# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 4- 23 07

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Trey Mi ch ael Bo y ki n

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t
fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa - Sio ux Cit y

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Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 7, 2 01 5

Fil ed : J ul y

24 , 20 15

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Befo re BYE an d S MITH, Ci rcu it Ju dg es , and SCHILTZ, Dis tri ct Ju dg e. 1

__ __ __ __ __ __

SMI TH, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

Trey Mi ch ael Bo y ki n was con vi ct ed of on e co un t of kid na pp in g, i n v io la ti on

of 18 U.S.C. § 12 01

, an d on e co un t of co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e m ari juan a, in vi ol at io n

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 1( a)(1 ), 84 1( b) (1 )(D), an d 84 6. On ap pe al

, Bo y ki n arg ue s th at th e

The Hon or ab le Pat ric k J. Sch il tz

, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e Dis tri ct 1

of Mi nn es ot a, si tt in g b y

de si gn at io n.su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t was m is si ng an es se nt ia l el em en t on th e ki dn ap pi ng ch arg e,

ren de rin g th e in di ct m en t fat al ly fla wed an d en ti tl in g hi m to a jud gm en t of acq ui tt al

. As to th e co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on , Bo y ki n as se rts th at th ere was in su ffi ci en t ev id en ce

o f a co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e m ari juan a an d th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in fai li n g t o gi ve hi s req ue st ed bu y er-s e l l e r i ns tru ct io n. Hav in g rev ie wed th e reco rd

, we affi rm

Bo y ki n's ki dn ap pi ng co nv ic ti on bu t rev ers e hi s co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on fo r in su ffi ci en t

ev id en ce. We rem an d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs co ns is te nt wit h t hi s o pi ni on

.

I. Bac kg ro un d

"We reco un t th e ev id en ce in th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to th e jury's ve rd ic t."

U n i t ed St at es v. Bat tl e , 7 74 F.3 d 50 4, 50 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) . R

. W.

,

a fo ot ba l l p l a ye r a nd st ud en t at Bri ar Cl iff Uni ve rs it y ("B ria r Cl iff ") in Si ou x Ci ty,

Io wa, oc cas io na ll y sm ok ed m ari juan a. In th e su m

m er of 20 12

, R. W. l earn ed of

Bo y ki n afte r rece iv in g hi s ph on e nu m be r fro m an ot he r in di vi du al fro m who m R.W.

was pu rch as in g m ari

juan a. The in di vi du al in fo rm ed R.W. th at Bo y ki n wou ld de li ve r

th e m ari juan a to R.W . on cam

pu s b ecau se R.W . di d n ot ha ve a ve hi cl e at th e ti m e.

R.W. fir st pu rch as ed m ari juan a fro m Bo y ki n aft er he te xt ed Bo y ki n an d as ke d

if he ha d an y m ari

juan a. Afte r Bo y ki n te xt ed a res po ns e ba ck to R.W.

, Bo y ki n dr ov e

to th e Bri ar Cl iff cam

pu s whe re he m et R.W. in th e p a r ki ng lo t. R.W. go t in si de of

Bo y ki n's ve hi cl e an d pa id hi m $1 5 fo r on e gr am of m ari juan a, whi ch R.W. sm ok ed

. Acco rd in g to R.W.

, whe n he sm ok ed m ari juan a, he typ i c a ll y sm ok ed "o ne or two "

gr am s at a ti m e an d s m ok ed "o ccas io na ll y " o r on "week en ds ."

Dur in g Bri ar Cli ff's Tha nk sg iv in g or Ch ris tm as br eak in 20 12

, Bo y ki n cal le d

R.W. to te ll R.W. th at Bo y ki n ha d m ari juan a. R.W. to ok li tt le no ti ce of th e ph on e cal l

be cau se he was in St

. Lou is

, Mi ss ou ri, fo r th e br eak

. R.W. to ld Bo y ki n th at R.W.

wou ld cal l Bo y

ki n wh en R.W . go t b ack in to to wn.

-2

-A few da y s pr io r to Feb ru ary 25

, 20 13

, Bo y ki n "b um pe d in to " Gerry Pat te rs on

in Si ou x Ci ty. Bo yki n an d Pat te rs on kn ew of each ot he r th ro ug h acq ua in ta nc es

. Bo y ki n as ke d Pat te rs on if Pat te rs on ha d an y m ari juan a. Pat te rs on rep li ed th at he di d

no t ha ve an y at th e ti m e. The two m en th en ex ch an ge d ph on e nu m be rs in th e ev en t

th at Pat te rs on ob ta in ed so m e m ari juan a la te r.

On Feb ru ary 24

, 20 13

, aft er fo ot ba ll pr act ic e, R.W. te xt ed pe op le —i nc lu di ng

Bo y ki n— lo ok in g fo r m ari juan a. R. W. w an te d to ge t "[a ]n ou nc e" of m ari juan a.

Acco rd in g to R.W.

, who was a " g ram us er" of m ari juan a, an "[o ]unc e is a lo t of

m ari ju an a." He was go in g to pa y $1 70 fo r th e ou nc e of m ari juan a. R.W. was go in g

to "[s ]hare [th e m ari

juan a] wi th f

r i e n ds on cam

pu s, sh are it wit h ot he r te am m at es ."

R.W. te st ifi ed th at he "wo ul d sm ok e m ari juan a wit h ot he r te am m at es an d on th e

reas su ran ce th at th ey wou ld ei th er pa y m e ba ck or sm ok e ba ck wit h m e." W he n as ke d

whe th er he was "g oi ng to se ll it ," R.W. rep li ed

, "I was go in g to sh are it I wou ld sa y ,

y es ." W he n as ke d whe th er "[p ]e o p l e were go in g to gi ve [R.W.] m on ey " fo r th e

m ari juan a, R.W. rep li ed

, "Yes ." R.W. di d no t te st ify th at he di sc lo se d to Bo y ki n th at

R.W. was pl an ni ng on sh ari ng th e m ari juan a wit h ot he rs or rece iv in g m on ey fo r th e

m ari juan a th at he want ed to pu rch as e fro m Bo y ki n.

Bo y ki n te xt ed Pat te rs on an d as ke d hi m if he ha d a "[h ]alf ou nc e" of m ari juan a.

Bo y ki n th en as ke d fo r a "fu ll ou n c e " o f mar iju an a. Pat te rs on in fo rm ed Bo y ki n th at

he di d no t ha ve an y m ari

juan a. Bo y ki n a nd Pat te rs on th en st art ed di sc us si ng a pl an

to ro b R.W.

, who m Pat te rs on di d no t kn ow. The y pl an ne d to ro b R.W. at a ba r bu t

ch an ge d th ei r pl an aft er Bo y kin dis co ve red po li ce of

fic ers th ere. In st ead

, th ey de ci de d

to m eet at t he in te rs ect io n o f W es t Th ird an d Geo rg e in Sio ux Cit y

.

Bo y ki n te xt ed R.W. an d to ld hi m th at he ha d th e m ari juan a. R.W. to ld Bo y ki n

th e am ou nt of m on ey th at R.W. ha d to sp en d on th e m ari juan a. Thro ug h th e ex ch an ge

of te xt m es sa ge s, R.W. ag reed to bu y on e ou nc e of m ari juan a fro m Bo y ki n fo r $1 70

. R.W. in di cat ed to Bo y

ki n th at he ha d m or e m on ey an d cou ld bu y m or e m ari juan a if

-3

-th e de al wor ke d ou t. Bo y ki n fir st su gg es te d ta ki ng R.W. to an of f-ca m pu s lo cat io n

to ob ta in th e m ari

juan a, bu t R.W. res po nd e d th at he di d no t wan t to le av e cam pu s

be cau se it was l at e. Bo y ki n re pl ie d t ha t h e wou ld m eet R.W . on cam pu s.

Pat te rs on m et Bo y ki n at W es t Thi rd an d Geo rg e an d go t in to Bo y ki n's ve hi cl e.

