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January 2023 
                    Report 1100

				 
			















































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
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     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2021
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2021 imageThe labor market continued to recover in 2021 from the recession caused by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States averaged 5.3 percent in 2021. However, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for Blacks or African Americans (8.6 percent), American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.2 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (8.2 percent). The unemployment rates for Asians (5.0 percent) and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (6.9 percent) were not much different from the overall unemployment rate in 2021. The jobless rate for Whites (4.7 percent) was lower than the national rate. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 6.8 percent, was higher than the rate of 5.0 percent for non-Hispanics. (See tables 1 and 2.)Although the labor market showed improvement in 2021, many measures across the race and ethnicity groups had not yet returned to their pre-pandemic levels.1 In addition to the effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups. These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives; Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders; people who are of Two or More Races; detailed Asian groups; and detailed Hispanic groups. However, because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. See the technical notes for definitions of terms and concepts used in this report. Additional information about the CPS can be found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2021.Composition of the labor forceBy race, Whites made most of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 7 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than half a percent. People who were of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 25 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (4 percent). The remainder—18 percent—were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, Hmong, etc.—and those who were of two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. Almost 9 in 10 Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent). Another 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, most Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (60 percent). Central Americans made up another 11 percent, about one-third of whom were Salvadorans. Eight percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 8 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 percent of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups, the percentage of the population either employed or unemployed—the labor force participation rate—was highest for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (66.9 percent in 2021), Hispanics (65.5 percent), and people who are of Two or More Races (65.4 percent). The participation rate for Asians was 63.8 percent; Whites, 61.5 percent; Blacks, 60.9 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 60.5 percent. (See tables 1 and 2, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averagesRacePercentTotal61.7White61.5Black or African American60.9Asian63.8American Indian and Alaska Native60.5Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander66.9Two or More Races65.4Hispanic or Latino65.5Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic), Hispanics were more likely to engage in labor force activity than were the other groups, with a participation rate of 79.5 percent, and Blacks were the least likely, with a rate of 66.5 percent. The labor force participation rate was 74.7 percent and 69.9 percent for Asian adult men and for White adult men, respectively. Among adult women, Blacks (60.6 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Asians (58.8 percent), Hispanics (58.2 percent), and Whites (56.4 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (21.2 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (38.5 percent), Hispanics (32.7 percent), and Blacks (30.3 percent). (See table 3.)EmploymentThe employment-population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from a low of 55.5 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to a high of 62.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment-population ratio was 61.1 percent for Hispanics, 60.6 percent for Asians, 60.0 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 58.6 percent for Whites, and 55.7 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics continued to have the highest employment-population ratio (74.6 percent). Black men had the lowest (60.5 percent), also continuing a longstanding employment pattern. The employment-population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 71.2 percent and 66.7 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 56.0 percent for Blacks, 55.9 percent for Asians, 54.3 percent for Hispanics, and 53.9 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (34.5 percent) is about 16 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (18.4 percent), 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (25.3 percent), and about 7 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).Educational attainmentAmong people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. For Hispanics, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was 78 percent. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 67 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 43 percent of Whites, 34 percent of Blacks, and 24 percent of Hispanics. (See chart 2.)View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averagesEducational attainmentWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoLess than a high school diploma75422High school graduates, no college25311531Some college, no degree1419714Associate's degree111169Bachelor's degree and higher43346724Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,164) and Hispanics ($1,260) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,468) and Asians ($1,712). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences.) (See table 17.)OccupationIn 2021, 58 percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 43 percent of employed Whites, 34 percent of employed Blacks, and 25 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoProduction, transportation, and material moving12.117.89.116.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance10.25.53.217.0Sales and office19.921.215.419.0Service15.021.514.322.9Management, professional, and related42.833.958.124.5Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among employed men, 59 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 28 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of Hispanics. About 18 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 11 percent and 12 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 57 percent of Asian women, compared with 48 percent of White women, 40 percent of Black women, and 30 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 57 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 51 percent of Blacks, 45 percent of Whites, and 37 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters and paperhangers (59 percent), construction laborers (49 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (48 percent), and landscaping and groundskeeping workers (47 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including transit and intercity bus drivers (35 percent), nursing assistants (33 percent), security guards and gambling surveillance officers (33 percent), and home health aides (32 percent). Asians accounted for 7 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupational categories, including manicurists and pedicurists (73 percent), software developers (37 percent), computer programmers (22 percent), and financial and investment analysts (21 percent). Whites comprised 78 percent of all employed people and accounted for 95 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (91 percent); and wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives (88 percent). (See table 8.)IndustryAmong employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (22 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (15 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). Similar in trend to their male counterparts, a higher share of Asian women (16 percent) worked in professional and business services compared with White women (12 percent), Hispanic women (12 percent), and Black women (9 percent). Hispanic women were more likely to work in leisure and hospitality (13 percent) than were White women (9 percent), Asian women (9 percent), and Black women (8 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)Family and parentsAsian families and Hispanic families were more likely to have at least one family member employed (86 percent and 85 percent, respectively) in 2021, than were White families (78 percent) and Black families (77 percent). (See table 10.)Families maintained by women accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). By comparison, 77 percent of White families, 77 percent of Hispanic families, and 73 percent of Black families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)Among mothers living with children under 18 years old, Black mothers were more likely to participate in the labor force (75.9 percent) than White mothers (70.9 percent), Asian mothers (66.6 percent), and Hispanic mothers (61.7 percent). (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers living with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. For example, labor force participation rates for these fathers were 94.0 percent for Asian men, 93.3 percent for White men, 93.1 percent for Hispanic men, and 87.2 percent for Black men.UnemploymentIn 2021, the overall unemployment rate for the United States averaged 5.3 percent, but the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The unemployment rate averaged 8.6 percent for Blacks; 8.2 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives; 8.2 percent for people of Two or More Races; 6.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders; 5.0 percent for Asians; and 4.7 percent for Whites. The unemployment rate was 6.8 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averagesRacePercentTotal5.3White4.7Black or African American8.6Asian5.0American Indian and Alaska Native8.2Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander6.9Two or More Races8.2Hispanic or Latino6.8Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless (with an unemployment rate of 8.9 percent), while Whites (4.6 percent) and Asians (4.8 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for Hispanic men was 6.1 percent. Among adult women, the unemployment rate for Whites (4.4 percent) was lower than for Asians (5.0 percent), Hispanics (6.8 percent), and Blacks (7.7 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), the unemployment rate was 16.6 percent for Blacks, 14.9 percent for Hispanics, 13.1 percent for Asians, and 10.5 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2021 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanWhiteHispanic or LatinoAsian19739.44.37.5-197410.55.08.1-197514.87.812.2-197614.07.011.5-197714.06.210.1-197812.85.29.1-197912.35.18.3-198014.36.310.1-198115.66.710.4-198218.98.613.8-198319.58.413.7-198415.96.510.7-198515.16.210.5-198614.56.010.6198713.05.38.8-198811.74.78.2-198911.44.58.0199011.44.88.2-199112.56.110.0-199214.26.611.6-199313.06.110.8-199411.55.39.9-199510.44.99.3-199610.54.78.9-199710.04.27.7-19988.93.97.2-19998.03.76.4-20007.63.55.73.620018.64.26.64.5200210.25.17.55.9200310.85.27.76.0200410.44.87.04.4200510.04.46.04.020068.94.05.23.020078.34.15.63.2200810.15.27.64.0200914.88.512.17.3201016.08.712.57.5201115.87.911.57.0201213.87.210.35.9201313.16.59.15.2201411.35.37.45.020159.64.66.63.820168.44.35.83.620177.53.85.13.420186.53.54.73.020196.13.34.32.7202011.47.310.48.720218.64.76.85.0Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data for Asians are available only since 2000.