1

Filed 8/24/20 In re C.O. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re C.O. et al., Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

C.B.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E074713

(Super.Ct.Nos. J281549, J281550

 & J281551)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Christopher B.

Marshall, Judge. Affirmed.

Konrad S. Lee, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

Michelle D. Blakemore, County Counsel, Svetlana Kauper, Deputy County

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

I

INTRODUCTION

C.B. (Mother) and C.O.-N. (Father)1 have a history of domestic violence, abusing

drugs, and neglecting their three daughters: 11-year-old M.O.-B., nine-year-old C.O.-B.,

and three-year-old C.O. As a result, the San Bernardino County Children and Family

Services (CFS) removed their children from their custody and the parents were offered

reunification services. Following numerous attempts to reunify with her children,

Mother’s services were terminated and a Welfare and Institutions Code2section 366.26

hearing was set. 

At the contested section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court found Mother failed to 

meet her burden of proof in demonstrating the parental benefit exception (§ 366.26, 

subd. (c)(1)(B)(i)) to termination of parental rights, terminated the parents’ parental 

rights, and freed the children for adoption. Mother appeals from the juvenile court’s 

order terminating her parental rights. On appeal, Mother argues the juvenile court erred 

in not applying the parental benefit exception. We conclude the juvenile court did not err 

and affirm the order terminating Mother’s parental rights.

1

 Father is not a party to this appeal.

2

 All future statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless 

otherwise stated.
3

II

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3

A. Prior Dependency Actions

The family is known to CFS. Mother had engaged in two formal dependency

cases and one voluntary family maintenance case. On September 2, 2012, M.O.-B. and

C.O.-B. were removed from their parents’ care due to the parents’ substance abuse, the

parents’ criminal history, Mother’s mental health, familial violence, and sexual abuse of

the children by a relative. Mother participated in reunification services and was provided

with substance abuse services, domestic violence services, parenting education, and

counseling services. Mother made substantial progress in her services and successfully

reunified with M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. in October 2013. Mother also participated in

voluntary family maintenance services from September 7 to November 21, 2016.

On August 21, 2017, M.O.-B., C.O.-B., and C.O. were removed from the parents’

custody due to the parents’ substance abuse, criminal history and domestic violence

history, and Mother’s arrest for felony child endangerment. Mother and Father were

offered family reunification services. Mother reunified with the children in July 2018

and was offered family maintenance services. Father’s services, however, were

terminated on July 30, 2018. On January 30, 2019, the juvenile court dismissed the case

3

 The factual and procedural background up until the section 366.26 hearing was 

set is taken from this court’s nonpublished opinion in case No. E074327 (Mother’s prior 

appeal). (In re C.O. (June 30, 2020, E074327) [nonpub. opn.].)
4

with family law orders giving Mother custody of the children as she had successfully

completed her case plan services.

In addition, Mother has a lengthy criminal history beginning in August 2005. Her

prior criminal history includes offenses for assault with a deadly weapon in August 2005,

possession of methamphetamine in September and December 2005 and May 2006, elder

abuse in June 2006, battery against an elderly person in July 2007 and July 2008, and

child endangerment in July and November 2011, September 2012, and August 2017.

B. Current Dependency Action

The current case is the third dependency action involving Mother and Father. The

family again came to the attention of CFS on June 17, 2019, when a referral was received

alleging general neglect to the children. It was reported that the children fed themselves

while Mother was in her bedroom “‘smoking crystal’” and not attending to the children. 

It was also alleged that Mother did not bathe the children as often as she should and that

she yelled, threatened, and cursed at the children when they knocked on her bedroom

door.

Mother denied the allegations but admitted using methamphetamines on June 23,

2019. She explained that she started using methamphetamines about a week ago caused

by an argument with Father and that she stopped using when she realized she was

relapsing. The children denied that Mother was using drugs and reported feeling safe and

well taken care of while with Mother. The reporting party, however, informed the social
5

worker that the children and Mother were lying and that she was concerned about the

children’s safety due to Mother’s current drug use.

On June 26, 2019, at a family team meeting, Mother admitted to using drugs and

reported using several times in June 2019 and several weeks before June 2019. An aunt,

who lived in the family home, noticed Mother’s behavior change in April 2019, which

was indicative of relapse, and Mother continued to decompensate. Mother signed a

declaration agreeing to place her daughters in protective custody. The children were

detained and placed in foster care with Mrs. L., with whom they had already been placed

during a prior dependency case.

