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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016

In 2016, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.9 

percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among 

the race groups, the rates were higher for American Indians and Alaska 

Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 percent), and people categorized as 

being of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) than for Asians (3.6 percent), 

Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders 

(4.4 percent). The jobless rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 

was 5.8 percent, higher than the 4.7-percent rate for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are 

associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These 

factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the 

groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to 

reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich 

source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical 

notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity 

groups in 2016.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 12 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 

about 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 22 percent of all Asians. 

Chinese made up another 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), 

and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes 

individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported 

two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).

October 2017 | Report 1070
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Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority 

of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) 

By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—

including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine 

percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 

percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and 

Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.7 percent) and Hispanics (65.8 

percent) had the highest labor force participation rates while American Indians and Alaska Natives (61.1 percent) and 

Blacks (61.6 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.9 percent for Whites, 63.2 

percent for Asians, and 65.0 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely 

to participate in the labor force than were the other groups while Blacks (67.5 percent) were the least likely. The labor 

force participation rate for Asian men (75.3 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult 
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women, Blacks (61.8 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.6 percent), and Asians (57.4 

percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.7 percent 

for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 65.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment–population ratio was 56.4 percent for Blacks, 60.2 percent for Whites, 60.2 percent for individuals of Two or 

More Races, 60.9 percent for Asians, and 62.0 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.6 percent) continued to 

have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (62.0 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. 

The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.1 percent, respectively. 

Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the race and ethnicity groups: 57.3 percent for Blacks, 55.4 

percent for Whites, 55.2 percent for Asians, and 55.0 percent for Hispanics (as computed from table 3).

The employment–population ratio among teenagers ages 16 to 19 continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, 

Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.1 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for 

Asian teens (18.8 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (21.3 percent). The ratio 

for Hispanic teens was 25.9 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people ages 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 

percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 74 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed 

high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of Asians in the labor 

force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of 

Hispanics (as computed from table 6 and chart 2).
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Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of 

unemployment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and 

Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those 

in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of 

those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. However, Blacks 

and Hispanics generally had lower earnings than Whites and Asians at nearly all educational attainment levels. (See 

table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying 

major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 

percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
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Among employed men, 53 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and 

Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 12 percent and 14 percent of employed Asian and 

White men, respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than 

White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of 

employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 

percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. 

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related 

occupations: 51 percent of Asian women, compared with 44 percent of White women, 35 percent of Black women, and 

27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—

service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 

42 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed 

occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); painters, construction and 

maintenance (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (47 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all 

employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, 

psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and bus 

drivers (29 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of 

workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (58 percent), software 

developers (36 percent), and physicians and surgeons (19 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, 
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but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction 

managers; and 89 percent of lawyers and chief executives, respectively. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites 

(13 percent), Blacks (6 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of 

other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian 

men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), 

and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and 

health services: Blacks (42 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 

9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White 

and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 78 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families and 25 percent of 

Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 15 percent of White families and 12 percent of 

Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to 

have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 75 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White 

families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. 

In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely than married-couple families or 

families maintained by men to have an employed family member.

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than 

White (70.0 percent), Asian (63.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.8 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were 

mothers with children under 18. Participation rates for fathers were 93.6 percent for Whites, 93.4 percent for Hispanics, 

92.6 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 

percent), and individuals of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) had higher unemployment rates than Asians (3.6 percent), 

Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.4 percent). The unemployment rate was 5.8 

percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)
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Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (ages 20 and 

older) were 8.2 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.9 percent, 

and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.8 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.0 

percent, and the rate for adult White women was 3.8 percent. For adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the 

unemployment rates were 3.3 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, 26.7 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, 

White, and Asian teenagers were 17.1 percent, 14.1 percent, and 10.9 percent, respectively.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.4 weeks and 11.4 weeks, respectively, compared with 

10.0 weeks for Whites and 9.6 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 7.8 million unemployed, 48 percent (3.7 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who 

completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (11 

percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 

50 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 45 percent of Blacks and 42 percent 

of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 13 percent of unemployed Blacks, 13 percent of unemployed 

Hispanics, and 10 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 24 percent of people marginally 

attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, 

wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 

4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly 

proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative 

to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also 

made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. A subset of the 

marginally attached, discouraged workers are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs 

are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2016 were $624 for 

Hispanics, $678 for Blacks, $862 for Whites, and $1,021 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($942), Blacks 

($718), and Hispanics ($663) were 82 percent, 62 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians 

($1,151). The median earnings of White women ($766), Black women ($641), and Hispanic women ($586) were 85 

percent, 71 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($902). (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational 

groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,661) and White men ($1,427) working full time in 

management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably 

above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,169) and Black men ($1,124) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)
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Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across a number of occupations. For 

example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $514 for Asians, $488 for Whites, $475 for Blacks, 

and $460 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian 

women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
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Statistical Tables

Gender and race Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Total 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

Men 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

Women 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

White 198,215 124,658 62.9 119,313 60.2 5,345 4.3 73,557

Men 96,861 67,564 69.8 64,612 66.7 2,952 4.4 29,297

Women 101,354 57,095 56.3 54,701 54.0 2,393 4.2 44,260

Black 31,889 19,637 61.6 17,982 56.4 1,655 8.4 12,252

Men 14,525 9,315 64.1 8,471 58.3 845 9.1 5,209

Women 17,365 10,321 59.4 9,511 54.8 810 7.8 7,043

Asian 15,121 9,562 63.2 9,213 60.9 349 3.6 5,559

Men 7,064 5,091 72.1 4,915 69.6 176 3.5 1,973

Women 8,057 4,471 55.5 4,298 53.4 172 3.9 3,586

American Indian and Alaska 

Native 2,898 1,772 61.1 1,614 55.7 158 8.9 1,126

Men 1,404 944 67.2 857 61.0 86 9.2 461

Women 1,494 828 55.4 756 50.6 72 8.7 666

Native Hawaiian and Other 

Pacific Islander 1,017 698 68.7 668 65.7 31 4.4 319

Men 512 389 76.0 372 72.7 17 4.3 123

Women 505 309 61.3 295 58.5 14 4.5 196

Two or More Races 4,397 2,860 65.0 2,646 60.2 213 7.5 1,537

Men 2,131 1,452 68.1 1,341 62.9 110 7.6 679

Women 2,266 1,408 62.1 1,305 57.6 103 7.3 858

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Total 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

Men 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

Women 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

Asian 15,121 9,562 63.2 9,213 60.9 349 3.6 5,559

Men 7,064 5,091 72.1 4,915 69.6 176 3.5 1,973

Women 8,057 4,471 55.5 4,298 53.4 172 3.9 3,586

Asian Indian 3,163 2,146 67.8 2,059 65.1 86 4.0 1,017

Chinese 3,518 2,055 58.4 1,996 56.8 59 2.9 1,462

Filipino 2,408 1,637 68.0 1,580 65.6 57 3.5 771

Japanese 836 487 58.3 477 57.1 10 2.0 349

Korean 1,267 754 59.5 727 57.4 27 3.5 513

Vietnamese 1,475 926 62.8 885 60.0 41 4.4 549

Other Asian 2,455 1,557 63.4 1,489 60.6 69 4.4 898

Hispanic or Latino 40,697 26,797 65.8 25,249 62.0 1,548 5.8 13,900

Men 20,266 15,396 76.0 14,563 71.9 833 5.4 4,870

Women 20,430 11,401 55.8 10,686 52.3 715 6.3 9,029

Mexican 24,960 16,458 65.9 15,502 62.1 955 5.8 8,503

Men 12,594 9,718 77.2 9,199 73.0 519 5.3 2,876

Women 12,366 6,740 54.5 6,304 51.0 436 6.5 5,626

Puerto Rican 3,835 2,305 60.1 2,146 56.0 159 6.9 1,530

Men 1,833 1,196 65.3 1,114 60.8 82 6.9 636

Women 2,002 1,108 55.4 1,032 51.5 77 6.9 894

Cuban 1,819 1,149 63.2 1,088 59.8 61 5.3 670

Men 882 632 71.6 597 67.7 35 5.5 250

Women 936 517 55.2 491 52.4 26 5.1 419

Central American 3,735 2,694 72.1 2,572 68.9 122 4.5 1,041

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Men 1,944 1,628 83.8 1,563 80.4 65 4.0 315

Women 1,792 1,066 59.5 1,008 56.3 58 5.4 726

Salvadoran 1,373 992 72.2 946 68.9 46 4.6 381

Men 720 600 83.3 575 79.8 26 4.3 120

Women 653 391 60.0 371 56.9 20 5.1 261

Other Central 

American(1) 2,362 1,703 72.1 1,626 68.8 77 4.5 659

Men 1,223 1,028 84.1 989 80.9 39 3.8 195

Women 1,139 674 59.2 637 55.9 38 5.6 464

South American 2,816 1,946 69.1 1,853 65.8 93 4.8 870

Men 1,340 1,036 77.3 991 73.9 46 4.4 304

Women 1,477 910 61.6 862 58.4 47 5.2 567

Other Hispanic or 

Latino 3,531 2,245 63.6 2,088 59.1 157 7.0 1,286

Men 1,674 1,185 70.8 1,099 65.6 86 7.3 488

Women 1,857 1,060 57.1 989 53.3 71 6.7 797

Dominican 1,519 986 64.9 903 59.5 83 8.4 532

Men 689 491 71.3 452 65.6 39 8.0 198

Women 830 495 59.7 452 54.4 44 8.8 335

Other Hispanic or 

Latino(2) 2,012 1,259 62.6 1,185 58.9 74 5.9 753

Men 985 694 70.5 647 65.7 47 6.8 291

Women 1,028 565 55.0 538 52.3 27 4.8 463

Hispanic or Latino 40,697 26,797 65.8 25,249 62.0 1,548 5.8 13,900

Men 20,266 15,396 76.0 14,563 71.9 833 5.4 4,870

Women 20,430 11,401 55.8 10,686 52.3 715 6.3 9,029

White Hispanic or 

Latino 36,258 23,780 65.6 22,430 61.9 1,351 5.7 12,477

Men 18,089 13,795 76.3 13,067 72.2 729 5.3 4,294

Women 18,169 9,985 55.0 9,363 51.5 622 6.2 8,183

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Footnotes:

(1) Excludes Salvadoran.