Pat te rs on was carr y in g a ha nd gu n in hi s wais tb an d, whi ch he pl aced on hi s la p on ce

he go t in to th e car. Bo y ki n th en dr ov e to Bri ar Cl iff so th at he an d Pat te rs on co ul d ro b

R.W. W he n Pat te rs on ex pr es se d hi s co nc ern th at R.W. wou ld cal l th e po li ce, Bo y ki n

rep li ed th at R.W. wou ld no t cal l th e p o l i c e " [ b ]eca us e it was a dr ug de al ." Onc e

Bo y ki n an d Pat te rs on arri ve d on th e Bri ar Cl iff c a mp u s , Bo y ki n pa rk ed an d te xt ed

R.W. to let R.W . kn ow t ha t Bo y ki n h ad arri ve d.

Earl y in th e m or ni ng of Feb ru ary 25 , 20 13

, R.W. sa w Bo y ki n on cam pu s and

en te r e d B o y ki n's car at hi s di rect io n. Upo n en te rin g th e ba ck se at of th e car be hi nd

th e dr iv er's se at

, R.W. no ti ced a st ran ge r in fro nt se at

. R.W. en te red th e car th in ki ng

th at he was g oi ng to pu rch as e m ari juan a fro m

Bo y ki n.

Acco rd in g to R.W.

, Bo y ki n th en dr ov e th e car in rev ers e ev en th ou gh R.W. ha d

to ld Bo y ki n th at he di d no t wan t to le av e cam pu s. As Bo y ki n dr ov e th e car in rev ers e,

th e fro nt -s eat pa ss en ge r—wh ic h was Pat te rs on —p ul le d a gu n on R.W. R.W. te st ifi ed

th at th e fir st co m

m en ts th at Bo y ki n an d Pat te rs on m ad e to hi m were th at th ey ha d jus t

ta lk ed wit h th e Bri ar Cl iff se cu rit y gu ard s, as tho se se cu rit y gu ard s had ap pr oa ch ed

th em whi le th ey w e r e pa rk ed on cam pu s an d as ke d th em to pa rk th e ve hi cl e wit hi n

th e li ne s or be ti ck et ed

. Pat te rs on he ld th e gu n to R.W. an d gi gg le d, "b as ic al ly sa y in g

th at he ha d jus t ta lk ed to [R.W.'s] se cu rit y gu ard s." Bo y ki n al so gi gg le d. R.W. di d no t

ex it th e ve hi cl e be cau se Pat te rs on was ho ld in g hi m at gu np oi nt

. R.W. was sc ared an d

d i d no t kn ow whe re th ey were go in g. Pat te rs on to ld R.W. th at he ha d t o " g i v e u p

ev eryth i n g th at [h e] ha d." In res po ns e, R.W. "s ta rte d em pt y in g [h is ] po ck et s an d

-4

-gi vi ng up ev erythi ng th at [h e] ha d." R.W. ha d an iP ho ne , a wall et

, a "g ar card ," hi s 2

do rm ro om ke y , an d $3 10 in cas h. Pat te rs on to ok th e $3 10 an d ev erythi ng el se bu t th e

iP ho ne an d d or m

ke y

.

Afte r th ey tra ve le d a sh or t di st an ce fro m cam pu s, Pat te rs on to ld Bo y

ki n to st op

th e car a nd rel eas e R.W. Onc e Bo y ki n s to pp ed th e car, Patt ers on po in te d th e gu n at

R.W. an d to ld R.W. no t to "t ry an y th in g st up id " or he wou ld "g et sh ot ." Bo y ki n

op en ed th e ba ck car do or —b ecau se th ere was a ch il d safe ty lo ck on th at do or —an d

le t R.W. ou t. R.W. ex it ed th e car an d st art ed walk in g. As so on as R.W. sa w Bo y ki n's

ve hi cl e d riv e away, he cal le d B ria r Cl iff sec ur it y an d re po rte d t ha t h e h ad jus t b een

ro bb ed at gu np oi nt

. R.W. sp ok e ve ry qu ic kl y an d was ve ry ex ci te d, whi ch m ad e hi m

di ffi cu lt to un de rs ta nd

. Afte r cal li ng se cu rit y , R.W. walk ed ba ck to cam pu s. He th en

cal le d se cu rit y ag ai n be cau se Pat te rs on ha d ta ke n hi s ga r card

. A se cu rit y gu ard m et

R.W. at th e en tra nc e of Noo na n Hall an d le t hi m in

. Acco rd in g to th e se cu rit y gu ard

, R.W. "wa s v e r y n e r v o u s, an d he was ve ry sh ak y , an d he wan te d to cal l hi s m om "

be cau se he ha d ju st be en rob be d.

Afte r rel eas in g R.W.

, Bo y ki n dr ov e to a g a s s t at io n whe re Pat te rs on ga ve

Bo y ki n $ 15 5 o f th e $ 31 0 t ak en fro m R.W. They div id ed th e m on ey ev en ly becau se

th e ro bb ery was bo th of th ei r id eas an d th ey ha d bo th pa rti ci pa te d. Bo y ki n th en dr ov e

Pat te rs on to a co nv en ie nc e st or e w he re th ey m ad e pu rch as es

. Bo y ki n th en dr ov e

Pat te rs on to an ot he r lo cat io n whe re Pat te rs on bo ug ht m ari juan a fro m "a ho m e gi rl."

The n, Bo y ki n dr ov e to th e in te rs ect io n of Eig ht h an d Co ur t fo r Pat te rs o n t o " p a y a

m ari juan a de bt ." Patt ers on th en ask ed Bo y ki n t o t ak e h im on an ot he r erra nd

. W hi le

on t h a t erra nd , a n of

fic er st op pe d Bo y ki n an d Pat te rs on . Of fic ers se iz ed a ha nd gu n

fro m Bo y ki n's car an d di sc ov ered R.W. 's ga r card in th e ba ck se at

. At th e ti m e of th ei r

arre st

, Bo y ki n ha d $1 45

, an d Pat te rs on ha d $4 0 an d a .22 cal ib er ro un d in hi s po ck et

.

A "g ar card " is a card th at Bri ar Cl if f s e cu rit y is su es to ev ery Bri ar Cl iff 2

st ud en t, an d t he st ud en ts us e it to ga in acce ss to th ei r do rm bu il di ng s.

-5

-A gr an d jury ret ur ne d a si x- co un t su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t ag ai ns t Bo y ki n an d

Pat te rs on

. Co un t 1 c h a r ge d Bo y ki n wit h co ns pi rin g to di st rib ut e m ari juan a, in

vi ol at io n of 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 1( a)(1 ), 84 1( b) (1 )(D) an d 84 6. Co un t 2 ch arg ed Bo y ki n

wit h wil lfu ll y an d un la wfu ll y se iz in g, co nf in in g, i nv ei gl in g, de co y in g, ki dn ap pi ng , ab du ct i n g , a nd carr y in g away an d ho ld in g R.W. by a m ean s, faci li ty, an d

in st ru m en ta li ty of in te rs ta te co m m erce , in vi ol at io n of 18 U .S.C. § 12 01

. Co un t 3

ch arg ed Bo y ki n wit h po ss es si ng an d br an di s h i ng an d ai di ng an d ab et ti ng th e

po ss es si on an d br an di sh in g of a fir earm in fu rth eran ce of th e ki dn ap pi ng , in vi ol at io n

of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 an d 92 4( c)(1 )(A). Co un t 6 ch arg e d Bo y ki n wit h kn owi ng ly

po ss es si ng or ai di ng an d ab et ti ng th e po ss es si on of a fir earm whi le be in g an un la wfu l

us er of a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e, in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (3 ) an d 92 4( a)(2 ).

A jury tri al co m

m en ced as to Bo y ki n on Co un ts 1, 2, 3 an d 6 of th e su pe rs ed in g

in di ct m en t. At th e cl os e of th e go ve rn m en t's ev id en ce an d at th e cl os e of al l ev id en ce,

Bo y ki n m ov ed fo r a jud gm en t of acq ui tt al pu rs ua nt to Fed eral Ru le of Cri m in al

Pro ced ur e 29

. The di st ric t co ur t de ni ed hi s m ot io n as to Co un t 1, st ru ck th e ai di ng

an d ab et ti ng la ng ua ge fro m Co un t 6, an d res erv ed ru li ng as to Co un ts 2 an d 3. The
jury ret ur ne d gu il ty ve rd ic ts as to Co un ts 1 an d 2 an d no t gu il ty ve rd ic ts as to Co un ts

3 a nd 6.