On June 28, 2019, petitions were filed on behalf of the children pursuant to

section 300, subdivisions (b) (failure to protect), (g) (no provision for support), and (j)

(abuse of sibling).4

The children were formally detained at the July 1, 2019 detention hearing. Mother

was provided with services pending the jurisdictional/dispositional hearing, visitation

once a week for one hour, and ordered to drug test.

CFS recommended the allegations in the petition be found true as amended, no

reunification services be offered to the parents, and a section 366.26 hearing be set. On

July 1, 2019, Mother tested positive for amphetamines and enrolled in an outpatient drug

program a few weeks later at Cedar House. Mother reported that she began using

4

 On July 19, 2019, CFS filed amended petitions on behalf of the children,

detailing the prior dependency cases, Mother’s drug use, and Father’s undetermined

whereabouts.
6

methamphetamines when she was 17 years old after a physical fight with her sister and

used it continuously for 11 years until she was 28 years old. She stopped using for a

couple of years when CFS got involved and currently only uses “‘a little.’” Mother

blamed her sister-in-law for CFS’s involvement in this case and believed she had shown

significant behavioral changes since her last two cases. Mother desired to engage in

services and noted she had enrolled in parenting education classes and had attended

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings on her own.

CFS reported that prognosis for family reunification for Mother was “poor based

on her ongoing struggle with sobriety,” “neglect of the children,” and failure to benefit

from services provided to Mother on three different occasions. CFS noted Mother “has

shown she has not only failed to rehabilitate, but she has also resisted prior treatment for

this problem during a three-year period immediately prior to the filing of this petition.” 

CFS recommended against providing services to Mother because she had “failed or

refused to comply with a program of drug or alcohol treatment . . . on at least two prior

occasions, even though the programs were available and accessible.”

The children were doing well in Mrs. L.’s home and were bonded to her. There

were no relatives to consider for placement and Mother wanted the children to stay with

Mrs. L. Mrs. L. reported that Mother regularly visited the children, however, during

visits, Mother told the children that they would be returning home in five months.

As of August 14, 2019, Mother continued to engage in services. She noted that

she had six more parenting education classes and four more therapy sessions and that she
7

was attending Cedar House three times a week and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings

three times a week. Mother tested negative for drugs on July 24, 2019.

The contested jurisdictional/dispositional hearing was held on August 21, 2019. 

The juvenile court found true the allegations in the first amended petition and declared

the children dependents of the court. The court denied reunification services to the

parents pursuant to the bypass provisions of section 361.5, subdivisions (b)(10) and

(b)(13), and set a section 366.26 hearing. In support of its conclusion, the court noted

“the degree of the substance-abuse issue, the length of time of that substance-abuse issue,

and the children’s deserving permanence and stability.” The court provided Mother with

two hours supervised visitation per week with the children.

CFS recommended that the section 366.26 hearing be continued for 60 days to

allow the permanent plan of adoption to be implemented. CFS noted that due to the

children’s “significant relationship” with their foster parent, Mrs. L., it was not in their

best interest to be removed from Mrs. L.’s home. The children had been placed in

Mrs. L.’s home during the prior dependency cases and were bonded to Mrs. L. C.O. had

been placed in Mrs. L.’s care for the most of her young life and considered “her as a

mother.” The older children also called Mrs. L. “‘mom,’” considered their foster home

their home, and viewed their foster family as their family, even though the two older girls

knew Mother is their biological mother and desired to go home with Mother.

Mother continued to regularly visit the children and the visits were “relatively

appropriate.” Mother had to be reminded a few times as to what was appropriate to tell
8

the children. For example, Mother had promised the children that they were going to

come home, had informed them how hard she was working to complete her classes, and

had told the older two girls to go to court and beg the judge to send them home. At times,

during once a week phone calls with the children, Mother would call the children while

she was with Father in Mexico. Father’s niece was occasionally in their care during these

phone calls. The calls upset the two older girls because they were not able to be with

Mother and Father but Mother and Father had the niece with them. These contacts also

had at times made it hard for the older girls to accept the prospective adoptive home as

their permanent home.

On December 6, 2019, less than six months since the children were removed from

her care, Mother filed a section 388 petition, seeking return of the children to her care or,

alternatively, family reunification services and liberalized visitation. In support, Mother

attached letters from Cedar House, certificates of competition, letters in support, sign-in

sheets, a letter noting Mother was seeking mental health services, and a declaration from

Mother. Mother asserted that she had completed the outpatient treatment program at

Cedar House in November 2019, she had consistently tested negative for drugs since

July 2019, and she had maintained her sobriety by enrolling in the aftercare program and

attending AA/NA meetings. She also noted that she had completed a 12-week parenting

program, eight individual counseling sessions, and was seeking mental health services. 

