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September 2022 
                    Report 1099

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		




















									



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Demographic characteristics
Educational attainment
Occupation
Families
Unrelated individuals
Labor market problems 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. People ages 16 and older in the labor force: poverty status and...Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by...Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by...Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during...Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children,...Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and...Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more:...Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status...
                          Technical Notes
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     A profile of the working poor, 2020
A profile of the working poor, 2020 imageIn 2020, 37.2 million people, or 11.4 percent of the nation’s population, lived below the official poverty level, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.1 (See the technical notes section for examples of poverty levels.) Although the poor were primarily adults who had not participated in the labor force during the year and children, 6.3 million individuals were among the “working poor” in 2020, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); this measure was essentially unchanged from 2019. The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. In 2020, the working-poor rate—the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks—was 4.1 percent, little different from the previous year’s figure (4.0 percent). (See table A, chart 1, and table 1.)Highlights from the 2020 data:In 2020, the working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more was 4.1 percent and was little changed from a year earlier, when it reached a series low (4.0 percent). (See chart 1.)Full-time workers remained much less likely to be among the working poor than part-time workers. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2.6 percent of those usually employed full time were classified as working poor, compared with 10.2 percent of part-time workers. (See table 1.)Women were more likely than men to be among the working poor (4.6 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively). In addition, Hispanics or Latinos (7.4 percent) and Blacks or African Americans (6.7 percent) continued to be much more likely than Whites (3.7 percent) and Asians (2.6 percent) to be among the working poor.2 (See table 2.)The likelihood of being classified as working poor diminishes as workers attain higher levels of education. Among those with less than a high school diploma, 13.0 percent of those who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor, compared with 1.3 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree and higher. (See table 3.)Individuals who were employed in service occupations remained more likely to be among the working poor than those employed in other major occupational groups. (See table 4.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, those with children under 18 years old (7.9 percent) were about four times as likely as those without children (1.9 percent) to live in poverty. Families maintained by women (13.1 percent) were more than twice as likely as families maintained by men (5.9 percent) to be living below the poverty level. (See table 5.)Table A. Poverty status of people and primary families in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2008–20 (Numbers in thousands)Characteristic2008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Total in the labor force1147,838147,902146,859147,475148,735149,483150,319152,230153,364154,762156,454157,769153,201In poverty8,88310,39110,51210,38210,61210,4509,4878,5607,5726,9466,9646,3186,306Working poor rate6.07.07.27.07.17.06.35.64.94.54.54.04.1Unrelated individuals32,78533,79834,09933,73134,81035,06135,01835,95335,78936,95937,08236,80537,080In poverty3,2753,9473,9473,6213,8514,1413,3953,1372,7922,5242,6842,4452,424Working poor rate10.011.711.610.711.111.89.78.77.86.87.26.66.5Primary families265,90765,46764,93166,22566,54166,46266,73267,19367,62867,58868,09968,31866,781In poverty4,5385,1935,2695,4695,4785,1375,1084,6074,0823,8543,6283,2323,260Working poor rate6.97.98.18.38.27.77.76.96.05.75.34.74.91 Includes individuals in families, not shown separately.2 Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).This report presents data on the relationship between labor force activity and poverty status in 2020 for workers and their families. These data were collected in the 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in the report, see the technical notes.) Data in this report reflect the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the labor market. The specific income thresholds used to determine people’s poverty status vary depending on whether the individuals are living with family members, living alone, or living with nonrelatives. For people living with family members, the poverty threshold is determined by the family’s total income; for individuals not living in families, personal income is used as the determinant.View Chart DataChart. 