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Highlights of women’s earnings in 2016

In 2016, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median 

usual weekly earnings that were 82 percent of those of male full-time wage 

and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings 

data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of 

the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s 

and 1990s. Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has 

remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a national monthly survey of 60,000 eligible households conducted 

by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly 

sample and averaged for the calendar year. These data are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, 

year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and 

published by the U.S. Census Bureau.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant 

in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The 

earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings 

distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and 

an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

August 2017 | Report 1069
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Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and 

salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2016, median weekly earnings were $749 for all women age 16 and older. For men 16 and older, median weekly 

earnings were $915. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with 35- 

to 44-year-olds ($839) and 45- to 54-year-olds ($836) earning about the same. For men, earnings were highest for 45- 

to 54-year-olds ($1,075) and 55- to 64-year-olds ($1,102). Young women and men age 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings 

($486 and $512, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)
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In 2016, women’s earnings ranged from 74 to 83 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under 

age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 89 to 96 percent of what 

men did. (See table 1.)

Between 1979 and 2016, women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios rose for most age groups, particularly in the prime working 

ages from 25 to 54. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, the ratio increased from 68 percent in 1979 to 89 percent in 2016; the 

ratio for 35- to 44-year-olds rose from 58 to 83 percent; and the ratio for 45- to 54-year-olds, from 57 to 78 percent. For 

workers age 55 to 64, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio rose from 61 to 74 percent over this period. For young 

workers age 16 to 24, the earnings ratio increased from 79 to 95 percent between 1979 and 2016, with the gains 

occurring primarily in the 1980s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2016. Among women, Whites 

($766) earned 85 percent as much as Asians ($902); Blacks ($641) earned 71 percent, and Hispanics ($586) earned 65 

percent. In comparison, White men ($942) earned 82 percent as much as Asian men ($1,151); Black men ($718) earned 

62 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($663), 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)
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Earnings differences between women and men were the most pronounced for Asians and for Whites. Asian women 

earned 78 percent as much as Asian men in 2016, and White women earned 81 percent as much as their male 

counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic 

women’s earnings were 88 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups since 1979 (the 

first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing 

the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) 

increased by 35 percent for White women, by 23 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For 

White and Black women, earnings growth tapered off around 2004. Earnings for Hispanic women, however, have 

continued to increase, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White 

and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in 

the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined through the mid-1990s, then began to trend upward. Over the 

full period, 1979 through 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings for White, Black, and Hispanic men have changed little on 

net: a 2-percent gain for White and Black men, and a 2-percent decline for Hispanic men. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings grew by 18 

percent for Asian women and by 21 percent for Asian men. (See table 18.)
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Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly 

earnings of those without a high school diploma ($504) were 40 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher 

($1,259) in 2016. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($692) were 

55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree (median 

weekly earnings of $779) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for 

women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in 

inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 10-percent decrease 

for women, compared with a 29-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a 

bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 35 percent since 1979. Earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or 

higher have risen by 20 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median 

weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2016 ($1,099 for women and $1,491 for men). 

Within management, business, and financial operations occupations, women who were chief executives ($1,876) and 

computer and information systems managers ($1,680) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2016. Among men, 
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those who were chief executives ($2,419) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,265) earned the most. (See 

table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($998 

for women and $1,364 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for 

specialized fields such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. 

Within this diverse category, women who were pharmacists ($1,839) and nurse practitioners ($1,753) had the highest 

earnings in 2016. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,343), pharmacists ($2,096), and lawyers 

($2,086) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively 

few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in 

office and administrative support jobs. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2016, 30 percent of women 

worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 19 percent of men. Within the professional category, 

though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men 

employed in them. In 2016, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the 

relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,325 for women and $1,518 for men) and engineering 

($1,207 for women and $1,529 for men) fields, compared with 46 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in 
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education ($933 for women and $1,154 for men) and healthcare ($1,036 for women and $1,332 for men) jobs, which 

generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-eight percent of women in professional occupations 

worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2016, compared with 30 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher 

($981), registered nurse ($1,143), and secretary or administrative assistant ($708). Each of these occupations employed 

more than 2 million women in 2016, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $787). In 2016, 2.7 

million, or 4 percent, of all male full-wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown 

separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common 

job for men. In 2016, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties 

(median weekly earnings ranging from $1,526 to $1,901). (See table 2.)

Earnings for those with and without children under 18

In 2016, a little more than one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As 

defined here, “children” includes only sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the 

household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($756) were little different from the earnings 

for women without children under 18 ($746). Earnings for fathers with children under 18 were $1,013, compared with 

$861 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers 

to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the 

occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor 

force. In addition, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. 

Thus, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state 

estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the 

same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than 

women to have a longer workweek. In 2016, 26 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per 

week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 11 

percent of women worked such hours in 2016, while 5 percent of men did. A majority of both male and female full-time 

workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 89 percent as much as men. (This analysis 

excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women 

who worked part time made up 25 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2016. In comparison, 12 percent of 

men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $255 in 2016, slightly higher than the $245 median for men. (See 

table 4.)
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Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women 

and 44 percent of men were under age 25 in 2016. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men 

were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2016, 62 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were 

paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $13.01, which were 87 percent of the median hourly earnings of men 

($14.96). (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2016, 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or 

below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See table 10.)

Among both women and men, hourly paid workers age 16 to 19 were the most likely to have earnings at or below the 

minimum wage. Ten percent of teenage workers who were paid hourly rates earned the prevailing federal minimum 

wage or less in 2016, compared with just 2 percent of hourly paid workers age 25 and older. Five percent of workers age 

20 to 24 had earnings at or below the federal minimum wage. (See table 10.) See the technical notes section for 

information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.
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Statistical Tables

Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Age

Total, 16 years 

and older 111,091 $832 $2 49,161 $749 $2 61,930 $915 $3 81.9

16 to 24 years 10,076 501 2 4,430 486 3 5,646 512 3 94.9

16 to 19 

years

1,289 405 4 545 388 5 745 419 5 92.6

20 to 24 

years

8,786 513 2 3,885 500 3 4,901 523 4 95.6

25 years and 

older 101,015 885 2 44,731 784 3 56,284 969 3 80.9

25 to 34 

years

27,456 751 3 11,972 705 5 15,484 794 5 88.8

35 to 44 

years

25,284 934 5 10,900 839 7 14,383 1,007 6 83.3

45 to 54 

years

25,652 955 5 11,555 836 7 14,097 1,075 10 77.8

55 to 64 

years

18,496 952 6 8,504 812 7 9,992 1,102 12 73.7

65 years and 

older 4,128 866 15 1,800 749 13 2,328 992 21 75.5

Race and 

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

White 86,474 862 3 37,163 766 3 49,310 942 4 81.3

Black or African 

American 13,963 678 5 7,235 641 6 6,728 718 7 89.3

Asian 7,030 1,021 13 3,142 902 18 3,888 1,151 12 78.4

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity 18,950 624 4 7,284 586 4 11,666 663 6 88.4

Marital status

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Never married 32,229 656 3 14,150 625 4 18,079 682 4 91.6

Married, spouse 

present(1) 61,044 960 3 24,849 838 5 36,195 1,062 6 78.9

Widowed, 

divorced, or 

separated(2)

17,818 786 5 10,162 735 5 7,656 876 9 83.9

Widowed 1,788 734 15 1,287 697 14 501 856 26 81.4

Divorced 11,764 826 6 6,742 768 6 5,022 915 10 83.9

Separated(2) 4,267 697 9 2,133 625 10 2,134 780 16 80.1

Union affiliation(3)

Members of 

unions(4) 13,119 1,004 5 5,697 955 8 7,421 1,050 11 91.0

Represented by 

unions(5) 14,593 995 5 6,429 942 8 8,163 1,042 10 90.4

Not represented 

by a union 96,498 802 2 42,731 723 3 53,767 890 4 81.2

Educational 

attainment

Total, 25 years 

and older 101,015 885 2 44,731 784 3 56,284 969 3 80.9

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

7,108 504 3 2,204 423 3 4,904 551 8 76.8

High school 

graduates, no 

college

25,475 692 3 9,856 599 3 15,619 769 5 77.9

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

27,307 779 3 12,924 688 4 14,383 896 5 76.8

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher

41,125 1,259 4 19,747 1,101 7 21,378 1,464 8 75.2

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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(1) Includes people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section.

(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section.

(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, 

industry, and geographic region.

(4) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

(5) Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; 

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 111,091 $832 $2 49,161 $749 $2 61,930 $915 $3 81.9

Management, professional, and related 

occupations 45,930 1,188 5 23,674 1,027 5 22,256 1,420 8 72.3

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations 19,023 1,284 11 8,761 1,099 11 10,261 1,491 14 73.7

Management occupations 12,828 1,370 10 5,314 1,148 9 7,514 1,539 10 74.6

Chief executives 1,150 2,303 23 318 1,876 110 832 2,419 76 77.6

General and operations 

managers

876 1,266 30 250 1,037 78 626 1,358 23 76.4

Legislators 11 – – 6 – – 6 – – –

Advertising and promotions 

managers

56 1,332 45 32 – – 24 – – –

Marketing and sales managers 921 1,468 40 403 1,142 49 518 1,745 42 65.4

Public relations and fundraising 

managers

60 1,532 230 38 – – 21 – – –

Administrative services managers 172 1,261 54 71 952 50 101 1,398 49 68.1

Computer and information 

systems managers 592 1,738 24 150 1,680 101 443 1,756 37 95.7

Financial managers 1,105 1,423 35 578 1,157 24 527 1,670 87 69.3

Compensation and benefits 

managers

16 – – 12 – – 3 – – –

Human resources managers 263 1,340 31 190 1,283 57 73 1,737 109 73.9

Training and development 

managers

58 1,507 147 31 – – 27 – – –

Industrial production managers 267 1,361 51 66 1,219 138 201 1,409 104 86.5

Purchasing managers 187 1,274 137 92 1,169 39 95 1,400 48 83.5

Transportation, storage, and 

distribution managers 288 990 40 51 988 424 237 990 37 99.8

Farmers, ranchers, and other 

agricultural managers 119 892 78 17 – – 102 906 84 –

Construction managers 487 1,395 40 35 – – 452 1,401 39 –

Education administrators 838 1,381 28 541 1,280 45 297 1,528 98 83.8

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Architectural and engineering 

managers

143 2,258 130 9 – – 134 2,265 124 –

Food service managers 760 739 17 350 632 28 410 853 47 74.1

Funeral service managers 13 – – 1 – – 11 – – –

Gaming managers 18 – – 4 – – 14 – – –

Lodging managers 124 929 48 64 764 59 59 1,068 69 71.5

Medical and health services 

managers

533 1,402 67 399 1,254 55 133 1,610 47 77.9

Natural sciences managers 14 – – 8 – – 6 – – –

Postmasters and mail 

superintendents 23 – – 11 – – 12 – – –

Property, real estate, and 

community association managers 402 959 51 221 815 35 181 1,157 50 70.4

Social and community service 

managers

363 1,079 71 248 992 43 115 1,206 102 82.3

Emergency management 

directors 8 – – 3 – – 5 – – –

Managers, all other 2,960 1,422 23 1,115 1,188 32 1,845 1,542 22 77.0

Business and financial operations 

occupations 6,195 1,161 8 3,448 1,018 12 2,747 1,373 23 74.1

Agents and business managers 

of artists, performers, and 

athletes

23 – – 12 – – 11 – – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, 

farm products 8 – – 0 – – 8 – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, 

except farm products 152 838 49 83 765 29 68 942 61 81.2

Purchasing agents, except 

wholesale, retail, and farm 

products

253 1,024 39 125 974 120 128 1,037 62 93.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, 

examiners, and investigators 321 969 25 206 912 21 114 1,139 63 80.1

Compliance officers 252 1,243 38 146 1,163 55 106 1,274 97 91.3

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Cost estimators 104 1,159 34 9 – – 96 1,172 54 –

Human resources workers 631 1,139 26 465 1,089 41 166 1,364 179 79.8

Compensation, benefits, and job 

analysis specialists 72 1,069 58 51 1,001 44 21 – – –

Training and development 

specialists 129 1,103 37 82 959 74 47 – – –

Logisticians 111 1,011 87 37 – – 75 1,116 80 –

Management analysts 585 1,476 41 253 1,342 40 332 1,586 61 84.6

Meeting, convention, and event 

planners 119 867 49 88 852 39 30 – – –

Fundraisers 64 1,111 88 42 – – 22 – – –

Market research analysts and 

marketing specialists 246 1,171 97 130 1,097 63 116 1,345 69 81.6

Business operations specialists, 

all other 257 1,125 60 146 1,001 29 110 1,263 58 79.3

Accountants and auditors 1,451 1,153 13 892 1,018 20 559 1,441 60 70.6

Appraisers and assessors of real 

estate 31 – – 13 – – 19 – – –

Budget analysts 48 – – 26 – – 22 – – –

Credit analysts 28 – – 13 – – 15 – – –

Financial analysts 277 1,525 108 104 1,252 40 173 1,747 62 71.7

Personal financial advisors 399 1,404 32 142 953 45 258 1,714 93 55.6

Insurance underwriters 102 1,113 106 68 910 46 34 – – –

Financial examiners 13 – – 6 – – 7 – – –

Credit counselors and loan 

officers 351 1,054 93 200 926 29 151 1,331 125 69.6

Tax examiners and collectors, 

and revenue agents 58 1,138 62 38 – – 20 – – –

Tax preparers 53 1,049 75 33 – – 20 – – –

Financial specialists, all other 56 1,155 136 37 – – 20 – – –

Professional and related occupations 26,907 1,141 4 14,912 998 5 11,995 1,364 9 73.2

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Computer and mathematical 

occupations 4,104 1,443 18 1,035 1,325 23 3,068 1,518 20 87.3

Computer and information 

research scientists 20 – – 7 – – 13 – – –

Computer systems analysts 496 1,393 35 182 1,328 38 314 1,475 53 90.0

Information security analysts 85 1,617 131 20 – – 65 1,826 124 –

Computer programmers 403 1,398 60 104 1,312 100 300 1,466 63 89.5

Software developers, applications 

and systems software 1,351 1,776 37 266 1,553 22 1,084 1,863 26 83.4

Web developers 142 1,236 44 45 – – 97 1,284 168 –

Computer support specialists 491 1,060 43 124 1,014 95 367 1,078 60 94.1

Database administrators 83 1,731 199 37 – – 46 – – –

Network and computer systems 

administrators 197 1,232 44 29 – – 168 1,250 51 –

Computer network architects 105 1,502 50 12 – – 93 1,535 67 –

Computer occupations, all other 524 1,195 47 106 1,055 38 418 1,244 36 84.8

Actuaries 12 – – 1 – – 11 – – –

Mathematicians 4 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Operations research analysts 125 1,315 51 66 1,300 34 59 1,382 53 94.1

Statisticians 65 1,405 85 35 – – 30 – – –

Miscellaneous mathematical 

science occupations 2 – – 1 – – 1 – – –

Architecture and engineering 

occupations 2,835 1,482 18 398 1,207 47 2,437 1,529 17 78.9

Architects, except naval 178 1,339 47 43 – – 135 1,462 93 –

Surveyors, cartographers, and 

photogrammetrists 28 – – 9 – – 19 – – –

Aerospace engineers 124 1,854 88 10 – – 114 1,846 84 –

Agricultural engineers 2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Biomedical engineers 14 – – 2 – – 12 – – –

Chemical engineers 91 1,877 46 18 – – 73 1,901 31 –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Civil engineers 389 1,504 56 39 – – 350 1,526 49 –

Computer hardware engineers 58 1,843 32 12 – – 46 – – –

Electrical and electronics 

engineers 271 1,729 70 26 – – 245 1,736 45 –

Environmental engineers 31 – – 5 – – 27 – – –

Industrial engineers, including 

health and safety 215 1,526 71 46 – – 169 1,580 91 –

Marine engineers and naval 

architects 19 – – 1 – – 18 – – –

Materials engineers 26 – – 5 – – 21 – – –

Mechanical engineers 335 1,560 22 24 – – 311 1,567 21 –

Mining and geological engineers, 

including mining safety engineers 8 – – 0 – – 7 – – –

Nuclear engineers 8 – – 1 – – 7 – – –

Petroleum engineers 35 – – 3 – – 32 – – –

Engineers, all other 493 1,573 67 63 1,401 152 430 1,659 58 84.4

Drafters 93 990 102 10 – – 83 1,030 124 –

Engineering technicians, except 

drafters 350 997 25 75 793 49 275 1,075 50 73.8

Surveying and mapping 

technicians 67 811 54 5 – – 61 790 126 –

Life, physical, and social science 

occupations 1,151 1,209 43 486 1,119 42 665 1,319 50 84.8

Agricultural and food scientists 32 – – 12 – – 20 – – –

Biological scientists 81 1,346 148 35 – – 46 – – –

Conservation scientists and 

foresters 26 – – 4 – – 23 – – –

Medical scientists 127 1,211 52 57 1,169 56 69 1,250 107 93.5

Life scientists, all other 3 – – 3 – – 0 – – –

Astronomers and physicists 20 – – 4 – – 16 – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists 6 – – 1 – – 5 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Chemists and materials scientists 93 1,306 70 36 – – 56 1,504 66 –

Environmental scientists and 

geoscientists 79 1,555 245 21 – – 58 1,591 66 –

Physical scientists, all other 241 1,416 50 111 1,323 75 131 1,727 138 76.6

Economists 22 – – 9 – – 14 – – –

Survey researchers 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Psychologists 91 1,260 51 66 1,187 79 25 – – –

Sociologists 4 – – 3 – – 1 – – –

Urban and regional planners 34 – – 13 – – 21 – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists 

and related workers 30 – – 11 – – 19 – – –

Agricultural and food science 

technicians 24 – – 6 – – 17 – – –

Biological technicians 19 – – 8 – – 11 – – –

Chemical technicians 75 919 38 25 – – 50 919 31 –

Geological and petroleum 

technicians 17 – – 2 – – 15 – – –

Nuclear technicians 4 – – 1 – – 3 – – –

Social science research 

assistants 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and 

social science technicians 119 894 36 57 826 73 62 949 117 87.0

Community and social service 

occupations 2,136 919 14 1,377 880 15 759 1,004 25 87.6

Counselors 657 904 21 473 907 21 184 892 62 101.7

Social workers 684 906 26 557 884 26 127 1,039 72 85.1

Probation officers and 

correctional treatment specialists 100 992 43 61 1,004 69 39 – – –

Social and human service 

assistants 151 736 29 122 727 46 29 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Miscellaneous community and 

social service specialists, 

including health educators and 

community health workers

83 831 41 63 767 26 20 – – –

Clergy 368 1,039 40 53 893 75 315 1,070 41 83.5

Directors, religious activities and 

education 49 – – 26 – – 23 – – –

Religious workers, all other 42 – – 21 – – 21 – – –

Legal occupations 1,294 1,431 31 732 1,152 30 562 1,904 22 60.5

Lawyers 745 1,897 17 299 1,619 115 446 2,086 106 77.6

Judicial law clerks 14 – – 7 – – 7 – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other 

judicial workers 56 1,560 501 21 – – 35 – – –

Paralegals and legal assistants 351 874 34 308 863 20 43 – – –

Miscellaneous legal support 

workers 128 1,009 197 98 867 73 30 – – –

Education, training, and library 

occupations 6,859 984 8 4,982 933 7 1,877 1,154 11 80.8

Postsecondary teachers 980 1,247 23 445 1,152 20 535 1,356 28 85.0

Preschool and kindergarten 

teachers 530 626 18 518 621 14 13 – – –

Elementary and middle school 

teachers 2,836 1,009 11 2,231 981 10 605 1,126 21 87.1

Secondary school teachers 965 1,111 18 562 1,074 24 403 1,146 19 93.7

Special education teachers 313 1,021 27 264 1,018 27 49 – – –

Other teachers and instructors 370 938 45 214 786 54 156 1,135 46 69.3

Archivists, curators, and museum 

technicians 36 – – 25 – – 11 – – –

Librarians 140 987 35 117 980 41 23 – – –

Library technicians 10 – – 8 – – 2 – – –

Teacher assistants 588 523 12 532 525 13 56 501 35 104.8

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Other education, training, and 

library workers 91 1,107 60 67 1,068 27 24 – – –

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, 

and media occupations 1,671 1,040 20 752 951 22 919 1,139 19 83.5

Artists and related workers 61 1,236 27 23 – – 38 – – –

Designers 586 1,086 58 297 922 38 290 1,267 43 72.8

Actors 13 – – 5 – – 8 – – –

Producers and directors 128 1,163 41 50 1,030 81 78 1,228 150 83.9

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and 

related workers 141 826 48 35 – – 106 862 45 –

Dancers and choreographers 5 – – 4 – – 2 – – –

Musicians, singers, and related 

workers 37 – – 13 – – 24 – – –

Entertainers and performers, 

sports and related workers, all 

other

13 – – 4 – – 9 – – –

Announcers 32 – – 8 – – 24 – – –

News analysts, reporters and 

correspondents 58 1,166 170 27 – – 30 – – –

Public relations specialists 107 1,228 80 67 1,134 265 40 – – –

Editors 120 1,053 33 56 1,035 26 64 1,112 88 93.1

Technical writers 56 1,253 61 27 – – 29 – – –

Writers and authors 99 1,070 42 60 983 97 39 – – –

Miscellaneous media and 

communication workers 59 745 76 36 – – 24 – – –

Broadcast and sound engineering 

technicians and radio operators 80 1,020 216 13 – – 67 1,099 48 –

Photographers 43 – – 19 – – 24 – – –

Television, video, and motion 

picture camera operators and 

editors

31 – – 7 – – 24 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Media and communication 

equipment workers, all other 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Healthcare practitioners and 

technical occupations 6,857 1,104 10 5,150 1,036 11 1,706 1,332 32 77.8

Chiropractors 18 – – 7 – – 10 – – –

Dentists 61 1,850 82 27 – – 34 – – –

Dietitians and nutritionists 82 986 56 71 997 50 11 – – –

Optometrists 18 – – 15 – – 3 – – –

Pharmacists 222 1,924 133 133 1,839 68 89 2,096 126 87.7

Physicians and surgeons 806 1,916 61 308 1,476 116 497 2,343 140 63.0

Physician assistants 75 1,544 55 50 1,547 55 25 – – –

Podiatrists 4 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Audiologists 11 – – 8 – – 2 – – –