The reaf te r, Bo y ki n fil ed a m ot io n fo r jud gm en t of acq ui tt al or in th e al te rn at iv e

a ne w t r i a l r e q u es ti ng th at th e co ur t gr an t a jud gm en t of acq ui tt al or ne w tri al on

Co un ts 1 and 2. As to Co un t 2, Bo y ki n arg ue d th at he was en ti tl ed to a jud gm en t of

acq ui tt al be cau se th e su pe rs e d i n g in di ct m en t fai le d to al le ge al l th e ne ces sa ry

el em en ts co ns ti tu ti ng th e of fen se of ki dn ap pi ng ; sp eci fic al ly, it fai le d to in cl ud e th e

la ng ua ge "fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e." The co ur t r eject ed th is arg um en t,

co nc lu di ng th at "an in di ct m en t su ffi ci en tl y ch arg es th e cri m e of ki dn ap pi ng wit ho ut

an y refe ren ce to th e 'fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e' la ng ua ge ." (Ci ti ng Hay es v.

Uni te d St at es , 29 6 F.2 d 65 7, 66 6 (8 th Ci r. 19 61 ).) The co ur t al so fo un d "u na va il in g"

-6

-Bo y ki n's al le ga ti on th at th e ve rd ic ts were co nt rary to th e weig ht of th e ev id en ce an d

th at Co un ts 1 an d 2 were u ns up po rte d b y su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce.

II. Dis cu ss io n

On ap p e a l

, Bo y ki n arg ue s th at th e su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t was m is si ng an

es se nt ia l elem en t on th e ki dn ap pi ng ch arg e, ren de rin g th e in di ct m en t fat al ly fla wed

an d en ti tl in g hi m to a jud gm en t of acq ui tt al

. As to th e co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on , Bo y ki n

as se rts th at th ere was in su ffi ci en t ev id en ce of a co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e m ari juan a an d

th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d by fa il i n g t o gi ve hi s req ue st ed bu y er-s el le r in st ru ct io n.

A. Su ff ic ie nc y o f t he Ind ic tmen t

— Ki dn ap pi ng

Bo y ki n arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in de nyin g hi s m ot io n fo r jud gm en t

of acq ui tt al on th e ki dn ap pi ng ch arg e be cau se th e in di ct m en t fai le d to co nt ai n th e

el em en t of ki dn ap pi ng req ui rin g th at th e pu rp os e of ho ld i n g th e vi ct im was "fo r

ran so m , rewar d or ot he rwis e." Bo y ki n co nt en ds th at "fo r r a n s o m , rewar d or

ot he rwis e" w a s a n e s s en ti al el em en t of th e of fen se an d th at th e in di ct m en t's fai lu re

to in cl ud e su ch la ng ua ge vi ol at ed hi s Fi fth Am en dm en t ri gh t t o b e tr ie d o n c ha rg es

fo un d b y th e g ran d ju ry

.

W e ge ne ral ly rev ie w de no vo a ch al le ng e to th e su ffi ci en cy of an in di ct m en t,

"b ut Fed eral Ru le of Cri m in al Pro ced ur e 12 (b )(2 ) req ui res su ch ch al le n g e s t o b e

rai se d pr io r to tri al

, an d a fai lu re to do so co ns ti tu te s a w a i v e r

. " Uni te d St at es v.

Vil la rr ea l

, 70 7 F

. 3 d 94 2, 95 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. Nev ert he le ss , a de fen da nt m ay rai se a t an y ti m e a cl ai m th at th e in di ct m en t fai ls to

st at e an of

fen se

. I d

. ( c i t a ti on om it te d)

. Here, Bo y ki n ad m it te dl y di d no t rai se hi s

su ffi ci en cy ch al le ng e to th e in di ct m en t pr io r to tri al ; th eref or e, "we ap pl y a m or e

de fere nt ia l st an da rd of rev ie w, be cau se [w]hen an in di ct m en t is ch al le ng ed a f te r je o p a r d y a t t a ch es , it is up he ld un le ss it is so de fect iv e th at by no reas on ab le

co ns tru ct io n can i t b e s a i d to ch arg e th e of fen se ." Id

. (al te rat io n in or ig in al )
(q uo ta ti on s an d c it at io ns om it te d)

.

-7

-An in di ct m en t ne ed no t us e th e sp eci fic wor ds of th e st at ut e as "l on g as by fai r

im pl ic at io n it al le ge s an of fen se reco gn iz ed by la w." Id

. (q uo ta ti on s a nd ci ta ti on s

om it te d)

. Onl y whe n an es se nt ia l el em en t "o f su bs ta n c e " rat he r th an "o f fo rm " is

om it te d is an in di ct m en t fat al ly in su ffi ci en t. Id

. (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. "To

de te rm in e whe th er an es se nt ia l el em en t ha s be en om it te d, a co ur t m ay no t in si st th at

a pa rti cu la r wor d or ph ras e ap pe ar in th e in di ct m en t whe n th e el em en t is al le ge d in

a fo rm whi ch su bs ta nt ia ll y st at es th e el em en t." Id

. (q uo ta ti on s an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. An in di ct m en t's ci ta ti on to th e ap pl ic ab le st at ut e "'[i s] no t in it se lf su ffi ci en t to su pp ly

an el em en t of a ch arg ed of fen se om it te d by th e gr an d jury'"; ho wev er, "wh en su ch a

ci ta ti on is 'co ns id ered in co m bi na ti on wit h th e ot he r al le ga ti on s in th e in di ct m en t as

a who le

, [it m ay be ] ad eq ua te un de r th e ci rcu m st an ces to ha ve ch arg ed th e de fen da nt

wit h t he off

en se for whi ch he was co nv ic te d.'" Id . at 9 57 –5 8 (a lt erat io n i n o rig in al )
(q uo ti ng Uni te d S ta te s v. Di az -Dia z , 13 5 F .3d 57 2, 5 76 (8t h C ir. 1 99 8) ).

Bo y ki n was ch arg ed wit h v io la ti ng 18 U.S.C. § 1 20 1( a)(1 ), whi ch pro vi de s:

(a) W ho ev er un la wfu ll y se iz es , co n f i ne s, in ve ig le s, de co y s, ki dn ap s, ab du ct s, or carr ie s away an d ho ld s fo r ra ns om or re wa rd or ot he rw is e

an y pe rs on , ex cep t in th e cas e of a m in or by th e pa ren t th ereo f, whe n—

(1 ) t h e pe rs on is wil lfu ll y tra ns po rte d in in te rs ta te or fo rei gn co m

m erce , reg ard le ss of whe th er th e pe rs on was al iv e whe n tra ns po rte d acro ss a St at e bo un da ry , or th e of fen de r tra ve ls in in te rs ta te or fo r ei gn co m m erce or us es th e m ai l or an y m e an s, faci li ty, or in st ru m en ta li ty of

in te rs ta te or fo rei gn co m m erce in co m

m it ti ng or in

fu rth eran ce o f th e co m

m is si on of t he off

en se

. . .

** *

sh al l be pu ni sh ed by im

pr is on m en t fo r an y te rm of y ears or fo r li fe an d,

if th e de at h of an y pe rs on res u l t s , sh al l be pu ni sh ed by de at h or li fe

im pr is on m en t.

-8

-(Em

ph as is ad de d.)

Here, Co un t 2 of th e su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t om it te d "fo r ran so m or rewar d or

ot he rwis e" a s p ro vi de d i n § 12 01 (a)( 1) , st at in g:

On or ab ou t Feb ru ary 25

, 20 13

, in th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of Io wa, de fen da nt s, GER R Y ALAN PATTERSON an d TREY MIC HAEL BOYKIN, di d wi ll

fu ll y an d un la wf

ul ly , sei ze , con fi ne , in vei

gl e, de co y, ki dn ap

, ab du ct

, an d ca rr y aw ay an d ho ld

, R.W.

, an d di d us e a m ean s , faci li ty, an d in st ru m en ta li ty of in te rs ta te co m m erce ( i.e.

, te le ph on es (in cl ud in g cel l ph on es ), m ul ti m ed ia m es sa gi ng se rv ic e ( M M S), Sh or t

Mes sa ge Serv ic e (SM S), iM es sa ge , an d an au to m ob il e) in fu rth eran ce of th e co m m is si on of t he off

en se

.

