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April 2016 
                    Report 1060

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		




















									



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Demographic characteristics
Educational attainment
Occupation
Families
Unrelated individuals
Labor market problems 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. People in the labor force: poverty status and work experience by...Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by...Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by...Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during...Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children,...Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and...Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more:...Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status...
                          Technical Notes
                  Subscribe to BLS Reports
		
		 
		
 
				
				
     A Profile of the Working Poor, 2014
A Profile of the Working Poor, 2014 imageIn 2014, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, about 46.7 million people, or 14.8 percent of the nation’s population, lived below the official poverty level.1 (See the technical notes section for examples of poverty levels.) Although the poor were primarily children and adults who had not participated in the labor force during the year, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9.5 million individuals were among the “working poor” in 2014; this measure was down from 2013. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. In 2014, the working-poor rate—the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks—was 6.3 percent, down by 0.7 percentage point from the previous year’s figure. (See table A and 1 and chart 1.)Following are additional highlights from the 2014 data:Full-time workers continued to be less likely to be among the working poor than part-time workers. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 4.1 percent of those usually employed full time were classified as working poor, compared with 13.5 percent of part-time workers.Women were more likely than men to be among the working poor. In addition, Blacks and Hispanics continued to be more than twice as likely as Whites and Asians to be among the working poor.The likelihood of being classified as working poor diminishes as workers attain higher levels of education. Among people with less than a high school diploma, 18.3 percent of those who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor, compared with 2.0 percent of college graduates.Individuals who were employed in service occupations continued to be more likely to be among the working poor than those employed in other major occupational groups.Among families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, those families with children under 18 years old were more than 4 times as likely as those without children to live in poverty. Families maintained by women were more likely than families maintained by men to be living below the poverty level.Table A. Poverty status of people and primary families in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2007–14(Numbers in thousands)Characteristic20072008200920102011201220132014Total in the labor force1146,567147,838147,902146,859147,475148,735149,483150,319In poverty7,5218,88310,39110,51210,38210,61210,4509,487Working poor rate5.16.07.07.27.07.17.06.3Unrelated individuals33,22632,78533,79834,09933,73134,81035,06135,018In poverty2,5583,2753,9473,9473,6213,8514,1413,395Working poor rate7.710.011.711.610.711.111.89.7Primary families265,15865,90765,46764,93166,22566,54166,46266,732In poverty4,1694,5385,1935,2695,4695,4785,1375,108Working poor rate6.46.97.98.18.38.27.77.71Includes individuals in families, not shown separately.2Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year.Note: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).This report presents data on the relationship between labor force activity and poverty status in 2014 for workers and their families. These data were collected in the 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report, see the technical notes at the end of this report.) The specific income thresholds used to determine people’s poverty status vary, depending on whether the individuals are living with family members or are living alone or with nonrelatives. For family members, the poverty threshold is determined by their family’s total income; for individuals not living in families, their personal income is used as the determinant.Chart 1. Working-poor rate of people in labor force for 27 weeks or more from 1986-2014.View Chart DataChart 1. Working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 1986–2014YearWorking-poor rate19866.219875.519885.419895.319905.519916.119926.319936.719946.219955.919965.819975.719985.419995.120004.720014.920025.320035.320045.620055.420065.120075.120086.020097.020107.220117.020127.120137.020146.3Demographic characteristicsAmong those who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2014, the number of women classified as working poor (5.1 million) was higher than that of men (4.4 million). Similarly, the working poor rate continued to be higher for women (7.2 percent) than for men (5.5 percent). The working poor rates for both women and men were down from a year earlier. (See table 2).Blacks and Hispanics were more than twice as likely as Whites and Asians to be among the working poor. In 2014, the working-poor rates of Blacks and Hispanics were both 11.7 percent, compared with 5.5 percent for Whites and 4.3 percent for Asians. (See chart 2 and table 2.)Chart 2. Working-poor rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity for 2014.View Chart DataChart 2. Working-poor rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014TotalWhiteBlack orAfrican AmericanAsianHispanic orLatino ethnicity20146.35.511.74.311.7Among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, the working-poor rate was higher for women than for men. The rates for White women and men who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were 5.9 percent and 5.1 percent, respectively. The rate for Black women was 14.6 percent, compared with 8.4 percent for Black men. Hispanic women and men had rates of 12.6 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. Among Asians, the rates for women and men were little different from each other.Young workers are more likely to be poor than are workers in older age groups, in part because earnings are lower for young workers, and the unemployment rate for young workers is higher. Among youths who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 10.4 percent of 16- to 19-year-olds and 12.1 percent of 20- to 24-year-olds were living in