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April 2023 
                    Report 1103

				 
			

















































































																																							



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16...Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2021 annual...Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race,...Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25...Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2020 and 2021 annual...Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2021 annual...Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2020 and 2021 annual...Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2021 annual...Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968...Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in...Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and...Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2020Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27...Table 27. Long-tenured displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic...Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median...Table 29. Labor force status of 2021 high school graduates and 2020–21...Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school...Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender,...Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural...Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian...Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender...Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran...Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age,...
                          Technical Notes
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     Women in the labor force: a databook
Women in the labor force: a databook imageIn 2021, 56.1 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This changed little from 2020 (56.2 percent) and is 1.3 percentage points lower than the rate in 2019, prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, the labor force participation rate for men at 67.6 percent in 2021 changed little from the previous year (67.7 percent) and is 1.6 percentage points lower than the rate in 2019. Data for both groups continue to reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market in 2021.The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s and slowed in the 1990s before peaking in 1999. Labor force participation among women then began to decline, which accelerated in the wake of the December 2007–June 2009 recession. Consequently, the 2021 participation rate for women is the lowest rate since 1987 and nearly 4 percentage points below its 1999 peak of 60.0 percent. The 2021 participation rate for men is the lowest in the history of the series and 19 percentage points below its 1948 peak of 86.6 percent. (Both series began in 1948.)Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in notable ways over the past several decades. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2021, the proportion of women in the labor force ages 25 to 64 who held a college degree more than quadrupled. Over that time, the proportion of men in the labor force with a college degree more than doubled. Women have become more likely to work full time and year-round, and women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time. Women working full time earned 62.3 percent of what men earned in 1979, which rose to 83.1 percent by 2021.This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)Selected demographic characteristicsWomen’s labor force participation rate was 56.1 percent in 2021, little different from the rate in 2020 (56.2 percent). Men’s labor force participation rate, which has always been much higher than that for women, was 67.6 percent in 2021, also little different than the previous year (67.7 percent). Rates for both men and women remain below their 2019 levels, prior to the pandemic. (See table 2.)The unemployment rate for women decreased by 3.1 percentage points from the prior year to 5.2 percent in 2021. The rate for men was 5.5 percent in 2021, down by 2.3 percentage points over the year. In 2021, the unemployment rates for women and men were 1.6 percentage points and 1.8 percentage points higher than their respective rates in 2019.Unemployment rates vary considerably by race and ethnicity. Black women and Hispanic women had higher jobless rates (8.0 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively) than Asian women and White women (5.1 percent and 4.6 percent, respectively). Men’s unemployment rates exhibited a similar pattern. The rate for Black men (9.2 percent) was higher than those for Hispanic men (6.5 percent), Asian men (4.9 percent), and White men (4.8 percent). (See tables 3.)Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women, at 64.3 percent in 2021. Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (62.4 percent and 59.0 percent, respectively) than married women (56.9 percent). Across all marital statuses, men are more likely to participate in the labor force than their female counterparts. Married men (70.9 percent) and separated men (71.3 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force in 2021 than never-married men (67.6 percent) and divorced men (61.6 percent). Labor force participation rates are lowest for widowed women and men—who tend to be older—at 17.4 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years old was 71.7 percent in March 2021, much lower than the rate of 92.5 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 75.6 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The rate for women with children under 6 years old was 66.5 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 64.2 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rates for fathers were more similar; the participation rate for fathers of children under 6 years old (93.7 percent), and fathers of children under 3 years old (93.3 percent), were higher than that for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old (91.6 percent). (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2021, 76.5 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69.8 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Educational attainmentThe educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. In 2021, 47.6 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11.2 percent in 1970. In 2021, 4.8 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, they did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 33.5 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)Occupation and industryWomen accounted for 52.0 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 2021, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47.0 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19.7 percent of software developers, 29.1 percent of chief executives, and 36.4 percent of general and operations managers were women. In contrast, women accounted for 86.7 percent of registered nurses, 81.0 percent of teaching assistants, and 79.2 percent of elementary and middle school teachers. (See table 11.)In 2021, Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (56.7 percent and 47.7 percent, respectively) than were Black and Hispanic women (39.6 percent and 29.9 percent, respectively). Hispanic and Black women (29.7 percent and 25.0 percent, respectively) were more likely to work in lower paying service occupations than White and Asian women (18.6 percent and 18.5 percent, respectively). (See table 12.)By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2021: education and health services (74.3 percent), financial activities (52.1 percent), other services (51.9 percent), and leisure and hospitality (50.9 percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance services, personal and laundry services, membership associations and organizations, and private households.) Comparably, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.2 percent), agriculture (28.0 percent), transportation and utilities (24.8 percent), mining (15.4 percent), and construction (11.0 percent). (See table 14.)EarningsIn 2021, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $912, which represented 83.1 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,097). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($1,141) than for Whites ($925), Blacks ($776), and Hispanics ($718). Women-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (94.1 percent) than for Hispanics (87.6 percent), Whites (82.2 percent), and Asians (78.5 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2021, among female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older, those with less than a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $550. Women whose highest degree was a high school diploma had earnings of $698, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $836, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,272. (See table 17.)By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers in 2021 were the highest for other physicians ($2,283), pharmacists ($2,087), lawyers ($1,912), computer and information systems managers ($1,908), chief executives ($1,904), and nurse practitioners ($1,903). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,721), other physicians ($2,647), and lawyers ($2,495). (See table 18.)In 2021, 1.8 percent of women who were paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women ages 16 to 24 who were paid an hourly rate, 4.3 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 1.2 percent of women age 25 and over. (See table 20.)Hours of workHistorically, women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In 2021, 22.4 percent of employed women usually worked part time. By comparison, 11.5 percent of employed men usually worked part time.  (See table 21.)Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2020, 57.8 percent worked full time and year round (50 to 52 weeks), compared with 40.7 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round was also larger in 2020 (67.9 percent) than in 1970 (66.1 percent). (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 through 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Married-couple familiesAmong opposite-sex married-couple families, 52.5 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2020. This percentage, which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60.4 percent in 1996 but above the 43.6 percent seen in 1967 when the series began. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 17.0 percent of married-couple families in 2020 versus 35.6 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 through 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)The working poorAmong people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2020, more women (3.4 million) than men (3.0 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 4.6 percent for women and 3.6 percent for men. Black and Hispanic women (8.1 percent and 7.8 percent, respectively) were much more likely to be among the working poor than White women (4.0 percent) or Asian women (2.8 percent). (See table 26; data are from the 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Worker displacementFrom January 2019 through December 2021, 3.6 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 47 percent of those displaced. Among long-tenured displaced workers, men had a slightly higher reemployment rate than women in January 2022 (68.0 percent and 62.2 percent, respectively). The proportions of long-tenured displaced men and women who were unemployed were little different (13.6 percent and 11.2 percent, respectively). In January 2022, 26.7 percent of displaced women and 18.4 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 2022 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)Employee tenureIn January 2022, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.8 years, little different from the median of 3.9 years in January 2020. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for men continued to stay at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2022 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)School enrollmentOf the 2.7 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2021, 61.8 percent (1.7 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2021 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate continued to be higher for young women (69.5 percent) than for young men (54.9 percent). (See table 29; data are from the October 2021 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among those enrolled in high school, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (25.0 percent) in October 2021 than were young men (21.5 percent). Among college students, women were also more likely to participate in the labor force than men, at 50.2 percent and 44.5 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2021, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 19.1 percent for women and 14.0 percent for men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor’s degree were 3.7 percent and 9.4 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from the October 2021 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Multiple jobholders and the self-employedIn 2021, 7.0 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (3.6 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women at 5.0 percent in 2021 was higher than that for men, at 4.3 percent. (See table 31.)In 2021, 5.4 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.8 percent of men. In 2021, 41.4 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)Foreign bornForeign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2021 (53.4 percent compared with 56.6 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (76.8 percent) than were native-born men (65.8 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 6.1 percent, was higher than for native-born women, at 5.0 percent. At 5.1 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than that for native-born men (5.5 percent). Differences in labor force indicators reflect a variety of factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by age, educational attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region. (See table 33.)Union membershipIn 2021, 9.9 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 10.6 percent of their male counterparts. For both women and men, the union membership rate was much lower in 2021 than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS). In 1983, union membership rates were 14.6 percent for women and 24.7 percent for men. (See table 34.)VeteransThere were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2021, accounting for 13.0 percent of the 8.8 million veterans in the labor force. Nearly half of all female veterans in the labor force in 2021 served during the Gulf War-era II period (September 2001 to present). The labor force participation rate among female Gulf War-era II veterans was 69.0 percent, significantly lower than the participation rate of 80.7 percent for their male counterparts. Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for women was 4.9 percent in 2021, little different from the rate of 4.6 percent for men. (See table 35.)People with disabilitiesOf the 16.6 million women with disabilities in 2021, 3.1 million, or 18.9 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over half of women with disabilities (8.7 million) were age 65 and older. Labor force participation among women in this age group was 5.3 percent, compared with 33.9 percent for those with a disability ages 16 to 64. Among the 14.5 million men with disabilities, 24.0 percent participated in the labor force in 2021. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 and older (6.8 million). Among men in this age group, 10.0 percent were labor force participants, compared with 36.4 percent of men with a disability ages 16 to 64. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women, at 10.1 percent, was equal to that for men. These rates were considerably higher than the rates of women and men without a disability (5.0 percent and 5.3 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotal16 years and older
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,24116 to 19 years
16,453
5,962
36.2
5,266
32.0
696
11.7
10,49116 to 17 years
8,763
2,243
25.6
1,987
22.7
256
11.4
6,52118 to 19 years
7,690
3,719
48.4
3,279
42.6
440
11.8
3,97020 to 24 years
20,809
14,726
70.8
13,409
64.4
1,317
8.9
6,08325 to 54 years
126,108
102,867
81.6
97,867
77.6
5,000
4.9
23,24125 to 34 years
44,751
36,670
81.9
34,578
77.3
2,092
5.7
8,08125 to 29 years
22,103
18,025
81.5
16,915
76.5
1,110
6.2
4,07830 to 34 years
22,648
18,645
82.3
17,664
78.0
982
5.3
4,00335 to 44 years
41,842
34,320
82.0
32,734
78.2
1,586
4.6
7,52235 to 39 years
21,479
17,625
82.1
16,804
78.2
821
4.7
3,85440 to 44 years
20,363
16,695
82.0
15,930
78.2
765
4.6
3,66845 to 54 years
39,515
31,877
80.7
30,554
77.3
1,323
4.2
7,63745 to 49 years
19,212
15,801
82.2
15,142
78.8
659
4.2
3,41150 to 54 years
20,302
16,076
79.2
15,413
75.9
664
4.1
4,22655 to 64 years
41,885
27,049
64.6
25,912
61.9
1,138
4.2
14,83555 to 59 years
20,905
15,090
72.2
14,442
69.1
647
4.3
5,81560 to 64 years
20,980
11,960
57.0
11,470
54.7
490
4.1
9,02065 years and older
56,190
10,600
18.9
10,127
18.0
472
4.5
45,59165 to 69 years
18,266
5,932
32.5
5,660
31.0
273
4.6
12,33470 to 74 years
15,199
2,711
17.8
2,583
17.0
128
4.7
12,48875 years and older
22,726
1,957
8.6
1,885
8.3
72
3.7
20,769Women16 years and older
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,25916 to 19 years
8,139
2,975
36.6
2,652
32.6
323
10.8
5,16416 to 17 years
4,325
1,160
26.8
1,030
23.8
131
11.2
3,16418 to 19 years
3,815
1,815
47.6
1,623
42.5
192
10.6
2,00020 to 24 years
10,425
7,147
68.6
6,569
63.0
578
8.1
3,27725 to 54 years
63,805
48,050
75.3
45,754
71.7
2,296
4.8
15,75425 to 34 years
22,392
17,060
76.2
16,136
72.1
925
5.4
5,33225 to 29 years
11,027
8,473
76.8
7,986
72.4
487
5.7
2,55430 to 34 years
11,366
8,587
75.6
8,150
71.7
438
5.1
2,77835 to 44 years
21,210
15,829
74.6
15,095
71.2
733
4.6
5,38135 to 39 years
10,857
8,031
74.0
7,663
70.6
368
4.6
2,82640 to 44 years
10,354
7,798
75.3
7,432
71.8
366
4.7
2,55645 to 54 years
20,202
15,161
75.0
14,523
71.9
638
4.2
5,04145 to 49 years
9,827
7,490
76.2
7,171
73.0
319
4.3
2,33650 to 54 years
10,375
7,671
73.9
7,352
70.9
319
4.2
2,70555 to 64 years
21,692
12,833
59.2
12,298
56.7
535
4.2
8,85955 to 59 years
10,763
7,186
66.8
6,879
63.9
307
4.3
3,57760 to 64 years
10,929
5,647
51.7
5,419
49.6
228
4.0
5,28265 years and older
30,898
4,694
15.2
4,478
14.5
216
4.6
26,20465 to 69 years
9,695
2,686
27.7
2,561
26.4
125
4.6
7,00970 to 74 years
8,184
1,170
14.3
1,112
13.6
58
5.0
7,01475 years and older
13,019
838
6.4
806
6.2
33
3.9
12,181Men16 years and older
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,98316 to 19 years
8,313
2,987
35.9
2,613
31.4
373
12.5
5,32716 to 17 years
4,438
1,082
24.4
957
21.6
125
11.6
3,35618 to 19 years
3,875
1,904
49.1
1,656
42.7
248
13.0
1,97120 to 24 years
10,385
7,579
73.0
6,840
65.9
739
9.7
2,80625 to 54 years
62,303
54,817
88.0
52,112
83.6
2,705
4.9
7,48625 to 34 years
22,359
19,609
87.7
18,443
82.5
1,167
5.9
2,74925 to 29 years
11,076
9,552
86.2
8,929
80.6
623
6.5
1,52530 to 34 years
11,282
10,058
89.1
9,514
84.3
544
5.4
1,22535 to 44 years
20,632
18,491
89.6
17,639
85.5
852
4.6
2,14135 to 39 years
10,623
9,594
90.3
9,141
86.0
453
4.7
1,02940 to 44 years
10,009
8,897
88.9
8,498
84.9
399
4.5
1,11245 to 54 years
19,312
16,716
86.6
16,031
83.0
685
4.1
2,59645 to 49 years
9,386
8,311
88.5
7,970
84.9
340
4.1
1,07550 to 54 years
9,927
8,406
84.7
8,060
81.2
345
4.1
1,52155 to 64 years
20,193
14,217
70.4
13,614
67.4
603
4.2
5,97755 to 59 years
10,142
7,903
77.9
7,563
74.6
340
4.3
2,23960 to 64 years
10,051
6,313
62.8
6,051
60.2
262
4.2
3,73865 years and older
25,293
5,906
23.3
5,649
22.3
257
4.3
19,38765 to 69 years
8,571
3,246
37.9
3,099
36.2
148
4.5
5,32570 to 74 years
7,015
1,541
22.0
1,471
21.0
70
4.5
5,47475 years and older
9,706
1,118
11.5
1,079
11.1
39
3.5
8,588Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotal1948
103,068
60,621
58.8
58,343
56.6
2,276
3.8
42,4471949
103,994
61,286
58.9
57,651
55.4
3,637
5.9
42,7081950
104,995
62,208
59.2
58,918
56.1
3,288
5.3
42,7871951
104,621
62,017
59.2
59,961
57.3
2,055
3.3
42,6041952
105,231
62,138
59.0
60,250
57.3
1,883
3.0
43,0931953
107,056
63,015
58.9
61,179
57.1
1,834
2.9
44,0411954
108,321
63,643
58.8
60,109
55.5
3,532
5.5
44,6781955
109,683
65,023
59.3
62,170
56.7
2,852
4.4
44,6601956
110,954
66,552
60.0
63,799
57.5
2,750
4.1
44,4021957
112,265
66,929
59.6
64,071
57.1
2,859
4.3
45,3361958
113,727
67,639
59.5
63,036
55.4
4,602
6.8
46,0881959
115,329
68,369
59.3
64,630
56.0
3,740
5.5
46,9601960
117,245
69,628
59.4
65,778
56.1
3,852
5.5
47,6171961
118,771
70,459
59.3
65,746
55.4
4,714
6.7
48,3121962
120,153
70,614
58.8
66,702
55.5
3,911
5.5
49,5391963
122,416
71,833
58.7
67,762
55.4
4,070
5.7
50,5831964
124,485
73,091
58.7
69,305
55.7
3,786
5.2
51,3941965
126,513
74,455
58.9
71,088
56.2
3,366
4.5
52,0581966
128,058
75,770
59.2
72,895
56.9
2,875
3.8
52,2881967
129,874
77,347
59.6
74,372
57.3
2,975
3.8
52,5271968
132,028
78,737
59.6
75,920
57.5
2,817
3.6
53,2911969
134,335
80,734
60.1
77,902
58.0
2,832
3.5
53,6021970
137,085
82,771
60.4
78,678
57.4
4,093
4.9
54,3151971
140,216
84,382
60.2
79,367
56.6
5,016
5.9
55,8341972
144,126
87,034
60.4
82,153
57.0
4,882
5.6
57,0911973
147,096
89,429
60.8
85,064
57.8
4,365
4.9
57,6671974
150,120
91,949
61.3
86,794
57.8
5,156
5.6
58,1711975
153,153
93,775
61.2
85,846
56.1
7,929
8.5
59,3781976
156,150
96,158
61.6
88,752
56.8
7,406
7.7
59,9911977
159,033
99,009
62.3
92,017
57.9
6,991
7.1
60,0251978
161,910
102,251
63.2
96,048
59.3
6,202
6.1
59,6591979
164,863
104,962
63.7
98,824
59.9
6,137
5.8
59,9001980
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
59.2
7,637
7.1
60,8061981
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
59.0
8,273
7.6
61,4601982
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,0671983
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,6651984
176,383
113,544
64.4
105,005
59.5
8,539
7.5
62,8391985
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,7441986
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,7521987
182,753
119,865
65.6
112,440
61.5
7,425
6.2
62,8881988
184,613
121,669
65.9
114,968
62.3
6,701
5.5
62,9441989
186,393
123,869
66.5
117,342
63.0
6,528
5.3
62,5231990
189,164
125,840
66.5
118,793
62.8
7,047
5.6
63,3241991
190,925
126,346
66.2
117,718
61.7
8,628
6.8
64,5781992
192,805
128,105
66.4
118,492
61.5
9,613
7.5
64,7001993
194,838
129,200
66.3
120,259
61.7
8,940
6.9
65,6381994
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
62.5
7,996
6.1
65,7581995
198,584
132,304
66.6
124,900
62.9
7,404
5.6
66,2801996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,6471997
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,8371998
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,5471999
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,3852000
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,9942001
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,3592002
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,7072003
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,6582004
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,9562005
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,7622006
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,3872007
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,7432008
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,5012009
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,6592010
237,830
153,889
64.7
139,064
58.5
14,825
9.6
83,9412011
239,618
153,617
64.1
139,869
58.4
13,747
8.9
86,0012012
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,3102013
245,679
155,389
63.2
143,929
58.6
11,460
7.4
90,2902014
247,947
155,922
62.9
146,305
59.0
9,617
6.2
92,0252015
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,6712016
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,3512017
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,7592018
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,7162019
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,6362020
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,5872021
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,241Women1948
53,071
17,335
32.7
16,617
31.3
717
4.1
35,7371949
53,670
17,788
33.1
16,723
31.2
1,065
6.0
35,8831950
54,270
18,389
33.9
17,340
32.0
1,049
5.7
35,8811951
54,895
19,016
34.6
18,181
33.1
834
4.4
35,8791952
55,529
19,269
34.7
18,568
33.4
698
3.6
36,2611953
56,305
19,382
34.4
18,749
33.3
632
3.3
36,9241954
56,925
19,678
34.6
18,490
32.5
1,188
6.0
37,2471955
57,574
20,548
35.7
19,551
34.0
998
4.9
37,0261956
58,228
21,461
36.9
20,419
35.1
1,039
4.8
36,7691957
58,951
21,732
36.9
20,714
35.1
1,018
4.7
37,2181958
59,690
22,118
37.1
20,613
34.5
1,504
6.8
37,5741959
60,534
22,483
37.1
21,164
35.0
1,320
5.9
38,0531960
61,582
23,240
37.7
21,874
35.5
1,366
5.9
38,3431961
62,484
23,806
38.1
22,090
35.4
1,717
7.2
38,6791962
63,321
24,014
37.9
22,525
35.6
1,488
6.2
39,3081963
64,494
24,704
38.3
23,105
35.8
1,598
6.5
39,7911964
65,637
25,412
38.7
23,831
36.3
1,581
6.2
40,2251965
66,731
26,200
39.3
24,748
37.1
1,452
5.5
40,5311966
67,795
27,299
40.3
25,976
38.3
1,324
4.8
40,4961967
68,968
28,360
41.1
26,893
39.0
1,468
5.2
40,6081968
70,179
29,204
41.6
27,807
39.6
1,397
4.8
40,9761969
71,436
30,513
42.7
29,084
40.7
1,429
4.7
40,9241970
72,782
31,543
43.3
29,688
40.8
1,855
5.9
41,2391971
74,274
32,202
43.4
29,976
40.4
2,227
6.9
42,0721972
76,290
33,479
43.9
31,257
41.0
2,222
6.6
42,8111973
77,804
34,804
44.7
32,715
42.0
2,089
6.0
43,0001974
79,312
36,211
45.7
33,769
42.6
2,441
6.7
43,1011975
80,860
37,475
46.3
33,989
42.0