Occupational therapists 71 1,365 61 61 1,315 50 10 – – –

Physical therapists 197 1,325 29 128 1,306 34 69 1,348 32 96.9

Radiation therapists 11 – – 10 – – 1 – – –

Recreational therapists 9 – – 3 – – 6 – – –

Respiratory therapists 76 998 30 54 993 37 22 – – –

Speech-language pathologists 112 1,200 124 109 1,172 107 3 – – –

Exercise physiologists 1 – – 1 – – 0 – – –

Therapists, all other 137 920 54 106 913 53 32 – – –

Veterinarians 65 1,338 357 46 – – 19 – – –

Registered nurses 2,498 1,154 10 2,213 1,143 10 285 1,261 27 90.6

Nurse anesthetists 14 – – 6 – – 8 – – –

Nurse midwives 5 – – 5 – – 0 – – –

Nurse practitioners 144 1,750 49 133 1,753 45 11 – – –

Health diagnosing and treating 

practitioners, all other 8 – – 8 – – 1 – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists 

and technicians 295 887 34 198 834 25 97 1,071 97 77.9

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Dental hygienists 75 1,034 50 73 1,045 47 2 – – –

Diagnostic related technologists 

and technicians 254 1,041 30 175 936 42 79 1,156 29 81.0

Emergency medical technicians 

and paramedics 174 779 32 60 650 47 114 821 42 79.2

Health practitioner support 

technologists and technicians 474 662 15 361 643 16 113 712 25 90.3

Licensed practical and licensed 

vocational nurses 525 749 12 481 743 12 44 – – –

Medical records and health 

information technicians 170 798 27 159 793 28 11 – – –

Opticians, dispensing 42 – – 28 – – 14 – – –

Miscellaneous health 

technologists and technicians 107 745 23 64 714 20 43 – – –

Other healthcare practitioners 

and technical occupations 96 1,083 152 47 – – 49 – – –

Service occupations 15,908 523 2 7,914 487 2 7,994 595 4 81.8

Healthcare support occupations 2,423 525 5 2,094 519 4 329 602 14 86.2

Nursing, psychiatric, and home 

health aides 1,386 503 5 1,192 498 5 194 534 33 93.3

Occupational therapy assistants 

and aides 13 – – 12 – – 1 – – –

Physical therapist assistants and 

aides 48 – – 32 – – 15 – – –

Massage therapists 45 – – 30 – – 15 – – –

Dental assistants 199 592 15 180 583 17 19 – – –

Medical assistants 488 572 13 452 562 14 36 – – –

Medical transcriptionists 23 – – 23 – – 0 – – –

Pharmacy aides 21 – – 19 – – 2 – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory 

animal caretakers 24 – – 17 – – 7 – – –

Phlebotomists 84 586 26 71 570 31 12 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Miscellaneous healthcare support 

occupations, including medical 

equipment preparers

94 537 52 65 504 21 29 – – –

Protective service occupations 2,697 809 15 524 688 18 2,173 854 15 80.6

First-line supervisors of correctional 

officers 55 873 88 20 – – 35 – – –

First-line supervisors of police and 

detectives 120 1,324 73 23 – – 97 1,361 62 –

First-line supervisors of fire fighting 

and prevention workers 45 – – 3 – – 41 – – –

First-line supervisors of protective 

service workers, all other 89 880 73 23 – – 66 895 206 –

Firefighters 252 1,065 75 8 – – 244 1,056 79 –

Fire inspectors 16 – – 1 – – 15 – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and 

jailers 365 749 16 91 672 25 275 793 30 84.7

Detectives and criminal 

investigators 132 1,182 54 28 – – 104 1,251 98 –

Fish and game wardens 8 – – 1 – – 7 – – –

Parking enforcement workers 6 – – 2 – – 4 – – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 709 1,004 22 100 938 92 609 1,008 21 93.1

Transit and railroad police 2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Animal control workers 6 – – 2 – – 4 – – –

Private detectives and investigators 60 904 57 29 – – 31 – – –

Security guards and gaming 

surveillance officers 727 585 11 152 516 19 576 597 12 86.4

Crossing guards 23 – – 12 – – 11 – – –

Transportation security screeners 40 – – 16 – – 23 – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, 

and all other protective service 

workers

42 – – 14 – – 28 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Food preparation and serving related 

occupations 4,619 465 5 2,202 434 6 2,417 491 5 88.4

Chefs and head cooks 356 614 15 68 519 29 288 632 20 82.1

First-line supervisors of food 

preparation and serving workers 425 528 17 251 485 14 174 666 71 72.8

Cooks 1,408 444 7 515 421 6 892 459 9 91.7

Food preparation workers 477 419 6 262 413 7 215 432 23 95.6

Bartenders 253 602 25 122 498 33 131 701 32 71.0

Combined food preparation and 

serving workers, including fast food 196 396 13 125 402 14 72 381 27 105.5

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food 

concession, and coffee shop 68 374 19 49 – – 20 – – –

Waiters and waitresses 949 470 13 607 441 15 342 504 13 87.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant 104 479 19 71 445 48 33 – – –

Dining room and cafeteria 

attendants and bartender helpers 133 420 9 51 407 12 82 465 66 87.5

Dishwashers 172 389 9 30 – – 142 388 11 –

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, 

lounge, and coffee shop 74 442 45 50 432 35 24 – – –

Food preparation and serving 

related workers, all other 3 – – 1 – – 2 – – –

Building and grounds cleaning and 

maintenance occupations 3,602 510 3 1,210 454 8 2,392 548 9 82.8

First-line supervisors of 

housekeeping and janitorial workers 189 655 41 71 524 33 119 702 20 74.6

First-line supervisors of 

landscaping, lawn service, and 

groundskeeping workers

113 707 32 1 – – 112 710 32 –

Janitors and building cleaners 1,580 526 8 441 476 10 1,139 564 12 84.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 781 441 9 661 427 9 120 497 15 85.9

Pest control workers 61 655 29 2 – – 59 649 28 –

Grounds maintenance workers 878 502 6 34 – – 844 503 6 –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Personal care and service 

occupations 2,568 505 5 1,884 482 5 684 613 13 78.6

First-line supervisors of gaming 

workers 127 792 46 59 717 71 68 840 173 85.4

First-line supervisors of personal 

service workers 62 651 54 37 – – 25 – – –

Animal trainers 24 – – 11 – – 13 – – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers 88 485 25 71 489 22 17 – – –

Gaming services workers 64 624 42 31 – – 33 – – –

Motion picture projectionists 2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket 

takers 14 – – 8 – – 6 – – –

Miscellaneous entertainment 

attendants and related workers 79 481 30 31 – – 48 – – –

Embalmers and funeral attendants 3 – – 2 – – 1 – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral 

directors 23 – – 5 – – 18 – – –

Barbers 56 584 29 8 – – 48 – – –

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and 

cosmetologists 307 510 15 281 500 15 27 – – –

Miscellaneous personal 

appearance workers 205 490 19 167 466 45 37 – – –

Baggage porters, bellhops, and 

concierges 56 625 40 10 – – 46 – – –

Tour and travel guides 18 – – 8 – – 10 – – –

Childcare workers 405 452 13 381 451 12 24 – – –

Personal care aides 762 477 7 636 469 10 125 514 17 91.2

Recreation and fitness workers 192 596 24 100 517 23 92 668 50 77.4

Residential advisors 19 – – 11 – – 8 – – –

Personal care and service workers, 

all other 61 573 33 26 – – 35 – – –

Sales and office occupations 23,625 698 3 14,163 649 3 9,461 805 8 80.6

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Sales and related occupations 9,759 744 6 4,250 590 6 5,509 904 12 65.3

First-line supervisors of retail sales 

workers 2,368 743 10 1,047 630 13 1,321 857 15 73.5

First-line supervisors of non-retail 

sales workers 781 1,137 15 230 1,004 26 552 1,161 16 86.5

Cashiers 1,367 414 5 965 403 5 402 475 16 84.8

Counter and rental clerks 84 517 13 36 – – 47 – – –

Parts salespersons 96 639 24 11 – – 85 643 22 –

Retail salespersons 1,831 623 9 728 514 8 1,103 730 19 70.4

Advertising sales agents 203 1,023 56 81 999 122 122 1,034 70 96.6

Insurance sales agents 423 839 38 205 676 57 218 1,166 73 58.0

Securities, commodities, and 

financial services sales agents 219 1,351 71 63 951 51 155 1,458 120 65.2

Travel agents 46 – – 38 – – 8 – – –

Sales representatives, services, all 

other 427 1,040 66 145 826 63 282 1,202 94 68.7

Sales representatives, wholesale 

and manufacturing 1,121 1,047 45 302 872 45 819 1,140 20 76.5

Models, demonstrators, and 

product promoters 14 – – 6 – – 8 – – –

Real estate brokers and sales 

agents 493 983 41 284 780 70 209 1,222 122 63.8

Sales engineers 40 – – 5 – – 35 – – –

Telemarketers 42 – – 25 – – 17 – – –

Door-to-door sales workers, news 

and street vendors, and related 

workers

34 – – 11 – – 23 – – –

Sales and related workers, all other 171 805 54 68 709 73 103 946 78 74.9

Office and administrative support 

occupations 13,866 679 3 9,913 669 4 3,952 708 8 94.5

First-line supervisors of office and 

administrative support workers 1,203 848 17 819 809 13 383 942 23 85.9

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Switchboard operators, including 

answering service 17 – – 14 – – 3 – – –

Telephone operators 36 – – 31 – – 5 – – –

Communications equipment 

operators, all other 5 – – 4 – – 1 – – –

Bill and account collectors 144 625 31 105 650 40 39 – – –

Billing and posting clerks 404 666 13 360 660 13 44 – – –

Bookkeeping, accounting, and 

auditing clerks 756 722 13 641 716 13 115 790 43 90.6

Gaming cage workers 9 – – 8 – – 1 – – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 125 786 29 110 785 30 15 – – –

Procurement clerks 25 – – 16 – – 9 – – –

Tellers 235 542 13 195 539 13 39 – – –

Financial clerks, all other 62 708 146 44 – – 18 – – –

Brokerage clerks 3 – – 1 – – 2 – – –

Correspondence clerks 5 – – 5 – – 0 – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 79 691 163 60 681 144 19 – – –

Credit authorizers, checkers, and 

clerks 41 – – 33 – – 8 – – –

Customer service representatives 1,850 640 10 1,185 623 9 664 676 19 92.2

Eligibility interviewers, government 

programs

72 828 61 55 735 48 17 – – –

File clerks 134 676 25 113 680 21 21 – – –

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 102 513 18 66 500 32 36 – – –

Interviewers, except eligibility and 

loan 105 639 25 98 634 28 7 – – –

Library assistants, clerical 45 – – 38 – – 8 – – –

Loan interviewers and clerks 124 774 27 100 756 17 25 – – –

New accounts clerks 21 – – 21 – – 0 – – –

Order clerks 85 646 44 45 – – 40 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Human resources assistants, 

except payroll and timekeeping 36 – – 32 – – 4 – – –

Receptionists and information 

clerks 951 583 7 848 581 7 103 600 26 96.8

Reservation and transportation 

ticket agents and travel clerks 102 705 52 56 646 57 46 – – –

Information and record clerks, all 

other 104 654 26 73 631 36 31 – – –

Cargo and freight agents 23 – – 9 – – 14 – – –

Couriers and messengers 160 726 60 25 – – 135 739 46 –

Dispatchers 279 704 24 153 671 27 126 734 24 91.4

Meter readers, utilities 30 – – 1 – – 28 – – –

Postal service clerks 111 901 122 53 805 39 58 999 36 80.6

Postal service mail carriers 304 981 19 119 931 38 185 1,020 35 91.3

Postal service mail sorters, 

processors, and processing 

machine operators

56 783 89 23 – – 33 – – –

Production, planning, and 

expediting clerks 224 853 26 111 765 37 113 935 28 81.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic 

clerks 473 596 10 151 583 18 322 602 12 96.8

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,014 530 13 371 526 16 643 533 19 98.7

Weighers, measurers, checkers, 

and samplers, recordkeeping 45 – – 24 – – 21 – – –

Secretaries and administrative 

assistants 2,210 713 7 2,078 708 7 133 831 43 85.2

Computer operators 78 811 97 37 – – 41 – – –

Data entry keyers 221 638 18 170 630 23 51 655 25 96.2

Word processors and typists 56 730 27 48 – – 7 – – –

Desktop publishers 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Insurance claims and policy 

processing clerks 251 665 19 210 658 22 40 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Mail clerks and mail machine 

operators, except postal service 56 619 22 23 – – 33 – – –

Office clerks, general 900 654 11 760 648 11 140 707 30 91.7

Office machine operators, except 

computer 30 – – 16 – – 14 – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers 5 – – 5 – – 0 – – –

Statistical assistants 7 – – 2 – – 5 – – –

Office and administrative support 

workers, all other 457 768 16 351 751 18 107 855 54 87.8

Natural resources, construction, and 

maintenance occupations 11,022 786 5 464 580 14 10,558 794 5 73.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations 842 520 8 169 465 20 673 544 13 85.5

First-line supervisors of farming, 

fishing, and forestry workers 28 – – 3 – – 25 – – –

Agricultural inspectors 18 – – 5 – – 13 – – –

Animal breeders 2 – – 1 – – 1 – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural 

products 74 511 26 48 – – 25 – – –

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 659 508 8 111 423 14 547 524 11 80.7

Fishers and related fishing workers 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Hunters and trappers 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Forest and conservation workers 17 – – 1 – – 17 – – –

Logging workers 39 – – 0 – – 39 – – –

Construction and extraction 

occupations 5,979 784 6 151 639 47 5,828 786 6 81.3

First-line supervisors of 

construction trades and extraction 

workers

558 1,091 39 18 – – 540 1,101 44 –

Boilermakers 26 – – 0 – – 26 – – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and 

stonemasons 119 741 49 0 – – 119 741 49 –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Carpenters 839 730 19 11 – – 828 733 20 –

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and 

finishers 93 593 28 2 – – 91 597 27 –

Cement masons, concrete finishers, 

and terrazzo workers 47 – – 0 – – 47 – – –

Construction laborers 1,322 692 11 41 – – 1,281 697 11 –

Paving, surfacing, and tamping 

equipment operators 11 – – 0 – – 11 – – –

Pile-driver operators 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Operating engineers and other 

construction equipment operators 334 920 40 6 – – 328 922 46 –

Drywall installers, ceiling tile 

installers, and tapers 138 600 18 1 – – 137 601 18 –

Electricians 667 952 28 18 – – 649 951 27 –

Glaziers 48 – – 1 – – 47 – – –

Insulation workers 42 – – 2 – – 40 – – –

Painters, construction and 

maintenance 392 612 10 17 – – 375 615 10 –

Paperhangers 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, 

and steamfitters 475 927 40 11 – – 464 925 41 –

Plasterers and stucco masons 25 – – 0 – – 25 – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 – – 0 – – 12 – – –

Roofers 161 623 21 3 – – 158 624 23 –

Sheet metal workers 117 819 22 3 – – 115 820 22 –

Structural iron and steel workers 61 976 55 1 – – 60 983 49 –

Solar photovoltaic installers 10 – – 0 – – 10 – – –

Helpers, construction trades 42 – – 2 – – 40 – – –

Construction and building 

inspectors 68 996 53 6 – – 62 1,040 121 –

Elevator installers and repairers 41 – – 0 – – 41 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Fence erectors 30 – – 0 – – 29 – – –

Hazardous materials removal 

workers 28 – – 4 – – 24 – – –

Highway maintenance workers 85 745 119 2 – – 83 723 69 –

Rail-track laying and maintenance 

equipment operators 8 – – 0 – – 8 – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer 

pipe cleaners 9 – – 0 – – 9 – – –

Miscellaneous construction and 

related workers 17 – – 0 – – 17 – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit 

operators, oil, gas, and mining 29 – – 0 – – 29 – – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23 – – 0 – – 23 – – –

Explosives workers, ordnance 

handling experts, and blasters 10 – – 0 – – 9 – – –

Mining machine operators 48 – – 0 – – 48 – – –

Roof bolters, mining 3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Helpers—extraction workers 3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Other extraction workers 29 – – 0 – – 29 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations 4,201 861 9 144 783 108 4,057 863 9 90.7

First-line supervisors of mechanics, 

installers, and repairers 246 1,020 31 25 – – 221 1,016 33 –

Computer, automated teller, and 

office machine repairers 165 851 35 15 – – 150 861 35 –

Radio and telecommunications 

equipment installers and repairers 132 950 54 22 – – 110 975 40 –

Avionics technicians 8 – – 0 – – 8 – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and 

related repairers 26 – – 2 – – 23 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Electrical and electronics installers 

and repairers, transportation 

equipment

3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, 

industrial and utility 15 – – 1 – – 14 – – –

Electronic equipment installers and 

repairers, motor vehicles 8 – – 0 – – 8 – – –

Electronic home entertainment 

equipment installers and repairers 33 – – 1 – – 32 – – –

Security and fire alarm systems 

installers 69 927 133 1 – – 68 909 176 –

Aircraft mechanics and service 

technicians 136 1,047 54 2 – – 134 1,053 54 –

Automotive body and related 

repairers 117 761 35 5 – – 112 770 47 –

Automotive glass installers and 

repairers 14 – – 0 – – 14 – – –

Automotive service technicians and 

mechanics 688 730 16 11 – – 677 729 16 –

Bus and truck mechanics and 

diesel engine specialists 298 874 27 1 – – 297 875 26 –

Heavy vehicle and mobile 

equipment service technicians and 

mechanics

198 964 35 0 – – 198 964 35 –

Small engine mechanics 32 – – 1 – – 30 – – –

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile 

equipment mechanics, installers, 

and repairers

74 641 139 0 – – 73 646 148 –

Control and valve installers and 

repairers 33 – – 1 – – 32 – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and 

refrigeration mechanics and 

installers

361 864 23 4 – – 357 868 23 –

Home appliance repairers 25 – – 0 – – 25 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Industrial and refractory machinery 

mechanics 385 968 23 11 – – 374 973 27 –

Maintenance and repair workers, 

general 514 796 26 13 – – 502 797 25 –

Maintenance workers, machinery 20 – – 1 – – 19 – – –

Millwrights 35 – – 0 – – 35 – – –

Electrical power-line installers and 

repairers 126 1,161 96 1 – – 125 1,165 92 –

Telecommunications line installers 

and repairers 172 850 116 4 – – 168 824 98 –

Precision instrument and equipment 

repairers 56 910 44 10 – – 46 – – –

Wind turbine service technicians 5 – – 0 – – 5 – – –

Coin, vending, and amusement 

machine servicers and repairers 27 – – 3 – – 24 – – –

Commercial divers 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 12 – – 0 – – 12 – – –

