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September 2016 
                    Report 1062

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		














































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Occupational categories
Industry
Men
Women
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
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errata
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015
 
				
				
     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015 imageIn 2015, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 5.3 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The rates were highest for American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and for Blacks (9.6 percent) and lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 6.6 percent, higher than the rate of 5.0 percent for non-Hispanics.Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also includes a limited amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Among the detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories are: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories are expanded into five additional categories—Salvadoran, Other Central American, South American, Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino. Estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The following sections highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2015.Composition of the labor forceBy race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Asian Indians made up 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asian, which includes individuals who reported an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). Central Americans—which includes Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos—which includes Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans). (See table 2.)Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics had the highest labor force participation rates, at 66.6 percent and 65.9 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.6 percent) and Blacks (61.5 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.8 percent each for Asians and Whites, and 64.5 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3,4, 4A, and chart 1.)Race and Ethnicity chart 1View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averagesRacePercentTotal62.7White62.8Black or African American61.5Asian62.8American Indian and Alaska Native60.6Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander66.6Two or More Races64.5Hispanic or Latino65.9Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.9 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (67.3 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.7 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (62.0 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.5 percent), and Asians (57.2 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)EmploymentThe employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 54.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 55.7 percent for Blacks, 59.0 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 59.9 percent for Whites, 60.4 percent for Asians, and 61.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3,5, and 5A.)Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.3 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (60.9 percent) had the lowest employment–population ratio, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 71.9 percent and 68.9 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the employment–population ratios were 56.9 percent for Blacks, 55.2 percent for Asians, 55.1 percent for Whites, and 54.6 percent for Hispanics. (See table 3).Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment–population ratio was higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (31.0 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.7 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (20.1 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 24.9 percent.Educational attainmentAmong people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was over 90 percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 72 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college; 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 28 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)Race and Ethnicity chart 2View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averagesRaceLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college, no degreeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degree and higherHispanic or Latino283015819Asian6179761Black or African American831221228White826161139For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education are typically more likely to be employed in higher-paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. For those age 25 and older, median earnings for all major race and ethnicity groups increased with educational attainment. However, Blacks and Hispanics had lower earnings than Whites and Asians with at least some college education. (See table 17.)Occupation and industryOccupational categoriesFifty-one percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)Race and Ethnicity chart 3View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoProduction, transportation, and material moving11.415.49.616.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance10.25.73.116.3Sales and office22.623.719.921.1Service16.224.816.124.9Management, professional, and related39.630.451.321.5Among employed men, 52 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 1 in 10 employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men were also more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men.Employed Asian and White women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations—50 percent of Asian women and 44 percent of White women, compared with 35 percent of Black women and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two job groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment but were over represented by a substantial amount in several detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent), painters, construction and maintenance (49 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (29 percent), licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (29 percent), and bus drivers (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent), software developers (34 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 91 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)IndustryAmong employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (19 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than other employed men to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Nineteen percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of Whites (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services—Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). (See table 9.)Families and mothersAmong Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family member, compared with 86 percent of Hispanic families, 80 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Black families. (See table 10.)Families maintained by Black women (that is, without a spouse present) comprised 44 percent of Black families, and Hispanics women without a spouse present maintained 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 16 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (84 percent). In comparison, 73 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely to have an employed family member than married-couple families and families maintained by men.Among mothers with children under 18, 76.6 percent of Black mothers were in the labor force, higher than the participation rates for White (69.4 percent), Asian (62.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.4 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)UnemploymentJobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and Blacks (9.6 percent) had the highest unemployment rates while the rate was lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The unemployment rate was 6.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A and charts 4 and 5.)Race and Ethnicity chart 4View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averagesRacePercentTotal5.3White4.6Black or African American9.6Asian3.8American Indian and Alaska Native9.9Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander5.7Two or More Races8.4Hispanic or Latino6.6Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) had jobless rates of 9.5 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 5.7 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 6.5 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.3 percent, and the rate for adult White women was 4.1 percent. For adult Asian men and women, the unemployment rates were 3.7 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate—28.4 percent. The unemployment rate for Hispanic teenagers was 19.3 percent; White teenagers, 14.8 percent; and Asian teenagers 14.4 percent.Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 15.5 weeks and 13.1 weeks, respectively, compared with 10.5 weeks for Whites and 10.4 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)Of the 8.3 million unemployed people, 49 percent were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), new entrants (11 percent), and job leavers (10 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Eighteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent each of unemployed Hispanics and unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)**Not in the labor force**Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force—79 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (28 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)EarningsAmong the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $604 for Hispanics and $641 for Blacks, compared with $835 for Whites and $993 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($920), Blacks ($680), and Hispanics ($631) were 81 percent, 60 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,129). The median earnings of White women ($743), Black women ($615), and Hispanic women ($566) were 85 percent, 70 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($877). (See table 16.)**Men**The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,560) and White men ($1,399) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupation group) were well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,127) and Black men ($1,075) in the same occupation group. (See table 18.)**Women**Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across some occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $489 for Asians, $467 for Whites, $440 for Blacks, and $430 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Gender and race
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotal
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,671Men
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,481Women
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,190White
196,868
123,607
62.8
117,944
59.9
5,662
4.6
73,261Men
96,147
67,018
69.7
63,892
66.5
3,126
4.7
29,129Women
100,720
56,589
56.2
54,052
53.7
2,537
4.5
44,132Black
31,386
19,318
61.5
17,472
55.7
1,846
9.6
12,068Men
14,268
9,099
63.8
8,164
57.2
935
10.3
5,169Women
17,118
10,218
59.7
9,308
54.4
911
8.9
6,899Asian
14,420
9,053
62.8
8,706
60.4
347
3.8
5,366Men
6,737
4,811
71.4
4,620
68.6
191
4.0
1,925Women
7,683
4,242
55.2
4,086
53.2
156
3.7
3,441American Indian and Alaska Native
2,844
1,724
60.6
1,553
54.6
171
9.9
1,120Men
1,400
923
65.9
820
58.6
103
11.1
477Women
1,444
801
55.5
733
50.8
68
8.5
643Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
1,007
671
66.6
633
62.8
38
5.7
336Men
497
367
73.7
346
69.5
21
5.7
131Women
510
304
59.7
287
56.3
17
5.6
206Two or More Races
4,276
2,757
64.5
2,525
59.0
232
8.4
1,519Men
2,051
1,402
68.4
1,288
62.8
114
8.1
649Women
2,225
1,355
60.9
1,236
55.6
118
8.7
870Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotal
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,671Men
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,481Women
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,190Asian
14,420
9,053
62.8
8,706
60.4
347
3.8
5,366Men
6,737
4,811
71.4
4,620
68.6
191
4.0
1,925Women
7,683
4,242
55.2
4,086
53.2
156
3.7
3,441Asian Indian
2,854
1,884
66.0
1,807
63.3
78
4.1
970Chinese
3,332
1,997
59.9
1,932
58.0
64
3.2
1,335Filipino
2,271
1,546
68.1
1,479
65.1
67
4.3
726Japanese
798
447
56.0
436
54.6
11
2.4
351Korean
1,301
765
58.8
740
56.9
25
3.3
535Vietnamese
1,439
906
62.9
872
60.6
34
3.7
533Other Asian
2,424
1,508
62.2
1,440
59.4
69
4.6
916Hispanic or Latino
39,617
26,126
65.9
24,400
61.6
1,726
6.6
13,491Men
19,745
15,054
76.2
14,111
71.5
943
6.3
4,691Women
19,872
11,072
55.7
10,289
51.8
783
7.1
8,800Mexican
24,711
16,392
66.3
15,342
62.1
1,050
6.4
8,319Men
12,476
9,675
77.5
9,099
72.9
576
6.0
2,801Women
12,234
6,716
54.9
6,243
51.0
474
7.1
5,518Puerto Rican
3,679
2,220
60.4
2,022
55.0
198
8.9
1,459Men
1,756
1,172
66.7
1,062
60.5
110
9.4
584Women
1,923
1,048
54.5
961
50.0
88
8.4
874Cuban
1,760
1,079
61.3
1,010
57.4
69
6.4
681Men
883
610
69.1
566
64.1
44
7.3
273Women
876
468
53.5
444
50.6
25
5.3
408Central American
3,609
2,552
70.7
2,392
66.3
160
6.3
1,057Men
1,863
1,543
82.8
1,455
78.1
87
5.7
321Women
1,746
1,010
57.8
937
53.7
73
7.2
736Salvadoran
1,401
1,000
71.3
945
67.4
55
5.5
401Men
706
585
82.9
558
79.0
28
4.7
121Women
695
414
59.6
387
55.7
27
6.5
280Other Central American(1)
2,208
1,553
70.3
1,447
65.5
106
6.8
655Men
1,157
957
82.7
897
77.6
60
6.2
200Women
1,051
596
56.7
550
52.3
46
7.7
455South American
2,517
1,776
70.5
1,689
67.1
86
4.9
741Men
1,185
953
80.4
910
76.8
43
4.5
232Women
1,332
823
61.8
779
58.5
43
5.3
509Other Hispanic or Latino
3,342
2,107
63.0
1,944
58.2
163
7.7
1,235Men
1,581
1,101
69.6
1,019
64.4
82
7.5
480Women
1,761
1,006
57.1
925
52.5
81
8.0
755Dominican
1,371
896
65.4
817
59.6
79
8.9
475Men
616
434
70.5
400
64.9
35
8.0
182Women
755
462
61.2
417
55.2
45
9.7
293Other Hispanic or Latino(2)
1,971
1,211
61.4
1,127
57.2
84
6.9
760Men
965
667
69.1
619
64.1
48
7.1
298Women
1,006
544
54.1
508
50.5
36
6.6
462Hispanic or Latino
39,617
26,126
65.9
24,400
61.6
1,726
6.6
13,491Men
19,745
15,054
76.2
14,111
71.5
943
6.3
4,691Women
19,872
11,072
55.7
10,289
51.8
783
7.1
8,800White Hispanic or Latino
35,314
23,199
65.7
21,710
61.5
1,489
6.4
12,116Men
17,635
13,486
76.5
12,664
71.8
821
6.1
4,149Women
17,680
9,713
54.9
9,046
51.2
667
6.9
7,967Black Hispanic or Latino
1,669
1,122
67.3
1,017
60.9
106
9.4
546Men
767
549
71.7
500
65.3
49
8.9
217Women
902
573
63.5
516
57.2
57
9.9
329Asian Hispanic or Latino
390
281
72.1
272
69.8
9
3.2
109Men
200
157
78.2
154
76.7
3
2.0
44Women
189
124
65.6
118
62.4
6
4.8
65Non-Hispanic or Latino
211,183
131,004
62.0
124,434
58.9
6,570
5.0
80,179Men
101,356
68,566
67.6
65,020
64.2
3,546
5.2
32,789Women
109,828
62,438
56.9
59,414
54.1
3,024
4.8
47,390White non-Hispanic or Latino
161,553
100,408
62.2
96,234
59.6
4,174
4.2
61,145Men
78,513
53,532
68.2
51,228
65.2
2,304
4.3
24,981Women
83,041
46,876
56.4
45,006
54.2
1,870
4.0
36,165Black non-Hispanic or Latino
29,717
18,195
61.2
16,455
55.4
1,740
9.6
11,522Men
13,501
8,550
63.3
7,664
56.8
886
10.4
4,952Women
16,216
9,645
59.5
8,792
54.2
854
8.9
6,570Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
14,030
8,773
62.5
8,435
60.1
338
3.9
5,258Men
6,536
4,654
71.2
4,467
68.3
188
4.0
1,882Women
7,494
4,118
55.0
3,968
52.9
150
3.6
3,376(1) Excludes Salvadoran.

