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Major Work Stoppages in 2004 and 2005

by David Pongrace

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Originally Posted: October 25, 2006

In 2004 and 2005, although the numbers of major work stoppages were higher than in 2003, total days of idleness decreased

over the period. The number of workers idled by major work stoppages increased in 2004 before decreasing in 2005. The

numbers of major work stoppages and the numbers of workers idled in 2004 and 2005 are low by historical standards.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has published data on major work stoppages, strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 or

more workers, each year since 1947. This article summarizes the major work stoppages in 2004 and 2005 and discusses

details of the largest work stoppages. A glossary and description of methodology are included to help clarify the data being

discussed. The 2004 and 2005 data are discussed separately to reflect the summary data in the annual news releases.1

Activity In 2004

In 2004, the number of workers idled because of lockouts and strikes increased from 2003, while the number of days of

idleness decreased; each of these measures remained low by historical standards. Seventeen major work stoppages that

began in 2004 and one major work stoppage that continued from 2003 collectively idled 170,700 workers and resulted in 3.3

million workdays of idleness. Comparable figures from 2003 were 14 major work stoppages, resulting in 129,200 workers

idled and 4.1 million workdays of idleness. • Retail Trade 2,447,900 days

• Accommodation and Food Services 384,700 days

• Information 204,000 days

Four work stoppages, three that began in 2004 and one that began in 2003, accounted for 83 percent of all workers idled in

2004. The largest work stoppage in 2004 was between SBC Communications, Inc. and the Communications Workers of

America (CWA), with 102,000 workers idled. The second largest, the stoppage that began in 2003 and continued into 2004,

was between Albertsons, Ralphs Grocery Company, and Vons, and the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), with

61,300 workers idled. The third largest was a stoppage between the Home Health Care Agencies and the Service Employees

International Union (SEIU), which idled an average of 19,000 workers.2 The fourth largest was a stoppage between the hotel

and casino employers in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and UNITE HERE, which idled 10,000 workers. These four work

stoppages were responsible for 85 percent of the days of idleness in 2004.

The average length of a work stoppage beginning in 2004 was 14.6 days; 83 percent of all work stoppages lasted 30 days or

less. The longest work stoppage was a dispute between the Automobile Dealers Association in St. Louis, Missouri, with the

International Association of Machinists (IAM) and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), which lasted 52 days.

The dispute between Albertsons, Ralphs Grocery Company, and Vons, and the UFCW lasted 39 days in 2004 and 56 days in

2003, for a combined 95-day work stoppage. There were two major work stoppages still in effect on December 31, 2004: a

work stoppage between Ormet and United Steel Workers of America (USWA) and a work stoppage between Jersey Central

Power and Light and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW).

Activity In 2005

Twenty-two major lockouts and strikes idled 99,600 workers and resulted in 1.7 million workdays of idleness in 2005. Despite

an increase in the number of work stoppages, both the number of workers idled and the number of workdays of idleness

declined from 2004. All of these levels are below historical averages. (See table 1 and charts 1, 2, and 3.)
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Most of the work stoppages that began in 2005 occurred between March and June. Sixteen of the 22 strikes and lockouts

involving at least 1,000 workers began during this period. Five stoppages began in May; April and June each saw the

beginning of four stoppages, while three stoppages began in March.

Of the 22 major work stoppages that began in 2005, 17 were in private industry and 5 were in State and local governments.

In private industry, the largest number of work stoppages occurring in one industry was six, in manufacturing. Of the eight

work stoppages occurring in service-providing industries, the majority were in plumbing and mechanical contractors, while

one was in the airline industry and another in the telecommunications industry. In State and local governments, three work

stoppages occurred at colleges and universities and two were in transportation. The following industry groups experienced

the most days of idleness due to work stoppages in 2005: • Transportation and Warehousing 520,500 days

• Mining 134,100 days

The three longest work stoppages accounted for 62 percent of the 1.7 million days of idleness resulting from work stoppages

in 2005. The largest work stoppage in terms of idleness in 2005 was between Northwest Airlines and the Aircraft Mechanics

Fraternal Association, with 371,700 days idle. The second largest was the work stoppage between Boeing and the

International Association of Machinists, District 751, with 366,000 days idle. The third largest work stoppage in 2005 began in

2004 between Ormet and United Steel Workers of America Locals 5724 and 5760, with 324,300 days idle in 2005.

