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November 2023 
                    Report 1106

				 
			





















									



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. People ages 16 and older in the labor force: poverty status and...nbspTable 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty...nbspTable 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty...nbspTable 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked...Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children,...Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and...nbspTable 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more...Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status...
                          Technical Notes
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     A profile of the working poor, 2021
A profile of the working poor, 2021 imageIn 2021, 37.9 million people, or 11.6 percent of the nation’s population, lived below the official poverty level, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.[1] (See the technical notes section for examples of poverty levels.) Although the poor were primarily adults who had not participated in the labor force during the year and children, 6.4 million individuals were among the “working poor” in 2021, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); this measure was essentially unchanged from 2020. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. In 2021, the working-poor rate—the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks—was 4.1 percent, unchanged from the previous year’s figure. (See table A, chart 1, and table 1.)Table A. Poverty status of people and primary families in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2008–21 (Numbers in thousands)Characteristic20082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021Total in the labor force[1]147,838147,902146,859147,475148,735149,483150,319152,230153,364154,762156,454157,769154,389156,347In poverty8,88310,39110,51210,38210,61210,4509,4878,5607,5726,9466,9646,3186,3536,352Working poor rate6.07.07.27.07.17.06.35.64.94.54.54.04.14.1Unrelated individuals32,78533,79834,09933,73134,81035,06135,01835,95335,78936,95937,08236,80537,27137,856In poverty3,2753,9473,9473,6213,8514,1413,3953,1372,7922,5242,6842,4452,4512,496Working poor rate10.011.711.610.711.111.89.78.77.86.87.26.66.66.6Primary families[2]65,90765,46764,93166,22566,54166,46266,73267,19367,62867,58868,09968,31866,90967,860In poverty4,5385,1935,2695,4695,4785,1375,1084,6074,0823,8543,6283,2323,2683,257Working poor rate6.97.98.18.38.27.77.76.96.05.75.34.74.94.8[1] Includes individuals in families, not shown separately.[2] Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year.Note: Estimates for 2020 and forward in this table incorporate new population controls reflecting Census 2020 results. Consequently, data for 2020 may differ from those published earlier, which were based on population controls derived from the 2010 census. Estimates for 2020 and forward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).Highlights from the 2021 dataThe working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more was 4.1 percent, unchanged from a year earlier. (See chart 1.)Full-time workers remained much less likely to be among the working poor than part-time workers. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2.6 percent of those usually employed full time were classified as working poor, compared with 10.1 percent of part-time workers. (See table 1.)Women were more likely than men to be among the working poor (4.5 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively). In addition, Hispanics or Latinos (7.3 percent) and Blacks or African Americans (6.4 percent) continued to be much more likely than Whites (3.6 percent) and Asians (2.7 percent) to be among the working poor.2 (See table 2.)The likelihood of being classified as working poor diminishes as workers attain higher levels of education. Among those with less than a high school diploma, 12.7 percent of those who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor, compared with 1.3 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree and higher. (See table 3.)Individuals who were employed in service occupations remained more likely to be among the working poor than those employed in other major occupational groups. (See table 4.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, those with children under 18 years old (7.6 percent) were nearly four times as likely as those without children (2.0 percent) to live in poverty. Families maintained by women (12.7 percent) were more likely to be living below the poverty level than families maintained by men (7.1 percent). (See table 5.)View Chart DataChart. 