poverty in 2014, considerably higher than the rate for workers age 35 to 44 (6.7 percent). Workers age 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and those age 65 and older had lower working-poor rates—4.8 percent, 3.3 percent, and 2.0 percent, respectively—than did the younger age groups.Educational attainmentAchieving higher levels of education reduces the incidence of living in poverty. Individuals who complete more years of education usually have greater access to higher paying jobs—such as management, professional, and related occupations—than those with fewer years of education. Of all the people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2014, those with less than a high school diploma had a higher working-poor rate (18.3 percent) than did high school graduates with no college (8.3 percent). Workers with an associate’s degree and those with a bachelor’s degree or higher had the lowest working-poor rates (4.6 percent and 2.0 percent, respectively). In 2014, at nearly all levels of educational attainment, women were more likely than men to be among the working poor; by race and ethnicity, Blacks and Hispanics generally were more likely to be among the working poor than were Whites and Asians. (See table 3.)OccupationThe likelihood of being among the working poor varies widely by occupation. Workers in occupations requiring higher education and characterized by relatively high earnings—such as management, professional, and related occupations—were least likely to be classified as working poor, 1.9 percent in 2014. By contrast, individuals employed in occupations that typically do not require high levels of education and are characterized by relatively low earnings were more likely to be among the working poor. For example, 12.8 percent of service workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor in 2014. Indeed, service occupations, with 3.2 million working poor, accounted for 37 percent of all those classified as working poor. Among those employed in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, 7.9 percent of workers were classified as working poor. Within this occupation group, 16.8 percent of workers employed in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations were among the working poor. (See table 4.)FamiliesIn 2014, the number of families living below the poverty level (5.1 million), despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more, was unchanged from last year’s figure. Among families with only one member in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2014, married-couple families had a lower likelihood of living below the poverty level (9.3 percent) than did families maintained by women (26.1 percent) or by men (15.2 percent). (See table 5.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year, those with children in the household were much more likely to live below the poverty level than those without children. The proportion of families with children under age 18 that lived in poverty was 12.1 percent, compared with 2.7 percent for families without children. Among families with children under 18, the working-poor rate for those maintained by women (27.2 percent) was higher than that for those maintained by men (16.0 percent). Married-couple families with children under 18 had a working-poor rate of 6.8 percent in 2014.Unrelated individualsThe “unrelated individuals” category includes individuals who live by themselves or with others not related to them. Of the 35.0 million unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for half the year or longer, 3.4 million lived below the poverty level in 2014, a decrease from last year’s figure. The working-poor rate for unrelated individuals was 9.7 percent, down from 11.8 percent a year earlier. (See table 6.)Within the group of unrelated individuals, teenagers continued to be the most likely to be among the working poor. In 2014, the working-poor rate was 36.5 percent for teens who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and who lived on their own or with others not related to them. Overall, the rate for men living alone or with nonrelatives (8.7 percent) was lower than the rate for women (11.0 percent). The working-poor rates for unrelated individuals were 13.9 percent for Hispanics, 13.7 percent for Blacks, 9.0 percent for Whites, and 6.3 percent for Asians. (See table 7.)Of the 3.4 million unrelated individuals considered to be among the working poor in 2014, about three-fifths lived with others. These individuals had a much higher working-poor rate than individuals who lived alone (12.3 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively). Many unrelated individuals living below the poverty level may live with others out of necessity. Conversely, many of those who live alone do so because they have sufficient income to support themselves. Unrelated individuals’ poverty status, however, is determined by each person’s resources. The pooling of resources and sharing of living expenses may permit some individuals in this category—who are technically classified as poor—to live at a higher standard than they would have if they lived alone.Labor market problemsAs noted earlier, people who usually work full time are less likely to live in poverty than are those who work part time, yet there remains a sizable group of full-time workers who live below the poverty threshold. Among those who participated in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and usually worked in full-time wage and salary jobs, 4.4 million, or 3.8 percent, were classified as working poor in 2014—little changed from a year earlier. (See table 8.)There are three major labor market problems that can hinder a worker’s ability to earn an income above the poverty threshold: low earnings, periods of unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment. (See the technical notes for detailed definitions.)In 2014, 82 percent of the working poor who usually worked full time experienced at least one of the major labor market problems. Low earnings continued to be the most common problem, with 67 percent subject to low earnings, either as the major problem or in combination with other labor market problems. About 32 percent experienced unemployment as the main labor market problem or in conjunction with other problems. Four percent of the working poor experience all three problems: low earnings, unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment.Some 819,000, or 18 percent, of the working poor who usually worked full time did not experience any of the three primary labor market problems in 2014. Their classification as working poor may be explained by other factors, including short-term employment, some weeks of voluntary part-time work, or a family structure that increases the risk of poverty.Notes
			