Two of the three largest work stoppages in terms of worker participation in 2005 took place in State and local government.

The dispute between the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority and the Transit Workers Union, Local 100 was the

largest stoppage, as measured by worker participation, idling 35,000 employees, while the stoppage involving the

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority and the Transport Workers Local 234 and United Transportation Union

Local 1594 was third largest, idling 5,300 workers. The second largest dispute involved Boeing and the International

Association of Machinists, District 751 where 18,300 workers were idled. These three work stoppages accounted for about 60

percent of all workers idled by a strike or lockout.

The average length of a work stoppage that began in 2005 was 20 days, with 73 percent lasting for less than 20 days. The

longest work stoppage beginning in 2005 lasted 96 days and involved Asarco, Inc. and the United Steelworkers of America

Locals 915, 5252, 88601, and 88602, and the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing

Iron Workers, Local 75. The second longest was the Northwest Airlines, Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association work

stoppage that lasted 91 days in 2005. The longest work stoppage in effect during 2005 was between Ormet and the United

Steel Workers of America, which lasted 251 days in 2005. As this work stoppage did not begin during the reference period, it

does not contribute to the average length of 20 days for a work stoppage beginning in 2005. Including the work stoppages

involving Ormet and Jersey Power and Light, which also began in 2004, the average length of a work stoppage in 2005 was

about 30 days.

At the end of 2005, the work stoppages involving Northwest Airlines, Ormet, and Boeing were still ongoing.

Methodology And Glossary Of Terms

The Major Work Stoppages series3, which has been published annually, by month, by BLS since 1947, covers strikes and lockouts involving

1,000 or more employees and lasting at least one shift. Due to the complexity of labor disputes, BLS does not attempt to distinguish

between strikes and lockouts in its statistics; strikes and lockouts are both categorized as a "work stoppage." Information on work stoppages

is obtained from reports from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and State labor market information offices and from media

sources such as the Daily Labor Report and The Wall Street Journal. Either the employer, the union, or both parties involved in the work

stoppage are then contacted to verify the duration of the stoppage and the number of workers idled by it.

A strike is defined as a temporary stoppage of work by a group of workers (not necessarily union members) in order to express a grievance

or enforce a bargaining demand.

A lockout is a temporary withholding or denial of employment by employers during a labor dispute to enforce employment terms on

employees.
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Days of idleness are the aggregate number of work days lost as a result of a work stoppage. It is calculated by taking the number of workers

involved in the strike or lock-out and multiplying it by the number of workdays workers are off the job. Aggregate figures are the result of

summing all products thus obtained. For work stoppages spanning two different calendar years, only those days of idleness in the calendar

year of the reference year are counted.

Workdays. In computing workdays during the month, Saturdays, Sundays, and Federal holidays are excluded.

The number of workers includes all workers made idle for one shift or longer in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. The BLS

rounds this figure to the nearest hundred, although companies and unions may have rounded the figures before providing BLS the data.

Number of workers includes those directly affected by the work stoppage as well as others in the establishment who honor picket lines or

are idled because the plant is closed down. Other branches or plants of the employer may also be affected, and workers so idled are also

counted. The data do not account for secondary idleness -- that is, the effect of a stoppage on other establishments or other industries

whose employees may be made idle as a result of material or service shortages.

Profiles Of Significant Disputes In 2004 And 2005

Communications Workers of America and SBC Communications, Inc.