Manufactured building and mobile 

home installers 7 – – 0 – – 7 – – –

Riggers 11 – – 0 – – 11 – – –

Signal and track switch repairers 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Helpers—installation, maintenance, 

and repair workers 10 – – 1 – – 9 – – –

Other installation, maintenance, 

and repair workers 137 773 32 8 – – 130 782 37 –

Production, transportation, and material 

moving occupations 14,606 665 4 2,945 531 6 11,661 704 4 75.4

Production occupations 7,513 668 6 1,949 527 6 5,564 723 6 72.9

First-line supervisors of production 

and operating workers 729 923 22 131 723 37 599 972 27 74.4

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, 

and systems assemblers 6 – – 2 – – 4 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Electrical, electronics, and 

electromechanical assemblers 105 590 18 50 554 24 55 618 23 89.6

Engine and other machine 

assemblers 6 – – 0 – – 6 – – –

Structural metal fabricators and 

fitters 22 – – 0 – – 22 – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and 

fabricators 990 601 11 345 559 16 645 625 15 89.4

Bakers 138 494 14 83 480 13 55 562 65 85.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, 

and fish processing workers 244 526 24 61 449 40 183 571 32 78.6

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, 

and drying machine operators and 

tenders

16 – – 2 – – 14 – – –

Food batchmakers 81 537 37 42 – – 40 – – –

Food cooking machine operators 

and tenders 7 – – 1 – – 6 – – –

Food processing workers, all other 129 547 21 41 – – 88 579 34 –

Computer control programmers and 

operators 85 802 139 6 – – 80 843 71 –

Extruding and drawing machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic

13 – – 2 – – 11 – – –

Forging machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic 5 – – 0 – – 5 – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic 13 – – 3 – – 9 – – –

Cutting, punching, and press 

machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic

86 639 35 18 – – 68 672 55 –

Drilling and boring machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic

8 – – 0 – – 8 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and 

buffing machine tool setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic

45 – – 3 – – 42 – – –

Lathe and turning machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic

13 – – 0 – – 12 – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic

2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Machinists 326 824 35 13 – – 313 844 49 –

Metal furnace operators, tenders, 

pourers, and casters 31 – – 1 – – 30 – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, 

metal and plastic 3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Molders and molding machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic

28 – – 7 – – 21 – – –

Multiple machine tool setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic

2 – – 1 – – 1 – – –

Tool and die makers 43 – – 0 – – 43 – – –

Welding, soldering, and brazing 

workers 558 743 23 23 – – 535 753 23 –

Heat treating equipment setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic

2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 6 – – 0 – – 6 – – –

Plating and coating machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic

21 – – 2 – – 20 – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, 

all other 380 626 20 74 565 20 306 658 29 85.9

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Prepress technicians and workers 15 – – 7 – – 8 – – –

Printing press operators 170 701 30 33 – – 137 748 41 –

Print binding and finishing workers 11 – – 2 – – 9 – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 135 454 32 80 436 33 55 486 34 89.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and 

related materials 30 – – 20 – – 10 – – –

Sewing machine operators 165 437 15 114 452 15 52 407 16 111.1

Shoe and leather workers and 

repairers 4 – – 1 – – 3 – – –

Shoe machine operators and 

tenders 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 32 – – 25 – – 7 – – –

Textile bleaching and dyeing 

machine operators and tenders 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Textile cutting machine setters, 

operators, and tenders 7 – – 3 – – 4 – – –

Textile knitting and weaving 

machine setters, operators, and 

tenders

13 – – 11 – – 2 – – –

Textile winding, twisting, and 

drawing out machine setters, 

operators, and tenders

6 – – 4 – – 2 – – –

Extruding and forming machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

synthetic and glass fibers

0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 – – 0 – – 1 – – –

Upholsterers 20 – – 1 – – 19 – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings 

workers, all other 13 – – 2 – – 11 – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench 

carpenters 35 – – 5 – – 30 – – –

Furniture finishers 9 – – 1 – – 8 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Model makers and patternmakers, 

wood 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, wood 31 – – 4 – – 27 – – –

Woodworking machine setters, 

operators, and tenders, except 

sawing

23 – – 4 – – 19 – – –

Woodworkers, all other 17 – – 1 – – 15 – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, 

and dispatchers 39 – – 2 – – 37 – – –

Stationary engineers and boiler 

operators 77 924 112 4 – – 72 954 167 –

Water and wastewater treatment 

plant and system operators 76 883 21 3 – – 72 885 20 –

Miscellaneous plant and system 

operators 42 – – 3 – – 38 – – –

Chemical processing machine 

setters, operators, and tenders 50 924 251 4 – – 46 – – –

Crushing, grinding, polishing, 

mixing, and blending workers 88 643 38 6 – – 82 642 37 –

Cutting workers 62 576 73 13 – – 50 546 175 –

Extruding, forming, pressing, and 

compacting machine setters, 

operators, and tenders

24 – – 4 – – 19 – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle 

operators and tenders 11 – – 1 – – 10 – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, 

samplers, and weighers 686 714 14 241 584 19 445 834 35 70.0

Jewelers and precious stone and 

metal workers 18 – – 7 – – 11 – – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic 

laboratory technicians 64 615 38 31 – – 33 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Packaging and filling machine 

operators and tenders 224 488 16 113 425 17 112 574 32 74.0

Painting workers 158 701 31 11 – – 147 713 30 –

Photographic process workers and 

processing machine operators 23 – – 12 – – 11 – – –

Semiconductor processors 2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Adhesive bonding machine 

operators and tenders 12 – – 5 – – 7 – – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal 

pickling equipment operators and 

tenders

2 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment 

operators and tenders 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Etchers and engravers 3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, 

except metal and plastic 16 – – 2 – – 14 – – –

Paper goods machine setters, 

operators, and tenders 27 – – 7 – – 21 – – –

Tire builders 11 – – 1 – – 10 – – –

Helpers—production workers 25 – – 3 – – 23 – – –

Production workers, all other 887 622 13 246 515 12 641 690 17 74.6

Transportation and material moving 

occupations 7,093 662 6 997 540 12 6,097 685 6 78.8

Supervisors of transportation and 

material moving workers 165 807 34 39 – – 126 843 62 –

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 119 1,582 95 7 – – 112 1,600 70 –

Air traffic controllers and airfield 

operations specialists 28 – – 10 – – 19 – – –

Flight attendants 68 873 114 49 – – 19 – – –

Ambulance drivers and attendants, 

except emergency medical 

technicians

15 – – 2 – – 13 – – –

Bus drivers 343 641 17 146 589 22 197 691 32 85.2

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Driver/sales workers and truck 

drivers 2,809 780 10 120 630 44 2,689 787 10 80.1

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 261 580 19 38 – – 222 595 19 –

Motor vehicle operators, all other 25 – – 2 – – 23 – – –

Locomotive engineers and 

operators 45 – – 0 – – 45 – – –

Railroad brake, signal, and switch 

operators 3 – – 1 – – 3 – – –

Railroad conductors and 

yardmasters 52 1,160 92 1 – – 51 1,148 91 –

Subway, streetcar, and other rail 

transportation workers 13 – – 1 – – 13 – – –

Sailors and marine oilers 15 – – 1 – – 14 – – –

Ship and boat captains and 

operators 28 – – 1 – – 26 – – –

Ship engineers 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Bridge and lock tenders 3 – – 0 – – 3 – – –

Parking lot attendants 67 519 18 4 – – 62 513 19 –

Automotive and watercraft service 

attendants 73 462 18 5 – – 67 456 18 –

Transportation inspectors 25 – – 5 – – 20 – – –

Transportation attendants, except 

flight attendants 20 – – 10 – – 10 – – –

Other transportation workers 31 – – 7 – – 24 – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders 4 – – 0 – – 4 – – –

Crane and tower operators 66 909 48 0 – – 66 909 48 –

Dredge, excavating, and loading 

machine operators 27 – – 0 – – 27 – – –

Hoist and winch operators 11 – – 0 – – 10 – – –

Industrial truck and tractor 

operators 564 602 9 54 563 30 510 604 10 93.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 252 491 14 28 – – 224 487 14 –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data 

or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as a 

percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Laborers and freight, stock, and 

material movers, hand 1,417 566 11 221 509 11 1,196 580 8 87.8

Machine feeders and offbearers 27 – – 13 – – 14 – – –

Packers and packagers, hand 383 456 12 216 437 22 166 468 14 93.4

Pumping station operators 13 – – 1 – – 11 – – –

Refuse and recyclable material 

collectors 68 562 125 4 – – 64 584 65 –

Mine shuttle car operators 0 – – 0 – – 0 – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 3 – – 0 – – 2 – – –

Material moving workers, all other 46 – – 6 – – 40 – – –

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

State

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

United States 111,091 $832 $2 49,161 $749 $2 61,930 $915 $3 81.9

Alabama 1,580 743 15 715 651 16 865 856 33 76.1

Alaska 245 932 19 113 841 27 133 1,014 27 82.9

Arizona 2,213 829 16 947 768 14 1,266 890 17 86.3

Arkansas 1,014 716 13 459 638 16 555 769 17 83.0

California 12,862 879 8 5,383 814 11 7,479 925 13 88.0

Colorado 1,995 894 20 841 812 18 1,154 967 20 84.0

Connecticut 1,232 1,014 27 555 876 33 677 1,164 35 75.3

Delaware 357 831 22 166 775 21 191 902 27 85.9

District of 

Columbia 306 1,198 33 152 1,117 28 154 1,274 38 87.7

Florida 6,799 750 6 3,158 701 10 3,641 805 13 87.1

Georgia 3,581 771 13 1,654 721 16 1,927 839 25 85.9

Hawaii 494 794 16 218 718 21 276 869 29 82.6

Idaho 540 759 14 220 645 18 320 843 19 76.5

Illinois 4,513 887 12 1,979 775 13 2,534 978 19 79.2

Indiana 2,402 762 16 1,079 702 22 1,322 829 22 84.7

Iowa 1,143 763 13 528 684 17 614 895 23 76.4

Kansas 1,026 762 13 460 692 19 566 851 33 81.3

Kentucky 1,413 761 11 650 711 19 763 828 29 85.9

Louisiana 1,517 757 15 704 659 21 813 863 28 76.4

Maine 438 820 18 194 754 17 244 900 28 83.8

Maryland 2,386 987 23 1,120 915 30 1,266 1,048 50 87.3

Massachusetts 2,504 1,019 17 1,114 932 17 1,390 1,105 21 84.3

Michigan 3,260 841 15 1,438 742 12 1,822 932 16 79.6

Minnesota 2,035 946 16 901 849 25 1,134 1,020 28 83.2

Mississippi 941 702 15 452 624 18 490 778 26 80.2

Missouri 2,199 793 16 1,021 703 23 1,178 885 29 79.4

Montana 314 781 17 138 705 19 176 866 23 81.4

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of 

residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

State

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Nebraska 706 766 11 318 697 18 388 855 23 81.5

Nevada 996 754 12 414 681 15 582 828 23 82.2

New 

Hampshire 524 904 25 230 762 16 294 1,013 24 75.2

New Jersey 3,324 998 13 1,448 894 25 1,877 1,113 27 80.3

New Mexico 621 730 16 280 679 22 341 772 24 88.0

New York 6,837 916 10 3,145 840 13 3,692 975 12 86.2

North Carolina 3,533 761 10 1,598 704 11 1,935 836 19 84.2

North Dakota 299 805 12 131 713 12 168 930 19 76.7

Ohio 3,927 806 10 1,717 713 10 2,210 899 17 79.3

Oklahoma 1,248 724 16 534 651 12 714 824 22 79.0

Oregon 1,327 857 18 554 791 24 772 904 23 87.5

Pennsylvania 4,453 857 12 1,984 741 11 2,468 956 12 77.5

Rhode Island 385 839 19 179 765 30 206 907 21 84.3

South Carolina 1,623 779 16 773 687 18 851 884 20 77.7

South Dakota 309 778 14 137 670 12 172 876 16 76.5

Tennessee 2,252 747 14 983 666 17 1,269 821 19 81.1

Texas 9,801 780 8 4,197 707 10 5,603 860 12 82.2

Utah 997 833 18 358 668 16 640 955 20 69.9

Vermont 228 850 14 104 801 27 124 888 27 90.2

Virginia 3,025 902 15 1,376 809 22 1,649 1,013 30 79.9

Washington 2,506 929 21 1,065 814 18 1,441 1,056 33 77.1

West Virginia 565 762 14 248 688 17 316 846 30 81.3

Wisconsin 2,098 843 16 947 737 14 1,152 940 20 78.4

Wyoming 199 848 17 82 699 22 117 970 28 72.1

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Age

Total, 16 years 

and older 24,832 $252 $1 16,259 $255 $2 8,573 $245 $2 104.1

16 to 24 years 8,456 194 1 4,698 193 2 3,758 196 2 98.5

16 to 19 

years

3,572 157 2 1,893 152 3 1,678 162 3 93.8

20 to 24 

years

4,884 222 2 2,805 220 2 2,080 225 3 97.8

25 years and 

older 16,376 291 2 11,561 291 2 4,815 292 3 99.7

25 to 34 

years

4,256 286 3 2,831 287 4 1,424 284 4 101.1

35 to 44 

years

3,189 303 4 2,493 304 5 696 301 9 101.0

45 to 54 

years

3,119 312 4 2,454 310 5 665 319 7 97.2

55 to 64 

years

3,254 298 4 2,304 296 5 950 303 8 97.7

65 years and 

older 2,559 254 4 1,479 241 5 1,080 274 7 88.0

Race and 

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

White 19,536 254 1 12,913 259 2 6,623 244 2 106.1

Black or African 

American 3,033 236 3 1,917 234 4 1,116 238 5 98.3

Asian 1,305 264 6 827 267 8 478 260 8 102.7

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity 4,115 247 3 2,667 246 3 1,449 250 5 98.4

Marital status

Never married 11,991 214 1 6,648 213 2 5,342 216 2 98.6

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section.

(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; 

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Married, spouse 

present(1) 9,310 307 2 6,923 305 3 2,387 312 5 97.8

Widowed, 

divorced, or 

separated(2)

3,531 270 3 2,688 268 4 843 279 7 96.1

Widowed 749 247 7 637 246 8 112 250 22 98.4

Divorced 1,957 286 5 1,463 281 6 495 299 10 94.0

Separated(2) 825 259 6 589 260 7 236 258 10 100.8

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Hours of work

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Total, 16 years 

and older 136,101 $715 $2 65,512 $616 $2 70,589 $821 $3 75.0

0 to 34 hours 22,690 254 1 14,888 258 1 7,801 247 2 104.5

0 to 4 

hours 545 61 2 365 61 3 179 62 4 98.4

5 to 9 

hours 1,191 90 2 786 93 3 406 84 4 110.7

10 to 14 

hours 1,987 117 1 1,346 118 1 641 115 2 102.6

15 to 19 

hours 2,724 168 1 1,770 172 2 954 163 2 105.5

20 to 24 

hours 6,692 229 2 4,343 239 2 2,349 217 2 110.1

25 to 29 

hours 3,485 284 3 2,326 286 3 1,159 279 4 102.5

30 to 34 

hours 6,064 362 3 3,951 374 4 2,113 339 5 110.3

35 hours and 

over

106,045 838 3 47,166 755 2 58,879 919 3 82.2

35 to 39 

hours 8,148 527 5 5,386 544 6 2,762 495 8 109.9

40 hours 76,021 774 2 34,944 732 2 41,077 823 4 88.9

41 hours 

and over 21,876 1,250 5 6,836 1,129 8 15,040 1,332 9 84.8

41 to 44 

hours 1,130 943 21 436 857 24 694 1,003 29 85.4

45 to 48 

hours 6,141 1,098 14 2,171 996 15 3,970 1,152 10 86.5

49 to 59 

hours 9,834 1,351 9 3,057 1,214 18 6,777 1,409 14 86.2

60 hours 

and over 4,772 1,412 18 1,172 1,226 33 3,600 1,474 22 83.2

Hours vary 7,366 493 7 3,457 380 6 3,909 656 16 57.9

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Note: Data are for the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual 

number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Hours of work

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Usually 

less than 

35 hours

2,142 221 4 1,371 222 5 772 220 7 100.9

Usually 35 

or more 

hours

5,046 697 13 1,995 521 14 3,051 817 16 63.8

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Characteristic Total 

employed

Number of workers with usual weekly earnings of—

Under 

$350.00

$350.00 to 

$499.99

$500.00 to 

$599.99

$600.00 to 

$749.99

$750.00 to 

$999.99

$1,000.00 to 

$1,199.99

$1,200.00 to 

$1,999.99

$2,000.00 or 

more

Age

Total, 16 years and older 111,091 5,903 16,067 10,429 15,085 19,018 11,406 21,707 11,476

16 to 24 years 10,076 1,553 3,432 1,581 1,522 1,059 447 400 81

16 to 19 years 1,289 377 544 141 114 70 23 17 4

20 to 24 years 8,786 1,177 2,888 1,440 1,408 990 424 383 78

25 years and older 101,015 4,350 12,635 8,848 13,564 17,958 10,959 21,307 11,395

25 to 34 years 27,456 1,378 4,501 3,112 4,375 5,205 2,840 4,517 1,528

35 to 44 years 25,284 1,017 2,921 1,960 3,170 4,436 2,839 5,687 3,254

45 to 54 years 25,652 968 2,784 1,994 3,108 4,467 2,834 5,933 3,563

55 to 64 years 18,496 705 1,906 1,400 2,417 3,198 2,052 4,283 2,535

65 years and older 4,128 281 523 383 494 652 394 887 514

Women, 16 years and 

older 49,161 3,322 8,317 5,197 7,232 8,765 4,861 8,162 3,305

16 to 24 years 4,430 793 1,573 673 633 452 172 113 21

16 to 19 years 545 187 235 50 44 16 8 2 2

20 to 24 years 3,885 606 1,338 622 589 436 164 111 19

25 years and older 44,731 2,528 6,744 4,524 6,599 8,313 4,689 8,049 3,284

25 to 34 years 11,972 735 2,256 1,455 2,002 2,236 1,161 1,676 449

35 to 44 years 10,900 603 1,540 956 1,466 1,996 1,225 2,147 967

45 to 54 years 11,555 595 1,567 1,093 1,571 2,177 1,246 2,242 1,063

55 to 64 years 8,504 447 1,097 819 1,304 1,613 884 1,667 675

65 years and older 1,800 149 285 201 256 291 172 317 130

Men, 16 years and older 61,930 2,581 7,749 5,232 7,853 10,253 6,546 13,545 8,171

16 to 24 years 5,646 760 1,859 908 888 608 275 287 60

16 to 19 years 745 190 309 90 70 53 15 15 2

20 to 24 years 4,901 570 1,550 818 819 554 260 272 58

25 years and older 56,284 1,821 5,890 4,324 6,965 9,645 6,270 13,258 8,111

25 to 34 years 15,484 644 2,245 1,656 2,373 2,969 1,678 2,841 1,079

35 to 44 years 14,383 415 1,381 1,003 1,704 2,440 1,614 3,540 2,287

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages (in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; 

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic Total 

employed

Number of workers with usual weekly earnings of—

Under 

$350.00

$350.00 to 

$499.99

$500.00 to 

$599.99

$600.00 to 

$749.99

$750.00 to 

$999.99

$1,000.00 to 

$1,199.99

$1,200.00 to 

$1,999.99

$2,000.00 or 

more

45 to 54 years 14,097 373 1,217 901 1,537 2,290 1,587 3,691 2,501

55 to 64 years 9,992 258 810 581 1,113 1,585 1,168 2,616 1,861

65 years and older 2,328 132 238 182 238 361 222 570 384

Race and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

White 86,474 4,186 11,694 7,841 11,650 14,905 9,207 17,659 9,332

Women 37,163 2,311 5,949 3,835 5,478 6,741 3,828 6,446 2,575

Men 49,310 1,875 5,744 4,006 6,172 8,164 5,379 11,213 6,758

Black or African 

American 13,963 1,144 2,890 1,622 2,151 2,543 1,189 1,732 691

Women 7,235 676 1,605 887 1,139 1,268 600 767 294

Men 6,728 469 1,285 736 1,013 1,275 589 966 397

Asian 7,030 294 810 532 741 986 707 1,763 1,197

Women 3,142 178 422 283 371 476 312 761 339

Men 3,888 116 389 249 370 510 394 1,002 858

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity 18,950 1,549 4,522 2,358 3,137 2,887 1,428 2,216 853

Women 7,284 800 1,953 945 1,126 1,074 461 675 249

Men 11,666 749 2,569 1,413 2,010 1,812 967 1,541 604

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages (in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Characteristic Number of workers (thousands) Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

Women

Total, all marital statuses 49,161 $749 $2

With children under 18 years old 17,288 756 4

With children 6 to 17, none younger 10,517 772 6

With children under 6 years old 6,771 730 7

With no children under 18 years old 31,873 746 3

Total, married, spouse present(1) 24,849 838 5

With children under 18 years old 11,327 870 7

With children 6 to 17, none younger 6,810 857 9

With children under 6 years old 4,516 885 9

With no children under 18 years old 13,523 815 6

Total, other marital statuses(2) 24,312 671 3

With children under 18 years old 5,961 607 4

With children 6 to 17, none younger 3,706 662 8

With children under 6 years old 2,255 524 7

With no children under 18 years old 18,350 697 4

Men

Total, all marital statuses 61,930 915 3

With children under 18 years old 22,021 1,013 5

With children 6 to 17, none younger 11,953 1,085 12

With children under 6 years old 10,068 952 8

With no children under 18 years old 39,909 861 4

Total, married, spouse present(1) 36,195 1,062 6

With children under 18 years old 19,297 1,071 8

With children 6 to 17, none younger 10,623 1,134 9

With children under 6 years old 8,674 1,013 8

With no children under 18 years old 16,898 1,053 8

Total, other marital statuses(2) 25,736 732 4

With children under 18 years old 2,724 719 10

With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,330 813 21

With children under 6 years old 1,394 652 13

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section.