3,486
9.3
43,3851976
82,390
38,983
47.3
35,615
43.2
3,369
8.6
43,4061977
83,840
40,613
48.4
37,289
44.5
3,324
8.2
43,2271978
85,334
42,631
50.0
39,569
46.4
3,061
7.2
42,7031979
86,843
44,235
50.9
41,217
47.5
3,018
6.8
42,6081980
88,348
45,487
51.5
42,117
47.7
3,370
7.4
42,8611981
89,618
46,696
52.1
43,000
48.0
3,696
7.9
42,9221982
90,748
47,755
52.6
43,256
47.7
4,499
9.4
42,9931983
91,684
48,503
52.9
44,047
48.0
4,457
9.2
43,1811984
92,778
49,709
53.6
45,915
49.5
3,794
7.6
43,0681985
93,736
51,050
54.5
47,259
50.4
3,791
7.4
42,6861986
94,789
52,413
55.3
48,706
51.4
3,707
7.1
42,3761987
95,853
53,658
56.0
50,334
52.5
3,324
6.2
42,1951988
96,756
54,742
56.6
51,696
53.4
3,046
5.6
42,0141989
97,630
56,030
57.4
53,027
54.3
3,003
5.4
41,6011990
98,787
56,829
57.5
53,689
54.3
3,140
5.5
41,9571991
99,646
57,178
57.4
53,496
53.7
3,683
6.4
42,4681992
100,535
58,141
57.8
54,052
53.8
4,090
7.0
42,3941993
101,506
58,795
57.9
54,910
54.1
3,885
6.6
42,7111994
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
55.3
3,629
6.0
42,2211995
103,406
60,944
58.9
57,523
55.6
3,421
5.6
42,4621996
104,385
61,857
59.3
58,501
56.0
3,356
5.4
42,5281997
105,418
63,036
59.8
59,873
56.8
3,162
5.0
42,3821998
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
57.1
2,944
4.6
42,7481999
108,031
64,855
60.0
62,042
57.4
2,814
4.3
43,1752000
110,613
66,303
59.9
63,586
57.5
2,717
4.1
44,3102001
111,811
66,848
59.8
63,737
57.0
3,111
4.7
44,9622002
112,985
67,363
59.6
63,582
56.3
3,781
5.6
45,6212003
114,733
68,272
59.5
64,404
56.1
3,868
5.7
46,4612004
115,647
68,421
59.2
64,728
56.0
3,694
5.4
47,2252005
116,931
69,288
59.3
65,757
56.2
3,531
5.1
47,6432006
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,0372007
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
3,196
4.5
48,7072008
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
3,891
5.4
48,9082009
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,6462010
122,656
71,904
58.6
65,705
53.6
6,199
8.6
50,7522011
123,300
71,642
58.1
65,579
53.2
6,063
8.5
51,6582012
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
53.1
5,734
7.9
53,2932013
127,124
72,722
57.2
67,577
53.2
5,146
7.1
54,4012014
128,199
73,039
57.0
68,613
53.5
4,426
6.1
55,1592015
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,1902016
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,6082017
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,6292018
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,1342019
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,9702020
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,8692021
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,259Men1948
49,996
43,286
86.6
41,725
83.5
1,559
3.6
6,7101949
50,321
43,498
86.4
40,925
81.3
2,572
5.9
6,8251950
50,725
43,819
86.4
41,578
82.0
2,239
5.1
6,9061951
49,727
43,001
86.5
41,780
84.0
1,221
2.8
6,7251952
49,700
42,869
86.3
41,682
83.9
1,185
2.8
6,8321953
50,750
43,633
86.0
42,430
83.6
1,202
2.8
7,1171954
51,395
43,965
85.5
41,619
81.0
2,344
5.3
7,4311955
52,109
44,475
85.4
42,621
81.8
1,854
4.2
7,6341956
52,723
45,091
85.5
43,379
82.3
1,711
3.8
7,6331957
53,315
45,197
84.8
43,357
81.3
1,841
4.1
8,1181958
54,033
45,521
84.2
42,423
78.5
3,098
6.8
8,5141959
54,793
45,886
83.7
43,466
79.3
2,420
5.2
8,9071960
55,662
46,388
83.3
43,904
78.9
2,486
5.4
9,2741961
56,286
46,653
82.9
43,656
77.6
2,997
6.4
9,6331962
56,831
46,600
82.0
44,177
77.7
2,423
5.2
10,2311963
57,921
47,129
81.4
44,657
77.1
2,472
5.2
10,7921964
58,847
47,679
81.0
45,474
77.3
2,205
4.6
11,1691965
59,782
48,255
80.7
46,340
77.5
1,914
4.0
11,5271966
60,262
48,471
80.4
46,919
77.9
1,551
3.2
11,7921967
60,905
48,987
80.4
47,479
78.0
1,508
3.1
11,9191968
61,847
49,533
80.1
48,114
77.8
1,419
2.9
12,3151969
62,898
50,221
79.8
48,818
77.6
1,403
2.8
12,6771970
64,304
51,228
79.7
48,990
76.2
2,238
4.4
13,0761971
65,942
52,180
79.1
49,390
74.9
2,789
5.3
13,7621972
67,835
53,555
78.9
50,896
75.0
2,659
5.0
14,2801973
69,292
54,624
78.8
52,349
75.5
2,275
4.2
14,6671974
70,808
55,739
78.7
53,024
74.9
2,714
4.9
15,0691975
72,291
56,299
77.9
51,857
71.7
4,442
7.9
15,9921976
73,759
57,174
77.5
53,138
72.0
4,036
7.1
16,5851977
75,193
58,396
77.7
54,728
72.8
3,667
6.3
16,7971978
76,576
59,620
77.9
56,479
73.8
3,142
5.3
16,9561979
78,020
60,726
77.8
57,607
73.8
3,120
5.1
17,2931980
79,398
61,453
77.4
57,186
72.0
4,267
6.9
17,9451981
80,511
61,974
77.0
57,397
71.3
4,577
7.4
18,5371982
81,523
62,450
76.6
56,271
69.0
6,179
9.9
19,0731983
82,531
63,047
76.4
56,787
68.8
6,260
9.9
19,4841984
83,605
63,835
76.4
59,091
70.7
4,744
7.4
19,7711985
84,469
64,411
76.3
59,891
70.9
4,521
7.0
20,0581986
85,798
65,422
76.3
60,892
71.0
4,530
6.9
20,3761987
86,899
66,207
76.2
62,107
71.5
4,101
6.2
20,6921988
87,857
66,927
76.2
63,273
72.0
3,655
5.5
20,9301989
88,762
67,840
76.4
64,315
72.5
3,525
5.2
20,9231990
90,377
69,011
76.4
65,104
72.0
3,906
5.7
21,3671991
91,278
69,168
75.8
64,223
70.4
4,946
7.2
22,1101992
92,270
69,964
75.8
64,440
69.8
5,523
7.9
22,3061993
93,332
70,404
75.4
65,349
70.0
5,055
7.2
22,9271994
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
70.4
4,367
6.2
23,5381995
95,178
71,360
75.0
67,377
70.8
3,983
5.6
23,8181996
96,206
72,087
74.9
68,207
70.9
3,880
5.4
24,1191997
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
71.3
3,577
4.9
24,4541998
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
71.6
3,266
4.4
24,7991999
99,722
74,512
74.7
71,446
71.6
3,066
4.1
25,2102000
101,964
76,280
74.8
73,305
71.9
2,975
3.9
25,6842001
103,282
76,886
74.4
73,196
70.9
3,690
4.8
26,3962002
104,585
77,500
74.1
72,903
69.7
4,597
5.9
27,0852003
106,435
78,238
73.5
73,332
68.9
4,906
6.3
28,1972004
107,710
78,980
73.3
74,524
69.2
4,456
5.6
28,7302005
109,151
80,033
73.3
75,973
69.6
4,059
5.1
29,1192006
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,3502007
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
69.8
3,882
4.7
30,0362008
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
68.5
5,033
6.1
30,5932009
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,0132010
115,174
81,985
71.2
73,359
63.7
8,626
10.5
33,1892011
116,317
81,975
70.5
74,290
63.9
7,684
9.4
34,3432012
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
64.4
6,771
8.2
35,0172013
118,555
82,667
69.7
76,353
64.4
6,314
7.6
35,8892014
119,748
82,882
69.2
77,692
64.9
5,190
6.3
36,8652015
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,4812016
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,7432017
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,1302018
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,5822019
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,6672020
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,7182021
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,983NOTE: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanicor Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceWhiteTotal, 16 years and older
201,881
124,145
61.5
118,291
58.6
5,854
4.7
77,73716 to 19 years
12,067
4,651
38.5
4,164
34.5
486
10.5
7,41720 to 24 years
15,275
11,142
72.9
10,284
67.3
858
7.7
4,13325 to 54 years
94,298
77,578
82.3
74,276
78.8
3,302
4.3
16,72155 to 64 years
33,428
21,954
65.7
21,110
63.2
844
3.8
11,47465 years and older
46,812
8,820
18.8
8,456
18.1
364
4.1
37,992Women, 16 years and older
103,140
57,109
55.4
54,476
52.8
2,632
4.6
46,03216 to 19 years
5,938
2,309
38.9
2,088
35.2
221
9.6
3,62920 to 24 years
7,602
5,329
70.1
4,967
65.3
362
6.8
2,27225 to 54 years
47,023
35,448
75.4
33,959
72.2
1,489
4.2
11,57555 to 64 years
17,104
10,219
59.7
9,824
57.4
395
3.9
6,88565 years and older
25,474
3,803
14.9
3,638
14.3
165
4.3
21,671Men, 16 years and older
98,741
67,036
67.9
63,814
64.6
3,222
4.8
31,70516 to 19 years
6,129
2,341
38.2
2,077
33.9
265
11.3
3,78820 to 24 years
7,674
5,813
75.7
5,316
69.3
496
8.5
1,86125 to 54 years
47,276
42,130
89.1
40,317
85.3
1,813
4.3
5,14655 to 64 years
16,324
11,735
71.9
11,286
69.1
449
3.8
4,58965 years and older
21,338
5,017
23.5
4,818
22.6
199
4.0
16,321Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,613
20,482
60.9
18,726
55.7
1,756
8.6
13,13116 to 19 years
2,389
724
30.3
604
25.3
120
16.6
1,66520 to 24 years
3,064
2,035
66.4
1,748
57.0
287
14.1
1,02925 to 54 years
17,508
13,800
78.8
12,678
72.4
1,122
8.1
3,70855 to 64 years
5,153
2,896
56.2
2,735
53.1
161
5.6
2,25665 years and older
5,499
1,026
18.7
961
17.5
66
6.4
4,473Women, 16 years and older
18,224
10,707
58.8
9,851
54.1
857
8.0
7,51716 to 19 years
1,207
391
32.4
325
27.0
65
16.7
81620 to 24 years
1,587
1,034
65.1
889
56.0
145
14.0
55325 to 54 years
9,366
7,198
76.8
6,666
71.2
531
7.4
2,16855 to 64 years
2,814
1,543
54.8
1,461
51.9
82
5.3
1,27165 years and older
3,251
542
16.7
509
15.7
33
6.1
2,709Men, 16 years and older
15,389
9,775
63.5
8,875
57.7
900
9.2
5,61416 to 19 years
1,182
333
28.2
278
23.5
55
16.5
84920 to 24 years
1,477
1,001
67.8
859
58.2
142
14.2
47625 to 54 years
8,142
6,603
81.1
6,012
73.8
591
8.9
1,54055 to 64 years
2,338
1,353
57.9
1,274
54.5
79
5.8
98565 years and older
2,249
485
21.5
452
20.1
33
6.7
1,764AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,521
10,545
63.8
10,016
60.6
529
5.0
5,97616 to 19 years
904
191
21.2
166
18.4
25
13.1
71320 to 24 years
1,276
712
55.8
649
50.9
63
8.8
56425 to 54 years
9,313
7,547
81.0
7,225
77.6
322
4.3
1,76655 to 64 years
2,252
1,554
69.0
1,461
64.9
93
6.0
69865 years and older
2,777
540
19.5
514
18.5
26
4.9
2,236Women, 16 years and older
8,770
4,978
56.8
4,725
53.9
254
5.1
3,79216 to 19 years
469
94
20.0
83
17.6
11
11.6
37620 to 24 years
641
369
57.5
338
52.7
31
8.3
27325 to 54 years
4,866
3,515
72.3
3,356
69.0
159
4.5
1,35055 to 64 years
1,223
753
61.6
712
58.2
41
5.4
47065 years and older
1,571
247
15.7
236
15.0
12
4.7
1,324Men, 16 years and older
7,751
5,566
71.8
5,292
68.3
275
4.9
2,18416 to 19 years
435
98
22.5
83
19.2
14
14.6
33720 to 24 years
635
344
54.1
312
49.1
32
9.3
29125 to 54 years
4,447
4,031
90.6
3,869
87.0
162
4.0
41655 to 64 years
1,028
801
77.9
749
72.9
52
6.4
22865 years and older
1,206
293
24.3
278
23.1
15
5.0
913Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
44,902
29,424
65.5
27,429
61.1
1,995
6.8
15,47916 to 19 years
4,049
1,322
32.7
1,126
27.8
197
14.9
2,72720 to 24 years
4,829
3,542
73.3
3,201
66.3
340
9.6
1,28725 to 54 years
25,493
20,083
78.8
18,889
74.1
1,194
5.9
5,41155 to 64 years
5,406
3,518
65.1
3,313
61.3
205
5.8
1,88865 years and older
5,126
959
18.7
900
17.6
59
6.2
4,167Women, 16 years and older
22,564
12,585
55.8
11,680
51.8
904
7.2
9,97916 to 19 years
2,001
608
30.4
515
25.8
93
15.3
1,39320 to 24 years
2,403
1,640
68.2
1,491
62.0
149
9.1
76325 to 54 years
12,522
8,435
67.4
7,890
63.0
546
6.5
4,08655 to 64 years
2,755
1,523
55.3
1,429
51.9
93
6.1
1,23265 years and older
2,883
379
13.1
355
12.3
24
6.2
2,504Men, 16 years and older
22,339
16,839
75.4
15,748
70.5
1,090
6.5
5,50016 to 19 years
2,047
714
34.9
610
29.8
104
14.6
1,33420 to 24 years
2,426
1,902
78.4
1,711
70.5
191
10.0
52425 to 54 years
12,972
11,648
89.8
10,999
84.8
648
5.6
1,32455 to 64 years
2,651
1,995
75.3
1,884
71.1
112
5.6
65565 years and older
2,243
580
25.9
545
24.3
35
6.1
1,663NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotal16 years and older
261,445
161,204
61.7
152,581
58.4
8,623
5.3
100,241Married, spouse present(1)
127,657
81,534
63.9
78,867
61.8
2,667
3.3
46,123Other marital status(2)
133,788
79,670
59.5
73,713
55.1
5,956
7.5
54,119Never married
84,542
55,840
66.0
51,271
60.6
4,569
8.2
28,703Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
49,246
23,830
48.4
22,442
45.6
1,387
5.8
25,416Widowed
15,164
2,827
18.6
2,671
17.6
156
5.5
12,336Divorced
25,933
15,589
60.1
14,733
56.8
855
5.5
10,344Separated(3)
8,149
5,414
66.4
5,038
61.8
376
6.9
2,735Women16 years and older
134,958
75,699
56.1
71,752
53.2
3,948
5.2
59,259Married, spouse present(1)
63,767
36,260
56.9
35,026
54.9
1,234
3.4
27,507Other marital status(2)
71,191
39,439
55.4
36,725
51.6
2,714
6.9
31,752Never married
40,071
25,766
64.3
23,833
59.5
1,934
7.5
14,305Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
31,120
13,673
43.9
12,893
41.4
780
5.7
17,447Widowed
11,650
2,031
17.4
1,922
16.5
109
5.4
9,618Divorced
15,004
8,855
59.0
8,379
55.8
475
5.4
6,149Separated(3)
4,466
2,786
62.4
2,591
58.0
195
7.0
1,680Men16 years and older
126,487
85,505
67.6
80,829
63.9
4,676
5.5
40,983Married, spouse present(1)
63,890
45,274
70.9
43,841
68.6
1,433
3.2
18,616Other marital status(2)
62,597
40,230
64.3
36,988
59.1
3,242
8.1
22,367Never married
44,471
30,073
67.6
27,439
61.7
2,635
8.8
14,398Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
18,126
10,157
56.0
9,550
52.7
607
6.0
7,969Widowed
3,514
796
22.6
749
21.3
47
5.9
2,718Divorced
10,929
6,734
61.6
6,354
58.1
380
5.6
4,195Separated(3)
3,683
2,627
71.3
2,447
66.4
180
6.9
1,056NOTES: (1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.
Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotalWomen, 16 years and older
134,737
75,715
56.2
71,331
52.9
4,384
5.8
59,022With children under 18 years old
33,687
24,157
71.7
22,833
67.8
1,324
5.5
9,529With children 6 to 17, none younger
19,302
14,588
75.6
13,844
71.7
744
5.1
4,714With children under 6 years old
14,384
9,569
66.5
8,989
62.5
580
6.1
4,815With children under 3 years old
7,950
5,102
64.2
4,773
60.0
329
6.4
2,848With no children under 18 years old
101,050
51,558
51.0
48,498
48.0
3,061
5.9
49,492Men, 16 years and older
126,259
84,229
66.7
78,635
62.3
5,594
6.6
42,029With children under 18 years old
26,445
24,456
92.5
23,386
88.4
1,071
4.4
1,988With children 6 to 17, none younger
15,047
13,776
91.6
13,198
87.7
578
4.2
1,271With children under 6 years old
11,397
10,680
93.7
10,188
89.4
492
4.6
718With children under 3 years old
6,312
5,886
93.3
5,606
88.8
280
4.8
426With no children under 18 years old
99,814
59,773
59.9
55,250
55.4
4,524
7.6
40,041WhiteWomen, 16 years and older
103,027
57,334
55.6
54,389
52.8
2,945
5.1
45,694With children under 18 years old
25,010
17,892
71.5
17,035
68.1
857
4.8
7,118With children 6 to 17, none younger
14,337
10,804
75.4
10,325
72.0
478
4.4
3,534With children under 6 years old
10,672
7,088
66.4
6,710
62.9
378
5.3
3,584With children under 3 years old
5,962
3,843
64.4
3,629
60.9
213
5.6
2,120With no children under 18 years old
78,018
39,442
50.6
37,353
47.9
2,089
5.3
38,576Men, 16 years and older
98,877
66,290
67.0
62,442
63.2
3,847
5.8
32,587With children under 18 years old
20,822
19,415
93.2
18,645
89.5
770
4.0
1,407With children 6 to 17, none younger
11,849
10,933
92.3
10,513
88.7
420
3.8
916With children under 6 years old
8,973
8,482
94.5
8,132
90.6
351
4.1
491With children under 3 years old
5,036
4,736
94.0
4,544
90.2
192
4.1
300With no children under 18 years old
78,055
46,875
60.1
43,798
56.1
3,077
6.6
31,180Black or African AmericanWomen, 16 years and older
18,178
10,659
58.6
9,722
53.5
937
8.8
7,519With children under 18 years old
4,717
3,630
76.9
3,302
70.0
328
9.0
1,087With children 6 to 17, none younger
2,681
2,150
80.2
1,962
73.2
187
8.7
531With children under 6 years old
2,036
1,480
72.7
1,339
65.8
140
9.5
557With children under 3 years old
1,107
764
69.0
679
61.4
84
11.1
343With no children under 18 years old
13,462
7,030
52.2
6,420
47.7
609
8.7
6,432Men, 16 years and older
15,348
9,617
62.7
8,497
55.4
1,120
11.6
5,731With children under 18 years old
2,590
2,240
86.5
2,089
80.6
152
6.8
350With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,469
1,247
84.9
1,167
79.4
80
6.4
222With children under 6 years old
1,122
994
88.6
922
82.2
72
7.2
128With children under 3 years old
615
547
89.0
492
80.1
55
10.0
68With no children under 18 years old
12,757
7,376
57.8
6,408
50.2
968
13.1
5,381AsianWomen, 16 years and older
8,746
4,844
55.4
4,560
52.1
284
5.9
3,901With children under 18 years old
2,583
1,668
64.6
1,588
61.5
80
4.8
915With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,561
1,093
70.1
1,047
67.1
46
4.2
467With children under 6 years old
1,023
575
56.2
541
52.9
34
5.9
448With children under 3 years old
495
266
53.7
250
50.5
16
6.1
229With no children under 18 years old
6,162
3,176
51.5
2,972
48.2
204
6.4
2,986Men, 16 years and older
7,652
5,371
70.2
5,059
66.1
312
5.8
2,281With children under 18 years old
2,169
2,036
93.9
1,935
89.2
101
5.0
133With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,282
1,200
93.6
1,142
89.1
58
4.9
82With children under 6 years old
887
835
94.2
793
89.4
42
5.1
51With children under 3 years old
424
391
92.1
373
87.8
18
4.6
34With no children under 18 years old
5,483
3,335
60.8
3,124
57.0
211
6.3
2,148Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWomen, 16 years and older
22,437
12,497
55.7
11,511
51.3
986
7.9
9,940With children under 18 years old
7,562
4,729
62.5
4,344
57.4
385
8.1
2,833With children 6 to 17, none younger
4,284
2,884
67.3
2,666
62.2
218
7.6
1,400With children under 6 years old
3,278
1,845
56.3
1,678
51.2
167
9.0
1,433With children under 3 years old
1,688
872
51.7
780
46.2
92
10.6
815With no children under 18 years old
14,874
7,768
52.2
7,167
48.2
601
7.7
7,106Men, 16 years and older
22,205
16,481
74.2
15,107
68.0
1,374
8.3
5,724With children under 18 years old
5,484
5,089
92.8
4,790
87.3
299
5.9
395With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,159
2,913
92.2
2,750
87.1
162
5.6
246With children under 6 years old
2,325
2,176
93.6
2,040
87.7
136
6.3
149With children under 3 years old
1,162
1,081
93.0
1,008
86.7
72
6.7
82With no children under 18 years old
16,721
11,392
68.1
10,317
61.7
1,075
9.4
5,329NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotal, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
134,737
75,715
56.2
71,331
52.9
4,384
5.8
59,022With children under 18 years old
33,687
24,157
71.7
22,833
67.8
1,324
5.5
9,529With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
19,302
14,588
75.6
13,844
71.7
744
5.1
4,714With children under 6 years old
14,384
9,569
66.5
8,989
62.5
580
6.1
4,815With children under 3 years old
7,950
5,102
64.2
4,773
60.0
329
6.4
2,848With no children under 18 years old
101,050
51,558
51.0
48,498
48.0
3,061
5.9
49,492Total, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
63,830
36,757
57.6
35,389
55.4
1,368
3.7
27,073With children under 18 years old
23,885
16,661
69.8
16,066
67.3
595
3.6
7,224With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
13,408
9,833
73.3
9,506
70.9
328
3.3
3,575With children under 6 years old
10,476
6,827
65.2
6,560
62.6
267
3.9
3,649With children under 3 years old
5,844
3,719
63.6
3,579
61.2
140
3.8
2,125With no children under 18 years old
39,946
20,097
50.3
19,323
48.4
774
3.8
19,849Total, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
70,907
38,958
54.9
35,942
50.7
3,016
7.7
31,948With children under 18 years old
9,802
7,497
76.5
6,768
69.0
729
9.7
2,305With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
5,894
4,755
80.7
4,339
73.6
416
8.7
1,139With children under 6 years old
3,908
2,742
70.2
2,429
62.2
313
11.4
1,166With children under 3 years old
2,106
1,383
65.7
1,194
56.7
189
13.7
723With no children under 18 years old
61,105
31,462
51.5
29,175
47.7
2,287
7.3
29,643White, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
103,027
57,334
55.6
54,389
52.8
2,945
5.1
45,694With children under 18 years old
25,010
17,892
71.5
17,035
68.1
857
4.8
7,118With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
14,337
10,804
75.4
10,325
72.0
478
4.4
3,534With children under 6 years old
10,672
7,088
66.4
6,710
62.9
378
5.3
3,584With children under 3 years old
5,962
3,843
64.4
3,629
60.9
213
5.6
2,120With no children under 18 years old
78,018
39,442
50.6
37,353
47.9
2,089
5.3
38,576White, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
52,032
29,718
57.1
28,683
55.1
1,034
3.5
22,314With children under 18 years old
18,865
13,213
70.0
12,765
67.7
448
3.4
5,652With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
10,543
7,727
73.3
7,475
70.9
252
3.3
2,816With children under 6 years old
8,322
5,486
65.9
5,290
63.6
196
3.6
2,836With children under 3 years old
4,717
3,047
64.6
2,937
62.3
110
3.6
1,670With no children under 18 years old
33,167
16,505
49.8
15,919
48.0
586
3.6
16,662White, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
50,995
27,616
54.2
25,705
50.4
1,911
6.9
23,379With children under 18 years old
6,145
4,679
76.1
4,271
69.5
409
8.7
1,466With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
3,794
3,077
81.1
2,851
75.1
226
7.3
718With children under 6 years old
2,350
1,603
68.2
1,420
60.4
183
11.4
748With children under 3 years old
1,245
796
63.9
693
55.6
103
12.9
450With no children under 18 years old
44,851
22,937
51.1
21,435
47.8
1,503
6.6
21,914Black or African American, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
18,178
10,659
58.6
9,722
53.5
937
8.8
7,519With children under 18 years old
4,717
3,630
76.9
3,302
70.0
328
9.0
1,087With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,681
2,150
80.2
1,962
73.2
187
8.7
531With children under 6 years old
2,036
1,480
72.7
1,339
65.8
140
9.5
557With children under 3 years old
1,107
764
69.0
679
61.4
84
11.1
343With no children under 18 years old
13,462
7,030
52.2
6,420
47.7
609
8.7
6,432Black or African American, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
4,870
3,050
62.6
2,919
59.9
132
4.3
1,820With children under 18 years old
1,898
1,447
76.2
1,386
73.0
62
4.3
451With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,081
871
80.6
838
77.5
33
3.8
210With children under 6 years old
818
577
70.5
548
67.0
28
4.9
241With children under 3 years old
450
298
66.2
286
63.5
12
4.0
152With no children under 18 years old
2,972
1,603
53.9
1,533
51.6
70
4.4
1,369Black or African American, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
13,308
7,609
57.2
6,803
51.1
806
10.6
5,699With children under 18 years old
2,818
2,182
77.4
1,916
68.0
266
12.2
636With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,600
1,279
80.0
1,125
70.3
154
12.1
321With children under 6 years old
1,219
903
74.1
791
64.9
112
12.4
316With children under 3 years old
656
466
71.0
393
59.9
73
15.6
190With no children under 18 years old
10,490
5,427
51.7
4,887
46.6
540
9.9
5,063Asian, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
8,746
4,844
55.4
4,560
52.1
284
5.9
3,901With children under 18 years old
2,583
1,668
64.6
1,588
61.5
80
4.8
915With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,561
1,093
70.1
1,047
67.1
46
4.2
467With children under 6 years old
1,023
575
56.2
541
52.9
34
5.9
448With children under 3 years old
495
266
53.7
250
50.5
16
6.1
229With no children under 18 years old
6,162
3,176
51.5
2,972
48.2
204
6.4
2,986Asian, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
5,171
2,906
56.2
2,753
53.2
152
5.2
2,266With children under 18 years old
2,320
1,454
62.7
1,391
59.9
63
4.4
866With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,369
928
67.8
893
65.2
36
3.9
441With children under 6 years old
951
526
55.3
498
52.4
28
5.2
426With children under 3 years old
458
244
53.2
232
50.6
12
5.0
214With no children under 18 years old
2,851
1,452
50.9
1,363
47.8
89
6.1
1,400Asian, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
3,574
1,938
54.2
1,806
50.5
132
6.8
1,636With children under 18 years old
263
214
81.3
197
75.0
16
7.7
49With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
192
165
86.0
155
80.8
10
6.1
27With children under 6 years old
71
49
68.6
42
59.6
6
13.1
22With children under 3 years old
37
22
60.1
18
49.4
4
17.8
15With no children under 18 years old
3,311
1,725
52.1
1,609
48.6
116
6.7
1,587Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
22,437
12,497
55.7
11,511
51.3
986
7.9
9,940With children under 18 years old
7,562
4,729
62.5
4,344
57.4
385
8.1
2,833With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
4,284
2,884
67.3
2,666
62.2
218
7.6
1,400With children under 6 years old
3,278
1,845
56.3
1,678
51.2
167
9.0
1,433With children under 3 years old
1,688
872
51.7
780
46.2
92
10.6
815With no children under 18 years old
14,874
7,768
52.2
7,167
48.2
601
7.7
7,106Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
9,782
5,275
53.9
4,935
50.5
340
6.5
4,506With children under 18 years old
4,960
2,797
56.4
2,630
53.0
166
6.0
2,164With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,797
1,680
60.1
1,594
57.0
86
5.1
1,117With children under 6 years old
2,163
1,117
51.6
1,037
47.9
80
7.2
1,046With children under 3 years old
1,092
525
48.1
479
43.9
46
8.7
567With no children under 18 years old
4,821
2,479
51.4
2,305
47.8
174
7.0
2,343Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
12,655
7,221
57.1
6,576
52.0
645
8.9
5,434With children under 18 years old
2,602
1,932
74.3
1,714
65.9
219
11.3
670With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,487
1,204
81.0
1,072
72.1
132
11.0
283With children under 6 years old
1,115
728
65.3
642
57.5
87
11.9
387With children under 3 years old
595
347
58.3
301
50.5
46
13.4
248With no children under 18 years old
10,053
5,289
52.6
4,862
48.4
427
8.1
4,764(1) Beginning with ASEC data for 2019, includes women in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2019, included only women in opposite-sex marriages.(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian labor forceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof laborforceWith children under age 181975
14,616
47.4
13,069
1,548
11.01976
15,073
48.8
13,725
1,346
8.91977
15,669
50.8
14,276
1,393
8.91978
16,385
53.0
15,142
1,242
7.61979
16,883
54.5
15,624
1,259
7.71980
17,790
56.6
16,526
1,264
7.11981
18,422
58.1
16,952
1,471
8.01982
18,744
58.5
16,854
1,890
10.11983
18,924
58.9
16,792
2,131
11.31984
19,555
60.5
17,782
1,773
9.11985
20,041
62.1
18,306
1,735
8.71986
20,620
62.8
18,922
1,698
8.21987
21,422
64.7
19,798
1,624
7.61988
21,545
65.1
20,141
1,404
6.51989
21,936
65.7
20,647
1,289
5.91990
22,196
66.7
20,865
1,331
6.01991
22,327
66.6
20,774
1,552
7.01992
22,756
67.2
21,052
1,704
7.51993
23,063
66.9
21,521
1,541
6.71994
24,191
68.4
22,467
1,724
7.11995
24,695
69.7
23,195
1,500
6.11996
24,720
70.2
23,386
1,334
5.41997
25,604
72.1
24,082
1,522
5.91998
25,647
72.3
24,209
1,438
5.61999
25,472
72.1
24,307
1,165
4.62000
25,795
72.9
