### Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Postsecondary Teachers Summary
                        
            
                                                        
                                    
            
            
            
                            
                                                
                                                
                                                
                                                
            						
							
				                                                
                                            




            			postsecondary teachers imagePostsecondary teachers instruct students in a variety of academic subjects beyond the high school level.							
						Quick Facts:     Postsecondary Teachers2023     Median Pay
            						$84,380     per yearTypical Entry-Level Education
                                    See How to Become OneWork Experience in a Related Occupation
                                    See How to Become OneOn-the-job Training
                                    NoneNumber of Jobs, 2022
                                    1,333,900Job Outlook, 2022-32
                                    8% (Faster than average)Employment Change, 2022-32
                                    108,100What Postsecondary Teachers Do
                                                
                        
                        
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a variety of academic subjects beyond the high school level.
            
                        Work Environment
                        
Most postsecondary teachers work in public and private colleges and universities, professional schools, and junior or community colleges. Most work full time, although part-time work is common.
            
                                                How to Become a Postsecondary Teacher
                                                
                        
Educational requirements vary by subject and the type of educational institution. Typically, postsecondary teachers must have a Ph.D. However, a master's degree may be enough for some postsecondary teachers at community colleges, and others may need work experience in their field of expertise.
            
                        Pay
                        												                            																				    														The median annual wage for postsecondary teachers was $84,380 in May 2023.									                                					
						
            
                        Job Outlook
                        						
												Overall employment							of postsecondary teachers is projected to grow							 8 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.
						About 118,800 openings for postsecondary teachers are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
            			
            			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
						State & Area Data
                       Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for postsecondary teachers.
            
            
						
                        Similar Occupations
                        
                                                    Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of postsecondary teachers with similar occupations.
            
            
                        More Information, Including Links to O*NET
                        
                                               
                        Learn more about postsecondary teachers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
 What Postsecondary Teachers Do 
            

			Postsecondary teachersProfessors may teach a variety of subjects, such as history, science, or business.			
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a variety of academic subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.
Duties
Postsecondary teachers typically do the following:
Develop an instructional plan (known as a course outline or syllabus) for the course(s) they teach and ensure that it meets college and department standards
Plan lessons and assignments
Teach courses in their subject area
Assess students’ progress by grading assignments, papers, exams, and other work
Advise students about which courses to take and how to achieve their goals
Work with colleagues to develop or modify the curriculum for a degree or certificate program involving in-person, online, or hybrid delivery of course material
Stay informed about changes and innovations in their field
Serve on academic or administrative committees, as neededPostsecondary teachers, often referred to as *professors* or *faculty*, specialize in a variety of subjects and fields. At colleges and universities, professors are organized into departments by degree field, such as history, science, or business. A professor may teach one or more courses within that department. For example, a mathematics professor may teach calculus, statistics, and a graduate seminar on a topic related to polynomials.
Postsecondary teachers’ duties vary, often based on the size of their employing institution. In large colleges or universities, they may teach courses, conduct research or experiments, publish original research, apply for grants to fund their research, or supervise graduate teaching assistants. In small colleges and universities or in community colleges, they may spend most of their time teaching courses and working with students.
Full-time professors, particularly those who have tenure (that is, they cannot be fired without just cause), often are expected to devote a great deal of time on original research. Tenured professors must document their analyses or critical reviews and publish their research findings. They also may be expected to serve on college and university committees.
Part-time professors, often known as *adjunct professors*, usually spend most of their time teaching students.
Professors may teach large classes of several hundred students (often with the help of graduate teaching assistants), smaller classes of about 40 to 50 students, seminars with a few students, or laboratories in which students practice the subject matter. Some teach online, either exclusively or in addition to providing live instruction.
Professors’ tasks also may include collaborating with their colleagues and attending conferences to keep up with developments in their field.
Information about postsecondary teachers who provide vocational training in subjects such as repair, transportation, and cosmetology is available in the profile on career and technical education teachers.
 Work Environment
			Postsecondary teachersMost classes are held during the day, but some are held on nights and weekends.			