(2) Excludes Dominican.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,67116 to 19 years
16,619
5,700
34.3
4,734
28.5
966
16.9
10,91920 years and older
234,182
151,430
64.7
144,099
61.5
7,330
4.8
82,75220 to 24 years
21,971
15,523
70.7
14,022
63.8
1,501
9.7
6,44825 to 54 years
125,109
101,152
80.9
96,638
77.2
4,515
4.5
23,95755 to 64 years
40,594
25,954
63.9
24,975
61.5
978
3.8
14,64065 years and older
46,509
8,801
18.9
8,465
18.2
337
3.8
37,708Men, 16 years and older
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,48116 to 19 years
8,430
2,885
34.2
2,354
27.9
531
18.4
5,54520 years and older
112,671
80,735
71.7
76,776
68.1
3,959
4.9
31,93620 to 24 years
11,012
8,038
73.0
7,173
65.1
865
10.8
2,97425 to 54 years
61,425
54,226
88.3
51,851
84.4
2,374
4.4
7,19955 to 64 years
19,518
13,627
69.8
13,092
67.1
536
3.9
5,89165 years and older
20,717
4,845
23.4
4,661
22.5
184
3.8
15,872Women, 16 years and older
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,19016 to 19 years
8,189
2,815
34.4
2,380
29.1
435
15.5
5,37420 years and older
121,511
70,695
58.2
67,323
55.4
3,371
4.8
50,81620 to 24 years
10,959
7,485
68.3
6,849
62.5
636
8.5
3,47425 to 54 years
63,684
46,926
73.7
44,786
70.3
2,140
4.6
16,75855 to 64 years
21,076
12,326
58.5
11,884
56.4
442
3.6
8,74965 years and older
25,792
3,957
15.3
3,804
14.7
153
3.9
21,835WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
196,868
123,607
62.8
117,944
59.9
5,662
4.6
73,26116 to 19 years
12,323
4,487
36.4
3,824
31.0
662
14.8
7,83620 years and older
184,545
119,120
64.5
114,120
61.8
5,000
4.2
65,42520 to 24 years
16,171
11,755
72.7
10,784
66.7
970
8.3
4,41625 to 54 years
95,856
78,300
81.7
75,276
78.5
3,024
3.9
17,55655 to 64 years
33,005
21,534
65.2
20,783
63.0
751
3.5
11,47165 years and older
39,513
7,531
19.1
7,276
18.4
255
3.4
31,982Men, 16 years and older
96,147
67,018
69.7
63,892
66.5
3,126
4.7
29,12916 to 19 years
6,282
2,308
36.7
1,934
30.8
375
16.2
3,97420 years and older
89,865
64,710
72.0
61,959
68.9
2,751
4.3
25,15520 to 24 years
8,164
6,165
75.5
5,585
68.4
581
9.4
1,99925 to 54 years
47,831
42,829
89.5
41,198
86.1
1,630
3.8
5,00355 to 64 years
16,067
11,489
71.5
11,088
69.0
400
3.5
4,57965 years and older
17,802
4,227
23.7
4,088
23.0
139
3.3
13,575Women, 16 years and older
100,720
56,589
56.2
54,052
53.7
2,537
4.5
44,13216 to 19 years
6,040
2,178
36.1
1,891
31.3
288
13.2
3,86220 years and older
94,680
54,410
57.5
52,161
55.1
2,249
4.1
40,27020 to 24 years
8,007
5,589
69.8
5,200
64.9
390
7.0
2,41825 to 54 years
48,024
35,472
73.9
34,078
71.0
1,393
3.9
12,55355 to 64 years
16,938
10,045
59.3
9,695
57.2
351
3.5
6,89365 years and older
21,711
3,304
15.2
3,188
14.7
116
3.5
18,407Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
31,386
19,318
61.5
17,472
55.7
1,846
9.6
12,06816 to 19 years
2,491
701
28.1
502
20.1
199
28.4
1,79020 years and older
28,895
18,616
64.4
16,970
58.7
1,646
8.8
10,27820 to 24 years
3,425
2,337
68.2
1,953
57.0
384
16.4
1,08925 to 54 years
16,545
12,984
78.5
11,924
72.1
1,061
8.2
3,56155 to 64 years
4,718
2,584
54.8
2,433
51.6
151
5.8
2,13465 years and older
4,207
711
16.9
660
15.7
51
7.2
3,496Men, 16 years and older
14,268
9,099
63.8
8,164
57.2
935
10.3
5,16916 to 19 years
1,237
326
26.3
226
18.2
100
30.8
91120 years and older
13,031
8,773
67.3
7,938
60.9
835
9.5
4,25820 to 24 years
1,662
1,145
68.9
936
56.3
209
18.3
51725 to 54 years
7,547
6,105
80.9
5,591
74.1
514
8.4
1,44255 to 64 years
2,130
1,204
56.5
1,115
52.3
89
7.4
92765 years and older
1,692
320
18.9
297
17.5
23
7.2
1,372Women, 16 years and older
17,118
10,218
59.7
9,308
54.4
911
8.9
6,89916 to 19 years
1,254
376
29.9
276
22.0
99
26.4
87920 years and older
15,863
9,843
62.0
9,032
56.9
811
8.2
6,02120 to 24 years
1,764
1,192
67.6
1,017
57.7
174
14.6
57225 to 54 years
8,998
6,880
76.5
6,333
70.4
547
8.0
2,11855 to 64 years
2,588
1,381
53.4
1,319
51.0
62
4.5
1,20765 years and older
2,515
391
15.6
363
14.4
28
7.2
2,123AsianTotal, 16 years and older
14,420
9,053
62.8
8,706
60.4
347
3.8
5,36616 to 19 years
833
172
20.6
147
17.7
25
14.4
66120 years and older
13,587
8,882
65.4
8,559
63.0
322
3.6
4,70520 to 24 years
1,293
682
52.8
625
48.4
57
8.4
61025 to 54 years
8,317
6,476
77.9
6,283
75.5
193
3.0
1,84255 to 64 years
1,960
1,315
67.1
1,263
64.4
53
4.0
64465 years and older
2,017
408
20.2
388
19.3
20
4.8
1,609Men, 16 years and older
6,737
4,811
71.4
4,620
68.6
191
4.0
1,92516 to 19 years
406
83
20.5
69
16.9
15
17.7
32220 years and older
6,331
4,728
74.7
4,552
71.9
176
3.7
1,60320 to 24 years
656
347
53.0
318
48.6
29
8.4
30825 to 54 years
3,911
3,488
89.2
3,389
86.7
99
2.9
42355 to 64 years
883
664
75.1
630
71.3
34
5.1
21965 years and older
882
229
25.9
215
24.4
14
6.1
653Women, 16 years and older
7,683
4,242
55.2
4,086
53.2
156
3.7
3,44116 to 19 years
428
89
20.8
79
18.4
10
11.4
33920 years and older
7,256
4,154
57.2
4,008
55.2
146
3.5
3,10220 to 24 years
637
335
52.6
307
48.2
28
8.4
30225 to 54 years
4,407
2,988
67.8
2,894
65.7
93
3.1
1,41955 to 64 years
1,077
652
60.5
633
58.8
19
2.9
42565 years and older
1,135
179
15.8
174
15.3
6
3.2
956Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
39,617
26,126
65.9
24,400
61.6
1,726
6.6
13,49116 to 19 years
3,705
1,144
30.9
922
24.9
221
19.3
2,56220 years and older
35,912
24,983
69.6
23,477
65.4
1,505
6.0
10,92920 to 24 years
4,697
3,365
71.6
3,027
64.4
338
10.0
1,33225 to 54 years
23,262
18,315
78.7
17,326
74.5
989
5.4
4,94855 to 64 years
4,255
2,666
62.7
2,523
59.3
143
5.4
1,58965 years and older
3,698
637
17.2
601
16.3
36
5.6
3,061Men, 16 years and older
19,745
15,054
76.2
14,111
71.5
943
6.3
4,69116 to 19 years
1,886
610
32.4
487
25.8
124
20.3
1,27520 years and older
17,860
14,444
80.9
13,624
76.3
820
5.7
3,41620 to 24 years
2,396
1,851
77.3
1,655
69.1
196
10.6
54525 to 54 years
11,810
10,722
90.8
10,206
86.4
516
4.8
1,08955 to 64 years
2,050
1,515
73.9
1,432
69.9
83
5.5
53565 years and older
1,604
356
22.2
331
20.7
25
7.0
1,248Women, 16 years and older
19,872
11,072
55.7
10,289
51.8
783
7.1
8,80016 to 19 years
1,820
533
29.3
436
23.9
98
18.3
1,28720 years and older
18,052
10,539
58.4
9,853
54.6
686
6.5
7,51320 to 24 years
2,301
1,514
65.8
1,372
59.6
142
9.4
78725 to 54 years
11,452
7,593
66.3
7,120
62.2
473
6.2
3,85955 to 64 years
2,205
1,151
52.2
1,091
49.5
60
5.2
1,05465 years and older
2,094
280
13.4
270
12.9
11
3.9
1,813Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
–
–
–
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
–
–
–
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
–
–
–
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
–
–
–
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
–
–
–
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
–
–
–
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
–
–
–
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
–
–
–
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
–
–
–
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
–
–
–
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
–
–
–
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
–
–
–
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
–
–
–
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
–
–
–
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
–
–
–
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
–
–
–
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
–
–
–
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
–
–
–
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
–
–
–
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
–
–
–
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
–
–
–
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
–
–
–
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
–
–
–
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
–
–
–
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
–
–
–
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
–
–
–
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
–
–
–
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.7Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.9Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
–
–
–
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
–
–
–
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
–
–
–
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
–
–
–
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
–
–
–
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
–
–
–
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
–
–
–
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
–
–
–
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
–
–
–
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
–
–
–
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
–
–
–
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
–
–
–
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
–
–
–
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
–
–
–
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
–
–
–
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
–
–
–
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
–
–
–
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
–
–
–
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
–
–
–
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
–
–
–
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
–
–
–
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
–
–
–
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
–
–
–
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
–
–
–
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
–
–
–
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
–
–
–
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
–
–
–
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.8

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college (1)
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher (2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
212,211
24,175
61,712
35,326
20,937
70,061Civilian labor force
135,907
10,971
35,322
22,706
14,774
52,133Percent of population
64
45
57
64
71
74Employed
130,077
10,098
33,402
21,573
14,213
50,792Employment–population ratio
61
42
54
61
68
73Unemployed
5,830
873
1,920
1,134
562
1,341Unemployment rate
4.3
8.0
5.4
5.0
3.8
2.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
101,659
12,137
30,388
16,644
9,020
33,471Civilian labor force
72,698
7,081
20,416
11,862
6,911
26,429Percent of population
72
58
67
71
77
79Employed
69,604
6,573
19,302
11,293
6,660
25,776Employment–population ratio
69
54
64
68
74
77Unemployed
3,094
507
1,114
569
251
654Unemployment rate
4.3
7.2
5.5
4.8
3.6
2.5WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
110,552
12,038
31,325
18,682
11,918
36,590Civilian labor force
63,209
3,891
14,906
10,845
7,864
25,704Percent of population
57
32
48
58
66
70Employed
60,474
3,525
14,100
10,280
7,553
25,016Employment–population ratio
55
29
45
55
63
68Unemployed
2,735
366
806
565
311
687Unemployment rate
4.3
9.4
5.4
5.2
4.0
2.7WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
168,374
18,672
49,012
27,796
16,983
55,911Civilian labor force
107,365
8,723
27,790
17,588
11,904
41,361Percent of population
64
47
57
63
70
74Employed
103,336
8,128
