# Patent

## Title
Torsional torque controlled friction screwing head for cap installation

## Abstract

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/336,212, filed Dec. 31, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,188 issued Jan. 3, 1984.

## Background
This invention relates to aseptic packaging and more particularly to a method or process for sterilizing packaging material which is used to form packages for the aseptic packaging of foodstuffs. Such packaging material is often a paperboard laminate including, by way of example only, layers of paperboard, aluminum foil, and polyethylene.

Thermal treatment prior to filling is the generally accepted practice for sterilizing metal cans and glass containers for an aseptic packaging process. Most other packaging materials, such as plastics or combinations of plastics and paper, are unstable at high temperatures, thus necessitating the use of alternative sterilizing techniques and procedures. One common alternative is the use of hydrogen peroxide and heat. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,361 to Egger. Two sterilization methods which have been in use are ultraviolet radiation and ultrasonic sound waves, the sound waves being transmitted through a liquid.

The biocidal activity of ultraviolet radiation (UV) in the range of between 250 and 270 nm (nanometers) is well known. There are presently two widely used sources of such light commercially available. One type is the conventional germicidal lamp, and the other type is a high-intensity lamp. Of the former, there are several types commercially available. One is is General Electric's lamp model G30T8. A high-intensity lamp which has been marketed recently by Brown Boveri Corporation (BBC) of Switzerland is a UV lamp operable in the C region of the UV spectrum and emits energy essentially in the region of 254 nm.

The ultraviolet spectrum is conventionally divided into three regions, known as the A, B, and C regions, with the C region being the predominately biologically active region. Measurement of UV is by the intensity of radiation expressed in microwatts per cm.sup.2 (1 uW/cm.sup.2 =10 ergs/sec/cm.sup.2). Dosage is expressed as the product of intensity and exposure time, in seconds or minutes, yielding microwatts per seconds/minutes per cm.sup.2 (1 uW sec/cm.sup.2 =10 ergs/cm.sup.2). The dose is usually measured by the use of a light sensitive paper. The biological efficiency is measured using a bioassay in which the surviving microorganisms are enumerated after irradiation.

The application of UV irradiation as a sterilant is not novel. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,901 to Silverstolpe and U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,140 to Bachmann et al. Such radiation has been used commercially to sterilize air, surfaces, and more recently, packaging material for foodstuffs and liquids. Ultraviolet light has also been used for the direct irradiation of rooms such as operating rooms and microbiology laboratories to control surface and airborne bacterial and fungal contamination. The above-noted BBC UV-C region lamp is currently being used in Europe, for example, to sterilize various container pouches and cups in the aseptic packaging of food products.

The use of ultrasonics in the hospital and dental fields over the last two decades has been extensive as a means of improving biocidal efficacy of sterilants. There has been a wide range of application, including use in diagnostic techniques, disinfecting of surgical instruments, and descaling of teeth. Examples of the use of ultrasonics for the washing of glass containers is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,302,655 to Sasaki. The use of ultrasonics for cleaning human hands is shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,481,687 to Fishman. The use of ultrasonics is also known as part of a process (also employing hydrogen peroxide) for sterilizing packaging material in the form of a web, being shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,409 to Buchner.

Although ultraviolet and ultrasonic irradiation, individually, are capable of substantially reducing the numbers of viable microorganisms on a solid surface, a practical limitation of each is its inherent sterilizing capacity and the length of time required to produce the desired effect. It has now been found, however, that when UV is applied immediately after sonication of a paperboard laminate surface, the time required for kill is greatly reduced, resulting in an efficient sterilization technique. Other advantages of this sterilization process relate to its use in the sterilization of materials that are incompatible with chemical sterilants or in the sterilization of materials without use of any chemical sterilants, which chemical sterilants may have undesirable properties.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic steps of the aseptic sterilization process of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates how the process of this invention may be applied to a continuous process for the sterilization of a web of material, which is subsequently formed into individual containers for foodstuffs.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the organism used was Bacillus subtilis vv niger. It was grown on Nutrient Agar (Difco) slants containing 1.5% soil extract. The slants were incubated at 35.degree. C. for 4-5 days until maximum sporulation was achieved. Sporulation was determined using the cold spore stain method of Bartholomew and Mittiwer.

A Heat Systems Sonicator Model W-375 was used for the sonication portions of the experiments. This instrument operates at a sonication frequency of 20 KHz with 375 watts maximum power output. The tip used was a 1/2" disruptor horn.