1 Working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 1986–2020YearTotal19866.219875.519885.419895.319905.519916.119926.319936.719946.219955.919965.819975.719985.419995.120004.720014.920025.320035.320045.620055.420065.120075.120086.020097.020107.220117.020127.120137.020146.320155.620164.920174.520184.520194.020204.1Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).Demographic characteristicsAmong those who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2020, the number of women classified as working poor (3.4 million) was higher than that of men (3.0 million). The working-poor rate also continued to be higher for women (4.6 percent) than for men (3.6 percent). The working-poor rates for both women and men were little different from a year earlier. (See table 2.)Hispanics and Blacks were much more likely than Whites and Asians to be among the working poor. In 2020, the working-poor rates for Hispanics and Blacks were 7.4 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively, compared with 3.7 percent for Whites and 2.6 percent for Asians. (See table 2 and chart 2.)View Chart DataChart 2. Working-poor rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020GenderTotalWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoTotal4.13.76.72.67.4Men3.63.45.12.47.2Women4.64.08.12.87.8Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).Among Whites and Blacks, the working-poor rate was higher for women than for men in 2020. The rates for White women and White men who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were 4.0 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively. The rate for Black women was 8.1 percent, compared with 5.1 percent for Black men. For Asians and Hispanics, the working-poor rates for women varied slightly from those of men. The working-poor rate for Asian women was 2.8 percent and the rate for men was 2.4 percent. Among Hispanics, the rate for women was 7.8 percent, and the rate for men was 7.2 percent. (See table 2.)There are disparities in the distribution of poverty among the different race groups by age. Even though the working-poor rate for women overall was little different from the previous year, women ages 20 to 24 saw their rate increase significantly—by 1.4 percentage points to 9.7 percent—over the year. Among race and ethnicity groups, White women ages 20 to 24 saw an increase to 8.8 percent in 2020. Black women ages 25 to 34 experienced a decrease to 12.1 percent over the year. The working-poor rate for Hispanic women ages 25 to 34 saw an increase to 8.8 percent, and Hispanic women ages 35 to 44 saw an increase to 9.6 percent over the year. (See table 2.) The increase in working-poor rates in some of these age groups coincided with the 2020 recession associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. (More information about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.)Young workers are more likely to have higher working-poor rates than are workers in older age groups, in part because earnings are lower for young workers and the unemployment rate for young workers is higher. Among youths who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 7.8 percent of 16- to 19-year-olds and 7.9 percent of 20- to 24-year-olds had incomes that fell below the official poverty level in 2020. Those rates were higher than the rates for workers ages 25 to 34 (5.0 percent) and those ages 35 to 44 (4.6 percent). Workers ages 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 and older had lower working-poor rates—3.0 percent, 2.5 percent, and 1.5 percent, respectively—than did those in younger age groups. Younger workers are more likely than older workers to be employed in service occupations, an occupational group hit particularly hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, employment declined more sharply among part-time workers because of the pandemic and younger workers are more likely to be employed part time. (More information about how the pandemic affected people working part time is available at https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm#ques17.) (See table 2.)Educational attainmentAchieving higher levels of education reduces the incidence of living in poverty. People who complete more years of education usually have greater access to higher paying jobs—such as management, professional, and related occupations—than those with fewer years of education. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2020, those with less than a high school diploma had the highest working-poor rate, at 13.0 percent, while those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had the lowest, at 1.3 percent. For high school graduates and those with some college or associate’s degree, women were more likely than men to be among the working poor. The working-poor rates were little different for men and women with a bachelor’s degree and higher and for those with less than a high school diploma. (See table 3 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Working-poor rates by gender and educational attainment, 2020Education attainmentTotalMenWomenLess than a high school diploma13.012.513.9High school graduates, no college16.34.98.3Some college or associate's degree4.12.95.3Bachelor's degree and higher21.31.21.4Note: 1Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.2Includes people with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).For people with a bachelor’s degree and higher, all race and ethnicity groups had similar working-poor rates, ranging from 1.1 percent to 2.1 percent. For those with less than a high school diploma, the working poor rate for Asians (8.7 percent) was lower than the rates for Whites (12.1 percent), Hispanics (14.8 percent), and Blacks (19.4 percent) in 