(2) Excludes Dominican.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Black Hispanic or 

Latino 1,775 1,183 66.6 1,091 61.4 92 7.8 592

Men 804 553 68.8 508 63.2 45 8.1 251

Women 971 629 64.8 582 60.0 47 7.5 342

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino 421 307 73.0 296 70.3 11 3.6 114

Men 213 176 82.6 169 79.4 7 3.9 37

Women 208 131 63.1 127 61.1 4 3.2 77

Non-Hispanic or Latino 212,841 132,390 62.2 126,187 59.3 6,203 4.7 80,451

Men 102,231 69,359 67.8 66,005 64.6 3,353 4.8 32,872

Women 110,610 63,031 57.0 60,182 54.4 2,850 4.5 47,579

White non-Hispanic 

or Latino 161,958 100,878 62.3 96,883 59.8 3,994 4.0 61,080

Men 78,772 53,769 68.3 51,545 65.4 2,223 4.1 25,004

Women 83,186 47,109 56.6 45,338 54.5 1,771 3.8 36,076

Black non-Hispanic 

or Latino 30,114 18,454 61.3 16,891 56.1 1,563 8.5 11,660

Men 13,721 8,762 63.9 7,962 58.0 800 9.1 4,958

Women 16,394 9,692 59.1 8,929 54.5 763 7.9 6,702

Asian non-Hispanic 

or Latino 14,700 9,255 63.0 8,917 60.7 337 3.6 5,446

Men 6,851 4,915 71.7 4,746 69.3 169 3.4 1,936

Women 7,849 4,340 55.3 4,172 53.1 168 3.9 3,510

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

16 to 19 years 16,714 5,889 35.2 4,965 29.7 925 15.7 10,824

20 years and older 236,824 153,298 64.7 146,471 61.8 6,826 4.5 83,526

20 to 24 years 21,721 15,313 70.5 14,027 64.6 1,286 8.4 6,408

25 to 54 years 125,761 102,248 81.3 98,004 77.9 4,244 4.2 23,513

55 to 64 years 41,308 26,465 64.1 25,524 61.8 941 3.6 14,843

65 years and older 48,035 9,272 19.3 8,916 18.6 355 3.8 38,763

Men, 16 years and older 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

16 to 19 years 8,475 2,995 35.3 2,484 29.3 512 17.1 5,479

20 years and older 114,023 81,759 71.7 78,084 68.5 3,675 4.5 32,263

20 to 24 years 10,897 7,954 73.0 7,212 66.2 742 9.3 2,943

25 to 54 years 61,811 54,726 88.5 52,514 85.0 2,212 4.0 7,085

55 to 64 years 19,867 13,938 70.2 13,410 67.5 528 3.8 5,929

65 years and older 21,448 5,141 24.0 4,948 23.1 193 3.8 16,306

Women, 16 years and older 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

16 to 19 years 8,239 2,894 35.1 2,481 30.1 413 14.3 5,345

20 years and older 122,801 71,538 58.3 68,387 55.7 3,151 4.4 51,263

20 to 24 years 10,823 7,359 68.0 6,815 63.0 545 7.4 3,464

25 to 54 years 63,950 47,522 74.3 45,490 71.1 2,032 4.3 16,428

55 to 64 years 21,441 12,527 58.4 12,114 56.5 413 3.3 8,914

65 years and older 26,587 4,130 15.5 3,968 14.9 162 3.9 22,457

White

Total, 16 years and older 198,215 124,658 62.9 119,313 60.2 5,345 4.3 73,557

16 to 19 years 12,342 4,618 37.4 3,967 32.1 651 14.1 7,724

20 years and older 185,873 120,040 64.6 115,346 62.1 4,694 3.9 65,833

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

20 to 24 years 15,947 11,553 72.4 10,722 67.2 831 7.2 4,395

25 to 54 years 95,786 78,650 82.1 75,797 79.1 2,853 3.6 17,136

55 to 64 years 33,478 21,889 65.4 21,169 63.2 720 3.3 11,589

65 years and older 40,662 7,948 19.5 7,658 18.8 290 3.7 32,714

Men, 16 years and older 96,861 67,564 69.8 64,612 66.7 2,952 4.4 29,297

16 to 19 years 6,289 2,395 38.1 2,037 32.4 358 14.9 3,895

20 years and older 90,572 65,169 72.0 62,575 69.1 2,594 4.0 25,403

20 to 24 years 8,057 6,082 75.5 5,598 69.5 484 8.0 1,975

25 to 54 years 47,842 42,929 89.7 41,385 86.5 1,544 3.6 4,912

55 to 64 years 16,300 11,694 71.7 11,284 69.2 410 3.5 4,606

65 years and older 18,373 4,464 24.3 4,308 23.4 156 3.5 13,909

Women, 16 years and older 101,354 57,095 56.3 54,701 54.0 2,393 4.2 44,260

16 to 19 years 6,053 2,224 36.7 1,931 31.9 293 13.2 3,829

20 years and older 95,301 54,871 57.6 52,771 55.4 2,100 3.8 40,430

20 to 24 years 7,890 5,471 69.3 5,124 64.9 347 6.3 2,419

25 to 54 years 47,944 35,721 74.5 34,412 71.8 1,309 3.7 12,223

55 to 64 years 17,178 10,195 59.3 9,885 57.5 310 3.0 6,983

65 years and older 22,289 3,484 15.6 3,350 15.0 134 3.9 18,805

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 31,889 19,637 61.6 17,982 56.4 1,655 8.4 12,252

16 to 19 years 2,510 729 29.0 535 21.3 194 26.7 1,781

20 years and older 29,380 18,908 64.4 17,447 59.4 1,460 7.7 10,472

20 to 24 years 3,338 2,259 67.7 1,930 57.8 329 14.5 1,079

25 to 54 years 16,792 13,248 78.9 12,302 73.3 946 7.1 3,543

55 to 64 years 4,840 2,669 55.1 2,526 52.2 143 5.4 2,171

65 years and older 4,409 732 16.6 689 15.6 43 5.8 3,678

Men, 16 years and older 14,525 9,315 64.1 8,471 58.3 845 9.1 5,209

16 to 19 years 1,247 350 28.1 242 19.4 108 30.9 896

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

20 years and older 13,278 8,965 67.5 8,228 62.0 737 8.2 4,313

20 to 24 years 1,621 1,091 67.3 906 55.9 186 17.0 530

25 to 54 years 7,686 6,255 81.4 5,800 75.5 455 7.3 1,431

55 to 64 years 2,189 1,270 58.0 1,195 54.6 75 5.9 918

65 years and older 1,782 349 19.6 327 18.3 22 6.2 1,434

Women, 16 years and older 17,365 10,321 59.4 9,511 54.8 810 7.8 7,043

16 to 19 years 1,263 379 30.0 292 23.1 86 22.8 884

20 years and older 16,102 9,943 61.8 9,219 57.3 724 7.3 6,159

20 to 24 years 1,717 1,168 68.0 1,025 59.7 143 12.3 549

25 to 54 years 9,106 6,994 76.8 6,502 71.4 492 7.0 2,112

55 to 64 years 2,652 1,399 52.7 1,330 50.2 68 4.9 1,253

65 years and older 2,627 383 14.6 362 13.8 21 5.4 2,244

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 15,121 9,562 63.2 9,213 60.9 349 3.6 5,559

16 to 19 years 846 179 21.2 159 18.8 20 10.9 667

20 years and older 14,275 9,383 65.7 9,054 63.4 329 3.5 4,892

20 to 24 years 1,352 717 53.0 668 49.4 49 6.9 635

25 to 54 years 8,710 6,851 78.7 6,633 76.2 219 3.2 1,858

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,382 67.4 1,335 65.1 47 3.4 668

65 years and older 2,163 432 20.0 418 19.3 14 3.2 1,731

Men, 16 years and older 7,064 5,091 72.1 4,915 69.6 176 3.5 1,973

16 to 19 years 424 91 21.4 79 18.6 12 13.5 333

20 years and older 6,640 5,000 75.3 4,836 72.8 164 3.3 1,640

20 to 24 years 676 375 55.5 348 51.4 27 7.3 301

25 to 54 years 4,108 3,683 89.7 3,578 87.1 105 2.9 424

55 to 64 years 924 702 76.0 680 73.5 23 3.2 222

65 years and older 932 240 25.7 231 24.7 9 3.8 692

Women, 16 years and older 8,057 4,471 55.5 4,298 53.4 172 3.9 3,586

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

16 to 19 years 422 88 20.9 81 19.1 7 8.2 334

20 years and older 7,635 4,383 57.4 4,218 55.2 165 3.8 3,252

20 to 24 years 676 342 50.6 321 47.4 22 6.4 334

25 to 54 years 4,602 3,168 68.8 3,054 66.4 114 3.6 1,434

55 to 64 years 1,126 680 60.4 655 58.2 25 3.6 446

65 years and older 1,231 192 15.6 187 15.2 5 2.4 1,039

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 40,697 26,797 65.8 25,249 62.0 1,548 5.8 13,900

16 to 19 years 3,777 1,178 31.2 977 25.9 201 17.1 2,599

20 years and older 36,919 25,619 69.4 24,272 65.7 1,347 5.3 11,301

20 to 24 years 4,711 3,384 71.8 3,086 65.5 298 8.8 1,327

25 to 54 years 23,780 18,754 78.9 17,878 75.2 877 4.7 5,026

55 to 64 years 4,483 2,765 61.7 2,627 58.6 137 5.0 1,718

65 years and older 3,946 715 18.1 681 17.3 34 4.8 3,230

Men, 16 years and older 20,266 15,396 76.0 14,563 71.9 833 5.4 4,870

16 to 19 years 1,920 621 32.3 508 26.4 113 18.3 1,299

20 years and older 18,346 14,775 80.5 14,055 76.6 720 4.9 3,571

20 to 24 years 2,396 1,848 77.1 1,677 70.0 171 9.3 548

25 to 54 years 12,077 10,951 90.7 10,504 87.0 447 4.1 1,126

55 to 64 years 2,166 1,569 72.4 1,490 68.8 78 5.0 597

65 years and older 1,708 407 23.8 384 22.5 23 5.6 1,300

Women, 16 years and older 20,430 11,401 55.8 10,686 52.3 715 6.3 9,029

16 to 19 years 1,857 557 30.0 470 25.3 88 15.8 1,300

20 years and older 18,573 10,844 58.4 10,217 55.0 627 5.8 7,729

20 to 24 years 2,315 1,536 66.4 1,409 60.9 127 8.3 779

25 to 54 years 11,703 7,803 66.7 7,374 63.0 429 5.5 3,900

55 to 64 years 2,317 1,196 51.6 1,137 49.1 59 4.9 1,121

65 years and older 2,238 308 13.8 297 13.3 12 3.7 1,930

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 – – – – – –

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 – – – 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 – – – 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 – – – 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 – – – 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 – – – 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 – – – 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 – – – 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 – – – 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 – – – 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 – – – 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 – – – 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 – – – 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 – – – 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 – – – 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 – – – 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 – – – 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 – – – 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 – – – 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 – – – 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 – – – 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 – – – 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 – – – 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 – – – 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 – – – 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 – – – 67.9 80.1 55.1