The largest stoppage of 2004, in terms of number of workers idled, was between SBC Communications, Inc. (SBC) and the

Communications Workers of America (CWA). This stoppage idled 102,000 workers. With SBC’s four regional contracts set to

expire in April (April 1 for SBC West, April 3 for SBC Midwest, SBC Southwest, and SBC East), the two sides began

collective bargaining talks in February around the country. On March 15, SBC and CWA representatives began to conduct

negotiations on national issues at the Washington, D.C. headquarters of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service

(FMCS). On April 7, in accordance with a prior agreement, the CWA gave SBC a 30-day notice that there may be a stoppage

of work after the contracts’ expiration dates passed without a new agreement4, and on April 29, union members voted to give

union officials authorization to call a work stoppage.5 On May 19, with the main points of the talks -- wages, job security,

health care, and pensions -- being unresolved, CWA stopped national negotiations and called for a four-day stoppage

beginning on May 21.6

On May 25, 2004, the CWA and SBC agreed to a contract that was met with approval from both sides, ending the stoppage.

The contract allowed for across-the-board wage increases of 12 percent over the next five years with an additional onepercent lump-sum payment in the first year, along with cost-of-living adjustments during the fourth and fifth years of the

contract. Employees would also receive cash bonuses of $250 in April 2006 and $375 in April 2007 and 2008. In the area of

health care, SBC promised to continue to pay the full cost of health care premiums for active and retired employees.7

Home Healthcare Agencies and the Service Employees International Union

The work stoppage involving New York City Home Healthcare Agencies (HHA) and the Service Employees International

Union (SEIU) Local 1199 was the third largest work stoppage in terms of workers idled in 2004. On May 12, with some

agency contracts having been expired for as long as a year, SEIU issued notices that its members would stop work for 72

hours starting on June 7. The union wanted to increase wages from between $6 and $7 per hour to $10 per hour, and also

sought to gain benefits such as health insurance, vacation, sick pay, and pensions for its members.8 On the seventh of June,

23,000 HHA employees began to strike.

The stoppage ended as planned on June 9 after 72 hours. By that time, tentative agreements had been reached with

agencies employing over half of the union members participating in the work stoppage. Terms of the agreement included a

wage increase to $10 per hour by June 2007, as well as a guaranteed hour system for the aides.9

Automobile Dealers Association, International Association of Machinists, and the International Brotherhood of

Teamsters

The longest work stoppage of 2004, lasting 52 days, was between the Automobile Dealers Association in St. Louis, Missouri,

the International Association of Machinists (IAM), and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). The stoppage began

on August 1, when IAM and IBT members voted to reject separate contract offers with the Automobile Dealers Association.
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The main point of contention for the IBT was a provision in the contract that would reduce vacation and sick leave for new

employees. The IBT also had issues with proposed pay increases, as the new contract would not increase wages at all in the

first year and would increase wages 25 cents per hour for higher-paid workers in years two and three. There would be a 15-

cent increase for lower-paid workers in the second and third years of the contract. The IAM rejected a similar offer from the

Automobile Dealers Association.

On October 9, the IBT approved a new contract; it was accepted after the Teamsters had rejected two previous offers from

the Dealers Association. However, the work stoppage did not end because the IAM had not approved a new contract and the

IBT honored the Machinists’ picket lines. The new IBT contract provided for a 25-cent-per-hour increase in wages for all

employees, and the dealers would continue to pay the full cost of health, dental, and vision premiums. The contract also

reduced vacation and sick leave for employees, as workers can no longer accumulate a fourth week of vacation, and

employees will have to work longer before being able to earn a second and third week of vacation, while sick leave was

halved.10

The stoppage ended on October 14, after IAM members voted to approve a new contract presented by a federal mediator.

This came days after the mechanics voted for a third time to reject a contract offer from the dealers. The accepted proposal

provides for a 25-cent-per-hour increase in wages in each year of the contract. The contract also addressed another major

issue for the IAM: the proposed expansion of tasks performed by helpers. The union felt that this would lead to a reduction in

employment for higher-paid journeymen. Under the approved contract, the dealers could hire any number of helpers, but had

to keep the same number of journeymen from July 1, 2004. If the number of journeymen was reduced, dealers could have

one helper for every three journeymen until 2007, when they could have one helper for every two journeymen.11

Northwest Airlines and the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association

The work stoppage involving Northwest Airlines and the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA) was the largest in

2005 in terms of days idle, with 371,700 days of idleness, idling 4,200 workers. It was also the second longest in 2005,

lasting 91 days. The stoppage began on August 20, when AMFA members refused to accept pay cuts and lay offs to about

half of the union’s members. Northwest Airlines had proposed a pay decrease of about 25 percent as well as a layoff about

2,000 employees. The company was prepared for a stoppage and brought in replacement workers at the beginning of the

stoppage.12 This stoppage was still ongoing at year’s end.