24,693
1,102
4.32001
26,269
72.7
25,030
1,239
4.72002
26,140
72.2
24,612
1,529
5.82003
26,202
71.7
24,598
1,603
6.12004
25,913
70.7
24,413
1,501
5.82005
25,941
70.5
24,564
1,377
5.32006
26,009
70.6
24,728
1,281
4.92007
26,834
71.3
25,646
1,188
4.42008
25,930
71.2
24,637
1,294
5.02009
26,122
71.6
24,079
2,043
7.82010
25,783
71.3
23,510
2,273
8.82011
25,376
70.9
23,109
2,266
8.92012
25,384
70.9
23,366
2,018
7.92013
25,112
70.3
23,121
1,991
7.92014
25,209
70.8
23,542
1,667
6.62015
25,107
69.9
23,841
1,265
5.02016
25,070
70.8
23,877
1,193
4.82017
24,863
71.3
23,748
1,114
4.52018
24,802
71.4
23,849
953
3.82019
24,892
72.4
24,038
854
3.42020
24,623
72.5
23,391
1,232
5.02021
24,157
71.7
22,833
1,324
5.5With children ages 6 to 17, none younger1975
8,917
54.9
8,218
700
7.91976
9,388
56.2
8,769
621
6.61977
10,040
58.3
9,389
650
6.51978
10,401
60.0
9,845
556
5.31979
10,646
61.6
10,030
615
5.81980
11,252
64.3
10,640
612
5.41981
11,490
65.5
10,725
765
6.71982
11,377
65.8
10,440
936
8.21983
11,340
66.3
10,303
1,037
9.11984
11,538
68.1
10,739
799
6.91985
11,826
69.9
10,984
842
7.11986
12,075
70.4
11,320
756
6.31987
12,438
72.0
11,661
778
6.31988
12,683
73.3
12,042
641
5.11989
12,800
74.2
12,168
632
4.91990
12,799
74.7
12,133
666
5.21991
12,691
74.4
12,017
674
5.31992
13,183
75.9
12,391
793
6.01993
13,441
75.4
12,757
684
5.11994
13,863
76.0
13,074
789
5.71995
14,300
76.4
13,608
691
4.81996
14,427
77.2
13,794
633
4.41997
14,993
78.1
14,282
711
4.71998
15,028
78.4
14,370
658
4.41999
15,150
78.5
14,633
516
3.42000
15,479
79.0
14,931
549
3.52001
15,839
79.4
15,220
619
3.92002
15,948
78.6
15,171
777
4.92003
15,993
78.7
15,166
828
5.22004
15,782
77.5
15,006
776
4.92005
15,594
76.9
14,930
663
4.32006
15,579
76.9
14,949
630
4.02007
15,940
77.7
15,341
599
3.82008
15,479
77.5
14,842
636
4.12009
15,625
78.2
14,562
1,063
6.82010
15,247
77.2
14,058
1,189
7.82011
14,973
76.5
13,842
1,131
7.62012
14,922
76.0
13,908
1,014
6.82013
14,941
74.8
13,909
1,032
6.92014
15,227
75.8
14,389
838
5.52015
15,059
74.6
14,437
622
4.12016
15,135
75.0
14,519
616
4.12017
15,080
76.0
14,481
599
4.02018
15,053
76.5
14,544
508
3.42019
14,972
77.0
14,526
446
3.02020
14,575
76.4
13,899
676
4.62021
14,588
75.6
13,844
744
5.1With children under age 61975
5,699
39.0
4,851
848
14.91976
5,684
40.1
4,957
727
12.81977
5,629
41.2
4,887
742
13.21978
5,983
44.0
5,297
687
11.51979
6,238
45.7
5,594
644
10.31980
6,538
46.8
5,886
652
10.01981
6,933
48.9
6,227
706
10.21982
7,367
49.9
6,414
953
12.91983
7,583
50.5
6,489
1,094
14.41984
8,017
52.1
7,043
974
12.11985
8,215
53.5
7,322
893
10.91986
8,545
54.4
7,602
943
11.01987
8,983
56.7
8,137
846
9.41988
8,862
56.1
8,099
763
8.61989
9,136
56.7
8,478
657
7.21990
9,397
58.2
8,732
664
7.11991
9,636
58.4
8,758
878
9.11992
9,573
58.0
8,662
911
9.51993
9,621
57.9
8,764
857
8.91994
10,328
60.3
9,394
935
9.01995
10,395
62.3
9,587
809
7.81996
10,293
62.3
9,592
701
6.81997
10,610
65.0
9,800
810
7.61998
10,619
65.2
9,839
780
7.31999
10,322
64.4
9,674
648
6.32000
10,316
65.3
9,763
553
5.42001
10,430
64.4
9,810
620
5.92002
10,193
64.1
9,441
752
7.42003
10,209
62.9
9,433
776
7.62004
10,131
62.2
9,407
724
7.12005
10,347
62.6
9,634
714
6.92006
10,430
63.0
9,779
651
6.22007
10,894
63.5
10,305
589
5.42008
10,452
63.6
9,794
657
6.32009
10,497
63.6
9,517
980
9.32010
10,536
64.2
9,452
1,085
10.32011
10,403
64.2
9,268
1,135
10.92012
10,462
64.7
9,458
1,004
9.62013
10,171
64.7
9,212
958
9.42014
9,982
64.3
9,153
829
8.32015
10,048
63.9
9,405
643
6.42016
9,934
65.3
9,358
576
5.82017
9,783
65.1
9,268
515
5.32018
9,749
64.7
9,304
445
4.62019
9,920
66.4
9,513
407
4.12020
10,048
67.4
9,492
556
5.52021
9,569
66.5
8,989
580
6.1With children under age 31975
2,824
34.3
2,326
500
17.71976
2,702
34.1
2,285
418
15.51977
2,795
35.4
2,371
424
15.21978
3,179
39.4
2,768
411
12.91979
3,380
41.1
2,979
401
11.91980
3,565
41.9
3,167
398
11.21981
3,826
44.3
3,380
446
11.71982
4,133
45.6
3,542
591
14.31983
4,233
46.0
3,551
682
16.11984
4,401
47.6
3,839
562
12.81985
4,601
49.5
4,089
513
11.11986
4,786
50.8
4,227
559
11.71987
5,064
52.9
4,570
494
9.81988
4,947
52.4
4,477
470
9.51989
5,053
52.4
4,671
381
7.51990
5,216
53.6
4,823
393
7.51991
5,417
54.5
4,868
550
10.11992
5,329
54.5
4,776
553
10.41993
5,349
53.9
4,857
492
9.21994
5,724
57.1
5,165
559
9.81995
5,650
58.7
5,172
478
8.51996
5,619
59.0
5,222
397
7.11997
5,839
61.8
5,366
473
8.11998
5,882
62.2
5,454
428
7.31999
5,645
60.7
5,285
359
6.42000
5,670
61.0
5,350
320
5.62001
5,743
60.7
5,350
393
6.82002
5,600
60.5
5,160
440
7.92003
5,568
58.7
5,112
456
8.22004
5,401
57.3
4,983
417
7.72005
5,704
58.9
5,299
405
7.12006
5,842
59.9
5,458
384
6.62007
6,006
60.1
5,679
327
5.52008
5,754
59.6
5,380
374
6.52009
5,960
61.1
5,401
559
9.42010
5,878
61.1
5,240
638
10.92011
5,639
60.9
5,006
633
11.22012
5,529
60.7
4,960
569
10.32013
5,448
62.1
4,937
511
9.42014
5,358
61.8
4,870
487
9.12015
5,494
61.4
5,119
375
6.82016
5,486
63.1
5,165
322
5.92017
5,449
63.1
5,153
296
5.42018
5,236
62.0
4,998
239
4.62019
5,439
63.8
5,220
218
4.02020
5,526
65.6
5,248
277
5.02021
5,102
64.2
4,773
329
6.4With no children under age 181975
22,365
45.1
20,381
1,984
8.91976
23,327
45.7
21,389
1,938
8.31977
24,385
46.4
22,348
2,037
8.41978
25,362
47.0
23,631
1,731
6.81979
26,962
48.6
25,285
1,677
6.21980
27,144
48.1
25,375
1,769
6.51981
27,992
48.7
25,934
2,059
7.41982
28,351
48.6
26,041
2,311
8.21983
28,856
48.7
26,373
2,483
8.61984
29,684
49.3
27,652
2,032
6.81985
30,850
50.4
28,814
2,036
6.61986
31,112
50.5
29,107
2,005
6.41987
31,538
50.5
29,688
1,850
5.91988
32,490
51.2
30,911
1,580
4.91989
33,255
51.9
31,761
1,495
4.51990
33,942
52.3
32,391
1,551
4.61991
34,047
52.0
32,167
1,880
5.51992
34,487
52.3
32,481
2,006
5.81993
34,495
52.1
32,476
2,020
5.91994
35,455
53.1
33,345
2,110
6.01995
35,843
52.9
34,054
1,789
5.01996
36,509
53.0
34,698
1,811
5.01997
37,295
53.6
35,572
1,723
4.61998
38,253
54.1
36,680
1,573
4.11999
39,314
54.3
37,587
1,727
4.42000
40,142
54.8
38,408
1,733
4.32001
40,996
54.4
39,363
1,633
4.02002
41,278
54.0
39,038
2,241
5.42003
42,039
54.1
39,667
2,372
5.62004
42,289
53.8
40,000
2,289
5.42005
42,677
53.5
40,570
2,107
4.92006
43,392
53.6
41,440
1,952
4.52007
44,039
53.9
42,279
1,760
4.02008
45,585
54.3
43,417
2,168
4.82009
45,649
53.8
42,343
3,306
7.22010
46,098
53.5
42,256
3,842
8.32011
46,198
53.0
42,569
3,629
7.92012
47,222
52.6
43,494
3,728
7.92013
47,607
52.3
44,294
3,313
7.02014
48,076
52.1
44,980
3,096
6.42015
48,273
51.7
45,794
2,479
5.12016
49,663
52.1
47,180
2,484
5.02017
50,675
52.5
48,541
2,134
4.22018
51,227
52.3
49,247
1,980
3.92019
52,068
52.5
50,244
1,824
3.52020
51,915
51.8
49,336
2,579
5.02021
51,558
51.0
48,498
3,061
5.9NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotalTotal, 25 to 64 years
167,993
129,917
77.3
123,779
73.7
6,138
4.7
38,076Less than a high school diploma
13,927
8,345
59.9
7,641
54.9
704
8.4
5,582High school graduates, no college
45,535
32,386
71.1
30,320
66.6
2,066
6.4
13,148Some college or associate's degree
42,633
32,908
77.2
31,210
73.2
1,697
5.2
9,725Bachelor's degree and higher
65,898
56,277
85.4
54,607
82.9
1,670
3.0
9,621Bachelor's degree
41,811
35,128
84.0
33,942
81.2
1,186
3.4
6,683Advanced degree
24,087
21,149
87.8
20,665
85.8
484
2.3
2,938Master's degree
18,131
15,754
86.9
15,357
84.7
397
2.5
2,377Professional degree
2,468
2,216
89.8
2,174
88.1
41
1.9
252Doctoral degree
3,488
3,180
91.2
3,134
89.8
46
1.4
308WomenTotal, 25 to 64 years
85,497
60,883
71.2
58,052
67.9
2,831
4.6
24,613Less than a high school diploma
6,339
2,897
45.7
2,610
41.2
287
9.9
3,442High school graduates, no college
20,789
12,873
61.9
12,033
57.9
839
6.5
7,916Some college or associate's degree
22,496
16,105
71.6
15,277
67.9
828
5.1
6,391Bachelor's degree and higher
35,873
29,009
80.9
28,132
78.4
877
3.0
6,864Bachelor's degree
22,387
17,599
78.6
16,997
75.9
602
3.4
4,789Advanced degree
13,486
11,410
84.6
11,135
82.6
275
2.4
2,075Master's degree
10,637
8,903
83.7
8,671
81.5
232
2.6
1,734Professional degree
1,156
995
86.1
976
84.4
19
2.0
161Doctoral degree
1,692
1,511
89.3
1,488
87.9
23
1.5
181MenTotal, 25 to 64 years
82,496
69,033
83.7
65,726
79.7
3,307
4.8
13,463Less than a high school diploma
7,588
5,449
71.8
5,031
66.3
418
7.7
2,139High school graduates, no college
24,746
19,513
78.9
18,287
73.9
1,227
6.3
5,233Some college or associate's degree
20,137
16,803
83.4
15,934
79.1
869
5.2
3,334Bachelor's degree and higher
30,025
27,268
90.8
26,475
88.2
793
2.9
2,757Bachelor's degree
19,424
17,529
90.2
16,945
87.2
584
3.3
1,894Advanced degree
10,602
9,739
91.9
9,530
89.9
209
2.2
862Master's degree
7,494
6,850
91.4
6,685
89.2
165
2.4
643Professional degree
1,312
1,220
93.0
1,199
91.4
22
1.8
91Doctoral degree
1,796
1,669
92.9
1,646
91.6
23
1.4
128Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991
Year
Civilian laborforce(thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
High school
CollegeLess than 4years
4 years, nocollege
1 to 3 years
4 years or moreTotal1970
61,765
100.0
36.1
38.1
11.8
14.11971
62,344
100.0
34.5
38.4
12.3
14.81972
63,704
100.0
33.3
38.8
12.4
15.51973
64,775
100.0
30.9
39.7
13.0
16.41974
66,527
100.0
29.3
39.5
13.7
17.51975
67,774
100.0
27.5
39.7
14.4
18.31976
69,243
100.0
25.8
39.6
15.2
19.41977
71,324
100.0
24.9
39.2
15.7
20.21978
73,504
100.0
23.7
39.2
16.5
20.61979
75,781
100.0
21.8
39.5
17.3
21.31980
78,010
100.0
20.6
39.8
17.6
22.01981
80,273
100.0
19.7
40.6
17.7
22.01982
81,516
100.0
18.8
40.8
17.3
23.11983
83,615
100.0
17.8
39.9
18.1
24.21984
86,001
100.0
16.7
40.2
18.4
24.71985
88,424
100.0
15.9
40.2
19.0
24.91986
90,500
100.0
15.5
40.2
19.5
24.81987
92,966
100.0
14.9
40.2
19.7
25.31988
94,870
100.0
14.7
39.9
19.7
25.71989
97,318
100.0
14.0
39.6
20.0
26.41990
99,175
100.0
13.4
39.5
20.7
26.41991
100,480
100.0
13.0
39.4
21.1
26.5Women1970
22,462
100.0
33.5
44.3
10.9
11.21971
22,804
100.0
32.2
44.2
11.9
11.81972
23,606
100.0
30.7
45.1
11.8
12.41973
24,158
100.0
28.4
45.9
12.4
13.31974
25,203
100.0
26.7
45.3
13.4
14.61975
26,146
100.0
26.5
45.5
13.9
14.11976
27,166
100.0
24.0
45.1
14.7
16.21977
28,369
100.0
22.8
45.1
15.2
16.91978
29,738
100.0
22.0
44.9
16.1
17.01979
31,151
100.0
20.1
45.0
17.1
17.81980
32,593
100.0
18.4
45.4
17.4
18.71981
33,910
100.0
17.4
46.1
17.9
18.61982
34,870
100.0
16.6
45.6
18.3
19.51983
35,712
100.0
15.6
44.8
18.8
20.91984
37,234
100.0
14.5
44.9
18.9
21.71985
38,779
100.0
13.7
44.4
19.9
22.01986
39,767
100.0
13.2
44.3
20.3
22.21987
41,105
100.0
12.5
44.0
20.7
22.81988
42,254
100.0
12.4
43.3
21.2
23.11989
43,650
100.0
11.9
42.9
20.9
24.31990
44,699
100.0
11.3
42.4
21.9
24.51991
45,315
100.0
10.9
41.6
22.2
25.2Men1970
39,303
100.0
37.5
34.5
12.2
15.71971
39,539
100.0
35.9
35.1
12.5
16.51972
40,098
100.0
34.8
35.1
12.8
17.31973
40,617
100.0
32.4
36.0
13.4
18.21974
41,344
100.0
30.8
36.0
13.9
19.31975
41,628
100.0
28.9
36.1
14.8
20.21976
42,077
100.0
27.0
36.0
15.5
21.51977
42,954
100.0
26.3
35.3
16.1
22.31978
43,766
100.0
24.8
35.3
16.9
23.01979
44,630
100.0
23.0
35.7
17.5
23.81980
45,417
100.0
22.2
35.7
17.7
24.31981
46,363
100.0
21.5
36.5
17.4
24.61982
47,144
100.0
20.3
36.8
17.5
25.51983
47,903
100.0
19.4
36.3
17.7
26.61984
48,767
100.0
18.4
36.7
18.0
26.91985
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
27.11986
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
26.91987
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
27.21988
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
27.81989
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
28.21990
54,476
100.0
15.1
37.2
19.7
28.01991
55,165
100.0
14.7
37.5
20.2
27.6NOTE: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in Table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2021
Year
Civilian laborforce(thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
Less than a highschool diploma
High schoolgraduates, nocollege(1)
Some college orassociate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)Total1992
103,018
100.0
12.1
35.7
25.6
26.61993
104,237
100.0
11.3
35.1
26.6
27.01994
105,610
100.0
10.8
33.9
27.7
27.61995
107,032
100.0
10.4
33.2
28.1
28.31996
108,932
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.8
28.71997
110,945
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.5
29.01998
111,932
100.0
10.5
32.4
27.4
29.81999
113,095
100.0
10.0
31.8
27.6
30.52000
115,750
100.0
10.1
31.4
27.8
30.72001
116,893
100.0
10.1
30.9
28.0
31.02002
118,028
100.0
10.0
30.7
27.7
31.62003
119,621
100.0
9.9
30.3
27.6
32.12004
120,135
100.0
9.7
30.1
27.7
32.42005
121,752
100.0
9.8
29.9
27.8
32.52006
123,550
100.0
9.7
29.6
27.7
33.02007
125,104
100.0
9.3
29.2
27.7
33.82008
126,011
100.0
9.0
28.8
28.0
34.22009
126,247
100.0
9.0
28.6
28.0
34.42010
126,237
100.0
8.9
28.6
27.9
34.62011
125,508
100.0
8.7
28.0
28.0
35.32012
125,963
100.0
8.4
27.4
28.2
36.02013
125,892
100.0
8.2
27.1
28.0
36.72014
126,269
100.0
8.0
26.7
27.9
37.32015
127,106
100.0
8.1
25.9
27.7
38.22016
128,713
100.0
7.8
25.9
27.6
38.72017
129,582
100.0
7.4
25.8
27.2
39.52018
131,058
100.0
7.3
25.6
26.7
40.42019
131,783
100.0
7.0
25.4
26.3
41.22020
129,923
100.0
6.4
24.7
25.9
43.02021
129,917
100.0
6.4
24.9
25.3
43.3Women1992
46,589
100.0
10.3
37.4
27.3
25.01993
47,245
100.0
9.3
36.6
28.4
25.71994
48,405
100.0
9.0
35.0
29.8
26.21995
49,247
100.0
8.8
34.1
30.2
26.91996
50,240
100.0
8.8
33.6
29.9
27.81997
51,261
100.0
8.7
33.5
29.4
28.41998
51,678
100.0
8.8
32.7
29.4
29.21999
52,525
100.0
8.5
32.1
29.5
29.92000
53,749
100.0
8.5
31.6
29.8
30.12001
54,229
100.0
8.4
31.0
30.2
30.42002
54,710
100.0
8.1
30.6
29.9
31.32003
55,596
100.0
7.9
30.0
29.9
32.22004
55,616
100.0
7.7
29.4
30.2
32.62005
56,322
100.0
7.7
28.7
30.2
33.32006
57,201
100.0
7.6
28.3
30.2
33.92007
57,791
100.0
7.1
27.9
30.1
34.92008
58,465
100.0
6.9
27.2
30.4
35.62009
58,787
100.0
7.0
26.7
30.3
36.02010
58,808
100.0
6.8
26.4
30.3
36.42011
58,520
100.0
6.7
25.8
30.4
37.12012
59,031
100.0
6.5
25.0
30.4
38.12013
58,812
100.0
6.3
24.6
30.1
39.02014
58,983
100.0
6.1
24.1
29.8
40.02015
59,252
100.0
6.1
23.2
29.6
41.12016
60,049
100.0
6.0
22.9
29.6
41.62017
60,614
100.0
5.8
22.7
28.9
42.72018
61,182
100.0
5.7
22.3
28.3
43.82019
61,704
100.0
5.4
22.0
27.5
45.02020
60,865
100.0
4.8
21.1
27.0
47.22021
60,883
100.0
4.8
21.1
26.5
47.6Men1992
56,428
100.0
13.7
34.2
24.3
27.81993
56,992
100.0
12.9
33.9
25.1
28.11994
57,205
100.0
12.4
33.0
25.9
28.81995
57,784
100.0
11.8
32.4
26.3
29.41996
58,692
100.0
12.2
32.3
26.1
29.41997
59,684
100.0
12.2
32.4
25.9
29.61998
60,255
100.0
12.0
32.1
25.6
30.31999
60,570
100.0
11.4
31.6
26.0
31.02000
62,001
100.0
11.5
31.2
26.1
31.22001
62,664
100.0
11.5
30.9
26.2
31.42002
63,318
100.0
11.6
30.8
25.8
31.82003
64,025
100.0
11.7
30.6
25.6
32.12004
64,519
100.0
11.5
30.7
25.6
32.32005
65,430
100.0
11.5
30.9
25.7
31.92006
66,350
100.0
11.5
30.6
25.5
32.32007
67,313
100.0
11.2
30.4
25.6
32.92008
67,546
100.0
10.9
30.2
25.9
33.02009
67,460
100.0
10.8
30.3
25.9
33.02010
67,429
100.0
10.6
30.6
25.8
33.02011
66,989
100.0
10.4
30.0
26.0
33.72012
66,932
100.0
10.0
29.6
26.2
34.12013
67,081
100.0
9.8
29.2
26.2
34.72014
67,287
100.0
9.8
29.1
26.2
35.02015
67,853
100.0
9.9
28.4
26.0
35.72016
68,664
100.0
9.3
28.6
25.9
36.22017
68,968
100.0
8.9
28.6
25.7
36.82018
69,876
100.0
8.8
28.4
25.3
37.52019
70,079
100.0
8.5
28.4
25.2
37.92020
69,057
100.0
7.7
28.0
24.9
39.42021
69,033
100.0
7.9
28.3
24.3
39.5(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.NOTE: Data from 1970–1991 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2020 and 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender
Year2020
2021Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
147,795
100.0
152,581
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
63,644
43.1
64,744
42.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
27,143
18.4
27,864
18.3Professional and related occupations
36,502
24.7
36,880
24.2Service occupations
22,853
15.5
24,403
16.0Sales and office occupations
29,726
20.1
30,166
19.8Sales and related occupations
14,168
9.6
14,369
9.4Office and administrative support occupations
15,558
10.5
15,797
10.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,357
9.0
13,959
9.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,045
0.7
1,061
0.7Construction and extraction occupations
7,710
5.2
8,057
5.3Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,602
3.1
4,840
3.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,215
12.3
19,309
12.7Production occupations
7,590
5.1
7,950
5.2Transportation and material moving occupations
10,625
7.2
11,359
7.4WomenTotal, 16 years and older
69,234
100.0
71,752
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
32,910
47.5
33,636
46.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
12,114
17.5
12,633
17.6Professional and related occupations
20,796
30.0
21,003
29.3Service occupations
13,033
18.8
14,075
19.6Sales and office occupations
18,221
26.3
18,563
25.9Sales and related occupations
6,907
10.0
7,150
10.0Office and administrative support occupations
11,314
16.3
11,413
15.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
750
1.1
778
1.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
252
0.4
257
0.4Construction and extraction occupations
308
0.4
311
0.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
190
0.3
210
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
4,321
6.2
4,700
6.6Production occupations
2,147
3.1
2,247
3.1Transportation and material moving occupations
2,174
3.1
2,453
3.4MenTotal, 16 years and older
78,560
100.0
80,829
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
30,734
39.1
31,109
38.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15,028
19.1
15,231
18.8Professional and related occupations
15,706
20.0
15,878
19.6Service occupations
9,820
12.5
10,328
12.8Sales and office occupations
11,506
14.6
11,604
14.4Sales and related occupations
7,261
9.2
7,219
8.9Office and administrative support occupations
4,244
5.4
4,384
5.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
12,607
16.0
13,181
16.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
793
1.0
804
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
7,402
9.4
7,746
9.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,411
5.6
4,630
5.7Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
13,894
17.7
14,608
18.1Production occupations
5,443
6.9
5,703
7.1Transportation and material moving occupations
8,451
10.8
8,906
11.0Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
152,581
47.0Management, professional, and related occupations
64,744
52.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
27,864
45.3Management occupations
18,986
40.9Chief executives
1,664
29.1General and operations managers
1,085
36.4Legislators
21
-Advertising and promotions managers
72
42.4Marketing managers
576
61.4Sales managers
537
30.6Public relations and fundraising managers
100
68.0Administrative services managers
60
79.0Facilities managers
146
21.3Computer and information systems managers
715
26.7Financial managers
1,307
54.6Compensation and benefits managers
16
-Human resources managers
273
80.8Training and development managers
55
59.9Industrial production managers
256
24.1Purchasing managers
232
45.9Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
314
22.4Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
875
26.3Construction managers
999
8.6Education and childcare administrators
956
65.5Architectural and engineering managers
178
11.5Food service managers
1,133
48.5Funeral home managers
9
-Entertainment and recreation managers
43
-Lodging managers
116
47.6Medical and health services managers
791
75.0Natural sciences managers
21
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
16
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
780
50.7Social and community service managers
391
68.6Emergency management directors
13
-Personal service managers, all other
1
-Managers, all other
5,235
36.4Business and financial operations occupations
8,878
54.8Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
40
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
11
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
159
55.1Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
223
62.2Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
330
58.2Compliance officers
291
53.2Cost estimators
127
15.5Human resources workers
871
75.2Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
67
71.2Training and development specialists
166
52.9Logisticians
132
39.3Project management specialists
769
42.9Management analysts
1,001
45.5Meeting, convention, and event planners
116
82.1Fundraisers
93
73.3Market research analysts and marketing specialists
400
63.6Business operations specialists, all other
584
59.2Accountants and auditors
1,630
62.0Property appraisers and assessors
80
30.4Budget analysts
61
55.6Credit analysts
38
-Financial and investment analysts
343
40.2Personal financial advisors
535
33.8Insurance underwriters
128
61.4Financial examiners
16
-Credit counselors and loan officers
440
52.2Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
63
54.8Tax preparers
101
54.2Other financial specialists
61
65.2Professional and related occupations
36,880
56.9Computer and mathematical occupations
5,688
26.2Computer and information research scientists
41
-Computer systems analysts
464
37.5Information security analysts
152
18.2Computer programmers
444
19.5Software developers
1,932
19.7Software quality assurance analysts and testers
74
46.5Web developers
81
38.7Web and digital interface designers
64
51.1Computer support specialists
660
23.8Database administrators and architects
111
35.0Network and computer systems administrators
212
17.2Computer network architects
102
11.8Computer occupations, all other
889
27.2Actuaries
29
-Mathematicians
0
-Operations research analysts
141
51.0Statisticians
45
-Other mathematical science occupations
245
49.2Architecture and engineering occupations
3,235
17.4Architects, except landscape and naval
212
31.6Landscape architects
27
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
41
-Aerospace engineers
129
14.3Agricultural engineers
8
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
15
-Chemical engineers
75
12.8Civil engineers
431
17.4Computer hardware engineers
88
13.4Electrical and electronics engineers
299
7.1Environmental engineers
33
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
216
26.0Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-Materials engineers
43
-Mechanical engineers
354
9.4Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-Nuclear engineers
11
-Petroleum engineers
16
-Engineers, all other
666
16.3Architectural and civil drafters
32
-Other drafters
93
24.3Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
74
10.9Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
293
21.3Surveying and mapping technicians
57
12.6Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,640
47.4Agricultural and food scientists
32
-Biological scientists
94
48.1Conservation scientists and foresters
22
-Medical scientists
121
49.6Life scientists, all other
8
-Astronomers and physicists
22
-Atmospheric and space scientists
11
-Chemists and materials scientists
94
32.1Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
40
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
42
-Physical scientists, all other
370
41.2Economists
21
-Survey researchers
1
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
13
-School psychologists
58
90.4Other psychologists
149
74.9Sociologists
2
-Urban and regional planners
28
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
54
53.5Agricultural and food science technicians
30
-Biological technicians
18
-Chemical technicians
48
-Environmental science and geoscience technicians
15
-Nuclear technicians
2
-Social science research assistants
6
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
269
47.3Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
72
30.9Community and social service occupations
2,777
67.5Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
121
69.1Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
362
76.5Marriage and family therapists
44
-Mental health counselors
212
75.6Rehabilitation counselors
11
-Counselors, all other
250
67.1Child, family, and school social workers
54
86.8Healthcare social workers
77
73.4Mental health and substance abuse social workers
15
-Social workers, all other
681
83.6Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
88
50.5Social and human service assistants
194
81.2Other community and social service specialists
100
82.5Clergy
404
16.2Directors, religious activities and education
67
53.7Religious workers, all other
96
70.9Legal occupations
1,805
53.5Lawyers
1,085
37.9Judicial law clerks
24
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
77
58.0Paralegals and legal assistants
431
84.8Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
107
72.1Legal support workers, all other
80
61.9Education, training, and library occupations
8,946
73.7Postsecondary teachers
1,154
51.2Preschool and kindergarten teachers
613
96.8Elementary and middle school teachers
3,260
79.2Secondary school teachers
940
59.5Special education teachers
362
82.8Tutors
168
70.5Other teachers and instructors
737
65.3Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
62
61.4Librarians and media collections specialists
158
79.9Library technicians
38
-Teaching assistants
1,309
81.0Other educational instruction and library workers
145
78.9Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,151
50.0Artists and related workers
286
54.2Commercial and industrial designers
11
-Fashion designers
33
-Floral designers
50
76.8Graphic designers
271
59.9Interior designers
123
83.8Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
27
-Other designers
389
41.5Actors
45
-Producers and directors
182
39.6Athletes and sports competitors
37
-Coaches and scouts
235
44.3Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
17
-Dancers and choreographers
11
-Music directors and composers
52
29.8Musicians and singers
127
24.0Disc jockeys, except radio
15
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
43
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
18
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
