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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. No. A-1-CA-35459

5 THOMAS GARCIA,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

8 Charles W. Brown, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Eran Sharon, Assistant Attorney General

11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 L. Helen Bennett, P.C.

14 L. Helen Bennett

15 Albuquerque, NM

16 for Appellant

17 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 ZAMORA, Judge.
2

1 {1} Defendant Thomas Garcia appeals his convictions of two counts of fourth

2 degree criminal sexual penetration, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-11(G)(1)

3 (2009) (CSP IV). Defendant raises two arguments. He contends that the district court

4 committed reversible error by instructing the jury on the uncharged offense of CSP

5 IV and that Defendant’s two CSP IV convictions violated his constitutional protection

6 against double jeopardy. We hold that the jury was properly instructed and that one

7 of Defendant’s convictions for CSP IV must be vacated because Defendant’s right to

8 be free from double jeopardy was violated.

9 BACKGROUND

10 {2} Victim and her younger sister were babysat by their older sister, K.M., while

11 their mother worked an overnight shift. K.M. lived in an apartment with her boyfriend,

12 Casey Valdez. Defendant is a cousin to Mr. Valdez and was visiting. The group spent

13 the evening together and eventually settled in to watch movies. After K.M. and Mr.

14 Valdez went to sleep in the bedroom, Defendant engaged in sexual activity with

15 Victim, who was then thirteen years of age.

16 {3} As a result of the incident with Victim, Defendant was charged with two counts

17 of criminal sexual penetration in the second degree, contrary to Section 30-9-11(E)(1)

18 (CSP II). In relevant part, the grand jury indictment mistakenly referenced Section 30-

19 9-11(F), rather than Section 30-9-11(E)(1). As acknowledged by Defendant, that error
3

1 is not legally relevant and does not form the basis of a challenge by Defendant. See

2 Rule 5-204(A) NMRA (stating that an error or imperfection in an indictment that

3 “does not prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits” shall not

4 invalidate the indictment or affect the trial or judgment). Our reference will be to

5 Section 30-9-11(E)(1). At trial, after the State concluded its presentation of evidence

6 but prior to formally resting, the State moved to “include the lesser[]included offense

7 of [CSP IV].” Over the objection of Defendant, the district court instructed the jury

8 on two counts of CSP IV as lesser included charges to the two charged counts of CSP

9 II. The jury convicted Defendant of two counts of CSP IV. Additional facts will be

10 provided as necessary in the discussion of the issues.

11 Lesser Included Charge Instruction Was Appropriate

12 {4} Defendant contends that the CSP IV jury instruction was improper because it

13 “violat[ed Defendant]’s substantive right to mount a defense to the charges as set forth

14 by the grand jury,” in that Defendant was “not . . . on notice that he would have to

15 prepare a defense to the claim that, even if [Victim] voluntarily consented to the

16 [sexual] acts . . ., she was between the ages of thirteen and eighteen when [the

17 incident] occurred.” This argument appears to be grounded in the contention that it

18 was error for the district court to determine that CSP IV was a lesser included charge

19 of CSP II.
4

1 {5} Defendant appears to argue that the district court improperly applied Rule 5-

2 204(C) when it instructed the jury on the charge of CSP IV. Our review of the record

3 reflects that, although there was some initial ambiguity to the State’s request, the

4 district court concluded that it would “allow [the charge of CSP IV] to go to the jury

5 as an included offense.” Whether the district court committed error by instructing the

6 jury on CSP IV as “an uncharged lesser included offense [of CSP II] is a question of

7 law[,] which we review de novo.” State v. Collins, 2005-NMCA-044, ¶ 8, 137 N.M.

8 353, 110 P.3d 1090, overruled on other grounds by State v. Willie, 2009-NMSC-037,

9 ¶ 18, 146 N.M. 481, 212 P.3d 369.

10 {6} A request by the state for a jury instruction on a lesser included charge

11 implicates a defendant’s due process right to notice of the crime against which he

12 must defend. See State v. Meadors, 1995-NMSC-073, ¶ 5, 121 N.M. 38, 908 P.2d 731.

13 “It is improper to instruct the jury as to a crime not formally charged if that crime is

14 not a lesser included offense of the crime formally charged.” State v. Johnson,

15 1985-NMCA-074, ¶ 26, 103 N.M. 364, 707 P.2d 1174. “When one offense is a lesser

16 included offense of a crime named in a charging document, the defendant is put on

17 notice that he . . . must defend not only against the greater offense as charged but also

18 against any lesser included offense.” State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 43, 345

19 P.3d 1056 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “A lesser[]included offense
5

1 is a less serious crime than the one charged, but one that an accused necessarily

2 committed in carrying out the more serious crime.” Id. ¶ 39 (internal quotation marks

3 and citation omitted).