1 Working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 1986–2021YearTotal19866.219875.519885.419895.319905.519916.119926.319936.719946.219955.919965.819975.719985.419995.120004.720014.920025.320035.320045.620055.420065.120075.120086.020097.020107.220117.020127.120137.020146.320155.620164.920174.520184.520194.020204.120214.1Note: Estimates for 2020 and forward incorporate new population controls reflecting Census 2020 results and are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).This report presents data on the relationship between labor force activity and poverty status in 2021 for workers and their families. These data were collected in the 2022 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in the report, see the technical notes.) The specific income thresholds used to determine people’s poverty status vary depending on whether the individual is living with family members, living alone, or living with nonrelatives. For people living with family members, the poverty threshold is determined by the family’s total income; for an individual not living with family members, personal income is used as the determinant.Demographic characteristicsAmong those who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2021, the number of women classified as working poor (3.3 million) was little different than that of men (3.1 million). However, the working-poor rate continued to be higher for women (4.5 percent) than for men (3.7 percent); the rate for men was unchanged from a year earlier, while the rate for women was little different. (See table 2.)Hispanics and Blacks were much more likely than Whites and Asians to be among the working poor. In 2021, the working-poor rates for Hispanics and Blacks were 7.3 percent and 6.4 percent, respectively, compared with 3.6 percent for Whites and 2.7 percent for Asians. (See table 2 and chart 2.)View Chart DataChart 2. Working-poor rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021SexTotalWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoTotal4.13.66.42.77.3Men3.73.44.92.87.0Women4.53.97.72.77.6Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).In 2021, the working-poor rates among Whites and Blacks were higher for women than for men. The rates for White women and White men who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were 3.9 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively. The rate for Black women was 7.7 percent, compared with 4.9 percent for Black men. The rate for Hispanic women, at 7.6 percent, was little different from that of Hispanic men at 7.0 percent. The working-poor rate for Asian women was 2.7 percent, nearly identical to the rate for men (2.8 percent). (See table 2.)Young workers—those ages 16 to 24—tend to have higher working-poor rates than workers in older age groups, in part because earnings are lower and the unemployment rate is higher for young workers. Among youths who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 6.4 percent of 16- to 19-year-olds and 7.2 percent of 20- to 24-year-olds had incomes that fell below the official poverty level in 2021. Those rates were higher than the rates for workers ages 25 to 34 (4.9 percent) and those ages 35 to 44 (4.4 percent). Workers ages 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 and older had lower working-poor rates—3.1 percent, 2.7 percent, and 1.8 percent, respectively—than those in younger age groups. (See table 2.)Educational attainmentAchieving higher levels of education reduces the incidence of living in poverty. People with more years of education usually have greater access to higher paying jobs—such as management, professional, and related occupations—than those with fewer years of education. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2021, those with less than a high school diploma had the highest working-poor rate at 12.7 percent, almost 10 times higher than the rate for those with at least a bachelor’s degree and higher (1.3 percent). Among those with fewer years of education, the working-poor rate for those with 4 years of high school (no diploma) was 9.4 percent in 2021; however, they experienced the largest over-the-year decrease (4.2 percentage points) among groups by educational attainment.By sex, women were more likely than men to be among the working poor for high school graduates and for those with some college or associate’s degree. However, the working-poor rates were little different for men and women with a bachelor’s degree and higher (1.2 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively) and for men and women with less than a high school diploma (11.5 percent and 14.8 percent, respectively). (See table 3 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Working-poor rates by sex and educational attainment, 2021Educational attainmentTotalMenWomenLess than a high school diploma12.711.514.8High school graduates, no college[1]6.04.97.6Some college or associate's degree4.13.44.8Bachelor's degree and higher[2]1.31.21.4Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).For people with less than a high school diploma, the working-poor rates among Whites (11.8 percent), Blacks (15.4 percent), Asians (10.6 percent), and Hispanics (14.6 percent) were little different in 2021. For those with a bachelor’s degree and higher, all race and ethnicity groups had similar working-poor rates, ranging from 1.2 percent to 2.6 percent.OccupationThe likelihood of being among the working poor varies widely by occupation. Workers in occupations requiring higher education and characterized by relatively high earnings—such as management, professional, and related occupations—were least likely to be classified as working poor. For example, 1.4 percent of those in management, professional, and related occupations were among the working poor in 2021. By contrast, individuals employed in occupations that typically do not require high levels of education and that are characterized by relatively low earnings were more likely to be among the working poor. For instance, 8.4 percent of workers in service occupations who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor in 2021. The 2.0 million working poor employed in service occupations accounted for about one-third of all those classified as working poor. (See table 4.)For most occupational groups, women had higher working-poor rates than men. However, the rates for men and women were little different in management, professional, and related occupations (1.3 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively) and in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (5.4 percent and 6.8 percent, respectively). Working-poor rates were the lowest for both men and women, in management, professional, and related occupations. The working-poor rate for women in service occupations was 10.0 percent while the rate for men was 6.4 percent.**Families**In 2021, 3.3 million families were living below the poverty level despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more. This figure was essentially unchanged from 2020. Among families with only one member in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2021, married-couple families were less likely to be living below the poverty level, at 6.1 percent, than were families maintained by women, at 16.8 percent, and families maintained by men, at 10.1 percent. (See table 5.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year, those with children in the household were much more likely, at 7.6 percent, to live below the poverty level than those without children at 2.0 percent. However, the working poor rate for those with children edged down by 0.3 percentage point over the year while the rate for those without children was little changed. Among families with children under 18, the working-poor rate for those maintained by women (18.4 percent) was higher than that for those maintained by men (10.3 percent). In 2021, the working-poor rate for families with children under 18 maintained by men increased by 1.9 percentage points over the year; while the rate for those maintained by women was little changed. For married-couple families with children under 18, the rate decreased by 0.5 percentage point to 3.9 percent.**Unrelated individuals**The “unrelated individuals” category includes individuals who live by themselves or with others not related to them. Of the 37.9 million unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for half the year or longer, 2.5 million lived below the poverty level in 2021. This measure was little changed from a year earlier. The working-poor rate for unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more was unchanged at 6.6 percent. (See table 7.)Within the group of unrelated individuals, teenagers continued to be the most likely to be among the working poor. In 2021, 28.6 percent of teens (ages 16 to 19) who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and who lived on their own or with others not related to them lived below the poverty level, little changed from 2020. In 2021, the working-poor rates for men and women living alone or with nonrelatives were 6.4 percent and 6.9 percent, respectively. The rate for unrelated individuals was higher for Hispanics (9.7 percent) than for Blacks (6.8 percent), Whites (6.4 percent), and Asians (5.3 percent). (See table 7.)Of the 2.5 million unrelated individuals considered to be among the working poor in 2021, about 3 out of 5 lived with others. These individuals had a higher working-poor rate (8.3 percent) than individuals who lived alone (4.9 percent). Many unrelated individuals living below the poverty level may live with others out of necessity. By contrast, many of those who live alone do so because they have sufficient income to support themselves. However, unrelated individuals’ poverty status is determined by each person’s resources. Therefore, the pooling of resources and sharing of living expenses may permit some individuals in this category—who are technically classified as poor—to live at a higher standard than they would have if they lived alone.**Labor market problems**As noted earlier, people who usually work full time are less likely to live in poverty than are those who work part time, yet there remains a sizable group of full-time workers who live below the poverty threshold. Among those who participated in the labor force for 27 weeks or more and usually worked in full-time wage and salary jobs, 2.9 million were classified as working poor in 2021—essentially unchanged from a year earlier. (See table 8.)There are three major labor market problems that can hinder a worker’s ability to earn an income that is above the poverty threshold: low earnings, periods of unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment. (See the technical notes section for detailed definitions.)In 2021, 83 percent of the working poor who usually work full time experienced at least one of the major labor market problems. Among all full-time wage and salary workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks, low earnings continued to be the most common problem, with 66 percent subject to low earnings, either as the only problem or in combination with other labor market problems. Thirty-two percent experienced unemployment as the main labor market problem or in conjunction with other problems, a decrease of 11.0 percentage points from the prior year. In 2021, 2.4 percent of the working poor experienced all three problems: low earnings, unemployment, and involuntary part-time employment; less than half of the rate who experienced these problems in 2020. (See table 8.)In 2021, 490,000, or 17 percent, of the working poor who usually worked full time did not experience any of the three primary labor market problems, essentially unchanged from 2020. Their classification as working poor may be explained by other factors, including short-term employment, some weeks of voluntary part-time work, or a family structure that increases the risk of poverty.Notes
			
 
 
 1 “Poverty in the United States: 2021,” *Current Population Reports*, P60–277 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2022),
  https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.pdf
 2 People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                


Table 1. People ages 16 and older in the labor force: poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total in labor force
27 weeks or more in labor forceTotal
50 to 52 weeksTotalTotal in the labor force
169,704
156,347
142,823Did not work during the year
2,858
1,562
1,319Worked during the year
166,846
154,785
141,505Usual full-time workers
136,528
131,405
123,069Usual part-time workers
30,318
23,379
18,436Involuntary part-time workers
5,615
4,706
3,887Voluntary part-time workers
24,703
18,673
14,549At or above poverty levelTotal in the labor force
161,206
149,995
137,706Did not work during the year
1,895
1,004
828Worked during the year
159,310
148,991
136,879Usual full-time workers
132,371
127,976
120,186Usual part-time workers
26,940
21,015
16,693Involuntary part-time workers
4,680
3,939
3,296Voluntary part-time workers
22,259
17,076
13,397Below poverty levelTotal in the labor force
8,499
6,352
5,117Did not work during the year
963
559
491Worked during the year
7,536
5,794
4,626Usual full-time workers
4,158
3,429
2,883Usual part-time workers
3,378
2,364
1,743Involuntary part-time workers
934
767
591Voluntary part-time workers
2,444
1,597
1,152Rate(1)Total in the labor force
5.0
4.1
3.6Did not work during the year
33.7
35.8
37.2Worked during the year
4.5
3.7
3.3Usual full-time workers
3.0
2.6
2.3Usual part-time workers
11.1
10.1
9.5Involuntary part-time workers
16.6
16.3
15.2Voluntary part-time workers
9.9
8.6
7.9(1) Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and sex
Total
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or  Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or LatinoTotal, 16 years and older
156,347
120,833
19,731
10,338
28,552
6,352
4,386
1,260
284
2,071
4.1
3.6
6.4
2.7
7.316 to 19 years
3,791
2,967
468
118
896
241
174
33
10
86
6.4
5.8
7.1
8.6
9.620 to 24 years
12,708
9,754
1,731
580
3,188
912
656
135
48
249
7.2
6.7
7.8
8.3
7.825 to 34 years
35,259
26,091
5,095
2,460
7,195
1,741
1,137
414
60
535
4.9
4.4
8.1
2.4
7.435 to 44 years
34,566
26,191
4,549
2,619
6,848
1,531
1,076
311
61
605
4.4
4.1
6.8
2.3
8.845 to 54 years
31,743
24,580
3,922
2,356
5,790
988
669
206
56
339
3.1
2.7
5.2
2.4
5.955 to 64 years
27,529
22,331
2,973
1,589
3,637
749
539
137
28
200
2.7
2.4
4.6
1.8
5.565 years and older
10,749
8,918
993
616
998
190
135
24
20
57
1.8
1.5
2.4
3.2
5.7Men, 16 years and older
83,603
66,011
9,388
5,474
16,396
3,093
2,267
459
153
1,145
3.7
3.4
4.9
2.8
7.016 to 19 years
1,967
1,566
233
51
485
110
87
13
-
44
5.6
5.5
5.6
-
9.020 to 24 years
6,587
5,132
868
258
1,739
391
280
50
26
106
5.9
5.5
5.7
10.1
6.125 to 34 years
18,880
14,202
2,478
1,410
4,123
752
507
149
41
260
4.0
3.6
6.0
2.9
6.335 to 44 years
18,686
14,615
2,089
1,366
4,043
786
609
108
22
363
4.2
4.2
5.2
1.6
9.045 to 54 years
16,865
13,339
1,854
1,248
3,305
539
397
77
29
208
3.2
3.0
4.2
2.3
6.355 to 64 years
14,532
12,035
1,347
813
2,076
393
299
51
18
126
2.7
2.5
3.8
2.3
6.165 years and older
6,086
5,121
518
327
625
122
89
10
17
37
2.0
1.7
2.0
5.1
5.9Women, 16 years and older
72,744
54,822
10,343
4,864
12,156
3,259
2,118
801
131
926
4.5
3.9
7.7
2.7
7.616 to 19 years
1,825
1,401
234
67
411
131
87
20
10
42
7.2
6.2
8.5
-
10.320 to 24 years
6,121
4,622
863
322
1,448
521
375
86
22
143
8.5
8.1
9.9
6.8
9.925 to 34 years
16,379
11,889
2,617
1,050
3,073
988
630
265
20
274
6.0
5.3
10.1
1.9
8.935 to 44 years
15,881
11,576
2,460
1,253
2,805
746
468
203
39
242
4.7
4.0
8.3
3.1
8.645 to 54 years
14,878
11,241
2,068
1,108
2,485
449
273
128
27
131
3.0
2.4
6.2
2.5
5.355 to 64 years
12,997
10,296
1,626
776
1,561
356
240
86
10
74
2.7
2.3
5.3
1.3
4.765 years and older
4,663
3,797
475
289
373
68
46
14
3
20
1.5
1.2
2.9
1.1
5.4(1) Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older
156,347
83,603
72,744
6,352
3,093
3,259
4.1
3.7
4.5Less than a high school diploma
10,766
6,797
3,968
1,365
778
587
12.7
11.5
14.8Less than 1 year of high school
3,554
2,453
1,102
512
336
176
14.4
13.7
16.01-3 years of high school
5,462
3,296
2,166
688
359
329
12.6
10.9
15.24 years of high school, no diploma
1,749
1,048
701
165
84
81
9.4
8.0
11.5High school graduates, no college(2)
41,404
24,914
16,491
2,477
1,223
1,253
6.0
4.9
7.6Some college or associate's degree
40,607
20,830
19,778
1,669
714
954
4.1
3.4
4.8Some college, no degree
24,095
12,833
11,263
1,108
465
643
4.6
3.6
5.7Associate's degree
16,512
7,997
8,515
561
249
311
3.4
3.1
3.7Bachelor's degree and higher(3)
63,570
31,062
32,507
842
377
464
1.3
1.2
1.4White, 16 years and older
120,833
66,011
54,822
4,386
2,267
2,118
3.6
3.4
3.9Less than a high school diploma
8,616
5,607
3,009
1,015
586
429
11.8
10.4
14.3Less than 1 year of high school
2,928
2,062
866
384
252
133
13.1
12.2
15.31-3 years of high school
4,409
2,735
1,674
510
275
235
11.6
10.1
14.04 years of high school, no diploma
1,279
810
469
120
59
61
9.4
7.3
13.1High school graduates, no college(2)
31,774
19,533
12,241
1,728
921
807
5.4
4.7
6.6Some college or associate's degree
31,332
16,536
14,796
1,062
499
563
3.4
3.0
3.8Some college, no degree
18,400
10,066
8,334
697
318
380
3.8
3.2
4.6Associate's degree
12,932
6,470
6,462
365
182
183
2.8
2.8
2.8Bachelor's degree and higher(3)
49,110
24,335
24,775
580
261
320
1.2
1.1
1.3Black or African American, 16 years and older
19,731
9,388
10,343
1,260
459
801
6.4
4.9
7.7Less than a high school diploma
1,176
623
553
181
90
91
15.4
14.4
16.5Less than 1 year of high school
195
127
67
29
24
6
15.0
18.5
-1-3 years of high school
658
343
315
115
46
69
17.5
13.5
21.84 years of high school, no diploma
324
153
170
37
20
17
11.4
13.0
10.0High school graduates, no college(2)
6,278
3,459
2,819
520
176
345
8.3
5.1
12.2Some college or associate's degree
6,058
2,761
3,297
425
147
278
7.0
5.3
8.4Some college, no degree
3,817
1,817
1,999
277
98
179
7.3
5.4
9.0Associate's degree
2,242
944
1,298
147
48
99
6.6
5.1
7.6Bachelor's degree and higher(3)
6,219
2,544
3,674
134
47
87
2.2
1.8
2.4Asian, 16 years and older
10,338
5,474
4,864
284
153
131
2.7
2.8
2.7Less than a high school diploma
438
243
195
47
22
24
10.6
9.1
12.5Less than 1 year of high school
205
111
94
34
20
15
16.8
17.9
15.51-3 years of high school
143
79
64
9
1
9
6.5
0.9
-4 years of high school, no diploma
90
52
38
3
1
1
3.2
-
-High school graduates, no college(2)
1,686
898
788
84
46
38
5.0
5.2
4.8Some college or associate's degree
1,588
798
790
67
31
36
4.2
3.9
4.6Some college, no degree
912
493
418
49
21
28
5.4
4.3
6.7Associate's degree
676
305
372
18
10
8
2.6
3.1
2.1Bachelor's degree and higher(3)
6,626
3,535
3,091
86
54
33
1.3
1.5
1.1Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older
28,552
16,396
12,156
2,071
1,145
926
7.3
7.0
7.6Less than a high school diploma
5,469
3,673
1,796
797
483
314
14.6
13.2
17.5Less than 1 year of high school
2,670
1,884
787
393
263
130
14.7
13.9
16.51-3 years of high school
2,122
1,347
775
310
170
141
14.6
12.6
18.24 years of high school, no diploma
676
443
234
94
51
43
13.9
11.5
18.5High school graduates, no college(2)
9,784
6,168
3,616
725
411
314
7.4
6.7
8.7Some college or associate's degree
6,978
3,506
3,472
385
155
230
5.5
4.4
6.6Some college, no degree
4,405
2,268
2,137
263
96
167
6.0
4.2
7.8Associate's degree
2,573
1,238
1,335
122
59
63
4.8
4.8
4.7Bachelor's degree and higher(3)
6,321
3,049
3,272
164
95
69
2.6
3.1
2.1(1) Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.(2) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(3) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenTotal, 16 years and older(2)
154,785
82,725
72,060
5,794
2,817
2,977
3.7
3.4
4.1Management, professional, and related occupations
66,283
31,944
34,339
895
422
474
1.4
1.3
1.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
28,426
15,618
12,808
359
209
151
1.3
1.3
1.2Professional and related occupations
37,857
16,326
21,531
536
213
323
1.4
1.3
1.5Service occupations
24,243
10,667
13,576
2,038
684
1,354
8.4
6.4
10.0Sales and office occupations
30,428
11,788
18,640
1,133
363
770
3.7
3.1
4.1Sales and related occupations
14,071
7,103
6,968
621
224
397
4.4
3.2
5.7Office and administrative support occupations
16,357
4,684
11,673
512
139
373
3.1
3.0
3.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,262
13,495
767
786
734
52
5.5
5.4
6.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
987
782
205
97
77
20
9.9
9.9
9.7Construction and extraction occupations
8,352
7,999
353
531
511
20
6.4
6.4
5.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,923
4,713
210
158
146
12
3.2
3.1
5.8Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
19,467
14,755
4,712
936
609
328
4.8
4.1
7.0Production occupations
8,104
5,801
2,304
309
171
137
3.8
2.9
6.0Transportation and material-moving occupations
11,363
8,955
2,409
628
438
190
5.5
4.9
7.9White, 16 years and older(2)
119,856
65,435
54,421
4,069
2,090
1,979
3.4
3.2
3.6Management, professional, and related occupations
51,928
25,543
26,385
627
320
306
1.2
1.3
1.2Management, business, and financial operations occupations
23,134
13,160
9,974
269
175
94
1.2
1.3
0.9Professional and related occupations
28,794
12,383
16,410
358
146
212
1.2
1.2
1.3Service occupations
17,499
7,825
9,674
1,374
484
890
7.8
6.2
9.2Sales and office occupations
23,761
9,340
14,421
769
252
517
3.2
2.7
3.6Sales and related occupations
11,299
5,840
5,459
422
160
263
3.7
2.7
4.8Office and administrative support occupations
12,462
3,500
8,962
347
92
255
2.8
2.6
2.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
12,388
11,748
640
648
601
46
5.2
5.1
7.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
878
696
182
79
62
17
9.1
9.0
9.4Construction and extraction occupations
7,298
6,986
312
448
429
18
6.1
6.1
5.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,213
4,066
146
121
110
11
2.9
2.7
7.5Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
14,205
10,925
3,279
647
428
219
4.6
3.9
6.7Production occupations
6,109
4,520
1,589
239
144
95
3.9
3.2
6.0Transportation and material-moving occupations
8,096
6,405
1,690
408
284
124
5.0
4.4
7.3Black or African American, 16 years and older(2)
19,358
9,209
10,149
1,086
393
693
5.6
4.3
6.8Management, professional, and related occupations
6,724
2,597
4,128
168
60
109
2.5
2.3
2.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,577
1,147
1,430
60
24
36
2.3
2.1
2.5Professional and related occupations
4,147
1,450
2,697
108
36
73
2.6
2.5
2.7Service occupations
4,110
1,694
2,415
455
105
349
11.1
6.2
14.5Sales and office occupations
3,979
1,341
2,637
212
52
160
5.3
3.9
6.0Sales and related occupations
1,538
644
894
114
30
84
7.4
4.6
9.4Office and administrative support occupations
2,441
697
1,744
98
22
75
4.0
3.2
4.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1,033
977
56
49
48
1
4.8
5.0
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
40
31
9
1
1
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
578
561
17
28
28
-
4.8
4.9
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
414
384
30
21
19
1
5.0
5.1
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
3,500
2,587
913
201
127
74
5.8
4.9
8.1Production occupations
1,117
743
374
46
23
24
4.1
3.0
6.3Transportation and material-moving occupations
2,383
1,844
539
155
105
50
6.5
5.7
9.4Asian, 16 years and older(2)
10,213
5,398
4,814
258
140
118
2.5
2.6
2.5Management, professional, and related occupations
5,860
3,125
2,734
62
32
30
1.1
1.0
1.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,017
1,025
992
12
6
6
0.6
0.6
0.6Professional and related occupations
3,842
2,100
1,742
49
25
24
1.3
1.2
1.4Service occupations
1,518
614
903
86
44
42
5.7
7.2
4.6Sales and office occupations
1,537
696
841
67
38
29
4.4
5.4
3.5Sales and related occupations
754
413
341
36
25
11
4.7
6.0
3.2Office and administrative support occupations
783
283
500
31
13
18
4.0
4.6
3.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
288
257
32
12
8
5
4.3
3.0
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
17
13
4
3
-
3
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
146
133
13
7
5
2
4.5
3.6
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
126
111
15
3
3
-
2.4
2.7
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
1,006
705
302
31
19
12
3.1
2.7
4.0Production occupations
559
331
228
9
-
9
1.7
-
4.1Transportation and material-moving occupations
447
373
74
22
19
3
4.8
5.1
-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older(2)
28,211
16,209
12,002
1,937
1,072
865
6.9
6.6
7.2Management, professional, and related occupations
6,994
3,350
3,644
153
68
85
2.2
2.0
2.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
3,079
1,688
1,391
51
25
26
1.7
1.5
1.9Professional and related occupations
3,915
1,662
2,253
102
43
58
2.6
2.6
2.6Service occupations
6,295
2,779
3,516
655
236
419
10.4
8.5
11.9Sales and office occupations
5,389
2,082
3,307
308
103
205
5.7
5.0
6.2Sales and related occupations
2,383
1,099
1,284
152
66
85
6.4
6.0
6.6Office and administrative support occupations
3,006
983
2,023
157
37
120
5.2
3.8
5.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
4,716
4,451
264
489
461
29
10.4
10.3
10.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
447
345
102
60
49
11
13.5
14.2
10.9Construction and extraction occupations
3,214
3,092
122
346
332
13
10.8
10.7
11.1Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,055
1,015
40
83
79
4
7.9
7.8
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
4,795
3,531
1,264
327
199
128
6.8
5.6
10.1Production occupations
1,981
1,370
611
129
74
55
6.5
5.4
9.0Transportation and material-moving occupations
2,814
2,161
653
198
125
73
7.0
5.8
11.2(1) Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.(2) Estimates for the occupational groups do not sum to totals because data includes the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces.NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total families
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total primary familiesTotal
67,860
64,603
3,257
4.8With related children under 18 years
33,937
31,350
2,587
7.6Without children
33,923
33,253
670
2.0With one member in the labor force
28,792
25,990
2,802
9.7With two or more members in the labor force
39,068
38,613
454
1.2With two members
32,604
32,182
422
1.3With three or more members
6,463
6,431
32
0.5Married-couple families(2)Total
49,426
48,164
1,262
2.6With related children under 18 years
23,614
22,689
925
3.9Without children
25,812
25,475
337
1.3With one member in the labor force
16,665
15,649
1,016
6.1Husband
11,298
10,580
719
6.4Wife
4,480
4,249
231
5.2Relative
887
821
66
7.5With two or more members in the labor force
32,761
32,515
246
0.8With two members
27,844
27,619
225
0.8With three or more members
4,917
4,896
21
0.4Families maintained by women(3)Total
12,250
10,695
1,554
12.7With related children under 18 years
7,355
5,998
1,356
18.4Without children
4,895
4,697
198
4.0With one member in the labor force
8,388
6,977
1,411
16.8Householder
6,731
5,513
1,219
18.1Relative
1,657
1,464
192
11.6With two or more members in the labor force
3,862
3,718
144
3.7Families maintained by men(3)Total
6,184
5,744
440
7.1With related children under 18 years
2,968
2,662
306
10.3Without children
3,216
3,082
134
4.2With one member in the labor force
3,739
3,363
376
10.1Householder
3,035
2,731
304
10.0Relative
704
632
72
10.2With two or more members in the labor force
2,445
2,381
64
2.6(1) Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.(2) Beginning with data for 2018, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2018, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.(3) Beginning with data for 2018, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2018, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.NOTE: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and work experience, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total
In married-couple families(1)
In families maintained by women(2)
In families maintained by men(2)
Unrelated individualsHusbands
Wives
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relativesTotal, 16 years and olderAll people
263,442
60,686
61,466
5,655
22,244
15,601
2,363
15,408
7,189
811
8,192
63,826With labor force activity
169,704
44,574
37,769
1,588
13,550
10,885
578
9,280
5,551
192
5,058
40,6791 to 26 weeks
13,357
1,439
2,587
871
2,552
789
284
1,160
313
91
449
2,82327 weeks or more
156,347
43,135
35,183
717
10,998
10,096
294
8,120
5,237
101
4,610
37,856With no labor force activity
93,737
16,112
23,697
4,067
8,694
4,716
1,786
6,128
1,639
619
3,134
23,147At or above poverty levelAll people
235,573
57,765
58,507
5,359
21,303
12,008
1,755
13,214
6,328
694
7,413
51,227With labor force activity
161,206
43,517
37,184
1,562
13,307
9,150
486
8,701
5,129
180
4,867
37,1211 to 26 weeks
11,211
1,332
2,436
857
2,471
376
220
996
257
84
420
1,76227 weeks or more
149,995
42,185
34,748
705
10,836
8,774
266
7,705
4,872
96
4,447
35,360With no labor force activity
74,367
14,248
21,323
3,797
7,996
2,857
1,269
4,513
1,199
514
2,546
14,105Below poverty levelAll people
27,869
2,921
2,960
296
941
3,593
608
2,194
861
117
779
12,599With labor force activity
8,499
1,057
585
26
243
1,735
92
579
422
12
191
3,5571 to 26 weeks
2,147
107
151
14
81
413
64
164
57
7
28
1,06127 weeks or more
6,352
950
434
12
162
1,322
28
415
365
5
163
2,496With no labor force activity
19,370
1,863
2,374
270
698
1,858
516
1,616
440
105
588
9,042Rate(3)All people
10.6
4.8
4.8
5.2
4.2
23.0
25.7
14.2
12.0
14.4
9.5
19.7With labor force activity
5.0
2.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
15.9
15.9
6.2
7.6
6.1
3.8
8.71 to 26 weeks
16.1
7.4
5.8
1.6
3.2
52.4
22.6
14.1
18.1
7.8
6.3
37.627 weeks or more
4.1
2.2
1.2
1.7
1.5
13.1
9.5
5.1
7.0
4.6
3.5
6.6With no labor force activity
20.7
11.6
10.0
6.6
8.0
39.4
28.9
26.4
26.8
16.9
18.8
39.1(1) Beginning with data for 2018, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2018, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) Beginning with data for 2018, includes people in families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2018, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.(3) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and living arrangement, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Age and sexTotal unrelated individuals
37,856
35,360
2,496
6.616 to 19 years
305
218
87
28.620 to 24 years
4,386
3,861
525
12.025 to 64 years
30,265
28,472
1,794
5.965 years and older
2,899
2,809
90
3.1Men
20,900
19,572
1,328
6.4Women
16,956
15,787
1,169
6.9Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWhite
28,943
27,093
1,850
6.4Men
16,193
15,215
978
6.0Women
12,750
11,878
873
6.8Black or African American
5,675
5,288
387
6.8Men
2,917
2,723
194
6.6Women
2,758
2,565
193
7.0Asian
1,922
1,820
102
5.3Men
1,078
1,010
68
6.3Women
844
809
35
4.1Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
5,990
5,407
583
9.7Men
3,796
3,463
333
8.8Women
2,194
1,944
250
11.4Living arrangementLiving alone
18,935
18,014
920
4.9Living with others
18,921
17,345
1,576
8.3(1) Number below the poverty level as percent of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2021 (Numbers in thousands)
Labor market problems
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total, full-time wage and salary workers
125,220
122,352
2,868
2.3No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings(2)
108,236
107,746
490
0.5Workers experiencing one labor market problemUnemployment only
6,053
5,678
375
6.2Involuntary part-time employment only
2,076
2,042
34
1.6Low earnings only
6,540
5,244
1,296
19.8Workers experiencing multiple labor market problemsUnemployment and involuntary part-time employment
869
786
84
9.6Unemployment and low earnings
817
434
383
46.9Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings
477
339
138
28.9Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings
153
84
69
44.9Workers experiencing each labor market problemUnemployment (alone or with other problems)
7,892
6,982
910
11.5Involuntary part-time employment (alone or with other problems)
3,575
3,250
324
9.1Low earnings (alone or with other problems)
7,986
6,101
1,885
23.6(1) Number below the poverty level as percent of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.(2) The low-earnings threshold in 2021 was $398.82 per week.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS).

Technical Notes
     
The data presented in this report were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS). Conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households. Data from the CPS are used to obtain monthly estimates of the nation’s employment and unemployment levels. The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2022 are for the 2021 calendar year.
Estimates in this report are based on a sample and, consequently, may differ from estimates that would have been obtained from a complete count using the same questionnaire and procedures. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Thus, both small estimates and small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. For a detailed explanation of the ASEC supplement to the CPS, its sampling variability, more extensive definitions than those provided here, and additional information about poverty measures, see “Poverty in the United States: 2021,” *Current Population Reports*, P60-277 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2022), https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.pdf.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at (202) 691-5200.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Comparability of estimates
Estimates for calendar year 2020 and forward reflect Census 2020-based population controls and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. Additionally, the estimates for calendar year 2020 presented in table A and chart 1 of this report have been revised to reflect Census 2020-based population controls. Previously published estimates of the working poor for 2020 were based on population controls from the 2010 Census. Consequently, some of the estimates for 2020 shown in this report will not match those previously published for the same period.
Concepts and definitions
Poverty*classification*statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families based on factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary with the makeup of the family. In 2021, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $27,740; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $56,325; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $13,788. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information, see “Poverty in the United States: 2021, ”https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.pdf.
The*low-earnings* level, as first developed in 1987, represented the average of the real value of the minimum wage between 1967 and 1987 for a 40-hour workweek. The year 1967 was chosen as the base year because that was the first year in which minimum-wage legislation covered essentially the same broad group of workers that currently is covered. The low-earnings level has been adjusted each year since then in accordance with the CPI-U, so the measure maintains the same real value that it held in 1987. In 2021, the low-earnings threshold was $398.82 per week. For a complete definition, see Bruce W. Klein and Philip L. Rones, “A profile of the working poor,” *Monthly Labor Review*, October 1989, pp. 3–11, www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1989/10/art1full.pdf.
Data on *income* are limited to money income—before personal income taxes and payroll deductions—received in the calendar year preceding the CPS supplement. Data on income do not include the value of noncash benefits, such as food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and employer-provided benefits. For a complete definition of income, see “ Poverty in the United States: 2021,”https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.pdf.
The *labor force* refers to people who worked or looked for work sometime during the calendar year. The number of weeks in the labor force is accumulated over the entire year. The focus in this report is on people who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.
The*working-poor rate* is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.
*Involuntary part-time workers* are people who, during at least 1 week of the year, worked fewer than 35 hours because of slack work, unfavorable business conditions, or because they could not find full-time work. The number of weeks of involuntary part-time work is accumulated over the year.
*Occupation* refers to the job in which a person worked the most weeks during the calendar year.
*Unemployed* people are those who looked for work while not employed or those who were on layoff from a job and were expecting to be recalled to that job. The number of weeks unemployed is accumulated over the entire year.
The *householder* is the family reference person. This is the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationships of the other individuals in the household are defined in terms of their relationships to the householder. The race or Hispanic ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder.
A *family* is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. Families include those with or without children under 18 years old. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Sub families are excluded from the count of families. A sub family is a family that does not maintain its own household, but lives in the home of someone else. Family status is determined at the time of the survey interview and, thus, may be different from that of the previous year. Families are further categorized as follows:
Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
Families maintained by men or women are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but with no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.Beginning in 2018, the definition of married couples in this report includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to 2018, married-couple families included opposite-sex married-couple families only. Therefore, beginning in 2018, estimates for married-couple families and families maintained by men or women may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Unrelated individuals* are people who are not living with anyone related to them by birth, marriage, or adoption. Such individuals may live alone or live with other individuals to whom they may not be related. Beginning in 2018, estimates for unrelated individuals may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Related children* refer to children under age 18 who are living in the household and are related to the householder. Included are own children (sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children) of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, as well as other children related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. Beginning in 2018, estimates for related children may not be comparable to those from prior years because of the change in the definition of marital status.
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. White, Black or African American, and Asian are categories used to describe the race of people. People in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the two remaining race categories—American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander—and for people who selected more than one race category are included in totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Facebook
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