A high intensity ultraviolet lamp marketed by Brown Boveri Corporation (BBC) of Switzerland was used. The type used was Brown Boveri Irradiation Unit UV-C 13-50. It consists of lamp type X1 2-50 inserted in a water-tight housing containing a reflector and means of water cooling. A quartz glass window permits UV radiation to be transmitted in one direction only. It operates at 99.9% efficiency at 254 nm.

A stabilized solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide (Target, electronic grade) was used for experiments involving the use of hydrogen peroxide and heat.

The test boards 10 were inoculated on one surface with 20 ul of the spore suspension, giving a 10.sup.8 inoculum and were allowed to dry for 30 minutes. After drying, the boards were subjected to sonication by sonicator 12. The sonication, unless otherwise stated, was at a power level of 6.5 to 7 watts for a duration of 15 seconds. The sonication was carried out in a sterile petri dish 14 using sterile distilled water 16 as the sonication medium. After sonication, the excess moisture was removed and the board was then placed on a stage under a UV lamp 18, of the BBC type 13-50 earlier described, a distance of 6" from the light surface and irradiated for a given time, usually 15 seconds.

In order to determine the number of surviving organisms, the board was sonicated for a second time. The sonication liquid was plated out in the appropriate culture medium to give a cell count of the survivors. All plates were incubated at 35.degree. C. for 48 hours. Counts were made at 24 and 48 hours.

For H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and hot air treatment, the boards were inoculated with 20 ul of spore suspension to give a 10.sup.8 spore concentration. The boards were allowed to dry approximately 30 minutes before treatments.

The boards 10 were immersed for 10 seconds in 30% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and the excess peroxide solution was removed. The board was then held under a hot air gun for 8 seconds. The temperature varied from 150.degree. to 155.degree. C. After exposure to hot air, the board was rinsed with sterile distilled water then sonicated in sterile distilled water at 7 watts for 15 seconds to remove all remaining cells. The rinse liquid and sonication liquid were plated out using Plate Count Agar (Difco). The plates were incubated at 35.degree. C. for a total of 48 hours. Plate counts were performed at 24 and 48 hours.

The material used for all tests was laminated, foil-lined, polyethylene coated board, which is used commonly for the packaging of juices and juice drinks. The laminate construction was as follows: (low density) polyethylene (external layer)/ paperboard/Surlyn/aluminum foil/Surlyn/(low density) polyethylene (internal layer). (Surlyn is DuPont's trademark for an ionically cross-linked thermoplastic resin that is derived from ethylene/ methacrylic acid copolymer.) The board was cut into pieces 4.5-5.0 cm.sup.2. The inoculation site was an area 1.5 cm.sup.2 in the center of the board. Twenty ul of a 10.sup.10 cell suspension was used to give a 10.sup.8 inoculum per site. The suspension was distributed as evenly as possible over the area with a rubber policeman and allowed to dry for approximately 30 minutes before testing. After each test, cell counts were performed to determine the number of survivors. Counts were done on either sonication liquid or sterile water used to rinse the treated boards.

Initially, the effect of sequenced exposure was investigated to determine the order and contribution of ultraviolet and ultrasonic irradiation in sterilization. The results in Table 1 show that when the packaging material is challenged with 10.sup.8 spores and exposed to sonication only, the log reduction in organisms is 0.5 as compared to a 2.9 reduction with ultraviolet light exposure. ______________________________________ THE EFFECT OF SEQUENCE ON THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND SONICATION FINAL     LOG INITIAL     BAC-      RE- BACTERIAL   TERIAL    DUC- TREATMENT      CHALLENGE   LOAD      TION ______________________________________ SONICATION     3.77 .times. 10.sup.8 1.06 .times. 10.sup.8 0.5 UV-C           1.31 .times. 10.sup.8 1.48 .times. 10.sup.5 2.9 SONICATION + UV-C 1.98 .times. 10.sup.8 8.03 .times. 10.sup.2 5.4 UV-C + SONICATION 1.98 .times. 10.sup.8 3.28 .times. 10.sup.5 2.8 ______________________________________

Significantly greater reductions were observed when inoculated boards were exposed to 15 sec. of sonication followed by 15 sec. of ultraviolet irradiation resulting in a 5.4 log reduction in viable organisms. When the inverse treatment was employed, the results were similar to UV treatment alone. To determine the reproducibility of the sterilization method, inoculated boards were exposed to 15 sec. of ultrasonic vibration followed by 15 sec. of UV irradiation on five different days. UV alone was the control. The results in Table 2 show a consistent day to day reduction of the inoculated spores to the level of 10.sup.2 organisms, an average log reduction of 5.1 which is approximately twice the effect of UV alone. (This turned out to be 2.5 log reduction greater than spores subjected to only UV irradiation.) ______________________________________ THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION + SONICATION ON THE SURVIVAL OF B. subtilis vv niger spores; 5 DAY STUDY FINAL     LOG INITIAL     BAC-      RE- BACTERIAL   TERIAL    DUC- TREATMENT      CHALLENGE   LOAD      TION ______________________________________ SONICATION + UV-C 2.37 .times. 10.sup.7 5.89 .times. 10.sup.2 4.6 SONICATION + UV-C 2.40 .times. 10.sup.7 1.78 .times. 10.sup.2 5.1 SONICATION + UV-C 1.31 .times. 10.sup.8 7.59 .times. 10.sup.2 5.2 SONICATION + UV-C 1.98 .times. 10.sup.8 8.03 .times. 10.sup.2 5.4 SONICATION + UV-C 2.90 .times. 10.sup.8 1.79 .times. 10.sup.3 5.2 AVERAGE        1.33 .times. 10.sup.8 8.24 .times. 10.sup.2 5.1 STD            0.52        0.36 ______________________________________

A comparison of the bacterial killing action of hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2), hydrogen peroxide plus heat, ultraviolet light, and sonication plus ultraviolet light was made. When hydrogen peroxide was the common sterilant used for sterilization, Bacillus subtilis spores were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and heated for 9 seconds to less than 100.degree. C. (to prevent melting of the polyethylene layer). This resulted in a subsequent 5.8 log reduction in viable cells (Table 3). ______________________________________ A COMPARISON OF THE BACTERIAL KILLING ACTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H.sub.2 O.sub.2), ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION + SONICATION FINAL     LOG INITIAL     BAC-      RE- BACTERIAL   TERIAL    DUC- TREATMENT      CHALLENGE   LOAD      TION ______________________________________ 30% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 5.8 .times. 10.sup.8 1.1 .times. 10.sup.8 0.7 30% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 + HEAT 5.8 .times. 10.sup.8 8.71 .times. 10.sup.2 5.8 HEAT           5.8 .times. 10.sup.8 5.82 .times. 10.sup.7 0.9 UV-C           3.77 .times. 10.sup.8 1.56 .times. 10.sup.5 3.4 SONICATION + UV-C 3.77 .times. 10.sup.8 1.95 .times. 10.sup.3 5.3 ______________________________________

Neither hydrogen peroxide nor heat alone had a significant effect on the test organism. Again, sonication in combination with ultraviolet light showed a substantial decrease in the viable cells when compared to UV alone.

When the bacterial spores where subjected to various intensities of ultrasonic energy and times of exposure in combination with UV of 10 sec., time did not show any effect on the bactericidal efficiency of the method (Table 4). ______________________________________ THE LOGARITHMIC REDUCTION OF B. subtilis vv niger.sup.1 spores WHEN EXPOSED TO VARIOUS SONICATION INTENSITIES AND TIMES OF EXPOSURE.sup.2 EXPOSURE TIME LOG           LOG         LOG REDUCTION     REDUCTION   REDUCTION WATTS  1 SEC.        10 SEC.     60 SEC. ______________________________________ 0.7    4.9           4.8         4.6 110    5.7           5.7         5.4 145    5.6           5.0         5.3 ______________________________________ .sup.1 Initial inoculum = 3.6 .times. 10.sup.8 .sup.2 UV exposure time 10 sec.

Intensity did affect the killing efficiency. There was a significant increase in the log reduction between 0.7 watts and 110 watts with no apparent difference between the higher intensities used.

The length of time of ultraviolet light exposure was shown to be a significant variable (Table 5). ______________________________________ THE LOGARITHMIC REDUCTION.sup.1 of B. subtilis vv niger spores WHEN EXPOSED TO VARIOUS UV TIMES WITH SONICATION.sup.2 TIME UV         LOG REDUCTION ______________________________________ 2 sec.    4.1 5 sec.    4.4 10 sec.    5.1 15 sec.    5.0 ______________________________________ .sup.1 Initial inoculum average = 3.4 .times. 10.sup.8? .sup.2 Time of sonication exposure was 15 seconds at 6.5 to 7.0 watts

There was a gradual increase in the killing action of ultraviolet light and sonication as the dose increased to 10 seconds.

The BBC UV unit 13-50, above-described, was employed in the tests summarized at Tables 1 to 8.

FIG. 2 of the drawings illustrates how the invention may be applied to a continuous process for the sterilization of a web of packaging material for foods or the like, wherein, in a form-fill apparatus, the packaging material is formed into individual containers, filled and sealed, all in an aseptic process.

In FIG. 2, the numeral 30 denotes a roll of web material 32, such as a roll of a laminate of the type previously described. After coming off of the supply roll 30, the moving web 32 would pass around rollers into and out of a liquid bath 34 in which ultrasonic energy would be radiated through the liquid by means of a sonicator 38 or by a sonicated bath (not shown) contained in vat 36. Preferably, at least the surface of the web 32, which will form the inner, food-contacting surfaces of the container, will be exposed to the sonic energy, although it is possible that the entire web could be exposed to the sonic energy. The sonicated web would then be dried, as, for example, by means of air knives 40. It will be apparent that drying means other than air knives could be employed at this stage of the operation. It is also apparent that sonicator 38 corresponds to sonicator 12 of FIG. 1 of the drawings. After passing up and out of the liquid bath 34 subsequent to ultrasonic treatment by sonicator 38 and dried by air knives 40, the moving web 32 would pass near a source of ultraviolet light denoted by the numeral 42. Element 42 of FIG. 2 corresponds to element 18 of FIG. 1. Thereafter, the web 32 would pass into a form-fill apparatus which, in general, forms tubes from the web, fills them with a sterile food product, and cuts and seals them to form individual containers 46 of an aseptically packaged product. One form-fill system is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,569.

Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a method for sterilizing packaging material, the packaging material being employed subsequent to its sterilization for the aseptic packaging of foodstuffs. The method includes the steps of (1) first subjecting the packaging material to ultrasonic vibrations through a liquid medium, and (2) then subjecting the packaging material to ultraviolet radiation, whereby the bactericidal effect of steps (1) and (2) combined together as a sequence in the order recited is greater than if practiced in the reverse order.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for the sequential sterilization of web packaging material, the packaging material adapted to be supplied from a roll to thereby yield a web of indefinite length, such as a paperboard laminate, the web adapted to be sterilized and then formed into individual aseptic containers, the containers thence adapted to be filled with a substance, such as a potable liquid, which is to be stored in the container in the aseptic container environment until use, the apparatus including, a vat of liquid free of chemical biocide, means for continuously moving along its axis a flexible web of indefinite length into and out of the vat of liquid, a sonicator in the liquid vat for imparting sonic energy to the liquid, means for maintaining at least one surface of a portion of the web in contact with the liquid, means for moving the liquid contacting portion of the web relative to the vat, whereby at least one surface of the web portion is exposed to sonic energy, means for drying the web after it moves out of the vat, means downstream of said vat, for subjecting at least the sonicated surface of the web to UV radiation after the web is dried whereby a sterile web useful for aseptic packaging is produced.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 including means for forming containers from the irradiated web, the interior surfaces of the containers having been those surfaces subject to sonication and radiation.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 including means for filling the containers with a sterile food product.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the UV radiation means generates UV radiation in the range of 250-270 nanometers.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the liquid in the vat is water.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sonicator produces ultrasonic vibrations in the power range of from 0.7 to 145 watts.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the frequency of the sonicator is about 20 KHz.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein both surfaces of the web are immersed in the liquid in the vat.

9. An apparatus for the sequential sterilization of sheet packaging material such as a paperboard laminate, the packaging material adapted to be sterilized and then formed into individual aseptic containers, the containers thence adapted to be filled with a substance, such as a potable liquid, which is to be stored in the containers in the aseptic container environment until use, the apparatus including, a vat of liquid free of chemical biocide, means for continuously moving the packaging material into and out of the vat of liquid, a sonicator in the liquid vat for imparting sonic energy to the liquid, means for maintaining at least one surface of a portion of the packaging material in contact with the liquid, whereby the at least one surface of the packaging material is exposed to sonic energy, means for drying the packaging material after it moves out of the vat, means downstream of said vat for subjecting at least the sonicated surface of the packaging material to UV radiation after the packaging material, whereby sterile packaging material useful for aseptic packaging is produced.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 including means for forming containers from the packaging material, the interior surface of the containers having been those surfaces subject to sonication and UV radiation.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 including means for filling the container with a sterile food product.

12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the UV radiation means generates UV radiation in the range of 250-270 nanometers.

13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the liquid in the vat is water.

14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the sonicator produces ultrasonic vibrations in the power range of from 0.7 to 145 watts.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the frequency of the sonicator is about 20 KHz.

16. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein both surfaces of the packaging material are immersed in the liquid of the vat.