IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 07–1887

Filed July 10, 2009

IBP, INC.,

Appellee,

vs.

LEE BURRESS,

Appellant.

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. 

Blink, Judge.

Employee challenges district court’s determination that his 

brucellosis was an occupational disease and not an injury. DECISION 

OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT 

REVERSED.

Jason D. Neifert of Max Schott & Associates, P.C., Des Moines, for 

appellant.

Timothy A. Clausen and Sharese Manker of Klass Law Firm, L.L.P., 

Sioux City, for appellee.
2

STREIT, Justice.

Pigs give us bacon and ham. They can also give meat packers 

brucellosis. Lee Burress contracted brucellosis while working at IBP, 

Inc.’s meat-packing plant. He did not discover he had the disease until 

six years after he left IBP’s employment. Soon thereafter, he filed a 

petition for workers’ compensation benefits. The deputy commissioner 

determined brucellosis was an injury, not an occupational disease. The 

commissioner affirmed. The district court reversed, concluding Burress 

suffered from an occupational disease, not an injury. The court of 

appeals reversed the district court. Because Burress contracted 

brucellosis from a traumatic event, it is an injury, and he is entitled to 

benefits under Iowa Code chapter 85 (2009).1

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

Lee Burress worked at IBP, Inc.’s meat-packing plant from 1987 

until 1997. During his first few years working there, Burress worked as 

a jowl and side shaver, a hog sticker (killing the hog by sticking a knife in 

its throat), and a head dropper (cutting the head off the hog). These 

positions involved significant contact with hogs and hog blood. On at 

least one occasion, Burress cut his finger while dropping heads. During 

his final eight years at IBP, Burress worked in the trolley room, where he 

was responsible for running automated carts to various places within the 

plant. Although he did not have much contact with hogs in this position, 

he would occasionally come into contact with hog blood. During these 

eight years, he cut his finger and elbow and sustained a superficial 

puncture wound to his face. Burress stopped working for IBP in 

September 1997.

 1

No substantive difference exists in the relevant current code sections and those 

in force at the time the action arose. Therefore, all references are to the 2009 Iowa 

Code unless otherwise indicated.
3

In July 2003, Burress began experiencing hip pain. The source of 

the hip pain was unclear. Burress underwent hip surgery in September 

2003 and developed an infection that lasted for several months. In 

December 2003, Burress was diagnosed with brucellosis with 

osteomyelitis. In December 2004, Dr. William Nauseef told Burress he 

had contracted brucellosis from hog blood, with skin abrasions being the 

most common “portal of entry.”

On January 3, 2005, Burress filed a workers’ compensation 

petition alleging he had developed “chronic infection, hips, bone” as a 

result of his “[c]ontact with blood products and tissue from slaughtered 

hogs.” In its answer to the petition, IBP alleged the claimed injury is an 

occupational disease, not an injury, under Iowa Code chapter 85A, and,

therefore, recovery is barred under section 85A.12.2

Following a hearing, the deputy commissioner determined “[s]ince 

it is most likely [Burress] contracted brucellosis as a result of trauma, 

the injury is an injury under chapter 85, not an occupational disease.” 

The deputy commissioner also found Burress did not become “aware of 

the probable compensable character of his condition until sometime in 

early December of 2004,” and his petition was filed within two years, as 

prescribed by chapter 85. The deputy commissioner awarded Burress 

permanent partial disability benefits.

IBP filed an application for rehearing, which the deputy 

commissioner denied. On intra-agency appeal, the commissioner 

affirmed and adopted the deputy commissioner’s arbitration decision 

with one modification, that Burress met the definition of being 

 2Under section 85A.12, an employer is relieved from liability one year after the 

worker’s last exposure.
4

permanently and totally disabled and was thus entitled to permanent 

total disability benefits. IBP filed a petition for judicial review.

The district court reversed the agency’s decision, concluding 

Burress suffered from an occupational disease, not an injury. The court 

determined Burress failed to file his petition within one year after the last 

exposure, as required by Iowa Code section 85A.12. Burress appealed.

We transferred the case to the court of appeals, which reversed the 

district court’s decision, finding the commissioner’s determination 

Burress had suffered an injury was supported by substantial evidence. 