Thi s was in vi ol at io n o f Tit le 18 , Uni te d S ta te s C od e, Sect io n 1 20 1.

(Em ph as is ad de d)

.

The qu es ti on is whe th er th e su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t's om is si on of "fo r ran so m

or reward or o th erwi se " ren de red it fat al ly ins uf fic ie nt as t o C ou nt 2.

W e ad dr es se d th is pr eci se qu es ti on in Hay es v. Uni te d St at es , 29 6 F.2 d 65 7
(8 th Ci r. 19 61 ), whe n rev ie win g a pr io r ve rs io n of § 12 01 th at co nt ai ne d th e "fo r

ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e" la ng ua ge

. The in di ct m en t ha d ch arg ed th e de fen da nt 3

In Hay es , th e v ers io n o f § 1 20 1 u nd er re vi ew pr ov id ed : 3

"Who ev er kn owi ng ly tra ns po rts in in te rs ta te or fo rei gn co m m erce , an y

pe rs on who ha s be en un la wfu ll y se iz ed

, c o n fin ed , i nv ei gl ed , d eco y ed

, ki dn ap ed

, ab du ct ed

, or carr ie d away an d he ld fo r ra ns om or re wa rd or

ot he rw is e , ex cep t, i n t h e cas e of a m in or , by a pa ren t th ereo f, sh al l be

pu ni sh ed (1 ) by de at h if th e ki dn ap ed pe rs on ha s no t be en li be rat ed

-9

-wit h kn owi ng ly tra ns po rti ng vi a au to m ob il e in i n te rs ta te co m m erce "a pe rs on who

ha d be en un la wfu ll y se iz ed

, co nf in ed

, in ve ig le d, de co y ed

, ki dn ap ed

, ab du ct ed

,

carr ie d away an d by de fen da nt s he ld " bu t om it t e d "fo r ran so m or rewar d or

ot he rwis e." Id

. at 65 8; se e al so id

. at 66 5 ("Th e in di ct m en t ch arg ed th e in te rs t at e

tra ns po rta ti on by [th e de fen da nt ] of pe rs on s he ha d ki dn ap ed

, in vi ol at io n of 18

U.S.C. § 12 01 ," bu t "[i ]t di d no t ch arg e th at he ha d he ld th em fo r an y sp eci fic

reas on .").

On ap pe al

, th e de fen da nt arg ue d "t ha t th e in di ct m en t was fat al ly de fect iv e

be cau se th ere can be no vi ol at io n of [§ 12 01 ] un le ss th e ki dn ap ed in di vi du al is 'he ld

fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e.'" Id

. at 66 5. Thu s, th e de fen da nt "as se rte d th at an

in di ct m en t ch arg in g a vi ol at io n of th e Act m us t al le ge th at th e ki dn ap ed pe rs on was

he ld fo r so m e reas on whi ch co m es wit hi n th e m ean in g of 'ran so m o r rewar d or

ot he r w i s e

. ' " I

d . a t 66 5– 66 . We fo un d th e in di ct m en t su ffi ci en t, rel y in g on th e Fi fth

Ci rcu it 's reas on in g in Cl in to n v. Uni te d St at es , 26 0 F.2 d 82 4 (5 th Ci r. 19 58 ); in th at

cas e, th e Fi fth Cir cu it

co ns id ered th e su ffi ci en cy of a n i nd ic tm en t ch arg in g a vi ol at io n o f th e Fed eral Kid na pi ng Act, si m il ar t o t h e in di ct m en t in [ Hay es ], an d ha d

th is to say (p. 8 25 ):

"Ap pe ll an t co m

pl ai ns th at

, al th ou gh he was ch arg ed

wit h un la wfu ll y ki dn ap pi ng an d ho ld in g th e vi ct im

, he was

no t ch arg ed wit h ho ld in g h im 'fo r ran so m or rewar d.' The

st at ut e do es no t m a k e t hi s an in gr ed ie nt of th e cri m e. It

req ui res on ly th at th e pe rs on ch ar ge d wit h tra ns po rta ti on be

sh own to ha ve 'un la wfu ll y * * * ki dn ap ed * * * or c arri ed

un ha rm ed

, an d if th e ve rd ic t of th e jury sh al l so reco m m en d, or (2 ) by

im pr is on m en t fo r an y te rm of y ears or fo r li fe, if th e de at h pe na lt y is no t
im po se d."

Id . at 6 58 n.1 (em

ph as is ad de d)

.

-1 0-away an d he ld fo r ran so m or rewar d or o t h e r w i se ' th e vi ct im

. A n al le ga ti on th at ap pe ll an t un la wfu ll y an d

kn owi ng ly tra ns po rte d in in te rs ta te co mm erce th e vi ct im

who ha d th eret of

or e be en un la wfu ll y ki dn ap pe d an d

c a rri ed away by th e sa id de fen da nt s an d he ld is en t i r e l y ad eq ua te to wit hs ta nd th is m ot io n. It is di ff ic ul t to se e ho w th e ad di ti on of th e wo rd

s 'fo r r a n s o m or re wa rd or

ot he rw is e' wo ul d ha ve ad de d an yt hi ng to th e in di ct men t
be ca us e ob vi ou sl

y 'ot he rw is e' co mpr eh en ds any purpos e at
al l

. If a p p e ll an t de si red to kn ow m or e of th e pu rp os e th e

go ve rn m en t in te nd ed to pr ov e fo r hi s un la wfu l ho ld in g, he

c o ul d ha ve m ad e a pr op er m ot io n be fo re tri al to th at e n d

. His fai lu re to do so waiv ed hi s rig ht to rai se th e po in t aft er

co nv ic ti on

. Kn ig ht v. Hud gp et h

, 10 Ci r., 11 2 F.2 d 13 7;

Kn ig ht v. Uni te d S ta te s , 8 Ci r., 13 7 F .2d 94 0."

Id . at 6 66 (em

ph as is ad de d) (qu ot in g Cl in to n , 26 0 F .2d at 8 25 ).

W e al so no te d th at th e Su pr em e Co ur t ha d pr ev io us ly "l ai d no st r e s s o n th e

st at ut or y wor ds 'he ld fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e'" in se tt in g fo rth th e es se nt ia l

el em en ts of § 12 01

. Id . a t 6 67 (ci ti ng Smi th v. Uni te d S ta te s , 36 0 U.S. 1, 9 (1 95 9) ).

Fu rth erm or e, th e Su pr em e Co ur t ha d st at ed th at "'[c ]onv ic ti on s are no lo ng er rev ers ed

be cau se of m in or an d te ch ni cal de fic ie nc ie s whi ch di d no t pr ejud ic e th e accu se d.'" Id

. (q uo ti ng Smi th

, 36 0 U.S. at 9)

. Lik ewis e, th is co ur t ha d pr ev io us ly ob se rv ed th at an

in di ct m en t's su ffi ci en cy

"s ho ul d be j ud ge d by pr act ic al

, an d no t b y tec hn ic al , con si de rat io ns

. It
is no th in g bu t th e fo rm al ch arg e up on whi ch an accu se d is br ou gh t to
tri al

. An in di ct m en t whi c h fai rly in fo rm s th e accu se d of th e ch arg e whi ch he is req ui red to m eet an d whi ch is su ffi ci en tl y sp eci fic to av oi d

th e da ng er of hi s ag ai n be in g pr os ecu te d fo r th e sa m e of fen se sh ou ld be

he ld go od ."

Id . (qu ot in g Hewi tt

v. Uni te d S ta te s , 11 0 F .2d 1, 6 (8t h C ir. 1 94 0) ).

-1 1-In li gh t o f th e fo reg oi ng , we hel d t ha t t he de fen da nt

was su ffi ci en tl y in fo rm ed by th e in di ct m en t

. . . o f t h e ch arg es he was

req ui red to m eet ; t ha t t he de fect or i m pe rfec ti on of wh ic h c om

pl ai nt is

m ad e was m in or an d fo rm al ; an d th at th e in di ct m en t w a s su ffi ci en tl y

sp eci fic to av oi d a ny p os si bi li ty o f hi s be in g pr os ecu te d a se co nd ti m e fo r th e sa m e of

fen s e s

. Th e r e can no t be th e sl ig ht es t do ub t th at [th e de fen da nt ] kn ew ex act ly w it h wh at off en se s h e was ch arg ed

.