Mother claimed that the requested order was in the best interest of the children because
9

she had consistently visited the children, there were no concerns about her visits, and

there was a strong parental bond between her and the children.

On December 6, 2019, the juvenile court denied Mother’s section 388 petition

without an evidentiary hearing, finding the request did not state new evidence or a change

of circumstances and the proposed change of order was not in the children’s best interest.

On December 11, 2019, the juvenile court continued the section 366.26 hearing 

for an adoption assessment.

On December 12, 2019, Mother filed a timely notice of appeal from the juvenile

court’s order summarily denying her section 388 petition.5

The section 366.26 report dated February 10, 2020, recommended terminating

parental rights and freeing the children for adoption by Mrs. L. Due to the extensive 

relationship the children had with Mrs. L. during the previous and current dependency 

proceedings, and because they had maintained contact with Mrs. L. after their second 

reunification with Mother, Mrs. L. was classified as a non-related extended family 

member (NREFM).

The children continuously resided with Mrs. L. after their removal from their 

parents in June 2019. Mrs. L. had been a part of the children’s lives since 2017, when 

they were placed with her family during the prior dependency case and had not exhibited

any issues adjusting to the home. The social worker observed all three children were 

5

 On June 30, 2020, this court affirmed the juvenile court’s order denying 

Mother’s section 388 petition in case No. E074327.
10

very comfortable with Mrs. L., and the children looked to Mrs. L. for their daily needs. 

The social worker believed Mrs. L. took good care of the children. 

Mrs. L. met the children’s emotional, medical, developmental, and educational 

needs. Mrs. L. reported that all three children slept and ate well. The children enjoyed 

playing with their tablets and playing in the backyard with age appropriate toys. Mrs. L.

also took M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. to counseling sessions. Mrs. L. reported that M.O.-B.

exhibited anxiety symptoms, such as rocking back and forth, fidgeting, and biting her 

nails. Mrs. L. believed M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. needed more frequent therapy sessions.

In addition, Mrs. L. was attached to the children and loved them. Mrs. L. wished 

to legalize her parental relationship with the children because she did not want them 

moving from home to home. Permanency and stability were the key considerations for 

Mrs. L. Mrs. L., therefore, was not interested in legal guardianship. Mrs. L. explained 

that she “‘fel[t] like [they had] a mother-daughter relationship’” and that “[the children] 

call[ed] [her] mom even when their mother [was] around.” The social worker observed 

that the children clearly appeared to share a parent-child relationship with Mrs. L. and 

that the children and Mrs. L. had developed a mutual attachment.

When asked about the prospect of being adopted, M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. responded 

that they liked living with Mrs. L. and called her “‘mom.’” However, they also wanted to 

return to Mother. M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. asserted that they wanted to stay with Mrs. L., if 

they could not return to Mother. C.O. was too young to express her feelings about 

adoption.
11

Mother maintained consistent visits with the children during the reporting period,

and the visits were “relatively appropriate.” Mrs. L. was open to maintaining supervised 

contact with Mother as long as the visits were appropriate and were in the children’s best 

interest.

By February 4, 2020, CFS moved Mother’s supervised visits to a more structured

environment at the Foster Family Agency because of Mother’s continued inappropriate 

comments to the children and her conduct during the visits. Mother instructed the older 

children to tell the court they did not want to be adopted and to beg the judge to send 

them home. Furthermore, Mother reportedly attempted to steal an item from a store at 

the mall during one of the visits with the children. Mother also stated that she wanted a 

maternal aunt to adopt the children. However, the phone number provided by Mother 

was incorrect and the maternal aunt never contacted the social worker. CFS suspected 

that Mother was attempting to convince the maternal aunt to take the children, as the 

maternal aunt had never expressed interest in placement of the children with her during 

any of the dependency proceedings. In addition, CFS did not believe it was in the 

children’s best interest to be moved “due to the significant bond that they ha[d] with their 

current foster mother who [was] now more of a NREFM to the children.” 