79
55.3Public relations specialists
122
59.1Editors
105
66.7Technical writers
71
54.4Writers and authors
261
63.7Interpreters and translators
93
73.4Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
28
-Media and communication workers, all other
30
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
87
11.2Photographers
192
49.3Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
108
25.3Media and communication equipment workers, all other
1
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,639
74.3Chiropractors
59
24.2Dentists
167
38.7Dietitians and nutritionists
117
89.6Optometrists
37
-Pharmacists
352
57.8Emergency medicine physicians
24
-Radiologists
26
-Other physicians
921
39.7Surgeons
59
27.7Physician assistants
165
64.4Podiatrists
8
-Audiologists
17
-Occupational therapists
135
84.9Physical therapists
273
66.9Radiation therapists
15
-Recreational therapists
18
-Respiratory therapists
117
71.4Speech-language pathologists
187
95.1Exercise physiologists
6
-Therapists, all other
242
87.1Veterinarians
104
64.2Registered nurses
3,201
86.7Nurse anesthetists
35
-Nurse midwives
8
-Nurse practitioners
237
87.4Acupuncturists
24
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
13
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
369
68.8Dental hygienists
207
95.1Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
61
64.2Diagnostic medical sonographers
88
85.5Radiologic technologists and technicians
226
72.4Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
47
-Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
39
-Emergency medical technicians
145
35.8Paramedics
96
31.1Pharmacy technicians
342
78.4Psychiatric technicians
73
73.5Surgical technologists
113
77.8Veterinary technologists and technicians
129
89.8Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
66
82.6Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
533
91.3Medical records specialists
207
88.8Opticians, dispensing
50
74.2Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
177
64.3Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
105
73.2Service occupations
24,403
57.7Healthcare support occupations
4,887
85.1Home health aides
570
87.0Personal care aides
1,411
80.4Nursing assistants
1,248
88.9Orderlies and psychiatric aides
55
52.9Occupational therapy assistants and aides
41
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
74
70.7Massage therapists
166
83.5Dental assistants
323
92.0Medical assistants
561
91.1Medical transcriptionists
45
-Pharmacy aides
35
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
78
84.1Phlebotomists
114
90.6Other healthcare support workers
164
75.7Protective service occupations
2,987
23.8First-line supervisors of correctional officers
38
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
92
15.8First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
44
-First-line supervisors of security workers
75
21.5First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
5
-Firefighters
294
5.1Fire inspectors
30
-Bailiffs
21
-Correctional officers and jailers
297
30.4Detectives and criminal investigators
130
27.3Fish and game wardens
6
-Parking enforcement workers
15
-Police officers
753
15.3Animal control workers
6
-Private detectives and investigators
95
42.3Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
844
26.8Crossing guards and flaggers
51
52.6Transportation security screeners
46
-School bus monitors
28
-Other protective service workers
117
38.0Food preparation and serving related occupations
7,370
54.6Chefs and head cooks
402
22.8First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
480
61.2Cooks
1,905
40.2Food preparation workers
872
58.3Bartenders
362
57.4Fast food and counter workers
775
65.7Waiters and waitresses
1,631
68.2Food servers, nonrestaurant
172
73.9Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
243
46.8Dishwashers
243
23.5Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
282
84.3Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
2
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,482
41.7First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
338
38.9First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
233
10.3Janitors and building cleaners
2,113
39.7Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,357
88.7Pest control workers
119
5.0Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
1,211
6.2Tree trimmers and pruners
98
2.2Other grounds maintenance workers
13
-Personal care and service occupations
3,676
78.7Supervisors of personal care and service workers
250
74.6Animal trainers
54
68.3Animal caretakers
272
81.6Gambling services workers
66
50.8Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
29
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
192
45.6Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
14
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
30
-Barbers
103
24.7Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
713
92.4Manicurists and pedicurists
247
83.0Skincare specialists
90
98.2Other personal appearance workers
26
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
84
28.0Tour and travel guides
42
-Childcare workers
974
94.6Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
223
62.2Recreation workers
139
68.7Residential advisors
26
-Personal care and service workers, all other
101
72.0Sales and office occupations
30,166
61.5Sales and related occupations
14,369
49.8First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,058
47.0First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,184
32.9Cashiers
2,601
72.5Counter and rental clerks
81
49.0Parts salespersons
124
19.1Retail salespersons
2,750
48.5Advertising sales agents
104
49.3Insurance sales agents
600
50.0Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
243
29.3Travel agents
56
71.4Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
565
29.9Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,216
30.1Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
30
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,170
59.7Sales engineers
41
-Telemarketers
33
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
104
72.6Sales and related workers, all other
410
53.5Office and administrative support occupations
15,797
72.2First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,217
71.3Switchboard operators, including answering service
8
-Telephone operators
23
-Communications equipment operators, all other
5
-Bill and account collectors
97
72.1Billing and posting clerks
483
86.7Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,097
84.7Gambling cage workers
15
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
153
86.7Procurement clerks
29
-Tellers
215
76.1Financial clerks, all other
92
58.3Brokerage clerks
9
-Correspondence clerks
7
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
77
76.4Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
41
-Customer service representatives
2,512
64.8Eligibility interviewers, government programs
60
87.1File clerks
161
80.1Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
119
70.3Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
203
75.9Library assistants, clerical
88
84.2Loan interviewers and clerks
144
69.4New accounts clerks
12
-Order clerks
112
56.5Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
38
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,215
90.0Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
93
53.2Information and record clerks, all other
107
76.0Cargo and freight agents
10
-Couriers and messengers
837
24.9Public safety telecommunicators
88
74.3Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
189
47.5Meter readers, utilities
33
-Postal service clerks
105
58.8Postal service mail carriers
273
42.3Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
82
45.9Production, planning, and expediting clerks
212
50.0Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
615
36.9Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
49
-Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
223
96.4Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
49
-Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
58
95.0Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
2,009
92.5Data entry keyers
220
76.2Word processors and typists
37
-Desktop publishers
1
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
257
78.2Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
53
46.9Office clerks, general
1,249
83.6Office machine operators, except computer
27
-Proofreaders and copy markers
10
-Statistical assistants
45
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
639
71.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,959
5.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,061
24.2First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
49
-Agricultural inspectors
10
-Animal breeders
12
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
53
71.2Miscellaneous agricultural workers
835
23.3Fishing and hunting workers
31
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-Logging workers
51
4.0Construction and extraction occupations
8,057
3.9First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
650
3.8Boilermakers
21
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
97
2.2Carpenters
1,230
3.1Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
156
7.7Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
67
0.0Construction laborers
2,165
4.5Construction equipment operators
360
3.0Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
155
3.1Electricians
845
1.7Glaziers
53
7.6Insulation workers
48
-Painters and paperhangers
556
8.9Pipelayers
37
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
587
2.1Plasterers and stucco masons
22
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
10
-Roofers
221
2.9Sheet metal workers
125
3.9Structural iron and steel workers
41
-Solar photovoltaic installers
23
-Helpers, construction trades
71
3.5Construction and building inspectors
103
10.0Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
38
-Fence erectors
41
-Hazardous materials removal workers
27
-Highway maintenance workers
99
3.6Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
15
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
11
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
26
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
21
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
4
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
27
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
14
-Underground mining machine operators
33
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
3
-Other extraction workers
55
0.5Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,840
4.3First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
222
6.0Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
176
15.4Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
155
4.5Avionics technicians
5
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
21
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
13
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
9
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
22
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
72
4.5Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
150
3.2Automotive body and related repairers
123
2.4Automotive glass installers and repairers
28
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
864
2.3Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
362
1.2Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
248
1.2Small engine mechanics
43
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
84
2.8Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
445
1.5Home appliance repairers
49
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
429
5.1Maintenance and repair workers, general
614
5.1Maintenance workers, machinery
29
-Millwrights
48
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
125
0.7Telecommunications line installers and repairers
134
7.0Precision instrument and equipment repairers
68
12.9Wind turbine service technicians
11
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
29
-Commercial divers
2
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
30
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
1
-Riggers
6
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
19
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
182
10.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
19,309
24.3Production occupations
7,950
28.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
767
19.5Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
6
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
110
41.9Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
13
-Other assemblers and fabricators
957
34.1Bakers
229
64.8Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
246
19.4Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
9
-Food batchmakers
93
48.7Food cooking machine operators and tenders
8
-Food processing workers, all other
144
43.9Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
90
8.1Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
25
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
70
26.4Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
32
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-Machinists
323
3.4Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
17
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
1
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
29
-Tool and die makers
43
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
555
3.5Other metal workers and plastic workers
335
22.0Prepress technicians and workers
17
-Printing press operators
143
15.2Print binding and finishing workers
8
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
116
67.1Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
17
-Sewing machine operators
120
71.1Shoe and leather workers
18
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
58
86.5Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
12
-Upholsterers
20
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
14
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
67
5.8Furniture finishers
11
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
26
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
16
-Other woodworkers
22
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
32
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
66
7.9Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
99
9.6Miscellaneous plant and system operators
37
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
72
13.9Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
76
13.6Cutting workers
53
24.9Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
25
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
13
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
829
39.3Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
51
52.0Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
73
49.5Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
253
51.5Painting workers
153
7.7Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
21
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
-Etchers and engravers
2
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
21
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-Tire builders
8
-Helpers--production workers
53
30.9Other production equipment operators and tenders
6
-Other production workers
1,178
29.1Transportation and material moving occupations
11,359
21.6Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
355
24.3Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
158
5.3Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
31
-Flight attendants
105
64.6Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
7
-Bus drivers, school
276
55.3Bus drivers, transit and intercity
241
41.0Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,487
7.9Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
57
9.3Taxi drivers
337
12.0Motor vehicle operators, all other
163
15.1Locomotive engineers and operators
39
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
39
-Other rail transportation workers
14
-Sailors and marine oilers
18
-Ship and boat captains and operators
26
-Ship engineers
3
-Parking attendants
71
13.3Transportation service attendants
89
10.7Transportation inspectors
36
-Passenger attendants
17
-Other transportation workers
30
-Crane and tower operators
56
1.1Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
35
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
623
9.1Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
301
17.0Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,161
22.9Machine feeders and offbearers
22
-Packers and packagers, hand
742
52.1Stockers and order fillers
1,652
37.1Pumping station operators
16
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
87
12.1Other material moving workers
66
17.7NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
54,476
9,851
4,725
11,680Percent
100.0
100
100
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
47.7
39.6
56.7
29.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.0
14.5
20.0
11.5Professional and related occupations
29.6
25.1
36.7
18.4Service occupations
18.6
25.0
18.5
29.7Sales and office occupations
26.5
25.9
18.3
27.4Sales and related occupations
10.2
9.3
7.8
11.1Office and administrative support occupations
16.2
16.6
10.5
16.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.2
0.7
0.6
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.1Construction and extraction occupations
0.5
0.3
0.2
1.0Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
6.1
8.8
5.9
10.7Production occupations
3.0
3.7
3.7
5.5Transportation and material moving occupations
3.2
5.1
2.3
5.3NOTE: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2020 and 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender
Year2020
2021Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
147,795
100.0
152,581
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,349
1.6
2,291
1.5Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
684
0.5
603
0.4Construction
10,786
7.3
11,271
7.4Manufacturing
14,550
9.8
14,718
9.6Durable goods manufacturing
9,129
6.2
9,349
6.1Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,421
3.7
5,369
3.5Wholesale and retail trade
18,989
12.8
19,623
12.9Wholesale trade
3,380
2.3
3,451
2.3Retail trade
15,609
10.6
16,172
10.6Transportation and utilities
8,552
5.8
9,377
6.1Transportation and warehousing
7,170
4.9
8,017
5.3Utilities
1,382
0.9
1,360
0.9Information
2,594
1.8
2,721
1.8Financial activities
10,646
7.2
10,725
7.0Finance and insurance
7,605
5.1
7,497
4.9Real estate and rental and leasing
3,040
2.1
3,229
2.1Professional and business services
18,816
12.7
19,295
12.6Professional and technical services
12,643
8.6
12,877
8.4Management, administrative, and waste services
6,173
4.2
6,418
4.2Education and health services
34,105
23.1
34,725
22.8Educational services
13,369
9.0
13,521
8.9Health care and social assistance
20,736
14.0
21,204
13.9Hospitals
7,305
4.9
7,364
4.8Health services, except hospitals
10,284
7.0
10,696
7.0Social assistance
3,147
2.1
3,144
2.1Leisure and hospitality
11,480
7.8
12,635
8.3Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2,601
1.8
2,896
1.9Accommodation and food services
8,879
6.0
9,739
6.4Other services
6,742
4.6
7,186
4.7Other services, except private households
6,088
4.1
6,527
4.3Private households
654
0.4
659
0.4Public administration
7,501
5.1
7,410
4.9WomenTotal, 16 years and older
69,234
100.0
71,752
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
650
0.9
642
0.9Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
99
0.1
93
0.1Construction
1,173
1.7
1,241
1.7Manufacturing
4,295
6.2
4,302
6.0Durable goods manufacturing
2,314
3.3
2,357
3.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
1,981
2.9
1,945
2.7Wholesale and retail trade
8,355
12.1
8,896
12.4Wholesale trade
1,022
1.5
1,029
1.4Retail trade
7,333
10.6
7,868
11.0Transportation and utilities
2,059
3.0
2,325
3.2Transportation and warehousing
1,764
2.5
2,011
2.8Utilities
295
0.4
314
0.4Information
1,050
1.5
1,069
1.5Financial activities
5,524
8.0
5,588
7.8Finance and insurance
4,060
5.9
4,002
5.6Real estate and rental and leasing
1,464
2.1
1,586
2.2Professional and business services
7,785
11.2
8,213
11.4Professional and technical services
5,314
7.7
5,544
7.7Management, administrative, and waste services
2,471
3.6
2,669
3.7Education and health services
25,432
36.7
25,796
36.0Educational services
9,292
13.4
9,349
13.0Health care and social assistance
16,141
23.3
16,446
22.9Hospitals
5,470
7.9
5,521
7.7Health services, except hospitals
7,976
11.5
8,283
11.5Social assistance
2,694
3.9
2,642
3.7Leisure and hospitality
5,786
8.4
6,429
9.0Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,183
1.7
1,320
1.8Accommodation and food services
4,603
6.6
5,108
7.1Other services
3,544
5.1
3,729
5.2Other services, except private households
2,963
4.3
3,152
4.4Private households
581
0.8
577
0.8Public administration
3,481
5.0
3,428
4.8MenTotal, 16 years and older
78,560
100.0
80,829
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
1,699
2.2
1,649
2.0Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
585
0.7
510
0.6Construction
9,613
12.2
10,030
12.4Manufacturing
10,255
13.1
10,416
12.9Durable goods manufacturing
6,814
8.7
6,992
8.7Nondurable goods manufacturing
3,441
4.4
3,424
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
10,634
13.5
10,727
13.3Wholesale trade
2,358
3.0
2,423
3.0Retail trade
8,276
10.5
8,304
10.3Transportation and utilities
6,492
8.3
7,052
8.7Transportation and warehousing
5,406
6.9
6,007
7.4Utilities
1,087
1.4
1,046
1.3Information
1,544
2.0
1,652
2.0Financial activities
5,121
6.5
5,137
6.4Finance and insurance
3,545
4.5
3,495
4.3Real estate and rental and leasing
1,577
2.0
1,642
2.0Professional and business services
11,031
14.0
11,082
13.7Professional and technical services
7,329
9.3
7,333
9.1Management, administrative, and waste services
3,702
4.7
3,749
4.6Education and health services
8,672
11.0
8,929
11.0Educational services
4,077
5.2
4,172
5.2Health care and social assistance
4,595
5.8
4,757
5.9Hospitals
1,835
2.3
1,843
2.3Health services, except hospitals
2,307
2.9
2,412
3.0Social assistance
453
0.6
501
0.6Leisure and hospitality
5,694
7.2
6,206
7.7Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,418
1.8
1,575
1.9Accommodation and food services
4,276
5.4
4,631
5.7Other services
3,198
4.1
3,457
4.3Other services, except private households
3,125
4.0
3,375
4.2Private households
73
0.1
81
0.1Public administration
4,020
5.1
3,982
4.9Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
152,581
47.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,291
28.0Crop production
1,197
27.5Animal production and aquaculture
766
29.7Support activities for agriculture and forestry
151
40.7Forestry, except logging
47
-Logging
84
6.0Fishing, hunting, and trapping
45
-Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
603
15.4Oil and gas extraction
57
23.7Coal mining
45
-Metal ore mining
35
-Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
87
10.9Not specified type of mining
0
-Support activities for mining
378
15.6Construction
11,271
11.0Manufacturing
14,718
29.2Durable goods manufacturing
9,349
25.2Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing
406
22.2Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing
29
-Clay building material and refractories manufacturing
21
-Glass and glass product manufacturing
121
23.7Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing
156
15.2Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
80
25.0Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing
1,539
16.6Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing
225
12.6Aluminum production and processing
74
23.6Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing
33
-Foundries
52
11.5Metal forgings and stampings
26
-Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing
45
-Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
371
17.7Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
283
12.0Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities
64
17.3Ordnance
53
16.2Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing
290
21.8Not specified metal industries
23
-Machinery manufacturing
1,170
23.1Agricultural implement manufacturing
130
24.1Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
130
15.4Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
69
28.5Metalworking machinery manufacturing
108
20.2Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
50
30.5Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified
683
23.7Computers and electronic products manufacturing
1,017
28.9Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
127
31.6Communications, audio, and video equipment manufacturing
104
29.7Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing
168
30.4Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.
617
27.8Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing
432
28.4Household appliance manufacturing
78
27.1Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.
354
28.7Transportation equipment manufacturing
2,466
25.4Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing
1,361
27.1Aircraft and parts manufacturing
749
24.1Aerospace products and parts manufacturing
84
30.5Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
27
-Ship and boat building
203
15.9Other transportation equipment manufacturing
43
-Wood products manufacturing
427
17.4Sawmills and wood preservation
128
14.0Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products
28
-Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes manufacturing
33
-Miscellaneous wood products
238
16.3Furniture and related product manufacturing
370
25.7Miscellaneous manufacturing
1,521
34.7Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
644
38.8Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing
86
37.3Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.