Id

.

Co ns is te nt wit h Hay es , "[t ]he Su pr em e Co ur t ha s in te rp ret ed th e wor d

'ot he rwis e' as en co m

pa ss in g an y pu rp os e at al l." Uni te d St at es v. No bl e , Cri m in al

Acti on No. 05 -3 69

, Ci vi l Acti on No. 09 -5 94

, 20 10 W L 65 35 39

, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Feb

. 23

, 20 10 (ci ti ng Goo ch v. Uni te d St at es , 29 7 U.S. 12 4, 12 7– 28 (1 93 6) ; Uni te d St at es

v. Hea ly , 3 76 U.S. 7 5, 8 1

– 8 3 (1 96 4) ). "Be cau se of th is ex pa ns iv e co ns tru ct io n, th e

ki dn ap pi ng st at ut e can be vi ol at ed reg ard le ss of the de fe nda[n]t's m ot iv at io n, an d th us

th e 'p ur po se ' lan gu ag e d oe s n ot for m an es se nt ia l elem en t [of] ki dn ap pi ng un de r 18

U.S.C. § 12 01 ." Id

. (rejec ti ng de fen da nt 's arg um en t th at "h is gr an d jury i n di ct m en t

was de fect iv e so as to de ny hi m , in te r al ia

, "h is Fi fth Am en dm en t rig ht to be ch arg ed
by gr an d jury in di ct m en t" ) (ci ti ng Gaw ne v. Uni te d St at es , 40 9 F.3 d 13 99

, 14 03 (9 th

Ci r. 19 69 ); Uni te d St at es v. Mar te ll

, 35 5 F.2d 76 4, 7 66 (4t h C ir. 1 96 4) ; Hay es , 29 6

F.2 d a t 6 65 –6 7; Cl in to n , 26 0 F .2d at 8 25 ).

Po st

- Hay es , ot he r ci rcu it s ha ve ag reed wit h th is co ur t th at an in di ct m en t fo r

ki dn ap pi ng un de r § 12 01 is su ffi ci en t ev en th ou gh th e wor ds "fo r ran so m or rewar d

or ot he rwis e" do no t ap pe ar. Se e, e.g

. , Uni te d St at es v. W eb st er , 16 2 F

. 3 d 30 8,

32 8– 29 (5 th Ci r

. 19 98 ) ("I f 'ot he rwis e' can in cl ud e an y pu rp os e, ad di ng it to th e

ind ic tm en t— ir

re spe ct ive of w he the r it sp eci fie s th e 'ot he rwis e' be ne fi t— ad ds not hin g.

Thi s vi ew co ns is ts wit h th at of ou r si st er ci rcu it s." ); Uni te d St at es v. Ada ms , 83 F.3 d

-1 2-13 71

, 13 73 –7 5 (1 1t h Ci r. 19 96 ) (fo l l o w in g Cl in to n an d ho ld in g an in di ct m en t

su ffi ci en t th at al le ge d on ly th at vi ct im was "h el d" ); U n it ed St at es v. Atch is on , 52 4

F.2 d 36 7, 37 0– 71 (7 th Ci r. 19 75 ) ("[ I]t no w a pp ears to be well se tt le d th at p u rp os e

is no t an el em en t o f t h e o ffen se of ki dn ap in g an d ne ed no t be ch arg ed or pr ov ed to

su pp or t a co nv ic ti on un de r th e ki dn ap in g st a t u t e, a de fect in th e in di ct m en t's

al le ga ti on of p u r p o s e i s c ol la te ral in na tu re.") ; Uni te d St at es v. Lu tz , 4 20 F.2 d 41 4,

41 6 (3 th Ci r. 19 70 ) (h ol di ng th at in di ct m en t co ul d be reg ard ed as ch arg in g in effe ct

th at ki dn ap pi ng was fo r pu rp os e of rap in g vi ct im an d was th eref or e wit hi n fed e r al

ki dn ap pi ng st at ut e de sp it e co nt en ti on th at in di ct m en t fai le d to ch arg e th at vi ct im was

"h el d fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e") ; Gaw ne , 40 9 F.2 d at 14 03 –0 4 (h ol di ng (1 )

ki dn ap pe r's m ot iv at io n is no t an el em en t of of fen se un de r Fe de ral Kid na pp in g Act

whi ch co ve rs in te rs ta te tra ns po rta ti on of th e ki dn ap pe d pe rs on s he ld fo r ra n s om or

rewar d or ot he rwis e; (2 ) un de r Fed eral Kid na pp in g Act th e in vo lu nt ari ne ss of se iz ur e

an d de te nt io n is ve ry es se nc e of cri m e, an d th e tru e el em en ts of of fen se are un la wfu l

se iz ur e an d ho ld in g fo ll owe d by in te rs ta te tra ns po rta ti on ; an d (3 ) be cau se pu rp os e of

de fen da nt s in il le ga ll y se iz in g an d h o l d i n g v ic ti m was no t an el em en t of of fen se

un de r ch arg e of vi ol at in g Fed eral Kid na pp in g Act, al le ga ti on of in di ct m en t reg ard in g

th e pu rp os e of de fen da nt s in ki dn ap pi ng an d tra ns po rti ng vi ct im was su rp lu sa ge an d

ne ed no t h av e b een pro ve d) ; Mar te ll , 3 35 F.2 d at 76 6 ("No r wou ld th e in cl us io n o f

th e wor ds 'he ld f

o r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e' ha ve ad de d an y th in g to th e

su ffi ci en cy of th e in di ct men t. W hi le it di d no t us e th e wor d 'he ld ,' it ch arg ed th at

Mar te ll se iz ed an d co nf

in ed th e vi ct im an d ' d i d f ai l to rel eas e' hi m

. The Su pr em e

Co ur t ha s r e c en tl y de cl ared th at th e st at ut e is vi ol at ed reg ard le ss of th e ul ti m at e

p u r p o s e of th e ki dn ap pe r. Thi s be in g so , us e of th e st at ut or y la ng ua ge , 'ran s o m o r

rewar d o r ot he rwis e,' was no t n eces sa ry ." (i nt ern al cit at io ns om it te d) ). 4

Bo th th e cu rren t an d p rio r ve rs io ns of § 12 01 ha ve in co m m on th e la ng ua ge 4

"fo r ran so m or r e w ard or ot he rwis e," an d ou r si st er ci rcu it s ha ve co ns is te nt ly he ld

, reg ard le ss of th e pa rti cu la r ve rs io n of § 12 01 un de r rev ie w, th at th e om is si on of su ch

la ng ua ge do es no t re nd er t he in di ct m en t i ns uf fic ie nt

.

-1 3-"It is a card in al ru le in [th is ] ci rcu it th at on e pa ne l is bo un d by th e de ci si on of

a pr i o r p a ne l." Ows le

y v. Lu eb be rs , 2 81 F.3 d 68 7, 69 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 02 ) (p er cu ria m )
(ci ta ti on om it te d)

. Seei ng no di s c e rn ab le di ffer en ce be twee n th e pr es en t cas e an d

Hay es , w e a r e co m

pe ll ed to fo ll ow ou r pr io r ho ld in g th at an in di ct m en t ch arg in g

ki dn ap pi ng un de r § 12 01 is su ffi ci en t, ev en th ou gh it do es no t ch arg e th at th e pe rs on

ki dn ap pe d was he ld "fo r ran so m or r eward or o th erwi se ."

B. Su ff ic ie nc y o f t he Evid

en ce

— Co ns

pi ra cy t o Di st ri bu te Mar ij ua na

Bo y ki n ne xt arg ue s th at in su ffi ci en t ev id en ce ex is ts to su pp or t hi s m ari juan ac o n s pi racy co nv ic ti on be cau se th e go ve rn m en t pr es en te d ev id en ce of on ly on e

tra ns act io n be twee n B o yk i n a n d R.W. fo r on e gr am of m ari juan a an d on e ot he r

co nt act be twee n Bo y ki n an d R.W. ei gh th m on th s la te r whe re no act ua l sa le oc cu rred

. Acco rd in g to Bo y ki n, th is ev id en ce sh owe d on ly two d i s t i n ct bu y er-s el le r type

tra ns act io ns , no t a c on sp ira cy to di st rib ut e m ari

juan a.

