C. July 22, 1983) and Blake v. American College 

of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 608 F. Supp. 1239 (D.D.C. 1985). Plaintiffs also told Ms. 

Taylor that opposing counsel representing the District of Columbia had indicated that de novo 

review in court was still possible and preferable. Jan. 4, 2011 Letter to DCOHR at 2. However, 
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Plaintiffs also noted that Ms. Taylor’s office previously had directed them to Adams v. District of 

Columbia, 740 F. Supp. 2d 173 (D.D.C. 2010), a decision in which Judge Ricardo Urbina of this 

Court followed the D.C. Court of Appeals’ decision in Anderson v. U.S. Safe Deposit Co., 552 

A2d 859 (D.C. 1989) and dismissed a lawsuit because the plaintiffs had withdrawn their 

administrative claims after DCOHR had found probable cause.

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Not “want[ing] to jeopardize [their] DCHRA claims by withdrawing from 

[DC]OHR given the tenuous legal landscape,” Plaintiffs asked Ms. Taylor to “issue a formal 

opinion or position statement on this issue.” Jan. 4, 2011 Letter to DCOHR at 2. As an 

alternative, Plaintiffs proposed that DCOHR dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaints for administrative 

convenience. Plaintiffs already had made a similar request before, but DCOHR, without 

explanation, had declined to dismiss. Id. at 3.

On January 24, 2011, the District sent a letter to DCOHR stating that it consented 

to the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ administrative complaints. Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Jan. 24, 2011 Letter from

the District) [Dkt. 39-4] at 1. On that same day, the Director of DCOHR dismissed Plaintiffs’ 

administrative complaints via a “consent” order. See Mot. for J. on Pleadings (MJP) [Dkt. 33], 

Ex. A (DCOHR Consent Order) at 1. The order read in its entirety:

On January 4, 201[1], Complainants Weeks and Jones, through 

their attorneys, sent correspondence requesting that the Office of 

Human Rights . . . render an opinion regarding the following 

issues: 1) whether . . . Complainants may withdraw their 

[DCHRA] claims (after a probable cause finding) and proceed to 

court de novo, prior to a hearing before an Independent Hearing 

Examiner; and 2) the basis for [DC]OHR’s opinion that District 

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 When this Court is interpreting a District of Columbia statute, it defers to constructions of the 

statute by the D.C. Court of Appeals. See Adams, 740 F. Supp. 2d at 189 n.14 (federal courts in 

this jurisdiction treat interpretations of local statutes by the D.C. Court of Appeals “‘as if they 

were rendered by the highest court of a State on questions of state law, with the exception that 

the Court will interpose its own judgment when it detects an egregious error.’” (quoting United 

States v. Edmond, 924 F.2d 261, 264 (D.C. Cir. 1991)).
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employees are not entitled to attorneys[’] fees or compensatory 

damages. Because of the broad implications [of] this matter, the 

[DC]OHR declines to render these opinions at this time; in the 

alternative, the [DC]OHR agrees to dismiss the complaints since a 

final decision on the merits has not been issued.

Therefore, the [DC]OHR ADMINISTRATIVELY DISMISSES 

WITHOUT PREJUDICE . . . .

Id. No merits hearing before a hearing examiner had been scheduled or convened when the 

dismissal order was issued. 

B. The Instant Litigation

Plaintiffs filed their initial Complaint in federal court on January 25, 2011. It 

alleged discrimination on the bases of sex, sexual orientation, and reprisal for engaging in 

protected equal employment opportunity (EEO) activity, in violation of Title VII; 2 the DCHRA; 

and deprivation of civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.3 Plaintiffs filed a Second 

Amended Complaint on May 25, 2011, which was clarified by the Third Amended Complaint 

that the Court permitted to be filed on December 28, 2012. 

On October 7, 2013, the District moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ DCHRA claims. 

See MJP. Plaintiffs opposed, but both parties decided to move forward with discovery. On April 

15, 2014, the Court heard oral argument on the District’s motion. The Court took the motion 

 2 The Court notes that Mses. Jones and Weeks received their respective right to sue letters from 

EEOC on April 5 and 8, 2011, more than two months after commencing litigation in this Court. 

Such notices are “condition precedent[s] to the initiation of . . . Title VII civil action[s].” See 

Williams v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 721 F.2d 1412, 1418 n.12 (D.C. Cir. 1983) 

(citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1)). The D.C. Circuit, however, has determined that “[r]eceipt of 

a right-to-sue notice during the pendency of the Title VII action cures the defect caused by the 

failure to receive a right-to-sue notice before filing a Title VII claim in federal court.” Id. 

Accordingly, although Plaintiffs initially failed to exhaust their administrative remedies for their 

Title VII claims, the EEOC’s subsequent issuance of right to sue letters cured this defect.

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 The Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims on July 25, 2012. See Mem. Op. [Dkt. 

15] & Order [Dkt 16].
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under advisement and directed the parties to file supplemental briefing, which they did on April 

30, 2014. See Supp. Opp’n [Dkt. 53]; Supp. Mem. [Dkt. 54]. The motion is now ripe.

 

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

Federal court jurisdiction arises under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3), and 

28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343, and 1367. Because the alleged discrimination occurred in the District 

of Columbia, and Plaintiffs are employed by the District of Columbia, venue is proper here as 

well. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1) and (2). 

The District seeks dismissal pursuant to a motion for judgment on the pleadings 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) or for summary judgment under Rule 56. Rule 

12(c) provides, “[a]fter the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party 

may move for judgment on the pleadings.” A motion for judgment on the pleadings is treated as 

one for summary judgment, however, where “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and 

not excluded by the court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d); see also McGovern v. Martz, 182 F. Supp. 

343, 349 n.19 (D.D.C. 1960). Here, both parties rely on facts set forth in exhibits attached to 

their briefs. Accordingly, the Court will treat the District’s motion as one for summary 

judgment.

Summary judgment must be granted when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no 

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 

matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); see also Diamond v. 

Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted 

against a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a 
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showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 

which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 

322 (1986). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable 

inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. 

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere 

existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. In addition, the 

nonmoving party may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory statements. Greene v. Dalton, 

164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that 

would enable a reasonable jury to find in its favor. Id. If the evidence “is merely colorable, or is 

not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(citations omitted).

III. ANALYSIS

Under the DCHRA, “[a]ny person claiming to be aggrieved by an unlawful 

discriminatory practice shall have a cause of action in any court of competent jurisdiction . . . 

unless such person has filed a complaint” with DCOHR. D.C. Code § 2-1403.16(a) (emphasis 

added). The D.C. Court of Appeals has explained that this statutory provision requires an 

election of remedies. See Anderson, 552 A.2d at 862-63. Court jurisdiction is mutually 

exclusive from that of the administrative process at DCOHR “in the first instance.” Brown v. 

Capitol Hill Club, 425 A.2d 1309, 1311 (D.C. 1981). Once a party files an administrative 

complaint with DCOHR, she may not transfer her case to a court unless: “(1) [DC]OHR 

dismisses the complaint for ‘administrative convenience’ or (2) the complainant withdraws her 

[DC]OHR complaint before [DC]OHR has decided it.” Carter v. District of Columbia, 980 A.2d 

1217, 1223 (D.C. 2009) (citing D.C. Code § 2-1403.16(a)).
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Federal judges in this jurisdiction once took a more expansive view of the 

DCHRA, finding that a complainant before DCOHR could move her DCHRA claims to court

even after the agency had made a probable cause finding. For instance, in Jones, Judge Flannery 

permitted a plaintiff to move her case from DCOHR to federal court even though the agency had 

found probable cause because the plaintiff withdrew her administrative complaint before the 

matter proceeded further. 1983 WL 143571, at *8. The Jones Court reasoned that 

“administrative action[s] [are] very much alive” after a probable cause determination, and, 

therefore, permitting transfers to a court at that point do not “present the danger . . . of 

disappointed administrative claimants receiving an undeserved second opportunity to press their 

claims.” Id.; see also Blake, 608 F. Supp. at 1241 (describing Jones approvingly for its 

determination that withdrawal from DCOHR after a finding of probable cause but before a merits 

hearing permits a subsequent suit in court); Weaver, 1986 WL 7553, at *4 (“[A] plaintiff alleging 

discrimination in proceedings before the Office of Human Rights may preserve her alternative 

judicial remedy by withdrawing her administrative complaint, even after the Office has found 

probable cause for discrimination, if her withdrawal occurs before an actual hearing on the 

merits is held.”) 

The D.C. Court of Appeals, however, has explicitly addressed, and discarded, this 

Court’s view of the DCHRA. In 1989, Anderson held that Jones and its progeny were simply 

“incorrect.” 552 A.2d at 861. Anderson explained that D.C. Code § 2-1403.04 forecloses 

litigation of DCHRA claims in court once DCOHR completes its investigation, which the D.C. 

Court of Appeals interpreted to mean the issuance of a probable cause finding. Id. at 861-63. 

Therefore, unless a complaint is withdrawn before a decision is made on probable cause, or is 

dismissed by DCOHR for “administrative convenience,” “having made his election [to file an 
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administrative complaint], [a person is] barred from proceeding in court.” Id. at 862 (citing 

Allison v. Bd. of Educ., 333 N.Y.S.2d 261 (Sup. Ct. Nassau County 1972)).4

After receiving complaints of discrimination from Mses. Jones and Weeks, 

DCOHR investigated and, on July 16, 2010, formally determined that there was probable cause 

to believe Plaintiffs had suffered harassment and reprisal based on their sexual orientation and 

protected activity. It was decidedly later––on January 24, 2011––when the agency 

“administratively dismiss[ed] without prejudice.” DCOHR Consent Order at 1 (lower case 

substituted). Thus, under D.C. law as expressed in Anderson, Plaintiffs can proceed in court only

if DCOHR dismissed for its own administrative convenience.

The District of Columbia contends that the administrative dismissal of Plaintiffs’ 

DCHRA complaints was at the request, and for the convenience, of Plaintiffs, and not the 

convenience of DCOHR. That is, Plaintiffs wanted to sue in federal court where they could 

clearly seek compensatory damages and attorney fees. See MJP at 7 n.1 (“It appears that 

[P]laintiffs sought dismissal of their complaints when they realized after the probable cause 

determination and after conciliation efforts failed that they could not get attorney[s’] fees or 

compensatory damages.”). The District notes that Plaintiffs had asked for two formal opinions, 

neither of which addressed or affected the merits of their discrimination charges. Therefore, 

according to the District, DCOHR’s refusal to provide such advisory opinions did not relate to 

any administrative “convenience” that would stem from avoiding a merits hearing on Plaintiffs’ 

complaints. Further, the District argues that since Plaintiffs themselves sought dismissal, 

DCOHR’s dismissal cannot have been for its own administrative convenience as a matter of law.

 4

 Anderson also rejected the analyses in Blake and Weaver that filing a charge with DCOHR 

tolled the D.C. statute of limitations for initiating a court suit. “In our view,” the D.C. Court of 

Appeals held, “neither Federal holding can be supported” because the policies behind Title VII 

and the DCHRA are not the same. 552 A.2d at 862.
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Plaintiffs protest that they never withdrew their complaints and only sought 

dismissal under terms that would allow them to sue in court. Specifically, they wrote to 

DCOHR’s General Counsel: “we again request that the Director consider dismissing our clients’ 

cases for ‘administrative convenience,’ which is the other statutory means by which [Plaintiffs]

would be able to pursue their claims in court and, [sic] their claims for attorneys[’] fees and 

compensatory and other monetary damages.” Jan. 4, 2011 Letter to DCOHR at 3; see also id. at 

5 (“[W]e respectfully . . . again renew our request for your Office to dismiss this matter ‘for 

administrative convenience’ so [Plaintiffs] are free to pursue their claims in Court.”). Plaintiffs

urge the Court to find that DCOHR “‘administratively dismissed’ [their] complaint[s] as an 

‘alternative’ to opining on legal questions holding ‘broad implications’ for the Office.” Supp. 

Opp’n at 1-2.

As an initial matter, the language that DCOHR used in dismissing Plaintiffs’ 

administrative claims is confounding.5

 The DCHRA is clear: after a probable cause finding, a 

complainant can take her case to court only if DCOHR dismissed for “administrative 

convenience.” D.C. Code § 2-1403.16(a). But DCOHR ignores its own statute, dismisses 

“administratively,” and leaves it to judges to interpret its intentions. It is difficult to understand 

this practice. Using the correct language, when and if that is DCOHR’s intention, would be easy 

and provide a level of clarity that obviates judges from second-guessing DCOHR in a manner 

that appears meddlesome and inappropriate. In this particular instance, DCOHR’s thinking is 

particularly opaque and deciphering its meaning is particularly uncomfortable. Were not the 

rights of people at issue, this Court would decline to accept DCOHR’s administrative dismissal 

as relying on a “convenience” the agency could not bother to state.

 5 Plaintiffs contend that “OHR never . . . denotes its administrative dismissals, instead leaving to 

the courts the responsibility for gleaning its intent.” Opp’n at 1 n.2.
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In trying to discern whether DCOHR dismissed a complaint for its own 

“administrative convenience,” courts have focused on the basis for a dismissal. The “key” 

consideration is whether DCOHR’s dismissal constituted an “exercise of prosecutorial discretion 

not to commit resources to the claim,” Carter, 980 A.2d at 1224, “for example because . . .

EEOC will handle it, or because [DC]OHR concludes that ‘the complainant can be made whole 

without the need for formal proceedings.’” Id. (quoting Timus v. D.C. Dep’t of Human Rights, 

633 A.2d 751, 760 (D.C. 1993) (en banc)). In the context of DCOHR complaints, dismissal for 

administrative convenience is “a housekeeping decision by the agency, important but strictly 

administrative, about how best to expend its scarce resources.” Griffin v. Acacia Life Ins. Co., 

925 A.2d 564, 574 (D.C. 2007). 

None of these definitions of administrative convenience quite satisfies the 

immediate circumstances. While Plaintiffs’ questions appear to have provoked DCOHR’s

dismissal, those questions did not concern the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims or the agency’s 

willingness or resources to conduct a merits hearing on them. Rather, Plaintiffs asked for 

certainty as to the scope of available remedies if they succeeded in the administrative process 

compared to litigation in court. Citing Timus, Plaintiffs argue here that DCOHR’s dismissal 

must have been for administrative convenience because DCOHR’s sole authority to dismiss 

complaints after a finding of probable cause is for “administrative convenience.” While Timus 

stated “that a dismissal under § 716.9 of [DCOHR’s procedural] rules [must be] a dismissal on 

the grounds of administrative convenience . . . for otherwise the Office would have no statutory 

authority to dismiss the complaint,” 633 A.2d at 760 (internal quotations omitted), the facts of 

that case diminish its applicability here. The complainant in Timus rejected an offer of 

settlement made during conciliation provided by DCOHR. The agency thought that the 
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settlement offer was satisfactory and decided that it would be unnecessary to conduct a merits 

hearing. Therefore, DCOHR dismissed the complaint “administratively.” That left the 

complainant in limbo: unable to be heard before DCOHR and unable to sue in court. Through its 

interpretation of the DCHRA, the D.C. Court of Appeals deemed DCOHR’s dismissal to be for 

“administrative convenience,” which allowed the complainant to have her case heard in court. 

Id. (“[W]e regard a decision by [DC]OHR not to commit scarce prosecutorial resources to a trialtype hearing before the Commission, when in its judgment the complainant can be made whole 

informally, as a classic exercise of prosecutorial discretion.”).

Plaintiffs are not caught in a similar limbo not of their own making. Through 

counsel, Plaintiffs clearly set forth the contrasting decisions from this Bench, before Anderson

and after it. They noted that Judge Urbina followed the direction of the D.C. Court of Appeals in 

his decision in Adams v. District of Columbia, and explicitly sought dismissal for “administrative 

convenience” so that they could transfer their DCHRA claims to federal court and gain the 

benefit of additional available remedies. DCOHR dismissed “administratively” and “without 

prejudice.” Thus, the agency failed to speak with clarity (omitting “administrative 

convenience”) but did give Plaintiffs the opportunity to return to the administrative process 

(“without prejudice”). Fully informed of the legal landscape and attendant risks, Plaintiffs then 

moved their case to federal court.

Nonetheless, the Court gleans from the meager record before it that DCOHR 

dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims for administrative convenience. Plaintiffs asked Ms. Taylor to 

commit the agency to the availability of specific remedies through its administrative processes

and to opine officially on the availability of recourse to court after a probable cause 

determination. (Since, as an agency of the District of Columbia, DCOHR cannot disagree with 
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the D.C. Court of Appeals, this latter question is puzzling.) The questions concerning remedies 

were not yet ripe as Plaintiffs had not proved their complaints on the merits. Perhaps DCOHR

declined to expend its resources issuing advisory opinions. Perhaps more importantly, neither 

Plaintiffs nor the District of Columbia wanted to litigate in the administrative forum. Notably, 

the Director of DCOHR issued his vague consent order on the very day that the District informed 

DCOHR it had no objection to dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaints. See Jan. 24, 2011 Letter from 

the District at 1; DCOHR Consent Order at 1. 

The best that can be said is that DCOHR decided to not allocate its resources to a 

matter that both parties seemed to prefer litigating in federal court. Such a dismissal was 

unrelated to the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims or the availability of agency resources to litigate 

Plaintiffs’ complaints administratively. DCOHR might have preferred not to opine officially on 

the availability of administrative remedies for D.C. employees, since its reputed policy might 

have been more a budget limitation than a legal judgment. Certainly, DCOHR did not tie its 

refusal to opine to administrative convenience, so one cannot know for certain. This Court will 

leave to another day, or, preferably, the D.C. Court of Appeals, to determine whether, having 

found probable cause, DCOHR can claim “administrative convenience” to decline to proceed to 

a merits hearing merely because both parties prefer to move the litigation to a court.6

 Because 

that question is uncertain under D.C. law, this Court errs on the side of Plaintiffs, whose 

complaint was found to have probable cause. 

 

 6 Because the Court finds that DCOHR dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims for administrative 

convenience, it need not reach Plaintiffs’ contention that the District is judicially estopped from 

arguing that the dismissal was not for administrative convenience. 
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IV.CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that DCOHR dismissed Plaintiffs’ 

DCHRA complaints for administrative convenience and will deny the District’s Motion for 

Judgment on the Pleadings, Dkt. 33. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum 

Opinion.

/s/

ROSEMARY M. COLLYER

Date: May 19, 2014 United States District Judge