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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JEAN DUFORT BAPTICHON,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 1:22-cv-00941 (CJN)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Pro se Plaintiff Jean Dufort Baptichon, a former student at Western Michigan University 

Thomas M. Cooley Law School, filed a Complaint against Cooley and the U.S. Department of 

Education relating to his academic dismissal from Cooley and his federal student loans. After 

Cooley and the Department separately moved to dismiss, Baptichon moved for leave to file an 

amended complaint. See Cooley Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 4; Dep’t Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 

14; Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to File Am. Compl., ECF No. 18. For the reasons explained below, the 

Court grants both Defendants’ motions to dismiss and denies Baptichon’s motion for leave to 

amend.

I. Background

As Baptichon states in his Complaint, this lawsuit is “a continuation of his long[-]standing

litigation” concerning Cooley’s 2003 decision to dismiss him for “academic deficiencies” and the

collection of his student loan debt. Compl. ¶ 7, ECF No. 1. These events have now been the 

subject of several court opinions in other federal and state courts around the country. See 

Baptichon v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., No. 20-CV-2400, 2020 WL 6565126, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 
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2020) (citing cases including a 2004 decision dismissing federal due process claims). Baptichon 

alleges here that Cooley miscalculated his GPA beginning in the January 2002 academic term. 

Compl. ¶ 25. Then in the May 2002 term, a professor allegedly lost one of Baptichon’s exam 

answer books, causing his cumulative GPA to fall below the required 2.0 threshold. Id. ¶¶ 8–11. 

As a result, Baptichon was placed on academic probation. Id. ¶ 11. In September 2003, Cooley

issued a grade report listing his cumulative GPA as 2.05, but revised the report three days later to 

state his cumulative GPA as 1.96. Id. ¶¶ 14–15, 25. Cooley then dismissed Baptichon due to his 

academic performance. See id.

Baptichon brings various claims against Cooley based on this dismissal—including fraud, 

libel, and denial of due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment—all 

stemming from the theory that Cooley miscalculated his GPA. Baptichon also alleges that Cooley

and/or the Department forged his signature on a federal student loan application and promissory 

note, causing him to be wrongfully “harassed by multiple debt collection agencies.”

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 Id. ¶ 30. In 

response, both Defendants have filed motions to dismiss. Cooley argues for dismissal because 

Baptichon’s claims are barred by the applicable statutes of limitations and res judicata; venue is 

improper; the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over it; and Baptichon has failed to state a claim 

upon which relief can be granted. The Department contends that Baptichon’s Complaint should 

be dismissed because he failed to properly exhaust his administrative remedies and timely file his 

Complaint; the Department has not waived its sovereign immunity; and Baptichon failed to state 

a claim upon which relief can be granted. Baptichon, in turn, moves to amend his Complaint.

1 Baptichon also alleged that the signature was forged by American Student Assistance, an 

organization named as a defendant that was subsequently voluntarily dismissed from the lawsuit. 

Compl. ¶ 30; Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, ECF No. 15.
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II. Legal Standards

The Defendants seek dismissal under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), (b)(2), 

(b)(3), and (b)(6). The Court focused on the jurisdictional issues raised by their Motions.

Rule 12(b)(1) governs dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. When “deciding 

whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction,” the Court “may consider materials 

outside the pleadings.” Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 

2005). Although the Court “accept[s] as true all the factual allegations contained in the complaint,” 

those allegations “will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 

12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Wright v. Foreign Serv. Grievance Bd., 503 F. Supp. 

2d 163, 170 (D.D.C. 2007) (quotations omitted). Pro se complaints are liberally construed, but 

“even a pro se plaintiff must meet his burden of proving that the Court has subject matter 

jurisdiction over the claims.” Fontaine v. Bank of Am., N.A., 43 F. Supp. 3d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2014).

Rule 12(b)(2) provides for dismissal based on lack of personal jurisdiction. A plaintiff 

must establish a factual basis for the Court to assert personal jurisdiction over a defendant. See 

Crane v. N.Y. Zoological Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1990). And while plaintiffs may 

“satisfy that burden with a prima facie showing” at this stage, they must nevertheless “allege 

specific acts connecting the defendant with the forum.” Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. 

Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted); Second Amend. Found. v. U.S. Conf. of Mayors, 274 F.3d 521, 524 

(D.C. Cir. 2001) (quotation and brackets omitted).

The Court grants leave to amend a complaint “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

15(a)(2). But “if the proposed amendment is futile,” meaning that “it would not withstand a motion 

to dismiss,” the Court will deny leave to amend. Singletary v. Howard Univ., 939 F.3d 287, 295 

(D.C. Cir. 2019) (quotation and brackets omitted).
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III. Analysis

A. Cooley’s Motion to Dismiss 

Cooley moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, arguing that Baptichon has failed 

to meet his burden of showing either general or specific jurisdiction. General jurisdiction “permits 

a court to assert jurisdiction over a defendant based on a forum connection unrelated to the 

underlying suit.” Erwin-Simpson v. AirAsia Berhad, 985 F.3d 883, 889 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quotation 

omitted). Specific jurisdiction “depends on an affiliation between the forum and the underlying 

controversy, principally, activity or an occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is 

therefore subject to the State’s regulation.” Id. at 888 (quotation and brackets omitted). The Court 

must generally assess whether either type of jurisdiction exists under D.C. law before analyzing 

“whether an exercise of jurisdiction would comport with constitutional limitations.” See id.; 

Forras v. Rauf, 812 F.3d 1102, 1105–06 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Here, Cooley focuses its attention on 

the lack of a statutory basis for jurisdiction.

1. General Jurisdiction

Under D.C. Code § 13-422, a D.C. court “may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person 

domiciled in, organized under the laws of, or maintaining his or its principal place of business in, 

the District of Columbia as to any claim for relief.” Baptichon acknowledges in his Complaint 

that Cooley is a citizen of Michigan, and it is undisputed that Cooley is “not domiciled in” or 

“organized under the laws of” the District of Columbia, and also that it “does not maintain its 

principal place of business in the District of Columbia”—making jurisdiction under D.C. Code 

§ 13-422 unavailable. Compl. ¶ 3; Cooley Mem. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss (“Cooley Mem.”) 

at 8, ECF No. 4-1.
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Baptichon does not invoke any other statutory basis for general jurisdiction. Instead, he 

argues that Cooley has “engaged in continuous and systematic activity” in the District, such that 

exercising jurisdiction would accord with the constitutional requirement of due process. Pl.’s 

Opp’n to Cooley Mot. to Dismiss at 17, ECF No. 7; see, e.g., Erwin-Simpson, 985 F.3d at 889–90. 

The constitutionality of exercising general jurisdiction over a defendant does not, standing alone, 

provide an adequate basis to do so here. In any event, Baptichon does not offer any factual 

allegations to support his assertion that Cooley’s affiliations in the District are continuous and 

systematic. For example, as Cooley points out, Baptichon does not allege that it “transacted 

business” or “contracted to supply services” in the District. Cooley Mem. at 9. Rather, Baptichon 

claims that Cooley has certain connections with the American Bar Association and the 

Department, which operate in the District. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Cooley Mot. to Dismiss at 16 (stating 

that Cooley is “allegedly the largest American Bar Association Accredited Law School,” that “the 

American Bar Association has its office in the forum state,” and that Cooley was “acting as an 

agent” of the Department). But “merely maintaining professional relationships with persons and 

entities in the District is not sufficient to establish general jurisdiction.” Ashhab-Jones v. Cherokee 

Nation Strategic Programs, LLC, No. 19-cv-00089, 2020 WL 6262090, at *4 (D.D.C. Oct. 23, 

2020); Bigelow v. Garrett, 299 F. Supp. 3d 34, 43 (D.D.C. 2018).

2. Specific Jurisdiction

For the Court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Cooley, as noted above, it 

“must first examine whether jurisdiction is applicable under the [District’s] long-arm statute and 

then determine whether a finding of jurisdiction satisfies the constitutional requirements of due 

process.” GTE New Media Servs. Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C. Cir. 2000). 
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The District’s long-arm statute provides in relevant part that a defendant’s contacts with the 

District of Columbia can establish specific jurisdiction if the claim arises from the defendant’s:

(1) transacting any business in the District of Columbia;

(2) contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia; 

(3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission in the 

District of Columbia; [or]

(4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission 

outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits business, 

engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial 

revenue from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of 

Columbia . . . .

D.C. Code § 13-423(a). Baptichon has not shown that the long-arm statute supplies a basis for 

specific jurisdiction.

First, he has not alleged that he suffered any tortious injury in the District of Columbia. 

See id. § 13-423(a)(3)–(4). While most of the events at issue in this lawsuit occurred in Michigan, 

where Cooley is located, Baptichon also alleges that the Department’s “unlawful actions injured 

the Plaintiff in New York,” where he currently resides. Compl. ¶ 5. But he does not allege that 

any injury occurred here.

Second, Baptichon has not shown that his claims arise out of Cooley’s “transacting any 

business” or “contracting to supply services” in the District of Columbia. D.C. Code 

§ 13-423(a)(1)–(2). Although the factual basis underlying his assertion of specific jurisdiction is

somewhat unclear, he appears to rely on the relationship between the Department and Cooley in 

connection with his federal student loans. He argues that Cooley acted as an “agent” of the 

Department “when brokering [his] student loans,” i.e., disbursing any surplus amount to him after 

receiving loan payments from the Department. Pl.’s Opp’n to Cooley Mot. to Dismiss at 16. But 

this allegation falls short of claiming that Cooley transacted business or contracted to supply 
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services in the District in a manner that gave rise to Baptichon’s claims within the meaning of D.C. 

Code § 13-423(a). Put simply, Baptichon has failed to “allege specific acts connecting the 

defendant with the forum.” Second Amend. Found., 274 F.3d at 524 (quotation and brackets 

omitted).

B. Department of Education’s Motion to Dismiss

The Department moves to dismiss on the ground that the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) 

does not waive sovereign immunity for “forgery” (Count V), the only claim asserted against it in 

the initial Complaint.2 “Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government and 

its agencies from suit.” FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994). Although the FTCA grants 

federal courts jurisdiction to hear a set of tort claims against the federal government, the statute 

does not grant jurisdiction over “[a]ny claim arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, 

false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or 

interference with contract rights.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 2680(h). Here, the parties dispute 

whether Baptichon’s “forgery” claim falls within the exception to the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign 

immunity for any claim arising out of “misrepresentation.”

The Court agrees with the Department that the misrepresentation exception applies. “[T]he 

essence of an action for misrepresentation, whether negligent or intentional, is the communication 

of misinformation on which the recipient relies.” Block v. Neal, 460 U.S. 289, 296 (1983). 

Baptichon alleges that the Department (or Cooley) forged his signature on a federal student loan 

2 As this Court has noted previously, “there is some question whether the sovereign immunity of 

the United States presents a subject-matter jurisdiction question.” Embrey v. United States, No. 

21-cv-0235, 2022 WL 392312, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2022) (citing Mowrer v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Transp., 14 F.4th 723 (D.C. Cir. 2021)). The Court will continue to analyze “the lack of a clear 

waiver of federal sovereign immunity as a jurisdictional defect” under Rule 12(b)(1). Id.

(emphasis omitted).
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application and promissory note, causing “multiple debt collection agencies and the credit bureau” 

to rely on the defective application to Baptichon’s detriment. Compl. ¶ 30. Because his alleged 

injury is based on “the communication of misinformation” on which others relied, his action

“aris[es] out” of the Department’s alleged misrepresentation. Block, 460 U.S. at 296; 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2680(h).

Baptichon disputes that his forgery claim involves misrepresentation, but forgery is “not in 

and of itself a civil cause of action” under District of Columbia law. Nwaoha v. Onyeoziri, No. 

04-1799, 2006 WL 3361540, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 20, 2006); see McCrea v. D.C., No. 16-cv-0808, 

2021 WL 1209219, at *14 (D.D.C. March 31, 2021). Instead, it is “a criminal offense which may, 

in some instances, include[] commission of other civil torts,” like “conversion or fraud.” Nwaoha, 

2006 WL 3361540, at *4. If Baptichon’s claim were construed so as not to include an allegation 

of fraud or misrepresentation—despite his concession that “forgeries are a species of fraud”—he 

would have failed to state a claim, which would also warrant dismissal.3 Pl.’s Opp’n to Dep’t Mot. 

to Dismiss at 2, ECF No. 16; see also id. at 2–3, 8 (invoking “modern statutes” which make forgery 

a felony).

C. Baptichon’s Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint

Baptichon proposes to amend his Complaint by adding three claims against the Department 

for “collection harassments,” abuse of process, and negligent supervision. Because none of these 

claims would survive a motion to dismiss by the Department, the amendment would be futile.

3 The Court declines Baptichon’s request to construe this “forgery” count as a Bivens claim. Pl.’s 

Opp’n to Dep’t Mot. to Dismiss at 12–13. It is “the duty of the lower federal courts to stop 

insubstantial Bivens actions in their tracks and get rid of them,” Simpkins v. D.C. Gov’t, 108 F.3d 

366, 370 (D.C. Cir. 1997), and here Baptichon does not seek to hold any federal official personally 

liable for being “personally and directly involved” in any unconstitutional conduct related to his 

forgery allegations. Taylor v. Dir. of Bureau of Prisons, No. 09 0859, 2009 WL 1322281, at *1 

(D.D.C. May 8, 2009).
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First, Baptichon’s “collection harassments” claim—which the Court, like the Department, 

construes as attempting to state a cause of action under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 

(FDCPA)—would fail because the federal government has not waived its sovereign immunity as 

to its efforts to collect on a debt. See Dep’t Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. to Am. Compl. at 5, ECF No. 20;

Wagstaff v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 509 F.3d 661, 664 (5th Cir. 2007). The FDCPA also excludes 

“any officer or employee of the United States or any State to the extent that collecting or attempting 

to collect any debt is in the performance of his official duties” from the definition of “debt 

collector,” making the statute’s prohibition on harassing debt collection efforts inapplicable. 15 

U.S.C. §§ 1692a(6)(C), 1692d.

Second, the Department would have sovereign immunity against Baptichon’s claim for 

abuse of process, because that intentional tort is excepted from the FTCA’s sovereign-immunity 

waiver. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h).

Third, Baptichon’s negligent supervision claim would be dismissed because Baptichon did 

not present the claim to the Department within two years of its accrual. See 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b). 

Like Baptichon’s forgery claim, his proposed negligent supervision claim is based on the alleged 

forgery of his signature on a federal loan application and promissory note. Am. Compl. ¶ 35, ECF 

No. 18-1 (alleging that the Department “failed to supervise its agents” who manage the Federal 

Family Education Loan Program). Baptichon argues that his November 20, 2020 submission to 

the Department (a Standard Form 95) fell within the two-year period because “he first 

discovered . . . the wrongful act on January 1, 2020,” when “the defendant Federal agency 

presented the forged Federal Family Educational Loan document, i.e., the ‘Promissory Note’ to 

the Plaintiff for the first time.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Dep’t Mot. to Dismiss at 3, 9–10. That assertion is 

contradicted by the loan discharge application that Baptichon submitted in August 2018, in which 
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he attested that his name was signed without authorization on the promissory note.4 Def’s Ex. 2 

(Loan Discharge Application), ECF No. 17-2; see Webster v. Spencer, No. 17-cv-1472, 2020 WL 

2104231, at *5 (D.D.C. May 1, 2020) (holding that a court may consider administrative records

when ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion “for assessing exhaustion and timeliness attacks, particularly 

when . . . neither side disputes their authenticity”); see also Am. Compl. ¶ 33 (incorporating 

August 15, 2018 Loan Discharge Application by reference). Because Baptichon discovered by 

August 2018 at the latest that the promissory note was (as he says) signed in his name without 

authorization, he did not submit notice of his claim to the Department within the two-year window 

as required.

IV. Conclusion

For these reasons, Baptichon’s claims against Cooley are dismissed without prejudice for 

lack of personal jurisdiction, and his action against the Department is dismissed with prejudice for 

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Baptichon’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint is 

denied. An order will issue contemporaneously with this opinion.

DATE: March 17, 2023

CARL J. NICHOLS

United States District Judge 

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It is also in tension with Baptichon’s argument in his response to Cooley’s Motion to Dismiss, in 

which he states that “Defendant DOE presented said Promissory Note to the Plaintiff for payment 

on or about October 2014.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Cooley Mot. to Dismiss at 8.