"We rev ie w th e su ffi ci en cy of th e ev id en ce de no vo , rev ers i n g o n l y if no

reas on ab le jury co ul d ha ve fo un d [Bo y ki n] gu il ty." Uni te d St at es v. Rui z- Za ra te

, 67 8

F.3 d 68 3, 68 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d)

. To su st a i n Bo y ki n's m ari juan aco ns pi racy co nv ic ti on , "t he go ve rn m en t ha d to pr ov e th at (1 ) a co ns pi racy to

di st rib ut e m ari

juan a ex is te d; (2 ) [Bo y ki n] kn ew of th e co ns pi racy; an d (3 ) [Bo y ki n]

in te nt io na ll y be cam e a pa rt of th e co ns pi racy." Id

. (ci ta ti on om it te d)

. The go ve rn m en t

of te n ha s to es ta bl is h "t he ag reem en t an d m em be rs ' pa rti ci pa ti o n i n t h e co ns pi racy

. . . by way of in fere nc e" co ns id eri ng th at "t he na tu re of co ns pi racy en ta il s se crec y ."

Id

. (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. In th e ab se nc e of di rect ev id en ce of a co ns pi racy,

"t he jury is free t o c on si de r al l th e ev id en ce— di rect an d in di rect —p res en te d of th e

de fen da nt ' s s t a te m en ts an d act io ns [,] an d [it ] m ay dr aw reas on ab le in fere nc es fro m

th e ev id en ce pr es en te d ab ou t wha t th e de fen da nt 's st at e of m in d was whe n he di d or

sa id th e th in gs pr es en te d in th e ev id en ce." Id

. at 68 9– 90 (fi rs t alt erat io n in or ig in al )
(q uo ta ti on an d c it at io n o m it te d)

.

-1 4-B o yki n "ar gu es th at th e go ve rn m en t pr ov ed on ly th at he ha d a bu y er-s e l l e r

rel at io ns hi p wit h [R.W.] , wh ic h b y it se lf wa s in su ffi ci en t to su pp or t th e co ns pi racy

co nv ic ti on ." Uni te d St at es v. Peel er , 7 79 F.3 d 77 3, 77 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ). Bo y ki n "i s

co rrec t th at pr oo f of a bu y er-s el le r rel at io ns hi p wit ho ut m or e is no t su ffi ci en t to pr ov e

a co ns pi racy." Uni te d St at es v. Fin ch

, 16 F.3 d 22 8, 23 1 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 ) (ci ti ng Uni te d

St at es v. Pri es ko rn , 65 8 F.2 d 63 1

, 6 3 3 (8 th Ci r. 19 81 )). "'Be cau se th e cri m e of

co ns pi racy req ui res a co nc ert of act io n am on g two or m or e pe rs on s fo r a co m m on

pu rp os e, th e m ere ag reem en t of on e pe rs on t o b u y w h at an ot he r ag rees to se ll

,
st an di ng al on e, do es no t su pp or t a co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on .'" Uni te d St at es v. Hug ga ns , 65 0 F.3 d 12 10

, 12 22 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (q uo t i n g Pri es ko rn , 65 8 F.2 d at 63 4)

. "Th e

pr in ci pl e i s w e l l -es ta bl is he d, at le as t in th is ci rcu it

, bu t it is li m it ed to a na rro w

cat eg or y of cas es

. '[B]uyer-se ll er rel at io ns hi p cas es in vo lv e on ly ev id en ce of a si ng le

tr an si en t sa le s ag re emen t an d sma ll amo un ts of dr ug s co ns is te nt wit h pe rs on al us e .'"

Peel er , 77 9 F.3 d at 77 6 (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (em ph as es ad de d) (q uo ti ng Hug ga ns , 65 0 F.3 d at 12 22 ). "[T]o reac h su ch a co nc lu si on th ere m us t be 'no in de pe nd en t

ev id en ce te nd in g to pr ov e th at th e de fen da nt ha d so m e k n o w l ed ge of th e br oa de r

co ns pi racy.'" Uni te d St at es v

. Vi nt on , 42 9 F.3 d 81 1, 81 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ) (em ph as is

ad de d) (qu ot in g Pri es ko rn , 65 8 F .2d at 6 35 ).

By co nt ras t, "ev id en ce is su ffi ci e n t t o s ho w a co ns pi racy whe re dr ug s are

pu rc ha se d fo r re sa le ." Uni te d St a t es v. Co nw ay , 7 54 F.3 d 58 0, 58 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 )
(em ph as is ad de d) (ci ta ti on om it te d)

. "'Ev id en ce of mul ti pl e sa le s of re sa le qu an ti ti es

of dr ug s is su ffi ci en t in an d of it se lf to m ak e a su bm is s i b l e cas e of a co ns pi racy to

di st rib ut e.'" Peel er , 77 9 F.3 d at 77 6 (em ph as es ad de d) (q uo ti ng Co nw ay , 75 4 F.3 d at

58 8)

. "When ev id en ce ex is ts th at la rg e amo un ts of dr ug s w e r e di st rib ut ed ov er an

ext en de d pe ri od

of ti me , in cl ud in g fr on ti ng tra ns act io ns , th ere is am pl e ev id en ce to

su pp or t a co ns pi racy." Co nw ay , 75 4 F.3 d at 58 8 (em ph as es ad de d ) ( c i ti ng Uni te d

St at es v. Sl ag

g , 65 1 F.3 d 83 2, 84 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 )). "[A] reas on ab le jury can fin d th at

a de fen da nt ha s m or e th an a m ere bu y er-s el le r rel at io ns hi p 'if the ev id en ce su pp or ts

a fin di ng th at th ey sh ar ed a co ns pi ra to ri al pu rp os e to ad va nc e ot he r tr an sf

er s ."

-1 5-Sl ag

g , 65 1 F.3 d at 84 2 (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (em ph as is ad de d) (q uo ta ti on s an d

ci ta ti on s o m it te d)

.

W e ha ve pr ev io us ly ap pr ov ed of th e fo ll owi ng de sc rip ti on of "t he bu y er/ se ll er

de fen se as d efi ne d i n o ur pri or cas es ":

th at tra ns ie nt sa le s whe re a b uyer is pu rch as in g dr ug s fo r hi s ow n

pe rs on al us e an d no t fo r th e pu rp os e of di s t r i b u t in g or de li ve rin g th e

pu rch as ed dr

ug s t o a no th er d oe s n ot , in an d o f it se lf, m ak e th e bu y er a

co -co ns pi rat or wit h th e se ll er in th e se ll er's dr ug di st rib ut io n co ns pi racy. If, ho wev er, th e bu y er acq ui res th e d ru gs fro m th e se ll er in te nd in g to
di st rib ut e or de li ve r th e dr ug s to an ot he r pe rs on in st e a d o f us in g th em fo r hi s ow n pe rs on al us e , or if he pu rch as ed th e dr ug s fro m th e se ll er as

pa rt o f th e co nt in ui ng bu

yer /s el le r re la ti on sh ip , h e m ay be

, de pe nd in g

on wh at th e evi de nc e s h o w s , a co -co ns pi rat or wit h th e se ll er in a dr ug di st rib ut io n c on sp ira cy

.

Peel er , 77 9 F .3d at 7 75 , 77 6 (e m ph as es ad de d)

.