The contested section 366.26 hearing was held on February 10, 2020. At that 

time, the juvenile court heard testimony from M.O.-B., C.O.-B., and Mother. After 

counsel explained the difference between legal guardianship and adoption, M.O.-B., who 

was 10 years old at the time, testified that she preferred being adopted “[b]ecause it’s like 
12

stable than [sic] legal guardianship.” She explained that she preferred a future that was 

more stable and that she understood adoption was the best option for her. Nonetheless, 

M.O.-B. also enjoyed her visits with Mother and wanted to continue to visit Mother. 

During the visits, M.O.-B. recalled she would “[d]ance, talk, and sit down with 

[Mother].” M.O.-B. further reported that sometimes she cried when the visits ended and 

that she missed Mother. She explained that she would be “[s]ad” if she could not see 

Mother anymore and that she loved Mother. M.O.-B. also testified that she called Mother 

“‘mom,’” but she also called Mrs. L. “mom” because “[Mrs. L.] [took] care of us and she 

lov[ed] us.” M.O.-B. recalled the recent incident at the mall where Mother shoplifted two 

toys for the children and believed Mother’s conduct “[was] bad.”

On re-cross-examination, M.O.-B. stated that she would rather live with Mother in 

the future than be adopted because she loved her, “was safe with her and she took care of 

[the children] very well.” However, she noted that if she could not go home with Mother, 

she preferred staying with Mrs. L. and being adopted.

C.O.-B. testified that Mrs. L. was “a good mom and [took] care of [the children] 

good.” When asked if C.O.-B. preferred legal guardianship over adoption, the child 

responded she wanted to be “[a]dopted.” C.O.-B. felt that Mrs. L. was her mom 

“[b]ecause she [took] care of us, and she lov[ed] us.” C.O.-B. also reported that she had 

“[g]ood” visits with Mother and believed Mrs. L. would continue to allow the children to 

visit Mother after they were adopted. C.O.-B. enjoyed spending time with Mother, 

hugged Mother, and cried at visits but she did not know how much time she wanted to 
13

spend with Mother. C.O.-B. noted that she wanted to go home to her Mother because she 

missed her and loved her. She also reported being “[s]ad” at the thought she could not 

visit Mother.

On re-cross-examination, C.O.-B. testified that she wanted to live with Mother in 

the future because she loved Mother, Mother “didn’t hurt [them],” and Mother fed them, 

took care of them, and “did everything that [they] needed.” However, if she could not 

return to Mother, she preferred to be adopted.

Mother testified that prior to the most recent, third removal, the children resided in 

her custody and that she was the primary caregiver. Mother disagreed with the plan of 

adoption and preferred legal guardianship. She stated that the children were attached to 

her and showed their affection by sleeping with Mother and hugging her. The children 

also participated in family time by watching television and movies with Mother.

Mother further explained that she maintained supervised visits with the children, 

twice a week for two hours. She had supervised phone calls once a week for 10 minutes 

when the case began. Mother also saw the children by means of FaceTime for five to 10

minutes once a week. Mother described M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. being “happy” during the 

beginning of their visits. At the end of visits, M.O.-B. cried and wanted to go home, and 

C.O.-B. did not speak but cried at least once and asked to go home during the last visit. 

Mother believed C.O.-B. was happy because “she’s with a good foster lady.” Mother 

hugged C.O. a lot, kissed her, and fed her. Mother stated that she loved the children and 
14

believed the children would suffer emotionally if they could not maintain contact with 

her. 

Mother believed termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the 

children “[b]ecause I want to be in their life, and they⸺I want them to be with me. It’s 

what they want, right⸺they want to come home.” On cross-examination, Mother 

acknowledged that she had only had supervised visitation with the children and that this 

was the children’s third removal.

CFS argued for termination of parental rights. The children’s counsel joined 

CFS’s argument and pointed out that Mother’s role in the children’s lives was contrary to 

that of a parent. Mother’s counsel believed a lesser permanent plan was appropriate 

based on the parental beneficial relationship exception.

Following arguments, the juvenile court found the children were specifically and 

generally adoptable. The court also found that Mother had not met her burden of 

establishing the parental benefit exception, noting Mother’s testimony was not credible in 

some instances. The court believed Mother had been asking the children to state they did 

not want to be adopted and that they wanted to return home. The court acknowledged 

that Mother and the children shared an emotional bond from which the children would 

derive an incidental benefit. The court, however, concluded that was not sufficient to 

establish the exception. The court further concluded that Mother failed to show severing 

the natural parent-child bond would deprive the children of a substantial, positive

emotional attachment such that the children would be greatly harmed. The court
15

considered the wishes of the children consistent with their ages and noted the children’s 

need for permanency and stability. The court also noted that the children and Mrs. L. had 

indicated Mrs. L. was willing to allow the children to maintain contact with Mother, and 

Mother had testified Mrs. L. had looked after the children well and that she got along 

with Mrs. L. The court thereafter terminated parental rights and freed the children for 

adoption.

