UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMERICAN HOSPITAL :

ASSOCIATION, et al., :

:

Plaintiffs, : Civil Action No.: 18-2084 (RC)

:

v. : Re Document No.: 69

:

XAVIER BECERRA, in his official capacity :

as the Secretary of Health and Human Services, :

et al., :

:

Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO HOLD UNLAWFUL AND 

REMEDY DEFENDANTS’ PAST UNDERPAYMENTS OF 340B DRUGS

I. INTRODUCTION

As part of its duty to administer the Medicare statute, the Department of Health and 

Human Services (“HHS”) establishes annual rates reimbursing hospitals for outpatient services 

and drugs through the Outpatient Prospective Payment System (“OPPS”). In American Hospital

Association v. Becerra, 142 S. Ct. 1896 (2022), the Supreme Court unanimously held that HHS 

exceeded its statutory authority by varying its 2018 and 2019 OPPS reimbursement rates for a 

particular group of hospitals—“340B hospitals”—without having first conducted a statutorily 

mandated survey of hospitals’ acquisition costs. Id. at 1899. Upon return to this Court to decide 

the issue of remedies, Plaintiffs, a group of hospital associations and non-profit hospitals, filed 

two separate motions. On September 28, 2022, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ first motion and 

vacated the prospective portion of the 340B reimbursement rate in the 2022 OPPS Rule. Am. 

Hosp. Ass’n v. Becerra (“AHA IV”), No. 18-cv-2084, 2022 WL 4534617, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 
2

2022). Now before the Court is Plaintiffs’ second motion, which looks backwards and seeks to 

remedy all of HHS’s underpayments to 340B hospitals under the unlawful reimbursement rates 

in OPPS Rules 2018–2022. Pls.’ Mot. to Hold Unlawful & Remedy Defs.’ Past Underpayment 

of 340B Drugs (“Mot.”), ECF No. 69.1 For the reasons described below, the Court concludes 

that HHS’s 340B reimbursement rates in the 2018–2022 OPPS Rules are unlawful. But rather 

that vacate those rules, it will remand without vacatur to give the agency the opportunity to

remediate its underpayments. 

II. BACKGROUND

This is the Court’s fifth opinion in this case, so it will assume familiarity with the facts

and provide only an overview of the litigation’s posture. This Court previously held that HHS

exceeded its statutory authority by reducing the 2018 Medicare reimbursement rate for 340B 

hospitals without having first conducted a statutorily mandated survey. See Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. 

Azar (“AHA I”), 348 F. Supp. 3d 62, 67–72 (D.D.C. 2018). After considering supplemental 

briefing on the issue of remedies, the Court decided to remand the 2018 and 2019 OPPS Rules to 

HHS without vacatur for the agency to take a “first crack at crafting appropriate remedial 

measures.” Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Azar (“AHA II”), 385 F. Supp. 3d 1, 3–4 (D.D.C. 2019). The 

Court reasoned that although vacatur was a possibility, remand was the better option given the 

“potentially serious administrative problems” and disruption that could result from vacatur. Id.

at 13. 

1 According to HHS, “claims for 340B-acquired drugs paid after [this Court’s] September 

28, 2022 ruling are paid at the default rate (generally ASP plus 6 percent).” 87 Fed. Reg. 71,748, 

71,973 (Nov. 23, 2022) (“2023 OPPS Final Rule”). Thus, the Court considers a remedy for the

2022 OPPS Rule in this Opinion only with respect to the portion of that rule preceding

September 28, 2022. 
3

The Court then entered final judgment to facilitate expeditious review of the case on the 

merits in the D.C. Circuit. Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Azar (“AHA III”), No. 18-cv-2084, 2019 WL 

3037306, at *1 (D.D.C. July 10, 2019). The D.C. Circuit reversed. Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Azar, 

967 F.3d 818, 820 (D.C. Cir. 2020). A divided panel held that “HHS’s decision to lower drug 

reimbursement rates for 340B hospitals rests on a reasonable interpretation of the Medicare 

statute.” Id. The D.C. Circuit first found that HHS was entitled to Chevron deference on its 

interpretation of the Medicare provision. Id. at 828. It then held that the Secretary was 

authorized to vary the 340B reimbursement rate under his “general adjustment authority.” Id. at 

834. Unsatisfied with this result, Plaintiffs sought review by the Supreme Court, which granted 

certiorari. Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Becerra, 141 S. Ct. 2883 (2021).

