Monthly Labor Review • January 2013 49

Workplace Safety and Health

Workplace safety and health 

profiles of occupations with

green technology jobs

BLS data can measure injuries and illnesses within occupations that 

contain green jobs; among the 10 largest such occupations, laborers and 

hand movers of freight, stock, and material had both the highest count 

and rate of injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work

Aaron Parrott

and 

William Wiatrowski

Aaron Parrott is a former 

program analyst and William 

Wiatrowski is an economist, both 

with the Office of Compensation 

and Working Conditions, Bureau 

of Labor Statistics. Email: 

wiatrowski.william@bls.gov.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 

has approached the challenge of 

identifying green jobs from two 

perspectives: the output approach (which 

identifies establishments that produce green 

goods and services and counts the associated 

jobs) and the process approach (which identifies establishments that use environmentally 

friendly production processes and practices 

and counts the associated jobs).1

 Data from 

these efforts provide information on “green” 

employment and wages by industry and occupation. Although there may be interest in 

the prevalence and types of workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities of workers with 

green jobs, the two BLS surveys that identify green jobs do not directly collect these 

details, and the BLS survey on workplace 

safety and health does not currently identify 

green jobs. However, BLS workplace safety 

and health data use the same industry and 

occupation classification systems used in the 

green jobs studies. Thus, we can examine 

industries or occupations that contain green 

jobs to determine the prevalence and details 

of workplace injuries for all jobs in those 

industries and occupations; the data cannot 

be separated, however, into green and nongreen jobs.

This analysis focuses on occupations 

identified in the BLS Green Technologies 

and Practices (GTP) survey, which uses the 

process approach to identifying green jobs.2

In the GTP survey, BLS identified establishments that use green technologies and 

practices and, within those establishments, 

the occupations of workers who spend more 

than half their time involved in such technologies and practices. Workers were considered to be involved in green technologies 

and practices if they were doing either of the 

following:

•	 Researching, developing, maintaining, using, or installing technologies 

or practices to lessen the environmental impact of their establishment

•	 Training the establishment’s workers 

in these green technologies and practices

The survey identified about 854,700 

workers employed in GTP jobs in 2011, approximately 0.7 percent of total U.S. wage 

and salary employment.3

 More than onequarter of all GTP jobs were in the building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 

occupational group or in the installation, 

maintenance, and repair occupational group. 

The transportation and material moving; 

production; and construction and extraction 

occupational groups made up an additional 

23 percent of GTP employment. Detailed 

occupations with the largest number of GTP

jobs included janitors and cleaners, except 
Workplace Safety and Health

50 Monthly Labor Review • January 2013

maids and housekeeping cleaners, with 56,700 GTP jobs; 

heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 

and installers (37,300); and general maintenance and repair workers (26,000). The 10 detailed occupations with 

the largest number of GTP jobs are identified in chart 1

and are discussed within this article in size order.

The BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses 

(SOII) provides information on workplace injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for each of these 

10 occupations, as well as for hundreds more. The information available includes worker characteristics and 

circumstances that describe the injury or illness. In addition, the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries 

(CFOI) provides information on those who are fatally 

injured on the job; again, data include information about 

the worker and about the fatal incident. What follows is 

an occupational safety and health profile of the 10 detailed occupations with the largest number of GTP jobs. 

The information presented is for private sector workers, 

who make up the majority of workers for each of these 

occupations.4

 Some comparisons are made to data for 

total private industry wage and salary employees, henceforth referred to as “total workers.” No effort is made to 

provide a broader view of workplace safety and health for 

all green jobs or to compare worker safety among green 

versus nongreen jobs. As noted earlier, BLS occupational 

safety and health data are not currently designed to provide such information.