 
 
 1*Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014*, Current Population Reports, P60-252 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2015), table 3, at 
  https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                


Table 1. People in the labor force: poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Poverty status and work experience
Total in the labor force
27 weeks or more in the labor force**Total**
**50 to 52 weeks**TotalTotal in the labor force
162,757
150,319
137,122Did not work during the year
3,701
2,028
1,649Worked during the year
159,056
148,291
135,473Usual full-time workers
126,566
122,314
114,966Usual part-time workers
32,490
25,977
20,508Involuntary part-time workers
8,454
7,328
6,261Voluntary part-time workers
24,036
18,649
14,246At or above poverty levelTotal in the labor force
150,808
140,832
129,168Did not work during the year
2,199
1,126
892Worked during the year
148,609
139,706
128,275Usual full-time workers
120,709
117,247
110,585Usual part-time workers
27,900
22,460
17,691Involuntary part-time workers
6,488
5,666
4,837Voluntary part-time workers
21,412
16,794
12,854Below poverty levelTotal in the labor force
11,950
9,487
7,954Did not work during the year
1,503
902
756Worked during the year
10,447
8,585
7,198Usual full-time workers
5,857
5,067
4,381Usual part-time workers
4,591
3,518
2,817Involuntary part-time workers
1,966
1,662
1,424Voluntary part-time workers
2,625
1,855
1,393Rate1Total in the labor force
7.3
6.3
5.8Did not work during the year
40.6
44.5
45.9Worked during the year
6.6
5.8
5.3Usual full-time workers
4.6
4.1
3.8Usual part-time workers
14.1
13.5
13.7Involuntary part-time workers
23.3
22.7
22.7Voluntary part-time workers
10.9
9.9
9.81Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Age and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
150,319
118,831
18,076
8,747
24,335
9,487
6,503
2,112
379
2,843
6.3
5.5
11.7
4.3
11.716 to 19 years
3,303
2,581
414
118
687
343
235
71
10
88
10.4
9.1
17.1
8.7
12.820 to 24 years
13,234
10,129
1,959
544
2,816
1,605
1,140
367
39
363
12.1
11.2
18.8
7.2
12.925 to 34 years
33,239
25,397
4,420
2,181
6,513
2,762
1,757
722
101
872
8.3
6.9
16.3
4.6
13.435 to 44 years
31,936
24,516
4,084
2,213
6,161
2,134
1,468
453
95
818
6.7
6.0
11.1
4.3
13.345 to 54 years
33,356
26,653
3,930
1,954
4,901
1,597
1,113
321
96
488
4.8
4.2
8.2
4.9
10.055 to 64 years
26,139
21,707
2,587
1,335
2,564
864
647
149
30
180
3.3
3.0
5.7
2.2
7.065 years and older
9,110
7,847
681
402
693
181
144
29
8
33
2.0
1.8
4.2
1.9
4.8Men, 16 years and older
80,139
64,664
8,430
4,659
14,130
4,409
3,290
705
191
1,561
5.5
5.1
8.4
4.1
11.116 to 19 years
1,576
1,259
185
49
356
140
110
22
3
40
8.9
8.7
11.7
(2)
11.120 to 24 years
6,842
5,333
937
284
1,579
623
484
105
18
171
9.1
9.1
11.2
6.5
10.925 to 34 years
18,120
14,164
2,096
1,182
3,946
1,265
873
247
58
460
7.0
6.2
11.8
4.9
11.735 to 44 years
17,218
13,562
1,894
1,179
3,647
1,093
837
154
41
509
6.3
6.2
8.1
3.5
13.945 to 54 years
17,632
14,378
1,796
1,046
2,762
811
595
128
55
270
4.6
4.1
7.1
5.2
9.855 to 64 years
13,749
11,586
1,213
693
1,457
386
313
42
14
93
2.8
2.7
3.5
2.0
6.465 years and older
5,001
4,383
310
226
383
91
79
7
3
18
1.8
1.8
2.4
1.3
4.7Women, 16 years and older
70,180
54,167
9,645
4,088
10,206
5,078
3,213
1,407
187
1,282
7.2
5.9
14.6
4.6
12.616 to 19 years
1,728
1,323
229
69
331
203
125
49
8
49
11.8
9.4
21.5
(2)
14.720 to 24 years
6,392
4,797
1,022
259
1,237
982
656
262
21
191
15.4
13.7
25.7
7.9
15.525 to 34 years
15,119
11,233
2,324
998
2,567
1,497
884
476
43
412
9.9
7.9
20.5
4.3
16.135 to 44 years
14,718
10,954
2,190
1,034
2,514
1,041
631
299
54
310
7.1
5.8
13.6
5.3
12.345 to 54 years
15,724
12,275
2,134
909
2,139
786
518
193
42
218
5.0
4.2
9.0
4.6
10.255 to 64 years
12,390
10,121
1,375
641
1,107
479
334
106
16
87
3.9
3.3
7.7
2.5
7.865 years and older
4,109
3,465
371
177
310
91
65
21
4
15
2.2
1.9
5.8
2.5
4.91Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

2Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older
150,319
80,139
70,180
9,487
4,409
5,078
6.3
5.5
7.2Less than a high school diploma
13,054
8,216
4,838
2,395
1,373
1,022
18.3
16.7
21.1Less than 1 year of high school
4,336
2,882
1,453
833
521
312
19.2
18.1
21.51–3 years of high school
6,707
4,088
2,619
1,230
653
577
18.3
16.0
22.04 years of high school, no diploma
2,012
1,246
765
332
199
133
16.5
16.0
17.4High school graduates, no college2
40,825
23,770
17,055
3,403
1,571
1,832
8.3
6.6
10.7Some college or associate’s degree
43,572
21,470
22,102
2,642
961
1,682
6.1
4.5
7.6Some college, no degree
27,804
14,159
13,644
1,914
725
1,189
6.9
5.1
8.7Associate’s degree
15,768
7,311
8,458
729
236
493
4.6
3.2
5.8Bachelor’s degree and higher3
52,868
26,682
26,186
1,047
505
542
2.0
1.9
2.1White, 16 years and older
118,831
64,664
54,167
6,503
3,290
3,213
5.5
5.1
5.9Less than a high school diploma
10,429
6,799
3,629
1,846
1,123
723
17.7
16.5
19.9Less than 1 year of high school
3,731
2,538
1,193
719
455
264
19.3
17.9
22.21–3 years of high school
5,213
3,300
1,913
892
521
372
17.1
15.8
19.44 years of high school, no diploma
1,485
962
523
235
148
87
15.8
15.3
16.7High school graduates, no college2
32,123
19,175
12,948
2,181
1,113
1,068
6.8
5.8
8.3Some college or associate’s degree
34,133
17,217
16,916
1,698
658
1,041
5.0
3.8
6.2Some college, no degree
21,400
11,162
10,238
1,212
488
724
5.7
4.4
7.1Associate’s degree
12,733
6,055
6,677
487
170
317
3.8
2.8
4.7Bachelor’s degree and higher3
42,146
21,472
20,674
777
397
380
1.8
1.8
1.8Black or African American, 16 years and older
18,076
8,430
9,645
2,112
705
1,407
11.7
8.4
14.6Less than a high school diploma
1,418
737
680
327
129
198
23.1
17.5
29.1Less than 1 year of high school
196
110
86
36
22
14
18.3
20.1
16.11–3 years of high school
877
449
428
217
73
144
24.8
16.3
33.64 years of high school, no diploma
344
178
166
74
34
40
21.6
19.1
24.2High school graduates, no college2
5,832
3,036
2,796
941
325
616
16.1
10.7
22Some college or associate’s degree
6,251
2,667
3,584
702
210
492
11.2
7.9
13.7Some college, no degree
4,289
1,933
2,356
509
162
347
11.9
8.4
14.7Associate’s degree
1,962
734
1,228
193
48
144
9.8
6.6
11.8Bachelor’s degree and higher3
4,575
1,990
2,585
142
41
101
3.1
2.1
3.9Asian, 16 years and older
8,747
4,659
4,088
379
191
187
4.3
4.1
4.6Less than a high school diploma
581
290
291
103
51
52
17.7
17.4
18Less than 1 year of high school
233
111
122
43
21
23
18.7
18.8
18.51–3 years of high school
250
126
124
50
24
26
19.8
18.9
20.84 years of high school, no diploma
97
53
44
10
6
4
10.1
(4)
(4)High school graduates, no college2
1,515
807
708
106
58
48
7.0
7.1
6.8Some college or associate’s degree
1,623
840
783
75
31
43
4.6
3.7
5.5Some college, no degree
1,023
550
473
61
25
35
5.9
4.6
7.5Associate’s degree
600
290
310
14
6
8
2.4
2.1
2.6Bachelor’s degree and higher3
5,028
2,721
2,306
95
52
43
1.9
1.9
1.9Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older
24,335
14,130
10,206
2,843
1,561
1,282
11.7
11.1
12.6Less than a high school diploma
6,611
4,414
2,197
1,334
820
514
20.2
18.6
23.4Less than 1 year of high school
3,333
2,275
1,058
670
417
253
20.1
18.3
23.91–3 years of high school
2,549
1,658
891
537
321
217
21.1
19.3
24.34 years of high school, no diploma
730
481
248
127
82
45
17.4
17.1
18High school graduates, no college2
7,664
4,618
3,045
918
486
433
12.0
10.5
14.2Some college or associate’s degree
6,148
3,160
2,988
442
189
253
7.2
6.0
8.5Some college, no degree
4,225
2,195
2,030
319
134
184
7.5
6.1
9.1Associate’s degree
1,923
965
958
123
54
69
6.4
5.6
7.2Bachelor’s degree and higher3
3,912
1,937
1,975
149
67
82
3.8
3.5
4.11Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

2Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3Includes people with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

4Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older2
148,291
78,985
69,306
8,585
3,943
4,642
5.8
5.0
6.7Management, professional, and related occupations
56,949
27,538
29,411
1,107
484
623
1.9
1.8
2.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
23,807
13,542
10,265
486
263
223
2.0
1.9
2.2Professional and related occupations
33,143
13,997
19,146
621
221
399
1.9
1.6
2.1Service occupations
25,017
10,792
14,224
3,202
1,065
2,138
12.8
9.9
15.0Sales and office occupations
34,133
13,186
20,947
1,996
619
1,377
5.8
4.7
6.6Sales and related occupations
15,961
8,017
7,944
1,263
375
887
7.9
4.7
11.2Office and administrative support occupations
18,172
5,169
13,003
733
243
490
4.0
4.7
3.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,100
13,443
658
1,113
1,041
72
7.9
7.7
11.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,104
842
262
186
142
44
16.8
16.8
16.8Construction and extraction occupations
7,978
7,775
203
686
671
15
8.6
8.6
7.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,018
4,825
193
241
228
13
4.8
4.7
6.8Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
17,952
13,917
4,035
1,161
729
432
6.5
5.2
10.7Production occupations
8,726
6,176
2,550
562
310
252
6.4
5.0
9.9Transportation and material-moving occupations
9,226
7,741
1,484
599
419
180
6.5
5.4
12.1White, 16 years and older2
117,553
63,917
53,635
5,962
2,991
2,971
5.1
4.7
5.5Management, professional, and related occupations
46,224
22,718
23,507
836
388
448
1.8
1.7
1.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19,861
11,637
8,223
380
216
164
1.9
1.9
2.0Professional and related occupations
26,364
11,080
15,284
456
172
284
1.7
1.6
1.9Service occupations
18,278
7,971
10,307
2,072
764
1,309
11.3
9.6
12.7Sales and office occupations
26,916
10,556
16,361
1,311
428
883
4.9
4.1
5.4Sales and related occupations
12,837
6,666
6,171
844
276
568
6.6
4.1
9.2Office and administrative support occupations
14,079
3,889
10,190
467
152
315
3.3
3.9
3.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
12,341
11,818
523
952
895
58
7.7
7.6
11.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
982
762
219
161
124
37
16.4
16.2
17.0Construction and extraction occupations
6,997
6,836
160
587
578
9
8.4
8.5
5.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,363
4,219
143
204
192
12
4.7
4.6
8.3Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
13,695
10,773
2,923
785
511
275
5.7
4.7
9.4Production occupations
6,805
4,991
1,814
373
220
152
5.5
4.4
8.4Transportation and material-moving occupations
6,890
5,782
1,108
413
291
122
6.0
5.0
11.0Black or African American, 16 years and older2
17,521
8,138
9,383
1,824
582
1,242
10.4
7.2
13.2Management, professional, and related occupations
5,114
1,942
3,171
167
42
125
3.3
2.2
3.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,936
871
1,066
66
23
43
3.4
2.6
4.0Professional and related occupations
3,177
1,071
2,106
102
20
82
3.2
1.8
3.9Service occupations
4,268
1,749
2,519
819
193
626
19.2
11.0
24.8Sales and office occupations
4,355
1,426
2,929
486
117
370
11.2
8.2
12.6Sales and related occupations
1,728
678
1,050
304
60
244
17.6
8.9
23.3Office and administrative support occupations
2,627
748
1,879
182
56
125
6.9
7.5
6.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
977
894
83
89
80
9
9.1
9.0
10.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
59
40
19
12
9
3
20.0
(3)
(3)Construction and extraction occupations
575
544
31
61
57
4
10.7
10.5
(3)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
343
310
33
15
14
1
4.5
4.6
(3)Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
2,781
2,105
675
263
150
113
9.5
7.1
16.8Production occupations
1,120
723
397
130
61
68
11.6
8.5
17.2Transportation and material-moving occupations
1,660
1,382
278
134
89
45
8.1
6.4
16.2Asian, 16 years and older2
8,667
4,611
4,055
359
182
177
4.1
3.9
4.4Management, professional, and related occupations
4,332
2,339
1,993