The Boeing Company and the International Association of Machinists

The work stoppage affecting Boeing and the International Association of Machinists was the second largest work stoppage in

2005 in terms of worker participation, idling 18,300 workers, and the second longest in terms of days of idleness among

stoppages beginning in 2005, causing 366,000 idle days. The stoppage began on September 2, three days after Boeing

made its last offer. Pension benefits were a major issue of contention, with the union rejecting the company’s proposal to

raise the pension multiplier from $60 per year of service to $66. This was not close to the $80 per year that the union

believed was possible. The sides were also far apart on the issue of lump-sum bonuses. Boeing offered lump-sum bonuses

of $3000 for the first two years of the contract. Union members could have then contributed the bonuses to their retirement

accounts, with the company matching 50 percent of the contribution. The union rejected the offer, and 86 percent of the

membership voted for a work stoppage13 on September 1.

The stoppage ended after 28 days, on September 30. The agreement raised the pension multiplier from $60 to $70 per year

of service. It also gave employees a $3,000 lump-sum bonus for years two and three of the contract, as well as an 8-percent

ratification bonus. The new agreement maintained current health care plans under the same cost provisions of the previous

contract; retiree medical coverage was also unchanged.14

New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority and the Transit Workers Union (TWU)

This was the largest work stoppage, as measured by worker participation, in 2005, involving 35,000 employees. On

December 20, transit workers began the work stoppage after the two sides were unable to come to an agreement the

previous night. The Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) had offered annual raises of 3 percent, 4 percent, and 3.5 percent,
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over the next three years, respectively; the union rejected this offer. However, the main point of contention was the MTA’s

proposal to increase the age for employees to be eligible for a full pension from 55 to 62, which the union cited as unfair.15

On December 23, TWU members returned to work as negotiations resumed.16 The MTA and TWU reached an agreement on

December 27, but the agreement was voted down by the union’s membership in January of 2006. Union members voted for

a second time in April, this time voting for ratification of the contract. However, the MTA would not recognize the second vote,

and now the TWU has brought a lawsuit against the MTA in an effort to have the contract recognized.17

David Pongrace

Economist, Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Telephone: 202-691-6199; E-mail: Pongrace.David@bls.gov

Notes

1 For more information, please read Major Work Stoppages in 2004, USDL 05-598 (U.S. Department of Labor), April 8, 2005; and Major Work

Stoppages in 2005, USDL 06-363 (U.S. Department of Labor), March 2, 2006; or see the Collective Bargaining page of the BLS website at 

http://www.bls.gov/wsp/home.htm. 2 This stoppage idled 23,000 workers on its first day, and 17,000 on its second and third days for an average of 19,000.

3 For more information on the major work stoppages data series, including why it is difficult for BLS to identify accurately the relationship

between collective bargaining agreement expirations and work stoppages, see Michael H. Cimini and John K. Steinmeyer, "What Can You Tell

Me About Collective Bargaining Expirations and Work Stoppages?" Compensation and Working Conditions Online, May 28, 2003; available on

the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20030522ar01p1.htm.

4 See "CWA Gives 30-Day Strike Notice to SBC; Contract Talks to Continue, Union Says," Daily Labor Report, April 8, 2004, p. A-13.

5 See "CWA Members Authorize Strike Against SBC Communications if Necessary," Daily Labor Report, April 30, 2004, p. A-7.

6 See "CWA Sets Four-Day Strike at SBC To Start May 21, Ends National Bargaining," Daily Labor Report, May 20, 2004, p. A-13.