IBP appealed.

II. Scope of Review.

We review the commissioner’s legal findings for correction of errors 

at law. Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(c), (m); Perkins v. HEA of Iowa, Inc., 651 

N.W.2d 40, 43 (Iowa 2002). “Our task is to determine whether the 

district court, acting in its appellate capacity in these judicial review 

proceedings, applied the law correctly.” Noble v. Lamoni Prods., 512 

N.W.2d 290, 292 (Iowa 1994). We are bound by the commissioner’s 

findings of fact so long as those findings are supported by substantial 

evidence. Excel Corp. v. Smithart, 654 N.W.2d 891, 896 (Iowa 2002); 

Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(f). Under Iowa Code section 17A.19(10), “a 

reviewing court may reverse the decision of the workers’ compensation 

commissioner if it is unsupported by substantial evidence in the record 

or characterized by an abuse of discretion.” Univ. of Iowa Hosps. & 

Clinics v. Waters, 674 N.W.2d 92, 95 (Iowa 2004). “ ‘Substantial evidence’ 

means the quantity and quality of evidence that would be deemed 

sufficient by a neutral, detached, and reasonable person, to establish the 

fact at issue when the consequences resulting from the establishment of 

that fact are understood to be serious and of great importance.” Iowa 
5

Code § 17A.19(10)(f)(1). An abuse of discretion occurs when the 

commissioner’s exercise of discretion is “clearly erroneous or rests on 

untenable grounds.” Waters, 674 N.W.2d at 96.

III. Merits.

Today we must determine whether the brucellosis Burress 

contracted is an injury or an occupational disease. The legislature has 

set forth two workers’ compensation schemes: one for injuries under 

Iowa Code chapter 85 and one for occupational diseases under chapter 

85A. In order to qualify for workers’ compensation benefits under 

chapter 85, the employee must demonstrate “(1) the claimant suffered a 

‘personal injury,’ (2) the claimant and the respondent had an employeremployee relationship, (3) the injury arose out of the employment, and 

(4) the injury arose in the course of the employment.” Meyer v. IBP, Inc., 

710 N.W.2d 213, 220 (Iowa 2006). Comparatively, to recover under 

chapter 85A, “the disease must be causally related to the exposure to 

harmful conditions of the field of employment,” and “those harmful 

conditions must be more prevalent in the employment concerned than in 

everyday life or in other occupations.” McSpadden v. Big Ben Coal Co., 

288 N.W.2d 181, 190 (Iowa 1980).

If Burress suffers from an occupational disease, his claim is barred 

by the statute of repose. See Iowa Code § 85A.12 (“An employer shall not 

be liable for any compensation for an occupational disease . . . unless 

disablement or death results . . . within one year . . . after the last 

injurious exposure to such disease in such employment . . . .”) However, 

if his brucellosis is an injury, his claim is not time barred. 

Swartzendruber v. Schimmel, 613 N.W.2d 646, 650 (Iowa 2000) (holding 

the two-year statute of limitations under Iowa Code section 85.26 does 

not begin to run “until the employee discovers, or should discover in the 
6

exercise of diligence, the nature, seriousness, and probable compensable 

character of the injury or disease”).

Thus, whether Burress’ brucellosis is an injury or an occupational

disease is the key issue. Section 85A.8 defines occupational disease:

Occupational diseases shall be only those diseases 

which arise out of and in the course of the employee’s 

employment. Such diseases shall have a direct causal 

connection with the employment and must have followed as 

a natural incident thereto from injurious exposure 

occasioned by the nature of the employment. Such disease 

must be incidental to the character of the business, 

occupation or process in which the employee was employed 

and not independent of the employment. Such disease need 

not have been foreseen or expected but after its contraction 

it must appear to have had its origin in a risk connected with 

the employment and to have resulted from that source as an 

incident and rational consequence. A disease which follows 

from a hazard to which an employee has or would have been 

equally exposed outside of said occupation is not 

compensable as an occupational disease.