(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section.

Note: "Children" refers to "own" children and includes sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household. Not included are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, 

nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children in the household.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic Number of workers (thousands) Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

With no children under 18 years old 23,011 733 4

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 

2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Age

Total, 16 years 

and older 79,883 $14.00 $0.03 40,315 $13.01 $0.03 39,568 $14.96 $0.02 87.0

16 to 24 years 15,856 10.12 0.01 7,890 10.00 0.02 7,967 10.24 0.04 97.7

16 to 19 

years

4,592 9.20 0.03 2,314 9.07 0.03 2,278 9.48 0.09 95.7

20 to 24 

years

11,264 10.79 0.05 5,576 10.25 0.04 5,688 11.15 0.05 91.9

25 years and 

older 64,026 15.13 0.02 32,425 14.23 0.06 31,601 16.25 0.08 87.6

25 to 34 

years

18,988 14.00 0.04 9,044 13.08 0.06 9,943 14.83 0.04 88.2

35 to 44 

years

14,609 15.77 0.11 7,285 14.75 0.12 7,324 17.20 0.15 85.8

45 to 54 

years

14,957 16.29 0.12 7,727 14.97 0.05 7,229 18.03 0.08 83.0

55 to 64 

years

11,742 16.20 0.12 6,321 15.10 0.05 5,421 18.05 0.11 83.7

65 years and 

older 3,731 13.77 0.20 2,048 13.02 0.15 1,683 14.78 0.18 88.1

Race and 

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

White 61,080 14.24 0.05 30,256 13.20 0.05 30,823 15.13 0.03 87.2

Black or African 

American 11,681 12.49 0.10 6,385 12.09 0.06 5,297 13.06 0.09 92.6

Asian 3,962 14.79 0.12 2,121 14.07 0.14 1,841 15.04 0.08 93.6

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity 16,241 12.69 0.08 7,197 11.79 0.06 9,044 13.83 0.10 85.2

Marital status

Never married 31,473 11.78 0.04 14,975 11.03 0.04 16,498 12.10 0.03 91.2

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section.

(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section.

Characteristic

Total Women Men

Women's earnings 

as a percentage of 

men's

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

hourly 

earnings

Standard 

error of 

median

Married, spouse 

present(1) 35,193 16.07 0.04 17,195 14.91 0.03 17,999 17.73 0.10 84.1

Widowed, 

divorced, or 

separated(2)

13,216 14.75 0.09 8,145 13.81 0.09 5,071 15.78 0.16 87.5

Widowed 1,642 13.63 0.25 1,273 13.15 0.22 369 15.11 0.20 87.0

Divorced 8,230 15.17 0.05 4,994 14.62 0.18 3,235 16.86 0.20 86.7

Separated(2) 3,344 13.02 0.11 1,878 12.17 0.12 1,466 14.11 0.18 86.3

Union affiliation(3)

Members of 

unions(4) 8,606 19.55 0.18 3,369 17.50 0.23 5,237 20.93 0.21 83.6

Represented by 

unions(5) 9,525 19.15 0.16 3,829 17.23 0.18 5,696 20.55 0.26 83.9

Not represented 

by a union 70,357 13.34 0.05 36,486 12.68 0.05 33,872 14.23 0.07 89.1

Educational 

attainment

Total, 25 years 

and older 64,026 15.13 0.02 32,425 14.23 0.06 31,601 16.25 0.08 87.6

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

6,854 11.68 0.11 2,660 10.20 0.03 4,194 12.65 0.13 80.6

High school 

graduates, no 

college

21,880 14.52 0.09 9,878 12.73 0.07 12,002 15.93 0.07 79.9

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

21,344 15.43 0.09 11,561 14.68 0.10 9,783 17.20 0.11 85.3

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher

13,948 19.94 0.05 8,326 19.53 0.20 5,622 20.79 0.31 93.9

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, 

industry, and geographic region.

(4) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

(5) Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; 

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Characteristic Total employed

Number of workers with hourly earnings of—

Under $6.00 $6.00 to $7.99 $8.00 to $9.99 $10.00 to $11.99 $12.00 to $14.99 $15.00 to $19.99 $20.00 or more

Age

Total, 16 years and older 79,883 1,160 2,017 10,525 14,646 14,604 16,603 20,327

16 to 24 years 15,856 471 1,068 4,535 4,482 2,922 1,695 683

16 to 19 years 4,592 153 587 1,967 1,251 411 177 45

20 to 24 years 11,264 318 481 2,568 3,231 2,510 1,518 638

25 years and older 64,026 689 949 5,990 10,164 11,682 14,908 19,644

25 to 34 years 18,988 325 352 2,127 3,543 4,040 4,505 4,096

35 to 44 years 14,609 151 181 1,275 2,149 2,517 3,376 4,960

45 to 54 years 14,957 117 198 1,140 2,065 2,519 3,450 5,467

55 to 64 years 11,742 77 120 960 1,631 1,930 2,848 4,176

65 years and older 3,731 18 98 489 776 676 729 946

Women, 16 years and older 40,315 774 1,235 6,278 8,013 7,660 7,929 8,426

16 to 24 years 7,890 321 619 2,400 2,257 1,368 664 260

16 to 19 years 2,314 93 331 1,044 589 177 63 16

20 to 24 years 5,576 228 288 1,356 1,668 1,191 601 244

25 years and older 32,425 453 616 3,878 5,757 6,292 7,265 8,165

25 to 34 years 9,044 208 219 1,252 1,829 1,962 1,894 1,681

35 to 44 years 7,285 105 133 842 1,239 1,356 1,620 1,990

45 to 54 years 7,727 69 136 787 1,267 1,456 1,739 2,273

55 to 64 years 6,321 61 65 690 986 1,122 1,620 1,776

65 years and older 2,048 11 62 306 435 396 392 445

Men, 16 years and older 39,568 386 783 4,247 6,633 6,944 8,674 11,902

16 to 24 years 7,967 150 449 2,135 2,226 1,553 1,031 423

16 to 19 years 2,278 60 256 922 663 234 114 29

20 to 24 years 5,688 90 193 1,212 1,563 1,319 917 394

25 years and older 31,601 236 333 2,112 4,407 5,390 7,643 11,479

25 to 34 years 9,943 117 134 875 1,714 2,079 2,611 2,414

35 to 44 years 7,324 46 48 433 910 1,161 1,757 2,969

45 to 54 years 7,229 48 62 353 798 1,062 1,711 3,195

55 to 64 years 5,421 16 55 270 645 809 1,227 2,399

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; 

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic Total employed

Number of workers with hourly earnings of—

Under $6.00 $6.00 to $7.99 $8.00 to $9.99 $10.00 to $11.99 $12.00 to $14.99 $15.00 to $19.99 $20.00 or more

65 years and older 1,683 8 35 182 341 280 336 501

Race and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

White 61,080 938 1,343 7,584 10,855 11,060 12,874 16,425

Women 30,256 647 814 4,510 5,879 5,777 5,993 6,637

Men 30,823 292 530 3,074 4,975 5,284 6,881 9,788

Black or African American 11,681 124 537 2,024 2,393 2,210 2,326 2,067

Women 6,385 65 339 1,228 1,362 1,166 1,274 950

Men 5,297 59 198 795 1,031 1,044 1,052 1,116

Asian 3,962 59 63 417 723 715 777 1,209

Women 2,121 37 38 237 415 400 399 595

Men 1,841 22 25 180 309 315 378 613

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 16,241 209 325 2,308 3,889 3,277 3,350 2,884

Women 7,197 132 201 1,316 1,949 1,457 1,241 901

Men 9,044 77 124 992 1,940 1,819 2,109 1,983

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Below prevailing federal minimum wage 

(thousands)

At prevailing federal minimum wage 

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers paid 

hourly rates

Age

Total, 16 years and older 79,883 1,451 701 2,153 2.7

16 to 24 years 15,856 594 383 976 6.2

16 to 19 years 4,592 229 214 443 9.7

20 to 24 years 11,264 364 169 533 4.7

25 years and older 64,026 857 319 1,176 1.8

25 to 34 years 18,988 393 132 526 2.8

35 to 44 years 14,609 178 63 241 1.6

45 to 54 years 14,957 152 65 217 1.5

55 to 64 years 11,742 100 28 129 1.1

65 years and older 3,731 34 30 64 1.7

Women, 16 years and 

older 40,315 952 432 1,384 3.4

16 to 24 years 7,890 384 235 619 7.8

16 to 19 years 2,314 133 127 260 11.3

20 to 24 years 5,576 251 108 359 6.4

25 years and older 32,425 568 196 764 2.4

25 to 34 years 9,044 257 73 330 3.6

35 to 44 years 7,285 125 43 168 2.3

45 to 54 years 7,727 88 45 132 1.7

55 to 64 years 6,321 77 14 91 1.4

65 years and older 2,048 21 21 43 2.1

Men, 16 years and older 39,568 499 270 769 1.9

16 to 24 years 7,967 210 147 357 4.5

16 to 19 years 2,278 96 87 183 8.0

20 to 24 years 5,688 114 61 174 3.1

25 years and older 31,601 289 122 412 1.3

25 to 34 years 9,943 136 60 196 2.0

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic 

characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Below prevailing federal minimum wage 

(thousands)

At prevailing federal minimum wage 

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers paid 

hourly rates

35 to 44 years 7,324 53 19 72 1.0

45 to 54 years 7,229 64 21 85 1.2

55 to 64 years 5,421 24 14 38 0.7

65 years and older 1,683 13 9 21 1.3

Race and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

White 61,080 1,127 469 1,597 2.6

Women 30,256 763 280 1,043 3.4

Men 30,823 364 190 554 1.8

Black or African 

American 11,681 197 193 390 3.3

Women 6,385 103 131 234 3.7

Men 5,297 93 62 156 2.9

Asian 3,962 75 21 96 2.4

Women 2,121 50 11 61 2.9

Men 1,841 25 10 35 1.9

Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity 16,241 264 103 366 2.3

Women 7,197 171 59 229 3.2

Men 9,044 93 44 137 1.5

Full- and part-time 

status(1)

Full-time workers 59,198 702 183 884 1.5

Women 26,780 434 116 550 2.1

Men 32,418 268 66 334 1.0

Part-time workers 20,582 748 519 1,267 6.2

Women 13,474 517 316 833 6.2

Men 7,108 231 203 434 6.1

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic 

characteristics, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

(1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders.

Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and 

Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year Total wage and salary 

workers (thousands)

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Percentage of total wage 

and salary workers

Below prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1) (thousands)

At prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1)

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal 

minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers 

paid hourly rates

Total

1979 87,529 51,721 59.1 2,916 3,997 6,912 13.4

1980 87,644 51,335 58.6 3,087 4,686 7,773 15.1

1981 88,516 51,869 58.6 3,513 4,311 7,824 15.1

1982 87,368 50,846 58.2 2,348 4,148 6,496 12.8

1983 88,290 51,820 58.7 2,077 4,261 6,338 12.2

1984 92,194 54,143 58.7 1,838 4,125 5,963 11.0

1985 94,521 55,762 59.0 1,639 3,899 5,538 9.9

1986 96,903 57,529 59.4 1,599 3,461 5,060 8.8

1987 99,303 59,552 60.0 1,468 3,229 4,698 7.9

1988 101,407 60,878 60.0 1,319 2,608 3,927 6.5

1989 103,480 62,389 60.3 1,372 1,790 3,162 5.1

1990 104,876 63,172 60.2 2,132 1,096 3,228 5.1

1991 103,723 62,627 60.4 2,377 2,906 5,283 8.4

1992 104,668 63,610 60.8 1,939 2,982 4,921 7.7

1993 106,101 64,274 60.6 1,707 2,625 4,332 6.7

1994 107,989 66,549 61.6 1,995 2,132 4,128 6.2

1995 110,038 68,354 62.1 1,699 1,956 3,656 5.3

1996 111,960 69,255 61.9 1,863 1,861 3,724 5.4

1997 114,533 70,735 61.8 2,990 1,764 4,754 6.7

1998 116,730 71,440 61.2 2,834 1,593 4,427 6.2

1999 118,963 72,306 60.8 2,194 1,146 3,340 4.6

2000 122,089 73,496 60.2 1,752 898 2,650 3.6

2001 122,229 73,392 60.0 1,518 656 2,174 3.0

2002 121,826 72,508 59.5 1,579 567 2,146 3.0

2003 122,358 72,946 59.6 1,555 545 2,100 2.9

2004 123,554 73,939 59.8 1,483 520 2,003 2.7

2005 125,889 75,609 60.1 1,403 479 1,882 2.5

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Year Total wage and salary 

workers (thousands)

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Percentage of total wage 

and salary workers

Below prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1) (thousands)

At prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1)

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal 

minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers 

paid hourly rates

2006 128,237 76,514 59.7 1,283 409 1,692 2.2

2007 129,767 75,873 58.5 1,462 267 1,729 2.3

2008 129,377 75,305 58.2 1,940 286 2,226 3.0

2009 124,490 72,611 58.3 2,592 980 3,572 4.9

2010 124,073 72,902 58.8 2,541 1,820 4,361 6.0

2011 125,187 73,926 59.1 2,152 1,677 3,829 5.2

2012 127,577 75,276 59.0 1,984 1,566 3,550 4.7

2013 129,110 75,948 58.8 1,768 1,532 3,301 4.3

2014 131,431 77,207 58.7 1,737 1,255 2,992 3.9

2015 133,743 78,232 58.5 1,691 870 2,561 3.3

2016 136,101 79,883 58.7 1,451 701 2,153 2.7

Women

1979 38,129 23,329 61.2 2,070 2,644 4,714 20.2

1980 38,944 23,626 60.7 2,104 2,990 5,095 21.6

1981 39,672 24,294 61.2 2,394 2,778 5,172 21.3

1982 39,777 24,365 61.3 1,651 2,561 4,212 17.3

1983 40,433 24,989 61.8 1,492 2,603 4,095 16.4

1984 42,172 26,003 61.7 1,348 2,499 3,847 14.8

1985 43,506 26,869 61.8 1,198 2,356 3,554 13.2

1986 44,961 27,863 62.0 1,192 2,125 3,317 11.9

1987 46,365 29,078 62.7 1,105 1,946 3,051 10.5

1988 47,495 29,820 62.8 1,008 1,542 2,550 8.6

1989 48,691 30,702 63.1 994 1,056 2,050 6.7

1990 49,323 31,069 63.0 1,420 711 2,131 6.9

1991 49,105 30,988 63.1 1,582 1,792 3,374 10.9

1992 49,842 31,454 63.1 1,286 1,751 3,036 9.7

1993 50,626 31,937 63.1 1,133 1,534 2,667 8.4

1994 51,419 33,021 64.2 1,322 1,241 2,563 7.8

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Year Total wage and salary 

workers (thousands)

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Percentage of total wage 

and salary workers

Below prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1) (thousands)

At prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1)

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal 

minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers 

paid hourly rates

1995 52,369 33,934 64.8 1,157 1,161 2,318 6.8

1996 53,488 34,418 64.3 1,244 1,106 2,350 6.8

1997 54,708 35,214 64.4 1,843 1,092 2,935 8.3

1998 55,757 35,680 64.0 1,794 965 2,760 7.7

1999 57,050 36,233 63.5 1,426 700 2,126 5.9

2000 58,427 36,777 62.9 1,170 579 1,749 4.8

2001 58,582 36,848 62.9 1,021 409 1,430 3.9

2002 58,555 36,508 62.3 997 350 1,347 3.7

2003 59,122 37,093 62.7 1,062 332 1,394 3.8

2004 59,408 37,133 62.5 1,013 310 1,323 3.6

2005 60,423 37,957 62.8 944 290 1,234 3.3

2006 61,426 38,321 62.4 861 263 1,124 2.9

2007 62,299 38,082 61.1 1,002 181 1,183 3.1

2008 62,532 37,972 60.7 1,302 196 1,498 3.9

2009 60,951 37,426 61.4 1,603 612 2,215 5.9

2010 60,542 37,404 61.8 1,598 1,151 2,749 7.3

2011 60,502 37,469 61.9 1,366 1,029 2,395 6.4

2012 61,679 38,163 61.9 1,288 999 2,287 6.0

2013 62,316 38,404 61.6 1,148 910 2,058 5.4

2014 63,383 38,802 61.2 1,139 739 1,878 4.8

2015 64,445 39,500 61.3 1,062 540 1,602 4.1

2016 65,512 40,315 61.5 952 432 1,384 3.4

Men

1979 49,400 28,392 57.5 846 1,353 2,199 7.7

1980 48,700 27,709 56.9 983 1,696 2,678 9.7

1981 48,844 27,576 56.5 1,119 1,533 2,652 9.6

1982 47,591 26,481 55.6 697 1,587 2,284 8.6

1983 47,856 26,831 56.1 585 1,658 2,243 8.4

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Year Total wage and salary 

workers (thousands)

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Percentage of total wage 

and salary workers

Below prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1) (thousands)

At prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1)

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal 

minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers 

paid hourly rates

1984 50,022 28,140 56.3 490 1,626 2,116 7.5

1985 51,015 28,893 56.6 440 1,544 1,984 6.9

1986 51,942 29,666 57.1 408 1,336 1,743 5.9

1987 52,938 30,474 57.6 364 1,283 1,647 5.4

1988 53,912 31,058 57.6 311 1,066 1,377 4.4

1989 54,789 31,687 57.8 379 733 1,112 3.5

1990 55,553 32,104 57.8 712 385 1,097 3.4

1991 54,618 31,639 57.9 795 1,114 1,909 6.0

1992 54,826 32,155 58.6 653 1,231 1,885 5.9

1993 55,475 32,337 58.3 573 1,091 1,664 5.1

1994 56,570 33,528 59.3 674 891 1,565 4.7

1995 57,669 34,420 59.7 542 796 1,338 3.9

1996 58,473 34,838 59.6 619 755 1,374 3.9

1997 59,825 35,521 59.4 1,147 673 1,820 5.1

1998 60,973 35,761 58.7 1,039 628 1,667 4.7

1999 61,914 36,073 58.3 768 446 1,214 3.4

2000 63,662 36,720 57.7 582 319 901 2.5

2001 63,647 36,544 57.4 497 247 744 2.0

2002 63,272 36,000 56.9 582 217 799 2.2

2003 63,236 35,853 56.7 493 213 706 2.0

2004 64,145 36,806 57.4 470 210 680 1.8

2005 65,466 37,652 57.5 459 189 648 1.7

2006 66,811 38,193 57.2 422 146 568 1.5

2007 67,468 37,790 56.0 460 86 546 1.4

2008 66,846 37,334 55.9 638 90 728 1.9

2009 63,539 35,185 55.4 990 368 1,358 3.9

2010 63,531 35,498 55.9 943 669 1,612 4.5

2011 64,686 36,457 56.4 785 648 1,433 3.9

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Footnotes:

(1) Data for 1990–91, 1996–97, and 2007–09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total wage and salary 

workers (thousands)

Workers paid hourly rates

Total 

(thousands)

Percentage of total wage 

and salary workers

Below prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1) (thousands)

At prevailing federal 

minimum wage(1)

(thousands)

Total at or below prevailing federal 

minimum wage

Number 

(thousands)

Percentage of workers 

paid hourly rates

2012 65,898 37,113 56.3 696 567 1,263 3.4

2013 66,794 37,544 56.2 621 622 1,243 3.3

2014 68,048 38,405 56.4 598 516 1,114 2.9

2015 69,298 38,732 55.9 629 330 959 2.5

2016 70,589 39,568 56.1 499 270 769 1.9

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1979 62.3 78.6 85.2 76.3 62.1 67.5 58.3 56.8 60.6 77.6

1980 64.2 80.3 89.5 78.1 62.8 69.4 58.3 56.9 59.4 76.4

1981 64.4 82.6 91.7 80.6 62.6 70.3 59.9 56.8 58.9 71.1

1982 65.7 85.3 92.9 82.4 64.9 72.1 61.1 60.1 61.4 70.3

1983 66.5 88.8 94.0 85.5 65.8 73.3 61.5 59.5 61.8 68.8

1984 67.6 87.9 93.1 85.2 67.1 74.6 62.0 59.4 61.5 66.8

1985 68.1 87.6 90.7 85.7 66.8 75.1 63.0 59.7 61.0 65.9

1986 69.5 89.0 91.4 87.5 66.5 76.1 63.9 60.9 61.2 71.5

1987 69.8 88.3 87.8 88.0 67.3 76.7 66.1 62.3 62.2 68.7

1988 70.2 89.7 89.8 90.0 68.8 77.7 68.5 61.7 62.3 70.9

1989 70.1 90.8 94.3 89.7 70.2 78.3 68.3 62.7 63.9 74.3

1990 71.9 90.1 90.8 90.3 72.1 79.3 69.6 63.8 63.7 74.4

1991 74.2 93.3 93.6 93.3 74.0 81.0 70.7 65.0 64.5 68.3

1992 75.8 94.0 94.0 94.3 74.6 82.0 71.9 65.8 64.9 77.9

1993 77.1 94.8 92.8 95.4 74.8 83.0 73.0 67.4 67.4 74.3

1994 76.4 93.9 92.5 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.6 67.1 66.0 76.2

1995 75.5 90.8 88.1 92.4 72.8 82.2 72.6 67.7 64.7 80.0

1996 75.0 92.5 88.8 92.8 74.1 83.2 73.3 68.9 65.3 70.0

1997 74.4 92.1 91.6 90.5 75.1 82.9 74.0 69.4 64.7 77.0

1998 76.3 91.3 88.6 89.4 75.9 82.9 73.6 70.5 68.1 72.6

1999 76.5 91.0 91.4 90.5 74.4 81.5 71.7 70.0 67.9 78.7

2000 76.9 91.7 92.5 92.7 74.5 82.4 71.6 73.2 69.1 75.1

2001 76.4 90.3 90.3 91.9 75.4 83.0 72.5 73.5 70.5 69.0

2002 77.9 93.9 94.6 93.9 77.6 84.5 75.2 74.6 71.6 73.8

2003 79.4 93.2 93.1 93.9 78.5 86.9 76.1 73.0 72.7 71.1

2004 80.4 93.8 92.1 93.8 78.6 87.8 75.6 72.9 73.0 74.6

2005 81.0 93.2 92.1 93.8 79.4 89.0 75.5 75.5 74.7 76.4

2006 80.8 94.5 87.6 94.9 78.7 88.2 77.2 73.5 72.9 77.5

2007 80.2 92.3 89.1 90.3 78.5 86.9 76.5 74.5 72.8 77.8

2008 79.9 91.1 87.3 92.5 78.2 88.5 74.5 74.9 75.4 74.8

2009 80.2 92.6 90.7 92.9 78.7 88.7 77.4 73.6 75.3 76.1

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

ww.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2010 81.2 95.3 94.6 93.8 80.5 90.8 79.9 76.5 75.2 75.7

2011 82.2 92.5 88.6 93.2 81.0 92.3 78.5 76.0 75.1 80.9

2012 80.9 88.9 88.5 89.0 79.9 90.2 78.1 75.1 76.2 77.6

2013 82.1 88.3 89.7 89.8 81.1 89.4 80.2 76.6 77.1 73.7

2014 82.5 91.5 91.1 92.3 81.6 89.9 81.0 77.2 76.4 78.6

2015 81.1 88.2 89.4 89.7 80.4 89.6 81.8 76.8 73.7 73.8

2016 81.9 94.9 92.6 95.6 80.9 88.8 83.3 77.8 73.7 75.5

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 – 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 – 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 – 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 – 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 – 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 – 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 – 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 – 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 – 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 – 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 – 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 – 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 – 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 – 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 – 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 – 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 – 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 – 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 – 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 – 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 – 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, 

estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who 

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not 

tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

1979 62.1 60.3 60.1 64.1 66.7

1980 62.8 61.4 61.5 64.5 67.9

1981 62.6 61.2 61.0 65.6 66.9

1982 64.9 62.8 63.1 66.7 68.8

1983 65.8 64.8 63.4 68.2 71.2

1984 67.1 64.9 64.9 68.4 69.4

1985 66.8 64.3 65.8 67.2 70.2

1986 66.5 64.8 66.6 68.0 70.6

1987 67.3 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.4

1988 68.8 66.6 68.2 71.6 71.4

1989 70.2 66.8 67.6 73.3 71.9

1990 72.1 68.8 68.6 72.9 72.2

1991 74.0 71.6 69.8 72.6 73.6

1992 74.6 72.9 70.4 73.3 75.1

1993 74.8 73.9 71.3 73.8 75.8

1994 73.1 75.1 70.8 72.1 76.8

1995 72.8 75.5 70.2 71.6 76.2

1996 74.1 75.1 70.7 73.2 75.2

1997 75.1 75.3 70.7 73.9 75.0

1998 75.9 73.9 70.8 74.0 75.3

1999 74.4 73.4 69.8 73.4 75.7

2000 74.5 74.9 71.1 73.1 74.1

2001 75.4 75.4 72.7 71.9 73.7

2002 77.6 77.2 74.2 74.3 74.2

2003 78.5 76.7 75.5 75.7 73.6

2004 78.6 74.9 75.7 75.8 75.2

2005 79.4 74.9 75.6 76.6 75.7

2006 78.7 76.3 73.7 75.6 75.1

2007 78.5 76.7 74.3 75.2 75.0

2008 78.2 76.1 73.3 75.7 74.3

2009 78.7 76.4 75.7 75.4 73.1

2010 80.5 79.8 76.5 75.5 74.1

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in 

table 24.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

2011 81.0 80.9 76.9 76.8 74.9

2012 79.9 76.0 76.3 76.9 73.0

2013 81.1 80.0 78.3 76.6 74.8

2014 81.6 79.1 77.0 75.8 75.7

2015 80.4 80.4 77.2 75.2 74.9

2016 80.9 76.8 77.9 76.8 75.2

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1979 64.1 81.8 95.0 75.9 58.3 63.3 55.8 54.1 56.9 87.6

1980 64.8 84.1 93.2 77.0 58.7 64.1 54.9 54.4 56.4 89.2

1981 65.1 86.1 96.7 80.0 60.3 66.7 57.5 54.1 56.2 88.1

1982 67.3 86.3 97.0 81.8 62.1 67.7 57.1 55.7 59.0 88.1

1983 69.4 87.2 96.7 84.4 62.9 70.3 57.6 56.7 58.0 87.6

1984 69.8 86.0 96.5 84.5 63.7 71.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.0

1985 70.0 85.7 96.3 87.2 64.7 72.4 60.3 57.8 60.4 88.8

1986 70.2 85.8 95.5 86.7 66.0 74.1 61.4 59.0 60.3 91.3

1987 72.1 85.9 93.9 86.1 67.2 74.3 62.9 61.3 62.0 91.2

1988 73.8 89.1 94.4 87.2 68.7 75.6 66.1 61.6 62.4 92.8

1989 75.4 90.7 93.4 86.9 69.8 78.0 67.0 63.4 63.8 87.1

1990 77.9 91.0 93.8 90.1 71.8 79.4 68.7 64.3 66.2 89.6

1991 78.6 91.0 97.9 91.7 73.5 80.4 70.4 65.0 68.9 92.6

1992 80.3 91.3 97.7 92.5 76.0 82.6 73.1 66.1 69.3 92.6

1993 80.4 91.7 97.1 94.2 77.3 83.6 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.1

1994 80.6 90.5 97.0 91.2 78.2 85.5 73.4 69.9 70.7 94.0

1995 80.8 90.9 96.1 89.3 76.1 83.7 72.6 70.8 71.4 94.2

1996 81.2 92.1 97.0 89.6 78.2 83.1 74.6 72.1 72.4 91.6

1997 80.8 92.2 96.6 91.2 78.8 82.7 75.7 72.3 70.5 98.1

1998 81.8 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.4 75.0 72.4 93.2

1999 83.8 92.7 96.8 89.9 79.4 83.9 76.9 72.7 76.4 95.4

2000 83.8 91.7 93.8 93.0 80.8 88.3 76.3 73.2 76.8 94.7

2001 85.2 90.5 95.8 89.7 79.2 85.8 75.0 76.1 80.2 90.4

2002 85.0 92.5 96.9 91.3 82.1 85.1 78.7 77.6 80.8 89.3

2003 84.8 93.2 97.6 91.0 83.1 87.5 79.1 79.0 78.4 90.3

2004 84.6 93.9 95.9 91.7 81.7 88.3 78.4 79.1 79.6 92.5

2005 84.8 92.6 96.0 92.4 83.2 89.2 79.6 80.2 80.2 97.8

2006 84.0 90.9 95.7 90.5 83.2 87.6 80.0 76.4 80.6 93.0

2007 84.8 89.3 95.4 90.4 81.7 87.4 81.5 79.6 79.2 92.2

2008 85.4 91.2 96.6 91.6 83.0 87.0 80.5 78.2 81.8 91.6

2009 85.5 93.1 97.1 92.0 84.7 90.6 80.7 77.0 84.5 92.6

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2010 86.0 93.6 97.8 91.7 85.6 91.9 82.9 79.9 83.2 93.8

2011 86.8 94.6 97.5 92.5 86.7 92.0 83.8 81.5 82.2 91.5

2012 86.4 93.0 97.9 92.0 86.8 91.5 83.9 81.2 83.1 90.9

2013 86.6 92.3 96.7 94.0 87.5 91.1 84.9 81.2 84.1 94.9

2014 84.6 92.4 96.1 96.3 85.7 87.0 84.6 81.2 81.3 89.2

2015 85.6 95.1 97.5 93.5 87.8 91.0 85.7 84.3 82.1 89.5

2016 87.0 97.7 95.7 91.9 87.6 88.2 85.8 83.0 83.7 88.1

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1979 64.1 62.5 72.6 – 71.8

1980 64.8 63.6 74.9 – 75.1

1981 65.1 63.8 72.1 – 76.4

1982 67.3 66.0 75.2 – 75.6

1983 69.4 68.0 79.2 – 76.1

1984 69.8 68.6 79.1 – 77.0

1985 70.0 67.8 82.0 – 79.4

1986 70.2 68.8 78.7 – 80.8

1987 72.1 70.9 80.1 – 80.2

1988 73.8 72.7 80.8 – 81.1

1989 75.4 74.0 83.2 – 83.0

1990 77.9 75.6 84.5 – 86.1

1991 78.6 76.6 86.5 – 86.9

1992 80.3 78.6 87.1 – 88.3

1993 80.4 78.9 89.6 – 88.6

1994 80.6 79.7 87.5 – 89.3

1995 80.8 78.4 87.3 – 90.9

1996 81.2 79.6 88.0 – 88.8

1997 80.8 80.3 87.5 – 86.3

1998 81.8 81.8 86.9 – 87.6

1999 83.8 82.3 83.2 – 86.6

2000 83.8 83.0 88.8 90.5 87.3

2001 85.2 83.8 89.9 85.1 85.6

2002 85.0 83.8 92.3 91.7 86.1

2003 84.8 84.0 91.7 89.8 88.5

2004 84.6 84.0 91.3 88.8 90.2

2005 84.8 84.2 91.1 91.3 90.1

2006 84.0 83.6 88.5 90.7 87.6

2007 84.8 83.7 90.3 89.5 88.5

2008 85.4 84.5 89.9 87.3 85.1

2009 85.5 84.8 89.7 90.4 84.6

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–

2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, 

estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who 

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not 

tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2010 86.0 85.0 92.1 88.0 86.2

2011 86.8 85.9 93.5 89.8 86.8

2012 86.4 85.3 92.0 90.1 85.4

2013 86.6 85.7 94.9 91.6 87.5

2014 84.6 83.3 94.8 90.2 86.6

2015 85.6 85.9 92.4 92.8 85.8

2016 87.0 87.2 92.6 93.6 85.2

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–

2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979 $744 $531 $444 $574 $818 $787 $864 $852 $809 $611

1980 728 519 428 556 794 767 839 828 792 564

1981 721 508 409 541 782 751 827 812 784 563

1982 722 498 392 526 782 744 847 825 778 605

1983 718 484 376 511 787 736 849 842 794 599

1984 718 478 372 509 797 738 857 848 806 599

1985 732 477 370 511 806 743 864 851 811 632

1986 751 485 372 519 818 753 877 870 831 623

1987 756 491 376 523 814 754 879 867 818 626

1988 752 486 383 520 809 748 879 885 818 631

1989 746 484 381 516 798 736 882 882 806 624

1990 734 480 373 508 800 725 866 872 815 611

1991 732 476 366 500 802 713 856 871 806 655

1992 738 463 356 487 804 708 844 876 810 634

1993 751 462 350 486 804 714 846 887 805 643

1994 748 458 354 481 801 704 861 907 803 615

1995 750 457 362 479 798 706 861 911 804 609

1996 747 454 366 476 793 706 852 905 816 585

1997 751 457 376 479 806 718 864 906 833 587

1998 770 470 395 499 842 739 879 913 872 596

1999 791 491 405 523 853 746 880 939 870 582

2000 803 503 414 534 849 766 872 933 865 646

2001 808 508 413 534 854 780 890 939 864 661

2002 812 509 407 533 862 789 892 943 900 670

2003 809 505 406 525 864 775 897 944 924 674

2004 811 496 393 516 868 767 906 944 921 712

2005 800 488 391 505 855 749 898 919 912 699

2006 799 487 386 504 855 739 890 920 911 694

2007 804 491 390 521 854 744 890 914 929 700

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 

dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2008 805 494 389 521 848 742 896 916 920 718

2009 827 494 385 519 866 758 914 937 941 765

2010 823 476 382 500 861 751 907 930 947 753

2011 807 470 376 488 851 740 893 924 940 792

2012 803 464 372 485 852 739 897 917 937 791

2013 799 468 384 486 852 729 900 909 931 825

2014 802 484 383 498 851 736 894 912 924 836

2015 819 493 394 507 870 744 911 934 938 884

2016 832 501 405 513 885 751 934 955 952 866

Women

1979 562 475 407 497 602 614 605 593 583 525

1980 558 464 403 486 592 606 594 581 569 486

1981 556 457 391 485 591 607 604 571 563 480

1982 572 459 378 481 610 617 617 603 586 505

1983 578 454 362 475 615 624 624 606 589 486

1984 584 447 357 469 623 628 643 615 595 482

1985 589 449 353 470 630 630 653 621 606 515

1986 609 458 356 483 644 640 667 644 619 536

1987 612 459 347 489 648 638 681 655 622 527

1988 615 459 359 490 654 639 691 662 619 547

1989 613 460 368 486 656 636 692 667 622 546

1990 617 453 353 480 658 635 695 672 620 535

1991 629 457 352 481 665 637 699 684 624 548

1992 638 448 344 470 671 641 701 700 631 550

1993 643 447 336 473 679 646 712 720 646 548

1994 639 442 338 465 675 636 718 721 638 538

1995 635 430 336 455 670 631 709 726 631 552

1996 637 433 340 454 677 633 706 733 640 509

1997 643 436 358 457 690 637 719 739 646 519

1998 672 449 367 470 714 664 733 760 701 515

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 

dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1999 682 467 383 494 716 677 725 769 709 533

2000 688 480 395 510 720 688 727 787 709 547

2001 694 478 390 508 736 694 741 795 726 528

2002 706 490 394 514 758 708 762 804 766 574

2003 721 484 390 505 762 713 770 795 785 568

2004 728 476 372 497 761 713 773 794 781 607

2005 719 468 373 486 752 704 763 791 785 604

2006 714 470 363 492 746 694 768 785 783 607

2007 711 473 368 493 748 691 773 784 786 618

2008 711 468 359 496 747 695 760 788 793 628

2009 735 474 361 498 768 709 793 796 813 673

2010 737 465 370 483 775 714 805 804 811 662

2011 730 449 350 467 766 707 783 794 799 709

2012 722 435 345 448 760 696 781 780 800 697

2013 727 436 360 455 762 685 790 784 802 712

2014 729 457 362 475 763 689 792 791 791 751

2015 735 455 368 474 770 698 814 809 794 749

2016 749 486 388 500 784 705 839 836 812 749

Men

1979 901 605 478 651 969 910 1,037 1,043 963 676

1980 869 578 450 622 942 872 1,019 1,019 958 636

1981 863 553 426 602 944 863 1,008 1,005 957 675

1982 871 538 407 584 940 856 1,010 1,002 955 718

1983 869 511 385 555 933 851 1,014 1,018 954 706

1984 863 509 383 551 930 841 1,037 1,035 967 722

1985 866 513 389 549 943 838 1,036 1,040 994 781

1986 877 515 389 552 969 841 1,044 1,059 1,013 749

1987 877 519 396 556 964 832 1,030 1,051 1,000 768

1988 877 512 400 545 951 822 1,010 1,072 994 771

1989 875 507 391 542 935 811 1,013 1,064 974 735

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 

dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes 

section.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1990 857 503 389 531 913 800 998 1,053 973 718