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 – – – 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 – – – 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016 62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016 61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 – – – – – –

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 – – – 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 – – – 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 – – – 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 – – – 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 – – – 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 – – – 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 – – – 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 – – – 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 – – – 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 – – – 54.9 68.9 41.3

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 – – – 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 – – – 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 – – – 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 – – – 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 – – – 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 – – – 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 – – – 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 – – – 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 – – – 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 – – – 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 – – – 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 – – – 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 – – – 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 – – – 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 – – – 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 – – – 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 – – – 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016 59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016 55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population 215,103 23,368 62,022 35,489 21,696 72,528

Civilian labor force 137,985 10,679 35,649 22,667 15,267 53,723

Percent of population 64.1 45.7 57.5 63.9 70.4 74.1

Employed 132,444 9,884 33,801 21,668 14,718 52,374

Employment-population ratio 61.6 42.3 54.5 61.1 67.8 72.2

Unemployed 5,540 795 1,847 1,000 549 1,349

Unemployment rate 4.0 7.4 5.2 4.4 3.6 2.5

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 103,125 11,713 30,692 16,678 9,394 34,648

Civilian labor force 73,806 6,803 20,760 11,803 7,191 27,249

Percent of population 71.6 58.1 67.6 70.8 76.5 78.6

Employed 70,872 6,354 19,691 11,311 6,928 26,588

Employment-population ratio 68.7 54.2 64.2 67.8 73.7 76.7

Unemployed 2,934 448 1,069 491 263 661

Unemployment rate 4.0 6.6 5.1 4.2 3.7 2.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 111,978 11,655 31,329 18,811 12,302 37,880

Civilian labor force 64,179 3,876 14,888 10,865 8,076 26,474

Percent of population 57.3 33.3 47.5 57.8 65.6 69.9

Employed 61,572 3,530 14,110 10,357 7,790 25,786

Employment-population ratio 55.0 30.3 45.0 55.1 63.3 68.1

Unemployed 2,607 346 778 508 286 688

Unemployment rate 4.1 8.9 5.2 4.7 3.5 2.6

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 169,926 17,853 49,010 27,787 17,577 57,700

Civilian labor force 108,487 8,429 27,874 17,462 12,284 42,439

Percent of population 63.8 47.2 56.9 62.8 69.9 73.6

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Employed 104,624 7,879 26,623 16,786 11,881 41,454

Employment-population ratio 61.6 44.1 54.3 60.4 67.6 71.8

Unemployed 3,863 549 1,251 675 402 985

Unemployment rate 3.6 6.5 4.5 3.9 3.3 2.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 82,515 9,193 24,431 13,240 7,731 27,919

Civilian labor force 59,087 5,586 16,582 9,314 5,903 21,703

Percent of population 71.6 60.8 67.9 70.3 76.4 77.7

Employed 56,977 5,258 15,844 8,970 5,705 21,199

Employment-population ratio 69.1 57.2 64.9 67.8 73.8 75.9

Unemployed 2,110 328 737 343 198 504

Unemployment rate 3.6 5.9 4.4 3.7 3.4 2.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 87,411 8,660 24,578 14,547 9,845 29,781

Civilian labor force 49,400 2,843 11,293 8,148 6,380 20,736

Percent of population 56.5 32.8 45.9 56.0 64.8 69.6

Employed 47,647 2,621 10,779 7,816 6,176 20,255

Employment-population ratio 54.5 30.3 43.9 53.7 62.7 68.0

Unemployed 1,753 222 514 332 204 481

Unemployment rate 3.5 7.8 4.5 4.1 3.2 2.3

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 26,041 3,292 8,763 5,209 2,615 6,161

Civilian labor force 16,649 1,244 5,185 3,511 1,920 4,788

Percent of population 63.9 37.8 59.2 67.4 73.4 77.7

Employed 15,517 1,069 4,737 3,282 1,817 4,612

Employment-population ratio 59.6 32.5 54.1 63.0 69.5 74.9

Unemployed 1,132 175 448 230 103 176

Unemployment rate 6.8 14.1 8.6 6.5 5.3 3.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 11,657 1,536 4,257 2,224 1,035 2,605

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Civilian labor force 7,874 649 2,751 1,584 796 2,093

Percent of population 67.5 42.3 64.6 71.2 76.9 80.3

Employed 7,323 562 2,504 1,482 751 2,023

Employment-population ratio 62.8 36.6 58.8 66.7 72.6 77.6

Unemployed 551 87 247 102 45 70

Unemployment rate 7.0 13.4 9.0 6.4 5.6 3.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,385 1,757 4,506 2,986 1,580 3,556

Civilian labor force 8,775 595 2,434 1,927 1,124 2,695

Percent of population 61.0 33.9 54.0 64.5 71.1 75.8

Employed 8,194 507 2,233 1,799 1,066 2,589

Employment-population ratio 57.0 28.9 49.6 60.3 67.5 72.8

Unemployed 581 88 201 128 58 106

Unemployment rate 6.6 14.8 8.2 6.6 5.1 3.9

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 12,923 1,282 2,428 1,227 839 7,147

Civilian labor force 8,665 520 1,459 821 594 5,272

Percent of population 67.1 40.6 60.1 66.9 70.7 73.8

Employed 8,386 500 1,400 788 571 5,127

Employment-population ratio 64.9 39.0 57.7 64.3 68.0 71.7

Unemployed 280 20 59 33 23 145

Unemployment rate 3.2 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.8 2.8

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 5,964 500 1,067 622 344 3,431

Civilian labor force 4,625 260 764 456 274 2,872

Percent of population 77.6 52.1 71.5 73.3 79.6 83.7

Employed 4,489 251 732 437 262 2,806

Employment-population ratio 75.3 50.3 68.6 70.2 76.2 81.8

Unemployed 137 9 31 19 12 66

Unemployment rate 3.0 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 2.3

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,958 783 1,361 605 495 3,715

Civilian labor force 4,040 260 695 365 320 2,400

Percent of population 58.1 33.2 51.1 60.4 64.5 64.6

Employed 3,897 249 668 352 309 2,321

Employment-population ratio 56.0 31.8 49.1 58.1 62.3 62.5

Unemployed 143 12 28 13 11 80

Unemployment rate 3.5 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 32,208 9,855 9,791 4,569 2,482 5,510

Civilian labor force 22,234 5,815 6,743 3,376 1,902 4,398

Percent of population 69.0 59.0 68.9 73.9 76.6 79.8

Employed 21,186 5,472 6,398 3,227 1,826 4,263

Employment-population ratio 65.8 55.5 65.3 70.6 73.6 77.4

Unemployed 1,049 344 346 149 76 135

Unemployment rate 4.7 5.9 5.1 4.4 4.0 3.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,951 5,043 5,088 2,141 1,101 2,578

Civilian labor force 12,927 3,859 4,156 1,763 930 2,220

Percent of population 81.0 76.5 81.7 82.4 84.5 86.1

Employed 12,378 3,669 3,960 1,697 896 2,156

Employment-population ratio 77.6 72.8 77.8 79.3 81.4 83.7

Unemployed 549 190 196 66 34 63

Unemployment rate 4.2 4.9 4.7 3.7 3.6 2.9

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 16,258 4,813 4,703 2,428 1,381 2,932

Civilian labor force 9,307 1,957 2,588 1,612 972 2,178

Percent of population 57.2 40.7 55.0 66.4 70.4 74.3

Employed 8,807 1,803 2,438 1,530 930 2,107

Employment-population ratio 54.2 37.5 51.8 63.0 67.3 71.9

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Footnotes:

(1)Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Unemployed 500 154 150 83 42 71

Unemployment rate 5.4 7.9 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.3

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages 

(in thousands)

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 151,436 119,313 17,982 9,213 25,249

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 39.2 40.0 30.1 52.3 22.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.5 17.3 11.3 17.9 9.7

Management occupations 11.5 12.3 7.2 11.6 6.8

Business and financial operations occupations 5.0 5.0 4.1 6.3 2.9

Professional and related occupations 22.8 22.7 18.8 34.4 12.3

Computer and mathematical occupations 3.0 2.6 2.0 10.6 1.2

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.1 2.1 1.0 3.9 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations .9 .9 .5 2.4 .4

Community and social service occupations 1.7 1.6 2.7 1.0 1.3

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 .6 .8 .6

Education, training, and library occupations 5.9 6.2 5.0 4.6 3.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.0 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 5.9 5.7 5.9 9.3 2.8

Service occupations 17.7 16.5 25.1 16.1 25.4

Healthcare support occupations 2.3 1.9 5.4 2.1 2.4

Protective service occupations 2.1 1.9 3.3 1.0 1.7

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.6 5.4 6.5 5.4 8.7

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.8 3.8 4.7 1.8 8.8

Personal care and service occupations 3.8 3.4 5.1 5.8 3.7

Sales and office occupations 22.1 22.1 23.5 18.9 20.8

Sales and related occupations 10.5 10.6 9.7 9.8 9.8

Office and administrative support occupations 11.7 11.5 13.8 9.1 10.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.2 10.1 5.7 3.4 16.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .7 .8 .3 .2 2.0

Construction and extraction occupations 5.2 5.9 3.0 1.5 10.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.2 3.5 2.4 1.7 3.7

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 11.7 11.3 15.6 9.3 15.6

Production occupations 5.6 5.5 6.1 5.4 7.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 6.1 5.7 9.5 3.9 8.1

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) 80568 64612 8471 4915 14563

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 35.8 36.3 24.9 53.4 18.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.4 18.4 11.0 18.0 9.5

Management occupations 13.2 14.1 7.9 12.9 7.2

Business and financial operations occupations 4.2 4.4 3.1 5.1 2.3

Professional and related occupations 18.4 17.9 13.9 35.4 8.8

Computer and mathematical occupations 4.3 3.7 2.8 14.8 1.6

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.3 3.4 1.7 5.9 1.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations .9 .9 .5 2.4 .4

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.1 1.8 .8 .6

Legal occupations 1.1 1.2 .4 .6 .3

Education, training, and library occupations 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.2 1.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 2.7 2.5 2.7 6.0 1.4