Although section 85A.8 defines occupational disease, chapter 85 does 

not adequately define the term “injury.” Under section 85.61(4)(b), the 

word “injury” “shall not include a disease unless it shall result from the 

injury and they shall not include an occupational disease as defined in 

section 85A.8.”

Our case law has filled the gap and explained the differences 

between an occupational disease and an injury.

“[A]n ‘injury’ is distinguished from a ‘disease’ by virtue of the 

fact that an injury has its origin in a specific identifiable 

trauma or physical occurrence or, in the case of repetitive 

trauma, a series of such occurrences. A disease, on the 

other hand, originates from a source that is neither 

traumatic nor physical . . . .”

Noble, 512 N.W.2d at 295 (quoting Luttrell v. Indus. Comm’n, 507 N.E.2d 

533, 541–42 (Ill. App. Ct. 1987)). Thus, the main distinction between an 

injury and an occupational disease is the method of contraction.
7

“The statutory definition describes an occupational disease 

in terms of a worker’s ‘exposure’ to conditions in the 

workplace. . . . The term ‘exposure’ indicates a passive 

relationship between the worker and his work environment 

rather than an event or occurrence, or series of occurrences, 

which constitute injury under the Worker’s Compensation 

Act.”

Id. (quoting Duvall v. ICI Americas, Inc., 621 N.E.2d 1122, 1125 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 1993)). We have also determined that, under certain 

circumstances, a disease can be an injury for purposes of chapter 85.

“The contraction of disease is deemed an injury by accident 

in most states if due to some unexpected or unusual event or 

exposure. Thus, infectious disease may be held accidental if 

the germs gain entrance through a scratch or through 

unexpected or abnormal exposure to infection.”

Perkins, 651 N.W.2d at 43–44 (quoting 3 Arthur Larson & Lex K. Larson,

Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law ch. 51, Scope, at 51–1 (2002)).3

What types of diseases are strictly occupational diseases and not

injuries is debatable. Prior to 1973, chapter 85A restricted recovery for 

occupational diseases to seventeen diseases specifically listed in Iowa 

Code section 85A.9 (1971). See McSpadden, 288 N.W.2d at 190. In 

1973, the legislature repealed that section and broadened the definition 

of occupational disease in section 85A.8. Id.; see also 1973 Iowa Acts ch. 

144, § 24. Currently, chapter 85A makes reference to only two diseases, 

brucellosis in section 85A.11 and pneumoconiosis (the characteristic 

 3Iowa’s workers’ compensation statute, Iowa Code section 85.61 (2009), does not 

limit compensable injuries to those that are “accidental,” and, therefore, it is broader 

than statutes from other states that do contain an “accidental injury” limitation. See 

Ford v. Goode, 240 Iowa 1219, 1222, 38 N.W.2d 158, 159 (1949) (interpreting 1946 

statutory provision, which is substantially similar to the 2009 provision); see also 

Perkins, 651 N.W.2d at 44 (“ ‘The injury to the human body here contemplated must be 

something, whether an accident or not, that acts extraneously to the natural processes 

of nature, and thereby impairs the health, overcomes, injures, interrupts, or destroys 

some function of the body, or otherwise damages or injures a part or all of the body.’ ” 

(quoting St. Luke’s Hosp. v. Gray, 604 N.W.2d 646, 650–51 (Iowa 2000)) (Emphasis 

added.)).
8

fibrotic condition of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust particles) 

in section 85A.13. Our case law has permitted recovery for allergic 

contact dermatitis and lead intoxication under chapter 85A. See Doerfer 

Div. of CCA v. Nicol, 359 N.W.2d 428, 432 (Iowa 1984); Frit Indus. v. 

Langenwalter, 443 N.W.2d 88, 91 (Iowa Ct. App. 1989). But see St. 

Luke’s Hosp. v. Gray, 604 N.W.2d 646, 652 (Iowa 2000) (allergic 

reactions may be considered injuries under chapter 85). In McSpadden, 

we noted other states considered the following to be occupational 

diseases: chronic bronchitis, kidney disorder and asthma caused by 

inhalation of paint fumes, and pulmonary disease caused by inhalation 

of smoke and fumes. McSpadden, 288 N.W.2d at 190–91 n.5. Although 

chapter 85A no longer limits recovery for occupational diseases to a 

specific schedule, section 85A.8 and our case law indicate an 

occupational disease is generally acquired from repeated exposure to a 

toxin in the workplace. See Doerfer, 359 N.W.2d at 432–33.