1991 847 490 376 515 899 787 990 1,052 967 802

1992 841 477 366 498 899 782 975 1,064 971 706

1993 835 471 362 496 908 779 975 1,069 959 738

1994 837 471 365 492 923 768 989 1,075 966 707

1995 842 474 382 493 920 767 977 1,072 975 690

1996 849 468 383 489 913 761 963 1,064 980 727

1997 864 473 391 504 918 769 972 1,064 999 675

1998 881 492 414 526 941 801 997 1,078 1,029 710

1999 890 513 419 546 963 831 1,012 1,099 1,045 677

2000 894 523 427 551 967 834 1,015 1,075 1,025 728

2001 908 530 432 553 976 836 1,022 1,083 1,030 766

2002 907 522 417 547 977 837 1,013 1,077 1,071 778

2003 907 520 419 538 971 820 1,012 1,089 1,080 799

2004 906 508 404 530 968 812 1,022 1,089 1,071 814

2005 887 502 405 518 947 791 1,010 1,048 1,050 791

2006 885 498 414 518 949 787 995 1,068 1,074 783

2007 887 513 413 546 953 795 1,010 1,052 1,080 794

2008 890 514 411 536 955 785 1,020 1,052 1,051 839

2009 916 512 398 536 977 800 1,025 1,082 1,079 885

2010 907 488 391 515 963 786 1,008 1,051 1,078 874

2011 888 486 395 502 946 765 998 1,045 1,064 876

2012 892 489 390 504 951 771 1,000 1,039 1,050 899

2013 886 493 402 507 939 766 985 1,024 1,041 965

2014 883 500 398 514 935 766 978 1,025 1,035 955

2015 906 516 412 528 959 779 995 1,053 1,077 1,015

2016 915 512 419 523 969 794 1,007 1,075 1,102 992

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 

dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $744 $765 $614 – $599

1980 728 747 589 – 581

1981 721 739 596 – 566

1982 722 742 586 – 574

1983 718 734 599 – 573

1984 718 740 593 – 570

1985 732 757 589 – 574

1986 751 776 609 – 579

1987 756 776 608 – 576

1988 752 771 613 – 566

1989 746 764 596 – 557

1990 734 756 586 – 542

1991 732 759 598 – 536

1992 738 768 599 – 539

1993 751 777 604 – 542

1994 748 776 595 – 519

1995 750 773 599 – 515

1996 747 771 590 – 517

1997 751 775 597 – 524

1998 770 803 627 – 545

1999 791 826 641 – 555

2000 803 823 661 $858 556

2001 808 827 665 866 565

2002 812 832 665 879 566

2003 809 830 671 905 574

2004 811 835 667 900 579

2005 800 826 639 925 579

2006 799 821 660 933 579

2007 804 829 659 961 582

2008 805 827 657 960 590

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2009 827 847 672 984 605

2010 823 843 673 942 589

2011 807 827 656 924 586

2012 803 828 649 961 594

2013 799 826 648 970 595

2014 802 828 648 967 602

2015 819 845 649 1,005 611

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

Women

1979 562 568 522 – 485

1980 558 564 514 – 478

1981 556 561 523 – 482

1982 572 579 519 – 486

1983 578 583 532 – 493

1984 584 590 531 – 491

1985 589 598 536 – 489

1986 609 615 552 – 504

1987 612 620 558 – 507

1988 615 621 562 – 508

1989 613 624 563 – 503

1990 617 629 549 – 496

1991 629 641 555 – 502

1992 638 649 562 – 507

1993 643 656 570 – 512

1994 639 654 554 – 489

1995 635 649 556 – 477

1996 637 652 552 – 482

1997 643 663 560 – 475

1998 672 689 589 – 496

1999 682 696 589 – 501

2000 688 700 598 763 510

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2001 694 707 615 763 526

2002 706 730 632 756 530

2003 721 740 641 781 535

2004 728 742 642 779 532

2005 719 732 613 817 527

2006 714 725 618 832 524

2007 711 725 617 846 547

2008 711 729 618 839 559

2009 735 748 651 871 569

2010 737 753 652 851 559

2011 730 750 635 801 553

2012 722 742 626 805 544

2013 727 744 624 843 557

2014 729 744 620 853 556

2015 735 752 622 888 573

2016 749 766 641 902 586

Men

1979 901 920 701 – 676

1980 869 889 678 – 650

1981 863 888 680 – 637

1982 871 897 665 – 644

1983 869 888 674 – 628

1984 863 883 667 – 632

1985 866 889 649 – 630

1986 877 906 667 – 626

1987 877 909 661 – 618

1988 877 908 680 – 602

1989 875 901 650 – 589

1990 857 881 643 – 567

1991 847 869 644 – 555

1992 841 862 638 – 569

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one 

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians 

constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research 

series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1993 835 858 642 – 566

1994 837 877 641 – 550

1995 842 886 643 – 548

1996 849 884 628 – 543

1997 864 888 645 – 554

1998 881 906 689 – 574

1999 890 919 703 – 585

2000 894 923 711 955 582

2001 908 934 717 992 596

2002 907 937 700 1,009 602

2003 907 933 725 1,008 606

2004 906 930 723 1,019 610

2005 887 913 687 1,014 601

2006 885 906 704 1,050 601

2007 887 912 694 1,083 602

2008 890 920 691 1,077 623

2009 916 945 695 1,065 636

2010 907 936 697 1,031 617

2011 888 914 697 1,035 609

2012 892 918 695 1,102 619

2013 886 910 684 1,091 612

2014 883 910 690 1,095 625

2015 906 931 688 1,143 639

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Total

1979 $818 $648 $769 $870 $1,062

1980 794 617 739 844 1,044

1981 782 609 726 822 1,033

1982 782 593 722 840 1,048

1983 787 587 713 833 1,057

1984 797 579 711 841 1,070

1985 806 574 709 849 1,077

1986 818 582 720 856 1,098

1987 814 574 719 851 1,139

1988 809 562 719 840 1,143

1989 798 555 701 845 1,138

1990 800 540 688 848 1,137

1991 802 527 682 840 1,144

1992 804 522 676 812 1,168

1993 804 514 679 809 1,170

1994 801 492 675 800 1,175

1995 798 484 676 795 1,169

1996 793 483 675 790 1,155

1997 806 479 688 799 1,163

1998 842 496 705 822 1,209

1999 853 499 706 836 1,239

2000 849 505 704 831 1,243

2001 854 518 705 836 1,248

2002 862 518 714 840 1,256

2003 864 517 723 834 1,258

2004 868 510 729 840 1,253

2005 855 502 716 823 1,244

2006 855 499 708 824 1,237

2007 854 495 699 815 1,241

2008 848 505 689 805 1,243

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–

2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

2009 866 508 700 812 1,272

2010 861 489 689 808 1,260

2011 851 481 681 789 1,227

2012 852 492 681 783 1,217

2013 852 486 670 770 1,230

2014 851 495 677 772 1,210

2015 870 499 686 771 1,245

2016 885 504 692 779 1,259

Women

1979 602 469 571 651 815

1980 592 456 558 642 806

1981 591 444 551 647 807

1982 610 440 565 656 828

1983 615 447 564 661 846

1984 623 441 570 672 859

1985 630 430 570 674 881

1986 644 435 579 690 912

1987 648 432 582 701 941

1988 654 432 582 703 947

1989 656 432 568 708 948

1990 658 428 561 704 954

1991 665 430 564 703 966

1992 671 430 565 683 997

1993 679 430 568 691 1,000

1994 675 412 562 678 1,016

1995 670 410 557 668 1,008

1996 677 409 556 674 1,002

1997 690 410 564 685 1,003

1998 714 417 583 701 1,041

1999 716 418 584 703 1,066

2000 720 424 586 704 1,054

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–

2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

2001 736 428 600 705 1,065

2002 758 434 611 725 1,080

2003 762 430 619 731 1,086

2004 761 424 620 733 1,093

2005 752 419 606 721 1,085

2006 746 426 595 717 1,077

2007 748 427 593 705 1,079

2008 747 421 580 700 1,065

2009 768 427 606 705 1,085

2010 775 427 598 703 1,086

2011 766 422 591 688 1,065

2012 760 403 586 689 1,046

2013 762 412 590 677 1,074

2014 763 415 586 670 1,064

2015 770 423 593 672 1,077

2016 784 423 599 688 1,101

Men

1979 969 778 951 1,015 1,222

1980 942 742 908 994 1,186

1981 944 726 904 987 1,206

1982 940 701 895 983 1,203

1983 933 690 890 968 1,188

1984 930 678 879 982 1,238

1985 943 668 866 1,004 1,255

1986 969 672 870 1,015 1,293

1987 964 655 855 1,004 1,319

1988 951 648 854 982 1,326

1989 935 647 841 966 1,318

1990 913 622 818 966 1,321

1991 899 600 808 967 1,313

1992 899 589 804 931 1,327

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–

2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes 

section.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

1993 908 583 797 936 1,319

1994 923 548 795 941 1,324

1995 920 543 793 933 1,322

1996 913 544 787 921 1,332

1997 918 545 799 927 1,337

1998 941 564 823 947 1,383

1999 963 569 836 958 1,408

2000 967 566 824 964 1,423

2001 976 568 825 980 1,446

2002 977 562 824 976 1,455

2003 971 560 820 966 1,477

2004 968 567 820 967 1,452

2005 947 559 801 941 1,434

2006 949 558 807 948 1,435

2007 953 557 797 938 1,439

2008 955 554 790 925 1,433

2009 977 559 801 934 1,484

2010 963 535 782 931 1,465

2011 946 521 768 896 1,422

2012 951 531 768 896 1,433

2013 939 515 754 884 1,437

2014 935 524 762 884 1,405

2015 959 526 768 894 1,437

2016 969 551 769 896 1,464

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–

2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979 $13.70 $10.77 $9.57 $12.41 $15.77 $16.05 $16.33 $15.93 $15.34 $9.97

1980 13.39 10.31 8.94 11.92 15.42 15.72 16.00 15.69 14.97 9.89

1981 13.07 10.08 9.09 11.70 15.20 15.46 15.74 15.25 14.75 9.95

1982 12.92 9.69 8.61 11.15 15.02 15.19 15.81 15.36 14.62 9.86

1983 12.82 9.36 8.28 10.76 15.02 14.91 15.85 15.44 14.70 10.09

1984 12.84 9.21 8.04 10.62 15.07 14.91 15.79 15.59 14.58 10.20

1985 12.83 9.06 7.81 10.51 15.00 14.72 15.94 15.68 14.70 10.09

1986 12.97 9.23 7.76 10.59 15.13 14.67 16.30 16.17 15.00 10.40

1987 13.07 9.27 7.70 10.53 15.07 14.53 16.04 15.88 14.99 10.26

1988 13.14 9.36 7.87 10.51 15.12 14.51 15.96 15.94 14.61 10.21

1989 13.07 9.25 7.89 10.56 14.84 14.28 16.00 15.74 14.62 10.13

1990 12.89 9.20 8.00 10.53 14.55 14.08 15.72 15.67 14.30 10.25

1991 12.89 9.04 8.06 10.31 14.57 13.81 15.76 15.65 14.07 10.21

1992 12.95 9.01 7.94 10.12 14.65 13.71 15.74 15.97 14.23 10.30

1993 12.88 9.02 7.86 10.07 14.65 13.54 15.73 16.14 14.57 10.46

1994 12.84 9.01 7.87 9.97 14.62 13.43 15.90 16.06 14.46 10.24

1995 12.79 9.08 7.89 10.05 14.65 13.63 15.68 15.85 14.40 10.41

1996 12.80 9.05 7.88 10.20 14.66 13.45 15.46 15.61 14.31 10.32

1997 13.06 9.18 8.22 10.31 14.73 13.49 15.46 15.82 14.52 10.28

1998 13.40 9.69 8.66 10.66 14.92 14.21 15.99 16.14 14.85 10.90

1999 13.73 9.90 8.76 11.15 15.09 14.38 15.88 16.33 14.96 11.10

2000 13.82 10.10 8.94 11.26 15.17 14.20 15.83 16.49 15.09 11.23

2001 13.81 10.42 9.16 11.36 15.45 14.46 16.22 16.49 15.41 11.56

2002 13.98 10.43 9.23 11.31 15.79 14.66 16.26 16.64 15.82 12.11

2003 14.16 10.31 9.05 11.31 15.73 14.69 16.27 16.93 15.91 12.00

2004 13.98 10.14 8.89 11.16 15.54 14.45 16.38 16.81 15.98 12.22

2005 13.75 9.91 8.66 10.95 15.33 14.45 16.11 16.56 15.91 12.20

2006 14.00 9.81 8.61 10.90 15.40 14.23 16.06 16.70 15.87 12.08

2007 13.83 10.01 8.76 11.18 15.23 13.95 16.12 16.66 15.87 12.00

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 

2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2008 13.63 9.89 8.74 10.88 15.40 13.94 16.03 16.58 15.83 12.14

2009 13.91 9.96 8.86 10.93 15.56 14.09 16.32 16.61 16.44 12.85

2010 13.77 9.80 8.81 10.50 15.40 13.80 16.09 16.50 16.40 12.72

2011 13.56 9.57 8.60 10.26 15.07 13.56 15.83 16.01 16.08 13.01

2012 13.38 9.46 8.46 10.14 14.89 13.40 15.53 15.75 16.08 12.76

2013 13.32 9.43 8.43 10.12 14.93 13.26 15.43 15.62 16.09 12.84

2014 13.33 9.69 8.55 10.12 15.01 13.32 15.32 15.61 15.58 13.20

2015 13.60 9.97 8.96 10.26 15.09 13.77 15.34 16.03 16.10 13.24

2016 14.00 10.12 9.20 10.79 15.13 14.00 15.77 16.29 16.20 13.77

Women

1979 11.17 9.85 9.35 10.86 12.04 12.47 12.25 11.85 11.57 9.63

1980 10.97 9.58 8.72 10.53 11.78 12.33 11.92 11.75 11.33 9.39

1981 10.86 9.42 8.93 10.38 11.90 12.41 12.11 11.65 11.24 9.42

1982 11.03 9.04 8.49 10.02 12.01 12.42 12.15 11.84 11.48 9.40

1983 11.01 8.76 8.14 9.77 12.00 12.48 12.18 11.90 11.63 9.54

1984 10.95 8.66 7.91 9.60 12.07 12.33 12.36 12.14 11.61 9.63

1985 10.91 8.53 7.68 9.70 12.19 12.32 12.57 12.26 11.62 9.43

1986 11.15 8.60 7.64 9.85 12.45 12.45 12.82 12.53 12.03 9.90

1987 11.31 8.53 7.49 9.88 12.44 12.40 12.83 12.69 12.18 9.80

1988 11.41 8.75 7.64 9.86 12.58 12.42 13.20 12.87 11.88 10.00

1989 11.42 8.77 7.66 9.78 12.67 12.49 13.27 12.90 11.93 9.61

1990 11.48 8.82 7.75 9.93 12.60 12.50 13.14 12.76 12.00 9.71

1991 11.60 8.73 7.97 9.81 12.61 12.35 13.28 13.08 11.94 9.90

1992 11.68 8.66 7.87 9.68 12.84 12.50 13.41 13.32 12.08 10.02

1993 11.65 8.63 7.74 9.75 12.88 12.45 13.36 13.39 12.37 10.11

1994 11.62 8.53 7.74 9.58 12.90 12.47 13.53 13.56 12.53 10.00

1995 11.67 8.59 7.73 9.53 12.79 12.39 13.51 13.65 12.41 10.09

1996 11.78 8.66 7.76 9.54 12.85 12.29 13.55 13.63 12.30 9.83

1997 11.85 8.88 8.09 9.78 13.06 12.24 13.64 13.82 12.40 10.19

1998 12.12 9.19 8.51 10.21 13.45 12.96 14.23 14.40 13.03 10.62

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 

2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1999 12.45 9.51 8.62 10.40 13.73 13.11 14.16 14.34 13.44 10.81

2000 12.64 9.76 8.69 10.88 13.79 13.51 13.99 14.20 13.72 10.98

2001 13.06 9.82 8.96 10.84 13.82 13.47 14.15 14.70 14.08 11.03

2002 13.20 9.95 9.08 10.83 14.30 13.51 14.66 14.93 14.43 11.66

2003 13.16 9.91 8.94 10.69 14.37 13.72 14.58 15.39 14.43 11.54

2004 12.92 9.80 8.72 10.57 14.27 13.49 14.55 15.18 14.70 11.64

2005 12.67 9.58 8.50 10.44 14.23 13.34 14.55 14.90 14.57 12.06

2006 12.68 9.51 8.46 10.50 14.13 13.18 14.35 14.60 14.43 11.87

2007 12.71 9.43 8.58 10.42 13.95 12.97 14.31 14.87 14.16 11.75

2008 12.81 9.40 8.60 10.21 13.91 13.07 14.37 14.67 14.49 11.74

2009 13.15 9.60 8.75 10.28 14.27 13.38 14.54 14.64 15.20 12.43

2010 13.03 9.49 8.71 10.00 14.19 13.26 14.45 14.87 15.07 12.31

2011 12.79 9.32 8.50 9.78 13.98 12.93 14.34 14.69 14.97 12.55

2012 12.53 9.17 8.38 9.58 13.76 12.70 14.06 14.42 15.01 12.37

2013 12.48 9.20 8.33 9.68 13.76 12.60 14.18 14.36 14.96 12.58

2014 12.35 9.27 8.41 9.91 13.69 12.42 14.20 14.34 14.39 12.65

2015 12.71 9.66 8.86 10.07 14.09 13.05 14.30 14.98 14.95 12.81

2016 13.01 10.00 9.07 10.25 14.23 13.08 14.75 14.97 15.10 13.02

Men

1979 17.44 12.04 9.85 14.32 20.65 19.69 21.98 21.91 20.34 10.99

1980 16.94 11.39 9.36 13.67 20.06 19.25 21.69 21.61 20.11 10.53

1981 16.68 10.94 9.24 12.97 19.75 18.60 21.07 21.55 20.00 10.69

1982 16.39 10.48 8.76 12.25 19.33 18.35 21.27 21.24 19.47 10.67

1983 15.87 10.05 8.42 11.58 19.06 17.75 21.15 21.01 20.05 10.89

1984 15.68 10.07 8.19 11.37 18.94 17.36 20.95 21.34 19.52 10.81

1985 15.60 9.96 7.98 11.13 18.83 17.02 20.85 21.21 19.23 10.62

1986 15.88 10.02 7.99 11.36 18.87 16.80 20.90 21.23 19.96 10.84

1987 15.70 9.92 7.98 11.47 18.51 16.69 20.40 20.69 19.64 10.75

1988 15.45 9.82 8.09 11.31 18.32 16.43 19.96 20.88 19.02 10.78

1989 15.14 9.66 8.21 11.25 18.15 16.00 19.79 20.34 18.69 11.03

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 

2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes 

section.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1990 14.74 9.70 8.27 11.02 17.54 15.74 19.13 19.84 18.13 10.84