26,508
16,820
11,501
40,380Employment–population ratio
61
44
54
61
68
72Unemployed
4,030
595
1,282
768
404
981Unemployment rate
3.8
6.8
4.6
4.4
3.4
2.4MenCivilian noninstitutional population
81,701
9,594
24,260
13,278
7,479
27,090Civilian labor force
58,544
5,841
16,367
9,431
5,718
21,188Percent of population
72
61
68
71
76
78Employed
56,374
5,484
15,617
9,037
5,533
20,702Employment–population ratio
69
57
64
68
74
76Unemployed
2,170
357
750
393
185
485Unemployment rate
3.7
6.1
4.6
4.2
3.2
2.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
86,673
9,078
24,752
14,518
9,504
28,821Civilian labor force
48,821
2,882
11,422
8,157
6,187
20,173Percent of population
56
32
46
56
65
70Employed
46,962
2,643
10,891
7,782
5,968
19,677Employment–population ratio
54
29
44
54
63
68Unemployed
1,860
238
532
375
219
496Unemployment rate
3.8
8.3
4.7
4.6
3.5
2.5Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
25,469
3,271
8,566
5,135
2,580
5,917Civilian labor force
16,280
1,228
5,035
3,526
1,891
4,600Percent of population
64
38
59
69
73
78Employed
15,017
1,033
4,549
3,242
1,775
4,418Employment–population ratio
59
32
53
63
69
75Unemployed
1,263
196
486
284
115
182Unemployment rate
7.8
15.9
9.7
8.0
6.1
4.0MenCivilian noninstitutional population
11,370
1,532
4,207
2,233
955
2,442Civilian labor force
7,628
641
2,676
1,612
727
1,973Percent of population
67
42
64
72
76
81Employed
7,003
545
2,407
1,477
679
1,895Employment–population ratio
62
36
57
66
71
78Unemployed
626
97
269
135
47
78Unemployment rate
8.2
15.1
10.0
8.4
6.5
4.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
14,100
1,739
4,359
2,902
1,625
3,475Civilian labor force
8,651
587
2,359
1,914
1,164
2,627Percent of population
61
34
54
66
72
76Employed
8,014
488
2,142
1,765
1,096
2,523Employment–population ratio
57
28
49
61
68
73Unemployed
637
99
217
149
68
104Unemployment rate
7.4
16.8
9.2
7.8
5.9
4.0AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
12,294
1,217
2,385
1,165
754
6,773Civilian labor force
8,199
497
1,402
763
545
4,993Percent of population
67
41
59
66
72
74Employed
7,934
470
1,344
737
528
4,855Employment–population ratio
65
39
56
63
70
72Unemployed
265
27
57
26
17
138Unemployment rate
3.2
5.4
4.1
3.4
3.1
2.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
5,675
476
1,017
571
311
3,300Civilian labor force
4,380
258
723
409
257
2,734Percent of population
77
54
71
72
83
83Employed
4,233
240
690
393
248
2,663Employment–population ratio
75
50
68
69
80
81Unemployed
147
18
33
16
9
71Unemployment rate
3.4
7.1
4.6
3.8
3.6
2.6WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,619
741
1,368
594
443
3,474Civilian labor force
3,819
239
679
354
288
2,259Percent of population
58
32
50
60
65
65Employed
3,701
230
655
344
280
2,192Employment–population ratio
56
31
48
58
63
63Unemployed
118
8
24
11
8
67Unemployment rate
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.0
2.7
3.0Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
31,215
10,094
9,261
4,401
2,373
5,086Civilian labor force
21,618
5,986
6,444
3,295
1,817
4,076Percent of population
69
59
70
75
77
80Employed
20,450
5,592
6,064
3,119
1,739
3,936Employment–population ratio
66
55
66
71
73
77Unemployed
1,167
394
379
175
78
140Unemployment rate
5.4
6.6
5.9
5.3
4.3
3.4MenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,464
5,222
4,716
2,094
1,053
2,378Civilian labor force
12,593
4,017
3,872
1,726
905
2,072Percent of population
81
77
82
82
86
87Employed
11,969
3,787
3,664
1,642
875
2,001Employment–population ratio
77
73
78
78
83
84Unemployed
623
230
209
83
30
71Unemployment rate
5.0
5.7
5.4
4.8
3.3
3.4WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,751
4,872
4,544
2,307
1,320
2,708Civilian labor force
9,025
1,969
2,571
1,569
913
2,003Percent of population
57
40
57
68
69
74Employed
8,481
1,805
2,401
1,477
864
1,935Employment–population ratio
54
37
53
64
66
71Unemployed
544
164
171
92
48
69Unemployment rate
6.0
8.3
6.6
5.9
5.3
3.4(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
148,834
117,944
17,472
8,706
24,400Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
38.9
39.6
30.4
51.3
21.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.2
17.0
11.3
17.3
9.3Management occupations
11.4
12.2
7.1
10.9
6.8Business and financial operations occupations
4.8
4.8
4.2
6.4
2.6Professional and related occupations
22.7
22.7
19.1
33.9
12.2Computer and mathematical occupations
2.9
2.5
2.1
10.0
1.2Architecture and engineering occupations
2.0
2.0
1.0
3.9
1.0Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.3
0.4Community and social service occupations
1.7
1.7
2.6
1.1
1.1Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.7
0.9
0.6Education, training, and library occupations
6.0
6.3
5.3
4.6
3.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
5.9
5.7
5.8
9.3
2.9Service occupations
17.4
16.2
24.8
16.1
24.9Healthcare support occupations
2.4
1.9
5.4
2.3
2.4Protective service occupations
2.1
2.0
3.4
0.9
1.8Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.5
5.2
6.4
5.7
8.4Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.8
3.8
4.7
1.9
8.9Personal care and service occupations
3.6
3.3
4.8
5.3
3.5Sales and office occupations
22.6
22.6
23.7
19.9
21.1Sales and related occupations
10.5
10.8
9.5
10.2
9.7Office and administrative support occupations
12.0
11.8
14.2
9.7
11.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.2
10.2
5.7
3.1
16.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.2
2.0Construction and extraction occupations
5.1
5.7
3.0
1.1
10.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.4
3.6
2.4
1.8
3.9Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
11.9
11.4
15.4
9.6
16.1Production occupations
5.7
5.6
6.1
6.0
7.8Transportation and material-moving occupations
6.1
5.8
9.3
3.6
8.4Men, 16 years and older (thousands)
79,131
63,892
8,164
4,620
14,111Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
35.5
36.0
24.9
52.3
17.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.2
18.2
10.9
17.1
9.1Management occupations
13.1
14.0
7.5
11.7
7.1Business and financial operations occupations
4.1
4.2
3.4
5.4
2.0Professional and related occupations
18.3
17.8
14.0
35.1
8.7Computer and mathematical occupations
4.2
3.6
3.0
14.1
1.6Architecture and engineering occupations
3.2
3.2
1.8
5.9
1.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.5
0.3Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.1
1.7
0.9
0.6Legal occupations
1.1
1.3
0.5
0.6
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.4
1.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.6
1.4Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.8
2.6
2.3
6.1
1.3Service occupations
14.2
13.1
21.6
12.7
19.9Healthcare support occupations
0.6
0.4
1.3
1.0
0.6Protective service occupations
3.1
3.0
5.0
1.3
2.3Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.7
4.2
6.6
6.0
7.6Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.3
4.2
5.8
2.0
8.1Personal care and service occupations
1.6
1.3
2.8
2.5
1.3Sales and office occupations
16.4
16.2
17.4
17.0
14.3Sales and related occupations
10.1
10.4
8.1
10.2
7.8Office and administrative support occupations
6.3
5.8
9.3
6.8
6.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.5
17.9
11.5
5.4
26.7Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.0
1.1
0.5
0.2
2.6Construction and extraction occupations
9.4
10.3
6.2
2.1
17.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
6.1
6.5
4.8
3.2
6.5Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
17.4
16.8
24.7
12.6
21.3Production occupations
7.7
7.6
8.4
6.6
9.1Transportation and material-moving occupations
9.8
9.2
16.3
6.0
12.2Women, 16 years and older (thousands)
69,703
54,052
9,308
4,086
10,289Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
42.9
44.0
35.2
50.2
26.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15.1
15.6
11.7
17.5
9.7Management occupations
9.5
10.1
6.7
9.9
6.3Business and financial operations occupations
5.5
5.5
4.9
7.6
3.4Professional and related occupations
27.8
28.4
23.6
32.6
16.9Computer and mathematical occupations
1.5
1.3
1.4
5.3
0.7Architecture and engineering occupations
0.6
0.6
0.3
1.6
0.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.2
0.5Community and social service occupations
2.4
2.4
3.4
1.2
1.8Legal occupations
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.3
0.8Education, training, and library occupations
9.4
10.1
7.5
6.0
6.4Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.3
0.9
2.1
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9.4
9.4
8.8
12.9
5.1Service occupations
21.1
19.8
27.7
20.0
31.8Healthcare support occupations
4.4
3.6
9.1
3.8
4.9Protective service occupations
0.9
0.8
2.0
0.4
1.1Food preparation and serving related occupations
6.4
6.4
6.2
5.4
9.5Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.4
3.4
3.8
1.9
10.0Personal care and service occupations
6.0
5.6
6.6
8.5
6.4Sales and office occupations
29.6
30.1
29.2
23.2
30.4Sales and related occupations
11.1
11.2
10.7
10.2
12.2Office and administrative support occupations
18.5
18.9
18.5
13.0
18.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.4
2.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.2Construction and extraction occupations
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
5.5
5.1
7.3
6.2
9.1Production occupations
3.5
3.2
4.1
5.4
5.9Transportation and material-moving occupations
2.0
1.9
3.2
0.8
3.2Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Occupation
Total employed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
148,834
79.2
11.7
5.8
16.4Management, professional, and related occupations
57,960
80.7
9.2
7.7
9.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
24,108
83.1
8.2
6.3
9.4Management occupations
16,994
84.7
7.3
5.6
9.7Chief executives
1,517
89.5
3.6
4.7
5.5General and operations managers
899
85.8
6.9
4.7
10.8Legislators
13
–
–
–
–Advertising and promotions managers
67
93.1
–
5.5
6.6Marketing and sales managers
1,006
85.8
6.2
5.8
9.7Public relations and fundraising managers
61
81.6
10.6
5.2
5.6Administrative services managers
195
84.5
9.9
3.0
7.2Computer and information systems managers
652
77.4
5.6
14.2
4.8Financial managers
1,197
82.9
7.2
7.9
9.4Compensation and benefits managers
23
–
–
–
–Human resources managers
290
84.1
11.9
2.2
10.8Training and development managers
41
–
–
–
–Industrial production managers
280
89.9
5.1
4.3
6.7Purchasing managers
198
77.6
11.4
7.2
12.9Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
263
86.7
8.2
3.4
19.2Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
1,052
97.0
0.9
0.6
4.3Construction managers
737
90.6
3.3
3.2
12.9Education administrators
928
80.3
13.4
3.8
9.3Architectural and engineering managers
110
82.3
6.3
7.6
9.0Food service managers
1,192
75.6
11.1
10.6
17.0Funeral service managers
15
–
–
–
–Gaming managers
23
–
–
–
–Lodging managers
159
75.5
7.2
10.9
16.8Medical and health services managers
636
79.9
13.1
5.2
8.0Natural sciences managers
25
–
–
–
–Postmasters and mail superintendents
24
–
–
–
–Property, real estate, and community association managers
685
85.8
7.6
3.6
11.1Social and community service managers
378
77.7
12.1
5.3
9.9Emergency management directors
10
–
–
–
–Managers, all other
4,315
85.1
7.2
5.4
10.1Business and financial operations occupations