424
32.7Not specified manufacturing industries
367
29.0Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,369
36.2Food manufacturing
1,682
40.8Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling
171
33.3Sugar and confectionery products
76
40.0Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing
127
35.1Dairy product manufacturing
133
29.7Animal slaughtering and processing
462
40.8Retail bakeries
215
64.5Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries
215
41.7Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.
210
36.2Not specified food industries
73
29.3Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing
324
24.7Beverage manufacturing
309
25.5Tobacco manufacturing
15
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
440
51.4Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
12
-Fabric mills, except knitting mills
61
35.8Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills
10
-Carpet and rug mills
45
-Textile product mills, except carpet and rug
68
55.1Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills
13
-Cut and sew, and apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing
184
60.8Footwear manufacturing
29
-Leather and hide tanning and finishing, and other leather and allied product manufacturing
17
-Paper manufacturing and printing
775
26.4Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
184
14.0Paperboard container manufacturing
99
27.8Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
79
31.7Printing and related support activities
412
30.5Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
198
18.9Petroleum refining
184
18.8Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products
14
-Chemicals manufacturing
1,425
38.3Resin, synthetic rubber, and fibers and filaments manufacturing
122
28.3Agricultural chemical manufacturing
32
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
654
46.4Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
58
31.1Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing
139
59.2Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
420
25.2Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
525
31.5Plastics product manufacturing
407
31.9Tire manufacturing
59
29.4Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing
59
31.0Wholesale and retail trade
19,623
45.3Wholesale trade
3,451
29.8Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers
173
20.3Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers
65
49.3Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers
164
21.1Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers
287
37.0Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers
41
-Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers
167
24.4Hardware, and plumbing heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
174
25.3Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
366
26.2Recyclable material merchant wholesalers
70
8.2Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers
62
40.3Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers
31
-Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
243
47.5Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers
75
55.0Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers
825
27.2Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
56
25.3Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
109
16.5Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers
135
25.0Farm supplies merchant wholesalers
42
-Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
225
37.7Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
68
31.2Not specified wholesale trade
72
33.0Retail trade
16,172
48.6Automobile dealers
1,178
22.2Other motor vehicle dealers
158
28.6Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
481
17.5Furniture and home furnishings stores
500
42.2Household appliance stores
62
28.3Electronics stores
408
28.3Building material and supplies dealers
1,076
31.0Hardware stores
198
38.4Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
289
34.8Supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores
2,530
46.5Convenience stores
314
57.5Specialty food stores
217
52.6Beer, wine, and liquor stores
156
38.4Pharmacies and drug stores
870
66.1Health and personal care, except drug, stores
417
69.7Gasoline stations
451
50.9Clothing stores
869
76.9Shoe stores
127
61.1Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
157
62.5Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores
441
44.0Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores
52
67.3Musical instrument and supplies stores
39
-Book stores and news dealers
86
62.2Department stores
277
75.7General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters
2,111
55.4Florists
98
73.6Office supplies and stationery stores
80
39.7Used merchandise stores
229
65.2Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
96
78.3Miscellaneous retail stores
571
56.7Electronic shopping and mail-order houses
907
47.6Vending machine operators
42
-Fuel dealers
75
26.0Other direct selling establishments
115
75.6Not specified retail trade
495
55.7Transportation and utilities
9,377
24.8Transportation and warehousing
8,017
25.1Air transportation
620
27.8Rail transportation
197
7.6Water transportation
76
16.7Truck transportation
2,178
12.6Bus service and urban transit
460
39.8Taxi and limousine service
394
13.6Pipeline transportation
61
10.8Scenic and sightseeing transportation
22
-Services incidental to transportation
818
25.3Postal Service
643
45.7Couriers and messengers
1,482
27.3Warehousing and storage
1,065
35.2Utilities
1,360
23.1Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
727
19.9Natural gas distribution
114
21.8Electric and gas, and other combinations
101
35.3Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems
267
26.9Sewage treatment facilities
120
17.8Not specified utilities
31
-Information
2,721
39.3Newspaper publishers
126
52.7Periodical, book, and directory publishers
162
52.1Software publishers
83
30.4Motion pictures and video industries
454
35.6Sound recording industries
63
19.2Broadcasting (except internet)
369
38.8Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
224
43.6Wired telecommunications carriers
499
27.7Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers
386
30.6Data processing, hosting, and related services
114
44.5Libraries and archives
204
77.2Other information services, except libraries and archives, and internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
38
-Financial activities
10,725
52.1Finance and insurance
7,497
53.4Banking and related activities
1,924
56.3Savings institutions, including credit unions
289
69.8Nondepository credit and related activities
1,153
49.3Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments
1,376
38.2Insurance carriers and related activities
2,754
58.9Insurance carriers
1,742
60.9Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities
1,012
55.5Real estate and rental and leasing
3,229
49.1Real estate
2,918
51.6Lessors of real estate, and offices of real estate agents and brokers
2,371
53.2Real estate property managers, offices of real estate appraisers, and other activities related to real estate
547
44.4Rental and leasing services
310
26.4Automotive equipment rental and leasing
126
27.5Other consumer goods rental
66
32.1Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing
118
22.0Professional and business services
19,295
42.6Professional and technical services
12,877
43.1Legal services
1,578
56.9Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
1,124
63.7Architectural, engineering, and related services
1,723
27.1Specialized design services
437
62.8Computer systems design and related services
4,026
29.1Management, scientific, and technical consulting services
1,651
43.9Scientific research and development services
728
44.7Advertising, public relations, and related services
554
49.6Veterinary services
407
81.9Other professional, scientific, and technical services
649
55.1Management, administrative, and waste services
6,418
41.6Management of companies and enterprises
64
51.2Administrative and support services
5,906
43.2Employment services
850
60.2Business support services
539
67.0Travel arrangement and reservation services
240
55.1Investigation and security services
820
29.7Services to buildings and dwellings (except cleaning during construction and immediately after construction)
1,755
57.6Landscaping services
1,395
9.9Other administrative and other support services
307
49.5Waste management and remediation services
448
19.5Education and health services
34,725
74.3Educational services
13,521
69.1Elementary and secondary schools
8,854
75.3Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges
3,693
55.3Business, technical, and trade schools and training
54
59.6Other schools and instruction, and educational support services
919
65.9Health care and social assistance
21,204
77.6Hospitals
7,364
75.0General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals
7,274
75.0Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals
90
74.7Health services, except hospitals
10,696
77.4Offices of physicians
1,579
74.8Offices of dentists
974
82.6Offices of chiropractors
142
64.2Offices of optometrists
152
76.0Offices of other health practitioners
345
79.4Outpatient care centers
2,071
78.1Home health care services
1,450
86.0Other health care services
1,719
68.5Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)
1,352
81.3Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities
911
74.1Social assistance
3,144
84.0Individual and family services
1,586
77.3Community food and housing, and emergency services
157
72.6Vocational rehabilitation services
87
59.5Child day care services
1,314
95.1Leisure and hospitality
12,635
50.9Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2,896
45.6Performing arts companies
174
43.5Spectator sports
131
29.3Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events, agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures
90
44.6Independent artists, writers, and performers
369
49.9Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions
349
49.0Bowling centers
40
-Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
1,743
45.6Accommodation and food services
9,739
52.5Accommodation
1,075
57.0Traveler accommodation
988
57.7Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps
87
49.1Food services and drinking places
8,664
51.9Restaurants and other food services
8,500
51.8Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
164
58.5Other services
7,186
51.9Other services, except private households
6,527
48.3Repair and maintenance
2,125
11.6Automotive repair and maintenance
1,306
9.5Car washes
195
11.9Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
120
19.4Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
322
8.5Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
183
26.2Personal and laundry services
2,440
74.7Barber shops
130
34.0Beauty salons
943
91.4Nail salons and other personal care services
543
78.9Drycleaning and laundry services
231
46.8Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories
126
42.1Other personal services
467
69.9Membership associations and organizations
1,962
55.3Religious organizations
979
45.4Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services
754
67.3Labor unions
75
45.6Business, professional, political, and similar organizations
154
63.7Other services, private households
659
87.6Public administration
7,410
46.3Executive offices and legislative bodies
1,102
52.0Public finance activities
330
55.4Other general government and support
160
35.2Justice, public order, and safety activities
2,661
36.0Administration of human resource programs
1,236
73.9Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
298
44.5Administration of economic programs and space research
586
44.0National security and international affairs
1,037
34.3n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Note: Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Industry
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
54,476
9,851
4,725
11,680Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture and related
1.1
0.1
0.2
1.3Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1Construction
2.0
0.7
0.9
2.3Manufacturing
6.1
5.3
7.3
7.2Durable goods manufacturing
3.3
3.1
4.2
3.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
2.8
2.3
3.1
3.9Wholesale and retail trade
12.7
11.5
10.2
14.4Wholesale trade
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.9Retail trade
11.1
10.6
8.7
12.6Transportation and utilities
2.9
5.3
2.7
3.8Transportation and warehousing
2.5
4.8
2.5
3.5Utilities
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3Information
1.5
1.4
2.0
0.9Financial activities
7.8
7.5
8.6
5.9Finance and insurance
5.4
5.9
7.1
4.2Real estate and rental and leasing
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.7Professional and business services
11.6
8.9
15.9
11.9Professional and technical services
7.8
4.5
13.8
5.2Management, administrative, and waste services
3.7
4.4
2.1
6.6Education and health services
35.8
40.1
31.9
30.0Educational services
13.8
11.0
10.1
9.7Health care and social assistance
22.0
29.1
21.8
20.3Hospitals
7.4
9.1
8.9
5.3Health services, except hospitals
11.0
15.1
10.5
10.7Social assistance
3.6
4.9
2.5
4.4Leisure and hospitality
9.0
7.8
8.5
12.5Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1.9
1.2
1.4
1.4Accommodation and food services
7.0
6.6
7.2
11.1Other services
5.2
3.9
7.6
5.8Other services, except private households
4.3
3.5
7.1
3.8Private households
0.9
0.5
0.5
2.0Public administration
4.3
7.3
4.0
3.8NOTE: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2021 annual averages
Year and genderTotal
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
7062020
984
1,003
794
1,310
7582021
998
1,018
801
1,328
777Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
6422020
891
905
764
1,143
7052021
912
925
776
1,141
718Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
7472020
1,082
1,110
830
1,447
7972021
1,097
1,125
825
1,453
820Women's earnings as a percentage of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.92020
82.3
81.5
92.0
79.0
88.52021
83.1
82.2
94.1
78.5
87.6NOTE: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2021 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed (inthousands)
MedianweeklyearningsTotalTotal
103,924
$1,057Less than high school diploma
6,033
626High school graduate or more
97,891
1,103High school graduate, no college
24,860
809Some college or associate's degree
25,824
925Some college, no degree
14,597
899Associate's degree
11,227
963Occupational program
4,589
963Academic program
6,638
963Bachelor's degree and higher
47,207
1,452Bachelor's degree
28,930
1,334Master's degree
13,641
1,574Professional degree
1,893
1,924Doctoral degree
2,743
1,909WomenTotal
46,733
954Less than high school diploma
1,910
550High school graduate or more
44,823
977High school graduate, no college
9,364
698Some college or associate's degree
12,049
803Some college, no degree
6,487
779Associate's degree
5,562
836Occupational program
2,099
827Academic program
3,463
842Bachelor's degree and higher
23,409
1,272Bachelor's degree
13,861
1,165Master's degree
7,449
1,403Professional degree
818
1,766Doctoral degree
1,281
1,686MenTotal
57,191
1,160Less than high school diploma
4,123
684High school graduate or more
53,069
1,214High school graduate, no college
15,496
904Some college or associate's degree
13,775
1,047Some college, no degree
8,110
1,010Associate's degree
5,665
1,103Occupational program
2,491
1,098Academic program
3,175
1,106Bachelor's degree and higher
23,798
1,661Bachelor's degree
15,069
1,512Master's degree
6,192
1,878Professional degree
1,075
2,186Doctoral degree
1,462
2,276NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2021 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women'searnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Medianweeklyearnings
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, full-time wage and salary workers
114,316
$998
51,388
$912
62,928
$1,097
83.1Management, professional, and related occupations
51,166
1,390
26,605
1,222
24,561
1,609
75.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
21,529
1,482
10,299
1,306
11,231
1,672
78.1Management occupations
13,942
1,546
6,116
1,341
7,826
1,752
76.5Chief executives
1,151
2,473
348
1,904
803
2,721
70.0General and operations managers
999
1,449
361
1,285
637
1,548
83.0Legislators
13
-
7
-
6
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
55
1,338
23
-
31
-
-Marketing managers
490
1,545
309
1,490
182
1,698
87.8Sales managers
500
1,749
150
1,344
350
1,910
70.4Public relations and fundraising managers
100
1,670
66
1,659
34
-
-Administrative services managers
50
1,227
41
-
9
-
-Facilities managers
132
1,456
25
-
106
1,542
-Computer and information systems managers
675
2,085
184
1,908
492
2,135
89.4Financial managers
1,220
1,569
681
1,372
539
1,885
72.8Compensation and benefits managers
18
-
14
-
5
-
-Human resources managers
260
1,587
211
1,545
49
-
-Training and development managers
49
-
34
-
15
-
-Industrial production managers
236
1,636
46
-
190
1,666
-Purchasing managers
214
1,562
97
1,363
117
1,612
84.6Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
304
1,113
65
984
239
1,221
80.6Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
126
1,032
24
-
103
1,048
-Construction managers
633
1,534
54
1,165
578
1,548
75.3Education and childcare administrators
856
1,551
540
1,411
315
1,857
76.0Architectural and engineering managers
176
2,709
20
-
156
2,723
-Food service managers
758
881
398
789
360
1,014
77.8Funeral home managers
5
-
2
-
4
-
-Entertainment and recreation managers
31
-
10
-
22
-
-Lodging managers
83
973
41
-
42
-
-Medical and health services managers
676
1,463
515
1,363
161
1,773
76.9Natural sciences managers
17
-
9
-
9
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
12
-
6
-
6
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
466
1,162
254
1,086
212
1,360
79.9Social and community service managers
348
1,204
222
1,150
125
1,317
87.3Emergency management directors
12
-
7
-
5
-
-Personal service managers, all other
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Managers, all other
3,276
1,573
1,352
1,396
1,924
1,747
79.9Business and financial operations occupations
7,587
1,382
4,183
1,253
3,404
1,552
80.7Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
30
-
15
-
15
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
9
-
1
-
8
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
126
1,061
69
1,027
56
1,072
95.8Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
212
1,165
132
1,165
80
1,165
100.0Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
327
1,147
189
973
138
1,327
73.3Compliance officers
274
1,369
137
1,423
137
1,331
106.9Cost estimators
119
1,395
27
-
92
1,448
-Human resources workers
795
1,251
579
1,212
217
1,411
85.9Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
66
1,232
48
-
18
-
-Training and development specialists
130
1,342
64
1,195
66
1,464
81.6Logisticians
116
1,322
43
-
72
1,336
-Project management specialists
735
1,649
321
1,455
415
1,861
78.2Management analysts
707
1,608
323
1,451
384
1,887
76.9Meeting, convention, and event planners
84
1,080
71
1,037
13
-
-Fundraisers
80
1,667
54
1,540
26
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
335
1,446
200
1,276
135
1,743
73.2Business operations specialists, all other
497
1,241
289
1,162
208
1,326
87.6Accountants and auditors
1,374
1,345
852
1,261
521
1,494
84.4Property appraisers and assessors
39
-
14
-
25
-
-Budget analysts
59
1,558
35
-
24
-
-Credit analysts
46
-
29
-
17
-
-Financial and investment analysts
313
1,719
137
1,607
177
1,837
87.5Personal financial advisors
389
1,773
154
1,424
235
2,183
65.2Insurance underwriters
122
1,367
73
1,365
49
-
-Financial examiners
13
-
9
-
4
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
427
1,332
218
1,127
208
1,560
72.2Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
60
1,015
31
-
28
-
-Tax preparers
50
961
30
-
20
-
-Other financial specialists
54
1,441
37
-
17
-
-Professional and related occupations
29,637
1,335
16,306
1,167
13,330
1,555
75.0Computer and mathematical occupations
5,267
1,660
1,350
1,499
3,917
1,742
86.1Computer and information research scientists
41
-
13
-
28
-
-Computer systems analysts
423
1,489
157
1,414
266
1,556
90.9Information security analysts
145
1,874
26
-
120
1,904
-Computer programmers
387
1,734
79
1,677
308
1,742
96.3Software developers
1,875
1,922
369
1,840
1,507
1,992
92.4Software quality assurance analysts and testers
70
1,550
33
-
37
-
-Web developers
59
1,327
22
-
38
-
-Web and digital interface designers
40
-
17
-
23
-
-Computer support specialists
620
1,256
148
1,209
471
1,265
95.6Database administrators and architects
103
1,879
35
-
68
1,920
-Network and computer systems administrators
205
1,505
35
-
171
1,529
-Computer network architects
104
1,990
11
-
93
2,006
-Computer occupations, all other
787
1,413
211
1,143
577
1,483
77.1Actuaries
30
-
15
-
16
-
-Mathematicians
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Operations research analysts
126
1,574
67
1,408
60
1,773
79.4Statisticians
37
-
15
-
21
-
-Other mathematical science occupations
213
1,458
99
1,388
115
1,470
94.4Architecture and engineering occupations
2,985
1,641
502
1,435
2,483
1,725
83.2Architects, except landscape and naval
151
1,642
45
-
106
1,751
-Landscape architects
19
-
6
-
12
-
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
34
-
4
-
31
-
-Aerospace engineers
125
1,863
22
-
103
1,895
-Agricultural engineers
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
15
-
1
-
15
-
-Chemical engineers
76
1,875
12
-
65
1,915
-Civil engineers
403
1,633
69
1,531
334
1,661
92.2Computer hardware engineers
86
2,006
9
-
77
2,083
-Electrical and electronics engineers
286
1,899
19
-
267
1,910
-Environmental engineers
32
-
12
-
20
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
221
1,648
60
1,571
161
1,725
91.1Marine engineers and naval architects
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Materials engineers
49
-
15
-
33
-
-Mechanical engineers
329
1,660
31
-
298
1,732
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
9
-
3
-
6
-
-Nuclear engineers
11
-
2
-
10
-
-Petroleum engineers
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Engineers, all other
602
1,771
97
1,549
505
1,833
84.5Architectural and civil drafters
29
-
7
-
21
-
-Other drafters
90
1,280
25
-
66
1,437
-Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
62
1,243
7
-
55
1,261
-Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
275
1,245
52
903
222
1,367
66.1Surveying and mapping technicians
50
796
2
-
48
-
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,391
1,407
627
1,342
763
1,496
89.7Agricultural and food scientists
30
-
14
-
16
-
-Biological scientists
89
1,317
42
-
46
-
-Conservation scientists and foresters
19
-
7
-
12
-
-Medical scientists
116
1,662
59
1,368
57
2,291
59.7Life scientists, all other
8
-
5
-
3
-
-Astronomers and physicists
19
-
6
-
13
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
9
-
3
-
6
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
90
1,647
28
-
62
1,681
-Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
39
-
15
-
25
-
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
42
-
11
-
31
-
-Physical scientists, all other
332
1,738
138
1,500
193
1,933
77.6Economists
20
-
8
-
12
-
-Survey researchers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
4
-
3
-
1
-
-School psychologists
51
1,343
47
-
5
-
-Other psychologists
56
1,493
43
-
13
-
-Sociologists
4
-
4
-
0
-
-Urban and regional planners
21
-
10
-
11
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
47
-
24
-
23
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
37
-
9
-
28
-
-Biological technicians
14
-
6
-
9
-
-Chemical technicians
39
-
19
-
20
-
-Environmental science and geoscience technicians
12
-
5
-
7
-
-Nuclear technicians
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Social science research assistants
5
-
3
-
2
-
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
213
1,093
98
1,059
114
1,142
92.7Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
70
1,325
19
-
51
1,388
-Community and social service occupations
2,276
1,065
1,489
1,016
788
1,164
87.3Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
110
969
69
911
41
-
-Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
296
1,091
228
1,077
69
1,173
91.8Marriage and family therapists
26
-
22
-
4
-
-Mental health counselors
139
1,140
101
1,133
38
-
-Rehabilitation counselors
9
-
7
-
2
-
-Counselors, all other
181
953
107
860
75
1,083
79.4Child, family, and school social workers
58
1,012
46
-
11
-
-Healthcare social workers
71
924
54
894
17
-
-Mental health and substance abuse social workers
7
-
7
-
0
-
-Social workers, all other
601
1,073
508
1,049
93
1,232
85.1Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
87
1,247
45
-
42
-
-Social and human service assistants
160
914
126
886
34
-
-Other community and social service specialists
88
1,111
69
1,050
19
-
-Clergy
339
1,135
43
-
296
1,152
-Directors, religious activities and education
45
-
19
-
26
-
-Religious workers, all other
60
937
39
-
20
-
-Legal occupations
1,401
1,586
807
1,332
594
2,233
59.7Lawyers
793
2,252
331
1,912
462
2,495
76.6Judicial law clerks
18
-
14
-
4
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
68
1,652
40
-
28
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
361
1,080
310
1,065
51
1,229
86.7Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
89
1,120
64
999
25
-
-Legal support workers, all other
72
1,238
49
-
23
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
7,124
1,138
5,248
1,071
1,877
1,332
80.4Postsecondary teachers
920
1,550
460
1,483
460
1,653
89.7Preschool and kindergarten teachers
471
780
455
771
16