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Hispanics and Whites. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 21.9 weeks and 19.0 weeks, respectively, whereas the figures for Hispanics and Whites were 15.4 weeks and 15.6 weeks, respectively. (See table 13.)Of the 8.6 million people unemployed in 2021, 59 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (26 percent), job leavers (9 percent), and new entrants (6 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, about 61 percent of Hispanics, 61 percent of Whites, 57 percent of Blacks, and 56 percent of Asians were job losers. (See table 14.)Not in the labor forceBlacks comprised 13 percent of the civilian labor force and 22 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force in 2021. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: they comprised 77 percent of the labor force and 65 percent of the marginally attached. (See table 15.)Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (22 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them.EarningsAmong the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians in 2021. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2021 were $777 for Hispanics, $801 for Blacks, $1,018 for Whites, and $1,328 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,125), Black men ($825), and Hispanic men ($820) were 77 percent, 57 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,453). The median earnings of White women ($925), Black women ($776), and Hispanic women ($718) were 81 percent, 68 percent, and 63 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,141). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,904 and $1,622, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,353) and Black men ($1,270) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity group were relatively close for service occupations: $614 for Asians, $599 for Whites, $594 for Blacks, and $571 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women ($1,532) were considerably higher than those for White ($1,225), Hispanic ($1,107), and Black ($1,081) women.1Roxanna Edwards, Lawrence S. Essien, and Michael Daniel Levinstein, "U.S. labor market shows improvement in 2021, but the COVID-19 pandemic continues to weigh on the economy,"*Monthly Labor Review,* U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2022,https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2022.16		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Gender and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,241Men
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,983Women
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,259White
201,881
124,145
61.5
118,291
58.6
5,854
4.7
77,737Men
98,741
67,036
67.9
63,814
64.6
3,222
4.8
31,705Women
103,140
57,109
55.4
54,476
52.8
2,632
4.6
46,032Black
33,613
20,482
60.9
18,726
55.7
1,756
8.6
13,131Men
15,389
9,775
63.5
8,875
57.7
900
9.2
5,614Women
18,224
10,707
58.8
9,851
54.1
857
8.0
7,517Asian
16,521
10,545
63.8
10,016
60.6
529
5.0
5,976Men
7,751
5,566
71.8
5,292
68.3
275
4.9
2,184Women
8,770
4,978
56.8
4,725
53.9
254
5.1
3,792American Indian and Alaska Native
3,019
1,826
60.5
1,677
55.5
149
8.2
1,193Men
1,470
973
66.2
895
60.9
78
8.1
496Women
1,549
853
55.0
782
50.5
71
8.3
697Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
1,075
719
66.9
669
62.2
50
6.9
356Men
531
377
70.9
345
64.9
32
8.4
155Women
544
342
62.9
324
59.6
18
5.3
202Two or More Races
5,335
3,487
65.4
3,202
60.0
285
8.2
1,848Men
2,605
1,777
68.2
1,608
61.7
169
9.5
828Women
2,730
1,710
62.6
1,594
58.4
116
6.8
1,020Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,241Men
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,983Women
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,259Asian
16,521
10,545
63.8
10,016
60.6
529
5.0
5,976Men
7,751
5,566
71.8
5,292
68.3
275
4.9
2,184Women
8,770
4,978
56.8
4,725
53.9
254
5.1
3,792Asian Indian
3,786
2,634
69.6
2,522
66.6
112
4.3
1,152Chinese
3,651
2,310
63.3
2,178
59.7
132
5.7
1,341Filipino
2,467
1,575
63.8
1,494
60.6
80
5.1
892Japanese
829
461
55.6
440
53.1
20
4.4
368Korean
1,189
687
57.8
646
54.4
41
5.9
502Vietnamese
1,673
1,031
61.6
989
59.1
42
4.1
642Other Asian
2,926
1,847
63.1
1,746
59.7
101
5.5
1,079Hispanic or Latino
44,902
29,424
65.5
27,429
61.1
1,995
6.8
15,479Men
22,339
16,839
75.4
15,748
70.5
1,090
6.5
5,500Women
22,564
12,585
55.8
11,680
51.8
904
7.2
9,979Mexican
27,000
17,713
65.6
16,532
61.2
1,181
6.7
9,287Men
13,613
10,393
76.4
9,716
71.4
677
6.5
3,219Women
13,388
7,320
54.7
6,816
50.9
504
6.9
6,068Puerto Rican
4,065
2,435
59.9
2,236
55.0
199
8.2
1,630Men
1,899
1,256
66.2
1,155
60.8
102
8.1
642Women
2,166
1,178
54.4
1,082
49.9
97
8.2
988Cuban
2,115
1,289
60.9
1,217
57.6
72
5.6
826Men
1,082
759
70.1
720
66.5
39
5.2
323Women
1,033
530
51.3
497
48.2
33
6.1
503Central American
4,506
3,194
70.9
2,985
66.2
209
6.5
1,312Men
2,333
1,919
82.3
1,818
77.9
102
5.3
413Women
2,174
1,275
58.7
1,168
53.7
108
8.4
899Salvadoran
1,576
1,137
72.1
1,066
67.7
70
6.2
439Men
768
643
83.6
609
79.3
33
5.2
126Women
808
494
61.2
457
56.6
37
7.5
314Other Central American
2,930
2,057
70.2
1,919
65.5
139
6.7
873Men
1,564
1,277
81.6
1,208
77.3
68
5.3
288Women
1,366
781
57.2
710
52.0
71
9.0
585South American
3,283
2,268
69.1
2,139
65.1
129
5.7
1,015Men
1,548
1,194
77.1
1,133
73.2
60
5.1
354Women
1,735
1,074
61.9
1,005
58.0
69
6.4
661Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino
3,933
2,524
64.2
2,319
59.0
205
8.1
1,409Men
1,865
1,317
70.6
1,207
64.7
110
8.3
548Women
2,068
1,207
58.3
1,112
53.8
95
7.8
862Dominican
1,765
1,133
64.2
1,013
57.4
120
10.6
632Men
782
556
71.0
491
62.8
64
11.6
227Women
983
578
58.8
522
53.1
56
9.7
405Other Hispanic or Latino
2,168
1,391
64.1
1,306
60.3
84
6.1
777Men
1,082
762
70.4
716
66.1
46
6.0
321Women
1,086
629
57.9
591
54.4
38
6.1
457Hispanic or Latino
44,902
29,424
65.5
27,429
61.1
1,995
6.8
15,479Men
22,339
16,839
75.4
15,748
70.5
1,090
6.5
5,500Women
22,564
12,585
55.8
11,680
51.8
904
7.2
9,979White Hispanic or Latino
39,813
26,039
65.4
24,306
61.1
1,733
6.7
13,774Men
19,836
15,005
75.6
14,059
70.9
946
6.3
4,831Women
19,977
11,034
55.2
10,247
51.3
787
7.1
8,943Black Hispanic or Latino
2,038
1,315
64.5
1,208
59.3
107
8.1
722Men
936
668
71.3
614
65.6
54
8.0
268Women
1,102
647
58.8
594
54.0
53
8.2
454Asian Hispanic or Latino
559
391
70.0
372
66.6
19
4.9
168Men
283
212
74.8
201
71.2
10
4.8
71Women
276
179
65.0
171
61.9
9
4.9
96Non-Hispanic or Latino
216,543
131,780
60.9
125,152
57.8
6,628
5.0
84,763Men
104,149
68,666
65.9
65,081
62.5
3,585
5.2
35,483Women
112,394
63,114
56.2
60,071
53.4
3,043
4.8
49,280White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,068
98,105
60.5
93,985
58.0
4,121
4.2
63,963Men
78,905
52,031
65.9
49,755
63.1
2,276
4.4
26,874Women
83,163
46,075
55.4
44,230
53.2
1,845
4.0
37,089Black non-Hispanic or Latino
31,576
19,167
60.7
17,517
55.5
1,650
8.6
12,409Men
14,453
9,107
63.0
8,261
57.2
846
9.3
5,345Women
17,123
10,060
58.7
9,256
54.1
804
8.0
7,063Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
15,962
10,154
63.6
9,644
60.4
510
5.0
5,808Men
7,468
5,355
71.7
5,090
68.2
264
4.9
2,113Women
8,494
4,799
56.5
4,554
53.6
245
5.1
3,695Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,24116 to 19 years
16,453
5,962
36.2
5,266
32.0
696
11.7
10,49120 years and older
244,992
155,242
63.4
147,315
60.1
7,927
5.1
89,75020 to 24 years
20,809
14,726
70.8
13,409
64.4
1,317
8.9
6,08325 to 54 years
126,108
102,867
81.6
97,867
77.6
5,000
4.9
23,24155 to 64 years
41,885
27,049
64.6
25,912
61.9
1,138
4.2
14,83565 years and older
56,190
10,600
18.9
10,127
18.0
472
4.5
45,591Men, 16 years and older
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,98316 to 19 years
8,313
2,987
35.9
2,613
31.4
373
12.5
5,32720 years and older
118,174
82,518
69.8
78,216
66.2
4,302
5.2
35,65620 to 24 years
10,385
7,579
73.0
6,840
65.9
739
9.7
2,80625 to 54 years
62,303
54,817
88.0
52,112
83.6
2,705
4.9
7,48655 to 64 years
20,193
14,217
70.4
13,614
67.4
603
4.2
5,97765 years and older
25,293
5,906
23.3
5,649
22.3
257
4.3
19,387Women, 16 years and older
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,25916 to 19 years
8,139
2,975
36.6
2,652
32.6
323
10.8
5,16420 years and older
126,819
72,724
57.3
69,099
54.5
3,625
5.0
54,09420 to 24 years
10,425
7,147
68.6
6,569
63.0
578
8.1
3,27725 to 54 years
63,805
48,050
75.3
45,754
71.7
2,296
4.8
15,75455 to 64 years
21,692
12,833
59.2
12,298
56.7
535
4.2
8,85965 years and older
30,898
4,694
15.2
4,478
14.5
216
4.6
26,204WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
201,881
124,145
61.5
118,291
58.6
5,854
4.7
77,73716 to 19 years
12,067
4,651
38.5
4,164
34.5
486
10.5
7,41720 years and older
189,814
119,494
63.0
114,126
60.1
5,368
4.5
70,32020 to 24 years
15,275
11,142
72.9
10,284
67.3
858
7.7
4,13325 to 54 years
94,298
77,578
82.3
74,276
78.8
3,302
4.3
16,72155 to 64 years
33,428
21,954
65.7
21,110
63.2
844
3.8
11,47465 years and older
46,812
8,820
18.8
8,456
18.1
364
4.1
37,992Men, 16 years and older
98,741
67,036
67.9
63,814
64.6
3,222
4.8
31,70516 to 19 years
6,129
2,341
38.2
2,077
33.9
265
11.3
3,78820 years and older
92,612
64,695
69.9
61,737
66.7
2,957
4.6
27,91820 to 24 years
7,674
5,813
75.7
5,316
69.3
496
8.5
1,86125 to 54 years
47,276
42,130
89.1
40,317
85.3
1,813
4.3
5,14655 to 64 years
16,324
11,735
71.9
11,286
69.1
449
3.8
4,58965 years and older
21,338
5,017
23.5
4,818
22.6
199
4.0
16,321Women, 16 years and older
103,140
57,109
55.4
54,476
52.8
2,632
4.6
46,03216 to 19 years
5,938
2,309
38.9
2,088
35.2
221
9.6
3,62920 years and older
97,202
54,800
56.4
52,389
53.9
2,411
4.4
42,40320 to 24 years
7,602
5,329
70.1
4,967
65.3
362
6.8
2,27225 to 54 years
47,023
35,448
75.4
33,959
72.2
1,489
4.2
11,57555 to 64 years
17,104
10,219
59.7
9,824
57.4
395
3.9
6,88565 years and older
25,474
3,803
14.9
3,638
14.3
165
4.3
21,671Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,613
20,482
60.9
18,726
55.7
1,756
8.6
13,13116 to 19 years
2,389
724
30.3
604
25.3
120
16.6
1,66520 years and older
31,225
19,758
63.3
18,122
58.0
1,636
8.3
11,46620 to 24 years
3,064
2,035
66.4
1,748
57.0
287
14.1
1,02925 to 54 years
17,508
13,800
78.8
12,678
72.4
1,122
8.1
3,70855 to 64 years
5,153
2,896
56.2
2,735
53.1
161
5.6
2,25665 years and older
5,499
1,026
18.7
961
17.5
66
6.4
4,473Men, 16 years and older
15,389
9,775
63.5
8,875
57.7
900
9.2
5,61416 to 19 years
1,182
333
28.2
278
23.5
55
16.5
84920 years and older
14,207
9,442
66.5
8,597
60.5
845
8.9
4,76520 to 24 years
1,477
1,001
67.8
859
58.2
142
14.2
47625 to 54 years
8,142
6,603
81.1
6,012
73.8
591
8.9
1,54055 to 64 years
2,338
1,353
57.9
1,274
54.5
79
5.8
98565 years and older
2,249
485
21.5
452
20.1
33
6.7
1,764Women, 16 years and older
18,224
10,707
58.8
9,851
54.1
857
8.0
7,51716 to 19 years
1,207
391
32.4
325
27.0
65
16.7
81620 years and older
17,018
10,317
60.6
9,525
56.0
791
7.7
6,70120 to 24 years
1,587
1,034
65.1
889
56.0
145
14.0
55325 to 54 years
9,366
7,198
76.8
6,666
71.2
531
7.4
2,16855 to 64 years
2,814
1,543
54.8
1,461
51.9
82
5.3
1,27165 years and older
3,251
542
16.7
509
15.7
33
6.1
2,709AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,521
10,545
63.8
10,016
60.6
529
5.0
5,97616 to 19 years
904
191
21.2
166
18.4
25
13.1
71320 years and older
15,617
10,353
66.3
9,850
63.1
503
4.9
5,26420 to 24 years
1,276
712
55.8
649
50.9
