IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA 

No. 43 / 05-0947 

Filed June 8, 2007 

DEVIN W. ROWLING,

 Appellant, 

vs. 

JANE LOUISE SIMS,

 Appellee. 

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals. 

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Douglas F. 

Staskal, Judge. 

 The driver of a vehicle appeals an adverse jury verdict and seeks 

further review of a court of appeals decision claiming there was insufficient 

evidence for the district court to submit an instruction to the jury on the 

impossibility category of the legal excuse doctrine. DECISION OF THE 

COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT 

REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED.

Thomas G. Ross of Thomas G. Ross Law Office, Des Moines, for 

appellant. 

Kenneth R. Munro of Bradshaw, Fowler, Proctor & Fairgrave, P.C., 

Des Moines, for appellee. 
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WIGGINS, Justice. 

 In this case we must decide if substantial evidence supports the 

district court’s instruction on the impossibility category of the legal excuse 

doctrine. Because we find substantial evidence does not support the giving 

of the instruction, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals, reverse the 

judgment of the district court, and remand the case for a new trial. 

 On December 19, 2000, between 4:30 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. a car 

accident occurred between Devin Rowling and Jane Louise Sims. At the 

time of the accident it was not snowing, but there was snow on the ground. 

 Rowling was driving his vehicle eastbound on Grand Avenue in 

Des Moines. Grand Avenue is a four-lane road, running east and west, with 

two lanes for eastbound traffic and two lanes for westbound traffic. Rowling 

was driving the speed limit in the inside eastbound lane, the lane nearest 

the center line. 

 At the same time Sims was in her vehicle in a private driveway at 

2130 Grand Avenue, facing north, waiting to cross traffic, and turn 

westbound onto Grand Avenue. The driveway is approximately thirty-feet 

wide. Between the driveway and the street there is a sidewalk. On the west 

side of the driveway between the sidewalk and the traveled portion of the 

road is a parking lane, which allows for two to three cars to parallel park 

along the south side of Grand Avenue. 

 Sims acknowledged from her vantage point she could clearly see 

traffic approaching from the east. To the west, however, Sims claimed a pile 

of snow hindered her view of the eastbound Grand Avenue traffic. She 

testified this pile was located in the parallel parking lane. Sims decided the 

best way for her to see any eastbound traffic was to look up the sidewalk 

area for headlights coming from the west. 
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 Once Sims perceived headlights were not coming from the west, she 

pulled onto Grand Avenue. As Sims pulled into traffic, Rowling testified she 

stopped at the yellow center line. Rowling, traveling in the inside eastbound 

lane, attempted to avoid Sims’s vehicle, but he “remember[ed] somebody 

being kind of in [his] blind spot on [his] right-hand side. So [he] didn’t want 

to turn into their way as well.” Rowling was unable to stop his vehicle and 

struck Sims’s vehicle on the driver’s side. 

 Rowling brought a negligence action against Sims alleging Sims did 

not yield the right-of-way and failed to operate her vehicle in a safe manner. 

The case proceeded to a jury trial. The court instructed the jury on Sims’s 

duty in instruction twelve as follows: 

 The driver of a vehicle about to enter a street from a 

driveway shall stop the vehicle immediately before driving onto 

the street and shall yield the right of way to other approaching 

vehicles that are so close as to pose a danger. Then the driver, 

having yielded, may proceed to cautiously and carefully enter 

the street. 

 A violation of this law is negligence. 

 The court gave the following instruction on legal excuse: 

 The defendant claims that if you find that if she violated 

the law in operating her motor vehicle by failing to yield to 

oncoming traffic when entering a street from a driveway that 

she had a legal excuse for doing so because she could not see 

oncoming traffic and, therefore, was not negligent in this 

respect. “Legal excuse” means someone seeks to avoid the 

consequences of her conduct by justifying acts which would 

otherwise be considered negligent. The burden is upon the 

defendant to establish as a legal excuse that it was impossible 

for her to yield to oncoming traffic because she could not see 

oncoming traffic. 

 If you find that the defendant did violate the law by 

failing to yield to oncoming traffic as defined in Instruction No. 

12, and that she has established that it was impossible for her 

to do so, then you should find that the defendant was not 

negligent for failing to yield to oncoming traffic. 
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 Rowling objected to the instruction claiming the evidence did not 

support the giving of this instruction. The district court overruled Rowling’s 

objection. 

 The jury answered the question: “Was the defendant at fault?” in the 

negative. Accordingly, the court entered a judgment dismissing Rowling’s 

petition and assessing the costs against him. 

 Rowling moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and new 

trial or conditional new trial regarding the jury instruction on legal excuse. 