7,114
79.3
10.3
7.9
8.8Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
46
–
–
–
–Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
–
–
–
–Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
190
80.8
6.3
7.5
11.0Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
280
85.5
6.7
5.8
11.5Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
321
80.0
14.6
3.1
10.4Compliance officers
246
82.5
11.4
4.2
9.5Cost estimators
112
95.1
0.4
3.0
8.1Human resources workers
662
76.3
15.4
4.9
10.7Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
68
76.5
14.1
6.9
8.4Training and development specialists
118
78.8
13.7
2.0
7.0Logisticians
117
77.4
14.4
4.2
20.2Management analysts
848
78.2
9.3
10.1
5.9Meeting, convention, and event planners
159
78.4
11.1
5.6
12.3Fundraisers
77
89.4
7.2
1.1
1.9Market research analysts and marketing specialists
261
87.6
4.8
6.9
9.7Business operations specialists, all other
213
81.6
9.2
7.0
9.0Accountants and auditors
1,732
77.6
9.5
11.3
7.4Appraisers and assessors of real estate
76
91.4
5.9
0.9
3.9Budget analysts
44
–
–
–
–Credit analysts
21
–
–
–
–Financial analysts
322
70.4
11.1
16.2
6.4Personal financial advisors
498
82.7
7.6
7.4
9.4Insurance underwriters
107
85.2
8.9
5.8
5.3Financial examiners
15
–
–
–
–Credit counselors and loan officers
332
75.8
14.0
6.0
10.6Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
58
73.6
17.0
9.4
13.5Tax preparers
109
76.4
14.4
4.7
18.8Financial specialists, all other
71
83.3
6.7
8.5
7.6Professional and related occupations
33,852
78.9
9.8
8.7
8.8Computer and mathematical occupations
4,369
68.4
8.6
19.9
6.8Computer and information research scientists
24
–
–
–
–Computer systems analysts
552
68.2
9.6
19.6
6.9Information security analysts
70
87.3
3.0
3.4
5.2Computer programmers
480
70.5
7.0
18.9
6.9Software developers, applications and systems software
1,353
57.5
5.0
33.8
5.4Web developers
204
76.9
9.1
9.6
6.2Computer support specialists
475
74.2
12.5
9.6
8.4Database administrators
93
80.7
6.2
9.6
2.1Network and computer systems administrators
218
76.1
11.5
10.4
9.4Computer network architects
114
74.1
8.9
16.5
6.5Computer occupations, all other
547
74.1
11.8
12.0
9.5Actuaries
21
–
–
–
–Mathematicians
6
–
–
–
–Operations research analysts
123
72.6
15.3
10.2
9.3Statisticians
86
73.9
12.4
11.4
3.7Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
4
–
–
–
–Architecture and engineering occupations
2,954
80.5
6.0
11.4
8.2Architects, except naval
203
85.0
5.8
7.6
5.7Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
38
–
–
–
–Aerospace engineers
138
75.1
2.1
18.6
13.1Agricultural engineers
6
–
–
–
–Biomedical engineers
16
–
–
–
–Chemical engineers
84
79.4
2.8
16.3
6.5Civil engineers
360
84.2
3.6
10.2
9.0Computer hardware engineers
72
62.2
12.1
23.4
11.0Electrical and electronics engineers
302
77.2
6.0
14.3
7.2Environmental engineers
40
–
–
–
–Industrial engineers, including health and safety
214
85.9
4.2
8.9
7.3Marine engineers and naval architects
11
–
–
–
–Materials engineers
40
–
–
–
–Mechanical engineers
323
80.5
6.2
11.2
5.6Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
15
–
–
–
–Nuclear engineers
6
–
–
–
–Petroleum engineers
44
–
–
–
–Engineers, all other
440
75.9
7.6
14.7
5.9Drafters
133
94.4
3.7
1.1
15.0Engineering technicians, except drafters
403
76.5
10.0
10.7
9.7Surveying and mapping technicians
65
88.7
3.5
4.1
7.2Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,404
77.0
6.1
14.5
7.0Agricultural and food scientists
25
–
–
–
–Biological scientists
86
81.9
6.6
10.8
8.2Conservation scientists and foresters
25
–
–
–
–Medical scientists
157
58.5
5.9
35.1
5.4Life scientists, all other
1
–
–
–
–Astronomers and physicists
19
–
–
–
–Atmospheric and space scientists
12
–
–
–
–Chemists and materials scientists
99
75.2
8.4
13.5
5.9Environmental scientists and geoscientists
92
89.6
1.3
6.2
7.3Physical scientists, all other
232
70.1
4.4
23.9
6.2Economists
34
–
–
–
–Survey researchers
-
–
–
–
–Psychologists
193
91.2
4.1
2.5
5.8Sociologists
1
–
–
–
–Urban and regional planners
25
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
45
–
–
–
–Agricultural and food science technicians
25
–
–
–
–Biological technicians
18
–
–
–
–Chemical technicians
82
78.4
11.7
7.5
9.7Geological and petroleum technicians
21
–
–
–
–Nuclear technicians
3
–
–
–
–Social science research assistants
4
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
203
75.1
7.7
12.5
6.6Community and social service occupations
2,596
75.7
17.4
3.6
10.7Counselors
802
75.8
18.4
2.5
9.5Social workers
765
71.4
22.0
3.0
12.5Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
99
68.9
23.3
4.0
12.1Social and human service assistants
194
70.4
21.2
2.2
16.0Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
117
76.8
14.2
5.2
16.5Clergy
469
81.1
10.2
6.6
7.3Directors, religious activities and education
78
90.3
7.5
1.1
5.1Religious workers, all other
73
90.9
2.3
5.2
6.2Legal occupations
1,803
86.8
6.8
4.5
7.5Lawyers
1,160
89.0
4.6
4.8
5.1Judicial law clerks
13
–
–
–
–Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
58
81.8
11.8
6.2
6.4Paralegals and legal assistants
400
82.9
10.3
3.9
13.4Miscellaneous legal support workers
172
83.8
10.9
4.1
10.8Education, training, and library occupations
8,908
82.9
10.4
4.5
9.9Postsecondary teachers
1,341
80.3
5.1
12.6
7.6Preschool and kindergarten teachers
695
77.5
16.1
3.4
12.2Elementary and middle school teachers
3,152
84.9
10.8
2.5
8.5Secondary school teachers
1,144
86.4
8.7
2.5
7.8Special education teachers
330
87.0
9.5
2.3
7.5Other teachers and instructors
876
79.5
12.1
6.1
11.2Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
53
92.2
2.7
–
8.5Librarians
166
86.3
8.5
2.8
4.8Library technicians
31
–
–
–
–Teacher assistants
960
80.3
13.8
3.0
18.7Other education, training, and library workers
161
81.5
12.5
4.1
12.0Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,051
85.7
6.3
5.2
10.8Artists and related workers
222
89.5
2.7
4.1
9.4Designers
899
87.0
3.5
6.9
12.3Actors
49
–
–
–
–Producers and directors
169
85.1
5.3
5.6
6.8Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
296
83.6
11.1
2.7
10.1Dancers and choreographers
19
–
–
–
–Musicians, singers, and related workers
202
83.5
10.5
2.6
8.8Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
41
–
–
–
–Announcers
55
74.4
14.8
5.6
19.1News analysts, reporters and correspondents
68
89.8
6.5
1.7
13.7Public relations specialists
147
83.0
9.8
4.8
7.7Editors
160
88.3
2.0
7.7
7.9Technical writers
68
86.6
9.2
1.2
6.0Writers and authors
208
87.0
4.9
3.5
5.3Miscellaneous media and communication workers
84
80.0
5.8
13.4
35.8Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
119
84.0
11.3
0.8
14.5Photographers
180
87.8
3.3
7.8
9.5Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
64
87.7
4.5
6.0
15.4Media and communication equipment workers, all other
2
–
–
–
–Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
8,766
76.9
11.5
9.2
8.1Chiropractors
75
92.6
3.2
3.2
8.7Dentists
196
79.0
2.9
16.8
8.6Dietitians and nutritionists
108
76.2
14.2
9.6
5.3Optometrists
39
–
–
–
–Pharmacists
282
74.1
8.7
15.3
5.4Physicians and surgeons
1,007
73.6
6.4
18.4
6.4Physician assistants
74
88.9
3.7
7.1
6.5Podiatrists
15
–
–
–
–Audiologists
16
–
–
–
–Occupational therapists
116
83.4
7.2
8.6
6.5Physical therapists
274
81.2
4.3
12.5
4.9Radiation therapists
13
–
–
–
–Recreational therapists
11
–
–
–
–Respiratory therapists
108
77.5
15.2
6.0
9.2Speech-language pathologists
158
91.1
4.9
2.9
7.1Exercise physiologists
5
–
–
–
–Therapists, all other
189
85.7
7.9
3.8
15.4Veterinarians
90
91.7
3.4
4.7
2.5Registered nurses
2,973
76.7
12.2
8.7
6.6Nurse anesthetists
27
–
–
–
–Nurse midwives
7
–
–
–
–Nurse practitioners
149
85.3
8.2
3.5
2.5Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
17
–
–
–
–Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
327
65.6
17.3
13.5
12.4Dental hygienists
177
87.5
3.6
6.6
5.4Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
322
84.5
7.9
5.2
8.7Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
220
85.3
10.6
1.2
8.3Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
626
75.7
14.2
7.5
13.0Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
670
62.1
28.5
5.7
13.9Medical records and health information technicians
200
79.6
12.1
3.6
8.4Opticians, dispensing
52
87.2
8.4
4.0
13.3Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
117
73.7
14.2
7.8
11.4Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
108
83.7
8.8
3.3
9.0Service occupations
25,896
73.6
16.8
5.4
23.5Healthcare support occupations
3,514
62.8
27.1
5.7
16.5Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,032
52.5
37.7
5.6
14.8Occupational therapy assistants and aides
23
–
–
–
–Physical therapist assistants and aides
68
83.9
5.6
6.0
10.8Massage therapists
189
81.3
4.8
9.1
9.1Dental assistants
286
77.8
9.6
6.6
23.8Medical assistants
524
76.1
13.0
5.6
27.5Medical transcriptionists
42
–
–
–
–Pharmacy aides
36
–
–
–
–Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
38
–
–
–
–Phlebotomists
106
66.9
25.2
3.5
13.8Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
170
67.8
25.1
4.1
8.5Protective service occupations
3,109
74.6
19.2
2.4
13.9First-line supervisors of correctional officers
52
70.0
24.7
2.7
6.3First-line supervisors of police and detectives
110
80.1
14.0
1.3
6.6First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
49
–
–
–
–First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
81
80.9
14.7
2.0
10.5Firefighters
293
86.7
8.4
1.1
7.8Fire inspectors
19
–
–
–
–Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
443
70.4
26.0
1.2
11.8Detectives and criminal investigators
144
88.5
8.5
0.8
11.9Fish and game wardens
6
–
–
–
–Parking enforcement workers
10
–
–
–
–Police and sheriff's patrol officers
688
81.0
13.5
2.0
15.5Transit and railroad police
1
–
–
–
–Animal control workers
5
–
–
–
–Private detectives and investigators
100
81.3
12.7
5.0
14.6Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
869
62.0
28.8
4.0
18.6Crossing guards
57
62.5
33.2
3.1
17.3Transportation security screeners
38
–
–
–
–Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
144
84.9
9.1
1.5
12.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,142
75.8
13.8
6.1
25.3Chefs and head cooks
415
64.5
15.2
16.8
19.3First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
527
77.9
14.9
3.8
16.5Cooks
2,091
71.4
18.5
5.3
35.7Food preparation workers
858
75.3
15.1
5.6
27.4Bartenders
451
87.8
4.4
3.3
13.2Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
420
68.5
21.6
3.7
17.3Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
233
79.6
10.7
6.2
18.2Waiters and waitresses
2,057
81.4
8.2
6.9
21.1Food servers, nonrestaurant
190
67.3
20.6
8.7
19.4Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
321
75.2
13.9
6.1
29.1Dishwashers
281
72.8
14.7
5.1
39.7Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
293
80.8
11.2
3.6
19.2Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
5
–
–
–
–Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,716
78.3
14.5
2.9
38.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
293
74.5
19.7
2.4
20.5First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
215
91.0
4.0
2.0
23.6Janitors and building cleaners
2,263
75.4
17.6
3.4
31.4Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,510
74.0
16.1
4.4
48.9Pest control workers
85
82.7
13.0
1.3
14.0Grounds maintenance workers
1,349
86.5
7.9
0.9
44.5Personal care and service occupations
5,415
71.7
15.6
8.5
15.5First-line supervisors of gaming workers
168
86.8
4.8
5.1
8.7First-line supervisors of personal service workers
185
70.3
11.9
16.2
8.9Animal trainers
54
95.6
1.2
–
11.5Nonfarm animal caretakers
252
88.0
5.4
1.8
13.0Gaming services workers
89
65.6
8.0
22.0
8.2Motion picture projectionists
6
–
–
–
–Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
44
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
221
78.7
12.8
2.1
15.7Embalmers and funeral attendants
9
–
–
–
–Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
35
–
–
–
–Barbers
116
50.3
40.7
6.4
20.7Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
707
81.4
12.3
3.9
15.3Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
324
33.7
7.0
56.5
8.5Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
76
55.1
21.0
10.5
32.9Tour and travel guides
54
84.3
3.4
10.1
5.3Childcare workers
1,206
77.1
15.3
3.3
19.1Personal care aides
1,251
63.1
24.2
8.1
17.9Recreation and fitness workers
429
81.4
10.7
2.1
10.4Residential advisors
38
–
–
–
–Personal care and service workers, all other
149
72.2
15.6
4.9
20.8Sales and office occupations
33,598
79.3
12.3
5.2
15.3Sales and related occupations
15,700
80.9
10.6
5.7
15.0First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,245
81.7
9.5
6.1
13.0First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,242
86.6
6.2
5.9
12.8Cashiers
3,246
71.0
17.4
6.8
20.6Counter and rental clerks
109
83.0
12.2
2.9
18.8Parts salespersons
124
89.8
5.0
1.5
18.1Retail salespersons
3,346
77.6
12.8
6.3
17.3Advertising sales agents
200
83.7
9.4
4.8
11.3Insurance sales agents
615
87.2
7.3
3.5
12.7Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
258
86.6
4.8
5.8
7.0Travel agents
89
78.1
3.3
17.7
8.7Sales representatives, services, all other
479
90.0
5.7
2.8
13.3Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,281
90.9
4.0
3.3
10.0Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
68
84.3
5.6
6.5
15.1Real estate brokers and sales agents
906
87.5
5.7
4.9
9.4Sales engineers
42
–
–
–
–Telemarketers
60
68.5
25.9
2.2
27.3Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
156
85.0
10.5
2.5
21.7Sales and related workers, all other
236
88.2
6.5
3.9
10.6Office and administrative support occupations
17,897
78.0
13.9
4.7
15.6First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,474
80.5
11.7
4.7
13.1Switchboard operators, including answering service
16
–
–
–
–Telephone operators
34
–
–
–
–Communications equipment operators, all other
5
–
–
–
–Bill and account collectors
168
72.5
20.6
3.9
18.4Billing and posting clerks
473
80.8
13.0
3.3
13.5Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,182
84.0
7.5
4.9
10.6Gaming cage workers
14
–
–
–
–Payroll and timekeeping clerks
138
83.5
7.3
4.8
15.5Procurement clerks
40
–
–
–
–Tellers
357
80.9
8.4
6.4
20.7Financial clerks, all other
69
65.6
24.6
7.6
7.0Brokerage clerks
3
–
–
–
–Correspondence clerks
3
–
–
–
–Court, municipal, and license clerks
71
79.0
11.9
3.3
16.6Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
52
84.7
10.4
2.5
15.8Customer service representatives
2,271
74.9
16.6
4.7
18.0Eligibility interviewers, government programs
74
67.8
25.1
2.3
33.3File clerks
203
79.2
12.9
4.2
13.4Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
156
64.1
18.0
10.7
18.7Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
151
77.4
16.1
3.7
18.3Library assistants, clerical
98
81.7
8.0
7.5
10.6Loan interviewers and clerks
139
81.5
12.8
4.1
16.5New accounts clerks
26
–
–
–
–Order clerks
84
77.7
14.5
4.4
16.6Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
59
74.4
18.9
3.5
7.1Receptionists and information clerks
1,232
79.2
13.4
3.7
17.7Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
111
70.9
16.4
6.4
18.6Information and record clerks, all other
127
71.6
17.7
7.5
13.4Cargo and freight agents
21
–
–
–
–Couriers and messengers
235
72.8
20.4
4.0
18.6Dispatchers
277
82.6
13.4
2.3
12.8Meter readers, utilities
41
–
–
–
–Postal service clerks
130
56.2
33.5
8.7
6.3Postal service mail carriers
320
70.4
20.3
6.8
13.1Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
64
59.8
29.9
8.1
9.4Production, planning, and expediting clerks
286
81.5
10.3
4.6
12.0Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
575
78.4
14.7
3.5
27.0Stock clerks and order fillers
1,529
73.2
18.2
4.5
20.2Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
72
75.5
13.1
6.6
23.7Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,870
83.3
10.4
3.5
11.9Computer operators
69
80.7
13.5
5.3
13.7Data entry keyers
281
75.1
13.8
7.7
15.1Word processors and typists
103
74.5
15.0
5.0
9.9Desktop publishers
1
–
–
–
–Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
287
75.2
17.7
5.0
7.7Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
81
58.4
25.1
10.9
18.4Office clerks, general
1,288
76.0
13.4
6.7
18.6Office machine operators, except computer
37
–
–
–
–Proofreaders and copy markers
8
–
–
–
–Statistical assistants
17
–
–
–
–Office and administrative support workers, all other
477
79.9
12.9
3.9
13.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,733
87.3
7.3
1.9
29.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,073
89.3
5.1
1.3
45.7First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
54
89.4
1.4
–
41.6Agricultural inspectors
18
–
–
–
–Animal breeders
8
–
–
–
–Graders and sorters, agricultural products
97
73.8
18.6
3.8
54.3Miscellaneous agricultural workers
789
91.4
3.5
1.1
50.7Fishers and related fishing workers
39
–
–
–
–Hunters and trappers
-
–
–
–
–Forest and conservation workers
18
–
–
–
–Logging workers
51
88.2
10.4
–
11.0Construction and extraction occupations
7,652
88.2
6.9
1.3
33.3First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
712
89.3
6.2
1.2
16.7Boilermakers
20
–
–
–
–Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
172
92.5
5.3
–
43.3Carpenters
1,281
90.3
5.4
1.2
32.8Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
156
86.2
6.2
2.1
47.1Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
54
81.7
12.1
–
49.2Construction laborers
1,649
85.8
8.1
1.9
45.5Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
12
–
–
–
–Pile-driver operators
2
–
–
–
–Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
357
88.1
7.5
0.1
21.1Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
151
90.2
5.5
0.2
61.8Electricians
773
86.6
8.8
1.9
19.3Glaziers
47
–
–
–
–Insulation workers
49
–
–
–
–Painters, construction and maintenance
572
90.0
5.6
1.8
49.3Paperhangers
1
–
–
–
–Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
573
89.5
6.8
1.1
25.0Plasterers and stucco masons
28
–
–
–
–Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
10
–
–
–
–Roofers
221
85.9
6.0
1.4
51.2Sheet metal workers
122
94.1
2.4
0.7
15.7Structural iron and steel workers
58
90.8
6.4
2.8
19.8Solar photovoltaic installers
11
–
–
–
–Helpers, construction trades
52
83.5
7.0
2.8
44.7Construction and building inspectors
90
83.4
9.5
1.0
8.2Elevator installers and repairers
30
–
–
–
–Fence erectors
34
–
–
–
–Hazardous materials removal workers
42
–
–
–
–Highway maintenance workers
103
81.5
13.4
0.9
16.5Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
11
–
–
–
–Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
12
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous construction and related workers
32
–
–
–
–Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
34
–
–
–
–Earth drillers, except oil and gas
29
–
–
–
–Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
9
–
–
–
–Mining machine operators
67
91.8
4.1
–
16.3Roof bolters, mining
2
–
–
–
–Roustabouts, oil and gas
9
–
–
–
–Helpers--extraction workers
4
–
–
–
–Other extraction workers
64
94.6
3.1
0.5
26.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,008
85.4
8.3
3.1
18.9First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
262
85.3
8.5
3.3
11.4Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
241
71.1
18.4
8.2
9.8Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
158
76.1
11.7
8.2
11.8Avionics technicians
5
–
–
–
–Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
23
–
–
–
–Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
–
–
–
–Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
20
–
–
–
–Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
18
–
–
–
–Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
38
–
–
–
–Security and fire alarm systems installers
74
86.9
6.0
1.0
23.1Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
140
85.2
8.3
3.1
13.6Automotive body and related repairers
154
88.5
5.4
0.6
22.9Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
–
–
–
–Automotive service technicians and mechanics
924
84.9
8.2
4.0
25.7Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
345
87.3
7.5
2.6
15.8Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
233
90.6
4.8
1.5
14.3Small engine mechanics
54
95.0
–
1.3
10.4Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
81
87.2
4.5
1.0
24.4Control and valve installers and repairers
29
–
–
–
–Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
408
87.8
7.6
2.2
21.6Home appliance repairers
53
83.0
3.7
6.0
26.8Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
425
89.1
6.6
1.5
13.6Maintenance and repair workers, general
527
82.3
11.2
2.4
21.9Maintenance workers, machinery
29
–
–
–
–Millwrights
57
91.7
5.6
0.5
8.4Electrical power-line installers and repairers
119
91.7
5.2
1.7
11.1Telecommunications line installers and repairers
177
80.8
12.9
3.1
19.7Precision instrument and equipment repairers
66
88.2
6.3
3.3
10.5Wind turbine service technicians
4
–
–
–
–Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
48
–
–
–
–Commercial divers
1
–
–
–
–Locksmiths and safe repairers
21
–
–
–
–Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
–
–
–
–Riggers
10
–
–
–
–Signal and track switch repairers
8
–
–
–
–Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
28
–
–
–
–Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
200
90.0
5.1
2.1
25.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,647
76.5
15.3
4.7
22.3Production occupations
8,522
77.8
12.5
6.2
22.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
817
84.7
8.0
4.6
16.3Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
14
–
–
–
–Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
133
57.1
16.9
22.0
22.5Engine and other machine assemblers
11
–
–
–
–Structural metal fabricators and fitters
32
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,026
72.0
16.1
6.9
22.2Bakers
231
71.4
15.4
9.6
23.5Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
302
66.2
22.4
8.0
35.4Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
14
–
–
–
–Food batchmakers
101
78.4
14.1
7.0
29.6Food cooking machine operators and tenders
13
–
–
–
–Food processing workers, all other
135
71.9
16.6
7.6
35.1Computer control programmers and operators
88
84.4
8.4
3.7
9.8Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
–
–
–
–Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
–
–
–
–Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
15
–
–
–
–Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
82
73.6
20.1
1.4
14.5Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
–
–
–
–Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
51
87.3
11.5
0.2
29.0Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
11
–
–
–
–Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
-
–
–
–
–Machinists
363
88.0
3.1
6.1
13.8Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
30
–
–
–
–Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
–
–
–
–Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
46
–
–
–
–Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
1
–
–
–
–Tool and die makers
47
–
–
–
–Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
615
85.8
7.1
3.3
23.1Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
–
–
–
–Layout workers, metal and plastic
5
–
–
–
–Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
23
–
–
–
–Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
6
–
–
–
–Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
376
73.6
17.6
6.3
22.6Prepress technicians and workers
22
–
–
–
–Printing press operators
180
85.7
9.0
3.6
22.7Print binding and finishing workers
20
–
–
–
–Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
192
65.6
17.7
10.8
31.8Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
34
–
–
–
–Sewing machine operators
196
75.5
9.7
12.4
41.8Shoe and leather workers and repairers
7
–
–
–
–Shoe machine operators and tenders
2
–
–
–
–Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
83
77.6
5.3
17.1
22.2Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
3
–
–
–
–Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
–
–
–
–Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
–
–
–
–Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
–
–
–
–Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
-
–
–
–
–Fabric and apparel patternmakers
4
–
–
–
–Upholsterers
40
–
–
–
–Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
16
–
–
–
–Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
60
92.1
4.3
1.2
20.5Furniture finishers
15
–
–
–
–Model makers and patternmakers, wood
1
–
–
–
–Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
29
–
–
–
–Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
24
–
–
–
–Woodworkers, all other
31
–
–
–
–Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
33
–
–
–
–Stationary engineers and boiler operators
81
82.5
9.4
5.2
10.2Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
89
86.2
7.1
1.5
6.5Miscellaneous plant and system operators
36
–
–
–
–Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
63
88.4
4.3
0.4
10.6Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
86
83.8
10.5
3.1
37.2Cutting workers
64
78.7
13.4
2.6
24.2Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
28
–
–
–
–Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
7
–
–
–
–Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
752
77.2
12.5
6.9
17.7Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
44
–
–
–
–Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
110
75.3
7.8
13.4
19.1Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
250
67.7
20.4
7.5
36.7Painting workers
151
76.9
14.2
5.2
23.0Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
33
–
–
–
–Semiconductor processors
1
–
–
–
–Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
–
–
–
–Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
4
–
–
–
–Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
4
–
–
–
–Etchers and engravers
19
–
–
–
–Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
27
–
–
–
–Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
30
–
–
–
–Tire builders
10
–
–
–
–Helpers--production workers
40
–
–
–
–Production workers, all other
944
76.8
14.4
4.9
24.9Transportation and material moving occupations
9,125
75.2
17.8
3.4
22.4Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
205
81.0
15.0
1.6
20.6Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
140
94.8
2.6
0.7
5.7Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
30
–
–
–
–Flight attendants
86
82.3
12.0
4.5
9.8Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
19
–
–
–
–Bus drivers
550
65.8
28.0
2.7
14.3Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,469
79.0
15.1
2.7
21.5Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
446
55.1
27.0
15.1
17.0Motor vehicle operators, all other
51
77.4
14.2
5.5
21.5Locomotive engineers and operators
50
70.8
21.3
1.4
8.2Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
6
–
–
–
–Railroad conductors and yardmasters
52
77.7
18.6
1.7
2.1Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
–
–
–
–Sailors and marine oilers
11
–
–
–
–Ship and boat captains and operators
35
–
–
–
–Ship engineers
6
–
–
–
–Bridge and lock tenders
5
–
–
–
–Parking lot attendants
91
57.5
32.1
5.3
26.5Automotive and watercraft service attendants
99
84.6
8.2
3.8
12.7Transportation inspectors
29
–
–
–
–Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
22
–
–
–
–Other transportation workers
43
–
–
–
–Conveyor operators and tenders
7
–
–
–
–Crane and tower operators
76
89.4
9.1
0.2
10.3Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
35
–
–
–
–Hoist and winch operators
6
–
–
–
–Industrial truck and tractor operators
589
71.9
21.6
2.3
25.9Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
338
81.6
12.3
1.4
39.4Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,908
73.5
19.0
2.9
24.1Machine feeders and offbearers
33
–
–
–
–Packers and packagers, hand
505
72.3
19.0
5.6
37.5Pumping station operators
23
–
–
–
–Refuse and recyclable material collectors
97
73.8
19.1
2.1
30.8Mine shuttle car operators
1
–
–
–
–Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
5
–
–
–
–Material moving workers, all other
43
–
–
–
–Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Industry and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
148,834
117,944
17,472
8,706
24,400Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.6
1.9
0.4
0.2
2.4Mining
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.6Construction
6.7
7.5
3.4
2.0
11.6Manufacturing
10.3
10.5
8.6
11.6
10.2Durable goods
6.5
6.7
4.8
7.7
5.6Nondurable goods
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
4.6Wholesale and retail trade
13.7
13.7
13.2
13.2
14.0Wholesale trade
2.4
2.6
1.7
2.2
2.5Retail trade
11.2
11.1
11.5
11.0
11.5Transportation and utilities
5.2
4.9
7.9
4.1
5.6Information
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.4Financial activities
6.8
6.9
5.7
7.4
4.9Professional and business services
11.7
11.8
9.5
15.9
11.6Education and health services
22.6
21.8
28.4
22.8
16.0Leisure and hospitality
9.3
8.9
10.0
10.4
12.8Other services
4.9
4.9
4.2
5.9
5.6Other services, except private households
4.3
4.4
3.8
5.5
4.4Other services, private households
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.3Public administration
4.7
4.4
6.7
3.4
3.3Men, 16 years and older (thousands)
79,131
63,892
8,164
4,620
14,111Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.3
2.7
0.7
0.3
3.2Mining
1.0
1.1
0.4
0.4
1.0Construction
11.4
12.5
6.6
3.3
19.0Manufacturing
13.8
14.1
12.0
13.5
12.2Durable goods
9.3
9.6
7.1
9.7
7.4Nondurable goods
4.5
4.5
5.0
3.8
4.8Wholesale and retail trade
14.2
14.2
14.7
14.0
13.4Wholesale trade
3.2
3.4
2.6
2.6
3.0Retail trade
10.9
10.7
12.1
11.3
10.4Transportation and utilities
7.6
7.0
12.3
6.4
7.6Information
2.3
2.2
2.2
3.2
1.6Financial activities
6.0
6.1
4.8
7.0
3.9Professional and business services
13.0
12.8
11.2
19.0
11.9Education and health services
10.8
10.2
13.7
15.1
6.7Leisure and hospitality
8.5
8.0
10.2
10.2
11.6Other services
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.4
5.0Other services, except private households
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.8Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1Public administration
4.8
4.6
6.5
3.2
2.9Women, 16 years and older (thousands)
69,703
54,052
9,308
4,086
10,289Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.2Mining
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1Construction
1.3
1.5
0.6
0.6
1.4Manufacturing
6.4
6.4
5.5
9.5
7.5Durable goods
3.4
3.4
2.8
5.5
3.2Nondurable goods
3.0
3.0
2.7
4.0
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
13.1
13.2
11.9
12.4
14.8Wholesale trade
1.5
1.6
0.9
1.7
1.9Retail trade
11.5
11.6
11.0
10.7
12.9Transportation and utilities
2.5
2.3
4.0
1.5
2.8Information
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.1Financial activities
7.7
7.9
6.4
7.9
6.2Professional and business services
10.3
10.6
7.9
12.3
11.2Education and health services
36.0
35.7
41.3
31.5
28.9Leisure and hospitality
10.1
10.0
9.7
10.7
14.4Other services
5.4
5.5
3.9
7.6
6.5Other services, except private households
4.3
4.4
3.2
6.9
3.8Other services, private households
1.1
1.1
0.7
0.7
2.8Public administration
4.5
4.1
6.8
3.7
3.9Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
81,410
64,663
9,854
4,538
12,602With at least one family member employed
65,360
51,769
7,652
4,020
10,883As a percent of total families
80.3
80.1
77.7
88.6
86.4With at least one family member unemployed
5,615
3,908
1,184
260
1,220As a percent of total families
6.9
6.0
12.0
5.7
9.7Some family member(s) employed
3,831
2,784
666
213
864As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
68.2
71.2
56.3
82.1
70.8Some family member(s) employed full time
3,302
2,408
558
191
740As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
58.8
61.6
47.2
73.6
60.7Married-couple families
59,217
49,801
4,373
3,682
7,792With at least one family member employed
48,205
40,119
3,630
3,285
6,954As a percent of total families
81.4
80.6
83.0
89.2
89.2With at least one family member unemployed
3,292
2,571
395
196
698As a percent of total families
5.6
5.2
9.0
5.3
9.0Some family member(s) employed
2,653
2,073
315
168
565As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
80.6
80.6
79.8
85.4
81.0Some family member(s) employed full time
2,366
1,848
281
152
503As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
71.9
71.9
71.0
77.2
72.1Families maintained by women
15,693
10,177
4,311
528
3,287With at least one family member employed
11,765
7,701
3,126
441
2,567As a percent of total families
75.0
75.7
72.5
83.7
78.1With at least one family member unemployed
1,666
917
625
35
360As a percent of total families
10.6
9.0
14.5
6.7
11.0Some family member(s) employed
804
469
265
23
198As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
48.2
51.1
42.4
64.2
55.0Some family member(s) employed full time
619
353
209
20
149As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
37.2
38.5
33.4
56.4
41.2Families maintained by men
6,499
4,684
1,170
328
1,524With at least one family member employed
5,389
3,948
896
294
1,363As a percent of total families
82.9
84.3
76.6
89.7
89.5With at least one family member unemployed
657
421
163
28
161As a percent of total families
10.1
9.0
14.0
8.5
10.6Some family member(s) employed
375
242
86
23
101As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
57.0
57.6
52.5
81.7
62.3Some family member(s) employed full time
317
208
69
20
88As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
48.2
49.4
42.2
69.8
54.5Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
–
–
–
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
–
–
–
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
–
–
–
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
–
–
–
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
–
–
–
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
–
–
–
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
–
–
–
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
–
–
–
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.7
62.9
52.6
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.9With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
–
–
–
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
–
–
–
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
–
–
–
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
–
–
–
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
–
–
–
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
–
–
–
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
–
–
–
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
–
–
–
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.5
93.3
70.5
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.4With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
–
–
–
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
–
–
–
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
–
–
–
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
–
–
–
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
–
–
–
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
–
–
–
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
–
–
–
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
–
–
–
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.7
92.3
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.3With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
–
–
–
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
–
–
–
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
–
–
–
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
–
–
–
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
–
–
–
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
–
–
–
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
–
–
–
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
–
–
–
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.6
64.8
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.7With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
–
–
–
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
–
–
–
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
–
–
–
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
–
–
–
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
–
–
–
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
–
–
–
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
–
–
–
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
–
–
–
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.4
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
–
–
–
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
–
–
–
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
–
–
–
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
–
–
–
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
–
–
–
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
–
–
–
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
–
–
–
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
–
–
–
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
–
–
–
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
–
–
–
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
–
–
–
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
–
–
–
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
–
–
–
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
–
–
–
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
–
–
–
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
–
–
–
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
–
–
–
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
–
–
–
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
–
–
–
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
–
–
–
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
–
–
–
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
–
–
–
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
–
–
–
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
–
–
–
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
–
–
–
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
–
–
–
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
–
–
–
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.1Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.7Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
8,296
5,662
1,846
347
1,726Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
28.9
30.8
22.6
28.6
31.75 to 14 weeks
27.7
28.4
26.0
24.5
28.015 to 26 weeks
15.3
14.8
17.0
15.8
15.027 weeks and over
28.1
26.0
34.4
31.1
25.3Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
29.2
27.5
33.8
33.3
25.2Median duration, in weeks
11.6
10.5
15.5
13.1
10.4Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
4,490
3,126
935
191
943Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
28.1
30.2
21.2
26.2
33.15 to 14 weeks
26.9
27.8
24.9
21.9
27.515 to 26 weeks
15.5
15.1
17.2
15.9
15.027 weeks and over
29.5
27.0
36.7
36.0
24.4Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
30.3
28.2
36.0
38.1
23.5Median duration, in weeks
12.3
11.1
17.2
16.0
10.1Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,807
2,537
911
156
783Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
29.9
31.7
24.0
31.6
30.15 to 14 weeks
28.8
29.2
27.2
27.8
28.615 to 26 weeks
15.0
14.4
16.7
15.6
14.927 weeks and over
26.4
24.7
32.1
25.0
26.4Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
27.8
26.7
31.6
27.3
27.3Median duration, in weeks
10.8
10.0
14.0
10.7
10.8(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
8,296
5,662
1,846
347
1,726Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
49.0
51.4
45.7
41.5
50.4On temporary layoff
11.7
13.8
6.4
8.0
13.3Not on temporary layoff
37.2
37.6
39.4
33.5
37.1Permanent job losers
26.3
27.2
25.7
25.5
24.2Persons who completed temporary jobs
11.0
10.4
13.7
8.0
12.9Job leavers
9.9
10.2
7.9
9.7
8.8Reentrants
30.6
29.1
34.1
31.3
28.4New entrants
10.6
9.4
12.3
17.5
12.4Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
4,490
3,126
935
191
943Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
54.4
57.1
49.6
45.1
58.4On temporary layoff
13.2
15.3
7.5
6.6
16.1Not on temporary layoff
41.2
41.8
42.1
38.5
42.3Permanent job losers
28.4
29.4
26.5
31.5
26.6Persons who completed temporary jobs
12.8
12.4
15.6
7.0
15.8Job leavers
8.8
9.1
7.1
10.2
7.5Reentrants
26.2
24.6
30.1
29.9
22.3New entrants
10.6
9.2
13.2
14.9
11.7Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,807
2,537
911
156
783Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
42.6
44.4
41.8
37.1
40.8On temporary layoff
10.1
12.1
5.3
9.7
9.9Not on temporary layoff
32.6
32.4
36.5
27.5
30.8Permanent job losers
23.7
24.5
24.8
18.2
21.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.8
7.9
11.7
9.2
9.4Job leavers
11.1
11.5
8.7
9.1
10.4Reentrants
35.7
34.6
38.2
33.2
35.6New entrants
10.6
9.5
11.3
20.6
13.2Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian labor force(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
157,130
93,671
6,082
2,628
1,956
664
1,291
87,58916 to 24 years
21,223
17,367
1,842
812
525
159
366
15,52525 to 54 years
101,152
23,957
2,612
1,256
949
316
632
21,34455 years and older
34,755
52,347
1,628
561
482
189
293
50,719Men, 16 years and older
83,620
37,481
2,799
1,292
1,015
404
611
34,68116 to 24 years
10,923
8,519
942
428
288
103
185
7,57825 to 54 years
54,226
7,199
1,084
583
479
191
288
6,11555 years and older
18,472
21,763
774
281
248
109
138
20,989Women, 16 years and older
73,510
56,190
3,283
1,336
941
261
680
52,90716 to 24 years
10,300
8,848
900
384
236
55
181
7,94725 to 54 years
46,926
16,758
1,528
673
470
126
344
15,23055 years and older
16,283
30,585
854
280
235
80
155
29,731WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
123,607
73,261
4,179
1,738
1,282
421
861
69,08216 to 24 years
16,241
12,252
1,247
536
337
96
242
11,00625 to 54 years
78,300
17,556
1,705
789
591
182
409
15,85155 years and older
29,065
43,453
1,228
413
354
143
211
42,225Men, 16 years and older
67,018
29,129
1,924
853
663
260
403
27,20616 to 24 years
8,474
5,973
646
290
190
65
125
5,32725 to 54 years
42,829
5,003
689
356
291
110
181
4,31455 years and older
15,716
18,154
589
206
182
84
97
17,565Women, 16 years and older
56,589
44,132
2,255
886
619
161
459
41,87616 to 24 years
7,768
6,279
601
246
147
30
117
5,67925 to 54 years
35,472
12,553
1,016
433
300
72
228
11,53755 years and older
13,350
25,299
639
207
172
59
114
24,661Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
19,318
12,068
1,189
577
459
183
276
10,88016 to 24 years
3,038
2,879
375
179
129
47
81
2,50425 to 54 years
12,984
3,561
549
301
246
108
138
3,01255 years and older
3,295
5,629
266
97
85
28
57
5,364Men, 16 years and older
9,099
5,169
550
278
232
104
128
4,61916 to 24 years
1,471
1,428
184
88
66
27
39
1,24425 to 54 years
6,105
1,442
251
148
128
63
65
1,19155 years and older
1,524
2,299
115
43
38
13
25
2,184Women, 16 years and older
10,218
6,899
639
299
227
80
147
6,26116 to 24 years
1,567
1,451
190
91
63
20
43
1,26125 to 54 years
6,880
2,118
297
153
118
45
73
1,82155 years and older
1,772
3,330
151
55
47
15
32
3,179AsianTotal, 16 years and older
9,053
5,366
370
158
99
30
69
4,99716 to 24 years
854
1,271
82
36
16
3
12
1,18925 to 54 years
6,476
1,842
202
90
55
13
42
1,64055 years and older
1,723
2,253
86
32
28
13
15
2,167Men, 16 years and older
4,811
1,925
166
83
58
21
37
1,75916 to 24 years
431
631
43
18
8
2
6
58825 to 54 years
3,488
423
77
43
30
9
21
34555 years and older
892
872
46
23
19
10
10
826Women, 16 years and older
4,242
3,441
204
75
41
9
32
3,23716 to 24 years
424
641
39
18
7
1
6
60225 to 54 years
2,988
1,419
125
47
25
4
21
1,29555 years and older
831
1,381
40
10
9
3
6
1,341Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
26,126
13,491
1,118
457
340
116
224
12,37416 to 24 years
4,509
3,894
379
154
109
39
70
3,51525 to 54 years
18,315
4,948
560
243
181
56
125
4,38855 years and older
3,303
4,650
179
60
50
22
29
4,471Men, 16 years and older
15,054
4,691
470
213
166
69
97
4,22116 to 24 years
2,461
1,820
194
87
63
27
36
1,62625 to 54 years
10,722
1,089
186
94
75
28
46
90255 years and older
1,871
1,783
89
32
27
13
14
1,693Women, 16 years and older
11,072
8,800
648
244
175
47
127
8,15216 to 24 years
2,047
2,074
185
66
46
12
34
1,88925 to 54 years
7,593
3,859
373
150
106
27
79
3,48655 years and older
1,432
2,867
89
28
23
8
14
2,778(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual averages

Years
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
–
$1941980
262
269
212
–
2091981
284
291
235
–
2231982
302
310
245
–
2401983
313
320
261
–
2501984
326
336
269
–
2591985
344
356
277
–
2701986
359
371
291
–
2771987
374
384
301
–
2851988
385
395
314
–
2901989
399
409
319
–
2981990
412
424
329
–
3041991
426
442
348
–
3121992
440
458
357
–
3211993
459
475
369
–
3311994
467
484
371
–
3241995
479
494
383
–
3291996
490
506
387
–
3391997
503
519
400
–
3511998
523
545
426
–
3701999
549
573
445
–
3852000
576
590
474
