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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018

In 2018, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States 

was 3.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity 

groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the 

national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent), 

Blacks or African Americans (6.5 percent), people categorized as being of 

Two or More Races (5.5 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific 

Islanders (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for 

Asians (3.0 percent) and Whites (3.5 percent). The rate for people of 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.7 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.7 

percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are 

measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and 

industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including 

whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic groups. Estimates of these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small 

sample sizes.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is 

a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the 

technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity 

groups in 2018.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 

2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. 

Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and 

Japanese (5 percent). The remainder (16 percent) were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals 

in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported 

October 2019 | Report 1082
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two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2). Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent 

were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force 

were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto 

Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as 

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino.

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.5 percent), people of Two or 

More Races (66.6 percent), and Hispanics (66.3 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. American 

Indians and Alaska Natives (59.6 percent) had the lowest rate. The participation rate for Asians was 63.5 percent; 

Whites, 62.8 percent; and Blacks, 62.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more 

likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.0 percent) were the least likely. The 

labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.9 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among 

adult women (20 years and older), Blacks (62.4 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were 

Hispanics (59.4 percent), Asians (58.6 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians 
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(19.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.2 percent), Hispanics (32.5 percent), 

and Blacks (30.5 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives to 64.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment–population ratio was 58.3 percent for Blacks, 60.7 percent for Whites, 61.6 percent for Asians, 62.9 percent 

for individuals of Two or More Races, and 63.2 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to 

have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (63.7 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding 

pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.5 percent, 

respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.0 

percent for Blacks, 56.9 percent for Asians, 56.6 percent for Hispanics, and 55.8 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment–population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for 

Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.0 percent) was about 15 percentage points higher than the 

ratio for Asian teens (17.9 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.8 percent), and about 5 

percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 

percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-six percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a 

high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 63 percent of Asians in 

the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 21 

percent of Hispanics (computed from table 6 and chart 2).
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Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of 

unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and 

higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in 

management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of 

people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among fulltime wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,065) and Hispanics ($1,101) with a 

bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than Asians ($1,465) and Whites ($1,342). (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-four percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest 

paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, 

and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
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Among employed men, 55 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 37 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and 

Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of both employed Asian and White men 

worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to 

work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men 

worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 

percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related 

occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 

27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—

service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 55 percent of Blacks, 48 percent of Whites, and 

41 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed 

occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (55 percent); miscellaneous agricultural 

workers (53 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed 

workers, but accounted for more than one-quarter of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, 

and home health aides (36 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent); and licensed 

practical and licensed vocational nurses (30 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers, but made 

up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance 
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workers (57 percent); software developers, applications and system software (35 percent); and physicians and surgeons 

(20 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and 

other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites 

(14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of 

other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (13 percent). Twenty-one percent of employed 

Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (13 percent), Hispanic 

men (11 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups 

worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics 

(30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had an employed family member. By contrast, White 

and Black families were less likely to have an employed family member: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively.

Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent 

of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by 

women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). 

In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 78 percent of White families, and 80 percent of Hispanic families that were 

maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less 

likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)

Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force 

than White mothers (71.2 percent), Asian mothers (65.0 percent), or Hispanic mothers (63.9 percent). (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force 

than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.9 percent for 

White men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, 93.4 percent for Asian men, and 89.0 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent) and Blacks 

(6.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.0 percent). The jobless rates 

were 3.5 percent for Whites, 4.7 percent for Hispanics, 5.3 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 

and 5.5 percent for individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)
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Among adults (20 years and older), the jobless rate for Black men (6.2 percent) was higher than that for Black women 

(5.6 percent). By contrast, adult Hispanic men (3.8 percent) had a lower rate than adult Hispanic women (4.7 percent). 

For Asians and Whites, the rates for adult men and women showed little or no difference. Among teenagers (16 to 19 

years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 21.9 percent, compared with 14.5 percent for Hispanics, 11.3 

percent for Whites, and 8.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.9 weeks and 10.8 weeks, respectively, whereas the 

figure for Whites was 8.8 weeks and Hispanics, 8.2 weeks. (See table 13.)

Of the 6.3 million unemployed, 47 percent were job losers (workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary 

jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), job leavers (13 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for 

the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 49 percent of 

Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 38 percent of Asians. 

Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 8 

percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)
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•

•

•

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally 

attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who

were not in the labor force

wanted to work and were available to work

had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor 

force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent 

of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged 

workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the 

marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. 

(See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2018 were $680 for 

Hispanics, $694 for Blacks, $916 for Whites, and $1,095 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,002), Black men 

($735), and Hispanic men ($720) were 81 percent, 59 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian 

men ($1,241). The median earnings of White women ($817), Black women ($654), and Hispanic women ($617) were 87 

percent, 70 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($937). (These earnings comparisons 

are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such 

as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational 

groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, 

professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,732 and $1,488, respectively, 

were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,174) and Black men ($1,164) in the same occupational 

group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. 

For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $528 for Asians, $517 for Whites, $490 for 

Blacks, and $489 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of 

Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
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Statistical Tables

Gender and race

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

Men 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

Women 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

White 200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407

Men 97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850

Women 102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556

Black 32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347

Men 14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270

Women 17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077

Asian 15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

Men 7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

Women 8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

American Indian and Alaska Native 2,881 1,716 59.6 1,603 55.6 113 6.6 1,165

Men 1,415 901 63.7 840 59.3 62 6.9 513

Women 1,466 815 55.6 763 52.1 52 6.3 651

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 960 657 68.5 622 64.9 35 5.3 302

Men 468 347 74.1 329 70.3 18 5.2 121

Women 491 310 63.1 293 59.7 17 5.4 181

Two or More Races 5,006 3,336 66.6 3,151 62.9 185 5.5 1,670

Men 2,427 1,725 71.1 1,622 66.8 103 6.0 702

Women 2,579 1,611 62.5 1,529 59.3 82 5.1 968

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

Men 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

Women 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

Asian 15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

Men 7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

Women 8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

Asian Indian 3,460 2,385 68.9 2,318 67.0 67 2.8 1,075

Chinese 3,720 2,268 61.0 2,207 59.3 61 2.7 1,452

Filipino 2,353 1,534 65.2 1,486 63.2 47 3.1 819

Japanese 917 509 55.5 495 54.0 14 2.7 408

Korean 1,182 712 60.2 694 58.8 17 2.4 470

Vietnamese 1,699 1,081 63.6 1,056 62.2 25 2.3 618

Other Asian 2,630 1,649 62.7 1,575 59.9 74 4.5 981

Hispanic or Latino 42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

Men 21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

Women 21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

Mexican 26,031 17,312 66.5 16,497 63.4 815 4.7 8,718

Men 13,204 10,107 76.5 9,667 73.2 439 4.3 3,097

Women 12,827 7,205 56.2 6,830 53.2 376 5.2 5,621

Puerto Rican 3,938 2,408 61.2 2,272 57.7 136 5.7 1,529

Men 1,875 1,266 67.5 1,193 63.6 73 5.8 609

Women 2,063 1,142 55.4 1,080 52.3 63 5.5 920

Cuban 1,905 1,181 62.0 1,139 59.8 41 3.5 725

Men 940 660 70.3 636 67.7 24 3.6 279

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Women 966 520 53.9 503 52.1 17 3.3 446

Central American 4,053 2,934 72.4 2,815 69.4 119 4.1 1,119

Men 2,082 1,725 82.9 1,664 80.0 61 3.5 356

Women 1,972 1,209 61.3 1,150 58.3 58 4.8 763

Salvadoran 1,610 1,175 73.0 1,131 70.2 44 3.8 435

Men 805 661 82.2 638 79.3 23 3.5 143

Women 806 514 63.7 493 61.1 21 4.1 292

Other Central American 2,443 1,759 72.0 1,684 68.9 75 4.3 684

Men 1,277 1,064 83.3 1,026 80.3 38 3.6 213

Women 1,166 695 59.6 658 56.4 37 5.4 471

South American 2,887 2,022 70.0 1,936 67.0 86 4.2 866

Men 1,352 1,062 78.6 1,025 75.8 37 3.5 290

Women 1,535 959 62.5 910 59.3 49 5.1 576

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino 3,920 2,479 63.2 2,353 60.0 126 5.1 1,441

Men 1,835 1,292 70.4 1,232 67.1 61 4.7 543

Women 2,085 1,187 56.9 1,121 53.8 65 5.5 898

Dominican 1,592 1,019 64.0 963 60.5 56 5.5 572

Men 705 492 69.7 466 66.1 25 5.2 213

Women 886 528 59.5 497 56.0 31 5.8 359

Other Hispanic or Latino 2,328 1,460 62.7 1,390 59.7 70 4.8 868

Men 1,130 801 70.9 765 67.8 35 4.4 329

Women 1,198 659 55.0 624 52.1 34 5.2 539

Hispanic or Latino 42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

Men 21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

Women 21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

White Hispanic or Latino 37,989 25,147 66.2 23,992 63.2 1,156 4.6 12,841

Men 18,963 14,408 76.0 13,802 72.8 606 4.2 4,554

Women 19,026 10,739 56.4 10,190 53.6 549 5.1 8,287

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Black Hispanic or Latino 1,899 1,248 65.8 1,177 62.0 72 5.7 650

Men 874 620 70.9 584 66.8 36 5.8 254

Women 1,025 629 61.4 593 57.9 35 5.6 396

Asian Hispanic or Latino 436 293 67.3 280 64.4 13 4.4 142

Men 221 160 72.2 153 69.3 7 4.1 61

Women 214 134 62.3 127 59.3 6 4.7 81

Non-Hispanic or Latino 215,057 133,739 62.2 128,749 59.9 4,990 3.7 81,318

Men 103,391 69,983 67.7 67,280 65.1 2,703 3.9 33,408

Women 111,666 63,756 57.1 61,468 55.0 2,288 3.6 47,910

White non-Hispanic or Latino 162,232 100,667 62.1 97,469 60.1 3,198 3.2 61,565

Men 78,970 53,674 68.0 51,900 65.7 1,774 3.3 25,296

Women 83,262 46,993 56.4 45,569 54.7 1,424 3.0 36,269

Black non-Hispanic or Latino 30,862 19,166 62.1 17,915 58.0 1,251 6.5 11,696

Men 14,090 9,075 64.4 8,435 59.9 640 7.1 5,016

Women 16,772 10,091 60.2 9,480 56.5 611 6.1 6,681

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 15,526 9,843 63.4 9,552 61.5 292 3.0 5,682

Men 7,250 5,187 71.5 5,035 69.4 152 2.9 2,063

Women 8,276 4,657 56.3 4,517 54.6 140 3.0 3,619

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

16 to 19 years 16,765 5,885 35.1 5,126 30.6 759 12.9 10,879

20 years and older 241,026 156,190 64.8 150,635 62.5 5,555 3.6 84,836

20 to 24 years 21,239 15,099 71.1 14,051 66.2 1,048 6.9 6,140

25 to 54 years 126,390 103,705 82.1 100,314 79.4 3,391 3.3 22,685

55 to 64 years 42,114 27,354 65.0 26,565 63.1 789 2.9 14,760

65 years and older 51,283 10,032 19.6 9,705 18.9 327 3.3 41,251

Men, 16 years and older 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

16 to 19 years 8,493 2,909 34.2 2,487 29.3 422 14.5 5,585

20 years and older 116,185 83,188 71.6 80,211 69.0 2,976 3.6 32,997

20 to 24 years 10,639 7,786 73.2 7,190 67.6 596 7.7 2,853

25 to 54 years 62,294 55,440 89.0 53,673 86.2 1,768 3.2 6,854

55 to 64 years 20,263 14,436 71.2 14,001 69.1 435 3.0 5,827

65 years and older 22,988 5,525 24.0 5,348 23.3 177 3.2 17,464

Women, 16 years and older 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

16 to 19 years 8,272 2,977 36.0 2,639 31.9 338 11.3 5,295

20 years and older 124,841 73,002 58.5 70,424 56.4 2,578 3.5 51,839

20 to 24 years 10,600 7,312 69.0 6,861 64.7 452 6.2 3,288

25 to 54 years 64,096 48,264 75.3 46,641 72.8 1,623 3.4 15,831

55 to 64 years 21,851 12,918 59.1 12,564 57.5 354 2.7 8,933

65 years and older 28,295 4,508 15.9 4,358 15.4 150 3.3 23,787

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

White

Total, 16 years and older 200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407

16 to 19 years 12,318 4,576 37.2 4,060 33.0 516 11.3 7,741

20 years and older 187,904 121,238 64.5 117,401 62.5 3,837 3.2 66,666

20 to 24 years 15,557 11,383 73.2 10,697 68.8 685 6.0 4,174

25 to 54 years 95,354 78,888 82.7 76,608 80.3 2,280 2.9 16,467

55 to 64 years 33,900 22,464 66.3 21,855 64.5 610 2.7 11,435

65 years and older 43,094 8,504 19.7 8,241 19.1 262 3.1 34,590

Men, 16 years and older 97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850

16 to 19 years 6,271 2,270 36.2 1,983 31.6 286 12.6 4,001

20 years and older 91,662 65,812 71.8 63,719 69.5 2,094 3.2 25,849

20 to 24 years 7,848 5,951 75.8 5,561 70.9 390 6.6 1,897

25 to 54 years 47,744 43,034 90.1 41,819 87.6 1,215 2.8 4,710

55 to 64 years 16,515 12,031 72.8 11,692 70.8 339 2.8 4,485

65 years and older 19,554 4,796 24.5 4,647 23.8 149 3.1 14,758

Women, 16 years and older 102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556

16 to 19 years 6,047 2,307 38.1 2,077 34.3 230 10.0 3,740

20 years and older 96,242 55,426 57.6 53,682 55.8 1,743 3.1 40,816

20 to 24 years 7,709 5,432 70.5 5,137 66.6 295 5.4 2,277

25 to 54 years 47,610 35,853 75.3 34,789 73.1 1,065 3.0 11,756

55 to 64 years 17,384 10,434 60.0 10,163 58.5 271 2.6 6,951

65 years and older 23,540 3,707 15.7 3,594 15.3 113 3.0 19,832

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347

16 to 19 years 2,499 763 30.5 596 23.8 167 21.9 1,736

20 years and older 30,262 19,651 64.9 18,496 61.1 1,155 5.9 10,611

20 to 24 years 3,172 2,173 68.5 1,940 61.2 234 10.8 998

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

25 to 54 years 17,205 13,776 80.1 13,016 75.7 760 5.5 3,429

55 to 64 years 5,037 2,846 56.5 2,728 54.2 117 4.1 2,191

65 years and older 4,848 856 17.7 812 16.7 44 5.2 3,992

Men, 16 years and older 14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270

16 to 19 years 1,241 367 29.6 273 22.0 94 25.7 874

20 years and older 13,723 9,327 68.0 8,745 63.7 582 6.2 4,396

20 to 24 years 1,535 1,046 68.1 913 59.5 133 12.7 490

25 to 54 years 7,932 6,560 82.7 6,191 78.0 369 5.6 1,373

55 to 64 years 2,282 1,343 58.9 1,281 56.1 62 4.6 939

65 years and older 1,974 379 19.2 361 18.3 18 4.7 1,595

Women, 16 years and older 17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077

16 to 19 years 1,257 395 31.4 322 25.6 73 18.4 862

20 years and older 16,539 10,324 62.4 9,751 59.0 573 5.6 6,215

20 to 24 years 1,636 1,128 68.9 1,027 62.7 101 8.9 509

25 to 54 years 9,273 7,216 77.8 6,825 73.6 391 5.4 2,057

55 to 64 years 2,755 1,503 54.5 1,448 52.5 55 3.7 1,252

65 years and older 2,875 478 16.6 451 15.7 26 5.5 2,397

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

16 to 19 years 928 182 19.6 166 17.9 16 8.9 746

20 years and older 15,034 9,955 66.2 9,666 64.3 288 2.9 5,079

20 to 24 years 1,368 719 52.6 660 48.2 59 8.2 649

25 to 54 years 9,117 7,285 79.9 7,106 77.9 179 2.5 1,832

55 to 64 years 2,160 1,472 68.1 1,434 66.4 38 2.6 689

65 years and older 2,389 478 20.0 467 19.5 11 2.4 1,910

Men, 16 years and older 7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

16 to 19 years 459 91 19.8 85 18.5 6 7.0 368

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

20 years and older 7,012 5,255 74.9 5,103 72.8 152 2.9 1,756

20 to 24 years 685 363 53.0 330 48.2 33 9.0 322

25 to 54 years 4,324 3,879 89.7 3,787 87.6 93 2.4 445

55 to 64 years 976 761 77.9 739 75.7 22 2.9 216

65 years and older 1,026 253 24.6 248 24.1 5 2.0 774

Women, 16 years and older 8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

16 to 19 years 469 91 19.4 81 17.3 10 10.8 378

20 years and older 8,022 4,699 58.6 4,563 56.9 136 2.9 3,323

20 to 24 years 683 357 52.2 330 48.3 27 7.4 327

25 to 54 years 4,792 3,406 71.1 3,319 69.3 87 2.6 1,386

55 to 64 years 1,184 711 60.1 695 58.7 16 2.3 473

65 years and older 1,362 226 16.6 219 16.1 6 2.8 1,137

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

16 to 19 years 3,938 1,280 32.5 1,094 27.8 186 14.5 2,658

20 years and older 38,795 27,056 69.7 25,918 66.8 1,138 4.2 11,740

20 to 24 years 4,744 3,399 71.6 3,160 66.6 239 7.0 1,345

25 to 54 years 24,745 19,725 79.7 18,998 76.8 727 3.7 5,021

55 to 64 years 4,892 3,113 63.6 2,982 61.0 131 4.2 1,779

65 years and older 4,414 819 18.6 778 17.6 42 5.1 3,595

Men, 16 years and older 21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

16 to 19 years 1,998 649 32.5 545 27.3 104 16.0 1,349

20 years and older 19,289 15,464 80.2 14,873 77.1 591 3.8 3,825

20 to 24 years 2,402 1,841 76.6 1,705 71.0 136 7.4 561

25 to 54 years 12,596 11,375 90.3 11,018 87.5 356 3.1 1,221

55 to 64 years 2,374 1,776 74.8 1,704 71.8 73 4.1 598

65 years and older 1,917 472 24.6 446 23.3 26 5.5 1,445

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Women, 16 years and older 21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

16 to 19 years 1,940 631 32.5 549 28.3 82 12.9 1,309

20 years and older 19,507 11,592 59.4 11,045 56.6 547 4.7 7,915

20 to 24 years 2,342 1,558 66.5 1,456 62.1 103 6.6 784

25 to 54 years 12,149 8,350 68.7 7,980 65.7 370 4.4 3,800

55 to 64 years 2,518 1,337 53.1 1,278 50.8 58 4.4 1,181

65 years and older 2,497 347 13.9 331 13.3 16 4.5 2,150

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016 62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017 62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

2018 62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016 61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017 60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

2018 59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be 

of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016 59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017 60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

2018 60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be 

of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016 55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017 55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

2018 55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population 219,787 22,250 62,592 34,880 22,525 77,540

Civilian labor force 141,091 10,278 36,010 21,937 15,649 57,217

Percent of population 64.2 46.2 57.5 62.9 69.5 73.8

Employed 136,584 9,701 34,550 21,128 15,209 55,995

Employment-population ratio 62.1 43.6 55.2 60.6 67.5 72.2

Unemployed 4,507 576 1,461 808 440 1,222

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Unemployment rate 3.2 5.6 4.1 3.7 2.8 2.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 105,546 11,110 31,216 16,679 9,829 36,711

Civilian labor force 75,401 6,537 21,145 11,667 7,383 28,670

Percent of population 71.4 58.8 67.7 70.0 75.1 78.1

Employed 73,021 6,201 20,294 11,279 7,182 28,066

Employment-population ratio 69.2 55.8 65.0 67.6 73.1 76.5

Unemployed 2,380 336 850 388 202 604

Unemployment rate 3.2 5.1 4.0 3.3 2.7 2.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 114,241 11,140 31,375 18,201 12,696 40,829

Civilian labor force 65,689 3,741 14,866 10,269 8,266 28,548

Percent of population 57.5 33.6 47.4 56.4 65.1 69.9

Employed 63,563 3,501 14,256 9,850 8,028 27,929

Employment-population ratio 55.6 31.4 45.4 54.1 63.2 68.4

Unemployed 2,127 240 610 420 238 619

Unemployment rate 3.2 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.9 2.2

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 172,347 16,900 49,050 27,256 18,021 61,121

Civilian labor force 109,855 8,126 27,859 16,818 12,383 44,669

Percent of population 63.7 48.1 56.8 61.7 68.7 73.1

Employed 106,704 7,713 26,870 16,281 12,067 43,772

Employment-population ratio 61.9 45.6 54.8 59.7 67.0 71.6

Unemployed 3,152 413 989 537 316 897

Unemployment rate 2.9 5.1 3.5 3.2 2.5 2.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 83,814 8,726 24,591 13,211 7,979 29,306

Civilian labor force 59,861 5,385 16,703 9,201 5,962 22,611

Percent of population 71.4 61.7 67.9 69.6 74.7 77.2

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Employed 58,158 5,138 16,122 8,930 5,814 22,153

Employment-population ratio 69.4 58.9 65.6 67.6 72.9 75.6

Unemployed 1,703 247 581 271 148 458

Unemployment rate 2.8 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 88,534 8,174 24,458 14,044 10,042 31,815

Civilian labor force 49,994 2,741 11,156 7,617 6,421 22,058

Percent of population 56.5 33.5 45.6 54.2 63.9 69.3

Employed 48,546 2,575 10,748 7,351 6,253 21,619

Employment-population ratio 54.8 31.5 43.9 52.3 62.3 68.0

Unemployed 1,448 167 408 266 168 439

Unemployment rate 2.9 6.1 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.0

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 27,091 3,139 8,927 5,174 2,838 7,011

Civilian labor force 17,478 1,126 5,343 3,479 2,079 5,451

Percent of population 64.5 35.9 59.8 67.2 73.2 77.7

Employed 16,556 1,009 4,986 3,276 1,994 5,291

Employment-population ratio 61.1 32.1 55.8 63.3 70.3 75.5

Unemployed 922 117 357 203 84 161

Unemployment rate 5.3 10.4 6.7 5.8 4.1 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 12,188 1,404 4,399 2,320 1,137 2,927

Civilian labor force 8,281 567 2,862 1,630 873 2,348

Percent of population 67.9 40.4 65.1 70.3 76.8 80.2

Employed 7,832 505 2,661 1,543 840 2,283

Employment-population ratio 64.3 35.9 60.5 66.5 73.8 78.0

Unemployed 449 63 201 87 34 65

Unemployment rate 5.4 11.0 7.0 5.3 3.9 2.8

Women

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,903 1,735 4,528 2,854 1,701 4,084

Civilian labor force 9,197 559 2,481 1,849 1,205 3,103

Percent of population 61.7 32.2 54.8 64.8 70.9 76.0

Employed 8,724 504 2,325 1,733 1,155 3,007

Employment-population ratio 58.5 29.1 51.3 60.7 67.9 73.6

Unemployed 473 54 156 116 50 96

Unemployment rate 5.1 9.7 6.3 6.3 4.2 3.1

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 13,666 1,218 2,549 1,171 914 7,814

Civilian labor force 9,235 493 1,504 770 641 5,827

Percent of population 67.6 40.5 59.0 65.8 70.2 74.6

Employed 9,006 479 1,468 752 621 5,687

Employment-population ratio 65.9 39.3 57.6 64.2 68.0 72.8

Unemployed 229 14 36 19 20 139

Unemployment rate 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.4

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,327 457 1,133 572 386 3,779

Civilian labor force 4,892 250 800 416 297 3,130

Percent of population 77.3 54.7 70.6 72.7 76.8 82.8

Employed 4,773 242 781 406 285 3,060

Employment-population ratio 75.4 52.8 68.9 71.0 73.9 81.0

Unemployed 119 9 19 10 11 70

Unemployment rate 2.4 3.4 2.4 2.5 3.9 2.2

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 7,339 761 1,416 600 528 4,035

Civilian labor force 4,343 243 704 355 345 2,697

Percent of population 59.2 31.9 49.7 59.2 65.3 66.8

Employed 4,233 237 687 346 336 2,627

Employment-population ratio 57.7 31.2 48.5 57.7 63.7 65.1

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Unemployed 110 6 17 9 8 70

Unemployment rate 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 34,051 9,737 10,637 4,734 2,745 6,198

Civilian labor force 23,657 5,753 7,439 3,469 2,085 4,911

Percent of population 69.5 59.1 69.9 73.3 75.9 79.2

Employed 22,758 5,488 7,145 3,341 2,012 4,770

Employment-population ratio 66.8 56.4 67.2 70.6 73.3 77.0

Unemployed 899 265 293 128 72 141

Unemployment rate 3.8 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.5 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 16,887 5,038 5,538 2,345 1,172 2,794

Civilian labor force 13,623 3,828 4,528 1,881 982 2,404

Percent of population 80.7 76.0 81.8 80.2 83.8 86.0

Employed 13,168 3,679 4,369 1,822 951 2,346

Employment-population ratio 78.0 73.0 78.9 77.7 81.2 84.0

Unemployed 455 149 159 58 31 57

Unemployment rate 3.3 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 17,164 4,698 5,099 2,390 1,573 3,404

Civilian labor force 10,034 1,925 2,911 1,588 1,102 2,508

Percent of population 58.5 41.0 57.1 66.5 70.1 73.7

Employed 9,589 1,809 2,776 1,519 1,061 2,424

Employment-population ratio 55.9 38.5 54.4 63.6 67.4 71.2

Unemployed 444 116 134 69 41 84

Unemployment rate 4.4 6.0 4.6 4.4 3.7 3.3

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 40.1 40.8 31.3 53.7 22.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.6 17.5 11.1 18.0 9.4

Management occupations 11.7 12.6 7.2 11.0 6.9

Business and financial operations occupations 4.9 4.9 3.9 7.0 2.4

Professional and related occupations 23.5 23.3 20.2 35.7 13.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 3.3 2.8 2.3 11.5 1.4

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.1 2.1 1.1 4.0 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.7 1.6 2.9 1.1 1.2

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7

Education, training, and library occupations 6.0 6.2 5.2 5.0 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6.0 5.8 6.2 9.5 3.0

Service occupations 17.2 15.9 24.4 16.5 24.3

Healthcare support occupations 2.3 1.9 5.0 2.1 2.5

Protective service occupations 2.1 1.9 3.4 0.8 1.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.3 5.0 6.4 5.4 7.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.8 3.7 4.6 1.8 8.4

Personal care and service occupations 3.8 3.4 5.1 6.4 3.9

Sales and office occupations 21.5 21.6 22.4 16.8 20.6

Sales and related occupations 10.1 10.4 9.1 8.6 9.6

Office and administrative support occupations 11.3 11.2 13.3 8.2 11.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.3 10.3 5.8 3.3 17.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 1.9

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Construction and extraction occupations 5.4 6.0 3.1 1.4 11.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.2 3.4 2.5 1.7 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 11.9 11.4 16.1 9.6 15.7

Production occupations 5.5 5.4 6.1 5.1 7.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 6.4 5.9 10.0 4.5 8.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 36.6 37.1 25.9 54.9 18.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.5 18.6 10.8 18.2 9.1

Management occupations 13.3 14.3 7.6 12.3 7.2

Business and financial operations occupations 4.2 4.3 3.2 5.9 1.9

Professional and related occupations 19.1 18.5 15.1 36.7 9.7

Computer and mathematical occupations 4.6 4.0 3.0 15.9 1.8

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.3 3.3 1.8 6.1 1.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.0 1.8 0.9 0.6

Legal occupations 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5

Education, training, and library occupations 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.5 1.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 2.8 2.6 2.8 6.1 1.5

Service occupations 13.8 12.8 20.3 12.7 19.0

Healthcare support occupations 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.9 0.6

Protective service occupations 3.0 2.9 4.6 1.3 2.2

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.4 4.0 6.2 5.3 7.0

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4.2 4.1 5.4 1.9 7.8

Personal care and service occupations 1.7 1.4 2.7 3.4 1.4

Sales and office occupations 15.7 15.6 17.3 13.9 13.9

Sales and related occupations 9.7 10.0 8.3 8.4 7.7

Office and administrative support occupations 6.1 5.6 9.0 5.5 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.6 18.1 11.5 5.7 28.2

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.3 2.4

Construction and extraction occupations 9.7 10.7 6.3 2.5 19.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.8 6.2 4.9 2.9 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17.2 16.4 25.0 12.8 20.2

Production occupations 7.4 7.4 8.4 5.6 8.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 9.8 9.1 16.6 7.2 11.6

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 44.0 45.2 36.2 52.5 27.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15.6 16.3 11.4 17.8 9.8

Management occupations 10.0 10.7 6.9 9.5 6.6

Business and financial operations occupations 5.6 5.6 4.5 8.2 3.2

Professional and related occupations 28.4 28.9 24.8 34.7 17.4

Computer and mathematical occupations 1.8 1.5 1.6 6.6 0.9

Architecture and engineering occupations 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.5

Community and social service occupations 2.4 2.3 3.8 1.3 1.9

Legal occupations 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.9

Education, training, and library occupations 9.3 10.1 7.3 6.5 6.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.2 2.4 0.7 2.2 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9.7 9.6 9.3 13.3 4.9

Service occupations 21.1 19.6 28.0 20.8 31.4

Healthcare support occupations 4.3 3.7 8.2 3.5 5.0

Protective service occupations 1.0 0.8 2.3 0.3 0.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6.2 6.1 6.5 5.6 9.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.3 3.3 3.8 1.8 9.2

Personal care and service occupations 6.3 5.7 7.3 9.7 7.2

Sales and office occupations 28.0 28.7 27.0 20.0 29.5

Sales and related occupations 10.7 10.9 9.8 8.8 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations 17.3 17.8 17.2 11.3 17.4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.9 5.4 8.1 6.2 9.6

Production occupations 3.4 3.1 4.1 4.5 5.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.5 2.2 4.1 1.6 3.7

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 155,761 78.0 12.3 6.3 17.3

Management, professional, and related occupations 62,436 79.4 9.6 8.5 9.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 25,850 82.4 8.2 6.8 9.8

Management occupations 18,263 83.9 7.6 5.9 10.3

Chief executives 1,573 89.5 3.5 5.9 6.1

General and operations managers 1,037 84.5 7.5 4.8 10.5

Legislators 18 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers 44 - - - -

Marketing and sales managers 1,083 85.8 6.7 5.4 9.7

Public relations and fundraising managers 69 85.8 10.7 3.1 3.1

Administrative services managers 161 85.4 7.4 3.0 13.0

Computer and information systems managers 623 77.0 5.8 14.3 6.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Financial managers 1,231 81.7 8.1 7.4 9.4

Compensation and benefits managers 23 - - - -

Human resources managers 313 78.1 12.8 6.3 10.2

Training and development managers 58 86.3 10.1 0.0 15.5

Industrial production managers 264 85.7 6.3 6.0 12.5

Purchasing managers 219 85.3 9.0 4.0 10.7

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 303 84.9 7.2 4.4 13.7

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 991 96.1 0.9 1.4 5.1

Construction managers 1,021 91.8 3.1 2.4 15.3

Education administrators 955 79.0 14.4 3.4 10.5

Architectural and engineering managers 156 84.5 5.0 9.9 4.6

Food service managers 1,273 75.7 10.7 10.0 18.5

Funeral service managers 3 - - - -

Gaming managers 28 - - - -

Lodging managers 153 76.2 11.1 10.2 11.5

Medical and health services managers 639 80.9 11.5 5.0 9.0

Natural sciences managers 9 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 24 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 717 85.5 7.3 4.6 13.6

Social and community service managers 437 78.4 13.8 4.0 7.6

Emergency management directors 10 - - - -

Managers, all other 4,827 83.2 7.8 6.5 9.9

Business and financial operations occupations 7,587 78.8 9.8 9.1 8.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 54 79.3 7.5 11.0 12.2

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 12 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 193 80.7 10.7 5.7 11.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 244 84.3 8.0 5.0 7.6

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 344 74.9 19.1 3.7 10.9

Compliance officers 281 82.3 11.3 5.4 6.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Cost estimators 117 93.3 1.9 4.0 10.5

Human resources workers 664 79.2 10.5 7.0 13.2

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 48 - - - -

Training and development specialists 120 76.2 15.3 2.9 8.7

Logisticians 128 75.7 12.1 8.1 10.1

Management analysts 944 77.6 8.3 12.3 6.5

Meeting, convention, and event planners 126 77.7 8.6 5.3 10.5

Fundraisers 96 86.9 7.7 3.2 5.4

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 355 81.8 5.8 11.6 11.4

Business operations specialists, all other 236 70.6 15.8 9.0 9.4

Accountants and auditors 1,929 75.8 9.3 12.7 7.6

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 84 83.9 10.7 4.0 4.2

Budget analysts 51 72.6 11.2 14.5 13.8

Credit analysts 26 - - - -

Financial analysts 307 76.1 8.1 14.1 5.5

Personal financial advisors 537 86.3 5.0 6.9 6.6

Insurance underwriters 119 80.7 13.7 5.3 6.2

Financial examiners 13 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 350 85.5 7.6 4.3 13.0

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 47 - - - -

Tax preparers 113 76.1 16.7 5.1 13.1

Financial specialists, all other 48 - - - -

Professional and related occupations 36,586 77.2 10.5 9.6 9.6

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,126 67.0 8.4 22.0 7.5

Computer and information research scientists 19 - - - -

Computer systems analysts 652 66.5 10.0 20.4 7.9

Information security analysts 97 76.8 12.3 8.5 6.8

Computer programmers 477 68.8 9.3 19.4 7.8

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,682 58.6 3.9 35.4 5.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Web developers 208 81.5 5.4 8.9 7.2

Computer support specialists 566 72.4 12.6 12.0 9.8

Database administrators 108 71.3 8.2 16.7 9.5

Network and computer systems administrators 204 75.8 12.1 8.5 9.3

Computer network architects 114 73.0 9.4 14.7 9.9

Computer occupations, all other 732 72.1 11.4 14.9 9.5

Actuaries 33 - - - -

Mathematicians 3 - - - -

Operations research analysts 131 76.9 10.9 9.8 9.9

Statisticians 90 57.0 15.3 25.5 3.7

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 8 - - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,263 79.3 6.5 11.9 8.9

Architects, except naval 239 83.5 4.5 11.5 10.1

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 47 - - - -

Aerospace engineers 147 70.3 7.1 17.6 7.8

Agricultural engineers 5 - - - -

Biomedical engineers 11 - - - -

Chemical engineers 72 73.7 8.9 17.3 1.9

Civil engineers 456 84.8 4.4 9.3 7.9

Computer hardware engineers 71 58.0 6.9 30.9 14.1

Electrical and electronics engineers 269 70.2 8.4 17.8 8.1

Environmental engineers 36 - - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 246 83.2 4.9 9.0 7.4

Marine engineers and naval architects 17 - - - -

Materials engineers 41 - - - -

Mechanical engineers 333 80.0 3.5 15.0 5.5

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 8 - - - -

Nuclear engineers 14 - - - -

Petroleum engineers 27 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Engineers, all other 576 77.0 5.9 15.4 9.2

Drafters 133 88.5 4.8 4.6 11.0

Engineering technicians, except drafters 439 78.4 12.0 6.2 11.1

Surveying and mapping technicians 76 90.8 4.3 1.0 12.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,529 78.1 7.1 12.8 8.7

Agricultural and food scientists 37 - - - -

Biological scientists 104 83.6 1.6 13.7 3.6

Conservation scientists and foresters 22 - - - -

Medical scientists 169 68.8 9.5 20.7 8.6

Life scientists, all other 1 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists 20 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 12 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists 118 78.1 4.2 16.8 7.7

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 100 90.4 7.8 1.1 8.4

Physical scientists, all other 305 65.9 4.7 26.0 6.1

Economists 36 - - - -

Survey researchers 3 - - - -

Psychologists 224 89.0 7.7 3.0 11.2

Sociologists 5 - - - -

Urban and regional planners 29 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 46 - - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 36 - - - -

Biological technicians 19 - - - -

Chemical technicians 68 85.7 8.9 3.0 17.6

Geological and petroleum technicians 12 - - - -

Nuclear technicians 10 - - - -

Social science research assistants 2 - - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 152 77.8 9.1 11.5 11.2

Community and social service occupations 2,680 71.8 20.4 3.9 12.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Counselors 895 70.0 22.2 3.9 12.7

Social workers 835 68.9 23.6 3.5 13.4

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 104 69.3 27.0 0.6 15.9

Social and human service assistants 208 67.7 21.1 4.1 18.6

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 71 68.8 21.5 3.3 12.4

Clergy 415 80.3 12.5 4.3 6.4

Directors, religious activities and education 76 79.7 8.2 10.6 8.3

Religious workers, all other 76 88.3 6.9 4.0 5.1

Legal occupations 1,891 85.7 7.3 4.7 9.9

Lawyers 1,199 88.0 5.5 4.9 6.1

Judicial law clerks 13 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 80 85.4 13.3 1.2 6.7

Paralegals and legal assistants 444 79.1 11.3 5.3 18.5

Miscellaneous legal support workers 156 86.8 7.2 2.9 16.6

Education, training, and library occupations 9,313 81.5 10.6 5.2 10.7

Postsecondary teachers 1,417 75.7 7.9 13.7 7.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 716 75.8 16.0 4.0 14.5

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,421 83.5 11.1 3.3 10.3

Secondary school teachers 1,062 88.3 7.3 2.6 9.0

Special education teachers 369 87.8 8.5 1.6 7.6

Other teachers and instructors 905 78.8 11.4 6.1 10.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 45 - - - -

Librarians 178 85.5 6.6 4.7 8.4

Library technicians 33 - - - -

Teacher assistants 994 78.7 12.9 4.6 17.4

Other education, training, and library workers 173 79.1 12.8 5.4 14.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,362 83.6 7.4 5.5 11.8

Artists and related workers 232 82.7 6.0 5.8 9.6

Designers 984 86.5 3.7 7.2 13.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Actors 36 - - - -

Producers and directors 201 83.6 11.3 2.3 7.1

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 359 81.9 10.7 2.4 11.8

Dancers and choreographers 24 - - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 202 75.9 15.1 5.9 10.5

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 68 68.3 11.3 9.7 8.0

Announcers 56 74.5 22.3 0.5 18.7

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 79 80.9 8.7 4.1 15.2

Public relations specialists 140 86.8 7.1 4.9 10.0

Editors 160 91.7 1.7 4.4 10.3

Technical writers 69 82.4 8.3 5.6 4.8

Writers and authors 227 89.1 5.4 4.0 4.5

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 111 72.9 6.0 16.0 24.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 120 80.6 11.5 5.7 16.3

Photographers 208 83.6 6.8 5.8 11.4

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 82 85.6 9.5 1.7 15.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 5 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,420 75.2 12.6 9.9 8.5

Chiropractors 63 92.8 0.9 4.0 3.0

Dentists 162 79.0 1.6 17.6 4.3

Dietitians and nutritionists 104 78.6 9.6 9.1 9.6

Optometrists 54 84.9 2.1 9.1 8.5

Pharmacists 348 67.9 7.2 23.1 4.4

Physicians and surgeons 1,094 70.8 7.6 19.8 7.4

Physician assistants 132 90.3 2.9 5.1 8.2

Podiatrists 11 - - - -

Audiologists 10 - - - -

Occupational therapists 116 91.1 2.5 6.4 4.2

Physical therapists 286 76.4 7.4 14.3 4.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Radiation therapists 16 - - - -

Recreational therapists 11 - - - -

Respiratory therapists 108 64.9 17.3 13.9 11.6

Speech-language pathologists 152 94.1 3.5 1.2 4.8

Exercise physiologists 5 - - - -

Therapists, all other 237 75.1 18.1 5.3 8.8

Veterinarians 102 92.9 0.0 4.1 2.3

Registered nurses 3,213 75.5 13.1 9.0 7.2

Nurse anesthetists 26 - - - -

Nurse midwives 3 - - - -

Nurse practitioners 212 79.1 11.2 8.8 2.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 40 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 318 70.0 18.6 8.5 12.9

Dental hygienists 178 88.3 5.6 3.8 8.6

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 346 79.5 11.8 5.6 14.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 214 84.3 11.9 2.2 13.9

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 694 75.5 14.1 6.9 15.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 658 62.0 30.4 5.1 11.5

Medical records and health information technicians 171 72.3 15.5 9.2 9.2

Opticians, dispensing 61 85.4 7.3 4.9 6.8

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 139 59.8 24.1 14.4 12.3

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 137 81.4 10.2 4.1 10.8

Service occupations 26,854 72.0 17.3 6.1 24.4

Healthcare support occupations 3,629 64.3 26.2 5.7 18.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,035 55.8 35.8 5.4 16.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 35 - - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 88 85.0 6.1 6.7 7.1

Massage therapists 155 73.7 9.2 10.2 13.9

Dental assistants 293 80.8 9.9 3.5 27.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Medical assistants 570 74.1 15.3 4.5 28.6

Medical transcriptionists 44 - - - -

Pharmacy aides 34 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 56 84.5 7.0 2.8 9.4

Phlebotomists 115 72.7 16.9 7.6 19.6

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 204 63.5 26.4 8.6 11.9

Protective service occupations 3,203 73.5 20.1 2.4 13.8

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 45 - - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 88 88.8 9.2 0.4 9.4

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 49 - - - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 86 72.5 22.1 1.8 8.7

Firefighters 306 87.1 8.9 1.1 7.4

Fire inspectors 23 - - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 406 67.0 29.0 1.2 13.7

Detectives and criminal investigators 164 85.3 10.2 1.0 11.2

Fish and game wardens 7 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers 4 - - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 728 81.7 12.7 2.1 13.5

Transit and railroad police 2 - - - -

Animal control workers 19 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators 96 78.2 15.7 3.3 20.2

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 958 60.0 30.7 3.9 16.8

Crossing guards 66 58.4 26.5 1.9 20.9

Transportation security screeners 41 - - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 117 85.2 6.5 4.0 9.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,220 73.2 14.8 6.5 25.9

Chefs and head cooks 427 61.0 17.2 16.6 26.6

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 563 74.5 17.8 2.8 16.8

Cooks 2,067 71.7 17.6 6.3 34.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Food preparation workers 988 71.1 15.9 6.2 26.2

Bartenders 474 84.3 7.3 2.9 15.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 322 73.2 17.8 3.5 21.0

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 202 74.6 15.3 4.9 18.0

Waiters and waitresses 2,020 76.0 10.7 7.6 22.6

Food servers, nonrestaurant 226 61.2 25.5 8.4 22.2

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 309 73.1 13.5 6.0 29.2

Dishwashers 263 74.3 13.2 5.7 27.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 354 75.1 12.9 4.5 27.0

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 5 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,854 77.3 14.8 3.1 38.8

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 339 75.5 15.9 3.6 25.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 254 88.3 6.5 1.5 26.2

Janitors and building cleaners 2,342 73.0 19.1 3.5 32.8

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,512 74.1 16.1 4.5 49.3

Pest control workers 79 84.9 10.6 0.0 12.2

Grounds maintenance workers 1,328 86.5 7.5 1.0 45.0

Personal care and service occupations 5,947 69.2 16.3 10.5 17.8

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 187 79.8 10.4 4.1 10.2

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 208 69.5 11.9 17.8 9.5

Animal trainers 55 87.2 1.7 4.4 10.5

Nonfarm animal caretakers 268 92.1 3.8 1.8 9.8

Gaming services workers 102 49.7 10.6 30.3 6.7

Motion picture projectionists 1 - - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 35 - - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 210 80.5 7.7 5.5 16.8

Embalmers and funeral attendants 17 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 34 - - - -

Barbers 132 62.0 30.2 5.3 27.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 834 75.7 14.2 7.3 17.6

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 449 31.2 9.1 57.2 10.8

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 92 49.7 37.7 10.3 26.1

Tour and travel guides 65 85.0 6.4 2.9 13.4

Childcare workers 1,193 76.7 15.5 4.1 24.3

Personal care aides 1,354 62.3 24.6 8.3 22.4

Recreation and fitness workers 497 76.0 15.6 4.3 9.2

Residential advisors 41 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 171 72.2 17.8 5.4 15.3

Sales and office occupations 33,461 78.6 12.8 4.9 16.6

Sales and related occupations 15,806 80.2 11.0 5.3 16.3

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,366 80.8 10.2 5.3 13.9

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,257 84.7 6.9 6.4 15.0

Cashiers 3,200 70.3 17.3 6.6 24.5

Counter and rental clerks 114 71.4 20.4 5.8 24.6

Parts salespersons 127 82.2 9.2 2.8 19.3

Retail salespersons 3,147 78.7 12.6 5.1 18.2

Advertising sales agents 221 81.2 10.4 4.8 14.9

Insurance sales agents 619 83.3 8.7 5.3 11.6

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 231 85.6 6.3 6.8 11.9

Travel agents 79 77.9 17.7 4.4 9.9

Sales representatives, services, all other 516 89.0 6.5 2.9 7.5

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,273 90.8 4.1 2.9 11.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 60 79.0 8.8 7.2 13.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents 1,072 86.0 6.4 6.1 10.8

Sales engineers 34 - - - -

Telemarketers 58 69.3 23.3 3.7 22.9

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 158 86.1 10.6 1.3 22.8

Sales and related workers, all other 275 85.0 8.7 4.5 7.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Office and administrative support occupations 17,655 77.1 14.4 4.6 16.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,450 81.6 11.2 3.5 13.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service 23 - - - -

Telephone operators 30 - - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 9 - - - -

Bill and account collectors 122 69.4 24.0 1.4 21.3

Billing and posting clerks 490 77.0 13.8 5.2 18.0

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,045 87.5 7.0 3.7 10.2

Gaming cage workers 8 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 121 78.2 13.3 6.6 14.9

Procurement clerks 31 - - - -

Tellers 300 77.2 12.7 6.1 17.8

Financial clerks, all other 92 76.7 9.2 7.7 23.2

Brokerage clerks 4 - - - -

Correspondence clerks 4 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 83 79.1 12.6 2.9 16.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 54 67.2 28.9 2.7 12.3

Customer service representatives 2,563 72.8 17.8 4.7 19.1

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 68 65.9 25.2 3.1 20.5

File clerks 161 78.3 15.1 5.5 15.5

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 131 71.2 13.7 5.9 21.8

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 152 70.0 21.7 3.1 16.4

Library assistants, clerical 103 84.9 9.5 3.8 8.3

Loan interviewers and clerks 117 74.5 13.9 9.5 11.7

New accounts clerks 23 - - - -

Order clerks 78 70.3 13.2 8.2 17.7

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 57 68.8 20.1 6.0 12.3

Receptionists and information clerks 1,324 79.5 13.2 3.2 20.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 128 67.0 17.3 5.3 21.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Information and record clerks, all other 121 79.7 11.7 6.8 15.2

Cargo and freight agents 30 - - - -

Couriers and messengers 293 70.8 21.1 4.3 20.3

Dispatchers 293 79.3 15.2 2.8 13.3

Meter readers, utilities 24 - - - -

Postal service clerks 120 46.5 40.9 8.3 8.6

Postal service mail carriers 302 64.8 23.6 6.9 13.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 58 50.5 41.1 4.4 11.7

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 269 80.0 9.4 7.3 12.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 578 76.2 15.2 3.1 23.6

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,527 70.2 19.7 4.5 22.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 56 86.1 9.5 4.0 18.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,569 84.8 8.9 3.3 13.5

Computer operators 73 72.4 16.8 9.5 10.7

Data entry keyers 270 71.7 17.0 9.1 18.1

Word processors and typists 67 62.9 22.2 8.0 15.9

Desktop publishers 1 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 244 80.7 14.9 2.6 14.8

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 63 70.5 20.6 2.5 20.5

Office clerks, general 1,309 75.7 14.2 7.0 19.1

Office machine operators, except computer 24 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 11 - - - -

Statistical assistants 40 - - - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 540 78.1 14.0 5.0 14.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,471 86.2 7.6 2.2 31.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,121 89.9 3.8 2.2 46.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 60 96.9 0.4 0.1 33.6

Agricultural inspectors 22 - - - -

Animal breeders 5 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 85 84.0 7.6 5.3 44.2

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 833 90.3 3.6 1.7 52.8

Fishers and related fishing workers 39 - - - -

Hunters and trappers 3 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers 16 - - - -

Logging workers 58 94.6 1.0 3.1 8.5

Construction and extraction occupations 8,338 87.5 7.1 1.6 37.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 634 92.2 4.2 0.8 23.0

Boilermakers 20 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 143 87.1 9.3 1.5 35.5

Carpenters 1,375 86.1 6.2 2.3 39.1

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 164 86.5 8.4 0.7 46.4

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 50 79.3 12.5 0.0 46.6

Construction laborers 2,110 87.4 7.5 1.6 47.6

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 21 - - - -

Pile-driver operators 1 - - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 342 89.0 7.5 0.3 17.4

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 164 88.1 4.6 0.6 70.2

Electricians 887 86.9 8.2 1.8 23.3

Glaziers 45 - - - -

Insulation workers 60 84.2 8.7 1.9 38.9

Painters, construction and maintenance 607 87.6 5.7 2.3 54.9

Paperhangers 5 - - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 641 88.5 8.2 1.3 26.6

Plasterers and stucco masons 19 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 - - - -

Roofers 201 86.7 6.6 1.8 56.3

Sheet metal workers 147 88.5 7.7 1.3 23.3

Structural iron and steel workers 60 81.7 6.3 4.4 22.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Solar photovoltaic installers 16 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades 77 80.6 13.3 1.7 35.9

Construction and building inspectors 108 85.6 7.7 2.2 8.4

Elevator installers and repairers 25 - - - -

Fence erectors 33 - - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 36 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers 105 82.8 12.2 0.7 12.7

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 10 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 9 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 28 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 30 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 22 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 12 - - - -

Mining machine operators 65 86.0 6.7 0.8 18.1

Roof bolters, mining 1 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 10 - - - -

Helpers--extraction workers 2 - - - -

Other extraction workers 49 - - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,012 83.4 9.4 3.3 20.1

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 280 87.0 7.4 1.6 12.9

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 185 75.6 14.0 7.6 14.7

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 136 73.4 16.0 8.8 19.1

Avionics technicians 13 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 26 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 1 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 11 - - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 5 - - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 38 - - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 63 86.9 7.9 1.0 22.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 164 82.4 9.1 5.0 19.4

Automotive body and related repairers 152 91.3 5.0 1.6 30.9

Automotive glass installers and repairers 24 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 916 82.9 8.8 4.1 26.0

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 389 87.9 8.1 1.8 18.7

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 211 84.2 6.4 2.1 12.4

Small engine mechanics 51 98.0 0.6 0.1 15.7

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 93 78.7 12.9 2.3 31.1

Control and valve installers and repairers 20 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 472 86.4 7.6 2.9 21.5

Home appliance repairers 41 - - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 442 83.9 9.3 3.3 15.4

Maintenance and repair workers, general 507 79.8 12.7 3.1 19.0

Maintenance workers, machinery 25 - - - -

Millwrights 46 - - - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 137 86.0 10.0 0.9 12.1

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 210 77.4 13.1 4.2 19.2

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 65 74.0 12.8 7.7 12.2

Wind turbine service technicians 3 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 36 - - - -

Commercial divers 1 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 34 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 7 - - - -

Riggers 14 - - - -

Signal and track switch repairers 14 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 16 - - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 167 83.6 9.4 3.6 24.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,539 74.4 16.6 5.1 22.8

Production occupations 8,621 76.6 13.5 5.8 23.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 832 81.1 10.2 4.3 18.9

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 5 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 124 69.7 12.2 15.1 22.5

Engine and other machine assemblers 10 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 33 - - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,064 66.8 19.9 9.5 19.1

Bakers 219 74.6 12.8 7.3 29.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 265 65.5 20.8 6.4 32.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 6 - - - -

Food batchmakers 80 78.6 11.2 7.3 22.0

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 14 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other 158 67.4 22.6 4.8 39.4

Computer control programmers and operators 107 91.4 7.1 1.5 19.1

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 14 - - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 - - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 11 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 61 75.0 12.6 4.1 8.2

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 - - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 38 - - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 - - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 - - - -

Machinists 344 83.7 7.2 5.8 13.6

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 20 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 6 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 40 - - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Tool and die makers 50 96.1 1.8 1.7 12.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 633 85.7 8.3 1.4 25.0

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 9 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Layout workers, metal and plastic 9 - - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 17 - - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 3 - - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 373 73.6 15.0 7.0 22.9

Prepress technicians and workers 18 - - - -

Printing press operators 164 82.1 10.2 3.6 20.6

Print binding and finishing workers 13 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 143 64.9 20.1 7.1 43.1

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 36 - - - -

Sewing machine operators 174 74.1 9.4 12.7 44.3

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 8 - - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 4 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 85 67.7 3.6 25.3 23.5

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 1 - - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 6 - - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 5 - - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 5 - - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 - - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 3 - - - -

Upholsterers 31 - - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 16 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 65 88.3 5.7 3.3 14.4

Furniture finishers 20 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 37 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 27 - - - -

Woodworkers, all other 28 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 33 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 79 77.8 8.8 9.4 10.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 101 85.6 7.6 1.4 9.4

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 38 - - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 75 90.3 7.5 0.5 11.2

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 79 79.8 15.7 0.3 20.0

Cutting workers 60 77.0 11.4 8.4 30.6

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 22 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 25 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 807 77.1 13.9 6.0 19.1

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 38 - - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 87 70.8 10.1 13.2 19.9

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 277 67.0 22.3 7.6 38.9

Painting workers 165 80.7 11.2 1.8 36.0

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 17 - - - -

Semiconductor processors 1 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 8 - - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 9 - - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 4 - - - -

Etchers and engravers 11 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 37 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 21 - - - -

Tire builders 7 - - - -

Helpers--production workers 53 77.6 13.9 4.3 37.9

Production workers, all other 1,107 74.9 16.6 4.1 26.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,918 72.5 19.2 4.5 22.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 217 68.3 19.5 6.7 14.2

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 119 92.4 2.7 4.2 6.8

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 37 - - - -

Flight attendants 104 66.1 20.8 10.6 9.7

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 12 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bus drivers 599 64.8 29.4 3.8 15.1

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,549 77.0 16.3 3.2 20.9

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 777 52.5 27.9 14.9 18.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other 63 75.7 20.8 1.2 21.0

Locomotive engineers and operators 36 - - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 5 - - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 53 76.1 15.0 5.6 13.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers 21 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 33 - - - -

Ship engineers 6 - - - -

Bridge and lock tenders 7 - - - -

Parking lot attendants 87 74.3 17.1 7.8 44.2

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 102 76.3 9.5 7.7 20.8

Transportation inspectors 37 - - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 40 - - - -

Other transportation workers 24 - - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders 2 - - - -

Crane and tower operators 68 82.2 12.3 3.6 8.3

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 24 - - - -

Hoist and winch operators 10 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 631 71.2 21.5 1.7 30.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 329 73.2 19.8 2.0 32.9

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,106 74.0 18.9 3.1 22.0

Machine feeders and offbearers 30 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand 607 68.1 19.8 7.9 42.6

Pumping station operators 16 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 91 68.8 23.5 2.8 28.6

Mine shuttle car operators 1 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 8 - - - -

Material moving workers, all other 51 74.9 24.3 0.1 25.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.4 2.3

Mining 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6

Construction 7.2 8.1 3.6 2.2 12.7

Manufacturing 10.0 10.2 8.5 10.9 9.6

Durable goods 6.3 6.5 4.8 7.5 5.2

Nondurable goods 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.4 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade 13.0 13.1 12.6 11.5 13.5

Wholesale trade 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.6

Retail trade 10.7 10.6 10.9 9.5 10.9

Transportation and utilities 5.5 5.0 8.6 4.8 5.8

Information 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.3

Financial activities 6.8 7.0 5.7 8.1 5.0

Professional and business services 12.2 12.2 9.8 17.3 11.2

Education and health services 22.5 21.8 27.8 22.7 16.7

Leisure and hospitality 9.2 8.7 10.0 9.9 12.2

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Other services 5.0 4.9 4.4 6.6 5.8

Other services, except private households 4.5 4.4 4.0 6.4 4.6

Other services, private households 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.3

Public administration 4.8 4.6 6.6 3.3 3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.2 2.5 0.6 0.4 3.0

Mining 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9

Construction 12.2 13.6 7.1 3.6 21.0

Manufacturing 13.3 13.6 12.0 13.0 11.3

Durable goods 8.9 9.2 7.0 9.7 6.7

Nondurable goods 4.4 4.4 5.0 3.3 4.7

Wholesale and retail trade 13.5 13.6 14.0 12.2 13.0

Wholesale trade 3.2 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.1

Retail trade 10.4 10.2 11.5 9.9 9.9

Transportation and utilities 7.8 7.2 13.2 6.8 7.8

Information 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 1.5

Financial activities 6.1 6.2 5.1 8.0 4.1

Professional and business services 13.4 13.2 11.2 20.5 11.4

Education and health services 10.9 10.2 13.9 14.8 7.2

Leisure and hospitality 8.4 7.7 10.3 9.9 10.7

Other services 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.7 5.2

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.6 5.0

Other services, private households 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Public administration 4.9 4.9 5.9 3.2 3.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.4

Mining 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Construction 1.5 1.8 0.5 0.7 1.7

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Manufacturing 6.2 6.2 5.4 8.6 7.3

Durable goods 3.4 3.4 2.8 5.0 3.2

Nondurable goods 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.6 4.1

Wholesale and retail trade 12.4 12.6 11.4 10.7 14.1

Wholesale trade 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.9

Retail trade 11.0 11.1 10.4 9.2 12.2

Transportation and utilities 2.9 2.6 4.6 2.5 3.1

Information 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.1

Financial activities 7.7 7.9 6.2 8.1 6.2

Professional and business services 10.8 11.0 8.6 13.7 10.9

Education and health services 35.7 35.5 40.3 31.5 29.5

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 9.9 9.7 9.9 14.2

Other services 5.7 5.6 4.6 8.8 6.7

Other services, except private households 4.7 4.6 3.9 8.4 4.0

Other services, private households 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 2.7

Public administration 4.6 4.2 7.2 3.5 3.6

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total families 82,502 65,042 10,008 4,977 13,194

With at least one family member employed 66,655 52,264 7,934 4,393 11,546

As a percent of total families 80.8 80.4 79.3 88.3 87.5

With at least one family member unemployed 4,300 3,042 837 233 918

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of total families 5.2 4.7 8.4 4.7 7.0

Some family member(s) employed 3,012 2,184 504 197 657

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 70.0 71.8 60.3 84.5 71.5

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,636 1,917 437 175 584

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 61.3 63.0 52.3 75.1 63.6

Married-couple families(1) 60,094 50,102 4,549 4,014 8,157

With at least one family member employed 48,791 40,262 3,735 3,550 7,342

As a percent of total families 81.2 80.4 82.1 88.4 90.0

With at least one family member unemployed 2,528 1,977 287 177 514

As a percent of total families 100.0 3.9 6.3 4.4 6.3

Some family member(s) employed 2,075 1,627 224 156 422

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 82.1 82.3 78.0 87.8 82.0

Some family member(s) employed full time 1,863 1,457 205 139 384

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 73.7 73.7 71.3 78.3 74.8

Families maintained by women(2) 15,452 9,921 4,227 600 3,317

With at least one family member employed 12,003 7,712 3,227 512 2,654

As a percent of total families 77.7 77.7 76.3 85.4 80.0

With at least one family member unemployed 1,233 698 437 35 271

As a percent of total families 100.0 7.0 10.3 5.8 8.2

Some family member(s) employed 633 354 217 25 152

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 51.4 50.7 49.6 71.5 56.1

Some family member(s) employed full time 507 280 177 21 125

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 41.1 40.1 40.5 61.1 46.0

Families maintained by men(2) 6,956 5,019 1,232 364 1,721

With at least one family member employed 5,861 4,290 973 331 1,550

As a percent of total families 84.3 85.5 79.0 91.0 90.1

With at least one family member unemployed 539 367 112 21 133

As a percent of total families 100.0 7.3 9.1 5.8 7.7

Some family member(s) employed 303 204 63 16 83

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 56.2 55.5 56.4 78.0 62.6

Some family member(s) employed full time 267 180 56 15 75

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 49.5 49.1 49.4 71.6 56.2

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017 56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

2018 56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012 80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017 80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

2018 81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017 82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

2018 83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2016 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017 78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

2018 78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5

With children under 3 years

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012 76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016 76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017 77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

2018 76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

2018 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be 

of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016 8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017 7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

2018 6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 34.4 35.7 30.9 29.0 38.4

5 to 14 weeks 29.7 30.2 28.3 30.8 29.5

15 to 26 weeks 14.5 14.4 14.4 15.7 14.4

27 weeks and over 21.4 19.7 26.4 24.5 17.7

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 22.7 21.5 25.9 27.3 19.1

Median duration, in weeks 9.3 8.8 10.8 10.9 8.2

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,398 2,380 676 159 695

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 33.4 34.5 30.8 27.7 39.3

5 to 14 weeks 29.5 30.1 28.5 29.6 28.2

15 to 26 weeks 15.3 15.3 14.7 16.8 14.5

27 weeks and over 21.7 20.1 26.1 25.9 18.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 23.1 21.9 26.0 29.6 19.1

Median duration, in weeks 9.7 9.2 10.9 11.5 8.1

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 2,916 1,973 646 146 628

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 35.5 37.1 31.1 30.4 37.3

5 to 14 weeks 30.0 30.4 28.1 32.0 31.0

15 to 26 weeks 13.6 13.3 14.2 14.6 14.3

27 weeks and over 21.0 19.2 26.7 23.0 17.4

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 22.1 20.9 25.8 24.7 19.2

Median duration, in weeks 8.9 8.3 10.7 10.4 8.2

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 47.4 48.9 46.1 38.4 48.5

On temporary layoff 13.5 15.6 8.2 7.8 15.6

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Not on temporary layoff 33.9 33.2 37.9 30.6 32.9

Permanent job losers 23.0 23.1 23.9 24.1 20.6

Persons who completed temporary jobs 10.8 10.1 14.0 6.5 12.2

Job leavers 12.6 12.9 10.8 15.1 11.2

Reentrants 30.5 29.9 32.0 30.4 28.6

New entrants 9.5 8.4 11.1 16.1 11.7

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,398 2,380 676 159 695

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 52.2 54.0 49.3 45.0 55.8

On temporary layoff 14.7 16.8 8.8 8.3 18.1

Not on temporary layoff 37.5 37.1 40.4 36.7 37.7

Permanent job losers 25.0 25.3 24.6 29.9 23.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs 12.5 11.8 15.9 6.8 14.4

Job leavers 12.2 12.7 9.9 12.2 10.8

Reentrants 26.4 25.2 29.4 27.6 22.7

New entrants 9.3 8.2 11.4 15.2 10.8

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 2,916 1,973 646 146 628

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 41.8 42.7 42.9 31.2 40.5

On temporary layoff 12.1 14.2 7.5 7.3 12.9

Not on temporary layoff 29.6 28.5 35.3 23.9 27.6

Permanent job losers 20.8 20.5 23.2 17.7 17.7

Persons who completed temporary jobs 8.9 8.0 12.1 6.2 9.9

Job leavers 13.1 13.1 11.7 18.2 11.6

Reentrants 35.4 35.6 34.7 33.5 35.2

New entrants 9.8 8.6 10.7 17.0 12.7

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older 162,075 95,716 5,249 2,088 1,517 423 1,094 90,467

16 to 24 years 20,984 17,020 1,590 665 433 93 340 15,430

25 to 54 years 103,705 22,685 2,172 977 709 211 499 20,513

55 years and older 37,386 56,010 1,487 447 375 120 255 54,524

Men, 16 years and older 86,096 38,582 2,448 1,049 817 266 551 36,133

16 to 24 years 10,695 8,437 836 359 248 62 186 7,601

25 to 54 years 55,440 6,854 917 459 366 129 237 5,937

55 years and older 19,961 23,290 695 232 203 75 129 22,595

Women, 16 years and older 75,978 57,134 2,800 1,039 700 158 542 54,334

16 to 24 years 10,289 8,583 754 306 185 31 154 7,829

25 to 54 years 48,264 15,831 1,255 518 343 81 262 14,576

55 years and older 17,425 32,720 791 215 172 46 126 31,929

White

Total, 16 years and older 125,815 74,407 3,656 1,414 1,012 270 743 70,750

16 to 24 years 15,959 11,915 1,082 446 273 56 217 10,833

25 to 54 years 78,888 16,467 1,467 638 464 130 334 15,000

55 years and older 30,968 46,025 1,108 330 275 83 192 44,917

Men, 16 years and older 68,082 29,850 1,711 721 552 173 379 28,139

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

16 to 24 years 8,221 5,898 572 243 160 38 122 5,326

25 to 54 years 43,034 4,710 621 304 240 79 160 4,090

55 years and older 16,827 19,242 518 174 152 55 97 18,724

Women, 16 years and older 57,732 44,556 1,945 694 460 97 363 42,611

16 to 24 years 7,738 6,017 509 203 113 18 95 5,507

25 to 54 years 35,853 11,756 846 334 225 51 173 10,910

55 years and older 14,141 26,783 590 157 123 28 95 26,193

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 20,414 12,347 1,007 439 347 113 234 11,340

16 to 24 years 2,936 2,734 316 136 106 25 81 2,418

25 to 54 years 13,776 3,429 438 222 169 62 107 2,992

55 years and older 3,702 6,183 253 81 73 26 47 5,930

Men, 16 years and older 9,694 5,270 476 212 182 67 115 4,794

16 to 24 years 1,413 1,363 163 69 57 16 40 1,200

25 to 54 years 6,560 1,373 197 104 90 39 51 1,175

55 years and older 1,722 2,534 116 39 35 12 23 2,418

Women, 16 years and older 10,720 7,077 530 227 166 47 119 6,547

16 to 24 years 1,523 1,371 153 66 49 9 40 1,218

25 to 54 years 7,216 2,057 240 118 79 23 55 1,817

55 years and older 1,980 3,649 138 42 38 14 24 3,511

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 10,137 5,825 324 123 77 21 55 5,501

16 to 24 years 901 1,394 80 32 18 4 13 1,314

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

25 to 54 years 7,285 1,832 165 67 40 10 30 1,667

55 years and older 1,950 2,599 79 25 18 7 12 2,520

Men, 16 years and older 5,346 2,124 136 58 39 14 25 1,988

16 to 24 years 454 690 41 17 10 2 8 649

25 to 54 years 3,879 445 54 28 18 7 11 391

55 years and older 1,013 989 41 14 11 5 6 949

Women, 16 years and older 4,790 3,700 187 66 37 8 30 3,513

16 to 24 years 447 705 39 15 8 3 6 665

25 to 54 years 3,406 1,386 110 40 22 3 19 1,276

55 years and older 937 1,609 38 11 7 2 5 1,571

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 28,336 14,398 1,084 418 300 88 212 13,314

16 to 24 years 4,679 4,003 388 163 108 23 86 3,615

25 to 54 years 19,725 5,021 511 202 147 48 99 4,510

55 years and older 3,932 5,374 185 53 45 18 27 5,189

Men, 16 years and older 16,113 5,174 468 201 155 57 98 4,706

16 to 24 years 2,490 1,910 196 84 59 17 41 1,714

25 to 54 years 11,375 1,221 187 91 73 29 44 1,034

55 years and older 2,248 2,043 85 27 23 11 12 1,958

Women, 16 years and older 12,223 9,224 616 217 145 31 114 8,608

16 to 24 years 2,189 2,094 192 79 50 6 44 1,901

25 to 54 years 8,350 3,800 324 112 74 19 55 3,475

55 years and older 1,684 3,331 100 26 21 7 15 3,231

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, 

employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018 886 916 694 1,095 680

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

2018 789 817 654 937 617

Women's earnings as

a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $932 $965 $727 $1,140 $710

Less than a high school diploma 553 565 487 521 544

High school graduates, no college(1) 730 768 604 659 672

Some college, no degree 802 845 666 806 754

Associate's degree 862 900 717 837 778

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,324 1,342 1,065 1,465 1,101

Men, 25 years and older 1,026 1,064 775 1,280 755

Less than a high school diploma 607 612 526 579 598

High school graduates, no college(1) 819 861 667 748 738

Some college, no degree 918 965 732 871 853

Associate's degree 994 1,026 793 910 920

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,524 1,550 1,139 1,685 1,234

Women, 25 years and older 830 857 683 974 644

Less than a high school diploma 469 473 423 491 457

High school graduates, no college(1) 616 641 546 583 582

Some college, no degree 694 721 617 711 664

Associate's degree 746 769 653 724 694

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,145 1,152 1,013 1,242 991

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2018 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $886 $916 $694 $1,095 $680

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,246 1,255 1,009 1,515 1,026

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,355 1,376 1,140 1,546 1,082

Management occupations 1,429 1,456 1,147 1,735 1,103

Business and financial operations occupations 1,216 1,216 1,118 1,357 1,029

Professional and related occupations 1,176 1,181 945 1,497 995

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,539 1,510 1,228 1,758 1,292

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,484 1,476 1,346 1,659 1,368

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,270 1,296 1,062 1,328 1,043

Community and social services occupations 913 936 840 967 851

Legal occupations 1,467 1,498 1,226 1,572 1,212

Education, training, and library occupations 1,002 1,019 859 1,140 907

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,086 1,081 1,075 1,159 950

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,140 1,154 917 1,361 944

Service occupations 569 585 512 569 528

Healthcare support occupations 561 579 516 579 552

Protective service occupations 848 953 608 806 763

Food preparation and serving related occupations 501 505 464 534 507

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 551 563 499 598 520

Personal care and service occupations 544 554 517 538 502

Sales and office occupations 742 763 639 766 647

Sales and related occupations 798 849 598 758 637

Office and administrative support occupations 717 727 666 770 652

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 824 839 754 875 691

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 581 587 463 474 535

Construction and extraction occupations 808 817 730 849 706

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 934 949 796 975 759

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 707 733 617 677 612

Production occupations 723 759 595 690 612

Transportation and material-moving occupations 689 706 637 662 612

Men, 16 years and older $973 $1,002 $735 $1,241 $720

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,468 1,488 1,164 1,732 1,174

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,537 1,562 1,206 1,728 1,167

Management occupations 1,585 1,623 1,201 1,882 1,161

Business and financial operations occupations 1,383 1,421 1,219 1,506 1,202

Professional and related occupations 1,425 1,421 1,129 1,734 1,183

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,604 1,575 1,234 1,840 1,326

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,528 1,520 1,346 1,768 1,442

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,357 1,366 1,223 1,372 1,337

Community and social services occupations 984 1,035 856 1,014 969

Legal occupations 1,910 1,929 1,730 1,772 1,442

Education, training, and library occupations 1,235 1,236 1,079 1,613 1,033

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,151 1,153 1,087 1,527 1,034

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,383 1,405 1,133 1,523 1,079

Service occupations 641 670 579 615 589

Healthcare support occupations 661 687 608 519 596

Protective service occupations 922 1,009 672 876 829

Food preparation and serving related occupations 533 546 481 577 560

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 604 609 548 689 578

Personal care and service occupations 638 646 619 640 585

Sales and office occupations 846 895 657 892 687

Sales and related occupations 949 1,006 680 943 753

Office and administrative support occupations 738 760 638 841 640

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 834 851 750 892 699

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 602 608 423 488 574

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Construction and extraction occupations 809 818 723 838 707

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 936 951 791 996 761

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 762 790 643 752 670

Production occupations 793 822 617 788 690

Transportation and material-moving occupations 724 749 664 710 654

Women, 16 years and older $789 $817 $654 $937 $617

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,078 1,087 918 1,317 915

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,168 1,171 1,052 1,384 997

Management occupations 1,236 1,246 1,072 1,547 1,026

Business and financial operations occupations 1,105 1,101 1,019 1,255 944

Professional and related occupations 1,024 1,033 870 1,255 873

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,345 1,243 1,209 1,633 1,152

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,259 1,248 1,343 1,329 1,060

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,156 1,172 965 1,193 861

Community and social services occupations 886 905 834 935 830

Legal occupations 1,243 1,234 1,073 1,468 1,088

Education, training, and library occupations 934 959 806 916 852

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 997 989 997 1,055 822

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,078 1,100 878 1,270 891

Service occupations 511 517 490 528 489

Healthcare support occupations 548 570 508 582 546

Protective service occupations 613 708 518 568 600

Food preparation and serving related occupations 473 472 448 512 450

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 477 482 450 524 466

Personal care and service occupations 517 525 492 513 489

Sales and office occupations 696 710 631 731 624

Sales and related occupations 651 687 529 657 556

Office and administrative support occupations 711 716 675 758 657

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 638 618 892 606 506

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 483 481 597 466 467

Construction and extraction occupations 785 760 1,117 1,190 639

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 823 815 940 627 719

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 561 563 539 587 499

Production occupations 575 581 531 601 504

Transportation and material-moving occupations 538 533 560 539 491

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. This group is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states 

and the District of Columbia, who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not 

on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. People, who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the 

month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; 

or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent 

from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as 

employed.

Unemployed. People who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had 

a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have 

been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had 

been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on 

layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the 

midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) 

permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people 

who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
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Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking 

for work.

Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the 

criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. All people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed are 

classified as out of the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the 

labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months 

(or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. 

People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of 

hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification 

system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation 

Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of 

people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify 

multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their 

main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, 

Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed

—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races 

are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of 

publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous 

versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, 

Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 

into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central 

American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories 
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of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. These data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime 

pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as 

perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the 

term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage 

and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. The numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values 

above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated 

by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people 

are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the 

family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” 

families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families 

comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with 

one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a samesex or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard error from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.[4]
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[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and 

industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; 

see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population 

Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is 

available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey 

Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 

2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.