2020.OccupationThe likelihood of being among the working poor varies widely by occupation. Workers in occupations requiring higher education and characterized by relatively high earnings—such as management, professional, and related occupations—were least likely to be classified as working poor. For example, 1.4 percent of those in management, professional, and related occupations were among the working poor in 2020. By contrast, individuals employed in occupations that typically do not require high levels of education and that are characterized by relatively low earnings were more likely to be among the working poor. For instance, 8.4 percent of workers in service occupations who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor in 2020. The 2.0 million working poor employed in service occupations accounted for about one-third of all those classified as working poor. (See table 4.)For most occupational groups, women had higher working-poor rates than men. However, the rates for men and women were little different in management, professional, and related occupations (1.2 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively). For both men and women, working-poor rates were lowest in this occupational group. The working-poor rate for women in service occupations was 10.1 percent while the rate for men was 6.2 percent.FamiliesIn 2020, 3.3 million families were living below the poverty level despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more. This figure was little different from the prior year. Among families with only one member in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2020, married-couple families were less likely to be living below the poverty level, at 6.3 percent, than were families maintained by women, at 17.5 percent, and families maintained by men, at 8.6 percent. (Seetable 5.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year, those with children in the household were much more likely, at 7.9 percent, to live below the poverty level than those without children at 1.9 percent. However, those without children experienced a 0.3-percentage-point increase in their working-poor rate while the rate for those with children changed little over the year. Among families with children under 18, the working-poor rate for those maintained by women (18.9 percent) was higher than the rate for those maintained by men (8.3 percent). Married-couple families with children under 18 had a working-poor rate of 4.4 percent.Unrelated individualsThe “unrelated individuals” category includes individuals who live by themselves or with others not related to them. Of the 37.1 million unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for half the year or longer, 2.4 million lived below the poverty level in 2020. This measure was essentially unchanged from a year earlier. The working-poor rate for unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more was 6.5 percent, little different from last year’s figure. (See table 6.)Within the group of unrelated individuals, teenagers continued to be most likely to be among the working poor. In 2020, 36.5 percent of teens (ages 16 to 19) who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and who lived on their own or with others not related to them lived below the poverty level, little changed from the prior year. In 2020, the working-poor rates for men and women living alone or with nonrelatives were 5.9 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively. The rates for unrelated individuals were higher for Hispanics (10.2 percent) and Blacks (7.9 percent) than for Whites (6.1 percent) and Asians (5.5 percent). (See table 7.)Of the 2.4 million unrelated individuals considered to be among the working poor in 2020, about 3 out of 5 lived with others. These individuals had a higher working-poor rate (8.3 percent) than individuals who lived alone (4.8 percent). Many unrelated individuals living below the poverty level may live with others out of necessity. By contrast, many of those who live alone do so because they have sufficient income to support themselves. Unrelated individuals’ poverty status, however, is determined by each person’s resources. The pooling of resources and sharing of living expenses may permit some individuals in this category—who are technically classified as poor—to live at a higher standard than they would have if they lived alone.Labor market problemsAs noted earlier, people who usually work full time are less likely to live in poverty than are those who work part time, yet there remains a sizable group of full-time workers who live below the poverty threshold. Among those who participated in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and usually worked in full-time wage and salary jobs, 2.9 million, or 2.4 percent, were classified as working poor in 2020—little different than the 3.0-million figure a year earlier. (See table 8.)There are three major labor market problems that can hinder a worker’s ability to earn an income that is above the poverty threshold: low earnings, periods of unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment.In 2020, 83 percent of the working poor who usually work full time experienced at least one of the major labor market problems. Low earnings continued to be the most common problem, with 61 percent subject to low earnings, either as the only problem or in combination with other labor market problems. Forty-three percent experienced unemployment as the main labor market problem or in conjunction with other problems, an increase of 16.6 percentage points from the prior year, an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Five percent of the working poor experienced all three problems: low earnings, unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment. (See table 8.)Some 490,000, or 17 percent, of the working poor who usually worked full time did not experience any of the three primary labor market problems, a decline of 114,000 in 2020. Their classification as working poor may be explained by other factors, including short-term employment, some weeks of voluntary part-time work, or a family structure that increases the risk of poverty.Notes
			
 
 