63
8.8
56425 to 54 years
9,313
7,547
81.0
7,225
77.6
322
4.3
1,76655 to 64 years
2,252
1,554
69.0
1,461
64.9
93
6.0
69865 years and older
2,777
540
19.5
514
18.5
26
4.9
2,236Men, 16 years and older
7,751
5,566
71.8
5,292
68.3
275
4.9
2,18416 to 19 years
435
98
22.5
83
19.2
14
14.6
33720 years and older
7,316
5,469
74.7
5,208
71.2
260
4.8
1,84720 to 24 years
635
344
54.1
312
49.1
32
9.3
29125 to 54 years
4,447
4,031
90.6
3,869
87.0
162
4.0
41655 to 64 years
1,028
801
77.9
749
72.9
52
6.4
22865 years and older
1,206
293
24.3
278
23.1
15
5.0
913Women, 16 years and older
8,770
4,978
56.8
4,725
53.9
254
5.1
3,79216 to 19 years
469
94
20.0
83
17.6
11
11.6
37620 years and older
8,301
4,885
58.8
4,642
55.9
243
5.0
3,41620 to 24 years
641
369
57.5
338
52.7
31
8.3
27325 to 54 years
4,866
3,515
72.3
3,356
69.0
159
4.5
1,35055 to 64 years
1,223
753
61.6
712
58.2
41
5.4
47065 years and older
1,571
247
15.7
236
15.0
12
4.7
1,324Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
44,902
29,424
65.5
27,429
61.1
1,995
6.8
15,47916 to 19 years
4,049
1,322
32.7
1,126
27.8
197
14.9
2,72720 years and older
40,853
28,101
68.8
26,303
64.4
1,798
6.4
12,75220 to 24 years
4,829
3,542
73.3
3,201
66.3
340
9.6
1,28725 to 54 years
25,493
20,083
78.8
18,889
74.1
1,194
5.9
5,41155 to 64 years
5,406
3,518
65.1
3,313
61.3
205
5.8
1,88865 years and older
5,126
959
18.7
900
17.6
59
6.2
4,167Men, 16 years and older
22,339
16,839
75.4
15,748
70.5
1,090
6.5
5,50016 to 19 years
2,047
714
34.9
610
29.8
104
14.6
1,33420 years and older
20,291
16,125
79.5
15,138
74.6
986
6.1
4,16620 to 24 years
2,426
1,902
78.4
1,711
70.5
191
10.0
52425 to 54 years
12,972
11,648
89.8
10,999
84.8
648
5.6
1,32455 to 64 years
2,651
1,995
75.3
1,884
71.1
112
5.6
65565 years and older
2,243
580
25.9
545
24.3
35
6.1
1,663Women, 16 years and older
22,564
12,585
55.8
11,680
51.8
904
7.2
9,97916 to 19 years
2,001
608
30.4
515
25.8
93
15.3
1,39320 years and older
20,562
11,977
58.2
11,165
54.3
812
6.8
8,58620 to 24 years
2,403
1,640
68.2
1,491
62.0
149
9.1
76325 to 54 years
12,522
8,435
67.4
7,890
63.0
546
6.5
4,08655 to 64 years
2,755
1,523
55.3
1,429
51.9
93
6.1
1,23265 years and older
2,883
379
13.1
355
12.3
24
6.2
2,504Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.42018
62.9
69.1
57.1
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.8
60.2
63.5
71.6
56.4
66.3
75.7
57.02019
63.1
69.2
57.4
63.0
69.6
56.8
62.5
64.8
60.5
64.0
71.8
57.1
66.8
75.9
57.72020
61.7
67.7
56.2
61.8
68.2
55.7
60.5
62.6
58.8
62.7
70.9
55.5
65.6
74.9
56.42021
61.7
67.6
56.1
61.5
67.9
55.4
60.9
63.5
58.8
63.8
71.8
56.8
65.5
75.4
55.8Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.32018
59.6
63.7
55.6
68.5
74.1
63.1
66.6
71.1
62.52019
60.8
65.1
56.7
68.4
73.9
63.2
67.1
70.9
63.52020
59.3
65.3
53.6
66.7
72.2
61.5
64.4
67.2
61.72021
60.5
66.2
55.0
66.9
70.9
62.9
65.4
68.2
62.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.22018
60.4
66.3
54.9
60.7
67.1
54.5
58.3
60.3
56.6
61.6
69.4
54.7
63.2
72.4
54.12019
60.8
66.6
55.4
61.0
67.3
54.9
58.7
60.6
57.1
62.3
69.8
55.6
63.9
72.9
55.02020
56.8
62.4
51.5
57.3
63.4
51.4
53.6
55.0
52.4
57.3
65.4
50.2
58.7
67.6
50.02021
58.4
63.9
53.2
58.6
64.6
52.8
55.7
57.7
54.1
60.6
68.3
53.9
61.1
70.5
51.8Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.22018
55.6
59.3
52.1
64.9
70.3
59.7
62.9
66.8
59.32019
57.1
60.9
53.5
66.2
71.5
61.2
63.6
67.0
60.32020
52.4
57.1
47.8
60.8
65.7
56.1
56.9
59.7
54.22021
55.5
60.9
50.5
62.2
64.9
59.6
60.0
61.7
58.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college(1)
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
224,183
20,003
63,234
33,550
23,104
84,292Civilian labor force
140,516
9,007
34,994
20,370
15,318
60,827Percent of population
62.7
45.0
55.3
60.7
66.3
72.2Employed
133,906
8,263
32,821
19,247
14,608
58,966Employment-population ratio
59.7
41.3
51.9
57.4
63.2
70.0Unemployed
6,610
744
2,173
1,123
710
1,861Unemployment rate
4.7
8.3
6.2
5.5
4.6
3.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
107,789
10,318
32,029
16,045
10,087
39,309Civilian labor force
74,939
5,853
20,936
10,842
7,343
29,965Percent of population
69.5
56.7
65.4
67.6
72.8
76.2Employed
71,375
5,409
19,650
10,258
6,996
29,062Employment-population ratio
66.2
52.4
61.3
63.9
69.4
73.9Unemployed
3,564
444
1,287
584
347
902Unemployment rate
4.8
7.6
6.1
5.4
4.7
3.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
116,394
9,685
31,204
17,505
13,018
44,983Civilian labor force
65,577
3,154
14,058
9,528
7,975
30,863Percent of population
56.3
32.6
45.1
54.4
61.3
68.6Employed
62,531
2,855
13,172
8,988
7,612
29,904Employment-population ratio
53.7
29.5
42.2
51.3
58.5
66.5Unemployed
3,047
300
886
539
363
959Unemployment rate
4.6
9.5
6.3
5.7
4.5
3.1WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
174,539
15,282
49,015
26,028
18,522
65,692Civilian labor force
108,352
7,203
26,831
15,485
12,151
46,681Percent of population
62.1
47.1
54.7
59.5
65.6
71.1Employed
103,842
6,681
25,408
14,730
11,646
45,378Employment-population ratio
59.5
43.7
51.8
56.6
62.9
69.1Unemployed
4,510
522
1,423
755
505
1,303Unemployment rate
4.2
7.3
5.3
4.9
4.2
2.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
84,938
8,088
24,937
12,629
8,195
31,089Civilian labor force
58,882
4,834
16,375
8,449
5,950
23,274Percent of population
69.3
59.8
65.7
66.9
72.6
74.9Employed
56,421
4,519
15,523
8,038
5,703
22,638Employment-population ratio
66.4
55.9
62.2
63.6
69.6
72.8Unemployed
2,461
315
852
411
246
636Unemployment rate
4.2
6.5
5.2
4.9
4.1
2.7WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
89,601
7,195
24,078
13,399
10,327
34,603Civilian labor force
49,470
2,369
10,456
7,036
6,201
23,407Percent of population
55.2
32.9
43.4
52.5
60.1
67.6Employed
47,422
2,162
9,885
6,692
5,942
22,741Employment-population ratio
52.9
30.0
41.1
49.9
57.5
65.7Unemployed
2,049
207
572
344
259
667Unemployment rate
4.1
8.8
5.5
4.9
4.2
2.8Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
28,161
2,780
9,499
5,106
2,880
7,895Civilian labor force
17,723
942
5,436
3,304
1,998
6,042Percent of population
62.9
33.9
57.2
64.7
69.4
76.5Employed
16,374
799
4,896
3,041
1,859
5,779Employment-population ratio
58.1
28.8
51.5
59.6
64.5
73.2Unemployed
1,349
143
540
263
139
263Unemployment rate
7.6
15.2
9.9
8.0
7.0
4.4MenCivilian noninstitutional population
12,730
1,357
4,837
2,240
1,119
3,176Civilian labor force
8,440
534
3,033
1,537
826
2,510Percent of population
66.3
39.4
62.7
68.6
73.8
79.0Employed
7,738
448
2,716
1,415
761
2,398Employment-population ratio
60.8
33.0
56.1
63.2
68.0
75.5Unemployed
702
87
317
122
65
112Unemployment rate
8.3
16.2
10.5
7.9
7.9
4.4WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,431
1,423
4,662
2,865
1,761
4,720Civilian labor force
9,283
408
2,403
1,767
1,172
3,532Percent of population
60.2
28.7
51.6
61.7
66.5
74.8Employed
8,636
352
2,180
1,626
1,097
3,381Employment-population ratio
56.0
24.7
46.8
56.7
62.3
71.6Unemployed
646
56
223
141
74
151Unemployment rate
7.0
13.8
9.3
8.0
6.4
4.3AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
14,341
1,061
2,625
1,108
883
8,664Civilian labor force
9,641
424
1,421
718
580
6,499Percent of population
67.2
40.0
54.1
64.8
65.7
75.0Employed
9,201
395
1,306
674
549
6,277Employment-population ratio
64.2
37.2
49.8
60.8
62.2
72.4Unemployed
441
30
115
44
31
221Unemployment rate
4.6
7.0
8.1
6.1
5.4
3.4MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,681
412
1,154
540
399
4,177Civilian labor force
5,125
213
757
406
285
3,465Percent of population
76.7
51.6
65.6
75.3
71.3
83.0Employed
4,897
198
696
383
266
3,354Employment-population ratio
73.3
47.9
60.3
71.1
66.6
80.3Unemployed
229
15
61
23
19
111Unemployment rate
4.5
7.2
8.0
5.6
6.7
3.2WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,660
649
1,471
568
484
4,487Civilian labor force
4,516
211
664
311
296
3,034Percent of population
59.0
32.6
45.1
54.8
61.1
67.6Employed
4,304
197
610
290
283
2,923Employment-population ratio
56.2
30.4
41.5
51.0
58.5
65.1Unemployed
212
14
54
21
12
111Unemployment rate
4.7
6.8
8.1
6.9
4.1
3.7Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
36,025
9,279
11,463
4,761
3,090
7,432Civilian labor force
24,560
5,304
7,722
3,384
2,270
5,880Percent of population
68.2
57.2
67.4
71.1
73.5
79.1Employed
23,102
4,919
7,222
3,175
2,134
5,652Employment-population ratio
64.1
53.0
63.0
66.7
69.0
76.0Unemployed
1,458
384
500
209
137
228Unemployment rate
5.9
7.2
6.5
6.2
6.0
3.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,865
4,841
6,020
2,261
1,344
3,399Civilian labor force
14,223
3,575
4,839
1,802
1,105
2,902Percent of population
79.6
73.8
80.4
79.7
82.2
85.4Employed
13,428
3,354
4,542
1,686
1,049
2,796Employment-population ratio
75.2
69.3
75.5
74.6
78.1
82.3Unemployed
795
221
297
116
56
106Unemployment rate
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.4
5.1
3.7WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
18,159
4,437
5,443
2,500
1,746
4,033Civilian labor force
10,337
1,729
2,883
1,582
1,165
2,978Percent of population
56.9
39.0
53.0
63.3
66.7
73.8Employed
9,674
1,566
2,680
1,489
1,084
2,856Employment-population ratio
53.3
35.3
49.2
59.6
62.1
70.8Unemployed
663
163
203
93
81
122Unemployment rate
6.4
9.4
7.1
5.9
6.9
4.1Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
152,581
118,291
18,726
10,016
27,429Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
42.4
42.8
33.9
58.1
24.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.3
19.0
13.7
19.9
11.0Management occupations
12.4
13.2
8.7
12.3
7.7Business and financial operations occupations
5.8
5.9
5.0
7.6
3.3Professional and related occupations
24.2
23.8
20.3
38.2
13.5Computer and mathematical occupations
3.7
3.1
2.6
13.2
1.7Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.0
4.7
1.2Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.1
1.0
0.7
2.5
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.8
1.7
2.9
1.1
1.3Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.7Education, training, and library occupations
5.9
6.2
4.7
5.0
3.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.4
1.8
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.3
6.2
6.2
9.1
3.3Service occupations
16.0
15.0
21.5
14.3
22.9Healthcare support occupations
3.2
2.7
6.4
3.3
3.7Protective service occupations
2.0
1.8
3.2
0.8
1.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.8
4.7
5.3
4.6
7.5Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.6
3.6
4.2
1.8
7.7Personal care and service occupations
2.4
2.3
2.5
3.7
2.4Sales and office occupations
19.8
19.9
21.2
15.4
19.0Sales and related occupations
9.4
9.7
8.6
7.8
8.8Office and administrative support occupations
10.4
10.2
12.6
7.6
10.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.1
10.2
5.5
3.2
17.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.2
1.7Construction and extraction occupations
5.3
5.9
3.1
1.3
11.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.2
3.5
2.2
1.6
3.9Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
12.7
12.1
17.8
9.1
16.7Production occupations
5.2
5.2
5.6
4.3
6.9Transportation and material moving occupations
7.4
6.9
12.2
4.7
9.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
80,829
63,814
8,875
5,292
15,748Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
38.5
38.7
27.6
59.4
20.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.8
19.9
12.7
19.8
10.6Management occupations
13.9
14.8
9.2
13.6
8.2Business and financial operations occupations
5.0
5.1
3.5
6.1
2.4Professional and related occupations
19.6
18.8
14.9
39.6
9.8Computer and mathematical occupations
5.2
4.4
3.5
17.8
2.2Architecture and engineering occupations
3.3
3.3
1.7
6.9
1.8Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.1
1.0
0.6
2.4
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.1
1.8
0.7
0.6Legal occupations
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
2.9
3.0
2.3
3.4
1.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.1Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