On February 11, 2020, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal challenging the 

findings and orders made at the section 366.26 hearing.

III

DISCUSSION

Mother asserts the juvenile court erred in failing to apply the parental benefit 

exception to terminating parental rights under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i),

because there was substantial evidence that she maintained regular visitation with the 

children and that the children would benefit from continuing the parent-child relationship.

We disagree.

The Legislature prefers adoption where possible. (In re L.Y.L. (2002) 101 

Cal.App.4th 942, 947.) Once the juvenile court finds a child is adoptable, the parent 

bears the burden of proving one of the exceptions to terminating parental rights exists. 

(In re Lorenzo C. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1330, 1343.) “Because a section 366.26 hearing 

occurs only after the court has repeatedly found the parent unable to meet the child’s 

needs, it is only in an extraordinary case that preservation of the parent’s rights will 
16

prevail over the Legislature’s preference for adoptive placement.” (In re Jasmine D.

(2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1350.)

The parental benefit or beneficial relationship exception applies where “‘[t]he 

parents . . . have maintained regular visitation and contact with the minor and the minor 

would benefit from continuing the relationship.’” (In re Derek W. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 

823, 826.) The parent has the burden of proving that the exception applies. (Ibid.) 

“‘Sporadic visitation is insufficient to satisfy the first prong . . .’ of the exception. 

[Citation.] Satisfying the second prong requires the parent to prove that ‘severing the 

natural parent-child relationship would deprive the child of a substantial, positive 

emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed. [Citations.] A 

biological parent who has failed to reunify with an adoptable child may not derail an 

adoption merely by showing the child would derive some benefit from continuing a 

relationship maintained during periods of visitation with the parent.’ [Citation.]” (In re 

Marcelo B. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 635, 643.) 

The issue for purposes of the statutory beneficial relationship exception “is not 

whether there was a bond between [parent] and [child]. The question is whether that 

relationship remained so significant and compelling in [the child’s] life that the benefit of 

preserving it outweighed the stability and benefits of adoption. The ‘“benefit”’ necessary 

to trigger this exception requires that ‘“the relationship promotes the well-being of the 

child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent 

home with new, adoptive parents. In other words, the court balances the strength and 
17

quality of the natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security 

and the sense of belonging a new family would confer. If severing the natural 

parent/child relationship would deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional 

attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is 

overcome and the natural parent’s rights are not terminated.”’ [Citations.]” (In re 

Anthony B. (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 389, 396-397 (Anthony B.).)

“‘[T]he emotional attachment between the child and parent must be that of parent 

and child rather than one of being a friendly visitor or friendly nonparent relative, such as 

an aunt.’” (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 922, 938 (Jason J.).) The parent must 

show “more than frequent and loving contact” or pleasant visits. (In re Dakota H. (2005) 

132 Cal.App.4th 212, 229.) “‘A biological parent who has failed to reunify with an 

adoptable child may not derail adoption merely by showing the child would derive some 

benefit from continuing a relationship maintained during periods of visitation with the 

parent. [Citation.] A child who has been adjudged a dependent of the juvenile court 

should not be deprived of an adoptive parent when the natural parent has maintained a 

relationship that may be beneficial to some degree, but that does not meet the child’s 

need for a parent.’” (Jason J., at p. 937, italics omitted.)

The beneficial relationship must be examined on a case-by-case basis, taking into 

account the many variables that can affect the parent-child relationship, including the age 

of the child, the portion of the child’s life spent in the parent’s custody, and the positive 
18

and negative effects of interaction between parent and child. (Anthony B., supra, 239 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 396-397; In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1166.)

“We apply the substantial evidence standard of review to the factual issue of the 

existence of a beneficial parental relationship, and the abuse of discretion standard to the 

determination of whether there is a compelling reason for finding that termination [of 

parental rights] would be detrimental to the child. [Citations.]” (Anthony B., supra, 239 

Cal.App.4th at p. 395; In re Noah G. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1292, 1300-1301 (Noah 

G.).)