	    
				
	
	    	    		Postsecondary teachers held about 1.3 million jobs in 2022. Employment in the detailed occupations that make up postsecondary teachers was distributed as follows:
    	    	
    	Health specialties teachers, postsecondary
                262,800Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary
                123,900Business teachers, postsecondary
                99,900Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary
                85,900Education teachers, postsecondary
                74,300English language and literature teachers, postsecondary
                70,100Biological science teachers, postsecondary
                62,400Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary
                55,900Psychology teachers, postsecondary
                50,900Engineering teachers, postsecondary
                45,500Computer science teachers, postsecondary
                42,000Communications teachers, postsecondary
                33,600Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary
                29,100Chemistry teachers, postsecondary
                25,900Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary
                24,700History teachers, postsecondary
                22,800Law teachers, postsecondary
                19,800Political science teachers, postsecondary
                19,300Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other
                19,200Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary
                16,500Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary
                16,300Physics teachers, postsecondary
                16,200Social work teachers, postsecondary
                15,500Sociology teachers, postsecondary
                15,000Economics teachers, postsecondary
                14,800Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary
                13,600Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary
                11,900Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary
                10,100Architecture teachers, postsecondary
                8,200Environmental science teachers, postsecondary
                7,900Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary
                6,200Library science teachers, postsecondary
                5,400Geography teachers, postsecondary
                4,100Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary
                2,900Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary
                1,500The largest employers of postsecondary teachers were as follows:
        Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private
                41%Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state
                39Junior colleges; local
                10Junior colleges; state
                6Postsecondary teachers often find it rewarding to share their expertise with students and colleagues. However, it may be stressful, especially for beginning teachers seeking advancement, to balance teaching duties with an emphasis on research and publication. At the community college level, professors are more likely to focus on teaching students.
Work Schedules
Most postsecondary teachers work full time, although part-time work is common. Postsecondary teachers who work part time may offer instruction at several colleges or universities. Some have a full-time job in their field of expertise in addition to a part-time teaching position. For example, an active lawyer or judge might teach an evening course at a law school.
College and university courses are generally during the day, although some are offered in the evenings or on weekends to accommodate students who have jobs or other obligations.
Academic calendars typically include breaks, such as between terms. The availability and type of course offerings during the summer vary by institution. Although some postsecondary teachers provide instruction in summer courses, others use the time to conduct research or engage in professional development.
Postsecondary teachers’ schedules generally are flexible. Full-time teachers typically need to be on campus to teach classes and have office hours but otherwise are free to set their own schedules.
 How to Become a Postsecondary Teacher