BLS safety and health data

The BLS Occupational Safety and Health Statistics program consists of a census of fatal work injuries and a 

survey of nonfatal injuries and illnesses.5

 The fatality census—CFOI—provides annual data on worker and employer characteristics and the circumstances surrounding all 

fatal work injuries in the nation; in 2010 there were 4,690 

fatal work injuries in the United States. Table 1 shows the 

number and rate of fatal work injuries for the 10 occupations with the highest number of GTP jobs.

The SOII is an annual survey of about 250,000 private 

employers, state governments, and local governments. 

Sampled employers are required to maintain an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) log of 

recordable workplace injuries and illnesses for the reference year and then provide that information to BLS after 

the year ends.6

 Recordable workplace injury and illness 

cases are classified as one of three types: (1) cases with 

Chart 1.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupations with the largest number of green technologies and practices jobs, August 2011

GTP employment

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and 

housekeeping cleaners

Heating, air conditioning, and 

refrigeration mechanics and installers

Maintenance and repair workers, general

Laborers and freight, stock, and material 

movers, hand

Landscaping and groundskeeping 

workers

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

Automobile service technicians and 

mechanics

First-line supervisors of construction 

trades and extraction workers

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn 

service, and groundskeeping workers

Business operations specialists, all other

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

 
Monthly Labor Review • January 2013 51

days away from work, (2) cases with days of job transfer 

or restricted work, or (3) other cases (those recordable but 

not resulting in days away or restricted work). BLS publishes annual data on recordable workplace injuries and 

illnesses by industry and case type. In addition, for cases of 

days away from work, BLS captures and reports on various 

worker characteristics and case circumstances:

•	 Occupation

•	 Age

•	 Race or ethnic origin

•	 Gender

•	 Length of service with employer

•	 Day and time of event

•	 Amount of time on shift when event occurred

The focus of the following occupational profiles is on 

case characteristics—the circumstances surrounding nonfatal injuries and illnesses. In addition to the variables 

listed above, the following items are captured and coded 

to provide greater detail about the injury or illness:

•	 Nature of injury or illness—the principal physical 

characteristics of the injury or illness

•	 Part of body—one or more areas of the body directly affected by the nature of the injury or illness

•	 Source and secondary source—the object, substance, 

equipment, or other factors that were responsible for 

or precipitated the injury or illness

•	 Event or exposure—the manner in which the injury 

or illness was produced or inflicted by the source of 

the injury or illness

•	 Number of days away from work (tabulated as median days per injury or illness)—this provides a 

measure of the severity of the injury or illness.7

Janitors and cleaners

The occupation of janitors and cleaners is one of several 

that had more than 20,000 occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in 2011; three of 

these occupations are discussed in this article. (See table 

2.) Like many of the 10 occupations examined here, janitors and cleaners had a rate of days-away-from-work cases that was higher than the rate for total private industry 

workers (227.5 per 10,000 full-time equivalent workers 

for janitors and cleaners compared with 105.2 for all occupations). The profile of these injuries and illnesses mirrors 

those of all private industry—nearly 40 percent of cases 

result in sprains, strains, or tears; 14 percent in soreness 

or pain; 8 percent in bruises or contusions; 7 percent in 

fractures; and 6 percent in cuts, lacerations, or punctures. 

The majority of injuries occur to the trunk and upper and 

lower extremities and are often due to overexertion (including lifting) and falls. The sources directly responsible 

for or precipitating the injury include floors, walkways, 

and ground (20 percent of cases); containers (18 percent 

of cases); and the person themselves (that is, the injury is 

Number and rate of fatal work injuries, selected occupations, 2010

Occupation

Number of fatal 

work injuries 

among private 

industry workers

Private industry and government workers

Number of fatal 

work injuries

Rate per 100,000 

full-timeequivalent workers

All occupations 4,206 4,690 3.6

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 36 38 2.0

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 25 25 6.5

Maintenance and repair workers, general 56 68 19.6

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 90 93 6.2

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 66 80 (

1

)

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 8 8 (

1

)

Automobile service technicians and mechanics 38 39 4.9

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 107 111 15.3

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 28 30 12.8

Business operations specialists, all other (

1

) 3 (

1

)

1

 Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 1.
Workplace Safety and Health

52 Monthly Labor Review • January 2013

due to worker motion or position). The median number of 

days away from work is 7, which is 1 less than the median 

for total employees. (See chart 2.)