66
37
29
1.5
1.6
1.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,490
789
701
22
13
9
1.5
1.6
1.4Professional and related occupations
2,842
1,551
1,291
44
24
20
1.5
1.5
1.5Service occupations
1,382
590
793
111
36
75
8.0
6.1
9.5Sales and office occupations
1,760
808
952
93
47
46
5.3
5.8
4.8Sales and related occupations
908
478
430
55
30
24
6.0
6.4
5.6Office and administrative support occupations
851
330
522
38
17
22
4.5
5.0
4.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
312
293
19
20
18
2
6.5
6.3
(3)Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
26
15
11
7
5
2
(3)
(3)
(3)Construction and extraction occupations
122
121
1
8
8
–
(3)
(3)
(3)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
165
158
7
6
6
–
3.6
3.8
(3)Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
876
579
297
69
44
25
7.8
7.6
8.4Production occupations
534
284
250
36
16
20
6.8
5.7
8.0Transportation and material-moving occupations
342
295
47
32
28
5
9.5
9.3
(3)Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older2
23,951
13,917
10,034
2,647
1,462
1,185
11.1
10.5
11.8Management, professional, and related occupations
4,889
2,289
2,600
176
81
95
3.6
3.5
3.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,148
1,163
986
95
54
41
4.4
4.6
4.2Professional and related occupations
2,740
1,126
1,614
81
27
54
3.0
2.4
3.4Service occupations
5,866
2,684
3,182
1,057
456
601
18.0
17.0
18.9Sales and office occupations
5,086
2,036
3,050
443
140
302
8.7
6.9
9.9Sales and related occupations
2,349
1,093
1,256
282
77
204
12.0
7.1
16.2Office and administrative support occupations
2,737
943
1,793
161
63
98
5.9
6.7
5.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
4,083
3,859
224
576
547
29
14.1
14.2
12.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
562
431
132
105
82
23
18.7
19
17.5Construction and extraction occupations
2,605
2,533
72
387
383
4
14.9
15.1
(3)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
916
895
21
84
82
2
9.2
9.2
(3)Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
4,009
3,036
972
395
239
157
9.9
7.9
16.1Production occupations
1,926
1,291
635
184
94
90
9.6
7.3
14.2Transportation and material-moving occupations
2,082
1,746
337
211
145
66
10.1
8.3
19.71Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year.

2Estimates for the occupational groups do not sum to totals because data includes the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces.

3Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic
Total families
At or above
poverty level
Below poverty
level
Rate1Total primary families
66,732
61,624
5,108
7.7With related children under 18 years
35,145
30,897
4,248
12.1Without children
31,587
30,726
860
2.7With one member in the labor force
28,974
24,659
4,315
14.9With two or more members in the labor force
37,758
36,965
793
2.1With two members
31,366
30,641
725
2.3With three or more members
6,393
6,324
69
1.1Married-couple families
49,325
47,215
2,110
4.3With related children under 18 years
24,555
22,891
1,664
6.8Without children
24,770
24,324
446
1.8With one member in the labor force
17,162
15,570
1,592
9.3Husband
12,276
11,048
1,228
10.0Wife
4,209
3,917
292
6.9Relative
676
605
72
10.6With two or more members in the labor force
32,163
31,645
518
1.6With two members
27,024
26,537
486
1.8With three or more members
5,140
5,108
32
0.6Families maintained by women
12,148
9,702
2,445
20.1With related children under 18 years
7,946
5,784
2,162
27.2Without children
4,202
3,918
283
6.7With one member in the labor force
8,543
6,317
2,226
26.1Householder
6,982
5,040
1,942
27.8Relative
1,561
1,277
283
18.2With two or more members in the labor force
3,605
3,386
219
6.1Families maintained by men
5,259
4,706
553
10.5With related children under 18 years
2,644
2,222
422
16.0Without children
2,615
2,484
131
5.0With one member in the labor force
3,269
2,772
497
15.2Householder
2,667
2,240
427
16.0Relative
602
532
70
11.6With two or more members in the labor force
1,990
1,934
56
2.81Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