 1 “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020,” *Current Population Reports*, P60–273 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2021),
  https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf.
 2 People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                


Table 1. People ages 16 and older in the labor force: poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total in labor force
27 weeks or more in labor forceTotal
50 to 52 weeksTotalTotal in the labor force
168,591
153,201
136,403Did not work during the year
2,925
1,554
1,185Worked during the year
165,666
151,647
135,218Usual full-time workers
134,019
127,596
116,776Usual part-time workers
31,648
24,051
18,442Involuntary part-time workers
7,337
6,035
4,825Voluntary part-time workers
24,311
18,016
13,617At or above poverty levelTotal in the labor force
159,699
146,895
131,393Did not work during the year
1,957
1,061
787Worked during the year
157,742
145,834
130,606Usual full-time workers
129,702
124,230
114,004Usual part-time workers
28,040
21,605
16,601Involuntary part-time workers
6,103
5,081
4,060Voluntary part-time workers
21,938
16,524
12,542Below poverty levelTotal in the labor force
8,892
6,306
5,010Did not work during the year
968
494
398Worked during the year
7,924
5,812
4,613Usual full-time workers
4,317
3,366
2,772Usual part-time workers
3,607
2,446
1,841Involuntary part-time workers
1,234
954
765Voluntary part-time workers
2,373
1,493
1,076Rate1Total in the labor force
5.3
4.1
3.7Did not work during the year
33.1
31.8
33.6Worked during the year
4.8
3.8
3.4Usual full-time workers
3.2
2.6
2.4Usual part-time workers
11.4
10.2
10.0Involuntary part-time workers
16.8
15.8
15.9Voluntary part-time workers
9.8
8.3
7.91Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or  Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or LatinoTotal, 16 years and older
153,201
118,627
19,362
9,793
27,126
6,306
4,398
1,300
253
2,020
4.1
3.7
6.7
2.6
7.416 to 19 years
3,498
2,680
527
103
753
274
189
66
-
95
7.8
7.1
12.6
-
12.620 to 24 years
12,396
9,327
1,761
586
2,988
982
656
197
59
238
7.9
7.0
11.2
10.1
8.025 to 34 years
35,399
26,327
4,992
2,456
7,084
1,778
1,185
436
61
548
5.0
4.5
8.7
2.5
7.735 to 44 years
33,189
25,075
4,386
2,532
6,537
1,513
1,098
298
49
614
4.6
4.4
6.8
2.0
9.445 to 54 years
31,105
24,284
3,782
2,135
5,459
939
667
173
42
330
3.0
2.7
4.6
2.0
6.055 to 64 years
26,987
21,932
2,944
1,508
3,362
663
496
98
30
158
2.5
2.3
3.3
2.0
4.765 years and older
10,627
9,002
968
474
943
157
107
30
12
37
1.5
1.2
3.1
2.5
3.9Men, 16 years and older
81,010
63,979
9,097
5,186
15,514
2,954
2,204
467
124
1,119
3.6
3.4
5.1
2.4
7.216 to 19 years
1,662
1,301
204
51
411
122
82
25
-
59
7.3
6.3
12.5
-
14.420 to 24 years
6,298
4,795
846
284
1,599
388
258
86
22
103
6.2
5.4
10.1
7.9
6.425 to 34 years
18,833
14,230
2,467
1,310
4,081
746
554
130
29
284
4.0
3.9
5.3
2.2
7.035 to 44 years
18,016
14,011
2,022
1,372
3,865
770
613
92
32
356
4.3
4.4
4.5
2.3
9.245 to 54 years
16,277
12,994
1,705
1,140
3,094
529
388
86
21
206
3.2
3.0
5.0
1.9
6.755 to 64 years
13,989
11,487
1,418
787
1,899
324
251
34
17
91
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.2
4.865 years and older
5,934
5,162
435
244
565
75
58
14
2
20
1.3
1.1
3.2
0.9
3.6Women, 16 years and older
72,191
54,648
10,264
4,608
11,613
3,352
2,194
833
129
901
4.6
4.0
8.1
2.8
7.816 to 19 years
1,837
1,380
323
52
342
152
107
41
-
36
8.3
7.8
12.6
-
10.520 to 24 years
6,098
4,532
915
302
1,389
593
398
111
37
136
9.7
8.8
12.1
12.1
9.825 to 34 years
16,566
12,096
2,525
1,146
3,003
1,033
631
306
32
263
6.2
5.2
12.1
2.8
8.835 to 44 years
15,172
11,065
2,364
1,160
2,672
743
485
207
18
258
4.9
4.4
8.7
1.5
9.645 to 54 years
14,828
11,290
2,077
995
2,365
411
280
88
21
124
2.8
2.5
4.2
2.1
5.255 to 64 years
12,998
10,445
1,526
722
1,463
339
245
64
13
68
2.6
2.4
4.2
1.7
4.665 years and older
4,693
3,840
533
230
378
82
49
16
10
17
1.7
1.3
3.1
4.2
4.41Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older
153,201
81,010
72,191
6,306
2,954
3,352
4.1
3.6
4.6Less than a high school diploma
10,584
6,620
3,964
1,375
826
550
13.0
12.5
13.9Less than 1 year of high school
3,594
2,433
1,161
518
355
163
14.4
14.6
14.01–3 years of high school
5,407
3,196
2,211
639
333
306
11.8
10.4
13.84 years of high school, no diploma
1,583
991
592
219
138
81
13.8
13.9
13.7High school graduates, no college2
38,935
23,291
15,644
2,448
1,147
1,301
6.3
4.9
8.3Some college or associate's degree
40,673
20,471
20,202
1,664
603
1,061
4.1
2.9
5.3Some college, no degree
24,157
12,584
11,572
1,094
422
672
4.5
3.4
5.8Associate's degree
16,516
7,886
8,630
570
181
389
3.5
2.3
4.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
63,009
30,628
32,381
819
378
441
1.3
1.2
1.4White, 16 years and older
118,627
63,979
54,648
4,398
2,204
2,194
3.7
3.4
4.0Less than a high school diploma
8,465
5,411
3,054
1,025
630
395
12.1
11.6
12.9Less than 1 year of high school
3,048
2,105
942
436
297
138
14.3
14.1
14.71–3 years of high school
4,256
2,568