The Supreme Court reversed. In a unanimous opinion, the Supreme Court agreed with 

Plaintiffs’ slightly revised version of their argument that HHS had no authority to fix a different 

reimbursement rate for 340B hospitals without first conducting a statutorily mandated survey. 

Becerra, 142 S. Ct. at 1906; see 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(t)(14)(A)(iii)(I) (giving the Secretary 

authority to “vary” reimbursement rates “by hospital group” only if he relies on “hospital 

acquisition cost survey data”). The Supreme Court chose not to “address potential remedies,”

Becerra, 142 S. Ct. at 1903, instead remanding the case to the D.C. Circuit, which in turn 

remanded it to this Court, Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Becerra, No. 19-5048, 2022 WL 3061709, at *1 

(D.C. Cir. Aug. 3, 2022). 

On remand to this Court, Plaintiffs moved to supplement their complaint to challenge the 

340B reimbursement rates in the 2020, 2021, and 2022 OPPS Rules, and the Court granted this 

request. See Pls.’ Mot. for Leave to File 2d Suppl. Compl., ECF No. 66; Min. Order (Aug. 4, 
4

2022).2 At the same time, Plaintiffs filed two motions. The first motion sought to vacate the 

portion of the 340B reimbursement rate in the 2022 OPPS Rule that was still in effect for the 

remainder of this year. See Pls.’ Mot. Vacate Unlawful Portion of 2022 OPS Rule, ECF No. 67. 

The Court granted this motion in AHA IV. See AHA IV, 2022 WL 4534617, at *5. The Court 

began with the observation that “HHS admit[ted] that the 340B reimbursement rate in the 2022 

OPPS Rule is unlawful.” Id. at *2. Turning to the question of remedies, the Court found that the 

Allied-Signal factors both weighed in favor of vacatur because “[t]he deficiency in the 2022 Rule 

is serious” and “disruption would be minimal.” Id. at *3–4. The Court emphasized that unlike 

AHA II’s finding of significant disruption associated with “relief for past underpayments,” 

vacatur of a reimbursement rate with only “prospective effect” would not upset settled 

transactions and would have a relatively minimal impact on budget neutrality. Id. at *3 

(emphases in original); see also id. (“[A] quintessential disruptive consequence arises when an 

agency cannot easily unravel a past transaction in order to impose a new outcome.” (emphasis in 

original) (quoting Am. Great Lakes Ports Ass’n v. Schultz (“Am. Great Lakes II”), 962 F.3d 510, 

519 (D.C. Cir. 2020))). 

Now before the Court is Plaintiffs’ second motion, which seeks to remedy all of HHS’s

underpayments to 340B hospitals under the unlawful reimbursement rates in OPPS Rules 2018–

2022. ECF No. 69. The second motion is ripe for decision.

3

 

2 The hospital association Plaintiffs are the American Hospital Association (“AHA”), the 

Association of American Medical Colleges (“AAMC”), and America’s Essential Hospitals 

(“AEH”). See 2d Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 8–13, ECF No. 66-1. The non-profit hospital Plaintiffs are 

the Henry Ford Health (“Henry Ford Hospital”), Northern Light Health (“Northern Light”), and 

AdventHealth Hendersonville (“AdventHealth,” formerly called Park Ridge Health). See id. ¶¶ 

14–22. 

3 The Federation of American Hospitals filed an amicus brief on behalf of “more than 

1,000” non-340B hospitals, arguing that “the Medicare statute forecloses any attempt to offset 
5

III. ANALYSIS

The parties do not dispute that the 2018–2022 OPPS Rules are unlawful. Defs.’ Opp’n to 

Pls.’ Mot. to Hold Unlawful & Remedy Defs.’ Past Underpayment of 340B Drugs (“Opp’n”) at 

6, ECF No. 76; Pls.’ Reply in Support of Pls.’ Mot. to Hold Unlawful & Remedy Defs.’ Past 

Underpayment of 340B Drugs (“Reply”) at 4, ECF No. 77.

4

 So the Court must confront the 

same question as it did in AHA II: “how to ‘unscramble the egg’” and “determin[e] the proper 

remedy . . . given Medicare’s complexity.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 10. Here, as in AHA II, 

Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief. See Mot. at 6 (seeking court order for “prompt and full 

repayment of the difference between what 340B hospitals were paid and ASP plus 6%”). 