4 {7} In Meadors, our Supreme Court articulated the analytical framework that we

5 apply to determine whether a crime is a lesser included offense. See 1995-NMSC-073,

6 ¶¶ 6, 10-12, 18. When, as here, the State requests an instruction on a lesser included

7 offense, “the [district] court should . . . grant the request when the statutory elements

8 of the lesser crime are a subset of the statutory elements of the charged crime.” Id. ¶

9 12. This inquiry into the relationship between the elements of the lesser and greater

10 crimes is known as the “strict elements test.” Id. ¶¶ 6, 12. If one statute is not

11 subsumed within the other, the strict elements test is not satisfied. We then apply the

12 cognate approach for further analysis. Id. ¶ 12. 

13 {8} Under the cognate approach, the request for a lesser included instruction should

14 be granted if:

15 (1) the defendant could not have committed the greater offense in the

16 manner described in the charging document without also committing the

17 lesser offense, and therefore notice of the greater offense necessarily

18 incorporates notice of the lesser offense; (2) the evidence adduced at trial

19 is sufficient to sustain a conviction on the lesser offense; and (3) the

20 elements that distinguish the lesser and greater offenses are sufficiently

21 in dispute such that a jury rationally could acquit on the greater offense

22 and convict on the lesser.
6

1 Id. In applying the cognate approach, the district court “examine[s] not only the

2 offense alleged in the charging instrument but also the evidence adduced at trial.” Id.

3 ¶ 11 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Put another way, for an offense

4 to be “necessarily included [under the cognate approach], the greater offense cannot

5 be committed under the facts of the case as alleged in the charging document and

6 supported by the evidence without also committing the lesser offense.” Id. ¶ 10

7 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).

8 {9} Last, in Meadors our Supreme Court emphasized that when the state requests

9 a lesser included offense instruction, the district court should perform “an independent

10 analysis of the notice issue [and, i]f the judge determines for any reason that under the

11 circumstances of th[e] case” the notice provided to the defendant was constitutionally

12 inadequate, the trial court should deny the request. 1995-NMSC-073, ¶ 18.

13 Strict Elements Test

14 {10} Our application of the strict elements test requires the comparison of the two

15 statutory provisions at issue. Defendant was indicted under Section 30-9-11(E)(1),

16 which provides, in relevant part, that “[c]riminal sexual penetration in the second

17 degree consists of all criminal sexual penetration perpetrated . . . by the use of force

18 or coercion on a child thirteen to eighteen years of age.” The State requested jury

19 instructions based on Section 30-9-11(G)(1), which provides, in relevant part, that
7

1 “[c]riminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree consists of all criminal sexual

2 penetration . . . perpetrated on a child thirteen to sixteen years of age when the

3 perpetrator is at least eighteen years of age and is at least four years older than the

4 child and not the spouse of that child.” These statutes are not nested because, in the

5 abstract, the greater crime can be committed without committing the lesser crime.

6 Compare § 30-9-11(E)(1) (punishing, as a second degree felony, criminal sexual

7 penetration where the victim is thirteen to eighteen years of age, without reference to

8 the age of the perpetrator, and without reference to the age differential between the

9 victim and the perpetrator), with § 30-9-11(G)(1) (requiring, for punishment as a

10 fourth degree felony, that the victim not be older than sixteen years of age, that the

11 perpetrator be at least eighteen years of age, and that the age differential between the

12 perpetrator and the victim be at least four years). Accordingly, the statutory elements

13 test is not met. See State v. Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 13, 136 N.M. 235, 96 P.3d

14 796 (“Under the strict elements test, if it is possible, considering the statutory elements

15 of the charged offense in the abstract, to hypothesize a manner of committing the

16 greater offense without also committing the lesser offense, then the lesser offense is

17 not necessarily included in the greater.”). We therefore proceed to analyze the issue

18 under the cognate approach.
8

1 {11} Our initial consideration is whether Defendant “could not have committed the

2 greater offense in the manner described in the charging document without also

3 committing the lesser offense.” Meadors, 1995-NMSC-073, ¶ 12. The State alleged

4 in the indictment that Victim was between thirteen and eighteen years of age. At trial,

5 testimony was presented that Victim was, in fact, thirteen years old. Testimony was

6 also presented that Defendant was made aware of Victim’s age just after the sexual

7 activity. Thus, the indictment contemplated that Victim was between the ages of

8 thirteen and sixteen, as required under CSP IV, and the evidence at trial established