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
3,000
1,163
2,375
1,138
625
1,301
87.5Secondary school teachers
860
1,216
495
1,159
365
1,269
91.3Special education teachers
338
1,126
275
1,097
64
1,198
91.6Tutors
12
-
9
-
3
-
-Other teachers and instructors
389
1,118
224
1,002
165
1,260
79.5Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
42
-
29
-
13
-
-Librarians and media collections specialists
144
1,131
115
1,142
29
-
-Library technicians
20
-
18
-
1
-
-Teaching assistants
803
641
687
641
116
639
100.3Other educational instruction and library workers
127
1,271
107
1,274
20
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,707
1,229
781
1,145
925
1,317
86.9Artists and related workers
87
1,355
41
-
46
-
-Commercial and industrial designers
10
-
3
-
7
-
-Fashion designers
22
-
17
-
6
-
-Floral designers
35
-
24
-
11
-
-Graphic designers
180
1,163
91
1,225
89
1,151
106.4Interior designers
45
-
40
-
5
-
-Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
17
-
10
-
7
-
-Other designers
284
1,402
99
1,271
185
1,429
88.9Actors
11
-
6
-
5
-
-Producers and directors
139
1,369
61
1,347
78
1,522
88.5Athletes and sports competitors
21
-
2
-
20
-
-Coaches and scouts
110
913
29
-
81
1,136
-Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Dancers and choreographers
3
-
3
-
0
-
-Music directors and composers
15
-
3
-
12
-
-Musicians and singers
13
-
2
-
11
-
-Disc jockeys, except radio
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
9
-
1
-
8
-
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
12
-
4
-
7
-
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
55
1,036
33
-
22
-
-Public relations specialists
113
1,641
69
1,615
44
-
-Editors
63
1,350
35
-
28
-
-Technical writers
62
1,540
31
-
31
-
-Writers and authors
131
1,239
82
1,155
49
-
-Interpreters and translators
52
993
39
-
13
-
-Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
12
-
9
-
3
-
-Media and communication workers, all other
23
-
12
-
12
-
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
54
1,370
5
-
50
1,537
-Photographers
59
858
14
-
45
-
-Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
63
1,051
17
-
46
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7,485
1,273
5,503
1,218
1,983
1,516
80.3Chiropractors
21
-
7
-
14
-
-Dentists
76
2,492
34
-
42
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
88
1,184
78
1,179
10
-
-Optometrists
21
-
11
-
9
-
-Pharmacists
245
2,019
133
2,087
112
2,010
103.8Emergency medicine physicians
21
-
4
-
17
-
-Radiologists
21
-
2
-
18
-
-Other physicians
714
2,418
304
2,283
410
2,647
86.2Surgeons
45
-
12
-
33
-
-Physician assistants
126
1,884
79
1,855
47
-
-Podiatrists
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Audiologists
17
-
11
-
5
-
-Occupational therapists
107
1,467
84
1,470
23
-
-Physical therapists
203
1,527
129
1,478
74
1,551
95.3Radiation therapists
14
-
9
-
5
-
-Recreational therapists
11
-
9
-
2
-
-Respiratory therapists
104
1,262
71
1,242
33
-
-Speech-language pathologists
132
1,233
126
1,229
5
-
-Exercise physiologists
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Therapists, all other
137
1,147
113
1,132
24
-
-Veterinarians
67
1,797
48
-
18
-
-Registered nurses
2,615
1,305
2,240
1,274
375
1,437
88.7Nurse anesthetists
25
-
14
-
11
-
-Nurse midwives
6
-
6
-
0
-
-Nurse practitioners
188
1,955
160
1,903
28
-
-Acupuncturists
3
-
3
-
0
-
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
322
992
210
1,001
112
964
103.8Dental hygienists
97
1,269
90
1,264
7
-
-Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
46
-
29
-
16
-
-Diagnostic medical sonographers
61
1,462
46
-
15
-
-Radiologic technologists and technicians
201
1,167
137
1,140
64
1,280
89.1Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
27
-
14
-
13
-
-Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
31
-
20
-
11
-
-Emergency medical technicians
110
883
31
-
79
910
-Paramedics
97
1,288
30
-
67
1,352
-Pharmacy technicians
268
800
207
796
61
822
96.8Psychiatric technicians
54
749
41
-
12
-
-Surgical technologists
109
1,036
78
1,006
31
-
-Veterinary technologists and technicians
106
779
97
765
9
-
-Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
37
-
31
-
7
-
-Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
444
921
399
918
45
-
-Medical records specialists
181
894
165
889
16
-
-Opticians, dispensing
42
-
30
-
12
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
150
891
97
835
54
1,003
83.3Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
91
1,362
61
1,327
31
-
-Service occupations
14,630
644
7,630
598
7,000
723
82.7Healthcare support occupations
3,269
637
2,742
624
527
723
86.3Home health aides
314
587
264
581
49
-
-Personal care aides
848
611
656
598
192
666
89.8Nursing assistants
916
626
805
615
110
740
83.1Orderlies and psychiatric aides
43
-
25
-
18
-
-Occupational therapy assistants and aides
29
-
24
-
5
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
37
-
28
-
9
-
-Massage therapists
42
-
35
-
7
-
-Dental assistants
219
665
200
653
19
-
-Medical assistants
482
676
430
668
51
980
68.2Medical transcriptionists
26
-
19
-
8
-
-Pharmacy aides
28
-
19
-
9
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
47
-
40
-
7
-
-Phlebotomists
109
681
99
666
10
-
-Other healthcare support workers
128
768
96
656
32
-
-Protective service occupations
2,608
998
577
814
2,031
1,067
76.3First-line supervisors of correctional officers
36
-
11
-
25
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
89
1,360
15
-
74
1,413
-First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
46
-
4
-
43
-
-First-line supervisors of security workers
66
1,147
14
-
52
1,146
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
7
-
5
-
2
-
-Firefighters
278
1,291
17
-
261
1,320
-Fire inspectors
24
-
3
-
21
-
-Bailiffs
20
-
10
-
10
-
-Correctional officers and jailers
275
920
76
807
199
983
82.1Detectives and criminal investigators
120
1,294
34
-
86
1,319
-Fish and game wardens
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Parking enforcement workers
12
-
2
-
9
-
-Police officers
751
1,232
113
1,197
638
1,242
96.4Animal control workers
7
-
4
-
3
-
-Private detectives and investigators
70
1,018
35
-
35
-
-Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
675
689
172
641
502
704
91.1Crossing guards and flaggers
22
-
6
-
17
-
-Transportation security screeners
42
-
21
-
21
-
-School bus monitors
14
-
13
-
1
-
-Other protective service workers
48
-
22
-
26
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
3,863
573
1,901
534
1,962
598
89.3Chefs and head cooks
319
750
63
655
256
777
84.3First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
349
621
223
596
126
706
84.4Cooks
1,187
549
436
512
751
572
89.5Food preparation workers
439
547
254
531
184
571
93.0Bartenders
217
668
111
627
106
709
88.4Fast food and counter workers
268
507
172
503
96
511
98.4Waiters and waitresses
674
576
416
524
258
605
86.6Food servers, nonrestaurant
102
544
79
529
23
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
102
509
50
477
52
583
81.8Dishwashers
128
512
36
-
92
511
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
77
498
60
500
17
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,347
623
1,253
555
2,094
685
81.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
176
829
60
728
116
881
82.6First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
76
900
11
-
65
907
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,437
630
494
561
943
675
83.1Maids and housekeeping cleaners
744
546
637
529
107
622
85.0Pest control workers
108
868
6
-
102
876
-Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
738
622
45
-
693
629
-Tree trimmers and pruners
59
846
1
-
59
851
-Other grounds maintenance workers
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Personal care and service occupations
1,543
618
1,157
603
387
699
86.3Supervisors of personal care and service workers
92
784
59
743
33
-
-Animal trainers
27
-
15
-
11
-
-Animal caretakers
133
595
104
600
29
-
-Gambling services workers
54
852
28
-
26
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
9
-
4
-
5
-
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
68
615
28
-
41
-
-Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
18
-
6
-
13
-
-Barbers
36
-
8
-
28
-
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
252
604
228
595
24
-
-Manicurists and pedicurists
153
655
128
624
26
-
-Skincare specialists
27
-
26
-
1
-
-Other personal appearance workers
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
62
612
17
-
45
-
-Tour and travel guides
10
-
1
-
9
-
-Childcare workers
402
569
374
571
28
-
-Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
54
729
31
-
24
-
-Recreation workers
88
652
61
653
27
-
-Residential advisors
22
-
16
-
6
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
31
-
22
-
8
-
-Sales and office occupations
21,748
826
13,071
766
8,677
970
79.0Sales and related occupations
9,281
887
4,191
720
5,090
1,049
68.6First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,165
875
990
733
1,175
992
73.9First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
833
1,191
292
1,130
540
1,257
89.9Cashiers
1,235
515
888
513
346
520
98.7Counter and rental clerks
56
781
19
-
37
-
-Parts salespersons
103
778
19
-
84
776
-Retail salespersons
1,665
745
666
635
999
855
74.3Advertising sales agents
93
1,174
50
1,136
44
-
-Insurance sales agents
462
1,008
249
839
213
1,253
67.0Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
206
1,630
69
1,054
137
1,891
55.7Travel agents
33
-
23
-
10
-
-Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
523
1,169
155
1,122
368
1,237
90.7Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,014
1,263
301
1,157
712
1,356
85.3Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
4
-
3
-
1
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
524
1,141
302
1,037
222
1,324
78.3Sales engineers
29
-
0
-
29
-
-Telemarketers
22
-
13
-
9
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
17
-
10
-
7
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
298
943
140
843
157
1,017
82.9Office and administrative support occupations
12,467
806
8,880
779
3,587
899
86.7First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,098
964
757
913
341
1,184
77.1Switchboard operators, including answering service
8
-
6
-
2
-
-Telephone operators
17
-
11
-
5
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
3
-
2
-
1
-
-Bill and account collectors
81
726
59
742
22
-
-Billing and posting clerks
398
772
346
774
53
767
100.9Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
741
825
604
802
137
1,009
79.5Gambling cage workers
15
-
12
-
3
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
144
921
125
913
19
-
-Procurement clerks
35
-
17
-
18
-
-Tellers
173
695
132
691
40
-
-Financial clerks, all other
95
909
59
833
36
-
-Brokerage clerks
9
-
5
-
4
-
-Correspondence clerks
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
69
811
53
778
16
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
40
-
26
-
14
-
-Customer service representatives
1,863
780
1,219
737
645
867
85.0Eligibility interviewers, government programs
67
840
56
790
11
-
-File clerks
126
775
98
791
29
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
74
652
54
653
20
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
172
772
130
775
43
-
-Library assistants, clerical
29
-
26
-
3
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
126
899
91
886
34
-
-New accounts clerks
9
-
5
-
4
-
-Order clerks
89
714
52
712
37
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
37
-
30
-
7
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
871
685
774
674
97
796
84.7Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
74
786
39
-
34
-
-Information and record clerks, all other
98
774
79
751
19
-
-Cargo and freight agents
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Couriers and messengers
492
802
90
680
402
846
80.4Public safety telecommunicators
82
911
58
908
24
-
-Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
163
812
71
765
92
842
90.9Meter readers, utilities
30
-
2
-
28
-
-Postal service clerks
96
1,047
66
1,006
31
-
-Postal service mail carriers
259
992
104
978
155
1,008
97.0Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
76
879
37
-
39
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
184
1,115
91
1,018
93
1,174
86.7Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
537
725
191
696
346
748
93.0Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
42
-
12
-
29
-
-Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
211
1,027
201
1,015
10
-
-Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
46
-
44
-
2
-
-Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
53
756
48
-
5
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
1,532
819
1,405
807
127
1,006
80.2Data entry keyers
195
718
148
712
47
-
-Word processors and typists
23
-
21
-
2
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
262
763
202
766
60
754
101.6Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
40
-
16
-
24
-
-Office clerks, general
927
744
770
726
157
823
88.2Office machine operators, except computer
22
-
20
-
2
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
4
-
3
-
1
-
-Statistical assistants
42
-
16
-
26
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
582
890
395
874
187
949
92.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
11,182
919
547
696
10,635
930
74.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
800
623
149
585
651
637
91.8First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
35
-
2
-
32
-
-Agricultural inspectors
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Animal breeders
6
-
4
-
3
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
41
-
26
-
16
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
641
613
110
590
531
617
95.6Fishing and hunting workers
16
-
1
-
15
-
-Forest and conservation workers
12
-
2
-
9
-
-Logging workers
38
-
1
-
37
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
6,171
904
207
720
5,965
908
79.3First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
545
1,208
24
-
522
1,213
-Boilermakers
23
-
0
-
23
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
77
867
3
-
74
868
-Carpenters
830
850
29
-
801
864
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
104
778
10
-
93
783
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
63
917
0
-
63
917
-Construction laborers
1,503
766
45
-
1,457
771
-Construction equipment operators
334
992
8
-
326
990
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
133
704
4
-
128
709
-Electricians
737
1,060
17
-
720
1,064
-Glaziers
45
-
3
-
42
-
-Insulation workers
30
-
1
-
29
-
-Painters and paperhangers
360
741
20
-
340
759
-Pipelayers
36
-
2
-
34
-
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
506
992
10
-
496
986
-Plasterers and stucco masons
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Roofers
151
685
2
-
148
681
-Sheet metal workers
115
979
4
-
111
988
-Structural iron and steel workers
35
-
2
-
33
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
20
-
0
-
20
-
-Helpers, construction trades
63
691
3
-
60
701
-Construction and building inspectors
65
988
7
-
58
1,013
-Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
37
-
4
-
33
-
-Fence erectors
25
-
0
-
25
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
25
-
3
-
22
-
-Highway maintenance workers
90
880
2
-
87
866
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
20
-
0
-
20
-
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
30
-
0
-
30
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
11
-
2
-
10
-
-Underground mining machine operators
35
-
1
-
34
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Other extraction workers
55
1,160
0
-
55
1,159
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,211
1,017
192
836
4,019
1,023
81.7First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
217
1,304
18
-
199
1,335
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
148
1,017
23
-
126
1,058
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
127
1,225
7
-
121
1,269
-Avionics technicians
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
16
-
4
-
12
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
63
1,008
3
-
60
999
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
152
1,282
6
-
146
1,297
-Automotive body and related repairers
113
990
5
-
109
995
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
24
-
1
-
23
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
651
906
15
-
636
909
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
318
996
5
-
312
993
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
237
1,122
3
-
234
1,120
-Small engine mechanics
36
-
2
-
34
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
75
781
2
-
73
786
-Control and valve installers and repairers
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
370
1,009
3
-
367
1,009
-Home appliance repairers
30
-
3
-
27
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
426
1,050
27
-
399
1,056
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
556
958
29
-
527
978
-Maintenance workers, machinery
23
-
0
-
23
-
-Millwrights
47
-
4
-
43
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
123
1,219
0
-
122
1,217
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
128
1,078
8
-
120
1,090
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
54
1,150
7
-
47
-
-Wind turbine service technicians
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
22
-
4
-
19
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
19
-
2
-
17
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Riggers
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
18
-
2
-
16
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
140
830
12
-
129
845
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
15,590
774
3,535
638
12,056
825
77.3Production occupations
7,107
809
1,856
653
5,251
884
73.9First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
738
1,080
137
796
601
1,138
69.9Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
111
745
40
-
71
767
-Engine and other machine assemblers
6
-
1
-
5
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
14
-
2
-
12
-
-Other assemblers and fabricators
894
710
315
664
579
751
88.4Bakers
143
614
86
599
57
664
90.2Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
236
718
47
-
189
742
-Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Food batchmakers
67
669
22
-
45
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
7
-
2
-
6
-
-Food processing workers, all other
136
734
52
648
84
818
79.2Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
83
1,036
5
-
79
1,036
-Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
23
-
2
-
21
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
63
746
19
-
44
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
26
-
4
-
22
-
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Machinists
295
914
10
-
284
916
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
34
-
7
-
28
-
-Tool and die makers
44
-
1
-
43
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
506
904
24
-
482
907
-Other metal workers and plastic workers
340
769
64
731
276
783
93.4Prepress technicians and workers
13
-
3
-
10
-
-Printing press operators
130
839
19
-
111
869
-Print binding and finishing workers
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
88
511
59
492
29
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
13
-
4
-
9
-
-Sewing machine operators
94
572
67
560
27
-
-Shoe and leather workers
11
-
3
-
7
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
25
-
20
-
4
-
-Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Upholsterers
17
-
6
-
11
-
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
9
-
6
-
3
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
57
788
3
-
53
782
-Furniture finishers
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
18
-
2
-
16
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
15
-
2
-
12
-
-Other woodworkers
12
-
1
-
10
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
34
-
0
-
34
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
64
1,184
7
-
57
1,175
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
94
960
8
-
86
965
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
32
-
0
-
32
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
65
969
12
-
53
979
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
69
838
9
-
59
856
-Cutting workers
51
775
8
-
43
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
24
-
7
-
17
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
10
-
4
-
5
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
750
883
283
733
466
1,005
72.9Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
21
-
7
-
13
-
-Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
50
692
28
-
22
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
251
671
118
605
133
755
80.1Painting workers
134
822
10
-
124
893
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
21
-
10
-
12
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
14
-
3
-
11
-
-Etchers and engravers
1
-
1
-
1
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
17
-
3
-
15
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
8
-
3
-
5
-
-Tire builders
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Helpers--production workers
32
-
10
-
22
-
-Other production equipment operators and tenders
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Other production workers
1,022
761
280
630
742
809
77.9Transportation and material moving occupations
8,483
738
1,679
624
6,804
786
79.4Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
310
996
68
779
241
1,077
72.3Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
115
1,913
2
-
113
1,912
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
28
-
0
-
28
-
-Flight attendants
77
859
47
-
30
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
6
-
0
-
5
-
-Bus drivers, school
125
710
69
695
57
712
97.6Bus drivers, transit and intercity
182
801
71
679
111
942
72.1Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,680
920
181
732
2,499
933
78.5Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
29
-
2
-
27
-
-Taxi drivers
148
678
10
-
138
690
-Motor vehicle operators, all other
94
723
15
-
80
745
-Locomotive engineers and operators
41
-
3
-
38
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
38
-
1
-
37
-
-Other rail transportation workers
13
-
3
-
10
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Ship engineers
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Parking attendants
47
-
7
-
40
-
-Transportation service attendants
70
630
3
-
67
629
-Transportation inspectors
34
-
7
-
27
-
-Passenger attendants
6
-
1
-
5
-
-Other transportation workers
28
-
5
-
23
-
-Crane and tower operators
53
1,047
0
-
53
1,047
-Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
28
-
3
-
25
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
581
743
55
713
526
746
95.6Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
215
590
42
-
173
589
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,649
689
355
624
1,294
703
88.8Machine feeders and offbearers
16
-
7
-
9
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
541
614
308
603
233
633
95.3Stockers and order fillers
1,151
612
400
603
752
620
97.3Pumping station operators
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
63
728
3
-
59
707
-Other material moving workers
62
777
8
-
55
775
-NOTE: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total
Women
Men
Women'searnings as apercentage ofmen'sNumber ofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, 16 years and older
114,316
$998
51,388
$912
62,928
$1,097
83.1Agriculture and related industries
1,164
683
250
623
915
702
88.7Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
553
1,320
78
1,299
475
1,327
97.9Construction
8,020
969
829
947
7,192
973
97.3Manufacturing
13,603
1,036
3,857
875
9,746
1,119
78.2Durable goods manufacturing
8,738
1,064
2,189
890
6,549
1,132
78.6Nondurable goods manufacturing
4,865
996
1,668
856
3,196
1,089
78.6Wholesale and retail trade
13,806
791
5,652
697
8,154
888
78.5Wholesale trade
2,898
1,003
825
907
2,073
1,048
86.5Retail trade
10,908
744
4,827
673
6,081
824
81.7Transportation and utilities
7,336
988
1,774
861
5,563
1,024
84.1Transportation and warehousing
6,019
935
1,473
807
4,546
980
82.3Utilities
1,318
1,330
301
1,137
1,017
1,351
84.2Information
2,161
1,360
822
1,142
1,339
1,539
74.2Financial activities
8,655
1,232
4,565
1,058
4,090
1,483
71.3Finance and insurance
6,672
1,313
3,665
1,074
3,007
1,657
64.8Real estate and rental and leasing
1,984
1,003
900
990
1,083
1,011
97.9Professional and business services
14,127
1,238
5,735
1,068
8,393
1,386
77.1Professional and technical services
9,904
1,514
4,093
1,257
5,811
1,736
72.4Management, administrative, and waste services
4,224
748
1,642
707
2,582
781
90.5Education and health services
26,953
1,020
19,694
962
7,259
1,230
78.2Educational services
10,839
1,125
7,442
1,063
3,396
1,248
85.2Health care and social assistance
16,114
957
12,252
900
3,862
1,201
74.9Leisure and hospitality
6,795
656
3,171
609
3,624
703
86.6Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,515
834
631
756
884
892
84.8Accommodation and food services
5,280
618
2,540
588
2,740
665
88.4Other services
4,202
855
1,812
739
2,390
952
77.6Other services, except private households
3,869
892
1,523
783
2,347
958
81.7Private households
333
579
290
561
43
-
-Public administration
6,940
1,193
3,149
1,058
3,791
1,311
80.7NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wageTotal
Percentageof hourly paidworkers
At prevailingfederalminimumwage
BelowprevailingfederalminimumwageAge and genderTotal, 16 years and older
76,125
1,091
1.4
181
91016 to 24 years
15,153
484
3.2
111
37325 years and older
60,973
607
1.0
70
538Women, 16 years and older
38,036
693
1.8
94
59916 to 24 years
7,608
325
4.3
61
26425 years and older