Defendants once again seek remand without vacatur. Opp’n at 1. Like AHA II, the Court 

concludes that remand without vacatur is most appropriate here.

A. Remand is Appropriate

Remand, rather than an injunction, is the better course. “[W]hen a district court reverses 

agency action and determines that the agency acted unlawfully, ordinarily the appropriate course 

is simply to identify a legal error and then remand to the agency, because the role of the district 

court in such situations is to act as an appellate tribunal.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 11 (quoting 

N. Air Cargo v. USPS, 674 F.3d 852, 861 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). Thus, when a plaintiff brings an 

APA claim “to set aside an unlawful agency action . . . it is the prerogative of the agency to 

decide in the first instance how best to provide relief.” Bennett v. Donovan, 703 F.3d 582, 589 

remedial payments through retroactive recoupment of funds from non-340B hospitals.” Amicus 

Curiae Br. at 1, 3, ECF No. 74. The Court will consider this amicus brief in its decision. 

4 Neither side addressed whether Plaintiffs satisfied their administrative exhaustion 

requirements to challenge the 2020–2022 OPPS Rules in court. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); AHA I, 

348 F. Supp. 3d at 76 (finding that Plaintiffs administratively exhausted challenge to 2018 OPPS 

Rule); AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 7 (finding that Plaintiffs administratively exhausted challenge 

to 2019 OPPS Rule). 
6

(D.C. Cir. 2013) (citing N. Air Cargo, 674 F.3d at 861). Indeed, in certain circumstances, “to 

order the agency to take specific actions is reversible error.” Flaherty v. Pritzker, 17 F. Supp. 3d 

52, 57 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Cnty. of Los Angeles v. Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). 

If the plaintiffs are “dissatisfied with [the agency’s] remedy [on remand], they would always 

have the option to seek review” of that remedy under the APA. Bennett, 703 F.3d at 589 

(citing 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)); accord Shands Jacksonville Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Azar, 959 F.3d 

1113, 1118 (D.C. Cir. 2020).

It is true that “[i]njunctive relief is typically appropriate when there is only one rational 

course for the [a]gency to follow upon remand.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 11 (cleaned up). 

Seizing this standard, Plaintiffs argue that the Supreme Court’s holding in Becerra “dictates a 

single possible remedy”: “repaying those hospitals that were unlawfully underpaid, from 2018 to 

the present, the difference between what they were paid and ASP plus 6%.” Mot. at 2, 4. But

the Supreme Court expressly declined to address the issue of remedies. See Becerra, 142 S. Ct. 

at 1903 (“At this stage, we need not address potential remedies.”). And this Court has already 

identified several potential remedies that the parties previously put on the table. See AHA II, 385 

F. Supp. 3d at 11 (“Plaintiffs note that there are multiple ways for HHS to remediate its 

underpayments, some more complicated than others.”); id. (“As the parties’ briefing makes clear, 

HHS has multiple courses on remand, including Plaintiffs’ proposed mechanism.”); id. n.15 

(listing examples). Thus, the Court is puzzled by Plaintiffs’ attempt to now characterize the 

remedial path as providing just one option, and it fails to see what exactly that option is. 

To the extent Plaintiffs seek an order commanding HHS to repay each underpaid claim to 

the penny, that cannot possibly be the only rational choice available to the agency. As Plaintiffs 

readily acknowledge, HHS could seek to implement a remedy such as a prospective one-time 
7

rate increase that avoids calculating individual claims. See Reply at 6 (favorably citing Shands 

Jacksonville Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Azar, 959 F.3d 1113, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 2020), which upheld as

reasonable the Secretary’s remedy of implementing a “one-year rate increase” that “would not 

precisely compensate each hospital for payments that were reduced under the [unlawful] Rule”); 

see also Opp’n at 10 (“[T]here are multiple ways for HHS to resolve the disputed claims . . . and 

not all those methods would pay hospitals ASP plus 6% on a drug-by-drug, claim-by-claim 

basis.”). 

