Internet address:  http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information:  (202) 691-6378   USDL 00-16

                                         For release:  10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact:                691-5902   Wednesday, January 19, 2000


                           UNION MEMBERS IN 1999

   In 1999, the share of wage and salary workers who were members of unions
was 13.9 percent, essentially unchanged from the prior year, the U.S.
Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.  The
number of union members was 16.5 million in 1999, up slightly from 1998.
Some highlights from the 1999 data are:
   
     --Government workers were four times as likely to be union members as
       were their private sector counterparts.

     --Local government workers, a group that includes police officers and
       firefighters, had the highest unionization rate in the public sector.

     --A little over one-fifth of employed black men were members of unions--
       the highest unionization rate across the major demographic groups.

Membership by Industry and Occupation

   In 1999, government workers continued to have a substantially higher
unionization rate (37.3 percent) than workers in the private sector
(9.4 percent).  Within the public sector, local government workers had the
highest unionization rate, at 42.9 percent.  Among the private nonagricultural
industries, the highest unionization rate occurred in transportation and
public utilities (25.5 percent).  Unionization rates in manufacturing
(15.6 percent) and in construction (19.1 percent) were higher than the average
as well.  The unionization rate in maufacturing continued to decline in 1999.
The nonagricultural industry with the lowest unionization rate in 1999 was
finance, insurance, and real estate (2.1 percent).  (See table 3.)
   
   Among the occupational groups, protective service continued to have the
highest unionization rate, at 38.2 percent.  Other occupational groups with
higher-than-average unionization rates were professional specialty workers
(19.7 percent); precision production, craft, and repair workers
(22.4 percent); and operators, fabricators, and laborers (20.7 percent),
many of whom work in the manufacturing industry.  The unionization rate
was lowest in sales occupations (4.1 percent).  (See table 3.)
   
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
   
   Union membership continued to be  higher among men (16.1 percent) than
women (11.4 percent).  The gap in unionization rates between the sexes has
been closing; in 1983 the rate for men was 24.7 percent and the rate for
women was 14.6 percent.
   
   Blacks continued to have higher unionization rates (17.2 percent) than
whites (13.5 percent) and Hispanics (11.9 percent).  Among the major worker
groups, black men continued to have the highest union membership rate
(20.5 percent), while white and Hispanic women continued to have the lowest
rates (10.9 and 10.4 percent, respectively).  Workers ages 35 to 64 were more
likely to be union members than their younger counterparts.  Full-time workers
were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members.
(See table 1.)

                                  - 2 -

Union Representation of Nonmembers

   About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented at their
work place by a union in 1999, but were not union members themselves.
(See table 1.)  A little more than half of these workers were employed
in government.  (See table 3.)
   
Earnings

   In 1999, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $672,
compared with a median of $516 for wage and salary workers who were not
represented by unions.  (See table 2.)  The difference reflects a variety
of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement,
including variations in the distributions of union members and non-union
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.  (For a
discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of union
status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see Kay E. Anderson, Philip M. Doyle, and Albert E. Schwenk,
"Measuring Union-Nonunion Earnings Differences," Monthly Labor Review, June
1990, pp. 26-38.)
Technical Note
 
 
 
 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment.  The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 50,000 households.  The
union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the
CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers.  Excluded
are all self-employed workers.
 
 Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone: 202-606-5886, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates
 
 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample
will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
 
 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
 
 For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of the February 1994 and subsequent issues of
Employment and Earnings.

Definitions
 
 The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
 
 Union members.  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
 
 Represented by unions.  Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
 
 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay,  commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders).  Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week.  Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period.  Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent.  The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent.  If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
 
 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median
and the other having earnings below the median.
 
 The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly
earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples
of $50.  The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of
the interval in which the median lies.
 
 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries,
commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.  The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of
the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
 
 Full-time workers.  Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at
their sole or principal job.
 
 Part-time workers.  Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week
at their sole or principal job.
 
 Hispanic origin.  Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
     Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1998                                    1999                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)       by unions(2)            unions(1)       by unions(2)
                    Characteristic                 Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over................... 116,730  16,211   13.9   17,918   15.4  118,963  16,477   13.9   18,182   15.3 
       16 to 24 years............................  19,164   1,014    5.3    1,151    6.0   19,606   1,110    5.7    1,239    6.3 
       25 years and over.........................  97,566  15,198   15.6   16,767   17.2   99,358  15,367   15.5   16,943   17.1 
        25 to 34 years...........................  29,121   3,332   11.4    3,711   12.7   28,657   3,415   11.9    3,785   13.2 
        35 to 44 years...........................  31,865   5,013   15.7    5,511   17.3   32,438   4,918   15.2    5,428   16.7 
        45 to 54 years...........................  23,579   4,737   20.1    5,220   22.1   24,665   4,881   19.8    5,377   21.8 
        55 to 64 years...........................  10,427   1,923   18.4    2,110   20.2   10,880   1,932   17.8    2,107   19.4 
        65 years and over........................   2,574     193    7.5      214    8.3    2,718     221    8.1      247    9.1 
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................  60,973   9,850   16.2   10,638   17.4   61,914   9,949   16.1   10,758   17.4 
        16 to 24 years...........................   9,927     637    6.4      719    7.2   10,116     716    7.1      781    7.7 
        25 years and over........................  51,046   9,213   18.0    9,919   19.4   51,797   9,232   17.8    9,977   19.3 
         25 to 34 years..........................  15,656   2,112   13.5    2,301   14.7   15,330   2,142   14.0    2,325   15.2 
         35 to 44 years..........................  16,768   3,055   18.2    3,264   19.5   17,020   2,993   17.6    3,241   19.0 
         45 to 54 years..........................  11,874   2,771   23.3    2,982   25.1   12,395   2,800   22.6    3,026   24.4 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,404   1,177   21.8    1,265   23.4    5,622   1,186   21.1    1,267   22.5 
         65 years and over.......................   1,343      98    7.3      108    8.0    1,431     111    7.7      118    8.2 
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................  55,757   6,362   11.4    7,280   13.1   57,050   6,528   11.4    7,425   13.0 
        16 to 24 years...........................   9,237     377    4.1      432    4.7    9,489     393    4.1      458    4.8 
        25 years and over........................  46,520   5,985   12.9    6,848   14.7   47,560   6,135   12.9    6,966   14.6 
         25 to 34 years..........................  13,464   1,219    9.1    1,410   10.5   13,327   1,273    9.6    1,460   11.0 
         35 to 44 years..........................  15,097   1,958   13.0    2,248   14.9   15,418   1,924   12.5    2,187   14.2 
         45 to 54 years..........................  11,705   1,967   16.8    2,238   19.1   12,270   2,081   17.0    2,351   19.2 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,023     746   14.9      845   16.8    5,258     746   14.2      839   16.0 
         65 years and over.......................   1,231      95    7.7      106    8.6    1,287     110    8.5      129   10.0 
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over..................  97,531  13,118   13.5   14,460   14.8   99,147  13,349   13.5   14,668   14.8 
         Men.....................................  51,700   8,166   15.8    8,788   17.0   52,492   8,246   15.7    8,896   16.9 
         Women...................................  45,831   4,952   10.8    5,673   12.4   46,655   5,103   10.9    5,771   12.4 
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................  13,894   2,460   17.7    2,739   19.7   14,346   2,463   17.2    2,757   19.2 
         Men.....................................   6,452   1,337   20.7    1,458   22.6    6,585   1,348   20.5    1,464   22.2 
         Women...................................   7,443   1,123   15.1    1,282   17.2    7,760   1,116   14.4    1,293   16.7 
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........  12,374   1,471   11.9    1,634   13.2   12,810   1,525   11.9    1,684   13.1 
         Men.....................................   7,360     937   12.7    1,017   13.8    7,457     966   13.0    1,052   14.1 
         Women...................................   5,015     534   10.6      617   12.3    5,353     559   10.4      632   11.8 
                                                                                                                                 
             FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                 
       Full-time workers.........................  95,595  14,825   15.5   16,323   17.1   97,626  14,974   15.3   16,501   16.9 
       Part-time workers.........................  20,862   1,354    6.5    1,559    7.5   21,065   1,459    6.9    1,634    7.8 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will
     not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
     jobholders.
       NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups
     will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the
     white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
     survey.


      Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1998                                    1999                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                    Characteristic                           Members    Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                            unions(1)     by      union             unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                      unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over...................    $523      $659      $653      $499      $549      $672      $667      $516  
       16 to 24 years............................     319       415       410       315       341       437       433       335  
       25 years and over.........................     572       673       667       537       592       688       683       569  
        25 to 34 years...........................     502       595       591       489       518       604       601       506  
        35 to 44 years...........................     597       683       678       576       611       691       687       594  
        45 to 54 years...........................     620       716       712       592       652       750       745       617  
        55 to 64 years...........................     592       697       692       560       604       696       697       582  
        65 years and over........................     405       610       597       383       404       616       623       381  
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................     598       699       696       573       618       711       708       599  
        16 to 24 years...........................     334       430       424       326       356       449       443       348  
        25 years and over........................     639       712       709       617       668       727       726       648  
         25 to 34 years..........................     544       618       615       524       577       627       623       560  
         35 to 44 years..........................     677       722       719       660       702       735       734       691  
         45 to 54 years..........................     732       755       755       719       763       789       787       751  
         55 to 64 years..........................     699       738       737       674       725       735       737       718  
         65 years and over.......................     482       657       659       445       470       666       665       421  
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................     456       596       593       430       473       608       606       449  
        16 to 24 years...........................     305       389       382       301       324       418       416       321  
        25 years and over........................     485       605       602       463       497       618       616       477  
         25 to 34 years..........................     451       542       542       439       470       557       555       457  
         35 to 44 years..........................     498       605       605       479       503       612       611       486  
         45 to 54 years..........................     516       651       645       488       534       686       679       502  
         55 to 64 years..........................     476       602       596       448       492       623       621       467  
         65 years and over.......................     350       548       522       329       370       567       596       329  
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over..................     545       683       678       513       573       692       689       534  
         Men.....................................     615       719       716       591       638       731       730       615  
         Women...................................     468       610       607       443       483       619       618       461  
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................     426       578       572       398       445       575       575       415  
         Men.....................................     468       597       592       424       488       588       589       459  
         Women...................................     400       537       533       376       409       548       545       388  
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........     370       540       541       350       385       561       559       363  
         Men.....................................     390       585       584       367       406       604       597       384  
         Women...................................     337       478       481       322       348       490       490       329  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will
     not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
     and black population groups. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
     survey.

     Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1998                                    1999                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)       by unions(2)            unions(1)       by unions(2)
               Occupation and industry             Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......  33,102   4,252   12.8    5,015   15.2   34,693   4,594   13.2    5,352   15.4 
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.  15,473     812    5.2    1,017    6.6   16,000     903    5.6    1,138    7.1 
       Professional specialty....................  17,629   3,440   19.5    3,998   22.7   18,693   3,691   19.7    4,215   22.5 
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support  35,379   3,239    9.2    3,677   10.4   35,514   3,191    9.0    3,609   10.2 
       Technicians and related support...........   4,150     433   10.4      498   12.0    4,188     461   11.0      523   12.5 
       Sales occupations.........................  13,378     544    4.1      620    4.6   13,451     549    4.1      613    4.6 
       Administrative support, including clerical  17,851   2,262   12.7    2,558   14.3   17,874   2,182   12.2    2,474   13.8 
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................  16,594   2,209   13.3    2,398   14.5   16,829   2,151   12.8    2,336   13.9 
       Protective service........................   2,399     991   41.3    1,048   43.7    2,427     927   38.2      991   40.8 
       Service, except protective service........  14,195   1,218    8.6    1,350    9.5   14,403   1,224    8.5    1,346    9.3 
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....  12,274   2,708   22.1    2,834   23.1   12,474   2,800   22.4    2,929   23.5 
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........  17,443   3,713   21.3    3,894   22.3   17,514   3,627   20.7    3,830   21.9 
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................   7,498   1,603   21.4    1,672   22.3    7,255   1,490   20.5    1,572   21.7 
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................   4,935   1,204   24.4    1,267   25.7    5,041   1,148   22.8    1,216   24.1 
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................   5,010     906   18.1      956   19.1    5,218     989   18.9    1,042   20.0 
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............   1,938      90    4.6      100    5.2    1,940     113    5.8      125    6.4 
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers.............  98,329   9,306    9.5   10,104   10.3  100,025   9,419    9.4   10,216   10.2 
       Agriculture...............................   1,739      26    1.5       31    1.8    1,721      43    2.5       48    2.8 
       Nonagricultural industries................  96,590   9,280    9.6   10,073   10.4   98,304   9,376    9.5   10,168   10.3 
         Mining..................................     589      72   12.2       79   13.4      531      57   10.6       60   11.4 
         Construction............................   5,946   1,056   17.8    1,093   18.4    6,230   1,187   19.1    1,224   19.6 
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................  19,763   3,127   15.8    3,315   16.8   19,323   3,024   15.6    3,209   16.6 
           Durable goods.........................  11,999   1,990   16.6    2,097   17.5   11,824   1,941   16.4    2,063   17.5 
           Nondurable goods......................   7,763   1,138   14.7    1,218   15.7    7,499   1,083   14.4    1,146   15.3 
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....   7,147   1,843   25.8    1,931   27.0    7,317   1,865   25.5    1,956   26.7 
           Transportation........................   4,316   1,108   25.7    1,156   26.8    4,450   1,136   25.5    1,186   26.7 
           Communications and public utilities...   2,831     735   26.0      775   27.4    2,866     729   25.4      770   26.9 
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............  24,230   1,283    5.3    1,387    5.7   24,671   1,278    5.2    1,406    5.7 
           Wholesale trade.......................   4,425     259    5.9      275    6.2    4,573     248    5.4      281    6.1 
           Retail trade..........................  19,805   1,024    5.2    1,113    5.6   20,098   1,030    5.1    1,126    5.6 
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....   7,420     150    2.0      195    2.6    7,588     156    2.1      191    2.5 
         Services................................  31,493   1,750    5.6    2,073    6.6   32,645   1,809    5.5    2,121    6.5 
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................  18,401   6,905   37.5    7,815   42.5   18,938   7,058   37.3    7,966   42.1 
       Federal...................................   3,269   1,105   33.8    1,299   39.7    3,264   1,047   32.1    1,275   39.0 
       State.....................................   5,150   1,431   27.8    1,667   32.4    5,233   1,527   29.2    1,781   34.0 
       Local.....................................   9,982   4,370   43.8    4,849   48.6   10,440   4,484   42.9    4,911   47.0 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised 
     population controls used in the household survey.
     Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1998                                    1999                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
               Occupation and industry                       Members    Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                            unions(1)     by      union             unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                      unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......    $759      $789      $774      $756      $797      $826      $819      $792  
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.     755       801       789       753       792       823       829       789  
       Professional specialty....................     763       787       772       759       800       826       817       794  
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support     477       575       569       463       488       583       580       477  
       Technicians and related support...........     599       708       688       590       618       714       711       608  
       Sales occupations.........................     502       496       492       502       523       513       519       523  
       Administrative support, including clerical     438       563       558       418       447       574       564       429  
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................     327       557       542       305       336       536       529       314  
       Protective service........................     598       736       732       450       592       737       728       477  
       Service, except protective service........     305       403       402       295       311       412       409       303  
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....     572       753       747       514       594       755       747       546  
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........     415       585       580       381       429       591       584       398  
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................     406       559       556       375       423       572       566       394  
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................     510       655       644       468       513       668       657       478  
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................     351       514       514       326       363       507       499       340  
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............     302       471       462       299       331       512       514       322  
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers.............     505       625       619       493       521       633       627       510  
       Agriculture...............................     315      (3)       (3)        314       340      (3)       (3)        337  
       Nonagricultural industries................     509      $626      $620       496       525      $634      $628       513  
         Mining..................................     684       733       723       673       734       710       731       735  
         Construction............................     534       790       783       496       552       778       772       509  
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................     551       606       603       532       576       614       611       561  
           Durable goods.........................     581       629       625       566       594       628       625       584  
           Nondurable goods......................     507       565       562       495       529       584       579       518  
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....     624       731       724       586       651       748       742       613  
           Transportation........................     570       704       695       519       596       727       718       551  
           Communications and public utilities...     727       763       760       699       751       773       770       738  
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............     410       480       476       405       421       499       492       418  
           Wholesale trade.......................     562       611       604       557       573       584       570       573  
           Retail trade..........................     373       442       439       369       391       472       463       387  
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....     577       545       554       578       598       582       587       599  
         Services................................     498       540       548       494       517       554       563       515  
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................     620       694       688       558       641       714       709       585  
       Federal...................................     694       690       693       696       729       721       723       737  
       State.....................................     596       646       638       563       615       683       677       578  
       Local.....................................     612       712       702       501       623       726       720       525  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
       NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population
     controls used in the household survey.