The district court denied both motions. 

 Rowling appealed and we transferred the case to our court of appeals. 

The court of appeals, with one judge dissenting, found the legal excuse jury 

instruction was a correct statement of the law and was substantially 

supported by the evidence. Rowling petitioned for further review, which we 

granted. 

 We review Rowling’s claim that the legal excuse jury instruction was 

not supported by the evidence for correction of errors at law. See Summy v. 

City of Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2006) (noting the two 

standards for review of jury instructions: “We review a claim that the court 

gave an instruction that was not supported by the evidence for correction of 

errors of law. We review the related claim that the trial court should have 

given the defendant’s requested instructions for an abuse of discretion.” 

(Internal citation omitted.)). When reviewing a claim that an instruction 

was not supported by substantial evidence, we view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the party seeking the instruction. Franklin v. Andrews, 

595 N.W.2d 488, 489 (Iowa 1999). 

 Instruction twelve correctly instructed the jury on Sims’s duty to stop 

or yield before she entered Grand Avenue from the private driveway. Iowa 
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Code § 321.353(2) (1999). A violation of a statutory duty constitutes 

negligence per se, absent a legal excuse. Jones v. Blair, 387 N.W.2d 349, 

352 (Iowa 1986) (citing Kisling v. Thierman, 214 Iowa 911, 915, 243 N.W. 

552, 554 (1932)). The legal excuse doctrine allows a person to avoid the 

consequences of a particular act or type of conduct by showing justification 

for acts that otherwise would be considered negligent. Meyer v. City of Des 

Moines, 475 N.W.2d 181, 185 (Iowa 1991); Jones, 387 N.W.2d at 352. 

There are four categories of legal excuse: 

(1) anything that would make it impossible to comply with the 

statute or ordinance; 

(2) anything over which the driver has no control which places 

the driver’s motor vehicle in a position contrary to the 

provisions of the statute or ordinance; 

(3) where the driver of the motor vehicle is confronted by an 

emergency not of the driver’s own making, and by reason of 

such an emergency, the driver fails to obey the statute; and 

(4) where a statute specifically provides an excuse or exception. 

Meyer, 475 N.W.2d at 185. 

A jury should only be instructed on the category of legal excuse 

supported by the evidence. See Jones, 387 N.W.2d at 353-54. In this case 

Sims claims the evidence supported the court giving the first category of the 

legal excuse doctrine—impossibility. Sims argues she was legally excused 

from the duty imposed on her by section 321.353 because the pile of snow 

located in the parallel parking lane west of the driveway made it impossible 

for her to yield the right-of–way. 

 We do not give a narrow, literal construction to “impossible” as used 

in the legal excuse doctrine. Meyer, 475 N.W.2d at 186. Instead, 

impossible under the doctrine of legal excuse means “not reasonably 

practicable.” Id. Our review of the record reveals there was nothing in the 
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facts of this case to make it not reasonably practicable for Sims to yield the 

right-of-way to Rowling. 

 Even though Sims claims her vision was obstructed by the pile of 

snow, she had a duty under the statute to stop, look, and listen in order to 

determine whether there was traffic on Grand Avenue before she pulled out 

of the driveway. Rubel v. Hoffman, 229 N.W.2d 261, 265 (Iowa 1975) 

(stating it was the defendant’s statutory duty under section 321.353 “to 

stop, look and listen in order to ascertain whether there was oncoming 

traffic before entering the public highway”). There is nothing in the record 

that required Sims to move from a place of safety and to pull onto Grand 

Avenue. Instead of blindly pulling onto Grand Avenue there were other 

reasonably practicable actions Sims could have taken to comply with her 

duty to yield the right-of-way. 

 First, she could have backed up to a distance sufficient to see the 

eastbound traffic, where the pile of snow did not obstruct her view. Second, 

she could have positioned her vehicle on the far right side of the thirty-footwide driveway giving her a better view of the eastbound traffic. Third, she 

could have inched her vehicle into the traveled portion of the road until she 

had an adequate view of the eastbound traffic. Under the specific facts of 

this case a collision would not have occurred because Rowling’s vehicle was 

traveling in the center lane. Finally, she could have made a right-hand 

turn. Although these possible alternatives may seem burdensome on Sims, 

they are not so burdensome when viewed from the perspective of an 

innocent person who may be injured by Sims’s choice of blindly entering a 

busy four-lane street at rush hour. 

 Therefore, substantial evidence did not support the district court’s 

legal excuse instruction. Accordingly, we must vacate the decision of the 
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court of appeals, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand the 

case for a new trial. 

 DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT 

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED.