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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2020

In 2020, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for 

the United States averaged 8.1 percent. However, the 

rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the 

race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national 

rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (11.7 

percent), people categorized as being of Two or More 

Races (11.6 percent), and Blacks or African Americans 

(11.4 percent). For the year as a whole, the 

unemployment rates for Asians (8.7 percent) and Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (8.9 percent) 

were not much different from the overall unemployment rate. The jobless rate was lower than the national rate for Whites 

(7.3 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 10.4 percent, was higher than the rate of 7.5 percent 

for non-Hispanics. (See table 1 and 2.)

The labor market downturn in 2020 reflected the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain 

it. The effects of the pandemic on the job market, while widespread, varied across race and ethnicity groups. For 

example, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were disproportionally affected by the pandemic-induced recession in the spring 

of 2020, in part reflecting their overrepresentation in some of the hardest hit sectors of the economy.1 In addition to the 

effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups. These 

differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in 

educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic 

areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural 

settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is 

a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the 

technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity 

groups in 2020.

November 2021 | Report 1095
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Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than half a percent. People of Two or More Races 

made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 25 percent of all Asians. 

Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (14 percent), Vietnamese (9 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and 

Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals 

in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, Hmong, etc.—and those who were of two or more 

Asian groups (as calculated from the data in table 2).

People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. Almost 9 in 

10 Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent). Another 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By 

detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (60 percent). Central Americans made up 

another 11 percent, about two-fifths of whom were Salvadorans. Nine percent of Hispanics in the labor force were 

Puerto Rican, and 8 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 

percent of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, the percentage of the population either employed or unemployed—the labor force 

participation rate—was highest for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (66.7 percent in 2020), Hispanics (65.6 

percent), and people of Two or More Races (64.4 percent). The participation rate for Asians was 62.7 percent; Whites, 

61.8 percent; Blacks, 60.5 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 59.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 

4A, and chart 1.)
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Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups (White, Black, Asian and Hispanic), 

Hispanics were more likely to engage in labor force activity than were the other groups, with a participation rate of 79.1 

percent, and Blacks were the least likely, with a rate of 65.6 percent. The labor force participation rate for Asian adult 

men (74.0 percent) was higher than the rate for White adult men (70.3 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (60.7 

percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (58.8 percent), Asians (57.7 percent), and 

Whites (56.8 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.2 percent) were less likely to participate in the 

labor force than were Whites (36.8 percent), Hispanics (32.4 percent), and Blacks (29.8 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment-population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 52.4 percent for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives to 60.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment-population ratio was 58.7 percent for Hispanics, 57.3 percent for Asians, 57.3 percent for Whites, 56.9 

percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 53.6 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics continued to have the highest 

employment-population ratio (71.8 percent). Black men had the lowest (58.0 percent), also continuing a longstanding 

employment pattern. The employment-population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 68.3 percent and 

65.6 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity 
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groups: 54.4 percent for Blacks, 52.7 percent for Whites, 52.4 percent for Hispanics, and 52.3 percent for Asians. (See 

table 3.)

The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for 

Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (30.6 percent) was about 14 percentage points higher than the 

ratio for Asian teens (16.4 percent), 8 percentage points higher than for Black teens (22.6 percent), and about 5 

percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (25.5 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 

percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. For Hispanics, the share of the labor force with at least a high school 

diploma was 79 percent. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 67 percent of Asians 

in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 43 percent of Whites, 34 percent of Blacks, and 24 

percent of Hispanics. (See chart 2)

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of 

unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher 

were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)
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Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in 

management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of 

people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among fulltime wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,166) and Hispanics ($1,230) with a 

bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,433) and Asians ($1,650). (These earnings comparisons 

are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences.) (See 

table 17.)

Occupation

In 2020, 58 percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest 

paying major occupational category—compared with 43 percent of employed Whites, 35 percent of employed Blacks, 

and 26 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

Among employed men, 60 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics. About 18 percent of employed Black and 

Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 11 percent and 12 percent of employed Asian and White 

men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in 

production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-six percent of employed Hispanic men worked in 
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natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of 

Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related 

occupations: 57 percent of Asian women, compared with 48 percent of White women, 40 percent of Black women, and 

31 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 56 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational 

groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 51 percent of Blacks, 45 percent of 

Whites, and 36 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed 

occupational categories, including painters and paperhangers (51 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (46 

percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but were 

substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including home health aides (37 percent), 

transit and intercity bus drivers (37 percent), nursing assistants (35 percent), correctional officers and jailers (33 

percent), and security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all 

employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupational categories, including manicurists 

and pedicurists (77 percent), software developers (34 percent), computer programmers (28 percent), and financial and 

investment analysts (21 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, and accounted for 96 percent of 

farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (91 percent); and wholesale and 

manufacturing sales representatives (89 percent). (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites 

(14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of 

other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (14 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian 

men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 

percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). Among employed women, Hispanics were more likely to work in leisure and 

hospitality (12 percent) than were Whites, Blacks, or Asians (8 percent each). A large share of employed women across 

all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (41 percent), Whites (37 percent), Asians 

(32 percent), and Hispanics (31 percent). (See table 9.)

Family and parents

Asian families and Hispanic families were more likely to have at least one family member employed (85 percent and 84 

percent, respectively) than were White families (78 percent) and Black families (76 percent). (See table 10.)

Families maintained by women accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 24 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of 

White families, and 10 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women, Asian families were the most 

likely to have an employed family member (82 percent). In comparison, 72 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White 

families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. 

In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to 

have an employed family member. (As calculated from the data in table 10.)
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Among mothers living with children under 18 years old, Black mothers were more likely to participate in the labor force 

(76.0 percent) than White mothers (71.3 percent), Asian mothers (64.3 percent), or Hispanic mothers (62.8 percent). 

(See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers living with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor 

force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.4 percent 

for White men, 92.6 percent for Hispanic men, 92.5 percent for Asian men, and 86.0 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

In 2020, the overall unemployment rate for the United States averaged 8.1 percent, but the rate varied across race and 

ethnicity groups. The unemployment rate averaged 11.7 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives, 11.6 percent 

for people of Two or More Races, 11.4 percent for Blacks, 8.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 

8.7 percent for Asians, and 7.3 percent for Whites. The unemployment rate was 10.4 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 

1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)
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Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless 

(with an unemployment rate of 11.6 percent), while Whites (6.7 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for Asian 

men (7.7 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic men (9.2 percent). Among adult women, the unemployment rate 

for Whites (7.3 percent) was lower than for Asians (9.5 percent), Blacks (10.4 percent), and Hispanics (10.9 percent). 

Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks and Hispanics had the highest unemployment rates, at 24.1 percent and 21.2 

percent, respectively, compared with 16.6 percent for Whites and 14.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Hispanics and Whites. The 

median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 11.2 weeks and 11.0 weeks, respectively, whereas the 

figures for Hispanics and Whites were 9.6 weeks and 9.3 weeks, respectively. (See table 13.)

Of the 12.9 million people unemployed in 2020, 76 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost 

their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (15 percent), job leavers (5 

percent), and new entrants (4 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each 

major race and ethnicity group, about 78 percent of Asians, 77 percent of Whites, and 77 percent of Hispanics were job 

losers, compared with 71 percent of Blacks. (See table 14.)
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Not in the labor force

As calculated from the data in table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people 

marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the 

labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, 

but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached 

nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached 

relative to their share of the labor force: 77 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached.

Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. 

Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work 

because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2020 were $758 for 

Hispanics, $794 for Blacks, $1,003 for Whites, and $1,310 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,110), Black men 

($830), and Hispanic men ($797) were 77 percent, 57 percent, and 55 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian 

men ($1,447). The median earnings of White women ($905), Black women ($764), and Hispanic women ($705) were 79 

percent, 67 percent, and 62 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,143). (These earnings 

comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings 

differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for all major occupational groups. For 

example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, 

and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,883 and $1,599, respectively, were 

considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,316) and Black men ($1,232) in the same occupational 

group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity group were relatively close for service occupations: $600 for 

Asians, $578 for Whites, $551 for Blacks, and $535 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and 

related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were considerably higher than those for women in other race and 

ethnicity groups.

Notes

1 Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, "Unemployment rises in 2020, as the country battles the 

COVID-19 pandemic," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.21916/

mlr.2021.12.
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Statistical Tables

Gender and race

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

Men 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

Women 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

White 201,306 124,431 61.8 115,341 57.3 9,090 7.3 76,875

Men 98,456 67,171 68.2 62,446 63.4 4,725 7.0 31,285

Women 102,850 57,260 55.7 52,895 51.4 4,365 7.6 45,590

Black 33,344 20,177 60.5 17,873 53.6 2,304 11.4 13,167

Men 15,250 9,542 62.6 8,392 55.0 1,150 12.1 5,708

Women 18,094 10,635 58.8 9,481 52.4 1,155 10.9 7,459

Asian 16,467 10,331 62.7 9,437 57.3 894 8.7 6,136

Men 7,708 5,468 70.9 5,041 65.4 427 7.8 2,240

Women 8,759 4,863 55.5 4,396 50.2 467 9.6 3,896

American Indian and Alaska Native 2,963 1,759 59.3 1,552 52.4 206 11.7 1,205

Men 1,450 947 65.3 828 57.1 119 12.5 503

Women 1,513 812 53.6 724 47.8 88 10.8 702

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 915 610 66.7 556 60.8 54 8.9 305

Men 443 320 72.2 291 65.7 29 9.0 123

Women 472 290 61.5 265 56.1 25 8.7 182

Two or More Races 5,334 3,435 64.4 3,036 56.9 399 11.6 1,899

Men 2,615 1,757 67.2 1,562 59.7 195 11.1 858

Women 2,718 1,678 61.7 1,473 54.2 204 12.2 1,041

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

Men 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

Women 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

Asian 16,467 10,331 62.7 9,437 57.3 894 8.7 6,136

Men 7,708 5,468 70.9 5,041 65.4 427 7.8 2,240

Women 8,759 4,863 55.5 4,396 50.2 467 9.6 3,896

Asian Indian 3,795 2,564 67.5 2,397 63.2 166 6.5 1,232

Chinese 3,667 2,279 62.1 2,077 56.6 201 8.8 1,389

Filipino 2,359 1,457 61.8 1,316 55.8 141 9.7 902

Japanese 864 504 58.3 465 53.8 39 7.7 361

Korean 1,306 785 60.1 726 55.6 59 7.5 521

Vietnamese 1,623 946 58.3 843 52.0 103 10.9 676

Other Asian 2,852 1,796 63.0 1,612 56.5 184 10.2 1,056

Hispanic or Latino 44,182 28,970 65.6 25,952 58.7 3,018 10.4 15,213

Men 21,981 16,455 74.9 14,857 67.6 1,598 9.7 5,527

Women 22,201 12,515 56.4 11,095 50.0 1,421 11.4 9,686

Mexican 26,393 17,278 65.5 15,568 59.0 1,710 9.9 9,116

Men 13,279 10,021 75.5 9,093 68.5 929 9.3 3,258

Women 13,114 7,257 55.3 6,475 49.4 782 10.8 5,858

Puerto Rican 4,019 2,491 62.0 2,200 54.7 291 11.7 1,527

Men 1,957 1,311 67.0 1,146 58.5 165 12.6 646

Women 2,062 1,180 57.2 1,054 51.1 126 10.7 882

Cuban 2,086 1,303 62.5 1,181 56.6 122 9.4 783

Men 1,063 756 71.1 691 64.9 65 8.6 308

Women 1,022 547 53.5 490 47.9 57 10.4 475

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Central American 4,478 3,122 69.7 2,768 61.8 354 11.3 1,356