Service occupations 14.4 13.5 20.9 12.4 20.3

Healthcare support occupations .5 .4 1.1 .8 .5

Protective service occupations 3.0 2.9 4.7 1.5 2.3

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.9 4.5 6.9 5.6 7.9

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4.3 4.3 5.7 1.8 8.2

Personal care and service occupations 1.6 1.4 2.5 2.8 1.3

Sales and office occupations 16.2 15.9 18.2 16.1 14.3

Sales and related occupations 10.0 10.3 8.5 10.0 8.2

Office and administrative support occupations 6.1 5.6 9.7 6.1 6.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.4 17.9 11.2 5.7 26.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.1 1.2 .5 .2 2.6

Construction and extraction occupations 9.5 10.5 6.1 2.5 18.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.8 6.2 4.7 3.0 6.2

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 17.2 16.4 24.8 12.3 20.3

Production occupations 7.5 7.5 8.4 6.2 8.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 9.6 8.9 16.4 6.2 11.6

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) 70868 54701 9511 4298 10686

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 43.2 44.4 34.8 51.0 27.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15.4 16.0 11.6 17.8 10.0

Management occupations 9.6 10.1 6.7 10.1 6.3

Business and financial operations occupations 5.8 5.9 4.9 7.7 3.7

Professional and related occupations 27.8 28.4 23.2 33.2 17.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 1.7 1.4 1.3 5.8 .7

Architecture and engineering occupations .6 .6 .3 1.6 .4

Life, physical, and social science occupations .8 .8 .5 2.3 .5

Community and social service occupations 2.4 2.3 3.5 1.2 2.1

Legal occupations 1.3 1.5 .8 1.0 1.0

Education, training, and library occupations 9.2 10.0 7.1 6.2 6.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.4 .8 2.0 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9.6 9.5 8.8 13.1 4.6

Service occupations 21.4 20.0 28.8 20.3 32.2

Healthcare support occupations 4.4 3.6 9.2 3.7 4.9

Protective service occupations 1.0 .8 2.1 .3 .9

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6.5 6.5 6.2 5.1 9.8

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.3 3.3 3.8 1.8 9.5

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Personal care and service occupations 6.3 5.8 7.5 9.4 7.1

Sales and office occupations 28.9 29.5 28.3 22.1 29.6

Sales and related occupations 11.0 11.0 10.8 9.6 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations 18.0 18.5 17.5 12.5 17.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .9 1.0 .7 .7 2.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .3 .4 .2 .2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations .3 .4 .2 .2 .7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .2 .2 .3 .2 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.5 5.1 7.4 5.9 9.1

Production occupations 3.4 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.2 2.0 3.4 1.2 3.4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 151,436 78.8 11.9 6.1 16.7

Management, professional, and related occupations 59,438 80.3 9.1 8.1 9.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,941 82.9 8.2 6.6 9.8

Management occupations 17,418 84.1 7.5 6.1 9.9

Chief executives 1,649 88.8 3.4 6.0 5.6

General and operations managers 949 85.0 7.1 5.6 11.3

Legislators 20 – – – –

Advertising and promotions managers 67 88.4 7.1 1.3 4.8

Marketing and sales managers 1,066 87.1 5.3 6.0 9.9

Public relations and fundraising managers 62 81.6 10.3 5.4 3.3

Administrative services managers 181 82.6 13.2 3.4 10.0

Computer and information systems managers 597 77.4 6.2 15.2 6.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Financial managers 1,197 82.2 6.9 8.3 10.3

Compensation and benefits managers 20 – – – –

Human resources managers 287 78.9 13.5 4.9 11.2

Training and development managers 58 83.9 8.3 2.1 8.5

Industrial production managers 275 84.9 4.9 9.2 7.4

Purchasing managers 203 86.8 9.1 2.9 10.6

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 299 81.1 11.4 4.8 18.4

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,042 96.8 1.0 1.0 4.7

Construction managers 812 91.9 3.8 2.0 11.0

Education administrators 954 81.3 14.3 2.2 8.8

Architectural and engineering managers 136 80.7 4.2 10.6 3.8

Food service managers 1,157 73.8 10.2 12.0 17.7

Funeral service managers 15 – – – –

Gaming managers 16 – – – –

Lodging managers 166 69.7 9.7 15.8 9.0

Medical and health services managers 593 78.9 13.2 5.4 10.2

Natural sciences managers 14 – – – –

Postmasters and mail superintendents 25 – – – –

Property, real estate, and community association managers 709 84.6 9.0 3.6 11.3

Social and community service managers 421 76.0 15.4 4.8 11.0

Emergency management directors 10 – – – –

Managers, all other 4,420 84.3 7.2 6.3 10.2

Business and financial operations occupations 7,523 80.0 9.7 7.8 9.8

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 38 – – – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 11 – – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 207 86.3 6.4 4.4 11.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 272 81.7 9.9 6.2 11.6

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 349 81.4 15.1 1.6 12.7

Compliance officers 270 77.6 12.4 7.9 10.0

Cost estimators 113 90.5 2.9 3.2 8.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Human resources workers 693 78.8 12.8 5.2 11.3

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 77 72.0 17.8 7.2 8.5

Training and development specialists 156 82.9 12.0 3.0 10.3

Logisticians 115 74.5 17.0 6.9 12.0

Management analysts 902 78.5 9.0 10.7 7.9

Meeting, convention, and event planners 162 82.1 8.6 4.5 11.1

Fundraisers 86 91.5 4.3 1.9 4.8

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 302 83.9 5.0 8.8 8.3

Business operations specialists, all other 290 77.9 13.7 4.7 13.5

Accountants and auditors 1,777 78.4 8.5 10.9 9.0

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 73 91.8 5.5 2.2 9.5

Budget analysts 53 72.2 16.8 8.6 5.6

Credit analysts 27 – – – –

Financial analysts 307 78.6 6.5 12.8 10.9

Personal financial advisors 513 83.9 6.0 7.7 7.1

Insurance underwriters 104 82.6 9.6 6.3 4.9

Financial examiners 14 – – – –

Credit counselors and loan officers 367 77.3 11.5 5.6 10.9

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 68 75.6 15.8 8.1 13.3

Tax preparers 108 83.0 8.5 5.3 14.9

Financial specialists, all other 68 75.0 16.8 5.4 13.6

Professional and related occupations 34,498 78.5 9.8 9.2 9.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,601 67.9 7.9 21.3 6.8

Computer and information research scientists 20 – – – –

Computer systems analysts 526 68.7 10.8 17.6 6.7

Information security analysts 89 78.7 9.2 7.7 8.9

Computer programmers 466 71.4 7.6 19.8 6.7

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,483 56.8 4.1 35.7 4.8

Web developers 205 76.2 8.4 9.3 5.8

Computer support specialists 570 74.5 9.8 12.6 7.8

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Database administrators 90 75.4 4.4 16.2 2.9

Network and computer systems administrators 218 77.5 9.6 10.8 9.4

Computer network architects 115 71.4 13.0 11.8 9.3

Computer occupations, all other 596 74.0 11.0 12.7 10.6

Actuaries 14 – – – –

Mathematicians 4 – – – –

Operations research analysts 129 71.9 11.2 12.9 10.4

Statisticians 74 67.0 8.4 19.8 3.9

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 2 – – – –

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,106 80.5 5.6 11.6 8.8

Architects, except naval 246 85.0 3.0 11.1 8.0

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 34 – – – –

Aerospace engineers 130 87.6 2.6 9.3 7.3

Agricultural engineers 2 – – – –

Biomedical engineers 13 – – – –

Chemical engineers 79 80.8 4.1 10.3 6.6

Civil engineers 425 86.4 3.6 7.7 10.4

Computer hardware engineers 69 61.9 5.3 29.2 12.0

Electrical and electronics engineers 293 74.4 7.5 15.1 9.3

Environmental engineers 33 – – – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 220 89.3 2.7 6.6 11.2

Marine engineers and naval architects 13 – – – –

Materials engineers 31 – – – –

Mechanical engineers 350 83.2 4.2 10.5 5.5

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 9 – – – –

Nuclear engineers 7 – – – –

Petroleum engineers 36 – – – –

Engineers, all other 539 71.8 7.2 18.2 6.1

Drafters 109 88.5 4.9 4.9 22.7

Engineering technicians, except drafters 385 76.8 11.2 8.8 10.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Surveying and mapping technicians 83 91.0 3.7 3.2 7.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,367 75.5 6.4 16.0 8.2

Agricultural and food scientists 35 – – – –

Biological scientists 96 73.8 6.5 17.2 7.0

Conservation scientists and foresters 31 – – – –

Medical scientists 154 57.9 3.7 37.3 4.6

Life scientists, all other 3 – – – –

Astronomers and physicists 19 – – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists 6 – – – –

Chemists and materials scientists 95 69.0 10.6 18.4 2.7

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 89 88.1 3.4 8.0 5.6

Physical scientists, all other 261 65.9 4.9 26.9 9.7

Economists 26 – – – –

Survey researchers 3 – – – –

Psychologists 161 88.1 5.8 4.2 6.9

Sociologists 3 – – – –

Urban and regional planners 38 – – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 – – – –

Agricultural and food science technicians 35 – – – –

Biological technicians 17 – – – –

Chemical technicians 76 76.0 14.9 8.2 12.9

Geological and petroleum technicians 18 – – – –

Nuclear technicians 5 – – – –

Social science research assistants 2 – – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 155 75.0 8.0 13.0 11.6

Community and social service occupations 2,612 74.4 18.6 3.4 12.1

Counselors 869 73.9 19.6 2.7 11.6

Social workers 781 70.4 22.7 3.0 13.8

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 102 73.3 21.0 1.3 14.3

Social and human service assistants 184 70.5 21.6 2.6 14.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and 

community health workers 89 72.6 20.4 2.5 16.1

Clergy 436 80.4 11.8 5.9 9.1

Directors, religious activities and education 78 90.6 3.1 4.2 9.9

Religious workers, all other 73 83.7 7.4 7.9 8.0

Legal occupations 1,808 88.0 6.3 4.1 8.4

Lawyers 1,133 89.3 4.4 4.7 5.6

Judicial law clerks 15 – – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 59 86.8 11.0 1.2 3.5