Other states have determined that “under proper factual situations 

contraction of brucellosis can be characterized as accidental injury” 

rather than an occupational disease. Wilson Foods Corp. v. Porter, 612 

P.2d 261, 263 (Okla. 1980). Recognizing that “in spite of being 

recognized as a disease, brucellosis can still be categorized as a[n]

accidental personal injury,” the Supreme Court of Oklahoma determined 

an employee who contracted brucellosis through cracks in his skin while 

working with cowhides had a compensable injury. Id.; see also MidSouth Packers, Inc. v. Hanson, 178 So. 2d 689, 691 (Miss. 1965) 

(contamination through cuts and scrapes on maintenance worker’s 

hands considered to be accidental injury and not an occupational 

disease because “contraction of [brucellosis] . . . was an occurrence 

which was not expected, designed, or intentionally caused”); Baldwin v. 
9

Jensen-Salsbery Labs., 708 P.2d 556, 558 (Kan. Ct. App. 1985) 

(brucellosis considered accidental injury where employee cut his hand 

and then touched a tool contaminated with brucella).

Here, the deputy commissioner, whose findings were adopted by 

the commissioner, determined Burress’ brucellosis was an injury and not 

a disease.

The evidentiary record indicates [Burress] was exposed to 

brucellosis in an event that occurred unexpectedly. The 

event, most likely a cut to [his] hand and exposure to blood, 

was sudden, traumatic, and of a brief duration. It might be 

said that workers in a hog packing plant have a greater than 

average risk of contracting brucellosis, but that risk is the 

result of risk from a traumatic injury under circumstances 

that result in infection of the disease as a consequence of 

trauma.

IBP contends the commissioner’s decision that Burress’ brucellosis was 

an injury, and not an occupational disease, was not supported by

substantial evidence. Arguing that since Iowa Code section 85A.11 

discusses brucellosis,4

 4Entitled “Diagnosis for brucellosis,” section 85A.11 reads

and that Iowa Code section 85.61(4)(b) defines 

1. When any employee is clinically diagnosed as having brucellosis 

(undulant fever), it shall not be considered that the employee has the 

disease unless the clinical diagnosis is confirmed by:

a. A positive blood culture for brucella organisms, or

b. A positive agglutination test which must be verified by not less 

than two successive positive agglutination tests, each of which 

tests shall be positive in a titer of one to one hundred sixty or 

higher. Said subsequent agglutination tests must be made of 

specimens taken not less than seven nor more than ten days after 

each preceding test.

2. The specimens for the tests required herein must be taken by a 

licensed practicing physician or osteopathic physician, and immediately 

delivered to the university hygienic laboratory of the Iowa department of 

public health at Iowa City, and each such specimen shall be in a 

container upon which is plainly printed the name and address of the 

subject, the date when the specimen was taken, the name and address of 

the subject’s employer and a certificate by the physician or osteopathic 
10

“injury” as excluding occupational diseases, IBP asserts brucellosis can 

never be considered an injury under chapter 85.

First, we disagree with IBP and the district court that brucellosis 

can never be an injury. Just because brucellosis is listed in Iowa Code 

section 85A.11 does not mean brucellosis is always considered an 

occupational disease. Our case law has established that a disease can 

be an injury for purposes of chapter 85 when “ ‘the germs gain entrance 

through a scratch or through unexpected or abnormal exposure to 

infection.’ ” Perkins, 651 N.W.2d at 43–44 (quoting 3 Arthur Larson & 

Lex K. Larson, Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law ch. 51, Scope, at 

51–1). In Perkins, we determined the employee’s hepatitis C was an 

injury because her “infection was linked to a sudden, specific incident of 

exposure.” Id. at 43. Such is the case here. It would be inconsistent to 

preclude recovery for a disease that was most likely acquired through a 

similar unexpected trauma only because section 85A.11 explains how a 

diagnosis of brucellosis should be confirmed. There is nothing in the 

record to indicate that Burress contracted brucellosis through a passive 

exposure to conditions in the workplace. Noble, 512 N.W.2d at 295. 