Or perhaps Plaintiffs seek something more basic. To the extent Plaintiffs ask for an order 

“requiring ‘prompt’ repayment” without demanding any specific actions from the agency, Reply

at 6, it is unclear what practical effect such an order would achieve. Remand alone would 

presumably accomplish the same thing. See AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 4 (remanding to the 

agency “to resolve this issue promptly”); see also id. at 12 (noting that the cases Plaintiffs cited

showed that agencies remedied problem on remand without court-ordered injunction); cf. Black 

Oak Energy, LLC v. FERC, 725 F.3d 230, 244 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (remand without vacatur “is not 

an invitation to do nothing”). Indeed, HHS has already stated in its recently published 2023 

Final OPPS Rule that it “plan[s] to issue a separate proposed rule detailing [its] proposed remedy 

for CYs 2018 to CY 2022 in advance of the CY 2024 OPPS/ASC proposed rule.” 2023 OPPS 

Final Rule at 71,973. Thus, the Court will follow “the normal course in this jurisdiction under 

these circumstances: remand.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 12.5

5 The Court also denies Plaintiffs’ request for an injunction because they fail to describe 

how they satisfy the four-factor test for injunctive relief. See Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed 

Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 158 (2010) (holding that before issuing injunctive relief, “a court must 

determine that an injunction should issue under the traditional four-factor test” (emphasis in 

original)); Opp’n at 7–8. 
8

B. Vacatur is not Warranted

The Court turns next to the question of whether to remand with or without vacatur.6

“When a rule is contrary to law, the ‘ordinary practice is to vacate’ it.” Am. Bankers Ass’n v. 

Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 934 F.3d 649, 673 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). Even though 

“vacatur is the normal remedy,” the D.C. Circuit has stated that “a court [may] remand without 

vacating the agency’s action in limited circumstances.” Am. Great Lakes II, 962 F.3d at 518

(quoting Allina Health Servs. v. Sebelius, 746 F.3d 1102, 1110 (D.C. Cir. 2014)). “To determine 

whether to remand without vacatur, this court considers first, the seriousness of the [action’s] 

deficiencies, and, second, the likely disruptive consequences of vacatur.” Id. at 518–19 (cleaned 

up) (quoting Allied-Signal, Inc. v. Nuclear Regul. Comm’n, 988 F.2d 146, 150–51 (D.C. Cir. 

1993)). “Because vacatur is the default remedy . . . defendants bear the burden to prove that 

vacatur is unnecessary.” Friends of the Earth v. Haaland, 583 F. Supp. 3d 113, 156 n.29 

(D.D.C. 2022) (quoting Nat’l Parks Conservation Ass’n v. Semonite, 422 F. Supp. 3d 92, 99 

(D.D.C. 2019)).

Recall that AHA II concluded that remand without vacatur was appropriate for the 2018 

and 2019 OPPS Rules under the Allied-Signal factors because, although the deficiency in the 

340B reimbursement rates was “substantial,” “vacatur would likely be highly disruptive.” AHA 

II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 12–13. Here, the parties do not dispute that the first Allied-Signal factor 

continues to weigh in favor of vacatur, so the Court will focus on the second Allied-Signal

factor—that is, the potentially disruptive consequences of vacatur. Since AHA II, nothing has 

changed to suggest that vacatur is now the better option. In fact, because the number of unlawful 

6 Plaintiffs’ opening brief did not expressly request vacatur, but their reply brief clarified 

that they seek it. Reply at 9–10. Given the importance of this issue, the Court will consider it on 

the merits. 
9

transactions at issue has increased with the passage of time, the case for remand without vacatur 

has only grown stronger. 

The D.C. Circuit has recently noted that “a quintessential disruptive consequence arises 

when an agency cannot easily unravel a past transaction in order to impose a new outcome.” 

Am. Great Lakes II, 962 F.3d at 519. That is this case. Although AHA II already explained in 

detail the highly disruptive risks that would flow from vacatur in this context, the Court will 

elaborate on that analysis here. As a matter of law, “[w]hen a court vacates an agency’s rules, 

the vacatur restores the status quo before the invalid rule took effect[.]” Am. Great Lakes Ports 

Ass’n v. Zukunft (“Am. Great Lakes I”), 301 F. Supp. 3d 99, 103 (D.D.C. 2018) (citation 

omitted), aff’d sub nom. Am. Great Lakes II, 962 F.3d 510. Applying that principle here, 

vacatur would “set aside” the unlawful 340B reimbursement rates (ASP minus 22.5%) in the 

2018–2022 OPPS Rules, leaving the default rate from the 2017 OPPS Rule (ASP plus 6%) to

take their place and “be deemed operative for the entirety” of 2018–2022. Id. at 104. As AHA II

explained, “[w]hile those higher rates would address Plaintiffs’ harm, they would 

raise . . . potentially serious administrative problems.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 13. Then, as 

now, these weighty complications warrant remand without vacatur. 