Paralegals and legal assistants 433 84.2 10.2 3.5 16.2

Miscellaneous legal support workers 168 88.5 8.4 1.9 8.7

Education, training, and library occupations 8,948 82.7 10.0 4.7 10.0

Postsecondary teachers 1,420 77.8 7.0 12.3 6.9

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 692 81.0 12.5 3.4 13.3

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,186 85.1 10.3 2.4 9.8

Secondary school teachers 1,078 87.9 8.0 2.0 7.9

Special education teachers 353 86.8 8.6 2.2 6.5

Other teachers and instructors 868 79.4 10.3 7.2 10.6

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 43 – – – –

Librarians 190 85.3 7.5 5.8 7.1

Library technicians 37 – – – –

Teacher assistants 950 79.2 14.8 3.4 17.3

Other education, training, and library workers 132 78.3 12.2 6.3 9.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,097 85.0 6.6 5.5 10.6

Artists and related workers 232 89.0 3.6 3.6 9.9

Designers 878 83.7 5.1 8.4 10.6

Actors 47 – – – –

Producers and directors 173 89.3 3.6 4.6 6.3

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 312 87.8 8.4 2.2 11.7

Dancers and choreographers 17 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Musicians, singers, and related workers 192 77.0 14.6 3.7 9.3

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 49 – – – –

Announcers 59 76.0 16.6 4.0 20.7

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 73 84.6 3.6 9.6 10.5

Public relations specialists 121 87.3 8.2 1.7 7.3

Editors 167 90.1 1.9 6.6 6.0

Technical writers 61 87.4 7.8 4.1 7.8

Writers and authors 229 90.6 3.4 2.5 5.6

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 116 73.6 11.3 13.0 37.8

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 111 80.3 13.1 2.4 12.1

Photographers 205 86.9 5.7 5.7 8.4

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 54 93.0 3.1 3.8 11.4

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 1 – – – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 8,960 76.4 11.8 9.6 7.8

Chiropractors 51 93.7 1.7 4.6 9.8

Dentists 163 74.6 3.2 20.2 9.5

Dietitians and nutritionists 120 74.8 15.9 6.1 4.9

Optometrists 36 – – – –

Pharmacists 306 71.2 10.1 18.1 4.6

Physicians and surgeons 1,061 71.6 7.5 19.3 5.9

Physician assistants 92 83.9 3.2 11.5 6.0

Podiatrists 12 – – – –

Audiologists 15 – – – –

Occupational therapists 118 81.5 7.5 8.2 6.3

Physical therapists 290 83.9 5.2 9.5 5.3

Radiation therapists 13 – – – –

Recreational therapists 11 – – – –

Respiratory therapists 84 82.1 8.5 5.2 8.7

Speech-language pathologists 162 91.9 2.9 3.2 9.0

Exercise physiologists 2 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Therapists, all other 205 81.2 9.2 6.1 15.7

Veterinarians 101 93.3 2.1 3.7 0.3

Registered nurses 3,102 76.9 11.9 9.0 6.6

Nurse anesthetists 23 – – – –

Nurse midwives 6 – – – –

Nurse practitioners 176 83.2 8.5 6.2 3.5

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 32 – – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 361 68.9 16.5 10.6 13.0

Dental hygienists 169 91.6 5.2 2.7 9.2

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 311 82.8 9.8 5.4 8.8

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 194 81.8 12.4 2.3 12.1

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 610 76.4 12.7 8.8 12.2

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 653 62.6 30.3 4.2 10.1

Medical records and health information technicians 184 79.7 10.7 5.3 6.4

Opticians, dispensing 55 87.0 7.3 2.2 11.6

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 130 61.2 24.3 11.9 9.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 114 80.1 13.5 3.4 11.9

Service occupations 26,811 73.3 16.8 5.5 23.9

Healthcare support occupations 3,554 63.4 27.3 5.5 16.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,058 52.4 37.5 5.8 14.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 20 – – – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 70 84.5 6.4 6.3 10.4

Massage therapists 170 82.4 6.8 7.7 9.6

Dental assistants 294 78.9 11.4 6.5 24.1

Medical assistants 570 77.9 14.3 4.1 28.6

Medical transcriptionists 39 – – – –

Pharmacy aides 36 – – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 39 – – – –

Phlebotomists 101 70.8 22.0 3.6 16.2

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 156 67.2 26.0 4.0 7.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Protective service occupations 3,117 73.7 19.0 2.8 14.1

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 61 71.7 23.3 2.6 17.3

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 114 85.6 12.3 0.2 10.6

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 44 – – – –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 88 73.7 16.9 3.0 11.7

Firefighters 252 86.6 6.8 1.4 7.7

Fire inspectors 27 – – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 383 69.3 25.5 1.9 12.9

Detectives and criminal investigators 130 88.2 6.9 4.0 7.6

Fish and game wardens 9 – – – –

Parking enforcement workers 8 – – – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 708 82.2 12.0 2.7 16.0

Transit and railroad police 2 – – – –

Animal control workers 9 – – – –

Private detectives and investigators 94 78.6 11.5 4.5 6.7

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 923 59.5 30.4 4.0 17.6

Crossing guards 72 69.5 26.4 1.5 15.5

Transportation security screeners 44 – – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 149 83.3 8.7 1.2 11.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,542 75.7 13.8 5.8 25.8

Chefs and head cooks 460 69.7 14.7 11.6 23.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 543 75.5 15.5 5.3 17.6

Cooks 2,179 73.0 17.3 4.8 35.0

Food preparation workers 1,000 74.3 14.9 6.7 29.3

Bartenders 454 85.7 7.4 2.5 17.0

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 420 73.2 18.0 3.3 20.2

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 214 77.6 11.4 5.7 18.0

Waiters and waitresses 2,085 79.6 9.4 6.6 20.9

Food servers, nonrestaurant 213 71.2 16.3 5.7 22.5

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 331 74.2 15.3 6.4 27.8

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Dishwashers 319 68.8 16.3 5.9 35.4

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 319 82.4 8.8 3.8 16.3

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 3 – – – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,804 78.2 14.6 2.9 38.2

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 323 79.2 16.0 1.2 28.4

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 231 91.3 5.1 1.0 24.6

Janitors and building cleaners 2,276 74.1 17.9 3.4 32.8

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,485 74.2 17.3 4.2 47.3

Pest control workers 79 86.1 6.2 .2 14.6

Grounds maintenance workers 1,411 86.5 8.1 1.4 43.1

Personal care and service occupations 5,795 70.5 15.9 9.3 16.3

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 206 84.7 4.8 4.1 11.6

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 191 72.7 9.2 15.5 10.6

Animal trainers 61 95.0 1.2 1.3 11.7

Nonfarm animal caretakers 233 88.5 4.7 2.4 11.7

Gaming services workers 92 53.8 8.0 28.2 9.8

Motion picture projectionists 6 – – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 40 – – – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 199 73.1 15.7 6.4 9.8

Embalmers and funeral attendants 12 – – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 40 – – – –

Barbers 126 52.9 39.9 3.3 19.6

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 806 78.5 12.4 5.2 16.5

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 364 30.4 9.5 57.8 9.2

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 66 67.6 18.4 8.1 31.8

Tour and travel guides 53 80.4 13.0 5.7 11.4

Childcare workers 1,280 75.6 17.1 2.8 20.9

Personal care aides 1,396 60.8 24.4 10.2 20.6

Recreation and fitness workers 440 84.8 10.0 1.0 7.8

Residential advisors 42 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Personal care and service workers, all other 142 74.7 14.4 4.4 12.6

Sales and office occupations 33,539 78.7 12.6 5.2 15.6

Sales and related occupations 15,848 80.0 11.0 5.7 15.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,282 81.9 8.9 6.1 14.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,180 84.1 6.8 6.7 13.6

Cashiers 3,260 70.2 17.8 7.2 20.7

Counter and rental clerks 105 78.1 14.0 3.2 22.6

Parts salespersons 117 87.5 7.5 3.1 17.9

Retail salespersons 3,312 79.0 12.3 5.3 18.2

Advertising sales agents 222 79.5 12.0 4.0 11.7

Insurance sales agents 630 80.9 11.0 4.6 11.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 263 82.7 7.1 7.2 8.9

Travel agents 83 85.5 2.6 10.3 11.3

Sales representatives, services, all other 512 84.9 8.5 3.9 11.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,308 88.8 4.8 4.3 10.7

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 59 80.9 9.6 3.0 9.3

Real estate brokers and sales agents 977 86.3 6.9 4.6 10.2

Sales engineers 43 – – – –

Telemarketers 61 59.2 34.9 4.8 19.7

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 160 84.8 9.1 3.4 22.3

Sales and related workers, all other 274 84.2 9.7 3.2 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations 17,691 77.6 14.1 4.7 15.6

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,352 81.9 11.1 4.6 13.6

Switchboard operators, including answering service 25 – – – –

Telephone operators 41 – – – –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 – – – –

Bill and account collectors 152 71.1 25.1 2.0 19.3

Billing and posting clerks 452 77.8 14.0 4.6 15.8

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,137 84.5 7.7 4.9 11.9

Gaming cage workers 12 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 129 79.8 10.4 8.1 13.2

Procurement clerks 27 – – – –

Tellers 342 79.8 12.5 5.3 17.5

Financial clerks, all other 69 75.8 14.6 9.1 14.2

Brokerage clerks 3 – – – –

Correspondence clerks 7 – – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 80 75.9 18.9 2.4 19.6

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 44 – – – –

Customer service representatives 2,388 74.5 16.9 4.5 18.3

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 77 60.8 27.6 6.6 19.4

File clerks 183 69.6 21.2 5.7 11.6

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 138 63.6 17.2 9.7 21.5

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 152 70.6 20.7 5.2 11.6

Library assistants, clerical 87 84.1 12.5 1.4 10.5

Loan interviewers and clerks 132 80.8 10.8 5.4 13.8

New accounts clerks 24 – – – –

Order clerks 105 84.5 8.1 4.1 21.5

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 42 – – – –

Receptionists and information clerks 1,331 80.1 13.0 3.7 18.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 144 59.7 24.8 8.2 20.0

Information and record clerks, all other 118 74.5 19.8 3.6 7.9

Cargo and freight agents 27 – – – –

Couriers and messengers 227 66.3 22.1 6.0 19.3

Dispatchers 292 81.1 12.8 3.1 16.6

Meter readers, utilities 31 – – – –

Postal service clerks 121 63.1 23.9 12.1 8.7

Postal service mail carriers 320 71.5 18.6 8.3 12.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 60 53.4 34.3 7.5 9.7

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 245 84.0 8.6 4.2 9.1

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 546 78.0 16.1 2.2 21.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,530 71.2 18.8 4.8 19.5

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 51 77.2 17.8 1.7 19.2

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,744 84.9 8.6 3.2 11.8

Computer operators 91 79.3 13.8 4.1 14.3

Data entry keyers 272 73.7 13.4 9.1 20.9

Word processors and typists 82 77.2 14.3 4.1 11.2

Desktop publishers 0 – – – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 273 73.4 17.9 6.7 11.4

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 77 74.6 21.7 1.0 21.2

Office clerks, general 1,295 74.9 14.6 6.9 16.9

Office machine operators, except computer 35 – – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers 12 – – – –

Statistical assistants 9 – – – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 551 77.8 13.6 4.3 11.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,904 87.0 7.3 2.2 29.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,096 90.4 4.9 1.8 45.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 48 – – – –

Agricultural inspectors 19 – – – –

Animal breeders 7 – – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 85 71.5 20.4 6.3 40.7

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 818 92.8 2.7 1.3 52.5

Fishers and related fishing workers 29 – – – –

Hunters and trappers 1 – – – –

Forest and conservation workers 21 – – – –

Logging workers 68 85.7 11.2 .0 5.1

Construction and extraction occupations 7,929 88.1 6.8 1.7 34.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 680 89.7 5.5 1.5 22.5

Boilermakers 23 – – – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 160 87.3 6.4 .5 45.5

Carpenters 1,359 90.5 5.4 1.2 33.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 168 90.3 3.5 .9 50.8

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 56 83.9 10.5 1.6 48.8

Construction laborers 1,801 85.5 8.1 2.2 45.5

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 13 – – – –

Pile-driver operators 2 – – – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 351 89.0 8.7 .2 19.3

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 180 88.7 6.7 .5 62.7

Electricians 774 87.6 5.9 3.1 16.8

Glaziers 54 92.3 5.0 .0 21.2

Insulation workers 50 88.2 7.7 .5 33.8

Painters, construction and maintenance 612 87.5 5.7 3.6 50.7

Paperhangers 4 – – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 583 90.2 7.5 .9 21.2

Plasterers and stucco masons 34 – – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 – – – –

Roofers 230 89.5 4.9 1.1 51.7

Sheet metal workers 126 86.6 6.7 2.1 16.7

Structural iron and steel workers 60 82.4 10.7 1.9 10.8

Solar photovoltaic installers 10 – – – –

Helpers, construction trades 57 89.0 9.2 .9 42.5

Construction and building inspectors 93 81.1 11.8 2.4 9.9

Elevator installers and repairers 44 – – – –

Fence erectors 43 – – – –

Hazardous materials removal workers 34 – – – –

Highway maintenance workers 92 87.5 9.6 .2 15.1

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 10 – – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 10 – – – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 34 – – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 25 – – – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 33 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 11 – – – –

Mining machine operators 55 90.7 7.1 .0 11.6

Roof bolters, mining 4 – – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 6 – – – –

Helpers--extraction workers 4 – – – –

Other extraction workers 32 – – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,879 84.4 8.8 3.2 19.0

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 264 86.0 10.2 2.0 10.4

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 212 76.2 13.0 10.0 12.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 143 74.7 16.3 5.3 15.8

Avionics technicians 7 – – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 25 – – – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 2 – – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 13 – – – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 10 – – – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 44 – – – –

Security and fire alarm systems installers 79 83.6 5.6 4.2 24.2

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 140 86.3 3.3 6.0 18.5

Automotive body and related repairers 147 85.5 5.2 3.0 24.1

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 – – – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 879 81.3 9.6 4.3 23.3

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 342 87.7 7.0 1.9 16.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 203 89.4 3.8 1.9 16.9

Small engine mechanics 51 85.0 11.0 .0 6.6

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 87 79.1 10.8 2.0 31.6

Control and valve installers and repairers 33 – – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 427 90.1 7.0 1.3 21.9

Home appliance repairers 49 – – – –

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 393 86.7 8.5 1.9 15.0

Maintenance and repair workers, general 552 84.0 10.6 2.2 19.8

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Maintenance workers, machinery 21 – – – –

Millwrights 40 – – – –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 136 87.2 7.7 .9 10.5

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 171 76.4 16.1 5.2 20.9

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 66 88.4 4.5 3.9 13.9

Wind turbine service technicians 5 – – – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 38 – – – –

Commercial divers 1 – – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 30 – – – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 10 – – – –

Riggers 13 – – – –

Signal and track switch repairers 7 – – – –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 19 – – – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 198 87.0 5.8 3.9 22.9

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,743 75.7 15.8 4.8 22.2

Production occupations 8,459 77.8 12.9 5.9 22.3

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 763 83.1 9.7 3.9 15.0

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 5 – – – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 117 64.6 14.1 16.9 22.5

Engine and other machine assemblers 9 – – – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 22 – – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,082 71.1 17.8 7.2 19.6

Bakers 224 74.4 13.9 7.2 27.3

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 277 66.8 19.8 9.9 34.6

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 24 – – – –

Food batchmakers 107 80.0 14.2 3.1 30.6

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 10 – – – –

Food processing workers, all other 138 66.9 23.3 7.4 35.3

Computer control programmers and operators 87 81.3 6.3 4.3 12.3

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 – – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 – – – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 83 93.3 5.8 .6 22.3

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 – – – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 48 – – – –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 14 – – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 – – – –

Machinists 356 85.3 5.4 6.8 13.0

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 31 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 4 – – – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 33 – – – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 – – – –

Tool and die makers 50 95.6 2.4 .0 12.3

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 603 84.5 10.0 2.8 23.6

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 – – – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 7 – – – –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 20 – – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 5 – – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 379 74.3 15.3 7.3 22.1

Prepress technicians and workers 22 – – – –

Printing press operators 205 86.4 6.7 4.7 15.9

Print binding and finishing workers 14 – – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 188 67.1 21.4 7.9 34.0

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 36 – – – –

Sewing machine operators 208 77.3 8.0 12.1 46.9

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 8 – – – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 2 – – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 79 66.9 7.8 22.6 19.3

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 2 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 – – – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 13 – – – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 11 – – – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 – – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 – – – –

Upholsterers 36 – – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 20 – – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 56 90.8 6.7 .0 15.7

Furniture finishers 19 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 – – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 35 – – – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 23 – – – –

Woodworkers, all other 34 – – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 44 – – – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 78 85.4 9.6 5.0 14.1

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 77 82.5 13.9 2.1 6.8

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 38 – – – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 54 92.5 3.7 1.5 15.8

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 94 84.0 12.2 1.5 35.3

Cutting workers 67 79.9 7.2 4.1 37.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 29 – – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 16 – – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 734 76.7 12.8 7.4 17.7

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 40 – – – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 85 77.0 8.4 11.8 11.3

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 236 72.5 16.1 6.2 43.1

Painting workers 173 84.8 8.8 1.8 28.4

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 29 – – – –

Semiconductor processors 2 – – – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 3 – – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 0 – – – –

Etchers and engravers 6 – – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 24 – – – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 33 – – – –

Tire builders 10 – – – –

Helpers--production workers 40 – – – –

Production workers, all other 968 73.8 17.1 5.4 22.1

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,284 73.8 18.4 3.8 22.1

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 190 81.6 13.4 3.2 21.2

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 141 93.9 3.0 .5 7.7

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 26 – – – –

Flight attendants 93 77.2 13.7 6.4 16.1

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 19 – – – –

Bus drivers 553 64.5 29.4 3.3 11.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,542 78.8 14.8 2.6 21.3

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 500 50.6 28.7 16.0 12.6

Motor vehicle operators, all other 63 81.6 13.7 2.3 14.6

Locomotive engineers and operators 52 75.3 20.8 .6 7.8

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 2 – – – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 55 74.4 21.3 4.3 6.0

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 – – – –

Sailors and marine oilers 16 – – – –

Ship and boat captains and operators 31 – – – –

Ship engineers 4 – – – –

Bridge and lock tenders 2 – – – –

Parking lot attendants 89 65.3 24.3 7.3 28.5

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 97 78.4 9.9 6.4 18.1

Transportation inspectors 26 – – – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 41 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Other transportation workers 34 – – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders 3 – – – –

Crane and tower operators 63 84.8 13.0 .5 13.7

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 37 – – – –

Hoist and winch operators 9 – – – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators 605 68.3 26.0 2.3 28.0

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 328 73.7 18.0 2.5 29.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,900 72.7 19.9 3.2 23.4

Machine feeders and offbearers 30 – – – –

Packers and packagers, hand 550 68.3 18.9 7.1 43.6

Pumping station operators 16 – – – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 101 81.6 16.4 .5 23.5

Mine shuttle car operators 0 – – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 4 – – – –

Material moving workers, all other 45 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 151,436 119,313 17,982 9,213 25,249

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.6 1.9 .4 .3 2.4

Mining .5 .6 .3 .2 .6

Construction 6.8 7.7 3.3 2.1 11.8

Manufacturing 10.2 10.4 8.5 11.3 9.8

Durable goods 6.4 6.6 4.8 7.5 5.4

Nondurable goods 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.4

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Wholesale and retail trade 13.4 13.5 12.7 12.9 13.7

Wholesale trade 2.4 2.5 1.7 2.4 2.5

Retail trade 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.6 11.2

Transportation and utilities 5.3 4.9 8.0 4.6 5.5

Information 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.3 1.3

Financial activities 6.9 7.0 6.0 7.9 5.0

Professional and business services 12.1 12.1 9.9 16.5 12.0

Education and health services 22.6 21.9 28.4 22.3 16.4

Leisure and hospitality 9.4 9.0 10.0 10.0 12.9

Other services 4.8 4.8 4.3 6.1 5.2

Other services, except private households 4.4 4.3 4.0 5.8 4.1

Other services, private households .5 .5 .3 .3 1.1

Public administration 4.5 4.3 6.4 3.4 3.3

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) 80,568 64,612 8,471 4,915 14,563

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.3 2.7 .7 .3 3.2

Mining .9 .9 .5 .3 .9

Construction 11.7 13.0 6.4 3.4 19.5

Manufacturing 13.6 13.9 12.2 13.4 11.6

Durable goods 9.0 9.3 7.1 9.6 7.0

Nondurable goods 4.5 4.6 5.0 3.8 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade 13.9 13.9 14.2 13.7 13.5

Wholesale trade 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.7 3.2

Retail trade 10.7 10.6 11.5 11.1 10.3

Transportation and utilities 7.6 7.1 12.3 6.6 7.3

Information 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.7 1.4

Financial activities 6.2 6.2 5.3 7.7 4.3

Professional and business services 13.3 13.0 11.7 19.9 12.2

Education and health services 10.8 10.2 13.6 14.1 6.8

Leisure and hospitality 8.7 8.2 10.6 10.2 11.7

Other services 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.6

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.4

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Other services, private households .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

Public administration 4.7 4.6 6.0 3.1 3.1

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) 70,868 54,701 9,511 4,298 10,686

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.9 1.1 .1 .3 1.3

Mining .2 .2 .1 .1 .1

Construction 1.3 1.5 .6 .7 1.3

Manufacturing 6.3 6.3 5.3 8.9 7.4

Durable goods 3.4 3.4 2.7 5.0 3.3

Nondurable goods 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.9 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 12.7 12.9 11.5 12.0 14.0

Wholesale trade 1.5 1.6 .8 2.1 1.7

Retail trade 11.2 11.3 10.6 10.0 12.3

Transportation and utilities 2.7 2.4 4.2 2.4 3.0

Information 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.1

Financial activities 7.7 7.9 6.6 8.2 6.1

Professional and business services 10.7 11.0 8.4 12.5 11.9

Education and health services 36.1 35.7 41.5 31.7 29.5

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 10.1 9.4 9.8 14.5

Other services 5.4 5.4 4.0 7.8 6.2

Other services, except private households 4.5 4.4 3.5 7.2 3.7

Other services, private households .9 1.0 .5 .6 2.5

Public administration 4.4 4.0 6.7 3.7 3.6

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families 82,092 65,083 9,976 4,707 12,900

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

With at least one family member employed 66,023 52,209 7,764 4,166 11,182

As a percent of total families 80.4 80.2 77.8 88.5 86.7

With at least one family member unemployed 5,301 3,711 1,086 265 1,117

As a percent of total families 6.5 5.7 10.9 5.6 8.7

Some family member(s) employed 3,656 2,684 628 204 811

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 69.0 72.3 57.8 76.9 72.6

Some family member(s) employed full time 3,162 2,343 524 185 702

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 59.7 63.1 48.2 69.8 62.9

Married-couple families(1) 59,747 50,170 4,492 3,775 8,025

With at least one family member employed 48,440 40,298 3,655 3,361 7,170

As a percent of total families 81.1 80.3 81.4 89.0 89.3

With at least one family member unemployed 3,122 2,443 371 196 642

As a percent of total families 100.0 4.9 8.3 5.2 8.0

Some family member(s) employed 2,511 1,975 289 163 533

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 80.4 80.8 77.8 83.0 83.1

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,235 1,765 259 19 473

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 71.6 72.2 69.7 75.5 73.7

Families maintained by women(2) 15,669 10,064 4,326 579 3,287

With at least one family member employed 12,001 7,775 3,229 492 2,588

As a percent of total families 76.6 77.3 74.6 84.9 78.7

With at least one family member unemployed 1,543 845 564 45 337

As a percent of total families 100.0 8.4 13.0 7.8 10.3

Some family member(s) employed 774 457 254 26 189

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 50.1 54.0 45.1 56.8 56.0

Some family member(s) employed full time 607 360 194 23 151

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 39.3 42.7 34.3 50.3 44.7

Families maintained by men(2) 6,676 4,849 1,158 353 1,588

With at least one family member employed 5,582 4,136 881 314 1,424

As a percent of total families 83.6 85.3 76.1 88.8 89.7

With at least one family member unemployed 635 423 151 24 138

As a percent of total families 100.0 8.7 13.0 6.8 8.7

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Footnotes:

(1) Opposite-sex married-couple families only.

(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Some family member(s) employed 372 252 85 16 89

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 58.5 59.7 56.1 65.5 64.5

Some family member(s) employed full time 320 217 72 15 79

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 50.4 51.4 47.4 60.2 57.2

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 – – – 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 – – – 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 – – – 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 – – – 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 – – – 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 – – – 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 – – – 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 – – – 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual 

averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 – – – 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 – – – 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 – – – 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 – – – 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 – – – 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 – – – 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 – – – 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 – – – 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual 

averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2012 80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 – – – 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 – – – 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 – – – 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 – – – 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 – – – 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 – – – 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 – – – 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 – – – 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual 

averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 – – – 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 – – – 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 – – – 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 – – – 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 – – – 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 – – – 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 – – – 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 – – – 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

With children under 3 years

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 – – – 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 – – – 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 – – – 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 – – – 68.6 94.6 48.0

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual 

averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 – – – 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 – – – 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 – – – 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 – – – 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012 76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016 76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual 

averages (percent)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 – – – – – –

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 – – – 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 – – – 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 – – – 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 – – – 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 – – – 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 – – – 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 – – – 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 – – – 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 – – – 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 – – – 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 – – – 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 – – – 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 – – – 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 – – – 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 – – – 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 – – – 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 – – – 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 – – – 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 – – – 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 – – – 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 – – – 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 – – – 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 – – – 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 – – – 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 – – – 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 – – – 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 – – – 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016 8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

Duration of unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (in thousands) 7,751 5,345 1,655 349 1,548

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 30.5 32.1 25.5 28.6 33.4

5 to 14 weeks 28.7 29.1 27.3 28.7 28.9

15 to 26 weeks 14.9 14.7 15.5 15.7 14.8

27 weeks and over 25.9 24.1 31.7 26.9 22.8

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 27.5 26.3 31.8 27.9 24.3

Median duration, in weeks 10.6 10.0 13.4 11.4 9.6

Men, 16 years and older (in thousands) 4,187 2,952 845 176 833

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 29.7 31.2 25.2 27.1 34.8

5 to 14 weeks 28.2 28.1 27.5 30.0 28.1

15 to 26 weeks 14.9 15.0 14.4 14.9 14.3

27 weeks and over 27.1 25.8 32.9 28.0 22.8

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 29.3 28.6 33.2 28.0 23.7

Median duration, in weeks 11.2 10.6 13.4 11.6 9.4

Women, 16 years and older (in thousands) 3,564 2,393 810 172 715

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Duration of unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Less than 5 weeks 31.3 33.3 25.8 30.2 31.8

5 to 14 weeks 29.3 30.4 27.0 27.4 29.8

15 to 26 weeks 15.0 14.3 16.7 16.6 15.5

27 weeks and over 24.4 22.1 30.5 25.7 22.9

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 25.4 23.5 30.4 27.8 25.0

Median duration, in weeks 10.1 9.4 13.3 11.3 9.9

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 7,751 5,345 1,655 349 1,548

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 48.2 50.2 44.6 41.8 49.3

On temporary layoff 12.5 14.4 7.4 7.4 15.1

Not on temporary layoff 35.8 35.8 37.2 34.4 34.2

Permanent job losers 25.4 26.1 24.0 25.6 21.4

Persons who completed temporary jobs 10.4 9.7 13.2 8.8 12.8

Job leavers 11.1 11.5 9.3 12.3 9.0

Reentrants 30.1 28.8 32.9 31.1 28.5

New entrants 10.6 9.5 13.3 14.7 13.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 4,187 2,952 845 176 833

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 53.3 55.8 47.4 45.0 57.1

On temporary layoff 13.4 15.3 8.1 5.8 17.2

Not on temporary layoff 39.9 40.5 39.3 39.1 39.9

Permanent job losers 28.0 29.1 25.2 28.3 24.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs 11.9 11.4 14.0 10.8 15.4

Job leavers 9.9 10.4 7.7 13.0 7.9

Reentrants 26.5 25.1 30.2 28.8 23.5

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Reason for unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

New entrants 10.3 8.7 14.8 13.2 11.6

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,564 2,393 810 172 715

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 42.3 43.3 41.7 38.6 40.3

On temporary layoff 11.3 13.4 6.7 9.0 12.7

Not on temporary layoff 31.0 30.0 35.0 29.6 27.6

Permanent job losers 22.3 22.4 22.7 22.8 17.7

Persons who completed temporary jobs 8.7 7.6 12.3 6.7 9.9

Job leavers 12.5 12.9 11.0 11.6 10.3

Reentrants 34.3 33.3 35.7 33.5 34.3

New entrants 10.9 10.5 11.7 16.3 15.1

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older 159,187 94,351 5,849 2,434 1,804 553 1,250 88,502

16 to 24 years 21,202 17,232 1,780 787 530 130 400 15,452

25 to 54 years 102,248 23,513 2,481 1,128 841 267 573 21,032

55 years and older 35,737 53,606 1,587 519 433 156 277 52,018

Men, 16 years and older 84,755 37,743 2,733 1,211 960 345 615 35,009

16 to 24 years 10,949 8,423 927 422 299 86 213 7,496

25 to 54 years 54,726 7,085 1,050 520 430 163 267 6,035

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

55 years and older 19,079 22,235 757 269 232 96 136 21,478

Women, 16 years and older 74,432 56,608 3,116 1,222 843 208 635 53,492

16 to 24 years 10,253 8,809 854 364 231 44 187 7,956

25 to 54 years 47,522 16,428 1,432 608 411 104 307 14,996

55 years and older 16,657 31,371 830 250 201 60 141 30,540

White

Total, 16 years and older 124,658 73,557 4,087 1,629 1,191 360 831 69,469

16 to 24 years 16,171 12,118 1,205 515 333 83 250 10,913

25 to 54 years 78,650 17,136 1,671 735 546 165 381 15,464

55 years and older 29,837 44,303 1,211 379 312 112 200 43,092

Men, 16 years and older 67,564 29,297 1,912 808 632 224 407 27,385

16 to 24 years 8,476 5,870 639 282 192 55 137 5,231

25 to 54 years 42,929 4,912 702 337 275 102 173 4,211

55 years and older 16,158 18,515 572 190 164 67 98 17,943

Women, 16 years and older 57,095 44,260 2,175 821 559 135 424 42,084

16 to 24 years 7,695 6,248 566 234 141 28 113 5,682

25 to 54 years 35,721 12,223 970 398 270 63 208 11,253

55 years and older 13,679 25,788 639 189 147 45 103 25,149

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 19,637 12,252 1,110 530 426 146 280 11,142

16 to 24 years 2,988 2,860 371 187 147 38 109 2,489

25 to 54 years 13,248 3,543 489 253 201 79 122 3,055

55 years and older 3,400 5,849 251 90 77 28 49 5,598

Men, 16 years and older 9,315 5,209 513 260 221 89 132 4,696

16 to 24 years 1,442 1,426 179 93 77 24 53 1,247

25 to 54 years 6,255 1,431 220 121 106 49 56 1,211

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

55 years and older 1,619 2,352 114 47 39 17 23 2,238

Women, 16 years and older 10,321 7,043 597 269 205 57 148 6,446

16 to 24 years 1,546 1,434 192 94 71 14 56 1,242

25 to 54 years 6,994 2,112 269 132 96 30 65 1,844

55 years and older 1,782 3,497 136 43 38 12 26 3,361

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 9,562 5,559 343 142 92 23 69 5,216

16 to 24 years 896 1,302 84 38 19 2 16 1,218

25 to 54 years 6,851 1,858 185 74 48 10 38 1,673

55 years and older 1,814 2,399 74 30 25 11 14 2,325

Men, 16 years and older 5,091 1,973 153 71 51 14 37 1,820

16 to 24 years 466 634 45 21 10 2 8 589

25 to 54 years 3,683 424 65 32 24 4 21 359

55 years and older 942 915 42 19 16 8 8 872

Women, 16 years and older 4,471 3,586 190 71 41 9 32 3,396

16 to 24 years 430 668 38 18 9 1 8 630

25 to 54 years 3,168 1,434 120 42 24 6 17 1,314

55 years and older 872 1484 32 11 9 2 7 1452

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 26,797 13,900 1,181 444 318 94 224 12,718

16 to 24 years 4,563 3,926 426 173 122 30 92 3,499

25 to 54 years 18,754 5,026 551 212 147 45 102 4,475

55 years and older 3,480 4,948 204 59 49 20 29 4,744

Men, 16 years and older 15,396 4,870 501 199 156 52 105 4,369

16 to 24 years 2,469 1,847 214 88 67 18 48 1,633

25 to 54 years 10,951 1,126 195 85 66 23 43 931

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Footnotes:

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, 

employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

55 years and older 1,976 1,898 93 27 24 10 14 1,804

Women, 16 years and older 11,401 9,029 680 245 161 42 119 8,349

16 to 24 years 2,094 2,079 213 85 55 11 44 1,866

25 to 54 years 7,803 3,900 356 128 81 21 59 3,544

55 years and older 1,504 3,050 111 32 25 9 16 2,940

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 – $194

1980 262 269 212 – 209

1981 284 291 235 – 223

1982 302 310 245 – 240

1983 313 320 261 – 250

1984 326 336 269 – 259

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1985 344 356 277 – 270

1986 359 371 291 – 277

1987 374 384 301 – 285

1988 385 395 314 – 290

1989 399 409 319 – 298

1990 412 424 329 – 304

1991 426 442 348 – 312

1992 440 458 357 – 321

1993 459 475 369 – 331

1994 467 484 371 – 324

1995 479 494 383 – 329

1996 490 506 387 – 339

1997 503 519 400 – 351

1998 523 545 426 – 370

1999 549 573 445 – 385

2000 576 590 474 615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

Men

1979 292 298 227 – 219

1980 313 320 244 – 234

1981 340 350 268 – 251

1982 364 375 278 – 269

1983 379 387 294 – 274

1984 392 401 303 – 287

1985 407 418 305 – 296

1986 419 433 319 – 299

1987 434 450 327 – 306

1988 449 465 348 – 308

1989 468 482 348 – 315

1990 481 494 361 – 318

1991 493 506 375 – 323

1992 501 514 380 – 339

1993 510 524 392 – 346

1994 522 547 400 – 343

1995 538 566 411 – 350

1996 557 580 412 – 356

1997 579 595 432 – 371

1998 598 615 468 – 390

1999 618 638 488 – 406

2000 641 662 510 685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Women

1979 182 184 169 – 157

1980 201 203 185 – 172

1981 219 221 206 – 190

1982 239 242 217 – 203

1983 252 254 232 – 215

1984 265 268 241 – 223

1985 277 281 252 – 230

1986 291 294 264 – 241

1987 303 307 276 – 251

1988 315 318 288 – 260

1989 328 334 301 – 269

1990 346 353 308 – 278

1991 366 373 323 – 292

1992 380 387 335 – 302

1993 393 401 348 – 313

1994 399 408 346 – 305

1995 406 415 355 – 305

1996 418 428 362 – 316

1997 431 444 375 – 318

1998 456 468 400 – 337

1999 473 483 409 – 348

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2000 493 502 429 547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

Women's earnings as a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 – 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 – 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 – 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 – 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 – 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 – 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 – 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 – 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 – 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 – 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 – 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 – 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 – 90.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 – 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 – 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 – 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 – 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 – 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 – 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 – 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 – 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes:

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Educational attainment and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $885 $912 $715 $1,069 $664

Less than a high school diploma 504 510 467 502 492

High school graduates, no college(1) 692 717 592 630 621

Some college, no degree 756 781 667 739 699

Associate's degree 819 851 707 786 753

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,259 1,274 990 1,429 1,127

Men, 25 years and older 969 996 751 1,190 697

Less than a high school diploma 551 567 496 568 518

High school graduates, no college(1) 769 806 626 683 679

Some college, no degree 861 892 740 828 771

Associate's degree 951 975 816 825 879

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,464 1,491 1,052 1,600 1,246

Women, 25 years and older 784 806 677 940 609

Less than a high school diploma 423 421 422 461 413

High school graduates, no college(1) 599 610 539 592 550

Some college, no degree 665 682 610 681 618

Associate's degree 720 734 649 760 662

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,101 1,115 960 1,262 988

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2016 annual averages

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $832 $862 $678 $1,021 $624

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,188 1,202 966 1,483 1,012

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,284 1,317 1,037 1,509 1,079

Management occupations 1,370 1,387 1,101 1,645 1,100

Business and financial operations occupations 1,161 1,172 970 1,335 1,017

Professional and related occupations 1,141 1,143 916 1,471 971

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,443 1,423 1,105 1,658 1,251

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,482 1,469 1,170 1,690 1,317

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,209 1,226 1,024 1,352 1,010

Community and social services occupations 919 937 820 1,101 854

Legal occupations 1,431 1,428 1,174 1,728 993

Education, training, and library occupations 984 1,002 847 1,049 865

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,040 1,032 924 1,174 849

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 1,104 1,119 892 1,386 970

Service occupations 523 536 495 545 493

Healthcare support occupations 525 548 497 584 541

Protective service occupations 809 890 681 646 782

Food preparation and serving related occupations 465 467 422 524 454

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 510 515 485 552 484

Personal care and service occupations 505 512 471 515 487

Sales and office occupations 698 713 623 743 613

Sales and related occupations 744 782 584 719 596

Office and administrative support occupations 679 684 644 756 623

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 786 796 741 753 624

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 520 531 466 408 488

Construction and extraction occupations 784 792 755 740 639

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 861 879 747 799 713

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 665 685 602 635 557

Production occupations 668 691 566 650 543

Transportation and material-moving occupations 662 678 628 615 573

Men, 16 years and older 915 942 718 1,151 663

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,420 1,427 1,124 1,661 1,169

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,491 1,513 1,198 1,682 1,161

Management occupations 1,539 1,551 1,260 1,839 1,169

Business and financial operations occupations 1,373 1,392 1,122 1,536 1,143

Professional and related occupations 1,364 1,359 1,061 1,653 1,180

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,518 1,508 1,146 1,728 1,291

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,529 1,506 1,296 1,774 1,403

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,319 1,279 1,276 1,542 1,032

Community and social services occupations 1,004 1,030 836 1,242 929

Legal occupations 1,904 1,911 1,573 2,378 1,654

Education, training, and library occupations 1,154 1,165 1,036 1,297 1,059

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,139 1,151 938 1,236 907

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 1,332 1,359 992 1,569 1,215

Service occupations 595 610 524 599 517

Healthcare support occupations 602 619 538 618 677

Protective service occupations 854 923 689 624 808

Food preparation and serving related occupations 491 493 424 582 481

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 548 561 501 596 507

Personal care and service occupations 613 642 545 609 554

Sales and office occupations 805 841 640 827 665

Sales and related occupations 904 943 673 845 677

Office and administrative support occupations 708 721 619 778 658

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 794 805 741 779 639

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 544 560 453 399 503

Construction and extraction occupations 786 795 752 759 645

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 863 881 745 809 720

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 704 723 622 671 600

Production occupations 723 752 589 698 603

Transportation and material-moving occupations 685 699 649 620 598

Women, 16 years and older 749 766 641 902 586

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,027 1,036 892 1,315 894

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,099 1,116 960 1,330 943

Management occupations 1,148 1,157 1,003 1,426 933

Business and financial operations occupations 1,018 1,033 903 1,169 953

Professional and related occupations 998 1,003 838 1,305 863

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,325 1,267 1,031 1,543 1,079

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,207 1,218 941 1,296 1,066

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,119 1,146 933 1,135 995

Community and social services occupations 880 888 807 1,058 838

Legal occupations 1,152 1,139 1,008 1,548 850

Education, training, and library occupations 933 951 772 986 808

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 951 936 913 1,168 767

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 1,036 1,048 865 1,331 871

Service occupations 487 488 475 514 460

Healthcare support occupations 519 539 491 565 522

Protective service occupations 688 712 631 671 744

Food preparation and serving related occupations 434 437 420 477 418

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 454 450 457 526 421

Personal care and service occupations 482 485 443 498 478

Sales and office occupations 649 658 618 688 588

Sales and related occupations 590 611 503 551 514

Office and administrative support occupations 669 672 654 743 610

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 580 569 754 486 458

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 465 469 527 411 422

Construction and extraction occupations 639 616 886 421 489

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 783 772 889 612 581

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 531 531 528 585 451

Production occupations 527 526 526 582 455

Transportation and material-moving occupations 540 544 533 593 440

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

1.

2.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and 

older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes 

and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week 

including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or 

profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some 

other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work 

(except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week 

period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off 

need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people 

classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number 

of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of 

unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to 

work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to 

qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and 

who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began 

looking for work after the jobs ended.

Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and 

immediately began looking for work.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

3.

4.

Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to 

beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the 

criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor 

force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or 

since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. 

People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of 

hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification 

system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation 

Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of 

people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify 

multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their 

main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, 

Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed

—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races 

are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of 

publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous 

versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, 

Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 

into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central 

American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories 

of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.[3]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

•

•

Usual weekly earnings. Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include 

any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings 

reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term 

“usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job 

of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were 

incorporated).

Median earnings. Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two 

equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians 

shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median 

falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or 

adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that 

of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of 

families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the 

householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as 

follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with 

one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a samesex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.[4]
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[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and 

industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; 

see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population 

Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see 

Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey.”

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is 

available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey 

(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.