615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
604Men1979
$292
$298
$227
–
$2191980
313
320
244
–
2341981
340
350
268
–
2511982
364
375
278
–
2691983
379
387
294
–
2741984
392
401
303
–
2871985
407
418
305
–
2961986
419
433
319
–
2991987
434
450
327
–
3061988
449
465
348
–
3081989
468
482
348
–
3151990
481
494
361
–
3181991
493
506
375
–
3231992
501
514
380
–
3391993
510
524
392
–
3461994
522
547
400
–
3431995
538
566
411
–
3501996
557
580
412
–
3561997
579
595
432
–
3711998
598
615
468
–
3901999
618
638
488
–
4062000
641
662
510
685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
631Women1979
$182
$184
$169
–
$1571980
201
203
185
–
1721981
219
221
206
–
1901982
239
242
217
–
2031983
252
254
232
–
2151984
265
268
241
–
2231985
277
281
252
–
2301986
291
294
264
–
2411987
303
307
276
–
2511988
315
318
288
–
2601989
328
334
301
–
2691990
346
353
308
–
2781991
366
373
323
–
2921992
380
387
335
–
3021993
393
401
348
–
3131994
399
408
346
–
3051995
406
415
355
–
3051996
418
428
362
–
3161997
431
444
375
–
3181998
456
468
400
–
3371999
473
483
409
–
3482000
493
502
429
547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
566Women's earnings as a percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
–
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
–
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
–
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
–
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
–
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
–
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
–
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
–
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
–
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
–
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
–
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
–
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
–
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
–
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
–
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
–
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
–
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
–
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
–
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
–
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
–
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.7Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$860
$885
$682
$1,031
$631Less than a high school diploma
493
498
448
475
478High school graduates, no college(1)
678
706
578
611
611Some college, no degree
738
767
619
722
686Associate's degree
798
826
681
793
727Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,230
1,245
1,010
1,351
1,044Men, 25 years and older
947
974
722
1,157
674Less than a high school diploma
520
524
492
495
502High school graduates, no college(1)
759
792
614
654
678Some college, no degree
850
889
678
825
764Associate's degree
931
960
765
828
859Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,420
1,448
1,103
1,495
1,167Women, 25 years and older
761
778
651
902
593Less than a high school diploma
418
418
406
443
410High school graduates, no college(1)
586
602
511
577
532Some college, no degree
637
652
579
616
610Associate's degree
703
721
630
747
630Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,064
1,070
961
1,162
958(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$809
$835
$641
$993
$604Management, professional, and related occupations
1,158
1,165
937
1,402
970Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,258
1,286
977
1,372
988Management occupations
1,351
1,373
1,012
1,530
1,026Business and financial operations occupations
1,137
1,151
959
1,232
940Professional and related occupations
1,112
1,109
905
1,416
956Computer and mathematical occupations
1,428
1,425
1,225
1,559
1,245Architecture and engineering occupations
1,424
1,426
1,167
1,539
1,326Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,206
1,211
1,149
1,327
1,057Community and social services occupations
889
916
789
970
852Legal occupations
1,391
1,421
1,125
1,510
1,100Education, training, and library occupations
956
966
836
1,085
858Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,001
1,004
744
1,133
788Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
1,041
1,044
868
1,372
953Service occupations
509
518
477
518
469Healthcare support occupations
498
512
462
556
500Protective service occupations
796
867
633
745
745Food preparation and serving related occupations
441
454
403
483
420Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
486
490
458
534
444Personal care and service occupations
498
499
483
512
478Sales and office occupations
673
692
593
692
593Sales and related occupations
716
751
504
691
582Office and administrative support occupations
656
663
616
692
598Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
761
767
699
806
598Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
464
462
515
343
435Construction and extraction occupations
749
758
673
691
608Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
839
849
770
884
692Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
656
683
584
611
556Production occupations
663
686
583
620
555Transportation and material moving occupations
646
679
584
580
556Men, 16 years and older
895
920
680
1,129
631Management, professional, and related occupations
1,383
1,399
1,075
1,560
1,127Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,436
1,457
1,099
1,547
1,092Management occupations
1,486
1,513
1,129
1,626
1,131Business and financial operations occupations
1,327
1,343
1,055
1,416
1,001Professional and related occupations
1,343
1,345
1,062
1,566
1,144Computer and mathematical occupations
1,503
1,497
1,253
1,668
1,226Architecture and engineering occupations
1,452
1,460
1,179
1,548
1,373Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,379
1,366
1,151
1,757
1,072Community and social services occupations
973
1,034
805
1,069
1,000Legal occupations
1,877
1,883
2,137
1,833
1,423Education, training, and library occupations
1,144
1,156
983
1,238
1,023Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,088
1,101
722
1,245
857Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
1,272
1,285
1,004
1,572
1,129Service occupations
585
601
524
588
496Healthcare support occupations
577
591
502
661
557Protective service occupations
851
905
660
742
796Food preparation and serving related occupations
481
492
412
518
456Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
517
520
502
622
475Personal care and service occupations
597
621
534
546
588Sales and office occupations
777
817
602
763
636Sales and related occupations
880
917
604
830
714Office and administrative support occupations
693
711
601
711
594Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
770
776
699
808
606Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
477
473
556
344
438Construction and extraction occupations
751
761
668
681
608Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
842
850
770
890
698Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
704
724
610
659
599Production occupations
729
748
612
696
605Transportation and material moving occupations
679
701
609
599
592Women, 16 years and older
726
743
615
877
566Management, professional, and related occupations
996
1,001
884
1,210
879Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,073
1,087
945
1,199
916Management occupations
1,139
1,148
947
1,365
942Business and financial operations occupations
1,004
1,009
942
1,134
883Professional and related occupations
963
966
844
1,213
853Computer and mathematical occupations
1,245
1,236
1,108
1,350
1,259Architecture and engineering occupations
1,257
1,238
947
1,458
1,025Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,067
1,053
1,148
1,089
1,046Community and social services occupations
845
863
781
939
817Legal occupations
1,135
1,138
945
1,440
915Education, training, and library occupations
907
919
780
1,017
791Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
942
939
925
997
686Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
991
995
845
1,280
890Service occupations
463
467
440
489
430Healthcare support occupations
490
506
453
518
490Protective service occupations
655
678
562
888
645Food preparation and serving related occupations
414
418
396
411
395Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
419
423
402
424
414Personal care and service occupations
475
465
459
503
429Sales and office occupations
627
636
588
651
575Sales and related occupations
578
598
440
590
496Office and administrative support occupations
646
650
623
675
599Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
580
561
727
614
437Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
437
434
443
321
430Construction and extraction occupations
704
662
908
1,059
606Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
761
794
661
617
365Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
512
519
478
550
438Production occupations
519
520
511
562
449Transportation and material moving occupations
494
517
447
500
417Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, this information is available to individuals who are sensory-impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
*Civilian noninstitutional population.* Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
*Employed.* Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
*Unemployed.* The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment.* This represents the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment.* Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups:
1.  Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
2.  Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
3.  Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
4.  New entrants, people who had never worked.
*Civilian labor force.* This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
*Unemployment rate.* This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Labor force participation rate.* This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.
*Employment–population ratio.* This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
*Not in the labor force.* Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no jobs were available for them.
*Occupation and industry.* This information applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
*White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.* In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes individuals of a group not listed in the CPS—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.* This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
*Usual weekly earnings.* Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
*Median earnings.* These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.
*Family.* A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.
*Children.* Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90 percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90 percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability, or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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