One source of this disruption, AHA II explained, is HHS’s duty to maintain budgetneutral OPPS payments. According to HHS, “if the Secretary were to retroactively raise the 

2018 [through 2022] 340B rates, budget neutrality would require him to retroactively lower the 

2018 [through 2022] rates for other Medicare Part B products and services.” Id. But “because 

HHS has already processed claims under the previous rates, the Secretary would potentially be 

required to recoup certain payments made to providers; an expensive and time-consuming 

prospect.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that budget neutrality has no relevance here, even going so far as 
10

to call it a “[r]ed herring[].” Reply at 2; see also Amicus Curiae Br. at 4–11. They claim that 

“nothing in federal law requires—or even authorizes—[the agency] to retrospectively recoup 

funds to achieve budget neutrality.” Mot. at 7. HHS, unsurprisingly, disagrees. The parties

trade arguments on this issue, just as they did in AHA II. See AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 14 

(“The parties . . . strongly debate whether the Secretary’s remedial rate adjustments must be 

budget neutral.”). 

While AHA II expressly declined to resolve this issue, it noted that the D.C. Circuit has 

“suggested” that HHS’s remedial adjustments must be budget neutral. Id. (citing Amgen, Inc. v. 

Smith, 357 F.3d 103, 112 (D.C. Cir. 2004); see Amgen, 357 F.3d at 112 (noting that “judicially 

mandated changes in one [OPPS] payment rate would affect the aggregate impact of the 

Secretary’s decisions by requiring offsets elsewhere, and thereby interfere with the Secretary’s 

ability to ensure budget neutrality in each fiscal year”). Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish Amgen

by contending that this portion of the opinion is dicta and not based on the text of the relevant

budget neutrality provision. Reply at 12. But whether dicta or otherwise, “[a]t this stage, it 

suffices to say that the uncertainty surrounding this issue all but guarantees its resolution would 

be highly disruptive” in the event of vacatur. AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 14; see also Citrus 

HMA, LLC v. Becerra, No. 20-cv-707, 2022 WL 1062990, at *10 (D.D.C. Apr. 8, 2022)

(observing the parties’ disagreement concerning budget neutrality but remanding to HHS without

vacatur because “the Court agrees that the Secretary should address the appropriate adjustment 

of Plaintiffs’ reimbursement rates in the first instance”); Reply at 15 (acknowledging that 

“budget neutrality is an extremely complex process”). That uncertainty weighs against vacatur
11

because the second Allied-Signal factor only requires HHS to show the “likely,” as opposed to 

definite, consequences of vacatur. Am. Great Lakes II, 962 F.3d at 518.

7

As if the prospect of having to recoup over four years’ worth of overpayments were not 

disruptive enough, there is a risk that HHS may lack authority to recoup these funds at all

because of the presumption against retroactive rulemaking. Under this presumption, “a statutory 

grant of legislative rulemaking authority will not, as a general matter, be understood to 

encompass the power to promulgate retroactive rules unless that power is conveyed by Congress 

in express terms.” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 14 (quoting Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 

488 U.S. 204, 208 (1988)). Here, this presumption complicates vacatur because “[t]he Secretary 

may not be able to retroactively adjust 340B payments,” given that it would involve creating a 

backward-looking rule that attempts to recoup reimbursements that have already been doled out 

years ago. Id. at 15; see Heartland Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Sebelius, 566 F.3d 193, 198 (D.C. Cir. 

2009) (discussing, without resolving, the problem of retroactive rulemaking and concluding that 

“it [is] sufficient for the purpose of the second Allied–Signal factor that vacatur of the rural 

location requirement would have raised substantial doubt about HHS’s ability to recoup 

payments it made for years prior to reinstatement of that requirement”). Indeed, Plaintiffs and 

amicus’s position that HHS cannot retroactively recoup the funds, Reply at 14–15; Amicus 

Curiae Br. at 4–12, suggests that any attempt by HHS to proceed in this fashion “would almost 

7 For that reason, it is unnecessary for the Court to decide whether HHS’s remedial rate 

adjustments must be budget neutral. See AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 15 n.20 (observing that the

Court “need not decide” budget neutrality challenges “at this stage.”). Because the agency has 

yet to offer a remedy on remand (much less defend it in court), a premature ruling on this issue is 

unwarranted. See Pub. Serv. Elec. & Gas Co. v. FERC, 783 F.3d 1270, 1274 (D.C. Cir. 2015)

(“[T]he oldest and most consistent thread in the federal law of justiciability is that the federal 

courts will not give advisory opinions.” (citation omitted)); Opp’n at 18. 
12

certainly trigger litigation,” AHA II, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 15. “Remand may allow the agency to 

avoid the issue altogether.” Id.