1,688
455
245
210
10.7
9.6
12.44 years of high school, no diploma
1,162
738
424
134
87
46
11.5
11.8
10.9High school graduates, no college2
29,974
18,326
11,649
1,677
852
825
5.6
4.7
7.1Some college or associate's degree
31,509
16,272
15,237
1,158
454
704
3.7
2.8
4.6Some college, no degree
18,412
9,831
8,581
744
319
425
4.0
3.2
5.0Associate's degree
13,097
6,441
6,656
414
135
279
3.2
2.1
4.2Bachelor's degree and higher3
48,678
23,970
24,708
538
268
270
1.1
1.1
1.1Black or African American, 16 years and older
19,362
9,097
10,264
1,300
467
833
6.7
5.1
8.1Less than a high school diploma
1,192
660
532
232
123
109
19.4
18.6
20.5Less than 1 year of high school
198
113
85
34
21
13
17.1
18.3
15.51–3 years of high school
711
375
335
133
59
74
18.8
15.7
22.24 years of high school, no diploma
283
172
111
65
43
21
22.8
25.2
19.2High school graduates, no college2
6,061
3,341
2,721
599
214
385
9.9
6.4
14.2Some college or associate's degree
5,983
2,661
3,322
342
90
252
5.7
3.4
7.6Some college, no degree
3,838
1,784
2,054
231
62
169
6.0
3.5
8.2Associate's degree
2,145
877
1,268
111
28
83
5.2
3.2
6.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
6,126
2,435
3,690
126
40
86
2.1
1.6
2.3Asian, 16 years and older
9,793
5,186
4,608
253
124
129
2.6
2.4
2.8Less than a high school diploma
378
201
177
33
20
12
8.7
10.2
7.1Less than 1 year of high school
170
89
81
14
12
2
8.3
13.6
2.31–3 years of high school
159
83
76
16
8
8
10.0
10.0
10.04 years of high school, no diploma
49
29
20
3
-
3
-
-
-High school graduates, no college2
1,369
741
628
42
21
21
3.1
2.8
3.4Some college or associate's degree
1,459
718
741
62
18
44
4.2
2.5
5.9Some college, no degree
824
433
391
56
15
42
6.8
3.4
10.7Associate's degree
635
285
350
5
3
2
0.8
1.2
0.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
6,588
3,526
3,062
116
64
52
1.8
1.8
1.7Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older
27,126
15,514
11,613
2,020
1,119
901
7.4
7.2
7.8Less than a high school diploma
5,545
3,736
1,809
820
525
295
14.8
14.1
16.3Less than 1 year of high school
2,697
1,884
813
406
281
125
15.1
14.9
15.41–3 years of high school
2,142
1,365
777
302
171
132
14.1
12.5
16.94 years of high school, no diploma
707
487
219
112
73
39
15.9
15.0
17.7High school graduates, no college2
8,785
5,437
3,348
722
398
323
8.2
7.3
9.7Some college or associate's degree
6,893
3,474
3,420
359
135
224
5.2
3.9
6.5Some college, no degree
4,252
2,190
2,062
232
102
130
5.4
4.6
6.3Associate's degree
2,641
1,283
1,358
127
34
94
4.8
2.6
6.9Bachelor's degree and higher3
5,903
2,867
3,036
118
60
58
2.0
2.1
1.91Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.2Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.3Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older2
151,647
80,120
71,527
5,812
2,684
3,129
3.8
3.3
4.4Management, professional, and related occupations
64,727
31,005
33,723
902
384
517
1.4
1.2
1.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
28,104
15,278
12,825
376
202
175
1.3
1.3
1.4Professional and related occupations
36,624
15,726
20,897
525
182
343
1.4
1.2
1.6Service occupations
23,693
10,146
13,547
1,989
626
1,363
8.4
6.2
10.1Sales and office occupations
30,245
11,453
18,793
1,203
349
855
4.0
3.0
4.5Sales and related occupations
14,077
7,146
6,931
687
227
460
4.9
3.2
6.6Office and administrative support occupations
16,168
4,306
11,862
516
121
395
3.2
2.8
3.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,888
13,112
776
803
733
69
5.8
5.6
8.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,080
827
253
111
87
24
10.3
10.5
9.7Construction and extraction occupations
7,941
7,595
346
540
500
40
6.8
6.6
11.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,866
4,690
176
151
147
5
3.1
3.1
2.6Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
18,956
14,291
4,664
916
591
325
4.8
4.1
7.0Production occupations
7,871
5,576
2,295
303
160
143
3.9
2.9
6.2Transportation and material-moving occupations
11,085
8,715
2,370
613
431
182
5.5
4.9
7.7White, 16 years and older2
117,627
63,387
54,240
4,083
2,007
2,076
3.5
3.2
3.8Management, professional, and related occupations
50,576
24,762
25,813
613
289
325
1.2
1.2
1.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
22,724
12,860
9,864
274
159
115
1.2
1.2
1.2Professional and related occupations
27,851
11,902
15,949
339
130
210
1.2
1.1
1.3Service occupations
17,186
7,419
9,767
1,350
471
879
7.9
6.3
9.0Sales and office occupations
23,683
8,965
14,717
836
237
598
3.5
2.6
4.1Sales and related occupations
11,259
5,787
5,472
484
145
339
4.3
2.5
6.2Office and administrative support occupations
12,424
3,179
9,245
352
92
259
2.8
2.9
2.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
12,038
11,349
689
671
603
68
5.6
5.3
9.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
963
726
237
100
75
24
10.4
10.4
10.3Construction and extraction occupations
6,900
6,592
308
458
420
38
6.6
6.4
12.5Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,174
4,030
144
113
108
5
2.7
2.7
3.2Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
14,044
10,809
3,234
614
408
206
4.4
3.8
6.4Production occupations
6,090
4,449
1,642
221
123
98
3.6
2.8
6.0Transportation and material-moving occupations
7,953
6,360
1,593
393
285
109
4.9
4.5
6.8Black or African American, 16 years and older2
18,972
8,873
10,099
1,160
410
749
6.1
4.6
7.4Management, professional, and related occupations
6,558
2,372
4,186
159
40
119
2.4
1.7
2.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,612
1,005
1,607
55
19
36
2.1
1.9
2.2Professional and related occupations
3,946
1,367
2,580
104
20
83
2.6
1.5
3.2Service occupations
4,133
1,654
2,479
457
95
362
11.1
5.8
14.6Sales and office occupations
3,905
1,452
2,453
240
63
176
6.1
4.4
7.2Sales and related occupations
1,577
725
852
138
46
92
8.7
6.3
10.8Office and administrative support occupations
2,328
727
1,601
102
17
85
4.4
2.4
5.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1,006
958
48
79
78
1
7.9
8.2
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
49
43
5
8
8
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
576
554
22
51
50
1
8.9
9.0
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
382
361
21
20
20
-
5.3
5.6
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
3,347
2,420
927
225
134
91
6.7
5.5
9.8Production occupations
1,098
722
376
64
26
38
5.8
3.6
10.1Transportation and material-moving occupations
2,249
1,698
550
161
108
53
7.2
6.4
9.7Asian, 16 years and older2
9,677
5,134
4,543
237
118
118
2.4
2.3
2.6Management, professional, and related occupations
5,670
3,065
2,606
86
42
44
1.5
1.4
1.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,917
998
918
31
17
13
1.6
1.7
1.4Professional and related occupations
3,754
2,066
1,687
55
25
30
1.5
1.2
1.8Service occupations
1,296
546
750
62
17
45
4.8
3.1
6.0Sales and office occupations
1,544
661
883
59
33
26
3.8
5.0
3.0Sales and related occupations
757
407
350
29
22
8
3.9
5.4
2.2Office and administrative support occupations
788
255
533
30
11
19
3.8
4.3
3.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
290
277
12
8
8
-
2.8
2.9
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
20
16
4
1
1
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
137
134
3
5
5
-
3.5
3.6
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
132
127
5
2
2
-
1.6
1.7
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
875
583
291
21
18
3
2.4
3.1
1.0Production occupations
427
251
176
5
5
-
1.1
2.0
-Transportation and material-moving occupations
447
333
115
16
13
3
3.6
4.0
2.4Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older2
26,746
15,297
11,449
1,876
1,046
830
7.0
6.8
7.2Management, professional, and related occupations
6,353
2,967
3,386
145
67
77
2.3
2.3
2.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,762
1,470
1,292
57
29
28
2.1
2.0
2.2Professional and related occupations
3,591
1,497
2,094
87
38
50
2.4
2.5
2.4Service occupations
5,916
2,668
3,248
705
291
415
11.9
10.9
12.8Sales and office occupations
5,299
1,984
3,316
281
86
195
5.3
4.3
5.9Sales and related occupations
2,374
1,116
1,258
157
52
105
6.6
4.7
8.3Office and administrative support occupations
2,926
868
2,058
124
34
90
4.2
3.9
4.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
4,601
4,327
274
444
401
43
9.6
9.3
15.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
457
324
133
47
33
14
10.3
10.2
10.5Construction and extraction occupations
3,035
2,920
115
329
302
28
10.8
10.3
23.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,109
1,083
25
67
66
1
6.1
6.1
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
4,540
3,318
1,222
302
201
100
6.6
6.1
8.2Production occupations
1,873
1,231
642
117
68
49
6.2
5.5
7.6Transportation and material-moving occupations
2,667
2,087
580
185
133
52
6.9
6.4
8.91Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.2Estimates for the occupational groups do not sum to totals because data includes the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total families
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1Total primary familiesTotal
66,781
63,521
3,260
4.9With related children under 18 years
33,468
30,828
2,641
7.9Without children
33,312
32,693
620
1.9With one member in the labor force
28,739
25,922
2,817
9.8With two or more members in the labor force
38,042
37,598
443
1.2With two members
31,760
31,371
388
1.2With three or more members
6,282
6,227
55
0.9Married-couple families2Total
48,811
47,484
1,327
2.7With related children under 18 years
23,270
22,243
1,028
4.4Without children
25,541
25,241
300
1.2With one member in the labor force
16,881
15,813
1,068
6.3Husband
11,396
10,597
799
7.0Wife
4,627
4,408
219
4.7Relative
858
808
50
5.9With two or more members in the labor force
31,931
31,671
260
0.8With two members
26,953
26,727
226
0.8With three or more members
4,978
4,944
34
0.7Families maintained by women3Total
12,077
10,494
1,583
13.1With related children under 18 years
7,244
5,878
1,367
18.9Without children
4,833
4,617
216
4.5With one member in the labor force
8,184
6,751
1,434
17.5Householder
6,529
5,325
1,204
18.4Relative
1,655
1,426
230
13.9With two or more members in the labor force
3,893
3,744
149
3.8Families maintained by men3Total
5,892
5,542
350
5.9With related children under 18 years
2,954
2,708
246
8.3Without children
2,938
2,835
103
3.5With one member in the labor force
3,674
3,359
315
8.6Householder
3,019
2,754
265
8.8Relative
655
605
50
7.6With two or more members in the labor force
2,218
2,183
35
1.61Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.2Beginning with data for 2018, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2018, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.3Beginning with data for 2018, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2018, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.Note: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and work experience, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total
In married-couple families1
In families maintained by women2
In families maintained by men2
Unrelated individualsHusbands
Wives
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relativesTotal, 16 years and olderAll people
260,995
60,615
61,439
5,493
22,521
15,460
2,212
15,323
6,940
691
7,562
62,740With labor force activity
168,591
44,345
37,535
1,384
14,021
10,955
438
9,428
5,371
184
4,675
40,2541 to 26 weeks
15,390
2,045
2,927
751
2,734
1,032
230
1,434
370
97
596
3,17427 weeks or more
153,201
42,300
34,608
632
11,287
9,923
209
7,994
5,001
87
4,078
37,080With no labor force activity
92,405
16,270
23,903
4,110
8,500
4,505
1,774
5,895
1,569
507
2,887
22,486At or above poverty levelAll people
234,235
57,774
58,567
5,157
21,691
11,831
1,619
13,235
6,147
599
6,924
50,691With labor force activity
159,699
43,079
36,922
1,353
13,738
9,162
382
8,703
4,982
169
4,505
36,7031 to 26 weeks
12,804
1,821
2,738
730
2,635
553
189
1,200
275
87
529
2,04727 weeks or more
146,895
41,258
34,184
623
11,103
8,610
193
7,503
4,707
82
3,975
34,657With no labor force activity
74,536
14,695
21,645
3,804
7,952
2,669
1,237
4,532
1,165
430
2,419
13,988Below poverty levelAll people
26,760
2,840
2,871
336
830
3,628
593
2,088
794
92
638
12,049With labor force activity
8,892
1,266
613
31
283
1,793
56
725
390
15
170
3,5511 to 26 weeks
2,586
223
189
21
99
479
41
234
95
10
67
1,12727 weeks or more
6,306
1,042
424
10
184
1,313
15
491
294
5
103
2,424With no labor force activity
17,868
1,574
2,258
306
547
1,836
537
1,363
404
76
468
8,498Rate3All people
10.3
4.7
4.7
6.1
3.7
23.5
26.8
13.6
11.4
13.3
8.4
19.2With labor force activity
5.3
2.9
1.6
2.2
2.0
16.4
12.8
7.7
7.3
8.4
3.6
8.81 to 26 weeks
16.8
10.9
6.4
2.8
3.6
46.4
17.8
16.3
25.7
10.6
11.2
35.527 weeks or more
4.1
2.5
1.2
1.5
1.6
13.2
7.4
6.1
5.9
5.9
2.5
6.5With no labor force activity
19.3
9.7
9.4
7.4
6.4
40.7
30.3
23.1
25.8
15.1
16.2
37.81Beginning with data for 2018, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2018, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.2Beginning with data for 2018, includes people in families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2018, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.3Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and living arrangement, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1Age and genderTotal unrelated individuals
37,080
34,657
2,424
6.516 to 19 years
343
218
125
36.520 to 24 years
3,977
3,446
531
13.325 to 64 years
29,949
28,250
1,699
5.765 years and older
2,811
2,742
68
2.4Men
20,128
18,945
1,183
5.9Women
16,952
15,712
1,240
7.3Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWhite
28,534
26,798
1,736
6.1Men
15,681
14,816
864
5.5Women
12,853
11,981
872
6.8Black or African American
5,292
4,871
421
7.9Men
2,706
2,506
200
7.4Women
2,586
2,365
221
8.5Asian
1,823
1,722
101
5.5Men
966
923
42
4.4Women
857
799
59
6.8Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
5,377
4,827
551
10.2Men
3,351
3,020
331
9.9Women
2,026
1,807
219
10.8Living arrangementLiving alone
18,560
17,675
885
4.8Living with others
18,520
16,982
1,538
8.31Number below the poverty level as percent of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Labor market problems
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1Total, full-time wage and salary workers
121,911
119,046
2,865
2.4No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings2
99,347
98,858
490
0.5Workers experiencing one labor market problemUnemployment only
10,817
10,329
488
4.5Involuntary part-time employment only
3,042
2,993
49
1.6Low earnings only
4,637
3,635
1,002
21.6Workers experiencing multiple labor market problemsUnemployment and involuntary part-time employment
1,702
1,614
88
5.2Unemployment and low earnings
1,554
1,037
517
33.3Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings
426
339
87
20.5Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings
385
240
145
37.7Workers experiencing each labor market problemUnemployment (alone or with other problems)
14,458
13,220
1,238
8.6Involuntary part-time employment (alone or with other problems)
5,556
5,186
369
6.7Low earnings (alone or with other problems)
7,002
5,252
1,751
25.01Number below the poverty level as percent of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.2The low-earnings threshold in 2020 was $380.93 per week.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Technical Notes
     
The data presented in this report were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS). Conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households. Data from the CPS are used to obtain monthly estimates of the nation’s employment and unemployment levels. The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2021 are for the 2020 calendar year. The 2020 data in this report are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. The collection period for these data occurred a year after the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic; in-person interviews were only conducted when telephone interviews could not be done. In March 2021, the response rate for the CPS basic household survey improved to about 76 percent from 73 percent a year earlier, though not quite returning to the prepandemic trend. For more information about the impact of the pandemic on ASEC data collection, see “Income and poverty in the United States: 2020,” *Current Population Reports*, P60-273 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2021), www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf.
Estimates in this report are based on a sample and, consequently, may differ from estimates that would have been obtained from a complete count using the same questionnaire and procedures. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Thus, both small estimates and small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. For a detailed explanation of the ASEC supplement to the CPS, its sampling variability, more extensive definitions than those provided here, and additional information about income and poverty measures, see “Income and poverty in the United States: 2020,” *Current Population Reports*, P60-273 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2021), www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Poverty classification*statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary with the makeup of the family. In 2020, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $26,496; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $53,905; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $13,171. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020,”www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf.
The*low-earnings* level, as first developed in 1987, represented the average of the real value of the minimum wage between 1967 and 1987 for a 40-hour workweek. The year 1967 was chosen as the base year because that was the first year in which minimum-wage legislation covered essentially the same broad group of workers that currently is covered. The low-earnings level has been adjusted each year since then in accordance with the CPI-U, so the measure maintains the same real value that it held in 1987. In 2020, the low-earnings threshold was $380.93 per week. For a complete definition, see Bruce W. Klein and Philip L. Rones, “A profile of the working poor,” *Monthly Labor Review*, October 1989, pp. 3–11, www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1989/10/art1full.pdf.
Data on *income* are limited to money income—before personal income taxes and payroll deductions—received in the calendar year preceding the CPS supplement. Data on income do not include the value of noncash benefits, such as food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and employer-provided benefits. For a complete definition of income, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020,” www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf.
The *labor force* refers to people who worked or looked for work sometime during the calendar year. The number of weeks in the labor force is accumulated over the entire year. The focus in this report is on people who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.
The*working-poor rate* is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.
*Involuntary part-time workers* are people who, during at least 1 week of the year, worked fewer than 35 hours because of slack work, unfavorable business conditions, or because they could not find full-time work. The number of weeks of involuntary part-time work is accumulated over the year.
*Occupation* refers to the job in which a person worked the most weeks during the calendar year.
*Unemployed* people are those who looked for work while not employed or those who were on layoff from a job and were expecting to be recalled to that job. The number of weeks unemployed is accumulated over the entire year.
The *householder* is the family reference person. This is the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationships of the other individuals in the household are defined in terms of their relationships to the householder. The race or Hispanic ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder.
A *family* is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. Families include those with or without children under 18 years old. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Sub-families are excluded from the count of families. A sub-family is a family that does not maintain its own household, but lives in the home of someone else. Family status is determined at the time of the survey interview and, thus, may be different from that of the previous year. Families are further categorized as follows:
Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
Families maintained by men or women are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but with no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.Beginning in 2018, the definition of married couples in this report includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to 2018, married-couple families included opposite-sex married-couple families only. Therefore, beginning in 2018, estimates for married-couple families and families maintained by men or women may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Unrelated individuals* are people who are not living with anyone related to them by birth, marriage, or adoption. Such individuals may live alone or live with other individuals to whom they may not be related. Beginning in 2018, estimates for unrelated individuals may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Related children* refer to children under age 18 who are living in the household and are related to the householder. Included are own children (sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children) of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, as well as other children related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. Beginning in 2018, estimates for related children may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. White, Black or African American, and Asian are categories used to describe the race of people. People in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the two remaining race categories—American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander—and for people who selected more than one race category are included in totals, but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Facebook
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