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration 

mechanics and installers

Of the 10 GTP occupations examined here, heating mechanics had by far the highest median days away from 

work at 16 days, double the average for all private industry 

workers. The longer median days away from work may be 

related to where on the body the injury occurred; nearly 

40 percent had injuries to the upper extremities compared 

with just over 30 percent for all private industry workers. 

Many of these injuries were to the shoulders or hands, 

perhaps limiting the injured workers’ ability to return to 

work. In nearly 1 in 4 cases, the source of injury to these 

workers was machinery; in contrast, machinery is the 

source of less than 6 percent of the injuries among all private industry workers. Worker motion and position was 

also a prevalent source of injury. Just over 20 percent of 

days-away-from-work injuries to heating mechanics resulted from falls, about half of which were falls to a lower 

level (from a height). Among all private industry workers, 

25 percent of days-away-from-work injuries resulted from 

falls, with 1 in 5 of those involving a fall to a lower level.

Maintenance and repair, general

Like janitors and cleaners, maintenance and repair workers experienced more than 20,000 cases resulting in days 

away from work, and these cases had characteristics similar to cases for total workers. This occupation’s median of 8 

days away from work is equal to the private sector median. 

The most prevalent events or exposures leading to nonfatal injuries and illnesses among maintenance workers are 

the following:

•	 Struck by object—18 percent

•	 Fall on same level—10 percent

•	 Overexertion due to lifting—9 percent

•	 Fall to lower level—8 percent

•	 Exposure to harmful substances or 

environments—7 percent

Laborers and hand movers of freight, stock, and 

material

With nearly 54,000 cases, laborers in private industry 

were among the occupations with the most days-awayfrom-work injuries or illnesses in 2011 and therefore also 

had the most cases among the 10 largest GTP occupations. The rate of days-away-from-work cases for this occupation, 352.5 per 10,000 full-time equivalent workers, 

was the highest among the 10 largest GTP occupations 

and was more than 3 times the rate for total private industry. Many of the injuries to these workers resulted 

from contact with objects and equipment, such as being 

struck by, struck against, or caught in an object or equipment. A common source of injury was containers being 

moved. About 1 in 4 cases among laborers had containers 

as the source of the injury, twice the proportion for total 

workers. Injured and ill laborers stayed away from work a 

median of 9 days.

Number and rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work for private industry workers in 

selected occupations, 2011

Occupation Number Rate per 10,000 full-time 

equivalent workers

All occupations 908,310 105.2

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 24,450 227.5

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 5,090 276.4

Maintenance and repair workers, general 21,230 247.1

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 53,660 352.5

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 10,180 185.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 17,760 293.1

Automobile service technicians and mechanics 12,150 239.8

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 4,790 119.7

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 1,650 206.4

Business operations specialists, all other 340 (

1

)

1

 Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2.
Monthly Labor Review • January 2013 53

Landscaping and groundskeeping

There were slightly more than 10,000 cases involving days 

away from work in 2011 for landscaping and groundskeeping workers, one of the two landscaping-related occupations among the 10 largest GTP occupations. Consistent 

with landscaping and groundskeeping work, one source of 

injury was handtools: 17 percent of injury cases involved 

handtools, compared with only 5 percent of cases for total 

workers. Landscapers also suffered a greater proportion 

of cuts, lacerations, and punctures than did other private 

industry workers, 16 percent of cases compared with 9 

percent of cases, respectively. The part of body most frequently injured included

•	 Upper extremities (including shoulders, arms, and 

hands)—29 percent

•	 Trunk (including chest and back)—29 percent

•	 Lower extremities (including legs, ankles, and 

feet)—23 percent

•	 Head (including face)—11 percent

Among the 10 occupations being discussed here, landscapers are the only occupation identified as having more 

than a minimal percentage of cases that are animal or 

insect related. As landscapers generally work outdoors, 

these injuries and illnesses may be due to interactions 

with dogs, livestock, bees, or other animals or insects. 

The median days away from work for landscapers—regardless of the circumstances surrounding the injury or 

illness—was 9 days.

Maids and housekeepers

Maids and housekeepers experienced nearly 18,000 nonfatal injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from 

work in 2011, a rate of 293.1 per 10,000 full-time workers. About 43 percent of these cases involved overexertion 

or bodily reaction, compared with 36 percent of cases for 

total workers. Overexertion and bodily reaction can result 

from such actions as lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, 

and carrying, as well as from repetitive motion. Consistent with injuries due to overexertion while lifting, one of 

the sources of injury to these workers is furniture and fixtures, which accounted for 13 percent of cases compared 

with only 4 percent of cases for total workers. Injured and 

ill maids and housekeepers were away from work a median of 7 days, 1 day less than the median for all private 

industry workers.

Chart 2.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Median days away from work for occupational injuries and illnesses, selected occupations, private 

industry, 2011

Median days away from work

All private industry

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and 

housekeeping cleaners

Heating, air conditioning, and 

refrigeration mechanics and installers

Maintenance and repair workers, 

general

Laborers and freight, stock, and material 

movers, hand

Landscaping and groundskeeping 

workers

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

Automobile service technicians and 

mechanics

First-line supervisors of construction 

trades and extraction workers

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn 

service, and groundskeeping workers

Business operations specialists, all other

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Workplace Safety and Health

54 Monthly Labor Review • January 2013

Automobile service technicians and mechanics

Auto mechanics are classified in the same broad occupational category as heating mechanics and maintenance 

and repair workers (occupations previously discussed), 

and their injuries and illnesses follow some of the same 

patterns. For example, among the 12,000 auto mechanic 

injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work in 

2011, 16 percent resulted in cuts or lacerations. Among 

heating mechanics and maintenance workers, 13 percent 

of cases resulted in cuts or lacerations. Where these occupations differ somewhat from each other is in the source 

of the injury or illness. For fully one-third of auto mechanics’ injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from 

work, parts and materials was the source of injury. Parts 

and materials was the source for 10 percent of injuries to 

heating mechanics and 13 percent of maintenance workers. Another prevalent source of injury for auto mechanics was vehicles, which accounted for 11 percent of cases. 

Auto service technicians and mechanics had a median of 

7 days away from work.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and 

extraction workers

This occupation and the next one are both first-line supervisors; they supervise construction, extraction, and 

landscaping workers. Based on the Standard Occupational Classification system, these first-line supervisors 

are classified in the same broad occupational category as 

those being supervised because they typically are present at the worksite and may be coordinating or providing 

training on many of the same tasks as those they are supervising. Such first-line supervisors may also spend part 

of their time performing these same tasks. Thus, these 

supervisors may be exposed to many of the same workplace hazards as the workers they supervise.

Consistent with this classification, first-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers experience patterns of nonfatal injuries and illnesses that resemble those of other construction workers. Three broad 

categories of events or exposures account for nearly 90 

percent of all cases among these supervisors—contacts 

with objects or equipment (33 percent), overexertion and 

bodily reaction (33 percent), and falls, slips, and trips 

(20 percent). Construction supervisors were absent from 

work because of injury or illness for a median of 7 days.

First-line supervisors of landscaping and groundskeeping workers

Of particular note for this first-line supervisor occupation 

is its relatively low median days away from work—3 days. 

It is not clear whether the differences in the nature of 

the injuries, compared with those of total employees, account for the shorter median absence from work. Sprains, 

strains, and tears were prevalent among landscape supervisors (44 percent of cases), while cuts, lacerations, and 

punctures (2 percent of cases) and bruises and contusions 

(also 2 percent of cases) were less prevalent. Also of note 

is the proportion of head (16 percent) and trunk (44 percent) injuries among landscape supervisors.

Business operations specialists, all other

The 10th occupation among detailed occupations with 

the largest number of GTP workers is business operations 

specialists, all other. This occupation is classified in the 

business and financial occupations category and includes 

business operations workers not identified separately in 

the Standard Occupational Classification system.8

 Examples include ship purser and mystery shopper. The 

differences between the other nine detailed occupations 

and this one are evidenced by the nature of the workers’ 

injuries and illnesses and by the relatively low incidence 

of days-away-from-work cases. Fully 70 percent of cases 

involved falls, many on the same level (not from a height). 

Consistent with falls on the same level, the most prevalent source of injury to business operations specialists was 

floors, walkways, and ground; this is typically where the 

falling worker landed. More so than for total workers, 

injuries to workers in this occupation were to the lower 

extremities and to multiple body parts. The share of cases 

resulting in fractures was higher than for total workers 

(15 percent compared with 9 percent), as was the share 

of cases resulting in soreness or pain with no other injury 

(26 percent compared with 12 percent). The median days 

away from work for the category business operations specialists, all other, was 3 days.

One more look at 10 occupations

The profiles presented here may say less about the green 

nature of these 10 occupations than about the extensive 

data available on the characteristics of workplace injuries 

and illnesses for all workers. Clearly some of the details 

examined show relationships between the type of work 

being performed and the characteristics of injuries, such 

as landscapers being injured by handtools and laborers 

being injured when lifting. But to have a true picture of 

workplace safety issues among green occupations, the 

injury and illness survey would need to identify which 
Monthly Labor Review • January 2013 55

workers employed green technologies and practices and 

tabulate data for these workers separately. Such detail is 

not planned at this time. 

Often what is needed when employers, worker representatives, researchers, policymakers, and others are attempting to improve worker safety is to look across characteristics to discern patterns that might need to be addressed. 

The business operations specialist occupation, for example, 

had a high proportion of falls resulting in a high proportion of fractures. This combination of details can help determine where to focus injury prevention resources. Table 

3 offers one approach to looking at the 10 occupations by 

various injury and illness case characteristics and identifies some of the prevalent items regarding nature of injury, 

part of body, source of injury, and event or exposure. For 

example, there are patterns to certain characteristics, such 

as overexertion leading to strains or contacts with objects 

leading to cuts. The extensive BLS data available on worker 

safety and health can be used to construct similar views for 

hundreds of detailed occupations.

Selected characteristics of days-away-from-work injuries, selected occupations, private wage and salary workers, 2011

Occupation

Event or exposure Nature of injury or illness Part of body Source of injury or illness

Description Percent Description Percent Description Percent Description Percent

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and 

housekeeping cleaners

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

Contacts with objects

39

30

20

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Soreness, pain

40

16

14

Trunk

Upper extremities

Lower extremities

32

30

21

Floors, walkways, 

ground

Containers

Person—injured/

ill worker

20

18

13

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration 

mechanics and installers

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

Contacts with objects

40

22

23

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Cuts, lacerations, 

punctures

42

25

13

Upper extremities

Trunk

Lower extremities

39

22

19

Machinery

Person—injured/

ill worker

All other sources

24

19

12

Maintenance and repair 

workers, general

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Contacts with objects

Falls, slips, trips

33

31

23

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Cuts, lacerations, 

punctures

33

22

13

Upper extremities

Lower extremities

Trunk

34

23

22

All other sources

Person—injured/

ill worker

Parts and materials

17

14

13

Laborers and freight, 

stock, and material 

movers, hand

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Contacts with objects

Falls, slips, trips

40

34

18

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Soreness, pain

38

18

11

Upper extremities

Trunk

Lower extremities

30

28

27

Containers

Parts and materials

Vehicles

25

14

13

Landscaping and 

groundskeeping

Contacts with objects

Overexertion/ bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

36

33

16

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Cuts, lacerations, 

punctures

35

24

16

Upper extremities

Trunk

Lower extremities

29

29

23

All other sources 

Handtools

Person—injured/

ill worker

29

17

14

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

Contacts with objects

43

32

18

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Soreness, pain

42

18

17

Upper extremities

Trunk

Lower extremities

30

25

22

Floors, walkways, 

ground

Person—injured/

ill worker

All other sources

23

22

16

Automobile service 

technicians and 

mechanics

Contacts with objects

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

45

33

13

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Cuts, lacerations, 

punctures

31

19

16

Upper extremities 

Trunk

Lower extremities

36

22

18

Parts and materials

Person—injured/

ill worker

All other sources

33

15

11

First-line supervisors of 

construction trades and 

extraction workers

Contacts with objects

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Falls, slips, trips

33

33

20

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Soreness, pain

30

19

18

Upper extremities

Trunk

Lower extremities

30

26

24

All other sources

Parts and materials

Person—injured/

ill worker

23

21

14

First-line supervisors 

of landscaping and 

groundskeeping 

workers

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Contacts with objects

Falls, slips, trips

44

28

22

Sprains, strains, tears

All other natures

Soreness, pain

44

27

9

Truck

Upper extremities

Lower extremities

44

19

13

All other sources 

Person—injured/

ill worker

Floors, walkways, 

ground

39

18

13

Business operations 

specialists, all other

Falls, slips, trips 

Overexertion/bodily 

reaction

Transportation 

incidents

71

15

9

Sprains, strains, tears

Soreness, pain

Fractures

All other natures

32

26

15

15

Lower extremities 

Multiple body parts

Trunk

35

29

21

Floors, walkways, 

ground

Furniture and 

fixtures

Person—injured/

ill worker

44

24

15

NOTE: Data refer to percentage of cases for each occupation that 

have the identified characteristic. The “all other” categories include

a variety of differing characteristics.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3.
Workplace Safety and Health

56 Monthly Labor Review • January 2013

Notes

1

 For details on the approaches to measuring green jobs, see 

http://www.bls.gov/green/#overview.

2

 The GTP survey identified three broad categories of green 

technologies and practices: (1) energy from renewable sources and 

energy efficiency, (2) greenhouse gas reduction and pollution reduction and removal, and (3) recycling and reuse and natural resource 

conservation. Additional detailed groupings are identified within 

these broad categories. For more information about the GTP survey 

definitions and procedures, see http://www.bls.gov/gtp/overview.

htm#definition.

3

 Results from the 2011 GTP survey are available at http://www.

bls.gov/gtp/news.htm. For information on how GTP employment 

for an occupation compares with existing BLS data on occupational 

employment, see http://www.bls.gov/gtp/faq.htm#q12.

4

 Data from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) 

program for 2011 show that 85 percent of workers in the 10 occupations discussed in this article worked in private industry; the remainder worked in federal, state, or local government. Within the individual occupations, the percentage working in private industry ranged 

from 65 percent for business operations specialist to 96 percent for 

maids and housekeepers. Information about the OES program may 

be found at http://www.bls.gov/oes/home.htm.

5

 Details about the BLS Occupational Safety and Health Statistics program are available at http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm.

6 OSHA defines which injuries and illnesses are to be recorded by 

employers on the basis of severity and on definitions of work relatedness. Details and definitions are available from OSHA at http://

www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/index.html.

7

 Complete information about the BLS Occupational Injury and 

Illness Classification System (OIICS) may be found at http://www.

bls.gov/iif/oshoiics.htm.

8

 All occupations are classified using the Standard Occupational 

Classification (SOC) system; details about the system are available at 

http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.