30,428
368
1.2
34
335Men, 16 years and older
38,089
398
1.0
87
31116 to 24 years
7,544
159
2.1
51
10825 years and older
30,545
239
0.8
36
203Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity(1)White
58,021
832
1.4
127
706Women
28,366
539
1.9
62
477Men
29,656
293
1.0
64
229Black or African American
11,019
146
1.3
34
112Women
6,010
84
1.4
21
63Men
5,009
62
1.2
13
49Asian
3,809
44
1.1
9
34Women
2,044
29
1.4
4
24Men
1,766
15
0.8
5
10Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
16,998
226
1.3
33
194Women
7,534
137
1.8
11
125Men
9,464
90
0.9
21
69Full- and part-time status(2)Full-time workers
58,259
520
0.9
47
473Women
26,432
318
1.2
20
297Men
31,827
202
0.6
27
175Part-time workers
17,757
567
3.2
134
433Women
11,552
374
3.2
74
300Men
6,205
193
3.1
60
133(1) Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and gender
Total employed
Usually full time
Usually part time
Percentage usuallyfull time
Percentage usuallypart timeTotal1968
75,920
65,277
10,644
86.0
14.01969
77,902
66,596
11,306
85.5
14.51970
78,678
66,753
11,925
84.8
15.21971
79,367
66,973
12,393
84.4
15.61972
82,153
69,214
12,939
84.3
15.71973
85,064
71,803
13,262
84.4
15.61974
86,794
73,093
13,701
84.2
15.81975
85,846
71,586
14,260
83.4
16.61976
88,752
73,964
14,788
83.3
16.71977
92,017
76,625
15,391
83.3
16.71978
96,048
80,193
15,855
83.5
16.51979
98,824
82,654
16,171
83.6
16.41980
99,303
82,562
16,740
83.1
16.91981
100,397
83,243
17,154
82.9
17.11982
99,526
81,421
18,106
81.8
18.21983
100,834
82,322
18,511
81.6
18.41984
105,005
86,544
18,462
82.4
17.61985
107,150
88,534
18,615
82.6
17.41986
109,597
90,529
19,069
82.6
17.41987
112,440
92,957
19,483
82.7
17.31988
114,968
95,214
19,754
82.8
17.21989
117,342
97,369
19,973
83.0
17.01990
118,793
98,666
20,128
83.1
16.91991
117,718
97,190
20,528
82.6
17.41992
118,492
97,664
20,828
82.4
17.61993
120,259
99,114
21,145
82.4
17.61994
123,060
99,772
23,288
81.1
18.91995
124,900
101,679
23,220
81.4
18.61996
126,708
103,537
23,170
81.7
18.31997
129,558
106,334
23,224
82.1
17.91998
131,463
108,202
23,261
82.3
17.71999
133,488
110,302
23,186
82.6
17.42000
136,891
113,846
23,044
83.2
16.82001
136,933
113,573
23,361
82.9
17.12002
136,485
112,700
23,785
82.6
17.42003
137,736
113,324
24,412
82.3
17.72004
139,252
114,518
24,734
82.2
17.82005
141,730
117,016
24,714
82.6
17.42006
144,427
119,688
24,739
82.9
17.12007
146,047
121,091
24,956
82.9
17.12008
145,362
120,030
25,332
82.6
17.42009
139,877
112,634
27,244
80.5
19.52010
139,064
111,714
27,350
80.3
19.72011
139,869
112,556
27,313
80.5
19.52012
142,469
114,809
27,661
80.6
19.42013
143,929
116,314
27,615
80.8
19.22014
146,305
118,718
27,587
81.1
18.92015
148,834
121,492
27,341
81.6
18.42016
151,436
123,761
27,675
81.7
18.32017
153,337
125,967
27,370
82.2
17.82018
155,761
128,572
27,189
82.5
17.52019
157,538
130,597
26,941
82.9
17.12020
147,795
123,188
24,607
83.4
16.62021
152,581
127,159
25,421
83.3
16.7Women1968
27,807
20,893
6,914
75.1
24.91969
29,084
21,781
7,303
74.9
25.11970
29,688
21,929
7,758
73.9
26.11971
29,976
21,950
8,026
73.2
26.81972
31,257
22,842
8,416
73.1
26.91973
32,715
23,960
8,756
73.2
26.81974
33,769
24,714
9,055
73.2
26.81975
33,989
24,598
9,391
72.4
27.61976
35,615
25,814
9,799
72.5
27.51977
37,289
27,076
10,213
72.6
27.41978
39,569
28,912
10,658
73.1
26.91979
41,217
30,227
10,990
73.3
26.71980
42,117
30,845
11,270
73.2
26.81981
43,000
31,337
11,664
72.9
27.11982
43,256
31,086
12,170
71.9
28.11983
44,047
31,679
12,367
71.9
28.11984
45,915
33,473
12,441
72.9
27.11985
47,259
34,672
12,587
73.4
26.61986
48,706
35,845
12,862
73.6
26.41987
50,334
37,210
13,124
73.9
26.11988
51,696
38,398
13,298
74.3
25.71989
53,027
39,484
13,544
74.5
25.51990
53,689
40,165
13,524
74.8
25.21991
53,496
39,783
13,713
74.4
25.61992
54,052
40,301
13,751
74.6
25.41993
54,910
40,991
13,919
74.7
25.31994
56,610
40,940
15,670
72.3
27.71995
57,523
41,743
15,779
72.6
27.41996
58,501
42,776
15,725
73.1
26.91997
59,873
44,076
15,797
73.6
26.41998
60,771
45,014
15,757
74.1
25.91999
62,042
46,372
15,670
74.7
25.32000
63,586
47,916
15,670
75.4
24.62001
63,737
47,950
15,788
75.2
24.82002
63,582
47,494
16,088
74.7
25.32003
64,404
47,946
16,459
74.4
25.62004
64,728
48,073
16,654
74.3
25.72005
65,757
49,158
16,598
74.8
25.22006
66,925
50,380
16,545
75.3
24.72007
67,792
51,056
16,736
75.3
24.72008
67,876
51,178
16,698
75.4
24.62009
66,208
48,683
17,525
73.5
26.52010
65,705
48,214
17,491
73.4
26.62011
65,579
48,224
17,355
73.5
26.52012
66,914
49,331
17,583
73.7
26.32013
67,577
49,979
17,598
74.0
26.02014
68,613
50,889
17,724
74.2
25.82015
69,703
52,142
17,561
74.8
25.22016
70,868
53,194
17,674
75.1
24.92017
71,936
54,396
17,539
75.6
24.42018
73,063
55,638
17,425
76.2
23.82019
74,078
56,773
17,304
76.6
23.42020
69,234
53,727
15,508
77.6
22.42021
71,752
55,648
16,103
77.6
22.4Men1968
48,114
44,384
3,730
92.2
7.81969
48,818
44,815
4,003
91.8
8.21970
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.51971
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.81972
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.91973
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.61974
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.81975
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.41976
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.41977
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.51978
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.21979
57,607
52,427
5,180
91.0
9.01980
57,186
51,717
5,471
90.4
9.61981
57,397
51,906
5,492
90.4
9.61982
56,271
50,334
5,937
89.4
10.61983
56,787
50,643
6,145
89.2
10.81984
59,091
53,070
6,020
89.8
10.21985
59,891
53,862
6,028
89.9
10.11986
60,892
54,685
6,207
89.8
10.21987
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.21988
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.21989
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.01990
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.11991
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.61992
64,440
57,363
7,077
89.0
11.01993
65,349
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.11994
66,450
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.51995
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.01996
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.91997
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.71998
70,693
63,189
7,504
89.4
10.61999
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.52000
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.12001
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.32002
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.62003
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.82004
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.82005
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.72006
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.62007
78,254
70,035
8,220
89.5
10.52008
77,486
68,853
8,634
88.9
11.12009
73,670
63,951
9,719
86.8
13.22010
73,359
63,501
9,858
86.6
13.42011
74,290
64,333
9,957
86.6
13.42012
75,555
65,477
10,078
86.7
13.32013
76,353
66,335
10,017
86.9
13.12014
77,692
67,829
9,863
87.3
12.72015
79,131
69,351
9,780
87.6
12.42016
80,568
70,567
10,002
87.6
12.42017
81,402
71,571
9,831
87.9
12.12018
82,698
72,935
9,764
88.2
11.82019
83,460
73,824
9,637
88.5
11.52020
78,560
69,461
9,099
88.4
11.62021
80,829
71,511
9,318
88.5
11.5NOTE: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2021 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industriesTotal
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men1976
38.7
34.1
41.7
38.4
34.1
41.41977
38.8
34.2
41.9
38.5
34.2
41.61978
39.0
34.5
42.1
38.7
34.4
41.81979
38.9
34.5
42.0
38.6
34.4
41.71980
38.5
34.5
41.5
38.3
34.4
41.21981
38.1
34.1
41.1
37.9
34.1
40.71982
38.0
34.1
40.9
37.7
34.0
40.61983
38.3
34.5
41.2
38.1
34.4
41.01984
38.8
34.9
41.8
38.6
34.9
41.51985
39.0
35.2
42.0
38.9
35.2
41.81986
39.1
35.4
42.1
38.9
35.3
41.91987
39.0
35.3
42.0
38.8
35.3
41.81988
39.4
35.7
42.4
39.3
35.7
42.21989
39.6
35.8
42.6
39.4
35.8
42.41990
39.4
35.8
42.3
39.3
35.8
42.11991
39.2
35.8
42.0
39.1
35.8
41.91992
38.9
35.6
41.7
38.8
35.6
41.61993
39.4
36.0
42.2
39.3
36.0
42.11994
39.2
35.5
42.2
39.1
35.6
42.11995
39.3
35.6
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21996
39.3
35.7
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21997
39.5
36.0
42.4
39.4
36.0
42.31998
39.3
35.8
42.2
39.2
35.9
42.21999
39.6
36.2
42.4
39.5
36.2
42.42000
39.7
36.4
42.5
39.6
36.4
42.42001
39.2
36.1
41.9
39.2
36.1
41.82002
39.2
36.0
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72003
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62004
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62005
39.2
36.1
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72006
39.2
36.2
41.8
39.2
36.2
41.72007
39.2
36.1
41.7
39.1
36.1
41.62008
38.9
36.1
41.3
38.8
36.1
41.22009
37.9
35.3
40.2
37.8
35.3
40.12010
38.2
35.5
40.5
38.1
35.6
40.42011
38.3
35.6
40.6
38.2
35.6
40.62012
38.5
35.8
40.8
38.4
35.8
40.72013
38.6
36.0
40.9
38.5
36.0
40.82014
38.6
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.9
40.92015
38.6
35.9
40.9
38.5
35.9
40.82016
38.7
36.2
41.0
38.7
36.2
40.92017
38.7
36.2
40.9
38.6
36.2
40.82018
38.9
36.4
41.1
38.9
36.4
41.02019
39.0
36.5
41.1
38.9
36.6
41.02020
38.3
36.1
40.2
38.2
36.1
40.12021
38.7
36.6
40.6
38.7
36.6
40.5Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2020 (Percent distribution)
Year and gender
Population (inthousands)
Worked during the year
Percent distribution by work experienceTotal (inthousands)
Percentageof population
Total
Usually work full time
Usually work part timeTotal
50 to 52weeks
1 to 49weeks
Total
50 to 52weeks
1 to 49weeksTotal1970
138,953
93,850
67.5
100.0
79.4
55.6
23.8
20.6
6.7
13.91975
153,180
102,603
67.0
100.0
78.9
54.3
24.6
21.2
7.5
13.71980
169,452
115,752
68.3
100.0
78.5
56.1
22.4
21.4
7.7
13.71985
179,944
123,466
68.6
100.0
78.2
58.7
19.5
21.9
8.3
13.61990
189,238
132,562
70.1
100.0
78.8
60.4
18.4
21.3
8.7
12.61995
199,925
138,971
69.5
100.0
78.6
62.9
15.7
21.3
9.1
12.22000
214,292
150,787
70.4
100.0
80.4
66.7
13.8
19.5
9.3
10.22005
227,975
154,322
67.7
100.0
80.3
67.5
12.8
19.7
10.0
9.72006
231,033
156,658
67.8
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.7
9.42007
232,995
157,653
67.7
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.8
9.32008
235,086
157,472
67.0
100.0
79.5
65.6
13.9
20.5
10.5
10.02009
237,158
153,929
64.9
100.0
78.3
64.0
14.3
21.7
11.3
10.42010
238,999
152,320
63.7
100.0
78.2
64.7
13.5
21.8
11.2
10.62011
242,602
153,479
63.3
100.0
78.6
65.8
12.8
21.4
11.2
10.22012
244,993
156,194
63.8
100.0
78.4
65.5
12.9
21.6
11.2
10.42013
247,258
156,987
63.5
100.0
79.0
66.9
12.1
21.0
10.9
10.12014
250,080
159,056
63.6
100.0
79.6
67.9
11.7
20.4
10.8
9.62015
252,766
162,329
64.2
100.0
79.6
68.0
11.6
20.4
10.6
9.82016
254,413
163,638
64.3
100.0
79.8
68.8
11.0
20.2
10.7
9.62017
257,097
165,163
64.2
100.0
80.4
69.5
10.9
19.6
10.6
9.02018
258,527
166,402
64.4
100.0
80.8
70.4
10.4
19.2
10.4
8.82019
259,757
168,632
64.9
100.0
80.8
70.2
10.6
19.2
10.2
9.02020
260,995
165,666
63.5
100.0
80.9
63.1
17.8
19.1
7.9
11.2Women1970
73,657
38,809
52.7
100.0
67.9
40.7
27.2
32.2
10.1
22.11975
80,834
43,511
53.8
100.0
67.1
41.4
25.7
32.8
11.7
21.11980
89,259
51,492
57.7
100.0
67.7
44.7
23.0
32.3
11.9
20.41985
94,490
56,165
59.4
100.0
68.1
48.9
19.2
31.8
12.3
19.51990
98,970
61,494
62.1
100.0
69.8
51.5
18.3
30.2
12.8
17.41995
104,058
65,304
62.8
100.0
70.2
54.3
15.9
29.7
13.3
16.42000
111,440
71,341
64.0
100.0
72.9
58.4
14.5
27.1
13.4
13.72005
117,814
72,309
61.4
100.0
72.7
59.9
12.8
27.3
14.1
13.22006
119,300
73,527
61.6
100.0
73.0
60.7
12.3
27.0
14.1
12.92007
120,300
74,115
61.6
100.0
73.6
61.5
12.1
26.4
14.2
12.22008
121,328
74,363
61.3
100.0
72.2
59.3
12.9
27.8
15.0
12.92009
122,339
72,855
59.6
100.0
71.5
59.3
12.2
28.5
15.8
12.72010
123,012
71,980
58.5
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.6
12.92011
125,619
72,976
58.1
100.0
71.7
59.8
11.9
28.3
15.7
12.62012
126,791
74,051
58.4
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.2
13.32013
127,863
74,397
58.2
100.0
71.8
60.5
11.3
28.2
15.2
13.02014
129,342
75,416
58.3
100.0
72.7
61.2
11.5
27.3
14.7
12.62015
130,656
76,811
58.8
100.0
73.0
61.4
11.6
27.0
14.6
12.42016
131,469
77,574
59.0
100.0
73.1
62.2
10.9
26.9
14.6
12.32017
132,766
78,016
58.8
100.0
73.5
63.1
10.4
26.5
14.9
11.62018
133,500
79,239
59.4
100.0
74.4
64.0
10.3
25.6
14.3
11.32019
134,119
80,558
60.1
100.0
74.9
64.5
10.4
25.1
13.7
11.32020
134,737
79,085
58.7
100.0
75.0
57.8
17.2
25.0
10.5
14.5Men1970
65,296
55,041
84.3
100.0
87.6
66.1
21.5
12.4
4.4
8.01975
72,346
59,091
81.7
100.0
87.5
63.8
23.7
12.5
4.4
8.11980
80,193
64,260
80.1
100.0
87.2
65.2
22.0
12.8
4.4
8.41985
85,454
67,301
78.8
100.0
86.5
66.8
19.7
13.5
4.8
8.71990
90,269
71,068
78.7
100.0
86.4
68.0
18.4
13.5
5.1
8.41995
95,867
73,667
76.8
100.0
86.2
70.6
15.6
13.9
5.5
8.42000
102,853
79,446
77.2
100.0
87.5
74.2
13.2
12.6
5.5
7.12005
110,161
82,013
74.4
100.0
87.0
74.2
12.8
13.0
6.3
6.72006
111,733
83,131
74.4
100.0
87.8
75.2
12.6
12.2
5.7
6.52007
112,695
83,538
74.1
100.0
87.4
74.6
12.8
12.6
5.9
6.72008
113,758
83,109
73.1
100.0
86.0
71.2
14.8
14.0
6.5
7.52009
114,820
81,073
70.6
100.0
84.4
68.3
16.1
15.6
7.3
8.32010
115,986
80,341
69.3
100.0
84.3
69.4
14.9
15.7
7.3
8.42011
116,984
80,503
68.8
100.0
84.8
71.2
13.6
15.2
7.2
8.02012
118,202
82,143
69.5
100.0
84.5
71.0
13.5
15.5
7.5
8.02013
119,395
82,590
69.2
100.0
85.5
72.7
12.8
14.5
7.1
7.42014
120,738
83,640
69.3
100.0
85.7
73.9
11.8
14.3
7.2
7.12015
122,110
85,518
70.0
100.0
85.6
73.9
11.7
14.4
7.0
7.42016
122,944
86,063
70.0
100.0
85.8
74.7
11.1
14.2
7.1
7.02017
124,331
87,147
70.1
100.0
86.6
75.3
11.3
13.4
6.7
6.72018
125,027
87,163
69.7
100.0
86.7
76.2
10.4
13.3
6.9
6.42019
125,638
88,074
70.1
100.0
86.2
75.4
10.8
13.8
7.0
6.82020
126,259
86,581
68.6
100.0
86.3
67.9
18.4
13.7
5.5
8.2NOTE: These data reflect work experience for the entire year. The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2021.

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Opposite-sex married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husbandonly
Wife only
Other familymember
Total
Husbandand wife
Husbandand otherfamilymember
Wife andother familymember
Husbandand wife arenot earners1967
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
-
-1968
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
-
-1969
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
-
-1970
44,832
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
-
-1971
45,939
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
-
-1972
46,594
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
-
-1973
47,185
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
-
-1974
47,438
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
-
-1975
47,878
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
-
-1976
48,150
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
-
-1977
48,131
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
-
-1978
48,532
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
-
-1979
49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
-
-1980
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
-
-1981
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
-
-1982
49,947
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
-
-1983
50,134
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
-
-1984
50,395
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
-
-1985
50,978
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
-
-1986
51,574
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
-
-1987
51,847
6,741
12,435
9,787
1,946
702
32,671
29,369
2,576
-
-1988
52,149
6,754
11,876
9,463
1,777
636
33,519
30,536
2,303
532
1481989
52,385
6,812
11,748
9,212
1,840
695
33,825
30,879
2,373
435
1381990
52,241
6,770
11,630
9,107
1,826
698
33,841
30,829
2,369
479
1641991
52,549
7,091
11,523
8,873
1,993
657
33,935
31,049
2,161
527
1971992
53,254
7,256
11,977
9,114
2,145
718
34,021
31,268
1,940
624
1891993
53,248
7,282
11,842
8,745
2,411
687
34,123
31,302
2,051
614
1561994
53,929
7,227
11,774
8,719
2,374
681
34,928
32,125
2,048
603
1511995
53,621
7,278
11,739
8,821
2,253
664
34,604
32,061
1,878
539
1271996
53,654
7,148
11,556
8,671
2,214
671
34,950
32,406
1,899
522
1231997
54,362
7,289
11,728
8,792
2,302
634
35,345
32,764
1,853
569
1581998
54,829
7,257
12,279
9,198
2,419
662
35,293
32,810
1,726
616
1411999
55,352
7,163
12,328
9,093
2,595
640
35,861
33,360
1,815
519
1672000
56,643
7,463
12,717
9,515
2,601
600
36,463
33,892
1,865
566
1392001
56,798
7,666
12,907
9,621
2,698
588
36,224
33,696
1,898
501
1292002
57,362
7,803
13,487
10,109
2,818
560
36,071
33,547
1,845
558
1212003
57,767
8,043
14,051
10,469
3,026
557
35,673
33,220
1,789
548
1172004
58,045
7,996
14,352
10,821
2,991
540
35,696
33,131
1,832
610
1232005
58,225
8,017
14,292
10,603
3,096
593
35,915
33,380
1,818
597
1212006
59,050
8,091
14,545
10,693
3,261
591
36,414
33,880
1,752
639
1422007
58,490
7,914
14,264
10,392
3,265
608
36,312
33,718
1,847
597
1492008
59,183
8,083
14,622
10,567
3,435
620
36,477
33,930
1,739
650
1582009
58,516
8,466
15,035
10,565
3,849
621
35,015
32,327
1,789
739
1602010
58,135
8,626
15,406
10,880
3,935
591
34,103
31,425
1,783
722
1722011
59,071
9,152
15,972
11,301
4,015
656
33,947
31,212
1,833
739
1632012
59,327
9,101
15,831
11,271
3,891
669
34,395
31,594
1,881
750
1702013
59,795
9,556
15,825
11,368
3,788
669
34,414
31,685
1,849
711
1692014
60,091
9,434
15,627
11,240
3,767
620
35,030
32,000
2,082
764
1832015
60,338
9,379
15,640
11,178
3,733
729
35,320
32,333
2,028
756
2032016
60,912
9,814
15,490
11,054
3,742
695
35,608
32,647
2,054
752
1552017
61,348
9,944
15,887
11,386
3,841
660
35,517
32,430
2,092
781
2142018
61,505
10,022
15,575
10,960
3,916
699
35,908
32,839
2,019
783
2682019
61,840
10,350
15,032
10,463
3,739
830
36,458
33,394
2,090
764
2092020
60,853
10,839
15,081
10,346
3,919
816
34,933
31,935
2,006
801
191NOTE: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2021.

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2020 (Percent distribution)
Year
Opposite-sex married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husbandonly
Wife only
Other familymember
Total
Husbandand wife
Husbandand otherfamilymember
Wife andother familymember
Husbandand wife arenot earners1967
100.0
6.8
38.1
35.6
1.7
0.8
55.1
43.6
10.7
-
-1968
100.0
6.6
37.4
34.9
1.7
0.8
56.1
45.0
10.3
-
-1969
100.0
6.8
36.6
34.1
1.8
0.8
56.6
45.7
10.2
-
-1970
100.0
7.3
35.9
33.3
1.9
0.7
56.8
45.7
10.3
-
-1971
100.0
7.6
36.7
33.7
2.2
0.7
55.8
44.9
10.1
-
-1972
100.0
7.8
36.0
33.0
2.2
0.9
56.2
45.7
9.8
-
-1973
100.0
8.5
34.1
30.8
2.4
0.9
57.4
46.9
9.6
-
-1974
100.0
9.1
33.3
29.8
2.6
1.0
57.6
47.3
9.4
-
-1975
100.0
10.3
33.9
30.0
2.9
1.0
55.8
46.7
8.1
-
-1976
100.0
10.3
32.5
28.4
3.0
1.1
57.2
48.0
8.0
-
-1977
100.0
10.8
31.4
27.3
3.0
1.1
57.8
48.8
7.9
-
-1978
100.0
10.8
29.8
25.6
3.1
1.1
59.4
50.8
7.4
-
-1979
100.0
11.3
28.3
24.3
3.1
1.0
60.4
52.1
7.1
-
-1980
100.0
12.0
28.2
23.6
3.5
1.2
59.8
51.8
6.9
-
-1981
100.0
12.5
27.8
23.2
3.4
1.3
59.6
51.8
6.5
-
-1982
100.0
12.9
28.5
23.2
4.1
1.2
58.6
50.8
6.3
-
-1983
100.0
13.1
27.3
22.1
3.9
1.3
59.6
52.1
6.0
-
-1984
100.0
13.2
25.7
20.8
3.7
1.2
61.1
53.6
5.7
-
-1985
100.0
13.1
25.4
20.4
3.7
1.3
61.4
54.5
5.4
-
-1986
100.0
13.1
24.4
19.4
3.7
1.3
62.6
55.9
5.3
-
-1987
100.0
13.0
24.0
18.9
3.8
1.4
63.0
56.6
5.0
-
-1988
100.0
13.0
22.8
18.1
3.4
1.2
64.3
58.6
4.4
1.0
0.31989
100.0
13.0
22.4
17.6
3.5
1.3
64.6
58.9
4.5
0.8
0.31990
100.0
13.0
22.3
17.4
3.5
1.3
64.8
59.0
4.5
0.9
0.31991
100.0
13.5
21.9
16.9
3.8
1.3
64.6
59.1
4.1
1.0
0.41992
100.0
13.6
22.5
17.1
4.0
1.3
63.9
58.7
3.6
1.2
0.41993
100.0
13.7
22.2
16.4
4.5
1.3
64.1
58.8
3.9
1.2
0.31994
100.0
13.4
21.8
16.2
4.4
1.3
64.8
59.6
3.8
1.1
0.31995
100.0
13.6
21.9
16.5
4.2
1.2
64.5
59.8
3.5
1.0
0.21996
100.0
13.3
21.5
16.2
4.1
1.3
65.1
60.4
3.5
1.0
0.21997
100.0
13.4
21.6
16.2
4.2
1.2
65.0
60.3
3.4
1.0
0.31998
100.0
13.2
22.4
16.8
4.4
1.2
64.4
59.8
3.1
1.1
0.31999
100.0
12.9
22.3
16.4
4.7
1.2
64.8
60.3
3.3
0.9
0.32000
100.0
13.2
22.5
16.8
4.6
1.1
64.4
59.8
3.3
1.0
0.22001
100.0
13.5
22.7
16.9
4.8
1.0
63.8
59.3
3.3
0.9
0.22002
100.0
13.6
23.5
17.6
4.9
1.0
62.9
58.5
3.2
1.0
0.22003
100.0
13.9
24.3
18.1
5.2
1.0
61.8
57.5
3.1
0.9
0.22004
100.0
13.8
24.7
18.6
5.2
0.9
61.5
57.1
3.2
1.1
0.22005
100.0
13.8
24.5
18.2
5.3
1.0
61.7
57.3
3.1
1.0
0.22006
100.0
13.7
24.6
18.1
5.5
1.0
61.7
57.4
3.0
1.1
0.22007
100.0
13.5
24.4
17.8
5.6
1.0
62.1
57.6
3.2
1.0
0.32008
100.0
13.7
24.7
17.9
5.8
1.0
61.6
57.3
2.9
1.1
0.32009
100.0
14.5
25.7
18.1
6.6
1.1
59.8
55.2
3.1
1.3
0.32010
100.0
14.8
26.5
18.7
6.8
1.0
58.7
54.1
3.1
1.2
0.32011
100.0
15.5
27.0
19.1
6.8
1.1
57.5
52.8
3.1
1.3
0.32012
100.0
15.3
26.7
19.0
6.6
1.1
58.0
53.3
3.2
1.3
0.32013
100.0
16.0
26.5
19.0
6.3
1.1
57.6
53.0
3.1
1.2
0.32014
100.0
15.7
26.0
18.7
6.3
1.0
58.3
53.3
3.5
1.3
0.32015
100.0
15.5
25.9
18.5
6.2
1.2
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.3
0.32016
100.0
16.1
25.4
18.1
6.1
1.1
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.2
0.32017
100.0
16.2
25.9
18.6
6.3
1.1
57.9
52.9
3.4
1.3
0.32018
100.0
16.3
25.3
17.8
6.4
1.1
58.4
53.4
3.3
1.3
0.42019
100.0
16.7
24.3
16.9
6.0
1.3
59.0
54.0
3.4
1.2
0.32020
100.0
17.8
24.8
17.0
6.4
1.3
57.4
52.5
3.3
1.3
0.3NOTE: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2021.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2020
Year
Contribution to family income (medianpercentage)1970
26.61971
27.51972
26.71973
26.01974
25.41975
26.31976
26.41977
26.11978
26.11979
26.01980
26.71981
27.31982
28.41983
28.81984
28.41985
28.31986
29.01987
29.51988
29.61989
29.91990
30.71991
31.31992
32.41993
32.21994
31.91995
31.91996
32.61997
32.71998
32.81999
32.82000
33.52001
34.42002
34.82003
35.22004
34.92005
35.12006
35.62007
36.02008
36.02009
37.12010
37.62011
37.02012
37.32013
37.32014
36.02015
37.12016
37.12017
37.12018
37.52019
36.52020
36.3NOTE: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2021.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoTotal, 16 years and older
153,201
118,627
19,362
9,793
27,126
6,306
4,398
1,300
253
2,020
4.1
3.7
6.7
2.6
7.416 to 19 years
3,498
2,680
527
103
753
274
189
66
-
95
7.8
7.1
12.6
-
12.620 to 24 years
12,396
9,327
1,761
586
2,988
982
656
197
59
238
7.9
7.0
11.2
10.1
8.025 to 34 years
35,399
26,327
4,992
2,456
7,084
1,778
1,185
436
61
548
5.0
4.5
8.7
2.5
7.735 to 44 years
33,189
25,075
4,386
2,532
6,537
1,513
1,098
298
49
614
4.6
4.4
6.8
2.0
9.445 to 54 years
31,105
24,284
3,782
2,135
5,459
939
667
173
42
330
3.0
2.7
4.6
2.0
6.055 to 64 years
26,987
21,932
2,944
1,508
3,362
663
496
98
30
158
2.5
2.3
3.3
2.0
4.765 years and older
10,627
9,002
968
474
943
157
107
30
12
37
1.5
1.2
3.1
2.5
3.9Women, 16 years and older
72,191
54,648
10,264
4,608
11,613
3,352
2,194
833
129
901
4.6
4.0
8.1
2.8
7.816 to 19 years
1,837
1,380
323
52
342
152
107
41
-
36
8.3
7.8
12.6
-
10.520 to 24 years
6,098
4,532
915
302
1,389
593
398
111
37
136
9.7
8.8
12.1
12.1
9.825 to 34 years
16,566
12,096
2,525
1,146
3,003
1,033
631
306
32
263
6.2
5.2
12.1
2.8
8.835 to 44 years
15,172
11,065
2,364
1,160
2,672
743
485
207
18
258
4.9
4.4
8.7
1.5
9.645 to 54 years
14,828
11,290
2,077
995
2,365
411
280
88
21
124
2.8
2.5
4.2
2.1
5.255 to 64 years
12,998
10,445
1,526
722
1,463
339
245
64
13
68
2.6
2.4
4.2
1.7
4.665 years and older
4,693
3,840
533
230
378
82
49
16
10
17
1.7
1.3
3.1
4.2
4.4Men, 16 years and older
81,010
63,979
9,097
5,186
15,514
2,954
2,204
467
124
1,119
3.6
3.4
5.1
2.4
7.216 to 19 years
1,662
1,301
204
51
411
122
82
25
-
59
7.3
6.3
12.5
-
14.420 to 24 years
6,298
4,795
846
284
1,599
388
258
86
22
103
6.2
5.4
10.1
7.9
6.425 to 34 years
18,833
14,230
2,467
1,310
4,081
746
554
130
29
284
4.0
3.9
5.3
2.2
7.035 to 44 years
18,016
14,011
2,022
1,372
3,865
770
613
92
32
356
4.3
4.4
4.5
2.3
9.245 to 54 years
16,277
12,994
1,705
1,140
3,094
529
388
86
21
206
3.2
3.0
5.0
1.9
6.755 to 64 years
13,989
11,487
1,418
787
1,899
324
251
34
17
91
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.2
4.865 years and older
5,934
5,162
435
244
565
75
58
14
2
20
1.3
1.1
3.2
0.9
3.6(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.NOTE: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Long-tenured displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2022
Age, gender, race and Hispanic orLatino ethnicity
Total (inthousands)
Percentage distribution by employment statusTotal
Employed
Unemployed
Not in thelabor forceTotal, 20 years and older
3,596
100.0
65.2
12.4
22.320 to 24 years
119
100.0
67.7
16.8
15.525 to 54 years
2,227
100.0
72.2
12.3
15.655 to 64 years
852
100.0
63.9
13.2
23.065 years and older
398
100.0
28.7
10.4
60.9Women, 20 years and older
1,708
100.0
62.2
11.2
26.720 to 24 years
54
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,027
100.0
67.8
10.3
21.955 to 64 years
426
100.0
62.3
12.0
25.765 years and older
201
100.0
30.4
12.2
57.5Men, 20 years and older
1,889
100.0
68.0
13.6
18.420 to 24 years
65
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,201
100.0
75.9
13.9
10.255 to 64 years
426
100.0
65.4
14.3
20.365 years and older
197
100.0
27.0
8.7
64.4WhiteTotal, 20 years and older
2,819
100.0
64.2
12.2
23.5Women
1,391
100.0
60.2
11.3
28.5Men
1,428
100.0
68.2
13.1
18.7Black or African AmericanTotal, 20 years and older
357
100.0
71.2
8.3
20.4Women
154
100.0
74.9
8.8
16.3Men
203
100.0
68.5
8.0
23.6AsianTotal, 20 years and older
278
100.0
66.0
17.2
16.8Women
89
100.0
68.7
5.4
25.9Men
189
100.0
64.7
22.8
12.5Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 20 years and older
597
100.0
64.7
16.7
18.6Women
285
100.0
54.7
19.5
25.8Men
312
100.0
73.8
14.2
12.0NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2019 and December 2021 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2022 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.
Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–22
Age and gender
January 2004
January 2006
January 2008
January 2010
January 2012
January 2014
January 2016
January 2018
January 2020
January 2022Total, 16 years and older
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.116 to 17 years
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.720 to 24 years
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.225 years and older
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.925 to 34 years
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.835 to 44 years
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.745 to 54 years
7.7
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.6
7.5
6.955 to 64 years
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.4
10.1
10.1
9.9
9.865 years and older
9.0
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.2
10.3
9.9Women, 16 years and older
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.816 to 17 years
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.618 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.125 years and older
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.725 to 34 years
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.735 to 44 years
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.545 to 54 years
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.1
6.8
6.355 to 64 years
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.0
10.1
9.8
9.565 years and older
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.1
10.4
10.0Men, 16 years and older
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.316 to 17 years
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.720 to 24 years
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.325 years and older
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.125 to 34 years
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.935 to 44 years
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.045 to 54 years
9.6
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.2
7.555 to 64 years
9.8
9.5
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.7
10.2
10.2
10.0
10.065 years and older
8.2
8.3
10.4
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.3
9.7Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–22 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2021 high school graduates and 2020–21 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotal, 2021 high school graduates(1)
2,731
1,258
46.1
1,060
38.8
199
15.8
1,473Women
1,287
562
43.7
474
36.8
89
15.8
725Men
1,444
696
48.2
586
40.6
110
15.8
748Enrolled in college
1,688
560
33.2
513
30.4
48
8.5
1,128Percentage of total 2021 graduates
61.8
44.5
-
48.4
-
24.0
-
76.6Women
895
284
31.7
263
29.4
20
7.2
611Percentage of female 2021 graduates
69.5
50.5
-
55.6
-
23.0
-
84.3Men
793
276
34.9
249
31.4
27
9.9
517Percentage of male 2021 graduates
54.9
39.7
-
42.5
-
24.8
-
69.0Not enrolled in college
1,044
698
66.9
547
52.4
151
21.6
345Percentage of total 2021 graduates
38.2
55.5
-
51.6
-
76.0
-
23.4Women
392
279
71.0
210
53.6
68
24.5
114Percentage of female 2021 graduates
30.5
49.5
-
44.4
-
77.0
-
15.7Men
651
420
64.4
337
51.8
83
19.7
232Percentage of male 2021 graduates
45.1
60.3
-
57.5
-
75.2
-
31.0Total, 2020–21 high school dropouts(2)
449
176
39.1
148
33.0
27
15.6
273Women
193
88
45.4
80
41.2
8
9.1
106Men
256
88
34.4
69
26.8
19
22.1
168(1) Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2021.(2) Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2020 and October 2021.NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2021 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceEnrolled in school
20,541
7,512
36.6
7,045
34.3
467
6.2
13,029Women
10,882
4,303
39.5
4,040
37.1
263
6.1
6,579Men
9,659
3,209
33.2
3,005
31.1
204
6.4
6,450Enrolled in high school(1)
9,324
2,165
23.2
1,985
21.3
180
8.3
7,159Women
4,595
1,150
25.0
1,051
22.9
99
8.6
3,445Men
4,729
1,015
21.5
934
19.7
81
8.0
3,714Enrolled in college
11,217
5,347
47.7
5,060
45.1
287
5.4
5,870Women
6,287
3,153
50.2
2,989
47.5
164
5.2
3,134Men
4,930
2,194
44.5
2,071
42.0
123
5.6
2,736Not enrolled in school
16,681
13,273
79.6
12,077
72.4
1,196
9.0
3,408Women
7,663
5,881
76.7
5,378
70.2
503
8.6
1,782Less than a high school diploma
851
461
54.1
373
43.8
88
19.1
390High school graduates, no college(2)
3,408
2,502
73.4
2,216
65.0
285
11.4
906Some college or associate's degree
1,906
1,536
80.6
1,457
76.5
79
5.1
370Bachelor's degree and higher
1,498
1,383
92.3
1,332
88.9
51
3.7
115Men
9,018
7,392
82.0
6,699
74.3
693
9.4
1,626Less than a high school diploma
1,063
668
62.8
574
54.0
94
14.0
395High school graduates, no college(2)
4,835
3,906
80.8
3,543
73.3
363
9.3
929Some college or associate's degree
1,919
1,679
87.5
1,549
80.7
130
7.7
240Bachelor's degree and higher
1,201
1,139
94.8
1,032
86.0
107
9.4
62(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.NOTE: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2021 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Totalemployed
Multiple jobholders
Multiple-jobholding rate(1)Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
MenNumber
Percentage of all multiple jobholders1994
123,060
7,260
3,336
46.0
3,924
5.9
5.9
5.91995
124,900
7,693
3,554
46.2
4,139
6.2
6.2
6.11996
126,708
7,832
3,640
46.5
4,192
6.2
6.2
6.11997
129,558
7,955
3,718
46.7
4,237
6.1
6.2
6.11998
131,463
7,926
3,748
47.3
4,178
6.0
6.2
5.91999
133,488
7,802
3,698
47.4
4,104
5.8
6.0
5.72000
136,891
7,604
3,608
47.4
3,996
5.6
5.7
5.52001
136,933
7,357
3,523
47.9
3,834
5.4
5.5
5.22002
136,485
7,291
3,557
48.8
3,734
5.3
5.6
5.12003
137,736
7,315
3,599
49.2
3,716
5.3
5.6
5.12004
139,252
7,473
3,638
48.7
3,835
5.4
5.6
5.12005
141,730
7,546
3,691
48.9
3,855
5.3
5.6
5.12006
144,427
7,576
3,753
49.5
3,822
5.2
5.6
4.92007
146,047
7,655
3,822
49.9
3,833
5.2
5.6
4.92008
145,362
7,620
3,783
49.6
3,837
5.2
5.6
5.02009
139,877
7,271
3,741
51.5
3,530
5.2
5.6
4.82010
139,064
6,878
3,552
51.6
3,326
4.9
5.4
4.52011
139,869
6,880
3,496
50.8
3,384
4.9
5.3
4.62012
142,469
6,943
3,495
50.3
3,448
4.9
5.2
4.62013
143,929
7,002
3,517
50.2
3,486
4.9
5.2
4.62014
146,305
7,146
3,636
50.9
3,511
4.9
5.3
4.52015
148,834
7,262
3,692
50.8
3,571
4.9
5.3
4.52016
151,436
7,531
3,887
51.6
3,645
5.0
5.5
4.52017
153,337
7,545
3,798
50.3
3,748
4.9
5.3
4.62018
155,761
7,769
3,934
50.6
3,835
5.0
5.4
4.62019
157,538
8,050
4,141
51.4
3,908
5.1
5.6
4.72020
147,795
6,687
3,429
51.3
3,258
4.5
5.0
4.12021
152,581
7,007
3,562
50.8
3,445
4.6
5.0
4.3(1) Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total
Women
Men
Self-employed women aspercentage of total self-employedTotalemployed
Self-employed
Self-employed as apercentage of total
Totalemployed
Self-employed
Self-employed as apercentage of total
Totalemployed
Self-employed
Self-employed as apercentage of total1976
85,421
5,783
6.8
35,027
1,549
4.4
50,394
4,233
8.4
26.81977
88,734
6,114
6.9
36,677
1,692
4.6
52,057
4,423
8.5
27.71978
92,661
6,429
6.9
38,900
1,814
4.7
53,761
4,614
8.6
28.21979
95,477
6,791
7.1
40,556
1,982
4.9
54,921
4,810
8.8
29.21980
95,938
7,000
7.3
41,461
2,097
5.1
54,477
4,904
9.0
30.01981
97,030
7,097
7.3
42,333
2,192
5.2
54,697
4,905
9.0
30.91982
96,125
7,262
7.6
42,591
2,309
5.4
53,534
4,954
9.3
31.81983
97,450
7,575
7.8
43,367
2,439
5.6
54,083
5,136
9.5
32.21984
101,685
7,785
7.7
45,262
2,566
5.7
56,423
5,219
9.2
33.01985
103,971
7,811
7.5
46,615
2,603
5.6
57,356
5,207
9.1
33.31986
106,434
7,881
7.4
48,054
2,610
5.4
58,381
5,271
9.0
33.11987
109,232
8,201
7.5
49,668
2,778
5.6
59,564
5,423
9.1
33.91988
111,800
8,519
7.6
51,020
2,955
5.8
60,780
5,564
9.2
34.71989
114,142
8,605
7.5
52,341
3,043
5.8
61,802
5,562
9.0
35.41990
115,570
8,719
7.5
53,011
3,122
5.9
62,559
5,597
8.9
35.81991
114,449
8,850
7.7
52,815
3,150
6.0
61,634
5,700
9.2
35.61992
115,245
8,575
7.4
53,380
2,963
5.6
61,866
5,613
9.1
34.51993
117,144
8,959
7.6
54,273
3,065
5.6
62,871
5,894
9.4
34.21994
119,651
9,003
7.5
55,755
3,443
6.2
63,896
5,560
8.7
38.21995
121,460
8,902
7.3
56,642
3,440
6.1
64,818
5,461
8.4
38.61996
123,264
8,971
7.3
57,630
3,506
6.1
65,634
5,465
8.3
39.11997
126,159
9,056
7.2
59,026
3,550
6.0
67,133
5,506
8.2
39.21998
128,085
8,962
7.0
59,945
3,482
5.8
68,140
5,480
8.0
38.91999
130,207
8,790
6.8
61,193
3,424
5.6
69,014
5,366
7.8
39.02000
134,427
9,205
6.8
62,983
3,631
5.8
71,444
5,573
7.8
39.42001
134,635
9,121
6.8
63,147
3,594
5.7
71,488
5,527
7.7
39.42002
134,174
8,923
6.7
62,995
3,499
5.6
71,179
5,425
7.6
39.22003
135,461
9,344
6.9
63,824
3,609
5.7
71,636
5,736
8.0
38.62004
137,020
9,467
6.9
64,182
3,607
5.6
72,838
5,860
8.0
38.12005
139,532
9,509
6.8
65,213
3,565
5.5
74,319
5,944
8.0
37.52006
142,221
9,685
6.8
66,382
3,681
5.5
75,838
6,004
7.9
38.02007
143,952
9,557
6.6
67,302
3,637
5.4
76,650
5,920
7.7
38.12008
143,194
9,219
6.4
67,358
3,483
5.2
75,836
5,736
7.6
37.82009
137,775
8,995
6.5
65,712
3,468
5.3
72,062
5,527
7.7
38.62010
136,858
8,860
6.5
65,164
3,388
5.2
71,694
5,472
7.6
38.22011
137,615
8,603
6.3
65,023
3,341
5.1
72,592
5,262
7.2
38.82012
140,283
8,749
6.2
66,353
3,483
5.2
73,930
5,266
7.1
39.82013
141,799
8,619
6.1
67,058
3,508
5.2
74,742
5,111
6.8
40.72014
144,068
8,602
6.0
68,061
3,444
5.1
76,007
5,158
6.8
40.02015
146,411
8,665
5.9
69,106
3,396
4.9
77,305
5,269
6.8
39.22016
148,976
8,751
5.9
70,247
3,385
4.8
78,729
5,366
6.8
38.72017
150,883
8,736
5.8
71,324
3,544
5.0
79,559
5,191
6.5
40.62018
153,336
8,941
5.8
72,435
3,518
4.9
80,902
5,423
6.7
39.32019
155,113
8,799
5.7
73,443
3,532
4.8
81,670
5,266
6.4
40.12020
145,446
8,511
5.9
68,585
3,544
5.2
76,862
4,967
6.5
41.62021
150,290
9,230
6.1
71,109
3,821
5.4
79,180
5,409
6.8
41.4Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotalNative born, 16 years and older(1)
218,219
133,217
61.0
126,150
57.8
7,067
5.3
85,00216 to 24 years
34,088
19,005
55.8
17,153
50.3
1,851
9.7
15,08325 to 34 years
37,764
31,273
82.8
29,479
78.1
1,794
5.7
6,49135 to 44 years
32,423
26,848
82.8
25,616
79.0
1,232
4.6
5,57645 to 54 years
30,566
24,752
81.0
23,792
77.8
960
3.9
5,81455 to 64 years
34,865
22,252
63.8
21,407
61.4
845
3.8
12,61365 years and older
48,513
9,088
18.7
8,703
17.9
385
4.2
39,425Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
43,226
27,987
64.7
26,431
61.1
1,556
5.6
15,24016 to 24 years
3,174
1,683
53.0
1,521
47.9
161
9.6
1,49125 to 34 years
6,987
5,397
77.2
5,099
73.0
298
5.5
1,59035 to 44 years
9,419
7,472
79.3
7,118
75.6
354
4.7
1,94745 to 54 years
8,949
7,125
79.6
6,762
75.6
363
5.1
1,82455 to 64 years
7,020
4,798
68.3
4,505
64.2
292
6.1
2,22365 years and older
7,678
1,512
19.7
1,425
18.6
87
5.8
6,166WomenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
112,654
63,781
56.6
60,566
53.8
3,215
5.0
48,87216 to 24 years
17,019
9,394
55.2
8,569
50.4
826
8.8
7,62425 to 34 years
18,908
14,832
78.4
14,052
74.3
780
5.3
4,07735 to 44 years
16,480
12,736
77.3
12,169
73.8
567
4.4
3,74445 to 54 years
15,629
12,029
77.0
11,568
74.0
460
3.8
3,60155 to 64 years
18,023
10,693
59.3
10,293
57.1
400
3.7
7,33165 years and older
26,594
4,098
15.4
3,915
14.7
183
4.5
22,496Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
22,304
11,918
53.4
11,186
50.1
733
6.1
10,38616 to 24 years
1,545
728
47.1
652
42.2
75
10.4
81825 to 34 years
3,484
2,229
64.0
2,083
59.8
145
6.5
1,25535 to 44 years
4,730
3,093
65.4
2,927
61.9
167
5.4
1,63745 to 54 years
4,573
3,133
68.5
2,955
64.6
178
5.7
1,44055 to 64 years
3,668
2,140
58.3
2,005
54.7
135
6.3
1,52865 years and older
4,304
596
13.8
563
13.1
33
5.5
3,708MenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
105,565
69,436
65.8
65,584
62.1
3,852
5.5
36,12916 to 24 years
17,069
9,610
56.3
8,584
50.3
1,026
10.7
7,45925 to 34 years
18,856
16,441
87.2
15,427
81.8
1,014
6.2
2,41535 to 44 years
15,943
14,112
88.5
13,447
84.3
665
4.7
1,83145 to 54 years
14,936
12,724
85.2
12,224
81.8
500
3.9
2,21355 to 64 years
16,842
11,559
68.6
11,114
66.0
445
3.9
5,28265 years and older
21,919
4,990
22.8
4,788
21.8
202
4.0
16,929Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
20,922
16,069
76.8
15,245
72.9
823
5.1
4,85316 to 24 years
1,629
955
58.7
869
53.4
86
9.0
67325 to 34 years
3,503
3,168
90.5
3,016
86.1
152
4.8
33435 to 44 years
4,689
4,379
93.4
4,192
89.4
187
4.3
31045 to 54 years
4,376
3,993
91.2
3,807
87.0
186
4.6
38455 to 64 years
3,352
2,657
79.3
2,500
74.6
157
5.9
69465 years and older
3,374
916
27.1
861
25.5
55
6.0
2,458(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories..Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
YearTotalemployed
Members of unions(1)
Represented by unions(2)Total
Percentage ofemployed
Total
Percentage ofemployedTotal1983
88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.31984
92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.61985
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.51986
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.91987
99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.21988
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.01989
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.61990
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.21991
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.11992
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.71993
106,101
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.61994
107,989
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.51995
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.71996
111,960
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.21997
114,533
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.61998
116,730
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.41999
118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.32000
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.92001
122,229
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.72002
121,826
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.52003
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.32004
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.82005
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.72006
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.12007
129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.32008
129,377
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.72009
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.62010
124,073
14,715
11.9
16,290
13.12011
125,187
14,764
11.8
16,290
13.02012
127,577
14,366
11.3
15,922
12.52013
129,110
14,528
11.3
16,028
12.42014
131,431
14,576
11.1
16,152
12.32015
133,743
14,795
11.1
16,441
12.32016
136,101
14,555
10.7
16,271
12.02017
137,890
14,817
10.7
16,444
11.92018
140,099
14,744
10.5
16,380
11.72019
141,737
14,574
10.3
16,383
11.62020
132,174
14,253
10.8
15,939
12.12021
136,393
14,012
10.3
15,802
11.6Women1983
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.01984
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.81985
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.91986
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.51987
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.91988
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.01989
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.91990
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.91991
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.81992
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.91993
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.01994
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.11995
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.31996
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.81997
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.41998
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.11999
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.02000
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.12001
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.12002
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.02003
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.92004
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.52005
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.62006
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.22007
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.42008
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.92009
60,951
6,887
11.3
7,727
12.72010
60,542
6,722
11.1
7,528
12.42011
60,502
6,758
11.2
7,558
12.52012
61,679
6,470
10.5
7,311
11.92013
62,316
6,573
10.5
7,340
11.82014
63,383
6,638
10.5
7,434
11.72015
64,445
6,833
10.6
7,681
11.92016
65,512
6,667
10.2
7,567
11.62017
66,421
6,651
10.0
7,514
11.32018
67,467
6,662
9.9
7,512
11.12019
68,388
6,624
9.7
7,538
11.02020
63,462
6,672
10.5
7,507
11.82021
65,654
6,490
9.9
7,386
11.3Men1983
47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.71984
50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.71985
51,015
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.41986
51,942
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.71987
52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.91988
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.51989
54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.81990
55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.21991
54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.11992
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.41993
55,475
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.01994
56,570
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.61995
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.81996
58,473
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.41997
59,825
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.71998
60,973
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.41999
61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.42000
63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.52001
63,647
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.32002
63,272
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.92003
63,236
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.62004
64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.02005
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.72006
66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.02007
67,468
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.12008
66,846
8,938
13.4
9,724
14.52009
63,539
8,441
13.3
9,176
14.42010
63,531
7,994
12.6
8,761
13.82011
64,686
8,006
12.4
8,731
13.52012
65,898
7,895
12.0
8,611
13.12013
66,794
7,955
11.9
8,688
13.02014
68,048
7,939
11.7
8,717
12.82015
69,298
7,963
11.5
8,760
12.62016
70,589
7,888
11.2
8,704
12.32017
71,469
8,166
11.4
8,930
12.52018
72,632
8,082
11.1
8,868
12.22019
73,349
7,950
10.8
8,845
12.12020
68,711
7,582
11.0
8,432
12.32021
70,739
7,523
10.6
8,416
11.9(1) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as apercentage oftotalTotal veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
18,506
1,973
16,533
10.7Civilian labor force
8,818
1,148
7,670
13.0Participation rate
47.7
58.2
46.4
-Employed
8,433
1,100
7,332
13.0Employment-population ratio
45.6
55.8
44.3
-Unemployed
386
48
337
12.5Unemployment rate
4.4
4.2
4.4
-Not in labor force
9,688
824
8,863
8.5Gulf War-era II veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
4,670
812
3,858
17.4Civilian labor force
3,673
560
3,113
15.2Participation rate
78.7
69.0
80.7
-Employed
3,502
533
2,970
15.2Employment-population ratio
75.0
65.6
77.0
-Unemployed
171
27
144
15.9Unemployment rate
4.6
4.9
4.6
-Not in labor force
997
252
745
25.3Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
3,190
507
2,683
15.9Civilian labor force
2,339
348
1,991
14.9Participation rate
73.3
68.6
74.2
-Employed
2,257
337
1,920
14.9Employment-population ratio
70.8
66.5
71.6
-Unemployed
81
10
71
12.8Unemployment rate
3.5
3.0
3.6
-Not in labor force
851
159
692
18.7World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
6,587
246
6,341
3.7Civilian labor force
1,080
43
1,037
4.0Participation rate
16.4
17.7
16.4
-Employed
1,033
41
992
4.0Employment-population ratio
15.7
16.7
15.6
-Unemployed
48
2
46
4.8Unemployment rate
4.4
5.2
4.4
-Not in labor force
5,506
202
5,304
3.7Veterans of other service periodsCivilian noninstitutional population
4,059
408
3,652
10.0Civilian labor force
1,726
197
1,529
11.4Participation rate
42.5
48.3
41.9
-Employed
1,640
189
1,451
11.5Employment-population ratio
40.4
46.3
39.7
-Unemployed
86
8
77
9.6Unemployment rate
5.0
4.2
5.1
-Not in labor force
2,333
210
2,123
9.0NonveteransCivilian noninstitutional population
234,176
128,661
105,515
54.9Civilian labor force
150,143
73,391
76,752
48.9Participation rate
64.1
57.0
72.7
-Employed
142,161
69,622
72,539
49.0Employment-population ratio
60.7
54.1
68.7
-Unemployed
7,982
3,769
4,213
47.2Unemployment rate
5.3
5.1
5.5
-Not in labor force
84,033
55,270
28,763
65.8NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2021 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age
Total
Women
MenTotal people with a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
31,084
16,578
14,506Civilian labor force
6,619
3,136
3,483Participation rate
21.3
18.9
24.0Employed
5,950
2,818
3,132Employment-population ratio
19.1
17.0
21.6Unemployed
669
318
351Unemployment rate
10.1
10.1
10.1Not in labor force
24,465
13,442
11,02316 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
15,586
7,891
7,695Civilian labor force
5,477
2,673
2,805Participation rate
35.1
33.9
36.4Employed
4,886
2,392
2,494Employment-population ratio
31.4
30.3
32.4Unemployed
591
280
311Unemployment rate
10.8
10.5
11.1Not in labor force
10,108
5,218
4,89065 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
15,498
8,687
6,811Civilian labor force
1,142
463
678Participation rate
7.4
5.3
10.0Employed
1,063
425
638Employment-population ratio
6.9
4.9
9.4Unemployed
78
38
40Unemployment rate
6.8
8.2
5.9Not in labor force
14,357
8,224
6,132Total people without a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
230,361
118,380
111,982Civilian labor force
154,585
72,563
82,022Participation rate
67.1
61.3
73.2Employed
146,631
68,934
77,697Employment-population ratio
63.7
58.2
69.4Unemployed
7,954
3,629
4,325Unemployment rate
5.1
5.0
5.3Not in labor force
75,776
45,816
29,96016 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
189,669
96,170
93,500Civilian labor force
145,127
68,333
76,794Participation rate
76.5
71.1
82.1Employed
137,567
64,881
72,686Employment-population ratio
72.5
67.5
77.7Unemployed
7,560
3,451
4,108Unemployment rate
5.2
5.1
5.3Not in labor force
44,542
27,837
16,70565 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
40,692
22,210
18,482Civilian labor force
9,458
4,231
5,227Participation rate
23.2
19.0
28.3Employed
9,064
4,053
5,011Employment-population ratio
22.3
18.2
27.1Unemployed
394
178
216Unemployment rate
4.2
4.2
4.1Not in labor force
31,234
17,979
13,255NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Some data presented in this report were collected in supplements to the CPS, such as the School Enrollment Supplement; the Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement; and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2021 are for the 2020 calendar year. The 2020 data in this report are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in-person interviews were only conducted when telephone interviews could not be done during the collection period in 2021. The response rate for the survey collected in 2021 was about 7 percentage points lower than in 2019, prior to the pandemic.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Concepts and definitions
*Children* refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
The *civilian labor force*includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.
The *civilian labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on Active Duty in the Armed Forces.
*Disability* status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For more information, see the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, available on our website.
*Displaced workers* are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *employed* are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
The *employment-population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.
The *foreign born* are people resi­ding in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in these categories, however.
The *native born* are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.
*Hours at work* reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)
*Married-couple families*refers to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples (one of whom is the householder) residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
The*householder*is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, therefore, is the family reference person.*Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage* include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.
The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupation and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. For more information, see Occupational and Industry classifications used in the CPS
*Poverty classification* statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2019, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $26,172; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $52,875; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $13,011. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019”.)
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information, see Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.
*Self-employed workers* are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
Employee *tenure*is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Union membership* refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.
*Usual full- or part-time status* is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.
*Veterans* are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.
*Wage and salary workers* are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
*Work experience* data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
*Workers paid hourly rates* are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year. These data are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For more information on sampling and non-sampling errors in the CPS and estimating standard errors, see Reliability of estimates from the CPS.
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