Whether there is a beneficial parent-child relationship is a factual issue; thus, the 

substantial evidence standard applies to this component of the court’s decision. (In re 

Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314.) But whether there is a compelling reason 

to determine the child would suffer detriment if parental rights are terminated is a 

“‘quintessentially’ discretionary decision” (id. at p. 1315), because it requires the court to 

“determine the importance of the relationship in terms of the detrimental impact that its 

severance can be expected to have on the child and to weigh that against the benefit to the 

child of adoption.” (Ibid.)

In this case, the juvenile court heard testimony from Mother, M.O.-B. and C.O.-B 

and considered the evidence presented by the parties. The court, however, found that the 

parental benefit exception did not apply. Substantial evidence supports the juvenile 

court’s finding that the parental exception did not apply. 
19

Although Mother regularly visited and made contact with the children, the record 

amply shows Mother failed to establish that she shared a beneficial parental relationship

with the children. By the time of the section 366.26 hearing on February 10, 2020, the 

children had spent approximately 31 months out of Mother’s care and custody. For C.O. 

that meant she had spent more than half of her young life in foster care, while, M.O.-B 

and C.O.-B spent almost half of their lives removed, returned, and re-removed from 

Mother’s care and custody. M.O.-B and C.O.-B recognized the instability in their lives 

and testified they wanted stability and permanency. 

The children also testified that they loved Mother, missed her, and cried when 

visits ended, and they would be sad if they could not see her. They further stated that 

Mother had never harmed them, they felt safe with her, and wanted to live with Mother. 

However, M.O.-B and C.O.-B also acknowledged that they loved and cared for Mrs. L. 

and that they called her “mom.” While, as the juvenile court found, “there [was] an 

emotional bond between the children and the mother” and the children derived some 

benefit from that relationship, the evidence of frequent and loving contact was not

sufficient to establish that Mother occupied a parental role in the children’s lives. (In re 

Breanna S. (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 636, 646.) 

Contrary to Mother’s claims that she had never harmed her children, the record 

shows the children had suffered trauma and instability for years as a result of Mother’s 

unresolved substance abuse issues. CFS has been involved in the family’s life since 2012 

and the children were removed from Mother’s care three times. For over 18 years, 
20

Mother has repeatedly been unable to maintain her sobriety, even after she received 

numerous services during the course of several dependencies and voluntary services. 

Under similar circumstances several courts have found the beneficial relationship 

exception inapplicable. (See Noah G., supra, 247 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1302, 1304 [in 

considering the beneficial relationship exception, “the juvenile court could properly focus 

on the mother’s unresolved substance addiction issues because the children became 

dependents of the court due to her drug abuse”; citing mother’s continuing drug abuse as 

“evidence continuing the parent-child relationship would not be beneficial”].)

Furthermore, even if Mother had demonstrated the existence of a beneficial 

parental relationship, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by determining that 

the benefit of maintaining the children’s relationship with Mother was outweighed by the 

benefits of adoption. Although Mother’s interaction with the children during supervised 

visitation was positive, there is little in the record to support the conclusion that the 

children would be harmed, much less “‘greatly harmed,’” by termination of parental 

rights. (In re B.D. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1235.) Mrs. L. occupied the role of the 

parent in the children’s lives in the second and third dependencies. The children looked 

to Mrs. L. for their daily needs. Mrs. L. provided for the children’s medical, emotional,

and educational needs. All three children appeared to meet their developmental 

milestones, slept and ate well, and appeared to be well and happy in Mrs. L.’s home. 

Mrs. L. also took M.O.-B and C.O.-B to counseling sessions, and she noted the children

needed additional, more frequent therapy sessions. 
21

Moreover, the children and Mrs. L. were mutually attached. C.O. had been placed 

with Mrs. L. for most of her life and considered Mrs. L. her mother. M.O.-B. called 

Mrs. L. “‘mom’” because “[Mrs. L.] [took] care of us and she lov[ed] us.” C.O.-B. also 

felt that Mrs. L. was her mom “[b]ecause she [took] care of us, and she lov[ed] us.” 

Mrs. L. explained that “‘[the children] call[ed] [her] mom even when their mother [was] 

around.’” The children also considered Mrs. L. and her family as their own family. The 

record demonstrates that it was in the children’s best interest to be adopted by Mrs. L. 

Mother simply did not meet her burden of showing that the bond between her and 

the children was so strong and beneficial that it outweighed the benefit the children 

would receive from having a stable, adoptive home. Mother bore the burden of showing 

that her relationship with the children “promotes the well-being of the child[ren] to such a 

degree as to outweigh the well-being the child[ren] would gain in a permanent home with 

new, adoptive parents.” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575.)