3.1
2.8
2.9
6.5
1.7Service occupations
12.8
12.0
17.7
10.5
17.9Healthcare support occupations
0.9
0.7
2.0
1.5
0.9Protective service occupations
2.8
2.7
4.2
1.3
2.2Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.1
3.8
5.1
4.5
6.7Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.0
4.0
5.0
1.7
7.1Personal care and service occupations
1.0
0.8
1.3
1.5
1.0Sales and office occupations
14.4
14.2
16.0
12.8
12.7Sales and related occupations
8.9
9.2
7.8
7.8
7.1Office and administrative support occupations
5.4
5.0
8.2
4.9
5.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.3
17.9
10.8
5.5
27.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.0
1.1
0.4
0.3
2.2Construction and extraction occupations
9.6
10.6
6.2
2.4
19.2Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.7
6.2
4.2
2.8
6.5Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18.1
17.2
27.9
11.9
21.2Production occupations
7.1
7.1
7.8
4.9
8.0Transportation and material moving occupations
11.0
10.0
20.1
7.0
13.1Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
71,752
54,476
9,851
4,725
11,680Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
46.9
47.7
39.6
56.7
29.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.6
18.0
14.5
20.0
11.5Management occupations
10.8
11.3
8.2
10.7
7.0Business and financial operations occupations
6.8
6.7
6.3
9.3
4.5Professional and related occupations
29.3
29.6
25.1
36.7
18.4Computer and mathematical occupations
2.1
1.6
1.8
8.1
1.1Architecture and engineering occupations
0.8
0.7
0.4
2.3
0.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.1
1.0
0.7
2.6
0.5Community and social service occupations
2.6
2.5
3.9
1.4
2.2Legal occupations
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.0Education, training, and library occupations
9.2
9.9
7.0
6.7
6.3Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.4
1.1
2.3
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
10.0
10.1
9.1
12.1
5.5Service occupations
19.6
18.6
25.0
18.5
29.7Healthcare support occupations
5.8
5.0
10.4
5.3
7.6Protective service occupations
1.0
0.8
2.3
0.3
0.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.6
5.6
5.4
4.8
8.4Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.2
3.2
3.4
2.0
8.4Personal care and service occupations
4.0
3.9
3.5
6.2
4.3Sales and office occupations
25.9
26.5
25.9
18.3
27.4Sales and related occupations
10.0
10.2
9.3
7.8
11.1Office and administrative support occupations
15.9
16.2
16.6
10.5
16.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.1
1.2
0.7
0.6
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.1Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
1.0Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
6.6
6.1
8.8
5.9
10.7Production occupations
3.1
3.0
3.7
3.7
5.5Transportation and material moving occupations
3.4
3.2
5.1
2.3
5.3Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and over
152,581
77.5
12.3
6.6
18.0Management, professional, and related occupations
64,744
78.3
9.8
9.0
10.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
27,864
80.8
9.2
7.1
10.8Management occupations
18,986
82.2
8.6
6.5
11.1Chief executives
1,664
85.7
5.9
6.8
7.4General and operations managers
1,085
82.7
9.3
4.6
10.3Legislators
21
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
72
78.7
12.1
5.2
6.2Marketing managers
576
83.5
6.2
7.3
8.3Sales managers
537
86.4
5.9
5.0
10.6Public relations and fundraising managers
100
89.3
3.5
4.4
7.2Administrative services managers
60
84.0
13.3
1.5
9.9Facilities managers
146
90.5
7.4
0.2
14.5Computer and information systems managers
715
72.4
7.2
17.8
7.3Financial managers
1,307
78.5
9.0
9.0
10.4Compensation and benefits managers
16
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
273
78.9
12.3
6.4
12.5Training and development managers
55
90.9
4.1
3.4
12.0Industrial production managers
256
82.8
5.7
9.3
10.9Purchasing managers
232
82.3
8.5
6.7
8.2Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
314
82.5
10.7
3.7
16.3Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
875
94.8
1.5
0.9
6.0Construction managers
999
90.8
5.1
1.7
16.3Education and childcare administrators
956
79.8
14.0
3.3
9.7Architectural and engineering managers
178
79.9
4.5
15.0
7.2Food service managers
1,133
74.7
11.0
10.4
19.5Funeral home managers
9
-
-
-
-Entertainment and recreation managers
43
-
-
-
-Lodging managers
116
75.1
10.3
12.5
14.1Medical and health services managers
791
76.1
14.1
7.0
10.5Natural sciences managers
21
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
16
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
780
83.2
10.3
4.0
11.4Social and community service managers
391
74.6
17.9
4.0
13.7Emergency management directors
13
-
-
-
-Personal service managers, all other
1
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
5,235
82.1
8.6
6.5
11.5Business and financial operations occupations
8,878
78.0
10.5
8.6
10.3Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
40
-
-
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
11
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
159
82.3
9.4
4.2
15.9Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
223
81.0
10.3
5.3
13.4Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
330
74.4
16.7
4.3
14.6Compliance officers
291
76.2
14.4
4.2
13.2Cost estimators
127
87.9
3.8
4.8
10.8Human resources workers
871
76.6
13.8
6.2
12.4Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
67
70.6
19.6
7.1
12.7Training and development specialists
166
77.4
14.1
4.2
10.9Logisticians
132
80.3
13.4
4.9
10.2Project management specialists
769
80.4
8.0
9.6
8.0Management analysts
1,001
79.2
8.0
10.8
7.2Meeting, convention, and event planners
116
83.4
9.9
3.6
6.1Fundraisers
93
89.0
3.7
7.2
5.2Market research analysts and marketing specialists
400
83.1
4.4
9.7
10.7Business operations specialists, all other
584
74.1
13.5
8.6
10.7Accountants and auditors
1,630
76.3
9.8
11.8
9.8Property appraisers and assessors
80
97.7
1.1
1.0
4.3Budget analysts
61
66.0
17.7
5.7
10.7Credit analysts
38
-
-
-
-Financial and investment analysts
343
64.4
13.1
20.7
10.7Personal financial advisors
535
82.2
7.3
7.5
7.7Insurance underwriters
128
76.8
12.0
7.0
9.1Financial examiners
16
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
440
78.7
12.8
3.7
12.0Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
63
83.2
12.8
3.2
8.7Tax preparers
101
76.1
14.2
6.2
17.7Other financial specialists
61
81.9
7.4
6.4
14.2Professional and related occupations
36,880
76.4
10.3
10.4
10.0Computer and mathematical occupations
5,688
65.4
8.5
23.3
8.3Computer and information research scientists
41
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
464
70.0
11.3
16.0
11.0Information security analysts
152
76.7
11.8
9.0
7.4Computer programmers
444
68.4
6.0
22.0
6.4Software developers
1,932
54.7
5.4
37.1
5.8Software quality assurance analysts and testers
74
55.9
14.1
27.6
5.7Web developers
81
84.7
4.6
7.5
8.6Web and digital interface designers
64
87.4
5.0
6.6
9.6Computer support specialists
660
72.1
10.5
14.5
11.7Database administrators and architects
111
73.1
5.1
20.0
6.3Network and computer systems administrators
212
72.6
10.4
12.9
8.1Computer network architects
102
72.0
6.5
18.3
9.1Computer occupations, all other
889
70.4
11.9
15.0
11.5Actuaries
29
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
0
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
141
71.0
14.9
10.7
10.1Statisticians
45
-
-
-
-Other mathematical science occupations
245
64.1
12.3
21.6
7.9Architecture and engineering occupations
3,235
77.0
5.8
14.6
9.9Architects, except landscape and naval
212
79.9
4.6
13.3
6.5Landscape architects
27
-
-
-
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
41
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
129
76.0
7.9
14.7
13.5Agricultural engineers
8
-
-
-
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
15
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
75
84.5
1.3
13.0
9.3Civil engineers
431
78.8
6.6
12.8
10.7Computer hardware engineers
88
56.2
5.9
36.4
7.2Electrical and electronics engineers
299
74.6
4.4
19.1
10.2Environmental engineers
33
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
216
75.8
5.1
16.2
5.1Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
43
-
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
354
78.0
4.6
13.7
8.9Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
11
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
16
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
666
71.9
5.1
19.9
9.6Architectural and civil drafters
32
-
-
-
-Other drafters
93
89.5
2.9
6.7
10.8Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
74
75.2
11.4
8.5
9.4Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
293
81.5
9.6
5.3
14.9Surveying and mapping technicians
57
88.7
6.0
2.1
17.3Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,640
74.6
7.4
15.2
8.3Agricultural and food scientists
32
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
94
71.1
12.1
14.4
2.4Conservation scientists and foresters
22
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
121
48.0
7.2
43.1
4.5Life scientists, all other
8
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
22
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
11
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
94
70.2
8.0
21.5
6.1Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
40
-
-
-
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
42
-
-
-
-Physical scientists, all other
370
63.8
6.9
27.3
6.5Economists
21
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
1
-
-
-
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
13
-
-
-
-School psychologists
58
92.4
7.6
0.0
19.4Other psychologists
149
84.6
5.6
5.4
6.4Sociologists
2
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
28
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
54
84.8
5.2
2.2
5.4Agricultural and food science technicians
30
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
18
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
48
-
-
-
-Environmental science and geoscience technicians
15
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
2
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
6
-
-
-
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
269
78.9
8.7
10.6
10.9Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
72
75.3
13.0
2.5
10.4Community and social service occupations
2,777
72.9
19.7
3.8
12.5Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
121
70.4
25.9
1.3
11.6Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
362
74.3
18.9
2.7
15.8Marriage and family therapists
44
-
-
-
-Mental health counselors
212
76.3
17.6
2.0
10.0Rehabilitation counselors
11
-
-
-
-Counselors, all other
250
65.0
27.6
4.4
11.8Child, family, and school social workers
54
63.4
30.7
0.9
18.7Healthcare social workers
77
67.4
27.5
1.2
10.8Mental health and substance abuse social workers
15
-
-
-
-Social workers, all other
681
65.4
25.8
4.6
15.2Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
88
76.6
17.4
1.3
12.2Social and human service assistants
194
75.2
15.1
5.5
13.2Other community and social service specialists
100
61.8
24.8
6.1
16.2Clergy
404
84.4
8.7
4.7
8.0Directors, religious activities and education
67
94.2
2.7
1.8
10.0Religious workers, all other
96
85.2
6.6
7.3
2.9Legal occupations
1,805
84.0
8.1
4.8
10.4Lawyers
1,085
87.9
5.4
4.7
6.9Judicial law clerks
24
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
77
71.3
22.0
2.6
10.1Paralegals and legal assistants
431
78.1
11.2
5.1
20.6Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
107
82.1
9.3
6.5
5.4Legal support workers, all other
80
75.0
14.5
5.3
9.4Education, training, and library occupations
8,946
81.5
9.9
5.6
10.8Postsecondary teachers
1,154
76.7
7.8
13.1
7.1Preschool and kindergarten teachers
613
81.0
12.7
3.6
13.4Elementary and middle school teachers
3,260
83.8
10.0
3.4
10.7Secondary school teachers