			Postsecondary teachersInstitutions may prefer to hire those with teaching or other work experience.			
Educational requirements vary with the subject taught and the type of educational institution. Typically, postsecondary teachers must have a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree in their field. However, a master's degree may be enough for some postsecondary teachers at community colleges. Other postsecondary teachers may need work experience in their field of expertise.
Education
Postsecondary teachers who work for 4-year colleges and universities typically need a Ph.D. or other doctorate in their field of degree. For some specialties or for part-time positions, schools may hire those with a master’s degree or who are doctoral degree candidates.
Doctoral programs usually take several years to complete, and students typically need a bachelor’s or master’s degree to enroll. Most Ph.D. programs require students to write a doctoral dissertation, a paper presenting original research in their field of study, which they then defend in questioning from experts. Candidates usually specialize in a subfield, such as organic chemistry or European history.
Community colleges may hire those with a master’s degree. However, some institutions prefer that applicants have a Ph.D.
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
Institutions may prefer to hire those with teaching or other work experience.
In some fields, such as health specialties, art, law, and education, hands-on work experience is especially important. Postsecondary teachers in these fields often gain experience by working in an occupation related to their field of study.
In other fields, such as biological science, physics, and chemistry, some postsecondary teachers have postdoctoral research experience. Sometimes called a “post-doc,” this experience takes the form of a job that usually involves working for 2 to 3 years as a research associate or in a similar position, often at a college or university.
Some postsecondary teachers gain teaching experience by working as graduate teaching assistants—students who are enrolled in a graduate program and teach classes at the institution in which they are enrolled.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Postsecondary teachers who prepare students for an occupation that requires a license, certification, or registration, may need to have—or may benefit from having—the same credential. For example, a postsecondary nursing teacher might need a nursing license or a postsecondary education teacher might need a teaching license.
Advancement
Postsecondary teachers with a doctoral degree often seek tenure—a guarantee that a professor cannot be fired without just cause. Attaining tenure may take up to 7 years of progressing through the positions by rank: assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. The decision to grant tenure is based on a candidate’s research, contribution to the institution, and teaching.
Some professors advance to high-level administrative positions, such as dean or president. For information on deans and other administrative positions, see the profile on postsecondary education administrators. For more information about college and university presidents, see the profile on top executives.
Important Qualities
***Critical-thinking skills.*** To conduct original research and design experiments, postsecondary teachers need to analyze information logically.
***Interpersonal skills.*** Postsecondary teachers need to work well with others for tasks such as instructing students and serving on committees.
***Resourcefulness.*** Postsecondary teachers must be able to present information in a way that students will understand. They need to adapt to the different learning styles of their students and be able to use technology for lessons or assignments.
***Speaking skills.*** Postsecondary teachers need good communication skills to present lectures and provide feedback to students.
***Writing skills.*** Postsecondary teachers need strong writing ability to publish original research and analysis.
 Pay

			



	
 
                                                     
            
    
                Postsecondary TeachersMedian annual wages, May 2023Postsecondary teachers$84,380  Educational instruction and library occupations$59,940  Total, all occupations$48,060Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
 

	
	



		
	
	
	
The median annual wage for postsecondary teachers was $84,380 in May 2023. 


The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $49,440, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $182,710.

			
                    	Median annual wages for postsecondary teachers in May 2023 were as follows:
        Law teachers, postsecondary
		$127,360Economics teachers, postsecondary
		115,300Engineering teachers, postsecondary
		106,910Architecture teachers, postsecondary
		105,770Health specialties teachers, postsecondary
		105,650Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary
		101,650Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary
		100,690Physics teachers, postsecondary
		98,020Business teachers, postsecondary
		97,130Computer science teachers, postsecondary
		96,430Political science teachers, postsecondary
		93,810Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary
		93,650Environmental science teachers, postsecondary
		88,410Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary
		86,030Chemistry teachers, postsecondary
		85,810Geography teachers, postsecondary
		85,600Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary
		85,260Biological science teachers, postsecondary
		83,920Sociology teachers, postsecondary
		82,670Psychology teachers, postsecondary
		82,140History teachers, postsecondary
		82,140Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary
		81,020Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary
		80,780Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary
		80,360Library science teachers, postsecondary
		80,310Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary
		79,930Communications teachers, postsecondary
		79,910Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary
		78,760Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary
		78,410English language and literature teachers, postsecondary
		78,130Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other
		77,750Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary
		75,770Social work teachers, postsecondary
		75,020Education teachers, postsecondary
		73,240Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary
		69,030In May 2023, the median annual wages for postsecondary teachers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:	
        Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private
                $88,090Junior colleges; local
                86,650Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state
                84,490Junior colleges; state
                64,950Wages vary by institution type. Postsecondary teachers typically have higher wages in colleges, universities, and professional schools than they do in community colleges or other types of schools.
Most postsecondary teachers work full time, although part-time work is common. Postsecondary teachers who work part time may offer instruction at several colleges or universities. Some have a full-time job in their field of expertise in addition to a part-time teaching position. For example, an active lawyer or judge might teach an evening course at a law school.
College and university courses are generally during the day, although some are offered in the evenings or on weekends to accommodate students who have jobs or other obligations.
Academic calendars typically include breaks, such as between terms. The availability and type of course offerings during the summer vary by institution. Although some postsecondary teachers provide instruction in summer courses, others use the time to conduct research or engage in professional development.
Postsecondary teachers’ schedules generally are flexible. Full-time teachers typically need to be on campus to teach classes and have office hours but otherwise are free to set their own schedules.
 Job Outlook

   
        
    
          
        
    
                Postsecondary TeachersPercent change in employment, projected 2022-32Postsecondary teachers8%  Total, all occupations3%  Educational instruction and library occupations2%Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
            
            
			 
	
	
	

			Overall employment				of postsecondary teachers is projected to grow				 8 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.
			