Men 2,288 1,841 80.5 1,662 72.6 179 9.7 447

Women 2,190 1,281 58.5 1,106 50.5 175 13.7 909

Salvadoran 1,675 1,176 70.2 1,034 61.7 142 12.1 500

Men 841 676 80.3 600 71.3 76 11.2 165

Women 834 500 59.9 434 52.0 66 13.3 334

Other Central American 2,803 1,946 69.5 1,735 61.9 212 10.9 856

Men 1,447 1,165 80.5 1,062 73.4 103 8.9 282

Women 1,355 781 57.6 672 49.6 109 13.9 574

South American 3,228 2,281 70.7 2,051 63.5 229 10.1 947

Men 1,532 1,220 79.7 1,111 72.5 109 9.0 311

Women 1,697 1,061 62.5 941 55.4 120 11.3 636

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino 3,978 2,495 62.7 2,184 54.9 311 12.5 1,483

Men 1,862 1,306 70.1 1,155 62.0 150 11.5 557

Women 2,116 1,190 56.2 1,029 48.6 161 13.5 926

Dominican 1,651 1,050 63.6 884 53.6 166 15.8 601

Men 714 506 70.8 431 60.3 75 14.9 208

Women 937 544 58.1 454 48.5 91 16.6 392

Other Hispanic or Latino 2,327 1,445 62.1 1,300 55.8 145 10.1 883

Men 1,148 800 69.7 725 63.1 75 9.4 348

Women 1,179 645 54.7 575 48.7 70 10.9 534

Hispanic or Latino 44,182 28,970 65.6 25,952 58.7 3,018 10.4 15,213

Men 21,981 16,455 74.9 14,857 67.6 1,598 9.7 5,527

Women 22,201 12,515 56.4 11,095 50.0 1,421 11.4 9,686

White Hispanic or Latino 39,218 25,727 65.6 23,092 58.9 2,634 10.2 13,491

Men 19,535 14,689 75.2 13,283 68.0 1,406 9.6 4,845

Women 19,683 11,037 56.1 9,809 49.8 1,229 11.1 8,646

Black Hispanic or Latino 2,070 1,332 64.3 1,173 56.6 159 12.0 738

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Men 961 668 69.5 588 61.2 80 12.0 293

Women 1,109 663 59.8 584 52.7 79 11.9 445

Asian Hispanic or Latino 480 330 68.8 295 61.5 35 10.6 150

Men 242 183 75.5 168 69.5 14 7.9 59

Women 238 148 61.9 127 53.4 20 13.8 91

Non-Hispanic or Latino 216,147 131,773 61.0 121,843 56.4 9,929 7.5 84,374

Men 103,941 68,749 66.1 63,703 61.3 5,046 7.3 35,191

Women 112,206 63,023 56.2 58,140 51.8 4,883 7.7 49,183

White non-Hispanic or Latino 162,089 98,704 60.9 92,248 56.9 6,456 6.5 63,384

Men 78,921 52,481 66.5 49,162 62.3 3,319 6.3 26,440

Women 83,167 46,223 55.6 43,086 51.8 3,137 6.8 36,944

Black non-Hispanic or Latino 31,274 18,845 60.3 16,700 53.4 2,145 11.4 12,429

Men 14,289 8,873 62.1 7,804 54.6 1,070 12.1 5,416

Women 16,985 9,972 58.7 8,896 52.4 1,076 10.8 7,013

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 15,987 10,001 62.6 9,142 57.2 859 8.6 5,986

Men 7,466 5,285 70.8 4,872 65.3 413 7.8 2,180

Women 8,521 4,716 55.3 4,269 50.1 446 9.5 3,805

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

16 to 19 years 16,567 5,720 34.5 4,695 28.3 1,025 17.9 10,846

20 years and older 243,762 155,022 63.6 143,100 58.7 11,922 7.7 88,740

20 to 24 years 20,918 14,487 69.3 12,497 59.7 1,990 13.7 6,431

25 to 54 years 126,045 102,630 81.4 95,331 75.6 7,298 7.1 23,416

55 to 64 years 42,191 27,293 64.7 25,454 60.3 1,839 6.7 14,898

65 years and older 54,608 10,613 19.4 9,818 18.0 795 7.5 43,995

Men, 16 years and older 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

16 to 19 years 8,373 2,859 34.1 2,333 27.9 526 18.4 5,514

20 years and older 117,549 82,345 70.1 76,227 64.8 6,118 7.4 35,204

20 to 24 years 10,448 7,417 71.0 6,401 61.3 1,016 13.7 3,032

25 to 54 years 62,218 54,675 87.9 50,890 81.8 3,785 6.9 7,543

55 to 64 years 20,327 14,382 70.8 13,467 66.2 916 6.4 5,945

65 years and older 24,556 5,871 23.9 5,470 22.3 401 6.8 18,685

Women, 16 years and older 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

16 to 19 years 8,194 2,861 34.9 2,361 28.8 500 17.5 5,333

20 years and older 126,213 72,677 57.6 66,873 53.0 5,804 8.0 53,536

20 to 24 years 10,470 7,070 67.5 6,096 58.2 974 13.8 3,400

25 to 54 years 63,828 47,955 75.1 44,442 69.6 3,513 7.3 15,873

55 to 64 years 21,864 12,911 59.1 11,987 54.8 924 7.2 8,953

65 years and older 30,052 4,742 15.8 4,348 14.5 394 8.3 25,310

White

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total, 16 years and older 201,306 124,431 61.8 115,341 57.3 9,090 7.3 76,875

16 to 19 years 12,151 4,467 36.8 3,723 30.6 744 16.6 7,683

20 years and older 189,156 119,964 63.4 111,617 59.0 8,346 7.0 69,192

20 to 24 years 15,335 10,951 71.4 9,633 62.8 1,318 12.0 4,384

25 to 54 years 94,426 77,804 82.4 72,797 77.1 5,007 6.4 16,621

55 to 64 years 33,772 22,278 66.0 20,889 61.9 1,389 6.2 11,495

65 years and older 45,623 8,930 19.6 8,298 18.2 633 7.1 36,692

Men, 16 years and older 98,456 67,171 68.2 62,446 63.4 4,725 7.0 31,285

16 to 19 years 6,173 2,267 36.7 1,876 30.4 391 17.3 3,906

20 years and older 92,283 64,903 70.3 60,570 65.6 4,334 6.7 27,380

20 to 24 years 7,712 5,676 73.6 5,008 64.9 668 11.8 2,035

25 to 54 years 47,317 42,224 89.2 39,577 83.6 2,648 6.3 5,093

55 to 64 years 16,480 11,971 72.6 11,270 68.4 701 5.9 4,509

65 years and older 20,775 5,032 24.2 4,715 22.7 317 6.3 15,743

Women, 16 years and older 102,850 57,260 55.7 52,895 51.4 4,365 7.6 45,590

16 to 19 years 5,978 2,200 36.8 1,847 30.9 353 16.0 3,778

20 years and older 96,872 55,060 56.8 51,048 52.7 4,013 7.3 41,812

20 to 24 years 7,623 5,275 69.2 4,625 60.7 650 12.3 2,348

25 to 54 years 47,109 35,580 75.5 33,221 70.5 2,359 6.6 11,529

55 to 64 years 17,292 10,307 59.6 9,619 55.6 688 6.7 6,986

65 years and older 24,848 3,898 15.7 3,582 14.4 316 8.1 20,950

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 33,344 20,177 60.5 17,873 53.6 2,304 11.4 13,167

16 to 19 years 2,419 720 29.8 546 22.6 173 24.1 1,699

20 years and older 30,925 19,458 62.9 17,326 56.0 2,131 11.0 11,468

20 to 24 years 3,079 2,005 65.1 1,600 52.0 404 20.2 1,074

25 to 54 years 17,404 13,588 78.1 12,205 70.1 1,384 10.2 3,816

55 to 64 years 5,140 2,902 56.5 2,652 51.6 250 8.6 2,238

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

65 years and older 5,302 962 18.2 869 16.4 93 9.7 4,339

Men, 16 years and older 15,250 9,542 62.6 8,392 55.0 1,150 12.1 5,708

16 to 19 years 1,197 322 26.9 242 20.2 81 25.0 875

20 years and older 14,053 9,220 65.6 8,150 58.0 1,069 11.6 4,833

20 to 24 years 1,485 987 66.4 777 52.3 210 21.2 498

25 to 54 years 8,069 6,465 80.1 5,770 71.5 695 10.8 1,604

55 to 64 years 2,332 1,318 56.5 1,203 51.6 116 8.8 1,013

65 years and older 2,167 449 20.7 401 18.5 49 10.8 1,718

Women, 16 years and older 18,094 10,635 58.8 9,481 52.4 1,155 10.9 7,459

16 to 19 years 1,221 397 32.5 305 24.9 93 23.3 824

20 years and older 16,873 10,238 60.7 9,176 54.4 1,062 10.4 6,635

20 to 24 years 1,594 1,018 63.9 824 51.7 195 19.1 576

25 to 54 years 9,335 7,123 76.3 6,434 68.9 688 9.7 2,212

55 to 64 years 2,809 1,584 56.4 1,450 51.6 134 8.5 1,225

65 years and older 3,134 513 16.4 468 14.9 45 8.7 2,621

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 16,467 10,331 62.7 9,437 57.3 894 8.7 6,136

16 to 19 years 921 177 19.2 151 16.4 26 14.9 744

20 years and older 15,546 10,154 65.3 9,287 59.7 867 8.5 5,392

20 to 24 years 1,341 727 54.2 605 45.1 122 16.8 614

25 to 54 years 9,342 7,418 79.4 6,867 73.5 551 7.4 1,924

55 to 64 years 2,216 1,475 66.6 1,335 60.2 141 9.5 741

65 years and older 2,647 534 20.2 480 18.2 53 10.0 2,113

Men, 16 years and older 7,708 5,468 70.9 5,041 65.4 427 7.8 2,240

16 to 19 years 448 97 21.7 84 18.7 13 13.6 351

20 years and older 7,260 5,371 74.0 4,957 68.3 414 7.7 1,889

20 to 24 years 669 345 51.6 284 42.5 61 17.7 324

25 to 54 years 4,433 3,960 89.3 3,709 83.7 251 6.3 473

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

55 to 64 years 1,019 774 76.0 702 68.9 72 9.3 245

65 years and older 1,139 291 25.6 262 23.0 29 9.9 847

Women, 16 years and older 8,759 4,863 55.5 4,396 50.2 467 9.6 3,896

16 to 19 years 473 80 16.9 67 14.1 13 16.5 393

20 years and older 8,286 4,783 57.7 4,330 52.3 454 9.5 3,503

20 to 24 years 672 382 56.8 321 47.7 61 16.0 290

25 to 54 years 4,909 3,458 70.4 3,159 64.3 300 8.7 1,451

55 to 64 years 1,197 701 58.5 633 52.8 68 9.7 496

65 years and older 1,508 243 16.1 218 14.5 25 10.1 1,265

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 44,182 28,970 65.6 25,952 58.7 3,018 10.4 15,213

16 to 19 years 4,017 1,303 32.4 1,026 25.5 277 21.2 2,714

20 years and older 40,166 27,667 68.9 24,925 62.1 2,741 9.9 12,499

20 to 24 years 4,791 3,418 71.3 2,904 60.6 513 15.0 1,373

25 to 54 years 25,266 19,880 78.7 18,080 71.6 1,800 9.1 5,386

55 to 64 years 5,252 3,417 65.1 3,091 58.9 326 9.5 1,835

65 years and older 4,857 952 19.6 850 17.5 102 10.7 3,905

Men, 16 years and older 21,981 16,455 74.9 14,857 67.6 1,598 9.7 5,527

16 to 19 years 2,031 671 33.1 524 25.8 147 21.9 1,360

20 years and older 19,950 15,783 79.1 14,333 71.8 1,451 9.2 4,167

20 to 24 years 2,411 1,820 75.5 1,568 65.0 252 13.8 591

25 to 54 years 12,852 11,472 89.3 10,507 81.8 965 8.4 1,379

55 to 64 years 2,566 1,939 75.6 1,759 68.5 180 9.3 627

65 years and older 2,122 552 26.0 499 23.5 54 9.7 1,569

Women, 16 years and older 22,201 12,515 56.4 11,095 50.0 1,421 11.4 9,686

16 to 19 years 1,986 632 31.8 502 25.3 130 20.5 1,354

20 years and older 20,215 11,884 58.8 10,593 52.4 1,291 10.9 8,332

20 to 24 years 2,380 1,598 67.1 1,336 56.1 261 16.4 782

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

25 to 54 years 12,414 8,408 67.7 7,573 61.0 835 9.9 4,006

55 to 64 years 2,686 1,478 55.0 1,332 49.6 145 9.8 1,208

65 years and older 2,735 400 14.6 352 12.9 48 12.1 2,335

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016 62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017 62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

2018 62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2019 63.1 69.2 57.4 63.0 69.6 56.8 62.5 64.8 60.5 64.0 71.8 57.1 66.8 75.9 57.7

2020 61.7 67.7 56.2 61.8 68.2 55.7 60.5 62.6 58.8 62.7 70.9 55.5 65.6 74.9 56.4

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016 61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017 60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

2018 59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

2019 60.8 65.1 56.7 68.4 73.9 63.2 67.1 70.9 63.5

2020 59.3 65.3 53.6 66.7 72.2 61.5 64.4 67.2 61.7

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–20 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016 59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017 60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

2018 60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1

2019 60.8 66.6 55.4 61.0 67.3 54.9 58.7 60.6 57.1 62.3 69.8 55.6 63.9 72.9 55.0

2020 56.8 62.4 51.5 57.3 63.4 51.4 53.6 55.0 52.4 57.3 65.4 50.2 58.7 67.6 50.0

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include 

people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than 

one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016 55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017 55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

2018 55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

2019 57.1 60.9 53.5 66.2 71.5 61.2 63.6 67.0 60.3

2020 52.4 57.1 47.8 60.8 65.7 56.1 56.9 59.7 54.2

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2020 annual averages (Percent)

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college1

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher2

Total

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college1

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher2

Civilian noninstitutional population 222,844 19,900 62,121 34,076 23,251 83,495

Civilian labor force 140,535 8,930 34,741 20,766 15,636 60,463

Percent of population 63.1 44.9 55.9 60.9 67.2 72.4

Employed 130,603 7,888 31,606 19,037 14,532 57,538

Employment-population ratio 58.6 39.6 50.9 55.9 62.5 68.9

Unemployed 9,933 1,041 3,135 1,728 1,103 2,925

Unemployment rate 7.1 11.7 9.0 8.3 7.1 4.8

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 107,101 10,112 31,393 16,489 10,136 38,971

Civilian labor force 74,928 5,737 20,686 11,162 7,464 29,880

Percent of population 70.0 56.7 65.9 67.7 73.6 76.7

Employed 69,826 5,130 18,910 10,297 6,966 28,522

Employment-population ratio 65.2 50.7 60.2 62.4 68.7 73.2

Unemployed 5,102 606 1,776 865 497 1,357

Unemployment rate 6.8 10.6 8.6 7.7 6.7 4.5

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 115,743 9,789 30,728 17,587 13,115 44,524

Civilian labor force 65,607 3,193 14,055 9,604 8,172 30,584

Percent of population 56.7 32.6 45.7 54.6 62.3 68.7

Employed 60,776 2,758 12,696 8,740 7,566 29,016

Employment-population ratio 52.5 28.2 41.3 49.7 57.7 65.2

Unemployed 4,830 435 1,359 864 606 1,568

Unemployment rate 7.4 13.6 9.7 9.0 7.4 5.1

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 173,821 15,059 48,448 26,441 18,702 65,171

Civilian labor force 109,013 7,047 26,970 15,844 12,499 46,653

Percent of population 62.7 46.8 55.7 59.9 66.8 71.6

Employed 101,984 6,304 24,822 14,648 11,688 44,522

Employment-population ratio 58.7 41.9 51.2 55.4 62.5 68.3

Unemployed 7,028 743 2,148 1,196 812 2,130

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college1

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher2

Unemployment rate 6.4 10.5 8.0 7.5 6.5 4.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 84,571 7,850 24,639 12,898 8,305 30,880

Civilian labor force 59,227 4,702 16,430 8,676 6,118 23,301

Percent of population 70.0 59.9 66.7 67.3 73.7 75.5

Employed 55,562 4,264 15,185 8,068 5,736 22,309

Employment-population ratio 65.7 54.3 61.6 62.6 69.1 72.2

Unemployed 3,665 438 1,245 608 382 992

Unemployment rate 6.2 9.3 7.6 7.0 6.2 4.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 89,249 7,209 23,809 13,543 10,397 34,291

Civilian labor force 49,785 2,346 10,540 7,168 6,381 23,351

Percent of population 55.8 32.5 44.3 52.9 61.4 68.1

Employed 46,422 2,041 9,637 6,580 5,951 22,213

Employment-population ratio 52.0 28.3 40.5 48.6 57.2 64.8

Unemployed 3,363 305 903 588 429 1,139

Unemployment rate 6.8 13.0 8.6 8.2 6.7 4.9

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 27,846 2,942 9,124 5,127 2,885 7,768

Civilian labor force 17,453 1,050 5,133 3,297 2,025 5,948

Percent of population 62.7 35.7 56.3 64.3 70.2 76.6

Employed 15,726 881 4,466 2,938 1,843 5,597

Employment-population ratio 56.5 30.0 48.9 57.3 63.9 72.1

Unemployed 1,727 169 666 358 182 351

Unemployment rate 9.9 16.1 13.0 10.9 9.0 5.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 12,568 1,409 4,563 2,341 1,105 3,149

Civilian labor force 8,233 555 2,778 1,590 817 2,493

Percent of population 65.5 39.4 60.9 67.9 73.9 79.1

Employed 7,373 462 2,413 1,418 755 2,325

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college1

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher2

Employment-population ratio 58.7 32.8 52.9 60.6 68.3 73.8

Unemployed 860 93 365 172 62 168

Unemployment rate 10.4 16.7 13.1 10.8 7.6 6.7

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,278 1,533 4,561 2,786 1,780 4,618

Civilian labor force 9,220 495 2,355 1,706 1,208 3,456

Percent of population 60.3 32.3 51.6 61.2 67.9 74.8

Employed 8,353 419 2,053 1,520 1,088 3,273

Employment-population ratio 54.7 27.3 45.0 54.6 61.1 70.9

Unemployed 867 76 302 186 120 183

Unemployment rate 9.4 15.4 12.8 10.9 10.0 5.3

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,205 1,083 2,511 1,094 873 8,645

Civilian labor force 9,427 448 1,378 680 569 6,353

Percent of population 66.4 41.4 54.9 62.2 65.2 73.5

Employed 8,682 374 1,189 607 513 6,000

Employment-population ratio 61.1 34.5 47.3 55.5 58.8 69.4

Unemployed 745 75 189 73 56 353

Unemployment rate 7.9 16.6 13.7 10.7 9.8 5.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,591 416 1,113 552 392 4,118

Civilian labor force 5,026 233 721 394 275 3,403

Percent of population 76.3 55.9 64.8 71.4 70.1 82.6

Employed 4,673 190 628 361 247 3,248

Employment-population ratio 70.9 45.6 56.4 65.3 63.1 78.9

Unemployed 353 43 93 34 27 156

Unemployment rate 7.0 18.5 12.9 8.5 9.9 4.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 7,614 666 1,398 542 481 4,528

Civilian labor force 4,402 216 657 286 294 2,949

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college1

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher2

Percent of population 57.8 32.4 47.0 52.8 61.2 65.1

Employed 4,009 184 561 247 265 2,752

Employment-population ratio 52.7 27.6 40.1 45.5 55.2 60.8

Unemployed 392 31 96 39 29 197

Unemployment rate 8.9 14.6 14.6 13.7 9.8 6.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 35,375 8,966 11,018 4,918 3,072 7,401

Civilian labor force 24,249 5,107 7,477 3,553 2,304 5,808

Percent of population 68.5 57.0 67.9 72.2 75.0 78.5

Employed 22,021 4,535 6,724 3,231 2,103 5,427

Employment-population ratio 62.3 50.6 61.0 65.7 68.5 73.3

Unemployed 2,228 572 753 321 201 381

Unemployment rate 9.2 11.2 10.1 9.0 8.7 6.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 17,539 4,615 5,783 2,377 1,401 3,363

Civilian labor force 13,963 3,387 4,647 1,911 1,178 2,841

Percent of population 79.6 73.4 80.4 80.4 84.0 84.5

Employed 12,764 3,057 4,218 1,757 1,074 2,657

Employment-population ratio 72.8 66.2 72.9 73.9 76.7 79.0

Unemployed 1,199 329 429 154 103 183

Unemployment rate 8.6 9.7 9.2 8.1 8.8 6.5

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 17,836 4,351 5,235 2,541 1,670 4,038

Civilian labor force 10,286 1,720 2,830 1,641 1,127 2,967

Percent of population 57.7 39.5 54.1 64.6 67.4 73.5

Employed 9,257 1,478 2,506 1,474 1,029 2,770

Employment-population ratio 51.9 34.0 47.9 58.0 61.6 68.6

Unemployed 1,029 242 324 168 98 198

Unemployment rate 10.0 14.1 11.5 10.2 8.7 6.7

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 147,795 115,341 17,873 9,437 25,952

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 43.1 43.4 34.7 58.2 25.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 18.4 19.2 13.4 19.3 11.4

Management occupations 12.6 13.4 8.3 11.4 7.6

Business and financial operations occupations 5.8 5.8 5.1 7.9 3.7

Professional and related occupations 24.7 24.2 21.4 38.9 14.1

Computer and mathematical occupations 3.8 3.2 2.8 13.6 1.8

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.1 2.1 1.1 4.6 1.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.1 1.1 0.6 2.6 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.8 1.7 3.0 1.0 1.4

Legal occupations 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.6

Education, training, and library occupations 6.0 6.3 5.0 4.6 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.2 1.4 1.9 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6.5 6.3 6.5 9.5 3.5

Service occupations 15.5 14.5 21.7 13.7 22.0

Healthcare support occupations 3.2 2.7 6.8 3.1 3.7

Protective service occupations 2.0 2.0 3.3 0.8 1.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.4 4.2 5.1 4.4 6.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.4 3.4 4.0 1.7 7.4

Personal care and service occupations 2.3 2.1 2.5 3.6 2.1

Sales and office occupations 20.1 20.3 20.9 16.0 19.8

Sales and related occupations 9.6 9.9 8.4 8.3 9.3

Office and administrative support occupations 10.5 10.4 12.5 7.7 10.4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.0 10.0 5.6 3.0 16.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.7

Construction and extraction occupations 5.2 5.9 3.0 1.3 10.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.1 3.4 2.4 1.5 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 12.3 11.8 17.1 9.2 16.7

Production occupations 5.1 5.1 5.6 4.5 6.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 7.2 6.7 11.5 4.7 9.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 78,560 62,446 8,392 5,041 14,857

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 39.1 39.3 28.5 59.6 21.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 19.1 20.2 12.4 19.7 10.6

Management occupations 14.1 15.1 8.6 13.0 7.7

Business and financial operations occupations 5.0 5.1 3.9 6.7 2.9

Professional and related occupations 20.0 19.1 16.1 39.9 10.5

Computer and mathematical occupations 5.3 4.6 4.0 18.2 2.5

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.4 3.4 1.6 6.3 2.0

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.0 1.0 0.6 2.6 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.0 1.9 0.6 0.6

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.8 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 1.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.2

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 3.1 2.9 3.0 6.7 1.7

Service occupations 12.5 11.8 17.6 10.6 17.6

Healthcare support occupations 0.9 0.7 1.9 1.4 0.9

Protective service occupations 2.9 2.9 4.3 1.2 2.5

Food preparation and serving related occupations 3.8 3.5 5.1 4.3 6.2

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.9 3.8 4.8 1.8 7.1

Personal care and service occupations 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.8 0.9

Sales and office occupations 14.6 14.6 15.4 13.5 13.5

Sales and related occupations 9.2 9.6 7.5 8.3 7.9

Office and administrative support occupations 5.4 5.0 7.9 5.1 5.6

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.0 17.5 11.2 5.0 26.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 2.3

Construction and extraction occupations 9.4 10.4 6.1 2.2 17.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.6 6.0 4.7 2.5 6.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17.7 16.9 27.1 11.4 21.4

Production occupations 6.9 7.0 7.9 4.8 8.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 10.8 9.9 19.3 6.5 13.3

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 69,234 52,895 9,481 4,396 11,095

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 47.5 48.4 40.2 56.6 31.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.5 18.1 14.2 18.8 12.4

Management occupations 10.8 11.5 8.0 9.4 7.5

Business and financial operations occupations 6.7 6.6 6.1 9.4 4.9

Professional and related occupations 30.0 30.3 26.0 37.8 19.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 2.0 1.6 1.8 8.5 0.9

Architecture and engineering occupations 0.8 0.6 0.6 2.6 0.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.2 1.1 0.6 2.5 0.6

Community and social service occupations 2.7 2.6 4.0 1.4 2.4

Legal occupations 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 0.9

Education, training, and library occupations 9.5 10.2 7.0 6.4 6.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.3 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 10.3 10.3 9.5 12.7 5.9

Service occupations 18.8 17.6 25.3 17.3 27.9

Healthcare support occupations 5.9 5.0 11.1 5.2 7.6

Protective service occupations 1.0 0.9 2.4 0.3 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.6 7.8

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.0 3.0 3.4 1.5 7.9

Personal care and service occupations 3.8 3.7 3.4 5.8 3.7

Sales and office occupations 26.3 27.0 25.7 18.8 28.1

Sales and related occupations 10.0 10.2 9.2 8.2 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations 16.3 16.8 16.5 10.7 16.9

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have 

been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.6 2.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 6.2 5.8 8.1 6.7 10.4

Production occupations 3.1 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 3.1 2.9 4.7 2.6 5.2

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over 147,795 78.0 12.1 6.4 17.6

Management, professional, and related occupations 63,644 78.7 9.7 8.6 10.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 27,143 81.7 8.8 6.7 10.9

Management occupations 18,564 83.4 8.0 5.8 10.7

Chief executives 1,669 88.0 4.3 5.4 7.4

General and operations managers 1,057 84.4 7.1 4.5 12.4

Legislators 25 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers 56 80.5 14.7 3.9 3.5

Marketing managers 554 84.1 5.5 7.6 9.9

Sales managers 521 87.6 5.8 4.2 7.6

Public relations and fundraising managers 95 91.0 4.3 2.3 7.6

Administrative services managers 65 83.4 9.5 6.5 16.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Facilities managers 134 90.1 4.9 2.4 12.6

Computer and information systems managers 744 75.5 7.0 15.5 5.2

Financial managers 1,309 79.4 9.7 8.2 9.9

Compensation and benefits managers 18 - - - -

Human resources managers 287 81.0 12.0 4.9 14.0

Training and development managers 52 85.4 9.2 0.2 10.1

Industrial production managers 272 84.3 5.9 7.2 13.5

Purchasing managers 212 83.2 12.1 3.1 7.3

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 300 79.3 10.7 6.1 17.2

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 901 96.3 0.7 0.8 4.3

Construction managers 966 91.4 3.3 2.9 14.5

Education and childcare administrators 948 79.5 14.3 3.3 12.0

Architectural and engineering managers 171 84.2 3.4 9.5 4.7

Food service managers 1,092 77.7 9.8 9.4 19.8

Funeral home managers 10 - - - -

Entertainment and recreation managers 40 - - - -

Lodging managers 123 74.8 12.4 10.4 11.2

Medical and health services managers 711 77.6 13.3 5.6 11.5

Natural sciences managers 16 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 24 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 781 84.7 8.6 3.5 12.9

Social and community service managers 424 75.9 18.3 2.1 10.3

Emergency management directors 12 - - - -

Personal service managers, all other 2 - - - -

Managers, all other 4,969 83.2 8.1 5.9 10.4

Business and financial operations occupations 8,578 78.0 10.5 8.7 11.2

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 36 - - - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 178 82.8 9.7 5.8 14.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 230 81.1 11.9 3.9 11.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 350 71.6 19.8 4.5 15.0

Compliance officers 305 75.4 12.0 7.5 8.6

Cost estimators 121 93.7 2.9 2.0 14.1

Human resources workers 832 76.9 13.0 5.8 15.1

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 74 84.6 11.2 2.2 9.7

Training and development specialists 115 82.1 13.2 2.7 14.1

Logisticians 147 82.6 11.8 4.4 20.6

Project management specialists 715 77.5 12.3 7.9 11.1

Management analysts 997 77.8 8.4 11.9 9.3

Meeting, convention, and event planners 118 85.8 7.7 4.8 11.9

Fundraisers 99 85.0 3.7 8.4 7.4

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 438 82.8 6.5 8.1 9.1

Business operations specialists, all other 308 72.6 12.4 11.3 9.7

Accountants and auditors 1,696 77.3 9.5 11.2 10.2

Property appraisers and assessors 86 96.5 2.3 1.2 6.0

Budget analysts 60 69.6 13.9 7.6 14.9

Credit analysts 30 - - - -

Financial and investment analysts 351 68.5 7.8 21.0 10.2

Personal financial advisors 514 78.5 7.9 10.7 8.2

Insurance underwriters 102 78.6 9.3 6.2 11.9

Financial examiners 25 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 400 79.0 13.1 4.7 12.4

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 61 76.6 14.5 5.8 15.9

Tax preparers 96 81.9 13.9 3.9 17.4

Other financial specialists 82 71.0 15.5 7.7 9.0

Professional and related occupations 36,502 76.5 10.5 10.1 10.1

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,603 65.4 9.1 23.0 8.4

Computer and information research scientists 42 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Computer systems analysts 594 68.0 9.7 18.7 8.1

Information security analysts 137 79.8 11.9 6.9 15.8

Computer programmers 417 63.9 6.3 28.3 6.6

Software developers 1,883 57.5 6.2 34.1 5.9

Software quality assurance analysts and testers 82 57.6 12.0 29.6 9.2

Web developers 104 79.3 3.7 16.2 5.9

Web and digital interface designers 70 81.7 5.9 9.9 15.8

Computer support specialists 660 72.2 13.0 10.7 11.6

Database administrators and architects 121 62.1 5.9 30.1 5.6

Network and computer systems administrators 238 77.3 9.0 11.8 7.8

Computer network architects 107 67.8 14.8 15.5 16.1

Computer occupations, all other 792 67.3 13.3 15.8 11.2

Actuaries 32 - - - -

Mathematicians 3 - - - -

Operations research analysts 156 77.5 13.6 8.6 9.5

Statisticians 61 60.4 7.9 28.0 2.0

Other mathematical science occupations 103 63.6 9.3 25.7 6.2

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,169 78.0 6.0 13.6 10.6

Architects, except landscape and naval 190 78.8 7.2 12.5 8.5

Landscape architects 27 - - - -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 45 - - - -

Aerospace engineers 129 83.3 6.8 9.1 10.5

Agricultural engineers 7 - - - -

Bioengineers and biomedical engineers 22 - - - -

Chemical engineers 70 81.5 1.5 13.9 10.0

Civil engineers 422 81.9 3.9 13.6 12.4

Computer hardware engineers 89 54.6 5.4 39.2 14.5

Electrical and electronics engineers 268 76.1 5.4 17.2 8.9

Environmental engineers 33 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 225 74.7 5.2 19.1 5.9

Marine engineers and naval architects 16 - - - -

Materials engineers 53 83.5 5.3 9.4 7.1

Mechanical engineers 357 80.4 5.0 11.5 6.7

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 17 - - - -

Nuclear engineers 10 - - - -

Petroleum engineers 15 - - - -

Engineers, all other 560 72.3 7.5 17.7 10.0

Architectural and civil drafters 38 - - - -

Other drafters 95 90.4 1.8 6.6 22.9

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians 82 79.5 8.8 7.1 15.4

Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters 344 76.5 9.0 8.7 16.4

Surveying and mapping technicians 56 89.6 3.2 3.0 6.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,627 75.1 6.5 14.9 8.5

Agricultural and food scientists 32 - - - -

Biological scientists 84 79.8 5.6 13.7 10.1

Conservation scientists and foresters 19 - - - -

Medical scientists 112 58.7 3.8 37.4 4.7

Life scientists, all other 6 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists 19 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 10 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists 80 64.2 10.7 19.7 2.2

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 46 - - - -

Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers 37 - - - -

Physical scientists, all other 336 61.3 6.4 30.1 6.2

Economists 26 - - - -

Survey researchers 5 - - - -

Clinical and counseling psychologists 18 - - - -

School psychologists 43 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Other psychologists 145 82.7 11.8 4.1 3.5

Sociologists 3 - - - -

Urban and regional planners 47 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 50 83.4 1.9 5.5 7.8

Agricultural and food science technicians 41 - - - -

Biological technicians 24 - - - -

Chemical technicians 68 82.5 10.3 5.0 12.1

Environmental science and geoscience technicians 21 - - - -

Nuclear technicians 7 - - - -

Social science research assistants 4 - - - -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians 258 78.0 4.9 10.9 10.7

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 85 90.3 1.6 2.9 11.7

Community and social service occupations 2,717 72.7 19.9 3.4 13.5

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 130 70.2 25.4 1.7 16.8

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors 343 73.0 19.0 4.0 14.8

Marriage and family therapists 40 - - - -

Mental health counselors 138 87.5 9.4 2.0 14.0

Rehabilitation counselors 28 - - - -

Counselors, all other 225 75.0 18.3 3.7 15.2

Child, family, and school social workers 62 65.3 26.8 0.6 21.3

Healthcare social workers 78 69.0 20.3 8.2 9.2

Mental health and substance abuse social workers 24 - - - -

Social workers, all other 673 64.4 25.7 3.7 15.0

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 105 66.6 26.9 0.7 12.8

Social and human service assistants 230 72.6 18.9 3.2 14.9

Other community and social service specialists 100 61.6 30.4 3.3 12.7

Clergy 420 82.3 11.7 3.8 7.8

Directors, religious activities and education 57 94.4 2.4 2.1 8.9

Religious workers, all other 64 77.7 13.4 6.2 11.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Legal occupations 1,882 83.5 8.6 5.6 8.3

Lawyers 1,183 86.5 6.8 5.2 5.8

Judicial law clerks 21 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 78 74.4 16.6 5.7 6.2

Paralegals and legal assistants 416 79.9 10.3 6.8 15.1

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 101 76.4 11.5 9.2 7.8

Legal support workers, all other 83 73.2 17.6 2.9 10.1

Education, training, and library occupations 8,902 82.0 10.0 4.9 10.9

Postsecondary teachers 1,156 79.1 6.5 11.2 6.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 535 82.8 12.0 2.2 15.3

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,371 84.1 10.5 2.8 10.5

Secondary school teachers 963 87.0 7.7 3.0 8.9

Special education teachers 332 87.5 7.2 1.8 8.9

Tutors 195 75.9 12.4 7.5 16.0

Other teachers and instructors 687 79.1 11.6 6.2 9.7

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 57 94.6 0.6 4.4 7.6

Librarians and media collections specialists 176 83.1 9.5 3.5 9.9

Library technicians 34 - - - -

Teaching assistants 1,220 74.1 13.6 7.6 16.6

Other educational instruction and library workers 176 86.5 7.2 4.0 12.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,042 82.0 8.5 5.9 11.2

Artists and related workers 256 85.7 3.6 6.1 9.3

Commercial and industrial designers 11 - - - -

Fashion designers 34 - - - -

Floral designers 50 90.0 2.6 0.8 18.6

Graphic designers 295 83.0 6.7 7.8 14.4

Interior designers 131 79.7 6.7 10.6 7.6

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 24 - - - -

Other designers 375 79.2 6.3 11.1 11.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Actors 29 - - - -

Producers and directors 181 83.8 6.1 6.7 8.7

Athletes and sports competitors 28 - - - -

Coaches and scouts 210 75.2 14.7 3.5 5.4

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 25 - - - -

Dancers and choreographers 7 - - - -

Music directors and composers 50 83.3 10.1 2.2 14.0

Musicians and singers 118 78.5 12.9 3.8 13.0

Disc jockeys, except radio 15 - - - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 41 - - - -

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys 28 - - - -

News analysts, reporters, and journalists 77 80.1 10.9 6.7 5.3

Public relations specialists 145 83.3 11.0 3.4 13.6

Editors 99 94.5 0.7 0.8 8.5

Technical writers 65 88.0 7.3 3.6 8.0

Writers and authors 242 85.1 7.9 4.3 2.4

Interpreters and translators 91 74.6 8.3 11.4 29.4

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners 31 - - - -

Media and communication workers, all other 19 - - - -

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians 77 83.6 10.6 5.8 20.2

Photographers 186 84.9 6.7 5.6 10.0

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors 100 74.5 16.3 5.8 18.5

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 2 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,559 75.6 12.1 9.4 9.4

Chiropractors 66 90.7 2.4 5.1 6.1

Dentists 173 78.8 1.4 16.6 5.5

Dietitians and nutritionists 106 74.7 15.5 8.2 9.9

Optometrists 42 - - - -

Pharmacists 327 67.9 8.3 20.0 3.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Emergency medicine physicians 17 - - - -

Radiologists 25 - - - -

Other physicians 929 67.0 8.5 22.0 8.8

Surgeons 54 82.4 4.2 13.4 15.6

Physician assistants 141 79.9 6.3 12.3 7.9

Podiatrists 12 - - - -

Audiologists 20 - - - -

Occupational therapists 124 87.6 4.0 7.4 6.5

Physical therapists 281 77.8 5.2 15.0 4.4

Radiation therapists 10 - - - -

Recreational therapists 21 - - - -

Respiratory therapists 122 75.0 18.5 2.3 7.0

Speech-language pathologists 195 89.7 6.6 3.6 8.5

Exercise physiologists 6 - - - -

Therapists, all other 233 79.2 11.7 4.3 12.1

Veterinarians 83 91.9 0.0 5.7 7.0

Registered nurses 3,256 75.3 13.4 8.7 7.9

Nurse anesthetists 42 - - - -

Nurse midwives 5 - - - -

Nurse practitioners 218 86.2 9.1 3.2 6.3

Acupuncturists 23 - - - -

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other 15 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 331 72.4 13.7 9.5 19.0

Dental hygienists 190 88.9 2.1 7.7 10.5

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 50 73.9 16.2 6.7 12.3

Diagnostic medical sonographers 90 79.3 9.3 5.5 5.1

Radiologic technologists and technicians 254 85.6 6.5 5.4 11.2

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists 57 74.2 16.3 8.6 6.7

Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists 35 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Emergency medical technicians 141 82.4 11.9 4.0 11.4

Paramedics 78 93.2 3.9 2.8 8.5

Pharmacy technicians 336 72.8 15.0 7.2 17.6

Psychiatric technicians 67 67.6 24.2 1.4 12.1

Surgical technologists 108 80.9 14.9 2.5 17.3

Veterinary technologists and technicians 105 91.8 3.2 1.2 9.8

Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians 66 68.5 27.6 2.1 5.3

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 596 68.0 25.6 2.9 15.3

Medical records specialists 183 76.8 16.1 1.7 13.2

Opticians, dispensing 40 - - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 185 57.8 24.8 15.3 13.5

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 100 68.9 17.3 10.8 3.5

Service occupations 22,853 72.9 17.0 5.6 25.0

Healthcare support occupations 4,790 64.1 25.3 6.2 20.2

Home health aides 571 55.3 37.4 5.0 25.4

Personal care aides 1,282 62.6 22.2 9.4 21.4

Nursing assistants 1,364 57.0 35.2 4.7 13.7

Orderlies and psychiatric aides 55 51.4 37.2 1.2 8.7

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 37 - - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 78 88.6 6.6 3.7 5.8

Massage therapists 151 73.7 10.5 10.0 11.0

Dental assistants 288 85.8 5.5 4.3 31.7

Medical assistants 561 72.9 17.4 4.0 27.9

Medical transcriptionists 46 - - - -

Pharmacy aides 48 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 60 80.3 2.6 1.8 26.7

Phlebotomists 101 66.0 27.6 2.8 19.0

Other healthcare support workers 147 65.5 23.6 7.1 23.6

Protective service occupations 3,024 74.5 19.4 2.5 15.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 51 63.6 30.6 2.0 11.1

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 100 89.2 7.5 2.3 14.0

First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers 33 - - - -

First-line supervisors of security workers 68 70.5 20.9 3.9 11.6

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 7 - - - -

Firefighters 335 85.0 8.4 1.2 13.1

Fire inspectors 27 - - - -

Bailiffs 18 - - - -

Correctional officers and jailers 346 60.9 32.9 2.7 12.8

Detectives and criminal investigators 159 82.8 13.9 0.7 17.0

Fish and game wardens 4 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers 12 - - - -

Police officers 758 85.0 10.9 1.9 14.7

Animal control workers 8 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators 90 71.6 21.9 3.8 16.2

Security guards and gambling surveillance officers 800 61.0 31.1 3.9 19.6

Crossing guards and flaggers 46 - - - -

Transportation security screeners 42 - - - -

School bus monitors 17 - - - -

Other protective service workers 102 85.7 2.9 2.3 16.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6,556 74.8 13.9 6.4 27.3

Chefs and head cooks 383 65.2 14.7 16.7 24.4

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 466 76.2 16.4 3.7 22.6

Cooks 1,763 74.3 16.0 5.4 36.0

Food preparation workers 808 74.5 13.6 6.8 29.2

Bartenders 301 87.3 5.2 2.1 16.7

Fast food and counter workers 655 72.2 16.6 5.0 22.6

Waiters and waitresses 1,388 75.8 11.3 7.2 22.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant 157 68.6 18.8 7.7 22.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 231 73.1 15.3 8.2 27.3

Dishwashers 184 77.2 12.7 4.4 37.6

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 218 81.3 9.4 3.5 21.7

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 3 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,084 78.2 14.2 3.1 37.9

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 321 79.6 13.4 3.2 30.9

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 253 84.9 7.8 3.2 25.1

Janitors and building cleaners 2,043 74.7 17.0 3.9 33.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,163 73.7 17.3 4.1 46.1

Pest control workers 112 85.3 6.2 0.5 30.9

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 1,066 85.6 9.0 1.0 44.5

Tree trimmers and pruners 109 88.0 7.7 0.1 21.6

Other grounds maintenance workers 17 - - - -

Personal care and service occupations 3,399 72.8 13.2 10.1 16.1

Supervisors of personal care and service workers 237 68.7 10.3 16.2 13.9

Animal trainers 72 88.5 7.5 0.0 12.7

Animal caretakers 272 90.0 4.7 1.7 13.9

Gambling services workers 64 49.2 14.5 25.3 15.5

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 22 - - - -

Other entertainment attendants and related workers 144 78.8 10.0 6.2 12.6

Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants 14 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers 19 - - - -

Barbers 102 64.9 28.2 4.1 31.2

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 646 77.5 14.4 5.1 14.6

Manicurists and pedicurists 214 14.2 6.9 76.7 7.3

Skincare specialists 72 72.9 4.7 15.9 22.2

Other personal appearance workers 19 - - - -

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 60 61.1 24.6 8.6 33.7

Tour and travel guides 47 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Childcare workers 928 76.6 16.1 3.8 21.6

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors 202 83.0 11.9 2.1 10.1

Recreation workers 131 79.8 12.6 2.4 10.4

Residential advisors 33 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 102 71.6 15.8 6.9 10.4

Sales and office occupations 29,726 78.7 12.5 5.1 17.3

Sales and related occupations 14,168 80.2 10.6 5.5 17.1

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,067 80.3 9.4 6.3 15.3

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,176 84.7 6.7 6.8 14.2

Cashiers 2,552 71.1 17.1 6.3 25.5

Counter and rental clerks 69 82.2 10.8 1.5 13.9

Parts salespersons 119 89.2 8.2 1.1 11.6

Retail salespersons 2,751 78.7 12.2 4.5 18.5

Advertising sales agents 141 89.6 5.5 2.4 16.4

Insurance sales agents 641 79.9 10.8 5.7 14.0

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 242 85.2 4.3 9.0 8.2

Travel agents 51 85.0 7.3 7.3 5.4

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel 563 85.4 7.7 4.9 12.1

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,217 88.8 4.5 4.2 13.6

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 28 - - - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents 1,037 84.9 7.9 5.0 14.5

Sales engineers 35 - - - -

Telemarketers 48 - - - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 114 81.9 13.3 1.5 22.4

Sales and related workers, all other 317 79.6 12.6 4.4 13.8

Office and administrative support occupations 15,558 77.4 14.3 4.7 17.4

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,273 80.6 12.8 3.9 13.6

Switchboard operators, including answering service 12 - - - -

Telephone operators 23 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Communications equipment operators, all other 8 - - - -

Bill and account collectors 98 72.1 23.9 2.1 15.8

Billing and posting clerks 434 74.7 15.5 4.8 15.3

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,179 86.5 7.7 4.0 14.2

Gambling cage workers 13 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 146 81.6 10.2 3.4 12.4

Procurement clerks 34 - - - -

Tellers 279 82.5 12.2 3.7 17.7

Financial clerks, all other 103 80.8 8.2 7.3 13.1

Brokerage clerks 6 - - - -

Correspondence clerks 4 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 76 69.5 23.1 2.7 12.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 55 80.0 7.8 7.8 17.1

Customer service representatives 2,404 73.1 17.7 4.9 19.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 82 61.5 20.7 11.4 26.8

File clerks 161 83.0 8.8 5.6 16.0

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 91 69.1 21.9 3.0 27.7

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 208 72.1 20.5 3.4 18.1

Library assistants, clerical 65 82.8 10.3 5.7 9.0

Loan interviewers and clerks 151 71.8 19.4 6.1 18.0

New accounts clerks 24 - - - -

Order clerks 113 76.4 9.5 6.1 19.6

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 44 - - - -

Receptionists and information clerks 1,147 78.8 12.6 3.6 22.2

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 108 59.1 26.1 7.7 17.8

Information and record clerks, all other 113 78.7 16.4 1.7 26.3

Cargo and freight agents 24 - - - -

Couriers and messengers 578 69.9 21.1 4.4 23.1

Public safety telecommunicators 104 89.1 10.1 0.4 13.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 205 75.2 16.3 2.5 19.0

Meter readers, utilities 25 - - - -

Postal service clerks 91 49.5 38.4 9.6 10.2

Postal service mail carriers 312 72.7 18.7 6.8 13.6

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 66 49.0 31.1 18.7 6.1

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 244 78.8 11.5 4.6 15.2

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks 572 72.6 19.1 4.0 26.8

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 58 74.3 20.5 1.7 20.8

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants 196 83.0 12.8 3.3 9.8

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants 54 83.3 9.7 4.5 13.2

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants 72 81.2 8.2 7.6 18.5

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive 2,080 83.8 10.3 3.2 13.8

Data entry keyers 228 72.2 17.6 5.1 15.8

Word processors and typists 44 - - - -

Desktop publishers 0 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 236 74.8 17.5 5.7 17.3

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 62 70.8 21.0 4.2 20.0

Office clerks, general 1,227 77.5 11.8 7.0 19.6

Office machine operators, except computer 22 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 4 - - - -

Statistical assistants 65 70.1 9.8 17.4 6.7

Office and administrative support workers, all other 535 74.7 16.1 5.3 15.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,357 86.7 7.5 2.1 31.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,045 90.0 4.3 1.6 43.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 53 89.5 4.7 2.8 27.6

Agricultural inspectors 14 - - - -

Animal breeders 4 - - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 36 - - - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 834 90.5 4.2 1.0 47.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Fishing and hunting workers 35 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers 21 - - - -

Logging workers 47 - - - -

Construction and extraction occupations 7,710 87.8 7.0 1.6 35.7

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 737 89.9 5.8 1.1 25.4

Boilermakers 19 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 113 86.8 8.8 1.0 44.1

Carpenters 1,114 87.9 6.9 1.9 35.5

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 172 93.7 2.5 1.1 53.2

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 55 82.9 8.4 1.3 53.3

Construction laborers 1,902 86.6 8.0 1.4 46.0

Construction equipment operators 359 85.3 9.9 0.5 17.8

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 165 89.2 1.0 2.8 73.1

Electricians 901 87.8 7.6 1.7 23.8

Glaziers 45 - - - -

Insulation workers 53 86.0 9.6 2.4 54.5

Painters and paperhangers 524 90.0 5.4 0.6 51.2

Pipelayers 49 - - - -

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 537 88.1 6.9 1.7 24.5

Plasterers and stucco masons 24 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 - - - -

Roofers 210 86.9 5.1 1.4 53.2

Sheet metal workers 123 87.3 4.5 3.2 13.4

Structural iron and steel workers 47 - - - -

Solar photovoltaic installers 20 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades 47 - - - -

Construction and building inspectors 116 88.2 3.5 4.5 12.4

Elevator and escalator installers and repairers 19 - - - -

Fence erectors 36 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Hazardous materials removal workers 31 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers 102 85.2 10.5 0.7 11.0

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 5 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 7 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 22 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas 22 - - - -

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining 5 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 25 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 6 - - - -

Underground mining machine operators 39 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 6 - - - -

Other extraction workers 50 91.8 2.3 0.4 26.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,602 84.0 9.1 3.1 20.8

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 226 85.7 7.2 2.5 12.4

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 190 80.5 5.5 9.1 19.9

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 140 71.5 16.8 6.3 16.8

Avionics technicians 9 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 19 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 3 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 9 - - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 5 - - - -

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers 29 - - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 63 77.4 9.6 3.2 34.4

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 153 84.3 10.8 3.2 23.0

Automotive body and related repairers 121 87.4 7.3 2.2 27.9

Automotive glass installers and repairers 15 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 750 82.8 9.1 3.5 28.3

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 357 85.1 7.4 3.1 18.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 191 93.7 3.7 0.8 19.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Small engine mechanics 48 - - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 84 89.8 7.1 2.1 27.7

Control and valve installers and repairers 28 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 450 81.5 12.1 3.1 21.7

Home appliance repairers 38 - - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 399 86.1 9.5 2.5 14.5

Maintenance and repair workers, general 584 83.9 10.7 1.8 20.6

Maintenance workers, machinery 24 - - - -

Millwrights 57 95.6 1.3 1.1 5.8

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 127 89.4 5.5 0.8 10.6

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 131 83.4 12.0 0.9 22.4

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 73 72.9 12.8 9.8 5.9

Wind turbine service technicians 5 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 29 - - - -

Commercial divers 6 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 28 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 - - - -

Riggers 7 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 16 - - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 183 84.2 8.5 3.0 30.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,215 74.6 16.7 4.8 23.8

Production occupations 7,590 77.8 13.1 5.6 23.6

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 748 79.5 13.7 4.2 17.7

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 4 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 91 59.5 12.4 18.0 17.2

Engine and other machine assemblers 7 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 21 - - - -

Other assemblers and fabricators 872 69.0 18.7 8.1 20.7

Bakers 235 77.0 11.8 6.7 26.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 266 75.1 16.2 5.5 40.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 10 - - - -

Food batchmakers 94 86.9 7.2 2.8 27.6

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 13 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other 125 71.4 17.9 7.1 36.0

Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers 105 88.9 7.3 3.3 14.5

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 28 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 72 78.0 18.7 2.7 22.8

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 41 - - - -

Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 - - - -

Machinists 290 91.7 4.1 3.1 13.2

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 21 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 8 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35 - - - -

Tool and die makers 37 - - - -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 520 86.9 7.4 2.7 23.1

Other metal workers and plastic workers 341 75.2 16.7 4.6 26.0

Prepress technicians and workers 13 - - - -

Printing press operators 128 83.7 7.3 5.8 18.4

Print binding and finishing workers 17 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 120 58.0 25.6 10.0 26.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 25 - - - -

Sewing machine operators 131 73.5 12.6 10.8 36.9

Shoe and leather workers 12 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 64 66.7 3.9 28.5 22.3

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders 16 - - - -

Upholsterers 24 - - - -

Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers 13 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 50 91.5 6.4 1.3 27.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Furniture finishers 13 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 28 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 13 - - - -

Other woodworkers 23 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 41 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 56 77.5 14.4 4.9 10.7

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 112 88.9 8.4 0.9 8.6

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 43 - - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 49 - - - -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 79 81.6 16.3 1.1 19.2

Cutting workers 54 86.9 9.4 2.3 26.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 23 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 12 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 751 77.2 11.4 7.6 20.6

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 48 - - - -

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians 74 91.0 4.4 4.6 17.0

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 252 69.9 20.8 4.1 41.2

Painting workers 148 87.0 7.8 1.5 32.2

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 10 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 - - - -

Etchers and engravers 5 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 26 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 22 - - - -

Tire builders 2 - - - -

Helpers--production workers 38 - - - -

Other production equipment operators and tenders 8 - - - -

Other production workers 1,046 74.0 15.3 6.2 27.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 10,625 72.3 19.4 4.2 23.9

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 265 73.8 14.8 5.7 23.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 155 94.0 3.4 2.2 5.0

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 38 - - - -

Flight attendants 81 65.0 19.3 10.6 10.3

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 10 - - - -

Bus drivers, school 201 73.0 21.5 1.9 7.9

Bus drivers, transit and intercity 187 56.1 37.0 3.6 17.7

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,364 76.9 16.8 2.9 22.6

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs 88 61.6 24.5 12.6 24.9

Taxi drivers 327 57.9 27.7 11.9 25.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other 143 71.8 17.8 9.6 17.0

Locomotive engineers and operators 55 73.5 18.6 3.0 22.6

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 40 - - - -

Other rail transportation workers 12 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 31 - - - -

Ship engineers 3 - - - -

Parking attendants 53 59.7 34.0 3.7 30.2

Transportation service attendants 93 67.8 16.6 12.6 10.2

Transportation inspectors 35 - - - -

Passenger attendants 21 - - - -

Other transportation workers 25 - - - -

Crane and tower operators 54 93.5 5.9 0.1 10.1

Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators 30 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 553 66.5 25.5 2.5 31.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 344 73.9 19.2 3.7 34.6

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,995 72.2 18.6 4.0 28.0

Machine feeders and offbearers 11 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand 640 63.0 25.9 8.0 32.5

Stockers and order fillers 1,570 70.4 19.9 3.9 22.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have 

been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Pumping station operators 20 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 98 68.9 27.9 1.3 31.4

Other material moving workers 62 79.0 18.6 0.0 14.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 147,795 115,341 17,873 9,437 25,952

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.3 2.2

Mining 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4

Construction 7.3 8.3 3.6 2.3 12.5

Manufacturing 9.8 10.1 8.3 10.8 9.7

Durable goods 6.2 6.4 4.9 7.1 5.4

Nondurable goods 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.3

Wholesale and retail trade 12.8 12.9 12.5 11.4 13.5

Wholesale trade 2.3 2.4 1.7 1.9 2.4

Retail trade 10.6 10.5 10.8 9.5 11.1

Transportation and utilities 5.8 5.4 8.9 4.9 6.5

Information 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.7 1.3

Financial activities 7.2 7.3 6.2 8.9 5.3

Professional and business services 12.7 12.7 10.5 19.0 11.7

Education and health services 23.1 22.4 28.3 22.6 17.3

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Leisure and hospitality 7.8 7.5 8.2 7.7 10.7

Other services 4.6 4.6 3.9 5.5 5.1

Other services, except private households 4.1 4.1 3.5 5.1 4.2

Other services, private households 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.9

Public administration 5.1 4.8 7.4 3.6 3.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 78,560 62,446 8,392 5,041 14,857

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.2 2.5 0.6 0.4 2.9

Mining 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7

Construction 12.2 13.6 7.0 3.4 20.3

Manufacturing 13.1 13.3 12.0 12.9 11.5

Durable goods 8.7 8.9 7.3 9.1 6.9

Nondurable goods 4.4 4.4 4.7 3.8 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade 13.5 13.4 14.7 12.5 13.1

Wholesale trade 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.2 3.0

Retail trade 10.5 10.2 12.2 10.3 10.1

Transportation and utilities 8.3 7.7 13.5 7.0 8.8

Information 2.0 1.9 1.8 3.3 1.4

Financial activities 6.5 6.6 5.2 8.7 4.3

Professional and business services 14.0 13.8 11.8 21.8 12.1

Education and health services 11.0 10.4 13.9 14.6 7.0

Leisure and hospitality 7.2 6.9 8.4 7.7 9.7

Other services 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.7

Other services, except private households 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.6

Other services, private households 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Public administration 5.1 5.0 6.7 3.6 3.5

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 69,234 52,895 9,481 4,396 11,095

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.3

Mining 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1

Construction 1.7 1.9 0.6 1.0 2.0

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Manufacturing 6.2 6.2 5.1 8.5 7.4

Durable goods 3.3 3.3 2.7 4.9 3.5

Nondurable goods 2.9 2.9 2.4 3.6 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade 12.1 12.4 10.5 10.3 14.1

Wholesale trade 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.8

Retail trade 10.6 10.8 9.6 8.6 12.3

Transportation and utilities 3.0 2.6 4.9 2.6 3.4

Information 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.2

Financial activities 8.0 8.2 7.1 9.0 6.6

Professional and business services 11.2 11.3 9.2 15.8 11.2

Education and health services 36.7 36.6 41.0 31.7 31.1

Leisure and hospitality 8.4 8.3 8.0 7.6 11.9

Other services 5.1 5.2 3.7 7.3 5.7

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.3 3.2 6.5 3.7

Other services, private households 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.9

Public administration 5.0 4.5 8.0 3.8 4.1

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total families 83,144 65,324 10,183 5,153 13,369

With at least one family member employed 64,995 50,925 7,713 4,365 11,245

As a percent of total families 78.2 78.0 75.7 84.7 84.1

With at least one family member unemployed 8,124 5,858 1,360 560 1,906

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of total families 9.8 9.0 13.4 10.9 14.3

Some family member(s) employed 5,492 4,097 776 401 1,290

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 67.6 69.9 57.1 71.6 67.7

Some family member(s) employed full time 4,869 3,644 676 358 1,150

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 59.9 62.2 49.7 63.9 60.3

Married-couple families1 61,375 50,860 4,779 4,270 8,400

With at least one family member employed 48,279 39,614 3,785 3,631 7,239

As a percent of total families 78.7 77.9 79.2 85.0 86.2

With at least one family member unemployed 5,292 4,114 555 437 1,142

As a percent of total families 8.6 8.1 11.6 10.2 13.6

Some family member(s) employed 4,031 3,154 402 327 848

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 76.2 76.7 72.5 74.9 74.3

Some family member(s) employed full time 3,623 2,837 359 293 767

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 68.5 69.0 64.8 67.1 67.1

Families maintained by women2 14,826 9,484 4,160 516 3,224

With at least one family member employed 11,089 7,202 2,987 422 2,516

As a percent of total families 74.8 75.9 71.8 81.9 78.0

With at least one family member unemployed 1,890 1,123 606 64 494

As a percent of total families 12.7 11.8 14.6 12.5 15.3

Some family member(s) employed 943 583 282 36 269

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 49.9 51.9 46.5 56.4 54.6

Some family member(s) employed full time 782 481 235 32 225

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 41.4 42.9 38.8 49.5 45.5

Families maintained by men2 6,943 4,980 1,245 367 1,745

With at least one family member employed 5,627 4,109 942 312 1,490

As a percent of total families 81.1 82.5 75.7 85.0 85.4

With at least one family member unemployed 942 621 199 59 270

As a percent of total families 13.6 12.5 16.0 16.0 15.5

Some family member(s) employed 518 360 92 37 172

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

1

 Beginning with data for 2020, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2020, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2

 Beginning with data for 2020, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2020, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 55.0 57.9 46.3 63.4 63.6

Some family member(s) employed full time 464 325 82 33 158

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 49.3 52.4 41.0 56.4 58.5

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017 56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

2018 56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0

2019 57.0 62.0 52.1 56.9 62.4 51.6 56.4 59.0 54.0 57.7 62.7 53.2 61.3 68.3 53.8

2020 55.7 60.4 51.0 55.7 60.9 50.5 54.5 56.8 52.5 56.5 61.8 51.7 60.4 67.4 52.9

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012 80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017 80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

2018 81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9

2019 81.7 93.3 72.3 82.1 94.0 71.9 81.7 88.4 77.6 78.6 93.8 65.8 77.9 93.8 64.9

2020 80.7 92.3 71.2 81.5 93.4 71.3 79.8 86.0 76.0 77.3 92.5 64.3 76.4 92.6 62.8

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017 82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

2018 83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7

2019 83.6 92.0 76.8 84.1 92.9 76.6 82.6 86.0 80.7 81.2 92.1 72.4 80.2 92.6 70.3

2020 82.5 91.4 75.4 83.3 92.4 75.5 81.7 85.7 79.4 79.7 91.8 69.6 78.5 91.6 67.7

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017 78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

2018 78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5

2019 79.4 95.0 66.4 79.6 95.6 65.8 80.5 91.2 73.7 75.2 95.8 57.3 75.1 95.2 58.0

2020 78.4 93.4 65.8 79.2 94.7 65.6 77.6 86.4 71.8 74.2 93.2 57.2 73.5 93.8 56.2

With children under 3 years

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012 76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016 76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017 77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

2018 76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

2019 78.0 95.2 63.5 78.5 95.8 63.1 79.0 91.1 71.0 72.5 95.7 52.0 74.0 95.5 55.2

2020 77.3 93.5 63.3 78.0 94.8 63.1 75.7 85.9 68.7 74.3 93.5 56.2 71.9 93.6 53.3

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual 

averages (Percent)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

2018 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1

2019 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 6.1 6.6 5.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.3 4.0 4.7

2020 8.1 7.8 8.3 7.3 7.0 7.6 11.4 12.1 10.9 8.7 7.8 9.6 10.4 9.7 11.4

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include 

people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than 

one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–20 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016 8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017 7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

2018 6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

2019 6.1 6.5 5.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 5.3 5.4 5.2

2020 11.7 12.5 10.8 8.9 9.0 8.7 11.6 11.1 12.2

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–20 annual averages (Percent)

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 12,947 9,090 2,304 894 3,018

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 28.6 30.0 25.7 22.6 29.8

5 to 14 weeks 36.5 37.0 34.5 37.5 36.4

15 to 26 weeks 19.4 18.7 20.9 22.5 19.1

27 weeks and over 15.4 14.3 18.9 17.5 14.7

Average (mean) duration, in weeks1 16.5 15.7 19.3 18.4 15.6

Median duration, in weeks 9.7 9.3 11.0 11.2 9.6

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,644 4,725 1,150 427 1,598

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 28.6 29.9 25.1 23.3 30.2

5 to 14 weeks 35.5 35.9 33.0 37.7 36.5

15 to 26 weeks 19.4 18.5 21.7 21.4 18.5

27 weeks and over 16.5 15.7 20.2 17.5 14.8

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

1

 Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Average (mean) duration, in weeks1 17.1 16.5 20.0 18.1 15.7

Median duration, in weeks 9.9 9.5 11.7 11.0 9.5

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,304 4,365 1,155 467 1,421

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 28.7 30.0 26.2 21.9 29.3

5 to 14 weeks 37.6 38.2 36.0 37.2 36.3

15 to 26 weeks 19.5 18.9 20.1 23.4 19.7

27 weeks and over 14.2 12.9 17.7 17.4 14.7

Average (mean) duration, in weeks1 15.8 14.8 18.7 18.7 15.5

Median duration, in weeks 9.5 9.1 10.3 11.3 9.7

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 12,947 9,090 2,304 894 3,018

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 75.5 76.6 70.9 77.7 77.0

On temporary layoff 49.2 50.9 40.9 55.2 51.3

Not on temporary layoff 26.3 25.8 30.0 22.6 25.8

Permanent job losers 20.5 20.6 22.2 17.0 19.2

Persons who completed temporary jobs 5.7 5.2 7.8 5.6 6.5

Job leavers 5.3 5.2 5.5 4.4 4.1

Reentrants 15.2 14.4 19.3 12.8 13.8

New entrants 4.1 3.7 4.3 5.0 5.1

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,644 4,725 1,150 427 1,598

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 75.9 77.0 71.3 78.2 79.8

On temporary layoff 46.2 47.7 37.6 53.2 50.3

Not on temporary layoff 29.7 29.3 33.6 25.1 29.5

Permanent job losers 22.8 22.8 25.0 19.1 21.8

Persons who completed temporary jobs 6.8 6.6 8.6 6.0 7.7

Job leavers 5.5 5.6 5.5 4.7 4.0

Reentrants 14.3 13.6 18.5 11.6 12.0

New entrants 4.2 3.8 4.7 5.4 4.2

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,304 4,365 1,155 467 1,421

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 75.0 76.2 70.5 77.3 73.8

On temporary layoff 52.3 54.3 44.1 57.0 52.3

Not on temporary layoff 22.6 21.9 26.4 20.3 21.5

Permanent job losers 18.0 18.2 19.4 15.1 16.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs 4.6 3.7 7.0 5.2 5.2

Job leavers 5.0 4.9 5.4 4.1 4.2

Reentrants 16.1 15.2 20.1 13.9 15.9

New entrants 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.7 6.1

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached2

(available to work now)

Total Discouraged

workers3 Other4

Total

Total, 16 years and older 160,742 99,587 7,123 2,535 1,962 574 1,388 92,464

16 to 24 years 20,207 17,278 1,914 739 545 136 409 15,364

25 to 54 years 102,630 23,416 3,363 1,295 996 301 694 20,052

55 years and older 37,905 58,893 1,846 501 421 137 285 57,048

Men, 16 years and older 85,204 40,718 3,462 1,296 1,055 343 712 37,256

16 to 24 years 10,276 8,545 1,012 395 294 79 215 7,534

25 to 54 years 54,675 7,543 1,557 643 538 181 357 5,986

55 years and older 20,253 24,630 894 257 222 82 140 23,736

Women, 16 years and older 75,538 58,869 3,661 1,239 907 231 676 55,208

16 to 24 years 9,931 8,733 903 343 251 57 194 7,830

25 to 54 years 47,955 15,873 1,806 651 458 120 338 14,066

55 years and older 17,652 34,263 952 244 199 55 144 33,311

White

Total, 16 years and older 124,431 76,875 4,811 1,652 1,289 366 923 72,064

16 to 24 years 15,418 12,067 1,294 474 348 79 269 10,773

25 to 54 years 77,804 16,621 2,162 812 630 190 440 14,460

55 years and older 31,208 48,187 1,356 365 311 97 214 46,831

Men, 16 years and older 67,171 31,285 2,355 858 700 220 480 28,930

16 to 24 years 7,943 5,941 694 260 192 47 145 5,247

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached2

(available to work now)

Total Discouraged

workers3 Other4

25 to 54 years 42,224 5,093 994 405 340 113 227 4,099

55 years and older 17,003 20,252 668 193 169 60 109 19,584

Women, 16 years and older 57,260 45,590 2,456 794 588 146 443 43,134

16 to 24 years 7,475 6,126 600 214 156 32 125 5,526

25 to 54 years 35,580 11,529 1,168 407 290 77 213 10,361

55 years and older 14,205 27,935 688 173 142 37 105 27,247

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 20,177 13,167 1,453 576 457 149 308 11,715

16 to 24 years 2,724 2,774 375 164 129 39 90 2,399

25 to 54 years 13,588 3,816 765 325 254 81 173 3,051

55 years and older 3,865 6,577 313 87 73 28 45 6,264

Men, 16 years and older 9,542 5,708 687 286 242 87 155 5,021

16 to 24 years 1,309 1,373 191 88 70 23 46 1,183

25 to 54 years 6,465 1,604 358 158 137 49 88 1,246

55 years and older 1,768 2,731 139 41 35 15 21 2,593

Women, 16 years and older 10,635 7,459 765 290 215 62 152 6,693

16 to 24 years 1,415 1,400 184 77 60 16 44 1,216

25 to 54 years 7,123 2,212 407 167 117 32 84 1,806

55 years and older 2,097 3,846 175 46 38 14 24 3,671

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 10,331 6,136 483 169 113 30 83 5,653

16 to 24 years 904 1,358 109 44 28 8 21 1,249

25 to 54 years 7,418 1,924 257 92 61 15 46 1,667

55 years and older 2,009 2,854 116 33 24 7 17 2,737

Men, 16 years and older 5,468 2,240 225 82 56 16 40 2,015

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached2

(available to work now)

Total Discouraged

workers3 Other4

16 to 24 years 442 674 55 24 15 4 11 620

25 to 54 years 3,960 473 112 42 29 7 22 361

55 years and older 1,066 1,092 58 16 12 5 7 1,034

Women, 16 years and older 4,863 3,896 258 87 57 14 43 3,639

16 to 24 years 462 684 54 20 14 4 10 630

25 to 54 years 3,458 1,451 145 50 31 8 24 1,306

55 years and older 943 1,762 58 16 12 2 10 1,703

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 28,970 15,213 1,536 513 397 132 265 13,677

16 to 24 years 4,721 4,087 451 167 128 38 89 3,636

25 to 54 years 19,880 5,386 808 282 214 76 137 4,578

55 years and older 4,369 5,740 276 64 55 17 38 5,463

Men, 16 years and older 16,455 5,527 714 254 203 77 126 4,813

16 to 24 years 2,492 1,951 239 91 70 23 47 1,712

25 to 54 years 11,472 1,379 339 130 104 44 60 1,040

55 years and older 2,491 2,197 136 33 29 10 19 2,061

Women, 16 years and older 12,515 9,686 822 259 194 55 139 8,864

16 to 24 years 2,229 2,136 213 76 58 15 42 1,924

25 to 54 years 8,408 4,006 469 152 110 32 78 3,538

55 years and older 1,878 3,543 140 31 27 7 19 3,403

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

1

 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

2

 People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

3

 Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer 

thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

4

 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018 886 916 694 1,095 680

2019 917 945 735 1,174 706

2020 984 1,003 794 1,310 758

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019 1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

2020 1,082 1,110 830 1,447 797

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

2018 789 817 654 937 617

2019 821 840 704 1,025 642

2020 891 905 764 1,143 705

Women's earnings as

a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019 81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

2020 82.3 81.5 92.0 79.0 88.5

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual 

averages

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $1,029 $1,056 $830 $1,351 $795

Less than a high school diploma 619 626 579 605 601

High school graduates, no college1 781 811 685 702 721

Some college, no degree 877 912 748 824 820

Associate's degree 938 968 797 1,004 852

Bachelor's degree and higher2 1,421 1,433 1,166 1,650 1,230

Men, 25 years and older 1,144 1,166 879 1,491 836

Less than a high school diploma 674 684 605 624 644

High school graduates, no college1 881 915 738 784 791

Some college, no degree 995 1,022 809 921 933

Associate's degree 1,096 1,127 926 1,112 987

Bachelor's degree and higher2 1,644 1,668 1,247 1,871 1,371

Women, 25 years and older 929 944 794 1,164 733

Less than a high school diploma 525 520 522 586 511

High school graduates, no college1 671 685 622 617 637

Some college, no degree 750 770 698 714 717

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Associate's degree 809 823 740 878 765

Bachelor's degree and higher2 1,239 1,239 1,129 1,440 1,125

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2020 annual averages

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $984 $1,003 $794 $1,310 $758

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,356 1,357 1,125 1,725 1,153

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,461 1,482 1,211 1,768 1,180

Management occupations 1,541 1,559 1,256 1,899 1,198

Business and financial operations occupations 1,363 1,367 1,145 1,625 1,162

Professional and related occupations 1,270 1,263 1,079 1,672 1,130

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,633 1,589 1,352 1,904 1,330

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,575 1,578 1,261 1,788 1,454

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,336 1,334 1,188 1,426 1,338

Community and social services occupations 1,003 1,004 990 1,134 998

Legal occupations 1,540 1,581 1,398 1,501 1,008

Education, training, and library occupations 1,096 1,100 1,017 1,256 1,028

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,179 1,204 1,008 1,245 988

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,227 1,236 1,030 1,582 1,113

Service occupations 621 636 584 649 589

Healthcare support occupations 606 616 575 699 580

Protective service occupations 982 1,046 725 911 926

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Food preparation and serving related occupations 530 533 497 582 552

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 603 610 562 634 581

Personal care and service occupations 616 616 633 608 542

Sales and office occupations 809 829 711 907 723

Sales and related occupations 880 925 653 931 709

Office and administrative support occupations 781 790 735 892 730

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 905 911 834 935 759

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 589 597 510 569 561

Construction and extraction occupations 906 915 740 976 778

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 984 989 960 986 853

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 746 768 685 689 675

Production occupations 775 800 698 703 688

Transportation and material moving occupations 719 734 675 665 659

Men, 16 years and older $1,082 $1,110 $830 $1,447 $797

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,578 1,599 1,232 1,883 1,316

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,667 1,725 1,240 1,908 1,262

Management occupations 1,737 1,756 1,262 2,190 1,253

Business and financial operations occupations 1,550 1,576 1,190 1,771 1,310

Professional and related occupations 1,532 1,529 1,228 1,867 1,362

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,738 1,698 1,374 1,997 1,375

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,626 1,625 1,272 1,846 1,467

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,450 1,455 1,008 1,644 1,404

Community and social services occupations 1,103 1,126 1,026 1,224 1,115

Legal occupations 2,275 2,293 1,914 1,917 1,880

Education, training, and library occupations 1,327 1,328 1,195 1,403 1,254

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,252 1,265 1,007 1,259 1,159

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,506 1,530 1,209 1,703 1,307

Service occupations 704 723 624 706 629

Healthcare support occupations 640 645 590 763 609

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Protective service occupations 1,043 1,116 764 912 978

Food preparation and serving related occupations 570 575 517 614 587

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 651 657 613 661 612

Personal care and service occupations 740 755 697 877 613

Sales and office occupations 956 990 756 961 784

Sales and related occupations 1,046 1,118 721 1,051 814

Office and administrative support occupations 868 886 777 883 760

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 917 925 848 959 774

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 608 618 441 626 571

Construction and extraction occupations 910 920 739 978 781

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 991 996 962 1,024 859

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 796 823 718 744 711

Production occupations 841 869 734 774 730

Transportation and material moving occupations 759 777 706 699 695

Women, 16 years and older $891 $905 $764 $1,143 $705

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,164 1,160 1,071 1,499 1,043

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,274 1,273 1,191 1,542 1,105

Management occupations 1,347 1,350 1,253 1,571 1,133

Business and financial operations occupations 1,209 1,185 1,119 1,527 1,069

Professional and related occupations 1,121 1,115 1,005 1,481 1,010

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,423 1,352 1,236 1,744 1,225

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,382 1,361 1,010 1,592 1,378

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,202 1,190 1,574 1,263 1,230

Community and social services occupations 976 967 978 1,041 946

Legal occupations 1,252 1,243 1,319 1,344 934

Education, training, and library occupations 1,026 1,029 959 1,196 967

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,128 1,135 1,010 1,236 927

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,153 1,162 999 1,522 1,055

Service occupations 574 578 551 600 535

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have 

been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Healthcare support occupations 600 611 571 691 569

Protective service occupations 768 860 685 888 763

Food preparation and serving related occupations 506 509 462 532 517

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 511 515 487 521 504

Personal care and service occupations 591 596 586 580 520

Sales and office occupations 746 755 695 870 692

Sales and related occupations 715 741 618 817 624

Office and administrative support occupations 756 760 721 900 717

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 682 653 782 715 582

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 528 523 729 559 531

Construction and extraction occupations 796 806 756 517 614

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 801 782 938 732 763

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 614 612 615 602 586

Production occupations 630 632 633 604 586

Transportation and material moving occupations 600 594 604 600 586

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual 

averages
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of 

the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily 

absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are 

counted as employed.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if 

they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period 

ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need 

not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as 

unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks 

they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median 

duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The 

reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) 

permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people 

who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking 

for work.
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Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria 

described above.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

The labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian 

noninstitutional population.

The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian 

noninstitutional population.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the 

labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had 

looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that 

no jobs were available for them.

Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. Beginning with data in 

2020, the occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification 

system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation 

Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, 

Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 

are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, 

people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian 

Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both 

individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more 

Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 

people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too 

small to develop estimates of publication quality.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or 

Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. The detailed classifications include 

Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, South American, and Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino. The 

Central American category includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding 

Salvadorans). The Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino category also includes two subcategories—Dominican, and 

Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race.3
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•

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, 

or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than 

weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived 

by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more 

than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary 

workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in an earnings distribution, with half of workers having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the 

median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide 

interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval 

in which the median lies.

A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such 

people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: 

the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for 

“primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. 

Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their 

family members residing in the household.

Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are made up of householders residing with one 

or more family members but no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or 

may not be present in the household.

Children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, 

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and 

all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.4
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1 Additional information about these classification systems is available online; see “Occupational and industry 

classifications used in the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.

2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; 

see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population 

Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

3 See Bowler, et al, https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is 

available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey 

Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 

2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.