940
86.4
7.2
3.6
8.3Special education teachers
362
85.1
9.6
2.7
6.4Tutors
168
75.6
6.0
15.6
11.7Other teachers and instructors
737
79.1
13.3
4.3
11.0Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
62
94.4
1.6
1.6
10.6Librarians and media collections specialists
158
86.7
7.1
3.7
3.7Library technicians
38
-
-
-
-Teaching assistants
1,309
76.3
12.0
7.4
16.6Other educational instruction and library workers
145
83.4
10.7
4.3
11.3Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,151
82.9
8.2
5.7
11.1Artists and related workers
286
87.3
4.9
4.2
13.3Commercial and industrial designers
11
-
-
-
-Fashion designers
33
-
-
-
-Floral designers
50
77.0
11.8
3.1
29.7Graphic designers
271
85.5
6.4
5.3
10.7Interior designers
123
88.8
3.0
6.6
4.1Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
27
-
-
-
-Other designers
389
81.7
3.5
11.6
6.8Actors
45
-
-
-
-Producers and directors
182
86.9
6.8
4.6
11.1Athletes and sports competitors
37
-
-
-
-Coaches and scouts
235
84.4
10.9
3.5
11.7Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
17
-
-
-
-Dancers and choreographers
11
-
-
-
-Music directors and composers
52
71.8
19.2
3.5
4.8Musicians and singers
127
77.2
14.2
2.8
11.2Disc jockeys, except radio
15
-
-
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
43
-
-
-
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
18
-
-
-
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
79
76.9
12.2
8.5
3.1Public relations specialists
122
83.7
8.9
4.5
12.1Editors
105
88.7
4.0
4.8
3.2Technical writers
71
86.0
2.8
7.2
9.7Writers and authors
261
81.7
11.4
4.8
3.7Interpreters and translators
93
72.2
7.9
14.1
38.7Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
28
-
-
-
-Media and communication workers, all other
30
-
-
-
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
87
87.7
11.7
0.4
9.6Photographers
192
82.7
6.7
5.1
14.4Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
108
80.8
11.2
5.4
13.6Media and communication equipment workers, all other
1
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,639
75.6
12.0
9.5
9.4Chiropractors
59
87.0
2.6
9.0
7.8Dentists
167
73.1
4.5
19.6
6.0Dietitians and nutritionists
117
83.0
13.3
3.1
14.1Optometrists
37
-
-
-
-Pharmacists
352
70.3
7.9
19.8
6.0Emergency medicine physicians
24
-
-
-
-Radiologists
26
-
-
-
-Other physicians
921
66.1
8.1
22.9
5.8Surgeons
59
89.4
4.6
5.6
8.6Physician assistants
165
77.1
8.6
9.8
9.2Podiatrists
8
-
-
-
-Audiologists
17
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
135
87.9
4.1
6.8
4.2Physical therapists
273
81.0
5.4
12.6
5.3Radiation therapists
15
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
18
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
117
71.1
16.6
10.6
7.4Speech-language pathologists
187
93.7
4.3
1.3
5.1Exercise physiologists
6
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
242
78.7
14.0
5.9
9.7Veterinarians
104
93.3
1.2
5.6
4.7Registered nurses
3,201
74.9
13.3
8.6
8.8Nurse anesthetists
35
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
8
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
237
85.6
7.0
3.9
5.5Acupuncturists
24
-
-
-
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
13
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
369
70.3
17.4
9.2
15.6Dental hygienists
207
89.9
3.3
5.3
10.7Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
61
72.6
12.3
7.4
12.7Diagnostic medical sonographers
88
83.6
3.4
9.0
6.6Radiologic technologists and technicians
226
85.2
8.7
5.0
13.4Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
47
-
-
-
-Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
39
-
-
-
-Emergency medical technicians
145
80.8
9.5
4.5
14.3Paramedics
96
94.7
3.4
1.7
8.0Pharmacy technicians
342
69.9
18.3
8.6
17.2Psychiatric technicians
73
60.9
26.0
1.1
10.2Surgical technologists
113
74.1
19.1
3.5
14.4Veterinary technologists and technicians
129
88.5
3.6
2.3
15.3Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
66
70.9
25.1
3.2
11.6Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
533
66.5
27.6
2.7
13.7Medical records specialists
207
76.0
13.7
6.4
9.1Opticians, dispensing
50
84.8
6.9
3.5
28.3Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
177
65.9
20.7
10.5
16.1Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
105
86.7
7.4
3.5
6.2Service occupations
24,403
72.8
16.5
5.9
25.7Healthcare support occupations
4,887
64.5
24.5
6.8
20.9Home health aides
570
56.3
32.0
8.9
25.9Personal care aides
1,411
61.6
24.9
8.5
21.5Nursing assistants
1,248
58.3
33.2
4.8
14.8Orderlies and psychiatric aides
55
60.2
32.3
2.7
16.9Occupational therapy assistants and aides
41
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
74
80.6
9.5
4.7
8.6Massage therapists
166
68.0
11.7
10.8
12.4Dental assistants
323
79.7
6.9
8.2
30.4Medical assistants
561
74.7
18.0
5.0
29.8Medical transcriptionists
45
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
35
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
78
89.0
4.1
2.4
13.8Phlebotomists
114
68.1
22.3
5.3
25.1Other healthcare support workers
164
64.7
26.6
3.8
17.0Protective service occupations
2,987
72.5
20.3
2.7
14.9First-line supervisors of correctional officers
38
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
92
82.1
13.4
0.7
8.9First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
44
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of security workers
75
68.5
22.9
3.7
15.0First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
5
-
-
-
-Firefighters
294
84.3
8.9
2.6
11.0Fire inspectors
30
-
-
-
-Bailiffs
21
-
-
-
-Correctional officers and jailers
297
67.1
26.7
2.2
14.2Detectives and criminal investigators
130
77.7
18.1
3.6
12.3Fish and game wardens
6
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
15
-
-
-
-Police officers
753
83.3
11.5
1.6
14.6Animal control workers
6
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
95
77.1
15.5
2.1
16.4Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
844
57.5
33.3
3.8
18.4Crossing guards and flaggers
51
70.4
23.4
3.7
6.9Transportation security screeners
46
-
-
-
-School bus monitors
28
-
-
-
-Other protective service workers
117
83.7
3.9
3.3
9.8Food preparation and serving related occupations
7,370
74.6
13.4
6.3
27.8Chefs and head cooks
402
63.0
14.8
19.9
23.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
480
71.6
19.9
4.2
21.2Cooks
1,905
72.9
15.8
6.0
35.9Food preparation workers
872
74.2
14.0
5.6
29.3Bartenders
362
85.8
4.9
2.0
19.9Fast food and counter workers
775
75.2
13.0
5.7
23.3Waiters and waitresses
1,631
78.4
8.9
6.6
24.7Food servers, nonrestaurant
172
66.6
22.1
5.1
16.7Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
243
76.6
14.0
4.1
33.0Dishwashers
243
72.0
17.3
2.7
34.6Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
282
77.1
9.7
5.8
22.4Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
2
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,482
78.0
14.2
3.4
38.3First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
338
81.2
13.1
3.4
30.0First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
233
88.6
6.6
1.0
27.0Janitors and building cleaners
2,113
73.8
18.1
3.5
31.5Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,357
74.9
15.2
5.2
48.2Pest control workers
119
81.5
10.0
2.5
19.5Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
1,211
84.9
9.2
1.8
47.1Tree trimmers and pruners
98
86.3
9.0
1.3
19.9Other grounds maintenance workers
13
-
-
-
-Personal care and service occupations
3,676
73.0
12.5
10.1
18.0Supervisors of personal care and service workers
250
67.8
16.4
11.3
11.2Animal trainers
54
89.8
8.0
0.0
6.9Animal caretakers
272
85.8
4.7
4.6
13.3Gambling services workers
66
55.8
9.7
29.1
12.4Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
29
-
-
-
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
192
79.2
10.3
4.1
13.7Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
14
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
30
-
-
-
-Barbers
103
68.0
22.5
5.2
40.5Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
713
79.0
12.8
6.1
17.7Manicurists and pedicurists
247
19.6
4.8
73.1
12.2Skincare specialists
90
73.2
8.8
8.4
13.8Other personal appearance workers
26
-
-
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
84
62.4
17.4
9.6
20.7Tour and travel guides
42
-
-
-
-Childcare workers
974
77.6
14.0
4.4
24.4Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
223
79.7
11.9
2.8
16.9Recreation workers
139
76.0
18.0
2.2
11.8Residential advisors
26
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
101
78.7
14.7
3.0
20.4Sales and office occupations
30,166
77.9
13.2
5.1
17.2Sales and related occupations
14,369
79.7
11.2
5.4
16.7First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,058
79.5
10.3
6.2
15.1First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,184
83.8
7.2
5.5
12.2Cashiers
2,601
71.1
17.0
6.9
22.9Counter and rental clerks
81
78.0
11.4
6.7
28.6Parts salespersons
124
90.2
6.8
0.7
17.2Retail salespersons
2,750
78.3
13.0
4.8
20.8Advertising sales agents
104
86.0
9.9
3.6
15.5Insurance sales agents
600
81.5
11.8
4.1
16.5Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
243
79.9
6.6
11.7
10.2Travel agents
56
86.8
6.9
4.7
11.5Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
565
85.3
6.8
5.0
11.6Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,216
88.1
6.2
3.3
12.0Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
30
-
-
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,170
84.8
8.3
4.4
12.1Sales engineers
41
-
-
-
-Telemarketers
33
-
-
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
104
89.0
6.2
2.9
19.4Sales and related workers, all other
410
78.5
12.2
5.0
13.8Office and administrative support occupations
15,797
76.2
15.0
4.8
17.7First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,217
80.6
12.0
3.9
14.0Switchboard operators, including answering service
8
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
23
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
5
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
97
72.5
21.6
2.8
17.2Billing and posting clerks
483
76.7
16.9
3.8
17.6Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,097
85.3
6.6
5.4
13.1Gambling cage workers
15
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
153
68.9
14.8
6.9
18.7Procurement clerks
29
-
-
-
-Tellers
215
75.6
16.6
3.5
20.7Financial clerks, all other
92
75.1
10.1
8.6
10.2Brokerage clerks
9
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
7
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
77
80.5
14.7
1.0
14.6Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
41
-
-
-
-Customer service representatives
2,512
71.8
18.5
5.4
19.7Eligibility interviewers, government programs
60
60.9
25.2
6.2
18.6File clerks
161
76.0
14.4
4.1
17.2Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
119
67.1
16.1
7.2
24.0Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
203
66.7
23.9
1.7
18.6Library assistants, clerical
88
87.5
6.9
3.3
8.2Loan interviewers and clerks
144
74.8
20.0
2.6
16.5New accounts clerks
12
-
-
-
-Order clerks
112
72.5
10.7
9.7
15.3Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
38
-
-
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,215
75.8
15.2
4.5
21.0Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
93
68.4
15.9
8.5
16.0Information and record clerks, all other
107
76.3
14.7
6.0
14.4Cargo and freight agents
10
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
837
72.1
19.4
2.8
23.3Public safety telecommunicators
88
78.9
15.8
4.5
9.4Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
189
81.9
12.6
2.6
29.2Meter readers, utilities
33
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
105
48.1
40.0
10.3
6.3Postal service mail carriers
273
71.2
21.4
5.4
10.8Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
82
42.0
42.9
13.2
8.7Production, planning, and expediting clerks
212
77.6
8.4
10.0
14.1Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