Thi s i s no t a cas e in whi ch th e go ve rn m en t offe red ev id en ce of mul ti pl e dru g

tra ns act io ns be twee n B o yk in an d R.W. In st ead

, th e go ve rn m en t's ev id en ce

es ta bl is he d no m or e th an a "t ran si en t sa le s ag reem en t" be twee n Bo y ki n an d R.W. fo r

R.W. to pu rch as e a "s m al l am ou nt of dr ug s co ns is te nt wit h pe rs on al us e." Se e Peel er , 7 7 9 F.3 d at 77 6 (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on s om it te d)

. Fi rs t, th e go ve rn m en t do es n o t

di sp ut e th at th e fir st tra ns act io n in whi ch R.W. pu rch as ed on e gr am of m ari juan a fo r
$ 1 5 w a s fo r R.W. 's pe rs on al us e an d am ou nt ed to no th in g m or e th an a bu y er-s el le r

rel at io ns hi p. Seco nd

, R. W

. did not pur ch as e an y m ari juan a fro m Bo y ki n whe n Bo y ki n

ap pr oa ch ed hi m du rin g th e en d of 20 12

. Fi na ll y , th e go ve rn m en t of fere d no evi de nc e

th at R.W. 's at te mpte d pu rch as e of on e ou nc e of m ari juan a in 20 13 fro m Bo y ki n

co ns ti tu te d a res al e qu an ti ty o f m ari juan a as op po se d t o a pe rs on al -u se am ou nt

. Cf

. Uni te d St at es v. Gay

, No. 2:1 0– CR– 54 , 20 10 W L 37 81 55 5, at *2 (E.D. Ten n. Sept

. 21

, 20 10 ) ("Th e real is su e co nc ern s th e 14 .6 gr am s of m ari juan a, whi c h eq ua te s to

-1 6-ap pr ox im at el y on e-h al f ou nc e. Th e cas e ag en t, who at te nd ed th e he ari ng , can di dl y

ad vi se d th e co ur t th at on e-h al f ou nc e of m ari juan a co ul d be ei th er fo r pe rs on al us e

or fo r di st rib ut io n, th at 'it co ul d go ei th er way .'"). In de ed

, a rev ie w of cas e la w rev eal s

th at on e ou nc e of m ari

juan a co ul d be co ns id ered a pe rs on al -u se am oun t of m ari juan a. 5

R.W. 's su bjec ti ve in te nt io n th at he was go in g to "s ha re" th e m ari juan a wit h hi s

te am m at es an d th at "t he y wou ld ei th er pa y [R. W.] ba ck or sm ok e ba ck wit h [h im ]"

is no t pr oo f th at on e ou nc e of m ari juan a is a res al e qu an ti ty of m ari juan a. Fi rs t, R.W.

ne ve r te st ifi ed th at on e ou nc e of m ari juan a is a res al e qu an ti ty of m ari juan a; in st ead

,

Co mpa re Uni te d St at es v. Ch au nc ey , 42 0 F.3 d 86 4, 86 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ) ("F as t 5

Hor se pu rch as ed ap pr ox im at el y two ou nc es of m ari juan a fo r $2 40

, ap p a r e n t ly

in te nd in g to ke ep on e ou nc e fo r pe rs on al us e an d to se ll th e ot he r ou nc e la te r th at da y in W in ne r, So ut h Dak ot a, whe re Ch au nc ey kn ew of a po te nt ia l cu st om er.")

, an d

Uni te d St at es v. Emery

, 34 F.3 d 91 1, 91 3 (9 th Ci r. 19 94 ) ("Un ti l rece nt ly, it was le ga l

un de r Alas ka la w fo r pe rs on s ov er ag e ei gh te en t o p os se ss up to fo ur ou nc es of

m ari juan a fo r pe rs on al us e."), an d Uni t e d St at es v. And er so n , 9 81 F.2 d 15 60 , 1 56 4 (1 0t h Ci r. 19 92 ) ("No in fo rm an t, un de rco ve r ag en t, or co co ns pi r a t o r te st ifi ed

reg ard in g Mr. And ers on 's in vo lv em en t in th e co n s p ira cy

. Mr. And ers on m ay well

ha ve be en co nv ic te d of con sp ira cy be cau se of hi s m is fo rtu ne to co nd uc t a o ne -ti m e

tra ns act io n a t t h e Gro ga n res id en ce on th is pa rti cu la r da y

. The ev id en ce on ly

es ta bl is he d Mr. And ers on 's si ng le de li ve ry of si x ou nc es of m ari juan a to Jo e Co rd ov a fo r pe rs on al us e. Thi s tra ns act io n do es no t sh ow th at Mr. And ers on kn ew of th e

es se nt ia l ob

jecti ve s or th e sc op e of t h e c o n s p i racy, or th at he kn owi ng ly an d

vo lu nt ari ly be cam e a pa rt of it ." (ci ta ti on om it te d) ), wi th Uni te d St at es v. McCo ll um , 64 F. App 'x 40 2, 40 2 (4 th Ci r. 20 03 ) (p er cu ria m ) ("Th e ba g co nt ai ne d ap pr ox im at el y el ev en ou nc es of m ari

juan a, an am ou nt typic al ly k e p t n ot fo r pe rs on al us e, bu t fo r red is tri bu ti on ."); Uni te d St at es v. Duo ng , Cri m in al No. 3: 10 –c r– 9 (VLB), 20 11 W L

24 11 35 21

, at *4 (D. Co nn

. Ju ne 1 0, 20 11 ) ("Du on g was se ll in g dr ug s ou t of th e

res id en ce he sh ared wit h Eli zab et h, an d Eli zab et h was pr es en t in 20 02 whe n Duo ng

w a s a r res te d wit h m or e th an 9 ou nc es of m ari juan a in hi s ve hi cl e, an am ou nt

ex ceed in g th at cu st om ari ly po ss es se d fo r pe rs on al us e an d whi ch Duo ng ad m it te d he

in te nd ed to sel l." ).

-1 7-he m erel y te st ifi ed th at

, in hi s su bjec ti ve op in io n, it was "a lo t of m ari juan a." Seco nd

, hi s te st im on y in di cat es th at he was go in g to sm ok e so m e of th e m ari juan a; th eref

or e,

so m e of it was fo r hi s pe rs on al us e. Thi rd

, an d m os t im p o r t an tl y , R.W. ne ver

di sc lo se d hi s in te nt io n to Bo y ki n to sh are th e m ari juan a wit h ot he rs or rece iv e m on ey

fro m ot he rs for th e m ari

juan a th at he pu rch as ed fro m Bo y ki n. Se e Vin to n , 42 9 F .3d

at 81 5; Sl ag

g , 65 1 F .3d at 8 41

.

Giv en th e go ve rn m en t's fa i l u r e t o of fer an y pr oo f th at Bo y

ki n so ld R.W. a

res al e qu an ti ty of m ari

juan a or th at Bo y ki n ha d kn owl ed ge of wha t R.W. pl an ne d to

do wit h th e m ari

juan a, we ho ld th at th e go ve rn m en t p r o v ed on ly t ha t Bo y ki n ha d a

bu y er-s el le r rel at io ns hi p wit h R.W. , wh ic h is in su ffi ci en t to su pp or t t he co ns pi racy

co nv ic ti on

.

Bu t th e go ve rn m en t al so co nt en ds th at Bo y ki n was in a co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e

m ari juan a wit h "o th ers ," su ch as Pat te rs on an d Bo y ki n's "s o u r c e of su pp ly." As to

Pat te rs on , th e reco rd is de vo id of an y ev id en ce th at Pat te rs on an d Bo y ki n co ns pi red

to di st rib ut e m ari

juan a. W hi le Bo y ki n in qu ire d of Pat te rs on on at le as t two oc cas io ns

whe th er Pat te rs on ha d an y m ari juan a, Pat te rs on di d no t ha v e a n y m ari juan a on th e

oc cas io ns whe n Bo y ki n a sk ed

. The go ve rn m en t of fere d no ev id en ce th at Pat te rs on

w a s B o yk in 's "s ou rce of su pp ly" or th at Bo y ki n ev er pu rch as ed an y dr ug s fro m

Pat te rs on

.

As to Bo y ki n's un kn own "s ou rce of su pp ly, " we ha ve reco gn iz ed th at "'[t ]he

fact th at th e id en ti ty of so m e or al l ot he r m em be rs of th e co ns pi racy rem ai ns un kn own

wil l no t pr ecl ud e a co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on .'" Uni te d St at es v. Man n , 70 1 F.3 d 27 4, 29 6
(8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Ago fs ky

, 20 F.3 d 86 6, 87 0 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 )).

Bu t in th e pr es en t cas e th e go ve rn m en t of fere d no ev id en ce of B o yk in acq ui rin g

m ari juan a fro m an

y so ur ce; in st ead

, it si m

pl y po in ts to th e fact th at Bo y ki n was ab le

to fil l R.W.'s $ 15 ord er fo r m ari juan a.

