MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-09-00039-CV

Estafana Mendez PENA,

Appellant

v.

EDWARDS COUNTY, TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 63rd Judicial District Court, Edwards County, Texas

Trial Court No. 3576

Honorable Thomas F. Lee, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Sitting: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 9, 2009

AFFIRMED

Pursuant to the Texas Tort Claims Act, Appellant Estafana Mendez Pena sued Edwards 

County, Texas for injuries sustained in an automobile collision between her car and an Edwards 

County tractor. The jury subsequently found Pena’s negligence was the sole proximate cause of 

the accident, and the trial court entered a judgment in favor of Edwards County. Pena raises two 

issues on appeal: (1) the trial court erred in admitting expert testimony, and (2) the evidence is 

factually insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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EXPERT TESTIMONY

In the first issue on appeal, Pena argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting 

the expert testimony of John Glennon. Edwards County retained Glennon, a forensic automotive 

technologist, to offer expert testimony regarding how the accident occurred and whether the 

physical evidence was consistent with Pena’s allegations. Pena asserts that Edwards County 

failed to establish what specific knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education qualified 

Glennon as an expert. 

A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony is reviewed under an abuse 

of discretion standard. K-Mart Corp. v. Honeycutt, 24 S.W.3d 357, 360 (Tex. 2000). Texas 

Rule of Evidence 702 permits a witness who is “qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, 

experience, training, or education” to testify “in the form of an opinion or otherwise” if 

“scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the 

evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” TEX. R. EVID. 702. After a Robinson hearing on 

Pena’s Motion to Exclude Expert Witness, the trial court overruled objections to Glennon’s 

qualifications and reliability. See E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d

549, 556 (Tex. 1995). 

Later, at trial, counsel for Edwards County conducted a direct examination offering 

Glennon’s qualifications and reliability as an expert before the jury. Counsel concluded by 

stating, “Your Honor, at this time I would like to tender Mr. Glennon as an expert in this field of 

accident reconstruction.” Counsel for Pena then replied, “[n]o objection from the plaintiff, Your 

Honor.” Error in the admission of testimony is deemed harmless and is waived if the objecting 

party subsequently permits the same or similar evidence to be introduced without objection. 

Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 907 (Tex. 2004); Richardson v. Green,
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677 S.W.2d 497, 501 (Tex. 1984). Because counsel specifically stated that Pena had no 

objection to the admission of Glennon’s testimony, we are compelled to find this issue has not 

been preserved for appellate review. See Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 159 S.W.3d at 907.

FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

Pena next argues the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. 

When considering a factual sufficiency challenge, an appellate court “must consider and weigh 

all the evidence, and should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming 

weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176

(Tex. 1986).

At trial, the jury heard testimony from Pena regarding the accident and her resulting 

injuries. Pena stated her car approached a slow-moving tractor occupying her lane. Pena 

attempted to pass the tractor on the left and testified that the tractor attempted to turn left in front 

of her, without signaling. According to Pena, she “hit part of the metal” and “part of the tire.” 

Pena’s passenger, Juan Ortiz offered conflicting memories of the accident. Extensive 

photographic evidence of Pena’s car, the type of tractor involved, the accident scene, and Pena’s 

injuries were admitted into evidence. Additionally, Pena’s surgeon testified regarding Pena’s 

injuries. However, on cross-examination, the jury also heard testimony from Pena relating to 

pre-existing conditions rendering her legally disabled. 

The County’s expert, John Glennon, examined the physical evidence prior to trial. 

Glennon opined that Pena “impacted the rear of the [tractor],” characterizing the collision as a 

rear-end collision, “not a side impact.” Glennon also offered his opinion as to the closing speed 

of the two vehicles as well as the negligence of the two parties, ultimately concluding Pena’s 

negligence alone caused the collision. 
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The jury was free to accept or reject the testimony of any witness, and we remain mindful 

of such findings. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005). Because the 

evidence is not so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, we overrule 

Pena’s second issue on appeal. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. 

CONCLUSION

Pena’s affirmative statement “No objection from the plaintiff” waived any objection on 

appeal to Glennon’s expert testimony. Additionally, the evidence was factually sufficient to 

support the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Rebecca Simmons, Justice