615
74.3
16.2
4.8
29.1Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
49
-
-
-
-Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
223
88.3
6.0
3.2
12.9Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
49
-
-
-
-Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
58
78.0
14.6
2.4
17.3Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
2,009
83.8
9.7
3.2
14.0Data entry keyers
220
74.5
14.9
7.0
19.2Word processors and typists
37
-
-
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
257
69.1
25.3
1.9
19.5Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
53
57.9
30.0
9.3
17.0Office clerks, general
1,249
75.7
14.3
6.4
19.0Office machine operators, except computer
27
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
10
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
45
-
-
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
639
74.4
17.0
4.9
15.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,959
86.3
7.4
2.3
33.4Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,061
88.4
4.4
2.3
43.9First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
49
-
-
-
-Agricultural inspectors
10
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
12
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
53
70.2
10.8
10.5
65.3Miscellaneous agricultural workers
835
89.3
3.8
2.0
46.7Fishing and hunting workers
31
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-
-
-
-Logging workers
51
98.2
1.1
0.0
16.4Construction and extraction occupations
8,057
87.2
7.1
1.7
38.9First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
650
90.2
6.2
1.0
24.2Boilermakers
21
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
97
84.0
9.6
0.0
51.7Carpenters
1,230
87.7
6.3
1.6
39.3Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
156
88.8
6.2
0.2
48.2Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
67
88.6
6.2
0.1
53.0Construction laborers
2,165
84.8
8.1
2.6
48.9Construction equipment operators
360
89.0
8.0
0.1
21.8Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
155
89.8
3.3
0.7
72.5Electricians
845
88.3
6.7
2.6
22.9Glaziers
53
85.4
11.5
0.0
32.5Insulation workers
48
-
-
-
-Painters and paperhangers
556
88.6
7.0
1.0
59.3Pipelayers
37
-
-
-
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
587
87.2
7.1
1.5
25.7Plasterers and stucco masons
22
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
10
-
-
-
-Roofers
221
85.8
7.5
1.1
63.5Sheet metal workers
125
89.5
4.6
0.8
19.8Structural iron and steel workers
41
-
-
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
23
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
71
83.7
9.9
0.6
43.3Construction and building inspectors
103
87.6
7.3
3.5
12.3Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
38
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
41
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
27
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
99
85.5
10.1
0.7
17.3Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
15
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
11
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
26
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
21
-
-
-
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
4
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
27
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
14
-
-
-
-Underground mining machine operators
33
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
3
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
55
80.1
15.9
0.4
30.5Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,840
84.5
8.3
3.3
22.0First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
222
89.1
5.8
0.7
12.3Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
176
73.4
12.6
9.1
16.8Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
155
80.3
10.5
4.2
15.5Avionics technicians
5
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
21
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
13
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
9
-
-
-
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
22
-
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
72
89.8
2.3
2.6
32.1Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
150
89.3
5.7
4.2
15.3Automotive body and related repairers
123
89.9
5.6
1.9
29.0Automotive glass installers and repairers
28
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
864
83.4
8.0
4.6
28.2Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
362
85.2
7.1
3.2
19.2Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
248
88.4
5.4
2.4
19.1Small engine mechanics
43
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
84
87.9
9.3
1.4
19.5Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
445
82.0
11.1
3.4
25.3Home appliance repairers
49
-
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
429
87.9
6.1
3.4
19.6Maintenance and repair workers, general
614
84.6
8.8
2.5
21.0Maintenance workers, machinery
29
-
-
-
-Millwrights
48
-
-
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
125
87.0
8.5
0.6
11.9Telecommunications line installers and repairers
134
79.8
13.7
2.1
38.4Precision instrument and equipment repairers
68
67.9
17.2
10.6
20.0Wind turbine service technicians
11
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
29
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
2
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
30
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
1
-
-
-
-Riggers
6
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
19
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
182
87.7
7.7
1.3
27.0Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
19,309
74.0
17.3
4.7
23.7Production occupations
7,950
77.6
13.3
5.5
24.0First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
767
80.7
12.8
3.2
17.6Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
6
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
110
68.9
10.0
15.9
15.8Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
13
-
-
-
-Other assemblers and fabricators
957
70.2
18.5
7.6
21.9Bakers
229
81.2
11.1
3.5
32.7Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
246
75.3
15.4
4.6
39.7Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
9
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
93
84.3
9.5
2.4
29.2Food cooking machine operators and tenders
8
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
144
73.9
16.3
5.6
33.9Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
90
83.8
7.2
4.1
7.4Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
25
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
70
86.9
9.1
0.0
14.3Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
32
-
-
-
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-
-
-
-Machinists
323
88.2
5.8
3.3
17.9Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
17
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
1
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
29
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
43
-
-
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
555
84.6
9.8
2.4
22.5Other metal workers and plastic workers
335
74.6
15.8
5.9
27.7Prepress technicians and workers
17
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
143
75.1
14.5
5.8
22.2Print binding and finishing workers
8
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
116
61.6
26.4
8.6
32.3Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
17
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
120
85.3
6.9
3.9
46.1Shoe and leather workers
18
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
58
58.5
10.6
25.8
19.5Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
12
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
20
-
-
-
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
14
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
67
94.2
4.7
0.0
21.8Furniture finishers
11
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
26
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
16
-
-
-
-Other woodworkers
22
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
32
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
66
72.4
10.8
13.4
14.3Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
99
85.6
7.2
2.6
8.9Miscellaneous plant and system operators
37
-
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
72
86.7
9.5
1.4
14.9Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
76
75.5
17.9
2.3
20.6Cutting workers
53
69.1
25.4
1.1
27.3Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
25
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
13
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
829
78.6
11.6
7.1
21.7Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
51
70.2
2.6
17.4
17.1Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
73
74.7
7.9
13.7
19.0Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
253
67.8
21.0
7.3
43.9Painting workers
153
82.9
5.1
3.2
32.3Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
21
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
2
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
21
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-
-
-
-Tire builders
8
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
53
75.0
14.1
8.7
27.8Other production equipment operators and tenders
6
-
-
-
-Other production workers
1,178
74.5
16.3
5.8
26.8Transportation and material moving occupations
11,359
71.4
20.1
4.2
23.6Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
355
75.7
14.4
4.4
21.2Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
158
93.0
3.9
1.5
6.1Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
31
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
105
70.7
18.4
7.1
9.5Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
7
-
-
-
-Bus drivers, school
276
72.4
23.2
3.0
10.0Bus drivers, transit and intercity
241
58.7
35.2
2.3
14.4Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,487
74.0
18.7
3.8
23.6Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
57
68.3
23.0
5.8
19.8Taxi drivers
337
56.8
25.1
15.3
28.2Motor vehicle operators, all other
163
66.7
22.5
8.4
22.1Locomotive engineers and operators
39
-
-
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
39
-
-
-
-Other rail transportation workers
14
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
18
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
26
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
3
-
-
-
-Parking attendants
71
61.1
28.4
6.8
35.7Transportation service attendants
89
71.8
16.5
2.4
19.8Transportation inspectors
36
-
-
-
-Passenger attendants
17
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
30
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
56
78.5
18.0
0.7
8.1Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
35
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
623
69.2
24.9
1.5
33.3Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
301
72.1
21.1
2.6
30.1Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,161
71.4
20.1
3.5
24.1Machine feeders and offbearers
22
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
742
67.9
19.1
8.5
38.0Stockers and order fillers
1,652
69.5
21.3
3.8
20.4Pumping station operators
16
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
87
78.9
18.6
0.0
27.7Other material moving workers
66
79.1
13.8
0.9
26.3Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Industry and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
152,581
118,291
18,726
10,016
27,429Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.5
1.8
0.4
0.3
2.1Mining
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4Construction
7.4
8.4
3.8
2.3
13.4Manufacturing
9.6
9.9
8.1
10.4
9.3Durable goods
6.1
6.3
4.9
6.9
5.3Nondurable goods
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.5
4.1Wholesale and retail trade
12.9
12.9
13.1
11.3
13.3Wholesale trade
2.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
2.4Retail trade