1991 14.76 9.59 8.14 10.70 17.15 15.36 18.87 20.12 17.32 10.69

1992 14.55 9.48 8.05 10.47 16.88 15.13 18.34 20.17 17.43 10.82

1993 14.50 9.41 7.97 10.36 16.66 14.89 18.27 19.89 17.94 10.98

1994 14.42 9.42 7.98 10.51 16.49 14.58 18.43 19.39 17.72 10.64

1995 14.44 9.45 8.04 10.67 16.79 14.80 18.61 19.28 17.39 10.72

1996 14.51 9.41 8.00 10.66 16.43 14.79 18.16 18.90 17.00 10.73

1997 14.67 9.63 8.37 10.72 16.57 14.81 18.01 19.10 17.60 10.39

1998 14.82 10.18 8.81 11.46 17.26 15.05 18.38 19.20 18.00 11.40

1999 14.86 10.26 8.90 11.57 17.29 15.62 18.41 19.71 17.59 11.33

2000 15.08 10.64 9.26 11.70 17.07 15.30 18.33 19.39 17.87 11.59

2001 15.34 10.85 9.35 12.09 17.45 15.69 18.86 19.31 17.55 12.20

2002 15.54 10.75 9.37 11.86 17.42 15.87 18.64 19.23 17.86 13.06

2003 15.52 10.63 9.16 11.75 17.30 15.68 18.45 19.49 18.39 12.78

2004 15.27 10.43 9.09 11.52 17.46 15.29 18.55 19.20 18.48 12.58

2005 14.94 10.34 8.86 11.30 17.09 14.95 18.28 18.59 18.17 12.33

2006 15.10 10.46 8.85 11.61 16.99 15.04 17.93 19.10 17.90 12.76

2007 14.99 10.57 8.99 11.53 17.07 14.85 17.56 18.69 17.88 12.74

2008 15.01 10.30 8.90 11.15 16.76 15.02 17.86 18.75 17.73 12.82

2009 15.39 10.31 9.00 11.17 16.86 14.77 18.01 19.00 18.00 13.42

2010 15.15 10.14 8.91 10.90 16.56 14.43 17.43 18.60 18.12 13.13

2011 14.73 9.85 8.71 10.57 16.13 14.07 17.11 18.01 18.22 13.71

2012 14.50 9.86 8.56 10.42 15.85 13.88 16.77 17.75 18.06 13.62

2013 14.42 9.96 8.62 10.30 15.73 13.82 16.69 17.68 17.80 13.26

2014 14.59 10.03 8.75 10.29 15.98 14.28 16.78 17.66 17.71 14.18

2015 14.85 10.15 9.08 10.77 16.05 14.34 16.68 17.76 18.21 14.32

2016 14.96 10.24 9.48 11.15 16.25 14.83 17.20 18.03 18.05 14.78

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 

2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $13.70 $13.92 $12.69 – $12.59

1980 13.39 13.56 12.33 – 12.33

1981 13.07 13.15 12.44 – 12.21

1982 12.92 13.09 12.11 – 11.99

1983 12.82 12.98 11.81 – 11.67

1984 12.84 13.00 11.81 – 11.61

1985 12.83 12.98 11.70 – 11.64

1986 12.97 13.14 12.13 – 11.82

1987 13.07 13.25 12.10 – 11.76

1988 13.14 13.30 12.01 – 11.62

1989 13.07 13.23 12.02 – 11.35

1990 12.89 13.07 12.14 – 11.19

1991 12.89 13.08 12.03 – 11.10

1992 12.95 13.12 11.85 – 11.16

1993 12.88 13.04 11.75 – 11.18

1994 12.84 13.00 11.68 – 11.11

1995 12.79 13.02 11.99 – 10.95

1996 12.80 13.06 11.83 – 10.93

1997 13.06 13.25 11.96 – 11.03

1998 13.40 13.58 12.36 – 11.66

1999 13.73 14.03 12.75 – 11.63

2000 13.82 13.89 13.03 $14.04 11.91

2001 13.81 13.90 13.25 14.57 12.28

2002 13.98 14.30 13.26 13.83 12.31

2003 14.16 14.32 13.25 14.52 12.74

2004 13.98 14.14 12.95 14.10 12.47

2005 13.75 14.10 12.49 14.75 12.22

2006 14.00 14.12 12.69 14.92 12.05

2007 13.83 13.98 12.60 14.14 11.85

2008 13.63 13.98 12.49 14.50 12.23

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2009 13.91 14.16 13.02 14.72 12.35

2010 13.77 14.03 12.96 14.56 11.98

2011 13.56 13.78 12.58 14.25 11.79

2012 13.38 13.63 12.37 13.82 11.62

2013 13.32 13.54 12.26 14.03 11.59

2014 13.33 13.76 12.05 14.20 12.00

2015 13.60 14.04 12.21 14.36 12.19

2016 14.00 14.24 12.49 14.79 12.69

Women

1979 11.17 11.17 10.96 – 10.62

1980 10.97 11.00 10.78 – 10.50

1981 10.86 10.86 10.63 – 10.41

1982 11.03 11.03 10.74 – 10.36

1983 11.01 11.03 10.83 – 10.14

1984 10.95 10.97 10.73 – 10.24

1985 10.91 10.94 10.72 – 10.26

1986 11.15 11.19 10.82 – 10.46

1987 11.31 11.35 10.91 – 10.32

1988 11.41 11.45 10.96 – 10.31

1989 11.42 11.46 10.99 – 10.34

1990 11.48 11.52 11.11 – 10.34

1991 11.60 11.62 11.25 – 10.27

1992 11.68 11.73 11.14 – 10.35

1993 11.65 11.72 11.24 – 10.33

1994 11.62 11.76 11.11 – 10.26

1995 11.67 11.80 11.14 – 10.33

1996 11.78 11.88 10.98 – 10.32

1997 11.85 11.94 11.33 – 10.18

1998 12.12 12.27 11.63 – 10.63

1999 12.45 12.58 11.71 – 10.75

2000 12.64 12.68 12.36 13.63 11.00

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2001 13.06 13.18 12.40 13.64 11.22

2002 13.20 13.27 12.62 13.48 11.40

2003 13.16 13.20 12.94 13.94 11.59

2004 12.92 12.97 12.62 13.43 11.49

2005 12.67 12.90 12.20 14.30 11.28

2006 12.68 12.82 12.04 14.23 11.31

2007 12.71 12.80 12.09 13.69 11.34

2008 12.81 13.04 12.02 13.66 11.23

2009 13.15 13.23 12.32 14.17 11.29

2010 13.03 13.08 12.33 13.67 11.13

2011 12.79 12.86 12.04 13.66 10.94

2012 12.53 12.62 11.73 13.32 10.67

2013 12.48 12.57 11.88 13.43 10.80

2014 12.35 12.56 11.73 13.42 10.87

2015 12.71 12.98 11.84 13.97 11.21

2016 13.01 13.20 12.09 14.07 11.79

Men

1979 17.44 17.87 15.09 – 14.78

1980 16.94 17.31 14.39 – 13.97

1981 16.68 17.03 14.75 – 13.63

1982 16.39 16.70 14.28 – 13.71

1983 15.87 16.22 13.67 – 13.33

1984 15.68 15.99 13.57 – 13.30

1985 15.60 16.13 13.09 – 12.91

1986 15.88 16.28 13.74 – 12.95

1987 15.70 16.02 13.62 – 12.87

1988 15.45 15.74 13.55 – 12.71

1989 15.14 15.48 13.21 – 12.45

1990 14.74 15.24 13.14 – 12.01

1991 14.76 15.15 13.01 – 11.82

1992 14.55 14.92 12.79 – 11.73

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one 

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians 

constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research 

series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1993 14.50 14.84 12.55 – 11.65

1994 14.42 14.76 12.69 – 11.49

1995 14.44 15.05 12.77 – 11.36

1996 14.51 14.92 12.47 – 11.62

1997 14.67 14.87 12.94 – 11.79

1998 14.82 14.99 13.39 – 12.14

1999 14.86 15.29 14.08 – 12.41

2000 15.08 15.27 13.92 15.05 12.61

2001 15.34 15.73 13.79 16.04 13.10

2002 15.54 15.83 13.67 14.71 13.24

2003 15.52 15.70 14.11 15.52 13.09

2004 15.27 15.45 13.82 15.12 12.73

2005 14.94 15.32 13.39 15.66 12.52

2006 15.10 15.33 13.60 15.69 12.90

2007 14.99 15.30 13.39 15.30 12.81

2008 15.01 15.44 13.37 15.64 13.19

2009 15.39 15.60 13.72 15.67 13.33

2010 15.15 15.39 13.39 15.54 12.92

2011 14.73 14.96 12.87 15.21 12.60

2012 14.50 14.81 12.75 14.79 12.50

2013 14.42 14.67 12.52 14.67 12.35

2014 14.59 15.07 12.38 14.87 12.56

2015 14.85 15.11 12.81 15.05 13.08

2016 14.96 15.13 13.06 15.04 13.83

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 

annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979 $241 $172 $144 $186 $265 $255 $280 $276 $262 $198

1980 262 187 154 200 286 276 302 298 285 203

1981 284 200 161 213 308 296 326 320 309 222

1982 302 208 164 220 327 311 354 345 325 253

1983 313 211 164 223 343 321 370 367 346 261

1984 326 217 169 231 362 335 389 385 366 272

1985 344 224 174 240 379 349 406 400 381 297

1986 359 232 178 248 391 360 419 416 397 298

1987 374 243 186 259 403 373 435 429 405 310

1988 385 249 196 266 414 383 450 453 419 323

1989 399 259 204 276 427 394 472 472 431 334

1990 412 269 209 285 449 407 486 489 457 343

1991 426 277 213 291 467 415 498 507 469 381

1992 440 276 212 290 479 422 503 522 483 378

1993 459 282 214 297 491 436 517 542 492 393

1994 467 286 221 300 500 439 537 566 501 384

1995 479 292 231 306 510 451 550 582 514 389

1996 490 298 240 312 520 463 559 594 535 384

1997 503 306 252 321 540 481 579 607 558 393

1998 523 319 268 339 572 502 597 620 592 405

1999 549 341 281 363 592 518 611 652 604 404

2000 576 361 297 383 609 549 625 669 620 463

2001 596 375 305 394 630 576 657 693 638 488

2002 608 381 305 399 646 591 668 706 674 502

2003 620 387 311 402 662 594 687 723 708 516

2004 638 390 309 406 683 604 713 743 725 560

2005 651 397 318 411 696 610 731 748 742 569

2006 671 409 324 423 718 621 748 773 765 583

2007 695 424 337 450 738 643 769 790 803 605

2008 722 443 349 467 761 666 804 822 825 644

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2009 739 442 344 464 774 678 817 838 841 684

2010 747 432 347 454 782 682 824 844 860 684

2011 756 440 352 457 797 693 837 866 881 742

2012 768 444 356 464 815 707 858 878 897 757

2013 776 454 373 472 827 708 874 883 904 801

2014 791 477 378 491 839 726 881 899 911 824

2015 809 487 389 501 860 735 900 923 927 873

2016 832 501 405 513 885 751 934 955 952 866

Women

1979 182 154 132 161 195 199 196 192 189 170

1980 201 167 145 175 213 218 214 209 205 175

1981 219 180 154 191 233 239 238 225 222 189

1982 239 192 158 201 255 258 258 252 245 211

1983 252 198 158 207 268 272 272 264 257 212

1984 265 203 162 213 283 285 292 279 270 219

1985 277 211 166 221 296 296 307 292 285 242

1986 291 219 170 231 308 306 319 308 296 256

1987 303 227 172 242 321 316 337 324 308 261

1988 315 235 184 251 335 327 354 339 317 280

1989 328 246 197 260 351 340 370 357 333 292

1990 346 254 198 269 369 356 390 377 348 300

1991 366 266 205 280 387 371 407 398 363 319

1992 380 267 205 280 400 382 418 417 376 328

1993 393 273 205 289 415 395 435 440 395 335

1994 399 276 211 290 421 397 448 450 398 336

1995 406 275 215 291 428 403 453 464 403 353

1996 418 284 223 298 444 415 463 481 420 334

1997 431 292 240 306 462 427 482 495 433 348

1998 456 305 249 319 485 451 498 516 476 350

1999 473 324 266 343 497 470 503 534 492 370

2000 493 344 283 366 516 493 521 564 508 392

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2001 512 353 288 375 543 512 547 587 536 390

2002 529 367 295 385 568 530 571 602 574 430

2003 552 371 299 387 584 546 590 609 601 435

2004 573 375 293 391 599 561 608 625 615 478

2005 585 381 304 396 612 573 621 644 639 492

2006 600 395 305 413 627 583 645 659 658 510

2007 614 409 318 426 646 597 668 677 679 534

2008 638 420 322 445 670 623 682 707 711 563

2009 657 424 323 445 687 634 709 712 727 602

2010 669 422 336 439 704 648 731 730 736 601

2011 684 421 328 438 718 662 734 744 749 664

2012 691 416 330 429 727 666 747 746 766 667

2013 706 423 350 442 740 665 767 761 779 691

2014 719 451 357 468 752 679 781 780 780 740

2015 726 450 364 468 761 690 804 799 784 740

2016 749 486 388 500 784 705 839 836 812 749

Men

1979 292 196 155 211 314 295 336 338 312 219

1980 313 208 162 224 339 314 367 367 345 229

1981 340 218 168 237 372 340 397 396 377 266

1982 364 225 170 244 393 358 422 419 399 300

1983 379 223 168 242 407 371 442 444 416 308

1984 392 231 174 250 422 382 471 470 439 328

1985 407 241 183 258 443 394 487 489 467 367

1986 419 246 186 264 463 402 499 506 484 358

1987 434 257 196 275 477 412 510 520 495 380

1988 449 262 205 279 487 421 517 549 509 395

1989 468 271 209 290 500 434 542 569 521 393

1990 481 282 218 298 512 449 560 591 546 403

1991 493 285 219 300 523 458 576 612 563 467

1992 501 284 218 297 536 466 581 634 579 421

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1993 510 288 221 303 555 476 596 653 586 451

1994 522 294 228 307 576 479 617 671 603 441

1995 538 303 244 315 588 490 624 685 623 441

1996 557 307 251 321 599 499 632 698 643 477

1997 579 317 262 338 615 515 651 713 669 452

1998 598 334 281 357 639 544 677 732 699 482

1999 618 356 291 379 668 577 702 763 725 470

2000 641 375 306 395 693 598 728 771 735 522

2001 670 391 319 408 720 617 754 799 760 565

2002 679 391 312 410 732 627 759 807 802 583

2003 695 398 321 412 744 628 775 834 827 612

2004 713 400 318 417 762 639 804 857 843 641

2005 722 409 330 422 771 644 822 853 855 644

2006 743 418 348 435 797 661 836 897 902 658

2007 766 443 357 472 823 687 873 909 933 686

2008 798 461 369 481 857 704 915 944 943 753

2009 819 458 356 479 873 715 916 967 965 791

2010 824 443 355 468 874 714 915 954 979 794

2011 832 455 370 470 886 717 935 979 997 821

2012 854 468 373 482 910 738 957 994 1,005 860

2013 860 479 390 492 912 744 956 994 1,011 937

2014 871 493 392 507 922 755 964 1,011 1,021 942

2015 895 510 407 522 947 770 983 1,040 1,064 1,003

2016 915 512 419 523 969 794 1,007 1,075 1,102 992

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 – $194

1980 262 269 212 – 209

1981 284 291 235 – 223

1982 302 310 245 – 240

1983 313 320 261 – 250

1984 326 336 269 – 259

1985 344 356 277 – 270

1986 359 371 291 – 277

1987 374 384 301 – 285

1988 385 395 314 – 290

1989 399 409 319 – 298

1990 412 424 329 – 304

1991 426 442 348 – 312

1992 440 458 357 – 321

1993 459 475 369 – 331

1994 467 484 371 – 324

1995 479 494 383 – 329

1996 490 506 387 – 339

1997 503 519 400 – 351

1998 523 545 426 – 370

1999 549 573 445 – 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

Women

1979 182 184 169 – 157

1980 201 203 185 – 172

1981 219 221 206 – 190

1982 239 242 217 – 203

1983 252 254 232 – 215

1984 265 268 241 – 223

1985 277 281 252 – 230

1986 291 294 264 – 241

1987 303 307 276 – 251

1988 315 318 288 – 260

1989 328 334 301 – 269

1990 346 353 308 – 278

1991 366 373 323 – 292

1992 380 387 335 – 302

1993 393 401 348 – 313

1994 399 408 346 – 305

1995 406 415 355 – 305

1996 418 428 362 – 316

1997 431 444 375 – 318

1998 456 468 400 – 337

1999 473 483 409 – 348

2000 493 502 429 547 366

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

Men

1979 292 298 227 – 219

1980 313 320 244 – 234

1981 340 350 268 – 251

1982 364 375 278 – 269

1983 379 387 294 – 274

1984 392 401 303 – 287

1985 407 418 305 – 296

1986 419 433 319 – 299

1987 434 450 327 – 306

1988 449 465 348 – 308

1989 468 482 348 – 315

1990 481 494 361 – 318

1991 493 506 375 – 323

1992 501 514 380 – 339

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one 

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians 

constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1993 510 524 392 – 346

1994 522 547 400 – 343

1995 538 566 411 – 350

1996 557 580 412 – 356

1997 579 595 432 – 371

1998 598 615 468 – 390

1999 618 638 488 – 406

2000 641 662 510 685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Total

1979 $265 $210 $249 $282 $344

1980 286 222 266 304 376

1981 308 240 286 324 407

1982 327 248 302 351 438

1983 343 256 311 363 461

1984 362 263 323 382 486

1985 379 270 333 399 506

1986 391 278 344 409 525

1987 403 284 356 421 564

1988 414 288 368 430 585

1989 427 297 375 452 609

1990 449 303 386 476 638

1991 467 307 397 489 666

1992 479 311 403 484 696

1993 491 314 415 494 715

1994 500 307 421 499 733

1995 510 309 432 508 747

1996 520 317 443 518 758

1997 540 321 461 535 779

1998 572 337 479 558 821

1999 592 346 490 580 860

2000 609 362 505 596 891

2001 630 382 520 617 921

2002 646 388 535 629 941

2003 662 396 554 639 964

2004 683 401 574 661 986

2005 696 409 583 670 1,013

2006 718 419 595 692 1,039

2007 738 428 604 704 1,072

2008 761 453 618 722 1,115

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2016 annual averages 

(in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 104

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

2009 774 454 626 726 1,137

2010 782 444 626 734 1,144

2011 797 451 638 739 1,150

2012 815 471 652 749 1,165

2013 827 472 651 748 1,194

2014 839 488 668 761 1,193

2015 860 493 678 762 1,230

2016 885 504 692 779 1,259

Women

1979 195 152 185 211 264

1980 213 164 201 231 290

1981 233 175 217 255 318

1982 255 184 236 274 346

1983 268 195 246 288 369

1984 283 200 259 305 390

1985 296 202 268 317 414

1986 308 208 277 330 436

1987 321 214 288 347 466

1988 335 221 298 360 485

1989 351 231 304 379 507

1990 369 240 315 395 535

1991 387 250 328 409 562

1992 400 256 337 407 594

1993 415 263 347 422 611

1994 421 257 351 423 634

1995 428 262 356 427 644

1996 444 268 365 442 657

1997 462 275 378 459 672

1998 485 283 396 476 707

1999 497 290 405 488 740

2000 516 304 420 505 756

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2016 annual averages 

(in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

2001 543 316 443 520 786

2002 568 325 458 543 809

2003 584 329 474 560 832

2004 599 334 488 577 860

2005 612 341 493 587 883

2006 627 358 500 602 905

2007 646 369 512 609 932

2008 670 378 520 628 955

2009 687 382 542 630 970

2010 704 388 543 638 986

2011 718 395 554 645 998

2012 727 386 561 659 1,001

2013 740 400 573 657 1,043

2014 752 409 578 661 1,049

2015 761 418 586 664 1,064

2016 784 423 599 688 1,101

Men

1979 314 252 308 329 396

1980 339 267 327 358 427

1981 372 286 356 389 475

1982 393 293 374 411 503

1983 407 301 388 422 518

1984 422 308 399 446 562

1985 443 314 407 472 590

1986 463 321 416 485 618

1987 477 324 423 497 653

1988 487 332 437 503 679

1989 500 346 450 517 705

1990 512 349 459 542 741

1991 523 349 470 563 764

1992 536 351 479 555 791

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2016 annual averages 

(in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 106

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

1993 555 356 487 572 806

1994 576 342 496 587 826

1995 588 347 507 596 845

1996 599 357 516 604 874

1997 615 365 535 621 896

1998 639 383 559 643 939

1999 668 395 580 665 977

2000 693 406 591 691 1,020

2001 720 419 609 723 1,067

2002 732 421 617 731 1,090

2003 744 429 628 740 1,131

2004 762 446 645 761 1,143

2005 771 455 652 766 1,167

2006 797 469 678 796 1,205

2007 823 481 689 810 1,243

2008 857 497 709 830 1,285

2009 873 500 716 835 1,327

2010 874 486 710 845 1,330

2011 886 488 720 840 1,332

2012 910 508 735 857 1,371

2013 912 500 732 858 1,395

2014 922 517 751 872 1,385

2015 947 520 759 883 1,420

2016 969 551 769 896 1,464

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2016 annual averages 

(in current dollars)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979 $4.44 $3.49 $3.10 $4.02 $5.11 $5.20 $5.29 $5.16 $4.97 $3.23