-1 8-Giv en th e reco rd ev id en ce, we ho ld t h a t th e go ve rn m en t fai le d to pr ov e th at

B o yk in was in a co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e m ari juan a wit h R.W.

, Pat te rs on , or a n

un kn own so ur ce o f su pp ly. Acco rd in gl y , we rev ers e h is co nv ic ti on on Co un t 1

. 6

III. Co nc lu si on

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm Bo yki n's ki dn ap pi ng co nv ic ti on bu t rev ers e hi s

co nv ic ti on on th e co ns pi racy co un t. W e rem an d fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs co ns is te nt

wit h t hi s o pi ni on

.

BYE, Cir cu it Ju dg e, di ss en ti ng in pa rt.

The su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t was m issing an es se nti al el em en t of th e ki dn ap pi ng

ch arg e an d Bo y

ki n's ki dn ap pi ng c o nv ic ti on sh ou ld be va cat ed

. The refo re, I

res pe ct fu ll y

di ss en t fr om

Part II.A. of t he Co ur t's op in io n.

Th e Co ur t rel ie s on Hay es v. Uni te d St at es , 29 6 F.2 d 65 7 (8 th Ci r. 19 61 ), t o

h o l d th e Fi fth Am en dm en t do es no t req ui re an in di ct m en t to li st a m ot iv e i n

ki dn ap pi ng cas es

. In Hay es , th e § 12 01 in di ct m en t di d no t ch arg e th e de fen da nt he ld

vi ct im s fo r an y sp eci fic reas on an d th e Eig ht h Ci rcu it de te rm in ed th e in di ct m en t was

su ffi ci en t. The di sc us si on of th e mo t i v e el em en t, ho wev er, was di ct a. Befo re

di sc us si ng th e su ffi ci en cy of th e in di ct m en t, th e co ur t f o u n d Hay es ha d waiv ed th e

is su e. Id

. at 66 6. Bec au se th e co ur t de te rm in ed th e is su e was w a i v ed be fo re 7

di sc us si ng th e m eri ts

, an y di sc us si on was di ct a. "[W] e ne ed no t fo ll ow di ct a. Dict a

Bec au se we rev ers e B oyki n's co nv ic ti on on Co un t 1, we ne ed no t ad dr es s 6

whe th er th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in de cl in in g to gi ve th e req ue st ed bu y er-s el le r in st ru ct io n.

I no te Hay e s ' c o n c l u si on reg ard in g th e waiv er is no lo ng er go od la w. In 7

Uni te d Stat es v. Cam

p, 54 1 F.2d 73 7, 74 1 (8t h Cir. 19 76 ), th e Eig ht h Circ ui t hel d a

c ha ll en ge to th e su ffi ci en cy of th e in di ct m en t, whe re it is al le ge d th e in di ct men t i s

m is si ng an es se nt ia l el em en t of th e of fen se , is pe rm is si bl e fo r th e fir st ti m e on ap pe al

.

-1 9-is a jud ic ia l co m m en t m ad e whi le de li ve rin g a ju d i c i a l op in io n, bu t on e th at is

un ne ces sa ry to th e de ci si on in th e cas e an d th eref or e no t pr eced en ti al ." Sh ep ha rd v.

Uni te d St at es , 73 5 F.3 d 79 7, 79 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ). The di ct a fro m Hay es ha s no t be en

fo ll owe d b y

th e Eig ht h C irc ui t, an d I wo ul d n ot fol lo w it no w. 8

Eve n as su m in g Hay es crea te d pr eced en t, an y su ch pr eced en t is no lo ng er va li d

be cau se in te rv en in g Su pr em e Co ur t cas es ha ve ch an ge d th e la w on ki dn ap pi ng

. See

McC ul lo ug h v. AEGON USA In c., 58 5 F.3 d 10 82

, 10 85 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) ("A li m it ed

ex cep ti on to th e pr io r pa ne l ru le pe rm it s us to rev is it an op in io n of a pr io r pa ne l if an

in te rv en in g Su p r e me Co ur t de ci si on is in co ns is te nt wit h th e pr io r op in io n." ). In

Hay es , th e Eig ht h C i r c u i t fo un d im po rta nt th at th e Su pr em e Co ur t ha d pr ev io us ly

"l ai d no st res s on th e st at ut or y wor d s 'he ld fo r ran so m or rewar d or ot he rwis e'" in

se tt in g fort h th e es se nt ia l el em en ts of § 12 01

. Hay es , 29 6 F.2 d at 66 7 (cit in g Sm it h

v. Uni te d St at es , 36 0 U

. S

. 1

, 9 (1 95 9) ). Afte r Hay es was de ci de d in 19 61

, th e

Su pr em e Co ur t m ad e cl ear m ot iv e is an es se nt ia l el em en t of ki dn ap pi ng

. Uni te d

St at es v. Heal y , 3 76 U.S. 7 5, 81 (1 96 4) (h ol di ng m ot iv e fo r ki dn ap pi n g c o n v i c ti on

c a n b e pe cu ni ary or no n- pe cu ni ary). The Eig ht h Ci rcu it ha s si nc e rep eat ed ly h e l d

m ot iv e is an es se nt ia l el em en t of ki dn ap pi ng

. Uni te d St at es v. Bro wn, 33 0 F.3 d 10 73

, 10 78 (8 th Ci r. 20 03 ) (d is cu ss in g whe th er go ve rn m en t ha d ad eq ua te ly pr ov en m ot iv e

a t t r i al ); Uni te d St at es v. Bo rd eau x, 84 F.3 d 15 44

, 15 48 (8 th Ci r. 19 96 ) (s am e) ;

Uni te d St at es v. McC ab e, 81 2 F.2 d 10 60

, 10 61 (8 th Ci r. 19 87 ) (s am e). Mo ti ve is an

es se nt ia l el em en t of a ki dn ap pi ng co nv ic ti on : if th e go ve rn m en t fai ls to pr ov e m ot iv e

a co nv ic ti on can no t st an d. "If a n es se nt ia l el em en t is om it te d fro m th e in di ct m en t,

th en th e de fen da nt 's Fift h Am en dm en t rig ht to be tri ed on ch arg es fo un d by a gr an d

The di sc us si on in Hay es ab ou t th e su ffi ci en cy of th e in di ct m en t ha s on ly be en 8

ci te d on ce by th e Eig ht h Ci rcu it

. See Dav id so n v. Uni te d Stat es , 31 2 F.2d 16 3, 16 5 (8 th Ci r. 19 63 ). In Dav id so n, th e in di ct m en t in cl ud ed th e la ng ua ge " an d he ld fo r

ran so m , rewar d an d ot he rwis e," id

. at 16 3 n.2

, an d is th us in ap pl ic ab le to th e pr es en t

cas e.

-2 0-jury ha s be en vi ol at ed ." Uni te d St at es v. O'Haga n, 13 9 F.3 d 64 1, 65 1 (8 th Ci r. 19 98 ).

Bo y ki n's Fif

th Am en dm en t ri gh t t o i nd ic tm en t b y a gr an d ju ry

was v io la te d.

I ag ree Bo y ki n was su ffi ci en tl y in fo rm ed by th e in di ct m en t of th e ch arg e s

ag ai ns t hi m to pr ot ect hi m fro m do ub le jeop a r d y. H o wev er, th e Fi fth Am en dm en t
rig ht to be tri ed up on ch arg es fo un d by a gr an d jury is se pa rat e fro m th e req ui rem en t

th at an in di ct m en t pr ov id e no ti ce of th e o f f e n s e an d ba r th e de fen da nt fro m do ub le
je o pa rd y

. Uni te d St at es v. Cam p, 54 1 F.2 d 73 7, 73 9- 40 (8 th Ci r. 19 76 ) (ci ti n g Ex

Part e Bai n, 12 1 U.S. 1 (1 88 7) ). I can no t ag ree th e in di ct m en t co m pl ie d wit h Bo y ki n's

Fi fth Am en dm en t rig ht to in di ct m en t by a gr an d jury be cau se th e gr an d jury di d no t

"co ns id er[] and f[i ]nd a ll ess en ti al ele m en ts of t he of fen se ch arg ed ." O'Haga n, 1 39

F.3 d a t 6 51

.

Acco rd in gl y , I wou ld va cat e Bo y ki n's ki dn ap pi ng co nv ic ti on

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-2 1-