10.6
10.5
11.5
9.4
10.9Transportation and utilities
6.1
5.6
9.8
5.1
6.9Information
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.6
1.2Financial activities
7.0
7.1
6.5
8.0
4.9Professional and business services
12.6
12.6
10.1
19.0
11.7Education and health services
22.8
22.1
27.5
23.3
16.8Leisure and hospitality
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.4
11.2Other services
4.7
4.7
4.0
5.5
5.2Other services, except private households
4.3
4.3
3.7
5.2
4.2Other services, private households
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.3
1.0Public administration
4.9
4.6
6.7
3.6
3.5Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
80,829
63,814
8,875
5,292
15,748Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.0
2.4
0.6
0.4
2.8Mining
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.6Construction
12.4
13.8
7.2
3.6
21.6Manufacturing
12.9
13.2
11.2
13.1
10.9Durable goods
8.7
8.9
7.0
9.3
6.7Nondurable goods
4.2
4.3
4.3
3.8
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
13.3
13.1
15.0
12.3
12.5Wholesale trade
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.8Retail trade
10.3
9.9
12.5
10.1
9.7Transportation and utilities
8.7
8.0
14.9
7.3
9.1Information
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.1
1.5Financial activities
6.4
6.5
5.3
7.5
4.2Professional and business services
13.7
13.5
11.5
21.7
11.6Education and health services
11.0
10.4
13.6
15.6
7.1Leisure and hospitality
7.7
7.3
8.3
8.3
10.1Other services
4.3
4.4
4.1
3.7
4.7Other services, except private households
4.2
4.3
4.0
3.5
4.6Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2Public administration
4.9
4.8
6.0
3.3
3.3Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
71,752
54,476
9,851
4,725
11,680Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.1
0.1
0.2
1.3Mining
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1Construction
1.7
2.0
0.7
0.9
2.3Manufacturing
6.0
6.1
5.3
7.3
7.2Durable goods
3.3
3.3
3.1
4.2
3.3Nondurable goods
2.7
2.8
2.3
3.1
3.9Wholesale and retail trade
12.4
12.7
11.5
10.2
14.4Wholesale trade
1.4
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.9Retail trade
11.0
11.1
10.6
8.7
12.6Transportation and utilities
3.2
2.9
5.3
2.7
3.8Information
1.5
1.5
1.4
2.0
0.9Financial activities
7.8
7.8
7.5
8.6
5.9Professional and business services
11.4
11.6
8.9
15.9
11.9Education and health services
36.0
35.8
40.1
31.9
30.0Leisure and hospitality
9.0
9.0
7.8
8.5
12.5Other services
5.2
5.2
3.9
7.6
5.8Other services, except private households
4.4
4.3
3.5
7.1
3.8Other services, private households
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.5
2.0Public administration
4.8
4.3
7.3
4.0
3.8Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
83,179
65,279
10,248
5,141
13,734With at least one family member employed
65,286
50,967
7,851
4,432
11,671As a percent of total families
78.5
78.1
76.6
86.2
85.0With at least one family member unemployed
5,594
3,894
1,050
395
1,391As a percent of total families
6.7
6.0
10.3
7.7
10.1Some family member(s) employed
3,771
2,723
595
299
951As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
67.4
69.9
56.7
75.6
68.4Some family member(s) employed full time
3,272
2,368
513
258
821As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
58.5
60.8
48.8
65.2
59.0Married-couple families(1)
60,471
50,237
4,630
4,168
8,454With at least one family member employed
47,612
39,088
3,691
3,599
7,393As a percent of total families
78.7
77.8
79.7
86.4
87.4With at least one family member unemployed
3,313
2,521
376
294
775As a percent of total families
5.5
5.0
8.1
7.1
9.2Some family member(s) employed
2,602
1,997
285
230
597As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
78.5
79.2
75.7
78.0
77.0Some family member(s) employed full time
2,304
1,765
256
198
525As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
69.5
70.0
68.1
67.2
67.8Families maintained by women(2)
15,515
9,891
4,311
599
3,424With at least one family member employed
11,748
7,569
3,153
506
2,641As a percent of total families
75.7
76.5
73.1
84.5
77.1With at least one family member unemployed
1,528
882
507
56
398As a percent of total families
9.9
8.9
11.8
9.3
11.6Some family member(s) employed
745
435
234
36
213As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
48.7
49.3
46.1
64.0
53.5Some family member(s) employed full time
601
347
194
30
166As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
39.3
39.3
38.2
53.3
41.6Families maintained by men(2)
7,194
5,151
1,307
374
1,856With at least one family member employed
5,926
4,309
1,007
327
1,636As a percent of total families
82.4
83.7
77.0
87.3
88.2With at least one family member unemployed
753
491
167
45
219As a percent of total families
10.5
9.5
12.8
12.0
11.8Some family member(s) employed
425
291
76
33
142As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
56.4
59.2
45.7
74.0
64.8Some family member(s) employed full time
368
257
63
30
130As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
48.9
52.3
37.6
66.6
59.5Footnotes(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2020, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) Beginning with data for 2020, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2020, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.22018
56.8
61.7
51.9
56.7
62.1
51.3
56.3
59.1
53.8
57.0
62.0
52.5
60.7
67.8
53.02019
57.0
62.0
52.2
57.0
62.4
51.6
56.4
59.0
54.0
57.7
62.6
53.2
61.3
68.3
53.82020
55.7
60.4
51.0
55.7
60.9
50.5
54.5
56.8
52.5
56.5
61.8
51.7
60.4
67.4
52.92021
55.7
60.5
50.9
55.4
60.7
50.3
55.3
58.2
52.6
57.5
62.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
52.6With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.92018
81.3
93.3
71.5
81.7
93.9
71.2
81.6
89.0
77.2
78.0
93.4
65.0
77.4
93.8
63.92019
81.8
93.4
72.3
82.2
94.1
71.9
81.7
88.6
77.6
78.5
93.8
65.8
78.0
93.8
64.92020
80.7
92.3
71.2
81.5
93.4
71.3
79.8
86.0
76.0
77.3
92.5
64.3
76.4
92.6
62.82021
80.8
92.5
71.2
81.3
93.3
70.9
80.1
87.2
75.9
79.2
94.0
66.6
75.8
93.1
61.7With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.12018
83.4
92.2
76.4
83.9
93.0
76.1
82.1
87.0
79.5
81.5
92.0
72.9
80.1
93.1
69.72019
83.6
92.0
76.8
84.1
92.9
76.6
82.7
86.3
80.7
81.2
92.1
72.3
80.2
92.6
70.22020
82.5
91.4
75.4
83.3
92.4
75.5
81.7
85.7
79.4
79.7
91.8
69.6
78.5
91.6
67.72021
82.6
91.5
75.5
83.0
92.1
75.3
81.7
85.4
79.7
81.7
93.9
71.7
78.5
92.4
67.1With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.32018
78.5
94.5
65.1
78.9
95.1
64.7
80.9
91.4
74.4
73.8
95.0
55.1
74.0
94.6
56.52019
79.4
95.0
66.4
79.6
95.6
65.8
80.5
91.2
73.8
75.3
95.7
57.4
75.2
95.2
58.12020
78.4
93.4
65.8
79.2
94.7
65.6
77.6
86.4
71.8
74.2
93.2
57.2
73.5
93.8
56.22021
78.5
93.9
65.6
79.0
94.9
65.2
78.1
89.3
71.2
75.7
94.2
59.1
72.5
94.0
54.9With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.52018
76.9
94.8
61.9
77.4
95.4
61.6
79.0
91.0
71.2
71.2
95.0
50.2
71.2
94.4
51.42019
78.0
95.2
63.5
78.5
95.9
63.1
79.1
91.4
71.1
72.6
95.7
52.2
74.0
95.5
55.12020
77.3
93.5
63.3
78.0
94.8
63.1
75.7
85.9
68.7
74.3
93.5
56.2
71.9
93.6
53.32021
77.1
93.8
63.1
77.9
94.9
62.8
76.3
89.3
67.8
74.0
93.5
56.5
70.2
93.9
50.9Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.72018
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
6.5
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.7
4.3
5.12019
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
6.1
6.6
5.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.3
4.0
4.72020
8.1
7.8
8.3
7.3
7.0
7.6
11.4
12.1
10.9
8.7
7.8
9.6
10.4
9.7
11.42021
5.3
5.5
5.2
4.7
4.8
4.6
8.6
9.2
8.0
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.8
6.5
7.2Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2021 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.42018
6.6
6.9
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.5
6.0
5.12019
6.1
6.5
5.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
5.4
5.22020
11.7
12.5
10.8
8.9
9.0
8.7
11.6
11.1
12.22021
8.2
8.1
8.3
6.9
8.4
5.3
8.2
9.5
6.8Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
8,623
5,854
1,756
529
1,995Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
24.8
25.7
23.3
18.9
25.25 to 14 weeks
23.0
23.2
21.9
22.4
23.715 to 26 weeks
13.5
13.5
13.5
14.3
13.827 weeks and over
38.7
37.7
41.3
44.4
37.2Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
28.7
28.1
30.4
31.7
27.4Median duration, in weeks
16.5
15.6
19.0
21.9
15.4Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
4,676
3,222
900
275
1,090Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
23.8
24.4
22.4
18.6
24.35 to 14 weeks
22.7
23.1
21.3
19.7
23.715 to 26 weeks
14.0
14.4
13.6
13.0
14.727 weeks and over
39.5
38.1
42.6
48.7
37.2Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
29.1
28.4
31.7
33.1
27.1Median duration, in weeks
17.5
16.6
20.1
26.1
16.0Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,948
2,632
857
254
904Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
26.1
27.2
24.1
19.3
26.25 to 14 weeks
23.3
23.3
22.5
25.3
23.815 to 26 weeks
12.9
12.4
13.4
15.7
12.727 weeks and over
37.8
37.2
40.0
39.8
37.3Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
28.1
27.8
29.0
30.2
27.8Median duration, in weeks
15.1
14.3
17.7
18.8
14.5Footnotes(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
8,623
5,854
1,756
529
1,995Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
59.1
60.6
57.2
55.6
60.8On temporary layoff
18.4
20.1
12.6
19.6
20.6Not on temporary layoff
40.8
40.5
44.6
35.9
40.1Permanent job losers
32.5
32.5
34.2
30.9
31.2Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.3
8.0
10.4
5.0
9.0Job leavers
9.3
9.6
8.6
9.0
7.7Reentrants
25.6
24.2
28.5
27.1
23.4New entrants
6.0
5.7
5.7
8.4
8.1Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
4,676
3,222
900
275
1,090Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
62.0
63.4
59.6
61.1
65.6On temporary layoff
18.6
20.2
13.1
18.7
21.4Not on temporary layoff
43.5
43.2
46.4
42.3
44.2Permanent job losers
33.9
33.9
34.2
38.1
33.9Persons who completed temporary jobs
9.6
9.3
12.3
4.2
10.3Job leavers
8.7
8.9
8.6
7.7
7.0Reentrants
23.1
21.7
25.9
23.6
20.2New entrants
6.2
6.0
6.0
7.6
7.2Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,948
2,632
857
254
904Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
55.7
57.1
54.7
49.6
54.9On temporary layoff
18.1
20.0
12.1
20.6
19.7Not on temporary layoff
37.6
37.1
42.6
29.0
35.3Permanent job losers
30.8
30.7
34.2
23.2
27.9Persons who completed temporary jobs
6.8
6.4
8.4
5.8
7.4Job leavers
10.0
10.4
8.6
10.4
8.5Reentrants
28.5
27.2
31.3
30.8
27.3New entrants
5.8
5.3
5.4
9.3
9.2Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached(available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
161,204
100,241
6,329
2,404
1,782
510
1,272
93,91216 to 24 years
20,687
16,574
1,656
646
440
104
336
14,91925 to 54 years
102,867
23,241
2,969
1,270
941
279
662
20,27255 years and older
37,649
60,426
1,704
488
401
127
273
58,722Men, 16 years and older
85,505
40,983
2,984
1,209
956
312
644
37,99916 to 24 years
10,566
8,133
865
348
242
69
173
7,26825 to 54 years
54,817
7,486
1,306
611
500
170
329
6,18055 years and older
20,122
25,364
813
250
214
72
142
24,551Women, 16 years and older
75,699
59,259
3,346
1,194
826
198
628
55,91316 to 24 years
10,122
8,442
791
298
198
34
163
7,65125 to 54 years
48,050
15,754
1,663
659
441
109
333
14,09155 years and older
17,527
35,062
892
238
187
55
131
34,171WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
124,145
77,737
4,229
1,561
1,166
330
836
73,50816 to 24 years
15,793
11,550
1,101
419
289
65
223
10,44925 to 54 years
77,578
16,721
1,893
802
598
178
420
14,82855 years and older
30,774
49,466
1,235
340
279
87
192
48,231Men, 16 years and older
67,036
31,705
2,031
805
643
206
436
29,67516 to 24 years
8,154
5,649
583
224
160
42
119
5,06625 to 54 years
42,130
5,146
853
404
331
117
214
4,29355 years and older
16,752
20,910
594
177
151
48
103
20,316Women, 16 years and older