Mother relies on In re Scott B. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 452 (Scott B.) to support 

her position the juvenile court should have ordered legal guardianship as the appropriate 

permanent plan for the children. In that case, the appellate court reversed the juvenile 

court’s order terminating the mother’s parental rights, holding that compelling reasons 

existed to apply the parental relationship exception to termination of parental rights, and 

remanded the matter to the lower court, suggesting that the court order legal guardianship 

as the appropriate permanent plan for the child. (Id. at pp. 471-473.)
22

In Scott B., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 452, the child suffered from attention deficit 

hyperactivity disorder and autism, needed special education services, had behavior 

problems at school, had problems interacting with his peers, and had bladder control 

issues. (Id. at pp. 455-456.) “He was nearly nine years old when he was placed with his 

foster family and thus had spent nearly all of his life living with Mother. After he was 

removed from her care he had consistent weekly visits with her and he looked forward to 

the visits.” (Id. at p. 471.) The child’s court-appointed special advocate reported that 

Scott and his mother had a very close bond and that disrupting that relationship would be 

detrimental to Scott. (Ibid.) Scott also “repeated[ly]” insisted that he preferred to live 

with his mother. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal concluded that these facts presented “a 

compelling reason for finding that termination of parental rights is detrimental to the 

minor.” (Ibid.) 

The court further concluded: “Mother provides stability to Scott’s life. That is 

what adoption is supposed to do, but it may not in this case. Given Scott’s strong 

emotional attachment to Mother, his continued precarious emotional state, and his history 

of regressing and running away when he is stressed, there is a very good chance that he

will have a meltdown if his usual frequent visitation with Mother does not continue. The 

only way to avoid that serious emotional and developmental setback and ensure that 

Scott’s usual visitation with Mother continues is by court order. The only way to have 

such an order is to have Scott’s permanent plan be legal guardianship or long-term foster 

care. Between the two plans, legal guardianship is the Legislature’s stated preference as 
23

it provides much more stability for a minor child . . . .” (Scott B., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 472.) The court agreed with the department’s statement that “‘what is at stake is the 

fundamental question of whether [the child] will continue to thrive, as he has done since 

being placed with [his foster mother].’ Termination of parental rights is unnecessary 

given that a legal guardianship will provide [the child] with stability in his life.” (Ibid.,

fn. omitted.)

The facts of Scott B. are distinguishable from those here. Unlike in this case, in 

Scott B., there was substantial evidence that the child was at risk of suffering a serious 

emotional and developmental setback were he no longer able to see his mother. The 

same cannot be said here. Here, the children do not have any special needs, and there is 

no evidence to suggest that the children were at risk of suffering developmental setbacks. 

Moreover, Mrs. L. met all the children’s emotional, medical, and educational needs. 

Mother admitted that Mrs. L. was a good caregiver. Furthermore, although the two older 

girls were conflicted on being adopted, the children showed no potential emotional 

setback when the social worker discussed the issue of adoption with them. Upon learning 

that they might be adopted, M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. continued to thrive in the care of 

Mrs. L. and clearly stated that they wished to remain with her and be adopted “[b]ecause 

it’s like stable than [sic] legal guardianship.” C.O. spent most of her life with Mrs. L. and 

knew Mrs. L. as the only stable parent in her life. 
24

Mother showed no substantial, positive attachment to the children such that 

severing the parent-child bond would greatly harm the children. M.O.-B. and C.O.-B. 

testified that they would be sad if they did not see Mother again, but there was no 

evidence to suggest they would be greatly harmed. Indeed, they wanted to be adopted if 

they could not return home. Even if Mother had demonstrated a beneficial parental 

relationship, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by determining that its benefits 

were outweighed by those of adoption. Mrs. L. wished to adopt the children and provide 

them with permanency and stability. The children had been removed from Mother’s care 

three times. The juvenile court was well within the bounds of reason to conclude that the 

children’s permanency and stability outweighed the benefits of a continued relationship 

with Mother under a lesser permanent plan. 

Mother’s reliance on In re S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289 (S.B.) is also not 

helpful. There, the sole issue was whether the father occupied a parental role in his 

daughter’s life. In concluding that he did, the appellate court relied on circumstances that 

simply are not present in this case. Unlike Mother here, the father in S.B. was his 

daughter’s primary caregiver for three years, which was well over half of her life. (Id. at 

pp. 293, 298.) In addition, a bonding study revealed a “‘fairly strong’” bond between the 

father and his daughter—one that was reflected during visits when she would nestle into 

his neck and whisper that she loved him and missed him and wanted to live with him. 