7 See "CWA, SBC Communications Announce Tentative Agreement for 102,000 Employees," Daily Labor Report, May 26, 2004, p. A-8.

8 See "Home Health Care Aides in New York Set to Walk Off Their Jobs June 7-9," Daily Labor Report, June 1, 2004, p. A-2.

9 See "Rivera Pledges More Strikes in July in New York City Home Care Campaign," Daily Labor Report, June 10, 2004, p. A-11.

10 See "Teamsters Ratify Contract With Auto Dealers in St. Louis; Strike Goes on With IAM in Talks," Daily Labor Report, October 13, 2004, p.

A-11.

11 See "Striking Auto Mechanics in St. Louis Vote to Approve Mediator’s Contract Proposal," Daily Labor Report, October 18, 2004, p. A-9.

12 See Joshua Freed, "Northwest Hires Replacements as Strike Goes On," The Washington Post, August 22, 2005.

13 See James Wallace, "Boeing, Union Differ by $1 Billion, Mulally Says," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 9, 2005.

14 See James Wallace, "Boeing Machinists Back in the Fold," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 30, 2005.

15 See Desmond Butler, "New York City Transit Workers Strike," The Associated Press, Dec 20, 2005.

16 See Steven Greenhouse and Sewell Chan, "Workers Choose to Come Back and Talk," The New York Times, December 23, 2005.

17 See Anemona Hartocollis, "Metro Briefing | New York: Manhattan: Transit Union Sues on Contract," The New York Times, May 2, 2006.
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Table 1. Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 or More Workers, 1947-2005

Period Number of stoppages

beginning in period

Number of workers involved(1)

(in thousands)

Number of days idle(2) (in

thousands)

Percent of estimated

working time(3)

1947 270 1,629 25,720 (4)

1948 245 1,435 26,127 0.22

1949 262 2,537 43,420 0.38

1950 424 1,698 30,390 0.26

1951 415 1,462 15,070 0.12

1952 470 2,746 48,820 0.38

1953 437 1,623 18,130 0.14

1954 265 1,075 16,630 0.13

1955 363 2,055 21,180 0.16

1956 287 1,370 26,840 0.20

1957 279 887 10,340 0.07

1958 332 1,587 17,900 0.13

1959 245 1,381 60,850 0.43

1960 222 896 13,260 0.09

1961 195 1,031 10,140 0.07

1962 211 793 11,760 0.08

1963 181 512 10,020 0.07

1964 246 1,183 16,220 0.11

1965 268 999 15,140 0.10

1966 321 1,300 16,000 0.10

1967 381 2,192 31,320 0.18

1968 392 1,855 35,367 0.20

1969 412 1,576 29,397 0.16

1970 381 2,468 52,761 0.29

1971 298 2,516 35,538 0.19

1972 250 975 16,764 0.09

1973 317 1,400 16,260 0.08

1974 424 1,796 31,809 0.16

1975 235 965 17,563 0.09

1976 231 1,519 23,962 0.12

1977 298 1,212 21,258 0.10

1978 219 1,006 23,774 0.11

1979 235 1,021 20,409 0.09

1980 187 795 20,844 0.09

1981 145 729 16,908 0.07

Footnotes:

(1) Workers are counted more than once if they are involved in more than one stoppage during the reference period.

(2) Days idle includes all stoppages in effect during the reference period. For work stoppages that are still ongoing at the end of the calendar

year, only those days of idleness in the calendar year are counted.

(3) Agricultural and government employees are included in the calculation of estimated working time; private households, forestry, and fishery

employees are excluded.

(4) Data are not available.