57,109
46,032
2,199
756
524
124
400
43,83316 to 24 years
7,639
5,901
518
195
128
24
105
5,38325 to 54 years
35,448
11,575
1,040
398
267
61
206
10,53555 years and older
14,022
28,556
640
163
128
39
89
27,916Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
20,482
13,131
1,244
530
399
112
286
11,88716 to 24 years
2,759
2,694
305
138
100
26
74
2,38925 to 54 years
13,800
3,708
659
299
220
61
159
3,05055 years and older
3,923
6,729
281
93
79
25
54
6,448Men, 16 years and older
9,775
5,614
547
239
198
66
132
5,06716 to 24 years
1,335
1,325
144
65
50
17
33
1,18025 to 54 years
6,603
1,540
278
130
108
34
74
1,26255 years and older
1,838
2,749
125
44
40
15
25
2,624Women, 16 years and older
10,707
7,517
697
290
201
47
154
6,82016 to 24 years
1,424
1,369
160
73
50
9
41
1,20925 to 54 years
7,198
2,168
381
168
112
27
85
1,78755 years and older
2,085
3,980
156
49
39
10
29
3,824AsianTotal, 16 years and older
10,545
5,976
485
166
110
34
76
5,49116 to 24 years
903
1,276
115
36
18
4
14
1,16125 to 54 years
7,547
1,766
242
92
62
20
42
1,52455 years and older
2,094
2,934
128
38
30
11
19
2,806Men, 16 years and older
5,566
2,184
224
85
55
19
37
1,96016 to 24 years
441
628
65
25
11
3
8
56325 to 54 years
4,031
416
95
40
29
9
20
32155 years and older
1,094
1,140
63
20
16
7
9
1,077Women, 16 years and older
4,978
3,792
262
81
54
16
39
3,53016 to 24 years
462
648
50
11
7
0
7
59825 to 54 years
3,515
1,350
147
52
33
11
22
1,20355 years and older
1,001
1,794
65
18
14
4
11
1,729Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
29,424
15,479
1,417
519
390
120
270
14,06116 to 24 years
4,864
4,014
407
150
107
26
81
3,60725 to 54 years
20,083
5,411
736
296
223
69
154
4,67455 years and older
4,477
6,054
275
73
60
25
36
5,780Men, 16 years and older
16,839
5,500
631
259
206
70
136
4,86816 to 24 years
2,616
1,857
206
78
58
17
42
1,65125 to 54 years
11,648
1,324
297
140
113
41
72
1,02755 years and older
2,575
2,318
128
41
35
12
22
2,191Women, 16 years and older
12,585
9,979
786
260
184
50
134
9,19316 to 24 years
2,248
2,156
200
71
49
10
39
1,95625 to 54 years
8,435
4,086
439
156
110
29
82
3,64855 years and older
1,902
3,736
147
32
25
12
13
3,589Footnotes(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2021 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
7062020
984
1,003
794
1,310
7582021
998
1,018
801
1,328
777Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
7472020
1,082
1,110
830
1,447
7972021
1,097
1,125
825
1,453
820Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
6422020
891
905
764
1,143
7052021
912
925
776
1,141
718Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.92020
82.3
81.5
92.0
79.0
88.52021
83.1
82.2
94.1
78.5
87.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$1,057
$1,085
$844
$1,369
$818Less than a high school diploma
626
637
562
597
616High school graduates, no college(1)
809
841
708
748
760Some college, no degree
899
938
757
879
851Associate's degree
963
989
782
963
899Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,452
1,468
1,164
1,712
1,260Men, 25 years and older
1,160
1,184
885
1,500
878Less than a high school diploma
684
691
597
658
660High school graduates, no college(1)
904
940
754
843
824Some college, no degree
1,010
1,063
814
964
960Associate's degree
1,103
1,133
899
1,020
1,016Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,661
1,673
1,321
1,885
1,373Women, 25 years and older
954
968
812
1,169
752Less than a high school diploma
550
554
532
533
544High school graduates, no college(1)
698
710
653
673
655Some college, no degree
779
800
707
784
770Associate's degree
836
857
736
874
774Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,272
1,292
1,105
1,496
1,164Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$998
$1,018
$801
$1,328
$777Management, professional, and related occupations
1,390
1,396
1,147
1,748
1,201Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,482
1,516
1,177
1,740
1,239Management occupations
1,546
1,572
1,170
1,906
1,238Business and financial operations occupations
1,382
1,399
1,197
1,554
1,241Professional and related occupations
1,335
1,323
1,132
1,750
1,174Computer and mathematical occupations
1,660
1,630
1,349
1,898
1,405Architecture and engineering occupations
1,641
1,626
1,328
1,887
1,496Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,407
1,407
1,142
1,852
1,118Community and social services occupations
1,065
1,076
1,044
1,045
1,080Legal occupations
1,586
1,628
1,394
1,907
1,157Education, training, and library occupations
1,138
1,146
1,030
1,327
1,108Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,229
1,227
1,133
1,596
1,014Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,273
1,280
1,109
1,548
1,156Service occupations
644
654
615
675
603Healthcare support occupations
637
643
634
629
627Protective service occupations
998
1,061
769
1,022
924Food preparation and serving related occupations
573
570
544
665
564Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
623
632
596
691
591Personal care and service occupations
618
622
584
654
596Sales and office occupations
826
846
728
875
738Sales and related occupations
887
934
640
906
712Office and administrative support occupations
806
811
762
860
752Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
919
932
803
1,004
777Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
623
626
602
638
599Construction and extraction occupations
904
915
772
969
782Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,017
1,022
878
1,156
915Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
774
803
696
719
700Production occupations
809
845
694
767
703Transportation and material moving occupations
738
764
697
687
698Men, 16 years and older
$1,097
$1,125
$825
$1,453
$820Management, professional, and related occupations
1,609
1,622
1,270
1,904
1,353Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,672
1,726
1,304
1,923
1,394Management occupations
1,752
1,772
1,202
2,086
1,395Business and financial operations occupations
1,552
1,559
1,436
1,753
1,392Professional and related occupations
1,555
1,546
1,263
1,897
1,326Computer and mathematical occupations
1,742
1,684
1,414
1,940
1,445Architecture and engineering occupations
1,725
1,684
1,336
1,908
1,526Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,496
1,491
1,165
2,295
1,089Community and social services occupations
1,164
1,191
1,083
1,155
983Legal occupations
2,233
2,384
1,416
1,915
1,357Education, training, and library occupations
1,332
1,354
1,157
1,588
1,171Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,317
1,320
1,144
1,767
1,064Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,516
1,519
1,379
1,682
1,333Service occupations
723
743
665
773
644Healthcare support occupations
723
723
727
797
712Protective service occupations
1,067
1,120
822
1,039
928Food preparation and serving related occupations
598
598
549
717
597Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
685
698
627
736
624Personal care and service occupations
699
731
586
742
637Sales and office occupations
970
1,006
801
995
798Sales and related occupations
1,049
1,099
750
1,161
789Office and administrative support occupations
899
917
823
924
805Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
930
944
806
1,018
790Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
637
647
597
669
603Construction and extraction occupations
908
918
760
991
787Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,023
1,028
893
1,146
922Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
825
870
716
754
761Production occupations
884
907
728
806
772Transportation and material moving occupations
786
817
711
698
747Women, 16 years and older
$912
$925
$776
$1,141
$718Management, professional, and related occupations
1,222
1,225
1,081
1,532
1,107Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,306
1,326
1,142
1,548
1,126Management occupations
1,341
1,358
1,158
1,628
1,073Business and financial operations occupations
1,253
1,259
1,119
1,467
1,151Professional and related occupations
1,167
1,165
1,049
1,525
1,098Computer and mathematical occupations
1,499
1,454
1,121
1,755
1,317Architecture and engineering occupations
1,435
1,394
1,166
1,682
1,203Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,342
1,343
1,069
1,463
1,146Community and social services occupations
1,016
1,014
1,024
1,002
1,122Legal occupations
1,332
1,299
1,365
1,766
1,133Education, training, and library occupations
1,071
1,079
973
1,231
1,040Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,145
1,133
1,064
1,494
928Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,218
1,228
1,024
1,514
1,087Service occupations
598
599
594
614
571Healthcare support occupations
624
633
619
616
617Protective service occupations
814
881
672
650
915Food preparation and serving related occupations
534
525
540
568
512Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
555
551
550
631
539Personal care and service occupations
603
605
584
620
584Sales and office occupations
766
774
701
822
707Sales and related occupations
720
749
585
777
645Office and administrative support occupations
779
783
736
838
725Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
696
687
776
786
608Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
585
585
775
547
581Construction and extraction occupations
720
714
842
324
614Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
836
852
744
1,276
731Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
638
639
620
667
601Production occupations
653
659
622
679
596Transportation and material moving occupations
624
622
619
652
605Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
The *employed* are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment* refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment* refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
*Job losers,* comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
*Job leavers*, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
*Reentrants*, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
*New entrants*, people who had never worked.The *civilian labor force* includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
The *labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *employment-population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. Beginning with data in 2020, the occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.2
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. The detailed classifications include Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, South American, and Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino. The Central American category includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans). The Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino category also includes two subcategories—Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.3
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
The *median of usual weekly earnings* reflects the midpoint in an earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
A *family* is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
*Families maintained by women* and *families maintained by men* are made up of householders residing with one or more family members but no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.
*Children*refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Children not living in the household are also not included.Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both *sampling error* and *nonsampling error*. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.4
1 Additional information about these classification systems is available online; see “Occupational and industry classifications used in the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
3 See Bowler, et al, https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.
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