One more consideration favors remand without vacatur: the staggering value and number 

of transactions at issue. Recall that AHA II only had occasion to consider a remedy for the 2018 

and 2019 OPPS Rules. This case now involves the 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 OPPS 

Rules. By some estimates, nearly $10 billion dollars of underpayments are at stake. See 2023 

OPPS Final Rule at 71,973 (commentators estimating $2 billion in 340B drug underpayments per 

year); id. at 71,974 (HHS approximating a $1.96 billion offset needed in 2023 for 340B drug 

reimbursements to return to default rate). In addition, vacatur could upset an enormous number 

of settled transactions that occurred in those years. Cf. Def.’s Response to Pls.’ Suppl. Notice at 

1, ECF No. 84 (noting that OPPS program as a whole “processes more than 100 million claims a 

year”). “Given the ‘complex prospective payment system’ at issue here, the Court concludes that 

vacating the 2018 [through 2022] OPPS Rules would do more harm than good.” AHA II, 385 F. 

Supp. 3d at 15 (quoting Amgen, 357 F.3d at 112). Therefore, the Court will remand without 

vacatur.

Finally, the Court declines Plaintiffs’ invitation to retain jurisdiction on remand. Courts 

in this District routinely remand without vacatur while declining to retain jurisdiction. See, e.g., 

Citrus, 2022 WL 1062990, at *10; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Ctr. and Rsch. Inst. Hosp. v. Azar, 324 

F. Supp. 3d 1, 19 (D.D.C. 2018); Am. Great Lakes I, 301 F. Supp. 3d at 105. Although the Court 

retained jurisdiction on remand in AHA II, it subsequently granted HHS’s motion for 

reconsideration and changed course in AHA III. See AHA III, 2019 WL 3037306, at *2. As the 

Court explained, the discretion to retain jurisdiction on remand “is typically reserved for cases 

alleging unreasonable delay of agency action or failure to comply with a statutory deadline, or 
13

for cases involving a history of agency noncompliance.” Id. (citing Baystate Med. Ctr. v. 

Leavitt, 587 F. Supp. 2d 37, 41 (D.D.C. 2008); Cobell v. Norton, 240 F.3d 1081, 1109 (D.C. Cir. 

2001)); accord Empire Health Found. v. Becerra, No. 20-cv-2149, 2022 WL 370559, at *5 

(D.D.C. Feb. 8, 2022). Plaintiffs claim that this case is suitable for the Court to retain 

jurisdiction because of an established pattern of “extreme agency delay,” but the Court does not 

see it that way. Reply at 17 (citation omitted). Following the Court’s instruction in AHA II to 

consider the matter on remand, HHS chose instead (as was its right) to appeal to the D.C. Circuit,

and, having won there, to defend its position in the Supreme Court. Following the Supreme 

Court’s decision in June of this year holding the 340B reimbursement rates unlawful, this Court 

has yet to give the agency an opportunity to remediate its underpayments. Cf. Baystate, 587 F. 

Supp. 2d at 41 n.5 (“The Court does not consider the years-long administrative litigation . . . to 

indicate recalcitrance and resistance to fulfilling legal duties, but instead to reflect the kind of 

hard-fought litigation that regularly occurs in cases involving programmatic relief and multimillion dollar payments.”). Moreover, HHS has indicated that it plans to issue a detailed 

proposed remedy prior to issuing the 2024 OPPS Rule. 2023 OPPS Final Rule at 71,973; Def.’s 

Response to Pls.’ Suppl. Notice at 1–2 (“[HHS] has committed to announcing [a remedy for 

claims submitted 2018 through September 27, 2022] through special notice-and-comment 

rulemaking, which it intends to complete before the 2024 OPPS rulemaking cycle is complete.”). 

Although the Court declines to retain jurisdiction, it expects that HHS will act promptly to 

remediate its underpayments. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiffs’ Motion to 

Hold Unlawful and Remedy Defendants’ Past Underpayments of 340B Drugs (ECF No. 69). 
14

The matter is remanded to HHS for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. An order 

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued. 

Dated: January 10, 2023 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge