Sitting and standing

The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) publishes job-related information on physical demands; environmental 

conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements. The job requirements 

reflect those necessary for workers to perform critical tasks in support of the critical job functions, and not the 

capabilities of individual workers. Sitting and standing are considered part of the physical demands for workers in the 

U.S.

This factsheet covers the following physical demands: sitting, standing, and the choice to sit or stand. The amount of 

time spent sitting or standing is provided in the number of hours per workday, as well as the percentage of the workday.

To calculate the amount of time spent working while sitting or standing, workers are assumed to be in either position 

throughout the workday. That is, the total amount of the workday is equal to the amount of time working while sitting 

and standing. For example, if workers sit for 4 hours and the workday consists of 10 hours, then the percentage of the 

workday sitting is 40 percent. If the workday consisted of 8 hours, workers would be sitting for 50 percent of the 

workday.

Sitting is present when workers either remain in a seated position or are lying down. Sitting includes:

• Active sitting. For example, a police officer riding a bicycle to patrol traffic or a landscaper mowing a residential 

lawn in a seated mower.

• Active lying down. For example, a mechanic lying on a dolly working underneath a vehicle is considered sitting.

• When workers may choose between sitting and standing, that work time is included in sitting for the hours and 

percentage of workday estimates.

On average, animal caretakers spent 5.4 percent of the workday sitting, while graphic designers sat for 87.7 percent of 

the workday.

Standing is present when workers are not sitting or lying down. Standing includes:

• Walking. For example, tellers walk to escort customers to a safety deposit box.

• Climbing. For example, electricians climb ladders to reach wires placed in ceilings.

• Low postures such as stooping, crawling, kneeling, and crouching. For example, pest control workers crawling in 

an attic to apply pesticides.

• Workers who stand their entire shift except during paid breaks.

On average, civil engineers spent 21.1 percent of the workday standing, while waiters and waitresses stood for 97.4 

percent of the workday.
Occupational Requirements Survey ●www.bls.gov/ors ●orsinfo@bls.gov ●202.691.6199

Duration of sitting and standing

In addition to the average percentage of the workday spent sitting or standing, the ORS also publishes the percentile 

distribution of the percentage of the workday as well as percentile distribution of hours spent performing these physical 

requirements.

On average civilian workers spent 43.7 percent of the workday sitting and 56.3 percent standing. Percentile estimates 

provide a range of requirements among workers. For example, at the 10th percentile, workers were required to stand 

for 5.0 percent of the workday while at the 90th percentile, workers stood for 100.0 percent of the workday. At the 50th 

percentile (median), 50 percent of civilian workers spent 60.0 percent or less of the workday standing and 50 percent of 

workers spent 60.0 percent or more of the workday standing.

In 2023, civilian workers spent an average of 3.46 hours sitting and 4.18 hours standing. Time standing ranged from 24 

minutes for the 10th percentile to 8 hours for the 90th percentile.

The choice of sitting or standing is present when workers can alternate between sitting and standing. Choice of sitting or 

standing is present when the following conditions exist:

• Workers typically have the flexibility to choose between sitting and standing throughout the workday.

• There is no assigned time during the day to sit or stand.

• No external factors determine whether an employee must sit or stand.
Occupational Requirements Survey ●www.bls.gov/ors ●orsinfo@bls.gov ●202.691.6199

The choice of sitting or standing was available to 83.3 percent of cost estimators while the choice was not available to 

90.2 percent of animal caretakers.

Additional resources:

• Latest news release

• Archived ORS news releases

• Handbook of Methods

• Collection manuals

• Factsheets

Articles:

• All The Economics Daily (TED) articles on ORS

• Minds at work: what’s required according to the Occupational Requirements Survey (PDF)

• A look at teachers’ job requirements, employer costs, and benefits (PDF)

• Occupational Requirements Survey: Third wave testing report (PDF)

• Occupational Requirements Survey: results from a job observation pilot test

• The Occupational Requirements Survey: estimates from preproduction testing

For additional information on occupational requirements see the ORS homepage or download the ORS complete dataset

to explore the latest estimates.