9 that she was thirteen years of age at the time of the incident. The other aspects of the

10 lesser offense that are not subsumed within the greater charge—that Defendant was

11 at least eighteen years of age and four years older than Victim—relate to Defendant’s

12 age. The indictment does not refer to Defendant’s age. However, testimony presented

13 at trial indicated that Defendant was thirty-one years of age at the time of the incident,

14 and, moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest otherwise. Thus, we conclude

15 from the allegations in the indictment and the evidence presented at trial that

16 Defendant could not have committed the charged crime of CSP II without also

17 committing the crime of CSP IV. See id. ¶¶ 16-17, 19-20 (stating that the cognate

18 approach to determining whether one criminal offense is a lesser included offense of

19 another “looks to the evidence adduced at trial to help interpret the applicability of
9

1 those elements set out in the instrument”). Turning to the second and third factors

2 from Meadors, we conclude that the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to sustain

3 the conviction for CSP IV and that the issue of force was sufficiently in dispute that

4 a reasonable jury could have acquitted Defendant of CSP II while convicting him of

5 CSP IV. Accordingly, we conclude under the specific facts of this case that the district

6 court did not commit error by instructing the jury on CSP IV as a lesser included

7 charge of CSP II.

8 Defendant Was Put on Notice of the Lesser Included Offense

9 {12} Given the notice concerns raised by a request from the State for a lesser

10 included offense instruction, we turn to review whether Defendant received

11 constitutionally adequate notice of the lesser offense. See State v. Villa, 2004-NMSC12 031, ¶ 12, 136 N.M. 367, 98 P.3d 1017 (emphasizing that “when ruling on a motion

13 by the [s]tate to instruct the jury on a lesser[]included offense, the [district] court

14 should conduct an independent inquiry to determine whether the defendant has

15 received constitutionally adequate notice of the lesser offense”); Meadors, 1995-

16 NMSC-073, ¶ 18 (“If [upon conducting an independent analysis of the notice issue]

17 the judge determines for any reason that under the circumstances of that case a

18 defendant has not received constitutionally adequate notice of a lesser offense, then

19 the judge should deny the instruction.”). We observe that, prior to trial, Defendant was
10

1 aware of the age of Victim, his own age, and, as a consequence, the age differential

2 between Victim and himself. Furthermore, it was a significant aspect of Defendant’s

3 theory of the case that Victim participated in the sexual activity of her own

4 volition—that is, without force or coercion—so we cannot say that a charge predicated

5 on sexual activity with Victim that was neither forced nor coerced was a surprise. We

6 also observe that Defendant did not suggest during his objection at trial to the CSP IV

7 instruction or on appeal that he could have challenged Victim’s age, his age, or that

8 the sexual activity occurred. See State v. Hernandez, 1999-NMCA-105, ¶ 30, 127

9 N.M. 769, 987 P.2d 1156 (concluding that the defendant’s right to notice of the

10 charges against him was violated where the jury was instructed on an uncharged lesser

11 included offense where the defendant contended that he “would have put on specific

12 evidence” that contradicted the evidence offered by the state to prove uncharged

13 elements of the lesser charge). The notice Defendant received that he faced liability

14 for CSP IV was constitutionally adequate. Accordingly, our review of the

15 “independent analysis [by the district court] of the notice issue[,]” indicates that

16 Defendant’s constitutional rights were not violated by facing liability for CSP IV and

17 has not undermined this Court’s conclusion that CSP IV was a lesser included charge

18 of CSP II under the specific circumstances of this case. Meadors, 1995-NMSC-073,

19 ¶ 18.
11

1 Double Jeopardy

2 {13} Defendant argues that his convictions for two counts of CSP IV violated double

3 jeopardy under the facts of this case. Defendant was convicted for two violations of

4 the same statute based on the same course of conduct, which raises a unit of

5 prosecution issue. See Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 8, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d

6 1223 (stating that unit of prosecution double jeopardy issues arise when “the

7 defendant has been charged with multiple violations of a single statute based on a

8 single course of conduct”). Our review is de novo. See State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC9 018, ¶ 10, 279 P.3d 747 (“A double jeopardy challenge is a constitutional question of

10 law which we review de novo.”).

11 {14} In a unit of prosecution case, “[t]he relevant inquiry . . . is whether the

12 [L]egislature intended punishment for the entire course of conduct or for each discrete

13 act.” Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 8. Such cases “are subject to a two-step analysis

14 that courts utilize to discern legislative intent.” State v. Bernard, 2015-NMCA-089,

15 ¶ 17, 355 P.3d 831. We first “analyze the statute at issue to determine whether the

16 Legislature has defined the unit of prosecution.” Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 33. If the

17 unit of prosecution is clear from the analysis of the language of the statute, we need

18 not inquire further. See id. If not, we proceed to “determine whether a defendant’s acts
12

1 are separated by sufficient indicia of distinctness to justify multiple punishments.” Id.

2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

3 {15} Our analysis of whether acts punished under Section 30-9-11 are sufficiently

4 distinct to justify multiple punishments is informed by the following six factors: 

5 (1) temporal proximity of penetrations (the greater the interval between

6 acts the greater the likelihood of separate offenses); (2) location of the

7 victim during each penetration (movement or repositioning of the victim

8 between penetrations tends to show separate offenses); (3) existence of

9 an intervening event; (4) sequencing of penetrations (serial penetrations

10 of different orifices, as opposed to repeated penetrations of the same

11 orifice, tend to establish separate offenses); (5) [the] defendant’s intent

12 as evidenced by his conduct and utterances; and (6) number of victims[.]

13 Herron v. State, 1991-NMSC-012, ¶ 15, 111 N.M. 357, 805 P.2d 624. This analysis

14 “amounts to a canon of construction designed to ascertain legislative intent.” Bernard,

15 2015-NMCA-089, ¶ 22 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In the absence

16 of “a clear indication of legislative intent, we apply . . . a presumption against

17 imposing multiple punishments for acts that are not sufficiently distinct”—in other

18 words, we apply the rule of lenity. State v. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 32, 139 N.M.

19 211, 131 P.3d 61.

20 {16} Turning to this case, the unit of prosecution is not spelled out in the statute at

21 issue. See Herron, 1991-NMSC-012, ¶ 8 (concluding that Section 30-9-11 “does not

22 indicate unambiguously whether the [L]egislature intended . . . to create a separate

23 offense for each penetration occurring during a continuous sexual assault”). Thus, we
13

1 look for indicia of distinctness, indulging all presumptions in favor of the verdict in

2 reviewing the relevant facts. See State v. McClendon, 2001-NMSC-023, ¶ 5, 130 N.M.

3 551, 28 P.3d 1092 (“In reviewing the facts of the case to determine if each penetration

4 is distinct from the others, we must indulge in all presumptions in favor of the

5 verdict.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Defendant was convicted

6 of CSP IV by insertion of his finger into the vulva or vagina of Victim. We first note

7 that the State does not analyze this case through the prism of the six Herron factors,

8 which puts the State at a disadvantage. The first factor we must examine is the

9 temporal proximity of the penetrations. The most favorable testimony to the State was

10 provided by Victim, who testified on this issue as follows:

11 [Victim]: His face was between my legs and his hands were on

12 my thighs.

13 [Prosecutor]: What was he doing with his face?

14 [Victim]: With his face he was licking me.

15 . . . .

16 [Prosecutor]: And what about his hands? What were his hands

17 doing?

18 [Victim]: His hands, they were like pushing my legs open, like

19 holding them open.

20 [Prosecutor]: Did his hands do anything else?

21 [Victim]: They were touching my vagina.
14

1 Thus, even when the facts are viewed favorably to the verdict, the acts of penetration

2 and cunnilingus appear to have been very close in time. Moreover, there is no

3 indication that Defendant moved or repositioned Victim, that there was an intervening

4 event, or that any of the other factors were implicated. See Herron, 1991-NMSC-012,

5 ¶ 15 (establishing a six-factor analysis to determine whether a defendant’s acts were

6 sufficiently distinct to justify multiple punishments). We conclude that Defendant’s

7 acts were not separated by sufficient indicia of distinctness to justify two convictions

8 for violation of Section 30-9-11(G)(1). See Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 33 (stating that

9 “a defendant’s acts [must be] separated by sufficient indicia of distinctness to justify

10 multiple punishments” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); McClendon,

11 2001-NMSC-023, ¶ 8 (holding that the defendant’s two convictions for fellatio did not

12 violate the defendant’s right to be free from double jeopardy where there were

13 significant intervening acts between the two instances, and there was “a sufficient time

14 interval between the acts” such that the McClendon Court concluded that “the two acts

15 of fellatio were sufficiently distinct in both time and location”). 

16 CONCLUSION

17 {17} The district court properly instructed the jury on the CSP IV charges as lesser

18 included charges of CSP II and we therefore affirm. We further hold Defendant’s right
15

1 to be free from double jeopardy was violated. As a result, one of Defendant’s two

2 convictions for CSP IV must be vacated.

3 {18} IT IS SO ORDERED.

4 

5 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

6 WE CONCUR:

7 

8 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge 

9 

10 DANIEL J. GALLEGOS, Judge