(Id. at pp. 295, 298.) Finally, the father had complied with “‘every aspect’” of his case 

plan, “immediately” obtaining and maintaining sobriety and seeking medical and 
25

psychological services as soon as his daughter was removed from his care. (Id. at 

p. 298.) Here, Mother’s efforts to resolve the issues that led to the dependency 

proceedings fall drastically short of the father’s in S.B. In addition, the children had been 

removed from Mother’s care three times due to the same issues. Furthermore, unlike 

S.B., the evidence in the record does not show that Mother and the children had an 

emotionally significant relationship such that severing the parent-child bond would 

greatly harm the children. Therefore, the facts in S.B. are not analogous to those in this 

case.

Mother also relies on In re Amber M. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 681 (Amber M.) and 

In re Brandon C. (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1530 (Brandon C.) to support her position that

the children would benefit from a continued parent-child relationship with her. Neither 

case aids Mother’s argument because Mother has only had supervised visits with the 

children.

Although the Amber M. court concluded the juvenile court erred by declining to 

apply the beneficial relationship exception, the evidence there was markedly different 

from the facts of this case. In Amber M., supra, 103 Cal.App.4th 681, all three children 

spent a significant time with the mother prior to removal, including the oldest child 

spending her first five years in the mother’s care. (Id. at p. 689.) Moreover, in Amber 

M., the child advocate, bonding psychologist, and one of the children’s individual 

therapists opined the mother had a strong bond with the children, and the court noted that 

“[t]he common theme running through the evidence from the bonding study psychologist, 
26

the therapists, and the [child advocate] is a beneficial parental relationship that clearly 

outweighs the benefit of adoption.” (Id. at p. 690.) The court also noted “[t]he social 

worker, the only dissenting voice among the experts, provided no more than a 

perfunctory evaluation of Mother’s relationship to the children.” (Ibid.) Contrary to 

Mother’ claim, the evidence here, as previously discussed, is markedly different. We 

conclude Amber M. is factually distinguishable.

Mother also compares this case to Brandon C., supra, 71 Cal.App.4th 1530, an 

appeal by a child welfare agency from a juvenile court’s decision to apply the beneficial 

parent-child relationship exception and order legal guardianship. In Brandon C., the 

appellate court affirmed the juvenile court’s order selecting guardianship with the 

paternal grandmother as the permanent plan for twin boys, rather than adoption, after 

finding the parent-child relationship exception to termination of parental rights applied. 

Noting the governing legal standard, the appellate court stated, “Courts have required 

more than just ‘frequent and loving contact’ to establish the requisite benefit for this 

exception.” (Id. at pp. 1533-1534.) Evaluating conflicting evidence under the substantial 

evidence standard of review, the court concluded the evidence was sufficient to support 

the juvenile court’s guardianship order. (Id. at p. 1538.)

That analysis, which properly deferred to the juvenile court’s assessment of the 

nature of the interaction between parent and child, fails to demonstrate the court in this 

case was compelled to find Mother’s relationship with the children, while loving and, 

perhaps, frequent, was parental in nature. The juvenile court’s decision in Brandon C., 
27

affirming the application of the exception, does not support the court’s contrary decision 

here, which is based on different facts. Furthermore, Brandon C. is factually 

distinguishable because in that case the caregiver (the paternal grandmother) was elderly, 

had multiple health problems, and told the court she “did not think it would be in the 

boys’ best interest to terminate their relationship with mother and father.” (Brandon C., 

supra, 71 Cal.App.4th at p. 1533.) 

There is no indication here that Mrs. L. has any similar barriers to caring for the 

children, and Mrs. L. stated she wished to adopt the children and provide them with a 

stable, loving home. Moreover, the children and Mrs. L. were mutually attached, the 

children loved and cared for Mrs. L., and they called Mr. L. “mom” even when Mother 

was around. In addition, the two older girls said they desired to be adopted by Mrs. L. if 

they could not be returned to Mother’s care. The juvenile court here properly considered 

all the facts, including the testimony of Mother, M.O.-B. and C.O.-B., Mother’s 

numerous failed reunification efforts, and the children’s need for stability and 

permanency, before rejecting the beneficial parental relationship exception.

Based on the foregoing, the juvenile court did not err in determining that Mother 

failed to establish that the beneficial parental relationship exception to termination of 

parental rights applied.
28

IV

DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s order terminating parental rights is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

MILLER

Acting P. J.

FIELDS

J.