(5) Less than 0.005.
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Period Number of stoppages

beginning in period

Number of workers involved(1)

(in thousands)

Number of days idle(2) (in

thousands)

Percent of estimated

working time(3)

1982 96 656 9,061 0.04

1983 81 909 17,461 0.08

1984 62 376 8,499 0.04

1985 54 324 7,079 0.03

1986 69 533 11,861 0.05

1987 46 174 4,481 0.02

1988 40 118 4,381 0.02

1989 51 452 16,996 0.07

1990 44 185 5,926 0.02

1991 40 392 4,584 0.02

1992 35 364 3,989 0.01

1993 35 182 3,981 0.01

1994 45 322 5,021 0.02

1995 31 192 5,771 0.02

1996 37 273 4,889 0.02

1997 29 339 4,497 0.01

1998 34 387 5,116 0.02

1999 17 73 1,996 0.01

2000 39 394 20,419 0.06

2001 29 99 1,151 (5)

2002 19 46 660 (5)

2003 14 129 4,091 0.01

2004 17 171 3,344 0.01

2005 22 100 1,736 0.01

Footnotes:

(1) Workers are counted more than once if they are involved in more than one stoppage during the reference period.

(2) Days idle includes all stoppages in effect during the reference period. For work stoppages that are still ongoing at the end of the calendar

year, only those days of idleness in the calendar year are counted.

(3) Agricultural and government employees are included in the calculation of estimated working time; private households, forestry, and fishery

employees are excluded.

(4) Data are not available.

(5) Less than 0.005.
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Data for Chart 1. Number of Major Work Stoppages, 1947-2003

Period Beginning in Period

1947 270

1948 245

1949 262

1950 424

1951 415

1952 470

1953 437

1954 265

1955 363

1956 287

1957 279

1958 332

1959 245

1960 222

1961 195

1962 211

1963 181

1964 247

1965 268

1966 321

1967 381

1968 392

1969 412

1970 381

1971 298
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Period Beginning in Period

1972 250

1973 317

1974 424

1975 235

1976 231

1977 298

1978 219

1979 235

1980 187

1981 145

1982 96

1983 81

1984 62

1985 54

1986 69

1987 46

1988 40

1989 51

1990 44

1991 40

1992 35

1993 35

1994 45

1995 31

1996 37

1997 29

1998 34

1999 17

2000 39

2001 29

2002 19

2003 14

2004 17

2005 22

2006

2007
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Data for Chart 2. Number of workers involved in major work stoppages, 1947-2003

Period Workers (in thousands)

1947 1629

1948 1435

1949 2537

1950 1698

1951 1462

1952 2746

1953 1623

1954 1075

1955 2055

1956 1370

1957 887

1958 1587

1959 1381

1960 896

1961 1031

1962 793

1963 512

1964 1183

1965 999

1966 1300

1967 2192

1968 1855

1969 1576

1970 2468

1971 2516
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Period Workers (in thousands)

1972 975

1973 1400

1974 1796

1975 965

1976 1519

1977 1212

1978 1006

1979 1021

1980 795

1981 729

1982 656

1983 909

1984 376

1985 324

1986 533

1987 174

1988 118

1989 452

1990 185

1991 392

1992 364

1993 182

1994 322

1995 192

1996 273

1997 339

1998 387

1999 73

2000 394

2001 99

2002 46

2003 129

2004 171

2005 100

2006

2007
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Data for Chart 3. Number of Days of Idleness Due to Major Work Stoppages, 1947-2005

Year Days (in thousands)

1947 25720

1948 26127

1949 43420

1950 30390

1951 15070

1952 48820

1953 18130

1954 16630

1955 21180

1956 26840

1957 10340

1958 17900

1959 60850

1960 13260

1961 10140

1962 11760

1963 10020

1964 16220

1965 15140

1966 16000

1967 31320

1968 35367

1969 29397

1970 52761

1971 35538
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Year Days (in thousands)

1972 16764

1973 16260

1974 31809

1975 17563

1976 23962

1977 21258

1978 23774

1979 20409

1980 20844

1981 16908

1982 9061

1983 17461

1984 8499

1985 7079

1986 11861

1987 4481

1988 4381

1989 16996

1990 5926

1991 4584

1992 3989

1993 3981

1994 5021

1995 5771

1996 4889

1997 4497

1998 5116

1999 1996

2000 20419

2001 1151

2002 660

2003 4091

2004 3300

2005 1700

2006

2007

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