			About 118,800 openings for postsecondary teachers are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
			
			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
			Employment
	
			
Projected employment of postsecondary teachers varies by occupation (see table). Both part-time and full-time postsecondary teachers are included in these projections.
The number of people attending postsecondary institutions is expected to grow over the projections decade. Students will continue to seek higher education to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to meet their career goals. As more people enter colleges and universities, more postsecondary teachers will be needed to serve these additional students. Colleges and universities are likely to hire more part-time teachers to meet this demand. In all disciplines, there is expected to be a limited number of full-time nontenure and full-time tenure positions.
A growing number of older people, who are more likely than young people to need medical care, will create increased demand for healthcare. More postsecondary teachers are expected to be needed to help educate workers who provide healthcare services.
However, despite expected increases in enrollment, employment growth in public colleges and universities will depend on state and local government budgets. If budgets for higher education are reduced, employment growth may be limited.
			

                        Employment projections data for     postsecondary teachers, 2022-32
                Occupational Title
                        SOC Code
                        Employment, 2022
                        Projected Employment, 2032
                        Change, 2022-32
                        Employment by IndustryPercent
                        NumericSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program**Postsecondary teachers**
			—
			1,333,900
			1,442,000
			8
			108,100
			—**Business teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1011
			99,900
			106,900
			7
			6,900
			Get data**Computer science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1021
			42,000
			44,300
			5
			2,200
			Get data**Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1022
			55,900
			57,700
			3
			1,800
			Get data**Architecture teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1031
			8,200
			8,500
			4
			300
			Get data**Engineering teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1032
			45,500
			49,700
			9
			4,200
			Get data**Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1041
			10,100
			10,500
			5
			500
			Get data**Biological science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1042
			62,400
			67,700
			9
			5,300
			Get data**Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1043
			1,500
			1,600
			5
			100
			Get data**Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1051
			13,600
			14,100
			4
			500
			Get data**Chemistry teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1052
			25,900
			26,800
			4
			900
			Get data**Environmental science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1053
			7,900
			8,200
			4
			300
			Get data**Physics teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1054
			16,200
			16,800
			4
			600
			Get data**Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1061
			6,200
			6,400
			4
			200
			Get data**Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1062
			11,900
			12,400
			4
			500
			Get data**Economics teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1063
			14,800
			15,400
			4
			600
			Get data**Geography teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1064
			4,100
			4,300
			4
			200
			Get data**Political science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1065
			19,300
			20,000
			4
			700
			Get data**Psychology teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1066
			50,900
			53,600
			5
			2,700
			Get data**Sociology teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1067
			15,000
			15,500
			4
			600
			Get data**Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other**
			25-1069
			19,200
			19,700
			3
			500
			Get data**Health specialties teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1071
			262,800
			313,000
			19
			50,200
			Get data**Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1072
			85,900
			101,500
			18
			15,600
			Get data**Education teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1081
			74,300
			77,100
			4
			2,800
			Get data**Library science teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1082
			5,400
			5,600
			4
			200
			Get data**Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1111
			16,500
			16,900
			3
			400
			Get data**Law teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1112
			19,800
			20,400
			3
			600
			Get data**Social work teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1113
			15,500
			16,100
			4
			600
			Get data**Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1121
			123,900
			127,800
			3
			3,900
			Get data**Communications teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1122
			33,600
			34,800
			3
			1,200
			Get data**English language and literature teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1123
			70,100
			70,900
			1
			900
			Get data**Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1124
			24,700
			25,000
			1
			300
			Get data**History teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1125
			22,800
			23,100
			1
			300
			Get data**Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1126
			29,100
			29,900
			3
			800
			Get data**Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1192
			2,900
			3,000
			4
			100
			Get data**Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary**
			25-1193
			16,300
			16,800
			3
			500
			Get data
 State & Area Data **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary
					Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary
					Architecture teachers, postsecondary
					Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary
					Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary
					Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary
					Biological science teachers, postsecondary
					Business teachers, postsecondary
					Chemistry teachers, postsecondary
					Communications teachers, postsecondary
					Computer science teachers, postsecondary
					Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary
					Economics teachers, postsecondary
					Education teachers, postsecondary
					Engineering teachers, postsecondary
					English language and literature teachers, postsecondary
					Environmental science teachers, postsecondary
					Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary
					Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary
					Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary
					Geography teachers, postsecondary
					Health specialties teachers, postsecondary
					History teachers, postsecondary
					Law teachers, postsecondary
					Library science teachers, postsecondary
					Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary
					Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary
					Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary
					Physics teachers, postsecondary
					Political science teachers, postsecondary
					Psychology teachers, postsecondary
					Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary
					Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other
					Social work teachers, postsecondary
					Sociology teachers, postsecondary **Projections Central** Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. **CareerOneStop** CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.
 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of postsecondary teachers. Occupation
                Job Duties
                ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
                2023     MEDIAN PAY**Career and Technical Education Teachers**
            Career and technical education teachers instruct students in various technical and vocational subjects, such as auto repair, healthcare, and culinary arts.
            Bachelor's degree
            $63,580**Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals**
            Elementary, middle, and high school principals oversee all school operations, including daily school activities.
            Master's degree
            $103,460**Instructional Coordinators**
            Instructional coordinators oversee school curriculums and teaching standards. They develop instructional material, implement it, and assess its effectiveness.
            Master's degree
            $74,620**Postsecondary Education Administrators**
            Postsecondary education administrators oversee student services, academics, and faculty research at colleges and universities.
            Master's degree
            $102,610
 Contacts for More Information
								
For more information about postsecondary teachers, visit
American Association of University Professors
Council of Graduate Schools

                                                
                                                        
                                                                                                    O*NET
                                        Agricultural Sciences Teachers, PostsecondaryAnthropology and Archeology Teachers, PostsecondaryArchitecture Teachers, PostsecondaryArea, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, PostsecondaryArt, Drama, and Music Teachers, PostsecondaryAtmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, PostsecondaryBiological Science Teachers, PostsecondaryBusiness Teachers, PostsecondaryChemistry Teachers, PostsecondaryCommunications Teachers, PostsecondaryComputer Science Teachers, PostsecondaryCriminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, PostsecondaryEconomics Teachers, PostsecondaryEducation Teachers, PostsecondaryEngineering Teachers, PostsecondaryEnglish Language and Literature Teachers, PostsecondaryEnvironmental Science Teachers, PostsecondaryFamily and Consumer Sciences Teachers, PostsecondaryForeign Language and Literature Teachers, PostsecondaryForestry and Conservation Science Teachers, PostsecondaryGeography Teachers, PostsecondaryHealth Specialties Teachers, PostsecondaryHistory Teachers, PostsecondaryLaw Teachers, PostsecondaryLibrary Science Teachers, PostsecondaryMathematical Science Teachers, PostsecondaryNursing Instructors and Teachers, PostsecondaryPhilosophy and Religion Teachers, PostsecondaryPhysics Teachers, PostsecondaryPolitical Science Teachers, PostsecondaryPsychology Teachers, PostsecondaryRecreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, PostsecondarySocial Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All OtherSocial Work Teachers, PostsecondarySociology Teachers, Postsecondary
 Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.  Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Postsecondary Teachers, 
        	 at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm (visited *May 21, 2024*).
 **Last Modified Date:**
                        Wednesday, April 17, 2024


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