Burress did not contract brucellosis through prolonged or passive

exposure; it only took one traumatic exposure. As the expert’s 

description of how brucellosis is acquired indicates, “[t]he portal of entry 

[for brucellosis] is through abrasions in skin, most commonly, during 

 

physician that the physician took the specimen from the named subject 

on the date stated over the physician’s signature and address.

3. The state hygienic laboratory shall immediately make the test and 

upon completion thereof it shall send a report of the result of such test to 

the physician or osteopathic physician from whom the specimen was 

received and also to the employer.

4. In the event of a dispute as to whether the employee has brucellosis, 

the matter shall be determined as any other disputed case.
11

handling of infected animals or their carcasses. There is risk of aerosol 

transmission in slaughter houses as well, although this appears to be 

less common.”

Further, just because Burress cannot pinpoint when the injury 

specifically occurred does not mean he did not suffer an injury. In St. 

Luke’s Hospital v. Gray, we determined the employee’s latex allergy to be 

an injury despite the fact the employee had not been injured on a specific 

date, but rather was exposed to the allergen on a frequent basis in the 

course of employment. 604 N.W.2d at 652. Here, the record reveals 

Burress was exposed to a significant amount of hog blood while dropping 

heads and sticking hogs and occasionally came into contact with hog 

blood in the trolley room. In all probability, he contracted brucellosis 

during one of these incidents. However, because Burress’ brucellosis did 

not manifest itself until 2003, six years after his last reported workrelated injury, it is difficult to link contracting the disease to one specific 

injury. The states that have considered the contraction of brucellosis an 

injury have permitted recovery despite the fact that the claimant was not 

able to pinpoint the specific incident of exposure that resulted in 

contraction of the disease. See Wilson Foods, 612 P.2d at 263 (employee 

who contracted brucellosis through cracks in his skin while working with 

cowhides had a compensable injury); Mid-South Packers, 178 So. 2d at 

691 (contamination through cuts and scrapes on maintenance worker’s 

hands considered to be an accidental injury).

Our case law reveals that contact with infected blood is an “injury” 

under Iowa Code chapter 85. In Perkins, the claimant was infected with 

hepatitis C when she was sprayed with blood while working on a patient. 

Perkins, 651 N.W.2d at 42. We determined this “sudden, specific 

incident of exposure” to be an injury despite the fact that Perkins was 

not “injured” per se. Id. at 43. The injury was being doused with 
12

infected blood, not being accidentally cut. Id. at 43–44. In our case, 

Burress testified he was frequently sprayed with and soaked in blood 

while shaving and slaughtering hogs. Should our analysis of whether 

Burress sustained an identifiable injury under Iowa Code chapter 85 be 

any different because he sustained multiple injuries (numerous 

unexpected contacts with hog blood), none of which he was able to 

specifically link to his brucellosis? We doubt our conclusion in Perkins

would have been any different had Perkins come into contact with a 

patient’s infected blood on more than one occasion.

Despite the fact that brucellosis is discussed in chapter 85A, the 

record supports the conclusion Burress probably acquired brucellosis 

from contact with infected hog blood. There is substantial evidence 

supporting the commissioner’s determination that Burress’ contraction 

of brucellosis is an injury, not an occupational disease: Burress’ 

testimony indicating various cuts (portals of entry) and frequent contact 

with hog blood while working at IBP and the expert’s description of how 

brucellosis is usually acquired. IBP did not present any evidence 

indicating Burress had contracted brucellosis in a manner consistent

with the definition of occupational disease in section 85A.8. It simply 

relied on the reference to brucellosis in section 85A.11. There is 

substantial evidence in the record supporting the commissioner’s 

decision Burress contracted brucellosis from a traumatic occurrence:

the entry of infected hog blood into Burress’ body.

IV. Conclusion.

Because Burress contracted brucellosis from a traumatic event, it 

is an injury, and not an occupational disease. Therefore, he is entitled to 

benefits under Iowa Code chapter 85.

DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED; DISTRICT 

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED.