# Patent

## Title
Boots for motorcycle cross-country racing

## Abstract

The closure and adjustment device is particularly for ski boots comprising a front quarter and a rear quarter pivoted to a shell. The rear quarter is connected to at least one mutually movable part of the boot through at least one connecting element. The rear quarter and the connecting element are provided with a set of teeth and a bar respectively for the adjustment and locking of the position of the connecting element, for effecting adjustment of the closure of said quarters.

## Background
The present invention relates to a closure and adjustment device, particularly for ski boots.

The use in ski boots is currently known of individual devices for the adjustment of the inclination of the quarters or for the adjustment of the degree of fastening thereof or for the adjustment of the stroke, in the flexing phase, of the front quarter with respect to the base.

Such known devices, if they are present in combination, are in any case independent from one another, and therefore require individual adjustments.

The use of a plurality of individual devices applied to the boot furthermore creates the problem of their location also with respect to the dimensions and the final overall weight of the boot.

The aim of the present invention is therefore to eliminate the disadvantages described above in known types, by devising a single device which allows to adjust both the closure of the quarters and the inclination thereof with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shell, as well as the flexing stroke of the front quarter.

Within the scope of the aim described above, an important object is to provide a device which associates with the preceding characteristics that of increasing the lateral hold of the boot.

Another important object is to provide a device which is structurally simple, rapid and easy to use.

Not least object is to obtain a device which has modest costs and is therefore competitive from a merely economical point of view.

The intended aim and objects, as well as others which will become apparent hereinafter, are achieved by a closure and adjustment device, particularly for ski boots comprising a front quarter and a rear quarter pivoted to a shell, characterized in that said rear quarter is connected to at least one mutually movable part of said boot by means of at least one connecting element, said rear quarter and said connecting element being provided with means for the adjustment and locking of the position of said connecting element for an adjustment of the closure of said quarters.

Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description of a preferred, but not exclusive, embodiment, illustrated only by way of non-limitative example in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a ski boot with a closure and adjustment device according to a first aspect of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a lateral elevation view of the boot of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a perspective detail view of the device;

FIG. 4 is a detailed cross section view of a means for the adjustment of the flexing stroke;

FIG. 5 is a view, in partial cross section, of a means for the adjustment of the extension;

FIG. 6 is a schematic lateral elevation view of a boot with a device according to a second aspect of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross section view along the line VII--VII of FIG. 6;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are cross section views of a detail of the device in two different operating positions;

FIG. 10 is a perspective detail view of the device of FIG. 6;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a detail of the boot of FIG. 6;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a boot with a device according to a third aspect of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a lateral elevation view of said boot;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a detail of the device;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the rear quarter of the boot;

FIG. 16 is a cross section view of the rear quarter along a middle longitudinal plane;

FIG. 17 is a lateral elevation view of a different arrangement of the device in the boot;

FIG. 18 is a top view of an adjustment block;

FIG. 19 is a lateral view of the adjustment block;

FIG. 20 is another top sectional view of the adjustment block;

FIGS. 21 and 22 are lateral elevation views of a boot with a device according to a fourth aspect of the invention;

FIG. 23 is a cross section view along the middle longitudinal plane of the boot;

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a detail of the device;

FIG. 25 is a lateral elevation view of a boot with a device according to a fifth aspect of the invention;

FIG. 26 is a cross section view along the line XXVI-XXVI of FIG. 25; and

FIG. 27 is a lateral elevation view of the shell of the boot.

With reference to FIGS. 1-5 the device 1 is composed of a pair of mutually identical rod-like elements, indicated by the reference numerals 2 and 3, each whereof is advantageously divided into a first half-element, indicated by the numerals 2a and 3a, and into a second half-element, indicated by the numerals 2b and 3b, idly pivoted to one another by means of a first small pivot 4.

Each of said first half-elements 2a and 3a is composed of a first small rectilinear rod 5 one end whereof is idly pivoted, by means of a second small pivot 6, laterally with respect to the shell 7 at the tip region 8.

A means for the adjustment of the flexing stroke of the front quarter 9 is rigidly associated with the other end of said first rod 5, said means consisting of a substantially cylindrical body 10, knurled externally and internally provided with a first axial cavity 11 and with a second axial cavity 12, said cavities being divided from one another by means of an axially foraminous dividing wall 13.

A cylindrical helical compression spring 14 is arranged inside the first cavity 11 and interacts with a small plate 15 which is slideable within said cavity and is connected to the end of a second rectilinear rod 16 which passes through the dividing wall 13, affecting the second cavity 12 and pivoted at its end to the second rod-like element.

An adjustment ring 17 is associable with the second internally threaded axial cavity 12, and is provided with a complementarily threaded tang 18.

Said ring 17 is provided with an axial seat 19 for the passage of the second rod 16.

The planar surface 20 of the head of the ring 17 interacts in abutment engagement with the ends 21 of the front quarter 9 facing towards the region of the tip 8, said front quarter having, at the ends 21, a thickness sufficient to interact with the ring 17.

Each of the second half-elements 2b and 3b is instead composed of a first rod 22, pivoted at one end to the second small rod 16, which has a slightly curved shape in the direction of the upper end of the boot, its free end being threaded.

The second half-element 2b and 3b is also composed of a second small rod 23 also provided with an end threaded in the opposite direction with respect to the end of the rod 22, said end cooperating with a means for the adjustment of their distance, consisting of a sleeve 24 which is internally threaded in a single direction.

Each of the non-threaded ends of the second rod 23 which constitutes said second half-elements 2b and 3b is pivoted, by means of a third small pivot 25, to a locking-unlocking element consisting of a bar 26 having an L-shaped cross section.

Said bar is arranged transversely with respect to the boot and affects the rear region 27 of the rear quarter 28.

A set of teeth 29 is associated with said rear quarter at said region, and is arranged longitudinally with respect to said quarter, with which interacts an adapted cam 30 which projects from the flap of the bar 26 which can be arranged approximately perpendicular to said set of teeth 29. Said set of teeth is obtained monolithically with the quarter or is added thereto. The use of the device 1 is thus as follows: once the skier has put the boot on, he can operate a rough adjustment of the fastening between the front quarter 9 and the rear quarter 28 by arranging the cam 30 of the bar 26 on the set of teeth 29 at the point corresponding to the optimum tensioning.

This operation is facilitated by the fact that the second half-elements 2b and 3b are idly pivoted to the first half-elements 2a and 3a.

The arrangement of the bar 26 furthermore allows to fasten the quarters, also constituting a rest for the rear quarter which is useful most of all during the phases of extension while skiing.

The skier can subsequently rotate the sleeve 24 appropriately and therefore move mutually closer or further apart the threaded ends of the first small rod 22 and of the second small rod 23.

This adjustment allows to vary by the desired angle the inclination of the front quarter 9 with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shell.

While skiing, and in particular during flexing, the device 1 furthermore allows to adjust the forward stroke of the front quarter 9: first of all it is possible to define a stroke limit by appropriately screwing or unscrewing the ring 17, the distance between the planar surface 20 of its head or that of the end 21 of the front quarter defining the free excursion which can be performed by the latter.

The presence of the small plate 15 at the end of the second rectilinear rod 16 allows, by virtue of the interaction with the spring 14, to dampen the stroke of the second rod 16.

In order to allow a further sliding at the first half-elements 2a and 3a, a slot 31 is advantageously provided on the shell 7 and has the same longitudinal axis as said half-elements, within which said second small pivot 6 can idly slide.

FIGS. 6-10 illustrate a device 101 according to another aspect of the invention, consisting of a single essentially U-shaped rod-like element 102, at the ends of its arms there protruding two teeth 132 which are arranged mutually facing and insertable in adapted seats provided laterally with respect to the shell 107 at the tip region 108. A locking-unlocking element is associated with the bar 126 which affects the rear region 127 of the quarter 128 and consists of a pawl 133 idly pivoted at one end to said bar 126. The other end of the pawl is externally threaded and interacts with a complementarily threaded bush 134 the head 135 whereof is shaped complementarily with respect to the individual seats of the set of teeth 129 provided on the rear quarter 128. Said set of teeth preferably constitutes a single element with the quarter 128 and has a curved profile with its center in the pivoting point of the teeth 132. This allows to easily rotate the element 102 during the operations of opening and closure of the quarters, these operations being rapid and easy for the skier, since he merely has to place the bush 134 in the most appropriate point in order to achieve the optimum fastening of said quarters. Moreover, by positioning the bar 126 more or less high with respect to the rear quarter 128 it is possible to vary the rear resting characteristics. FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of the rod-like element, consisting of a single element 102a, in the shape of a closed loop, the front end whereof is associable with a transverse seat 136 provided on the shell 107a at the tip region 108a.

With reference to FIGS. 12-17, the reference numeral 201 indicates a rear-entry ski boot consisting of a shell 202 whereto are hinged a front quarter 203 and a rear quarter 204.

A first transverse set of teeth 206 is provided on said rear quarter in the rear region 205, and ends with an arrestor tooth 207 which protrudes from said quarter 204 from its end adjacent to the heel 208 of the boot 201.

A safety element is furthermore associated with the quarter 204: in fact, transverse slots 209 are provided at said first set of teeth 206 and constitute seats for teeth 210, slideable therein and protruding therefrom, rigidly associated with a rigid body 211 arranged inside the quarter 204 and pivoted thereto at an end proximate to the arrestor tooth 207.

An operating button 212 is provided at the other end of said rigid body 211 and protrudes outside the quarter 204 through an adapted opening 213 provided proximate to the upper end 214 of said quarter 204.

The teeth 210 normally protrude out of the slots 209 by virtue of the presence of a first elastically deformable element 215 interposed between said quarter 204 and said rigid body 211.

The closure device structure 216 comprises a rod-like element 217 consisting of a single bracket, provided with two lateral wings 218 and 219 each arranged to one side of said quarters 203 and 204, and with two cross-members, a front one 220 and a rear one 221 which faces said set of teeth 206. The cross-member 220 can be interrupted at the middle region.

The front cross-member 220 is shaped so as to be removably and selectively pivotable to a second set of teeth 222 formed transversely with respect to said shell 202 proximate to the region 223 of the tip of the boot 201.

A preferably rubber-covered roller 224 is instead pivoted between the wings 218 and 219, adjacent to the rear cross-member 221, and has such a diameter as to be arrangeable between two adjacent teeth 210.

The roller 224, though it rotates in contact with the set of teeth 206 and with the teeth 210 during the lifting or the lowering of the rear cross-member 221, causes no scraping and facilitates the sliding.

The adoption of elastic material allows to recover any mutual movements between the rear quarter 204 and the roller 224 while skiing.

Advantageously, the rear cross-member 221 furthermore constitutes a grip handle for the skier.

A second elastically deformable element 225 cooperates with the elastic return of the front quarter 203 during the extension phase, and is interposable between said shell 202 and said front quarter 203. This second elastically deformable element 225 can consist of a longitudinal tab of the front quarter, or of a small rubber block or of another technically equivalent element.

The use of the structure of a closure device 216 initially entails the positioning of the front cross-member 220 at the second set of teeth 223.

When the quarters are open, and therefore in the condition of maximum opening, the roller 224 abuts on the arrestor tooth 207 and thus prevents the excessive lowering of the rod-like element 217, thus allowing a good stride in walking. Once the quarters are moved close to one another, the skier positions the roller 224, raising, manually or by means of the other boot, the rear cross-member 221 along the set of teeth 206, so as to achieve the desired degree of fastening of said quarters.

The presence of the teeth 210 allows to prevent any accidental uncoupling, intentional uncoupling being achieved by pressing the button 212 and then making said teeth 210 re-enter the slots 209.

The possibility of varying the positioning of the front cross-member 220 on the second set of teeth 223, thus varying the pivoting point of the rod-like element 217, allows for example to obtain more or less marked degrees of fastening, or vice versa, keeping invariant the rigidity of the rear rest, which is given by the height of the roller on the rear quarter 204.

The presence of the roller 224 furthermore allows not to subject to wear the rear region 205 of the quarter 204, the wings 218 and 219 conferring a considerable lateral rigidity to the boot.

It is thus possible to obtain a greater sensitivity on the skis, imparted by the rod-like element 217 fixed to the shell 202 which transfers the rigidity to the upper part of the boot, increasing the arm of the transmission of the forces.

Moreover, the rod-like element 217, as illustrated in FIG. 17, can be provided with a portion 226 of the wings arranged at the inner lateral surface of the front quarter 203. This allows to improve the aesthetics of the boot 201 though keeping invariant the functional characteristics.

FIGS. 18-20 illustrate another embodiment of the bracket 217, provided with the lateral wings 218a and 219a the rear ends whereof are associated with an adjustment block 221a which supports the roller 224a so as to allow the adjustment of its position along the wings of the bracket.

The block 221a is provided with a framework 231a which rotatably supports a ring 233a; the ring 233a in turn engages a threaded bar 232a, arranged parallel to the lateral wings 218a and 219a of the bracket, so that by rotating the ring 233a the bar 232a is moved along a direction which is perpendicular to the rear surface of the quarter 204 provided with the set of teeth 206, the ring 233a being axially blocked.

A roller 224a is connected to the end of the bar 232a facing the set of teeth 206, and consists of a supporting bar 235a fixed perpendicular to the bar 232a and supporting the rollers 236a. The supporting bar 235a is furthermore provided with its ends engaged in the slots 230 longitudinally provided on the wings 218a and 219a. In this manner, by rotating the ring 233a, the position of the roller 224a along the bracket 217 is adjusted, obtaining a further fine adjustment of the fastening of the quarters.

Advantageously, the block 221a is furthermore provided with a covering shell 234a which has two symmetrical openings on the opposite sides, from which the ring 233a partially protrudes to allow its operation. Naturally the covering shell 234 is provided with an opening also at the roller 224a.

With reference now to the above described FIGS. 21-24, the reference numeral 301 indicates a rear-entry ski boot, consisting of a shell 302 whereto are pivoted a front quarter 303 and a rear quarter 304, and provided with a closure and adjustment device according to another aspect of the invention.

The rear quarter 304 is provided, on the rear region 305, with a transverse set of teeth 306.

The device 307, according to the invention, comprises a rod-like element 308 consisting of a single essentially U-shaped bracket the wings 309 and 310 whereof are idly pivoted, proximate to the free ends, to the front quarter 303. Said rod-like element 308 is then provided with a planar base 311, which connects the wings 309 and 310, and faces the set of teeth 306 provided on the rear quarter. The rear region 305 of the latter is conveniently slightly curved to facilitate the rotation imparted to the rod-like element by the user.

An essentially rectangular opening 312 is provided at said planar base 311 and acts as a seat for a lever 313.

Said lever is idly pivoted, by means of a pivot 314, eccentrically and transversely with respect to the opening 312, the pivot 314 being adjacent to the end of the opening facing towards the heel of the boot.

This locking-unlocking lever has its ends curved in opposite directions, to define, proximate to the pivot 314, a tooth 315, interacting with the set of teeth, and, at the opposite end, a grip element 316 which protrudes out of said planar base 311 and can be operated by the user. Advantageously, it is possible to associate with the tooth 315 a movable tab adapted to allow the micrometric adjustment of its position with respect to the set of teeth 316.

The use of the closure device 307 in fact entails that, once the shoe has been put on, the skier move the quarters close to one another, performing the fastening thereof by engaging the tooth 315 of the lever 313 in the selected point of the transverse set of teeth 306.

This step is facilitated by the configuration of said lever 313 which allows, by virtue of the presence of the grip element 316 and of the eccentric pivoting with respect to the opening 312, to impart thereto a simple and rapid rotation.

Since the wings 309 and 310 are pivoted to the front quarter 303, the more the skier raises the rod-like element 308 and therefore causes the interaction of the tooth 315 with the set of teeth 306 in a position more proximate to the upper end 317 of the rear quarter 304, the greater the degree of fastening between the two quarters, the front one and the rear one.

Moreover, the fastening pressure achieved is constant during flexing while skiing regardless of its value.

It should be noted that, since there is no interdependence between the degree of securing and degree of inclination of the boot, a better fit for the skier is achieved, increasing the feeling of comfort.

The subsequent unlocking step is similarly rapid and simple; in fact, as is illustrated in FIGS. 22 and 23, it is sufficient to push outwards, for example by means of the other boot, the grip element 316, imparting a slight rotation to the lever 313 and therefore uncoupling the tooth 315 from the set of teeth 306.

The smaller radius of rotation of the rod-like element, due to its pivoting to the front quarter 303 and not to the shell 302, furthermore allows to obtain a stop during its lowering since it abuts with the rear quarter 304.

Finally, FIGS. 25-27 illustrate a closure and adjustment device according to yet another aspect of the invention.

A rear-entry boot 401 comprises a rear quarter 404 and a front quarter 403 connected to a shell 402. The rear quarter 404 is provided, at its rear outer surface, with a transverse set of teeth 406 which can be, for example, similar to the set of teeth described in detail in FIGS. 15-16.

The shell 402 is provided, on each side, with a hole 416 wherein is inserted a stud 407 for the pivoting of the front quarter 403 and of the rear quarter 404. A slot 405, preferably in the shape of an arc of a circle having its center at the hole 416, is provided above the hole 416 and slightly advanced on said shell 402.

The front quarter 403 is provided with a hole 408 at the slot 405 which is such that, by rotating said quarter around the stud 407, the hole 408 is always superimposed on the slot 405. A connecting rivet 409 is inserted in the hole 408 and in the slot 405; advantageously, both sides of the boot are provided with the abovementioned slot 405, hole 408 and rivet 409 so that the ends of a substantially U-shaped rod-like element, or bracket 417 are connected to the two rivets 409. The bracket 417 consists of two lateral wings 419, of which only one is visible in FIG. 25, rearwardly joined by a rear cross-member 421.

Each of the lateral wings 419 is provided, as described above, with the front end pivoted to the rivet 409, and is preferably arranged between the shell 402 and the front quarter 403 as illustrated in FIG. 26. The rear portion of the flap 419 is instead arranged outside the rear quarter 404 so that the bracket 417 rearwardly embraces said quarter 404, so that the rear cross-member 421 is arranged at the set of teeth 406. A roller 424 is provided at the cross-member 421 and is adapted to interact with the set of teeth 406 to adjust the closure of the quarters as previously described in detail, with particular reference to FIGS. 12-17. Also in this case, it is possible to provide at the cross-member 421 a block for the adjustment of the excursion of the roller similar to the one described in FIGS. 18-20.

The closure of the quarters and the adjustment of the securing occurs, as mentioned, in a manner fully similar to what has been described previously; furthermore, the front quarter remains rigidly associated with the rear quarter in rotation with respect to the pivoting stud 407, this rotation, that is to say forward inclination, being allowed by the presence of the slot 405.

With this type of connection the degree of fastening of the quarters remains constant during flexing and, conversely, the angle of longitudinal inclination of the quarters with respect to the shell is independent from the degree of fastening of said quarters, in the case, for example, that between the front quarter and the shell a known inclination adjustment device is interposed. Moreover, the front quarter is provided with a good return capacity during the extension step since it is directly coupled to the bracket.

In practice it has been observed that the invention, according to the various aspects described and illustrated, achieves the intended aim and objects by providing a device which allows the adjustment of the closure of the quarters with an easy and rapid operation, as well as the simultaneous adjustment of their inclination and flexing stroke.

Moreover, the presence of a rigid element interconnecting the quarters and the shell confers a greater overall rigidity to the boot, thus obtaining a good resistance to lateral splayings of the front quarter and a good rear hold, as well as an excellent transmission of lateral stresses.

The greater overall rigidity of the boot thus structured allows the possible reduction of the thicknesses of the shell and of the quarters, allowing a considerable reduction in weight.

Finally, the structural simplicity of the device associates an appealing aesthetic aspect to simplicity and reliability in use.

The device thus conceived is susceptible to numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the inventive concept; moreover, all the details may be replaced with technically equivalent elements.

In practice, the materials employed, as well as the dimensions, may be any according to the requirements and to the state of the art.

## Claims

1. In a ski boot of the rear entry type comprising a shell, a front quarter including an instep portion and a rear quarter having a rear surface, attachment means for pivotally connecting said front and rear quarters to said shell, an adjustable closure device for releasably closing said rear quarter against said front quarter to secure a skier's foot therebetween, the improvement consisting in that said adjustable closure device comprises a substantially rigid and U-shaped bracket including a pair of rod-like elements extending along each side of said front and rear quarters, a transverse cross member rigidly connecting said rod-like elements approximately to the rear ends thereof and arranged to face the rear surface of said rear quarter, hinge means for hingedly fastening the front ends of said rod-like elements with at least said front quarter at locations proximate to said instep portion thereof, said rear quarter having a toothed formation protruding rearwardly from said rear surface thereof and having teeth extending substantially horizontally, said cross member being further rigidly associated with a rotatable cam means selectively cooperable with the teeth of said toothed formation and adjustably movable thereagainst, whereby raising of said cross member causes rotation of said bracket in a substantially vertical plane so as to provide engagement of said rotatable cam means with said toothed formation to thereby exert a clamping action on both said front and said rear quarter, and whereby adjustment of said rotatable cam means provides variation in both said clamping action and independent inclination angles of said front and rear quarters with respect to said shell.

2. A ski boot according to claim 1, wherein said hinge means comprises a first hole provided on each rod-like element proximate to the front end thereof, a second hole symmetrically provided on each side of said front quarter proximate to the instep portion thereof, a rivet passing through said first hole and said second hole for rotatable connection thereof.

3. An adjustable closure device acording to claim 2, wherein said hinge means further comprises for each rod-like element a third slotted hole provided in said shell in register with each said second hole of said front quarter, said rivet being arranged to further pass through said slotted hole while being freely slidable therealong.

4. A ski boot according to claim 3, wherein said slotted hole has the shape of an arc which is centered at the attachment means for pivotally connecting said front and rear quarters to said shell.

5. A ski boot according to claim 1, wherein said rotatable cam means comprises at least one roller having a substantially horizontal axis and being rubber-covered to resiliently interengage with each tooth of said toothed formation, means being provided for adjusting the position of said at least one roller with respect to said cross member along a direction substantially parallel to said rod-like elements.

6. A ski boot according to claim 5, wherein said bracket comprises an adjustment block including a supporting framework extending transversly between said rod-like elements, an internally threaded ring mounted on said framework for rotation about a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to said rod-like elements while being prevented from axial movement, an externally threaded bar rotatably engageable with said internally threaded ring, said at least one roller being fastened to said bar at the front end thereof in a transverse direction with respect thereto, whereby rotation of said ring causes displacement of said roller in a direction substantially parallel to said rotation axis of said bar.

7. A ski boot according to claim 6, wherein said rod-like elements comprise a pair of longitudinal slots for guiding the opposite ends in a direction towards said toothed formation.

8. A ski boot according to claim 6, wherein said bracket comprises a covering shell for at least partially enclosing said cross member, said adjustment block and said adjustable engagement means, said at least one roller projecting forwardly from the front edge of said shell, said covering shell having two symmetrical openings for the passage of peripheral portions of said ring to allow manual operation thereof.

9. A closure and adjustment device for a ski boot of the rear entry type, said ski boot comprising a shell, a front quarter having an instep portion and a rear quarter having a rear surface, said front and rear quarters being pivotally connected to said shell, said device being arranged to releasably force said rear quarter against said front quarter to thereby secure a skier's foot and comprising a pair of longitudinal wings extending laterally of said ski boot and a cross member connecting said wings at the rear ends thereof, wherein said pair of longitudinal wings consist of a pair of rod-like elements extending at both sides of said front and rear quarters and said cross member consists of a substantially rigid element extending transversly to said rod-like elements for rigid connection thereof so as to form a substantially U-shaped bracket, the front ends of said rod-like elements being hingedly fastened to both said front quarter and said shell proximately to said instep portion of said front quarter, said rear quarter having a substantially horizontally toothed holding means protruding rearwardly from said rear surface thereof and are distributed extending, roller means being associated with said transverse cross element for selective engagement with said toothed holding means, there being provided adjustment means for selectively displacing said roller means against said toothed holding means, whereby rotation of said bracket by raising of said transverse cross element causes said roller means to selectively contact engage with said toothed holding means to thereby secure said rear quarter and said front quarter against each other, and whereby operation of said adjustment means allows adjustment of both the clamping force exerted on said front and rear quarter and independent inclination angles formed by said front and rear quarters with respect to said shell.