Note: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and work experience, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Poverty status and work experience
Total people
In married-couple families
In families maintained by women
In families maintained by men
Unrelated individualsHus-
bands
Wives
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
House-
holder
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
House-
holder
Related children under 18 years
Other relativesTotalAll people1
250,080
59,362
59,951
5,573
21,458
15,516
2,161
14,168
6,125
644
6,465
58,657With labor force activity
162,757
45,113
37,048
1,335
13,485
10,756
388
8,476
4,685
142
3,994
37,3361 to 26 weeks
12,438
1,571
2,730
776
2,412
624
235
1,095
254
81
342
2,31827 weeks or more
150,319
43,542
34,318
558
11,073
10,131
153
7,381
4,431
61
3,652
35,018With no labor force activity
87,323
14,249
22,903
4,239
7,973
4,760
1,773
5,691
1,439
502
2,471
21,321At or above poverty levelAll people1
217,643
55,667
56,220
5,177
20,374
10,760
1,426
11,518
5,164
532
5,773
45,032With labor force activity
150,808
43,249
36,118
1,302
13,129
8,233
319
7,580
4,140
131
3,810
32,7981 to 26 weeks
9,975
1,423
2,515
754
2,305
236
183
823
183
71
308
1,17527 weeks or more
140,832
41,826
33,603
548
10,824
7,996
136
6,757
3,957
60
3,502
31,623With no labor force activity
66,835
12,418
20,102
3,875
7,245
2,528
1,107
3,938
1,024
401
1,963
12,234Below poverty levelAll people1
32,437
3,695
3,732
396
1,084
4,756
735
2,649
961
112
692
13,625With labor force activity
11,950
1,864
930
33
356
2,523
69
896
545
11
184
4,5381 to 26 weeks
2,463
149
216
23
108
388
51
271
72
9
34
1,14327 weeks or more
9,487
1,715
715
10
248
2,135
18
625
474
1
150
3,395With no labor force activity
20,488
1,831
2,801
363
728
2,232
666
1,753
415
102
509
9,087Rate2All people1
13.0
6.2
6.2
7.1
5.1
30.7
34.0
18.7
15.7
17.4
10.7
23.2With labor force activity
7.3
4.1
2.5
2.5
2.6
23.5
17.8
10.6
11.6
7.6
4.6
12.21 to 26 weeks
19.8
9.5
7.9
2.9
4.5
62.1
21.9
24.8
28.1
11.6
9.9
49.327 weeks or more
6.3
3.9
2.1
1.8
2.2
21.1
11.5
8.5
10.7
(3)
4.1
9.7With no labor force activity
23.5
12.9
12.2
8.6
9.1
46.9
37.6
30.8
28.9
20.2
20.6
42.61Data on families include primary families that own or rent the housing unit as well as related and unrelated subfamilies that reside with them.

2Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total.

3Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and living arrangement, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic
Total
At or above
poverty level
Below poverty
level
Rate1Age and genderTotal unrelated individuals
35,018
31,623
3,395
9.716 to 19 years
390
248
142
36.520 to 24 years
4,128
3,340
788
19.125 to 64 years
28,034
25,649
2,385
8.565 years and older
2,465
2,385
80
3.2Men
19,244
17,577
1,667
8.7Women
15,774
14,045
1,728
11.0Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWhite
27,538
25,059
2,479
9.0Men
15,205
13,977
1,228
8.1Women
12,333
11,082
1,250
10.1Black or African American
4,865
4,198
667
13.7Men
2,568
2,251
317
12.3Women
2,297
1,947
350
15.3Asian
1,509
1,414
95
6.3Men
835
799
36
4.3Women
674
615
59
8.7Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
4,835
4,163
673
13.9Men
3,203
2,812
390
12.2Women
1,632
1,350
282
17.3Living arrangementLiving alone
18,032
16,721
1,311
7.3Living with others
16,986
14,902
2,085
12.31Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).




Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2014(Numbers in thousands)

Labor market problems
Total
At or above
poverty level
Below poverty
level
Rate1**Total, full-time wage and salary workers**
116,175
111,728
4,447
3.8**No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings****2**
96,090
95,271
819
0.9**Unemployment only**
5,291
4,820
471
8.9Involuntary part-time employment only
2,681
2,596
85
3.2Low earnings only
8,289
6,440
1,849
22.3**Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment**
1,059
973
86
8.2Unemployment and low earnings
1,561
853
708
45.3Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings
814
556
258
31.7**Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings**
389
220
170
43.6**Unemployment (alone or with other problems)**
8,301
6,865
1,435
17.3Involuntary part-time employment (alone or with other problems)
4,944
4,344
600
12.1Low earnings (alone or with other problems)
11,053
8,069
2,985
27.01Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

2The low-earnings threshold in 2014 was $348.44 per week.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Technical Notes
     
Source of data

The data presented in this report were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data from the CPS are used to obtain the monthly estimates of the nation’s employment and unemployment levels. The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2015 refer to the 2014 calendar year.

Estimates in this report are based on a sample and, consequently, may differ from figures that would have been obtained from a complete count using the same questionnaire and procedures. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Thus, both small estimates and small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. The 2014 data in this report are based on a redesigned questionnaire aimed at improving income reporting, increasing response rates and reducing reporting errors. For a detailed explanation of the ASEC supplement to the CPS, its sampling variability, and more extensive definitions than those provided in these Technical Notes, see *Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014, Current Population Reports*, P60-252 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2015). This publication is available on the U.S. Census Bureau website at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf, and additional information about income and poverty measures is available at https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/income.html.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, this information is available to individuals who are sensory-impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Comparability of estimates

The data presented in this release are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years due to the introduction of updated population estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The population controls are updated each year in January to reflect the latest information about population change. Additional information is at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

Prior editions of this report included estimates for years through 2012 that were affected by several errors, as described at https://www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrected-working-poor-data.htm. These errors do not affect estimates for 2014.

Concepts and definitions

*Poverty classification*. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.

The actual poverty thresholds vary, due to the makeup of the family. In 2014, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $24,230; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $49,021; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $12,071. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014, at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf.)

*Low earnings*. The low-earnings level, as first developed in 1987, represented the average of the real value of the minimum wage between 1967 and 1987 for a 40-hour workweek. The year 1967 was chosen as the base year because that was the first year in which minimum-wage legislation covered essentially the same broad group of workers that currently is covered. The low-earnings level has been adjusted each year since then in accordance with the CPI-U, so the measure maintains the same real value that it held in 1987. In 2014, the low-earnings threshold was $348.44 per week. For a complete definition, see Bruce W. Klein and Philip L. Rones, “A profile of the working poor,” *Monthly Labor Review*, October 1989, pp. 3–11, at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1989/10/art1full.pdf.

*Income*. Data on income are limited to money income—before personal income taxes and payroll deductions—received in the calendar year preceding the CPS supplement. Data on income do not include the value of noncash benefits such as food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and employer-provided benefits. For a complete definition of income, see Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014, at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf.

*Labor force*. People in the labor force are those who worked or looked for work sometime during the calendar year. The number of weeks in the labor force is accumulated over the entire year. The focus in this report is on people who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.

*Working poor*. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.

*Working-poor rate.* This rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level as a percent of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.

*Involuntary part-time workers*. These are people who, during at least 1 week of the year, worked fewer than 35 hours because of slack work or business conditions or because they could not find full-time work. The number of weeks of involuntary part-time work is accumulated over the year.

*Occupation*. This term refers to the job in which a person worked the most weeks during the calendar year.

*Unemployed*. Unemployed people are those who looked for work while not employed or those who were on layoff from a job and were expecting to be recalled to that job. The number of weeks unemployed is accumulated over the entire year.

*Family*. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. The count of families used in this report includes only primary families. A primary family consists of the reference person (householder) and all people living in the household who are related to the reference person. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as those maintained by men or women without spouses present. Family status is determined at the time of the survey interview and, thus, may be different from that of the previous year.

*Unrelated individuals*. These are people who are not living with anyone related to them by birth, marriage, or adoption. Such individuals may live alone, reside in a nonrelated family household, or live in group quarters with other unrelated individuals.

*Related children*. Related children are children under age 18 (including sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children) of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, as well as other children related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption.

*Race*. White, Black or African American, and Asian are categories used to describe the race of people. People in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the two remaining race categories—American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander—and for people who selected more than one race category are included in totals, but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.

*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity*. This refers to people who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Facebook
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