1980 4.82 3.71 3.22 4.29 5.55 5.66 5.76 5.65 5.39 3.56

1981 5.15 3.97 3.58 4.61 5.99 6.09 6.20 6.01 5.81 3.92

1982 5.40 4.05 3.60 4.66 6.28 6.35 6.61 6.42 6.11 4.12

1983 5.59 4.08 3.61 4.69 6.55 6.50 6.91 6.73 6.41 4.40

1984 5.83 4.18 3.65 4.82 6.84 6.77 7.17 7.08 6.62 4.63

1985 6.03 4.26 3.67 4.94 7.05 6.92 7.49 7.37 6.91 4.74

1986 6.20 4.41 3.71 5.06 7.23 7.01 7.79 7.73 7.17 4.97

1987 6.47 4.59 3.81 5.21 7.46 7.19 7.94 7.86 7.42 5.08

1988 6.73 4.79 4.03 5.38 7.74 7.43 8.17 8.16 7.48 5.23

1989 6.99 4.95 4.22 5.65 7.94 7.64 8.56 8.42 7.82 5.42

1990 7.23 5.16 4.49 5.91 8.16 7.90 8.82 8.79 8.02 5.75

1991 7.50 5.26 4.69 6.00 8.48 8.04 9.17 9.11 8.19 5.94

1992 7.72 5.37 4.73 6.03 8.73 8.17 9.38 9.52 8.48 6.14

1993 7.87 5.51 4.80 6.15 8.95 8.27 9.61 9.86 8.90 6.39

1994 8.01 5.62 4.91 6.22 9.12 8.38 9.92 10.02 9.02 6.39

1995 8.17 5.80 5.04 6.42 9.36 8.71 10.02 10.13 9.20 6.65

1996 8.40 5.94 5.17 6.69 9.62 8.82 10.14 10.24 9.39 6.77

1997 8.75 6.15 5.51 6.91 9.87 9.04 10.36 10.60 9.73 6.89

1998 9.10 6.58 5.88 7.24 10.13 9.65 10.86 10.96 10.08 7.40

1999 9.53 6.87 6.08 7.74 10.47 9.98 11.02 11.33 10.38 7.70

2000 9.91 7.24 6.41 8.07 10.88 10.18 11.35 11.82 10.82 8.05

2001 10.19 7.69 6.76 8.38 11.40 10.67 11.97 12.17 11.37 8.53

2002 10.47 7.81 6.91 8.47 11.83 10.98 12.18 12.46 11.85 9.07

2003 10.85 7.90 6.93 8.66 12.05 11.25 12.46 12.97 12.19 9.19

2004 11.00 7.98 7.00 8.78 12.23 11.37 12.89 13.23 12.58 9.62

2005 11.19 8.07 7.05 8.91 12.48 11.76 13.11 13.48 12.95 9.93

2006 11.76 8.24 7.23 9.16 12.94 11.95 13.49 14.03 13.33 10.15

2007 11.95 8.65 7.57 9.66 13.16 12.05 13.93 14.39 13.71 10.37

2008 12.23 8.87 7.84 9.76 13.81 12.50 14.38 14.87 14.20 10.89

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2009 12.44 8.90 7.92 9.77 13.91 12.60 14.59 14.85 14.70 11.49

2010 12.50 8.90 8.00 9.53 13.98 12.53 14.61 14.98 14.89 11.55

2011 12.71 8.97 8.06 9.61 14.12 12.71 14.83 15.00 15.07 12.19

2012 12.80 9.05 8.10 9.70 14.25 12.82 14.86 15.07 15.39 12.21

2013 12.93 9.16 8.19 9.83 14.50 12.88 14.98 15.17 15.62 12.47

2014 13.14 9.55 8.43 9.98 14.80 13.13 15.11 15.39 15.36 13.02

2015 13.44 9.85 8.85 10.14 14.91 13.60 15.16 15.84 15.91 13.08

2016 14.00 10.12 9.20 10.79 15.13 14.00 15.77 16.29 16.20 13.77

Women

1979 3.62 3.19 3.03 3.52 3.90 4.04 3.97 3.84 3.75 3.12

1980 3.95 3.45 3.14 3.79 4.24 4.44 4.29 4.23 4.08 3.38

1981 4.28 3.71 3.52 4.09 4.69 4.89 4.77 4.59 4.43 3.71

1982 4.61 3.78 3.55 4.19 5.02 5.19 5.08 4.95 4.80 3.93

1983 4.80 3.82 3.55 4.26 5.23 5.44 5.31 5.19 5.07 4.16

1984 4.97 3.93 3.59 4.36 5.48 5.60 5.61 5.51 5.27 4.37

1985 5.13 4.01 3.61 4.56 5.73 5.79 5.91 5.76 5.46 4.43

1986 5.33 4.11 3.65 4.71 5.95 5.95 6.13 5.99 5.75 4.73

1987 5.60 4.22 3.71 4.89 6.16 6.14 6.35 6.28 6.03 4.85

1988 5.84 4.48 3.91 5.05 6.44 6.36 6.76 6.59 6.08 5.12

1989 6.11 4.69 4.10 5.23 6.78 6.68 7.10 6.90 6.38 5.14

1990 6.44 4.95 4.35 5.57 7.07 7.01 7.37 7.16 6.73 5.45

1991 6.75 5.08 4.64 5.71 7.34 7.19 7.73 7.61 6.95 5.76

1992 6.96 5.16 4.69 5.77 7.65 7.45 7.99 7.94 7.20 5.97

1993 7.12 5.27 4.73 5.96 7.87 7.61 8.16 8.18 7.56 6.18

1994 7.25 5.32 4.83 5.98 8.05 7.78 8.44 8.46 7.82 6.24

1995 7.46 5.49 4.94 6.09 8.17 7.92 8.63 8.72 7.93 6.45

1996 7.73 5.68 5.09 6.26 8.43 8.06 8.89 8.94 8.07 6.45

1997 7.94 5.95 5.42 6.55 8.75 8.20 9.14 9.26 8.31 6.83

1998 8.23 6.24 5.78 6.93 9.13 8.80 9.66 9.78 8.85 7.21

1999 8.64 6.60 5.98 7.22 9.53 9.10 9.83 9.95 9.33 7.50

2000 9.06 7.00 6.23 7.80 9.89 9.69 10.03 10.18 9.84 7.87

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

2001 9.64 7.25 6.61 8.00 10.20 9.94 10.44 10.85 10.39 8.14

2002 9.89 7.45 6.80 8.11 10.71 10.12 10.98 11.18 10.81 8.73

2003 10.08 7.59 6.85 8.19 11.01 10.51 11.17 11.79 11.05 8.84

2004 10.17 7.71 6.86 8.32 11.23 10.62 11.45 11.95 11.57 9.16

2005 10.31 7.80 6.92 8.50 11.58 10.86 11.84 12.13 11.86 9.82

2006 10.65 7.99 7.11 8.82 11.87 11.07 12.05 12.26 12.12 9.97

2007 10.98 8.15 7.41 9.00 12.05 11.21 12.36 12.85 12.23 10.15

2008 11.49 8.43 7.71 9.16 12.48 11.72 12.89 13.16 13.00 10.53

2009 11.76 8.58 7.82 9.19 12.76 11.96 13.00 13.09 13.59 11.11

2010 11.83 8.62 7.91 9.08 12.88 12.04 13.12 13.50 13.68 11.18

2011 11.98 8.73 7.96 9.16 13.10 12.12 13.44 13.76 14.03 11.76

2012 11.99 8.78 8.02 9.17 13.17 12.15 13.46 13.80 14.36 11.84

2013 12.12 8.93 8.09 9.40 13.36 12.23 13.77 13.94 14.53 12.22

2014 12.18 9.14 8.29 9.77 13.50 12.25 14.00 14.14 14.19 12.47

2015 12.56 9.54 8.75 9.95 13.92 12.89 14.13 14.80 14.77 12.66

2016 13.01 10.00 9.07 10.25 14.23 13.08 14.75 14.97 15.10 13.02

Men

1979 5.65 3.90 3.19 4.64 6.69 6.38 7.12 7.10 6.59 3.56

1980 6.10 4.10 3.37 4.92 7.22 6.93 7.81 7.78 7.24 3.79

1981 6.57 4.31 3.64 5.11 7.78 7.33 8.30 8.49 7.88 4.21

1982 6.85 4.38 3.66 5.12 8.08 7.67 8.89 8.88 8.14 4.46

1983 6.92 4.38 3.67 5.05 8.31 7.74 9.22 9.16 8.74 4.75

1984 7.12 4.57 3.72 5.16 8.60 7.88 9.51 9.69 8.86 4.91

1985 7.33 4.68 3.75 5.23 8.85 8.00 9.80 9.97 9.04 4.99

1986 7.59 4.79 3.82 5.43 9.02 8.03 9.99 10.15 9.54 5.18

1987 7.77 4.91 3.95 5.68 9.16 8.26 10.10 10.24 9.72 5.32

1988 7.91 5.03 4.14 5.79 9.38 8.41 10.22 10.69 9.74 5.52

1989 8.10 5.17 4.39 6.02 9.71 8.56 10.59 10.88 10.00 5.90

1990 8.27 5.44 4.64 6.18 9.84 8.83 10.73 11.13 10.17 6.08

1991 8.59 5.58 4.74 6.23 9.98 8.94 10.98 11.71 10.08 6.22

1992 8.67 5.65 4.80 6.24 10.06 9.02 10.93 12.02 10.39 6.45

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years 25 years and older

Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

1993 8.86 5.75 4.87 6.33 10.18 9.10 11.16 12.15 10.96 6.71

1994 9.00 5.88 4.98 6.56 10.29 9.10 11.50 12.10 11.06 6.64

1995 9.23 6.04 5.14 6.82 10.73 9.46 11.89 12.32 11.11 6.85

1996 9.52 6.17 5.25 6.99 10.78 9.70 11.91 12.40 11.15 7.04

1997 9.83 6.45 5.61 7.18 11.10 9.92 12.07 12.80 11.79 6.96

1998 10.06 6.91 5.98 7.78 11.72 10.22 12.48 13.04 12.22 7.74

1999 10.31 7.12 6.18 8.03 12.00 10.84 12.78 13.68 12.21 7.86

2000 10.81 7.63 6.64 8.39 12.24 10.97 13.14 13.90 12.81 8.31

2001 11.32 8.01 6.90 8.92 12.88 11.58 13.92 14.25 12.95 9.00

2002 11.64 8.05 7.02 8.88 13.05 11.89 13.96 14.40 13.38 9.78

2003 11.89 8.14 7.02 9.00 13.25 12.01 14.13 14.93 14.09 9.79

2004 12.02 8.21 7.15 9.07 13.74 12.03 14.60 15.11 14.54 9.90

2005 12.16 8.42 7.21 9.20 13.91 12.17 14.88 15.13 14.79 10.04

2006 12.68 8.79 7.43 9.75 14.27 12.63 15.06 16.04 15.04 10.72

2007 12.95 9.13 7.77 9.96 14.75 12.83 15.17 16.15 15.45 11.01

2008 13.46 9.24 7.98 10.00 15.03 13.47 16.02 16.82 15.90 11.50

2009 13.76 9.22 8.05 9.99 15.07 13.20 16.10 16.99 16.09 12.00

2010 13.76 9.21 8.09 9.90 15.04 13.10 15.83 16.89 16.45 11.92

2011 13.80 9.23 8.16 9.90 15.11 13.18 16.03 16.88 17.07 12.85

2012 13.88 9.44 8.19 9.97 15.17 13.28 16.05 16.99 17.28 13.03

2013 14.00 9.67 8.37 10.00 15.27 13.42 16.21 17.17 17.28 12.88

2014 14.39 9.89 8.63 10.15 15.76 14.08 16.55 17.41 17.46 13.98

2015 14.67 10.03 8.97 10.64 15.86 14.17 16.48 17.55 17.99 14.15

2016 14.96 10.24 9.48 11.15 16.25 14.83 17.20 18.03 18.05 14.78

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
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Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $4.44 $4.51 $4.11 – $4.08

1980 4.82 4.88 4.44 – 4.44

1981 5.15 5.18 4.90 – 4.81

1982 5.40 5.47 5.06 – 5.01

1983 5.59 5.66 5.15 – 5.09

1984 5.83 5.90 5.36 – 5.27

1985 6.03 6.10 5.50 – 5.47

1986 6.20 6.28 5.80 – 5.65

1987 6.47 6.56 5.99 – 5.82

1988 6.73 6.81 6.15 – 5.95

1989 6.99 7.08 6.43 – 6.07

1990 7.23 7.33 6.81 – 6.28

1991 7.50 7.61 7.00 – 6.46

1992 7.72 7.82 7.06 – 6.65

1993 7.87 7.97 7.18 – 6.83

1994 8.01 8.11 7.29 – 6.93

1995 8.17 8.32 7.66 – 7.00

1996 8.40 8.57 7.76 – 7.17

1997 8.75 8.88 8.01 – 7.39

1998 9.10 9.22 8.39 – 7.92

1999 9.53 9.74 8.85 – 8.07

2000 9.91 9.96 9.34 $10.07 8.54

2001 10.19 10.26 9.78 10.75 9.06

2002 10.47 10.71 9.93 10.36 9.22

2003 10.85 10.97 10.15 11.12 9.76

2004 11.00 11.13 10.19 11.10 9.81

2005 11.19 11.48 10.17 12.01 9.95

2006 11.76 11.86 10.66 12.53 10.12

2007 11.95 12.08 10.89 12.22 10.24

2008 12.23 12.54 11.20 13.01 10.97

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2009 12.44 12.66 11.64 13.16 11.04

2010 12.50 12.74 11.77 13.22 10.88

2011 12.71 12.91 11.79 13.35 11.05

2012 12.80 13.04 11.84 13.23 11.12

2013 12.93 13.15 11.90 13.62 11.25

2014 13.14 13.57 11.88 14.00 11.83

2015 13.44 13.87 12.06 14.19 12.04

2016 14.00 14.24 12.49 14.79 12.69

Women

1979 3.62 3.62 3.55 – 3.44

1980 3.95 3.96 3.88 – 3.78

1981 4.28 4.28 4.19 – 4.10

1982 4.61 4.61 4.49 – 4.33

1983 4.80 4.81 4.72 – 4.42

1984 4.97 4.98 4.87 – 4.65

1985 5.13 5.14 5.04 – 4.82

1986 5.33 5.35 5.17 – 5.00

1987 5.60 5.62 5.40 – 5.11

1988 5.84 5.86 5.61 – 5.28

1989 6.11 6.13 5.88 – 5.53

1990 6.44 6.46 6.23 – 5.80

1991 6.75 6.76 6.55 – 5.98

1992 6.96 6.99 6.64 – 6.17

1993 7.12 7.16 6.87 – 6.31

1994 7.25 7.34 6.93 – 6.40

1995 7.46 7.54 7.12 – 6.60

1996 7.73 7.79 7.20 – 6.77

1997 7.94 8.00 7.59 – 6.82

1998 8.23 8.33 7.90 – 7.22

1999 8.64 8.73 8.13 – 7.46

2000 9.06 9.09 8.86 9.77 7.89

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2001 9.64 9.73 9.15 10.07 8.28

2002 9.89 9.94 9.45 10.10 8.54

2003 10.08 10.11 9.91 10.68 8.88

2004 10.17 10.21 9.93 10.57 9.04

2005 10.31 10.50 9.93 11.64 9.18

2006 10.65 10.77 10.11 11.95 9.50

2007 10.98 11.06 10.45 11.83 9.80

2008 11.49 11.70 10.78 12.25 10.07

2009 11.76 11.83 11.01 12.67 10.09

2010 11.83 11.88 11.20 12.41 10.11

2011 11.98 12.05 11.28 12.80 10.25

2012 11.99 12.08 11.23 12.75 10.21

2013 12.12 12.21 11.54 13.04 10.49

2014 12.18 12.38 11.57 13.23 10.72

2015 12.56 12.82 11.70 13.80 11.08

2016 13.01 13.20 12.09 14.07 11.79

Men

1979 5.65 5.79 4.89 – 4.79

1980 6.10 6.23 5.18 – 5.03

1981 6.57 6.71 5.81 – 5.37

1982 6.85 6.98 5.97 – 5.73

1983 6.92 7.07 5.96 – 5.81

1984 7.12 7.26 6.16 – 6.04

1985 7.33 7.58 6.15 – 6.07

1986 7.59 7.78 6.57 – 6.19

1987 7.77 7.93 6.74 – 6.37

1988 7.91 8.06 6.94 – 6.51

1989 8.10 8.28 7.07 – 6.66

1990 8.27 8.55 7.37 – 6.74

1991 8.59 8.82 7.57 – 6.88

1992 8.67 8.89 7.62 – 6.99

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one 

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians 

constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1993 8.86 9.07 7.67 – 7.12

1994 9.00 9.21 7.92 – 7.17

1995 9.23 9.62 8.16 – 7.26

1996 9.52 9.79 8.18 – 7.62

1997 9.83 9.96 8.67 – 7.90

1998 10.06 10.18 9.09 – 8.24

1999 10.31 10.61 9.77 – 8.61

2000 10.81 10.95 9.98 10.79 9.04

2001 11.32 11.61 10.18 11.84 9.67

2002 11.64 11.86 10.24 11.02 9.92

2003 11.89 12.03 10.81 11.89 10.03

2004 12.02 12.16 10.88 11.90 10.02

2005 12.16 12.47 10.90 12.75 10.19

2006 12.68 12.88 11.42 13.18 10.84

2007 12.95 13.22 11.57 13.22 11.07

2008 13.46 13.85 11.99 14.03 11.83

2009 13.76 13.95 12.27 14.01 11.92

2010 13.76 13.97 12.16 14.11 11.73

2011 13.80 14.02 12.06 14.25 11.81

2012 13.88 14.17 12.20 14.15 11.96

2013 14.00 14.24 12.16 14.24 11.99

2014 14.39 14.86 12.21 14.66 12.38

2015 14.67 14.93 12.66 14.87 12.92

2016 14.96 15.13 13.06 15.04 13.83

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in 

current dollars)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the 

labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households 

representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS 

monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and 

unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain 

earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the 

women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For 

example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for 

differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings 

comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. 

Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s 

earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as 

age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made 

available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in 

kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. 

All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week 

at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per 

week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time 

employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, 

or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how 

much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for 

them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually 

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. 

The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a 

definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 

or 5 months.
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•

•

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having 

earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated 

weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated 

through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated 

for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-

year-olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age 

group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.

There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median 

boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as 

$600 or $700. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more 

slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings 

distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same 

rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, 

but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported 

interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be 

cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their 

job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates 

of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s 

sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers 

and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, 

would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the 

hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum 

wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers 

might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum 

wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or 

state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with 

hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor 

Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on 

whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage 
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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laws. For more information about the minimum wage exemptions in the FLSA, see the U.S. Department of Labor’s 

website, “Minimum Wage and Overtime Pay: Who is Covered.”

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below 

the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there 

are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to 

the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the estimates of the annual average number of minimum 

wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number 

Federal minimum wage Effective date

$2.90 January 1, 1979

$3.10 January 1, 1980

$3.35 January 1, 1981

$3.80 April 1, 1990

$4.25 April 1, 1991

$4.75 October 1, 1996

$5.15 September 1, 1997

$5.85 July 24, 2007

$6.55 July 24, 2008

$7.25 July 24, 2009
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned 

the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, 

White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in 

these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized 

as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. 

For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey 

Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and 

Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this 

report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, 

Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are 

included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown 

separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though 

one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as 

well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with 

intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. 

Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was 

employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had 

moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated 

definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods 

(CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements 

to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the 

official histories of CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical 

series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the 

CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further 

information, see Kenneth J. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed, “CPI research series using current methods, 1978–

98,” (Monthly Labor Review, June 1999) and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series Using 

Current Methods.”

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the 

CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median 

earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.
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Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, 

and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more 

groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. 

Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate 

differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. 

Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of 

the BLS website.