U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 1

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019

In 2019, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United 

States was 3.7 percent, however, the rate varied across race and 

ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher 

than the national rate for Blacks or African Americans (6.1 percent), 

American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.1 percent), and people 

categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.3 percent). Jobless 

rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (2.7 percent), 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (3.2 percent), and 

Whites (3.3 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, at 4.3 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.5 percent for 

non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are 

measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and 

industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including 

whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is 

a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the 

technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity 

groups in 2019.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 

2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. 

Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (14 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and 

Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—was classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals 

December 2020 | Report 1088
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 2

in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who were of 

two or more Asian groups. (As calculated from the data in table 2.)

People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. The majority 

of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), Black (5 percent), and Asian (1 percent). By detailed ethnicity, 

the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent, 

over a third of whom were Salvadorans. Eight percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 7 percent 

were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 percent of the Hispanic labor force. 

An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.4 percent), people of Two or 

More Races (67.1 percent), and Hispanics (66.8 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. The 

participation rate for Asians was 64.0 percent; Whites, 63.0 percent; Blacks, 62.5 percent; and American Indians and 

Alaska Natives, 60.8 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more 

likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, and Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The 

labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.1 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among 

adult women, Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (60.4 percent), 

Asians (59.3 percent), and Whites (57.9 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (21.6 percent) were less 
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 3

likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.5 percent), Hispanics (32.2 percent), and Blacks (30.1 

percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 57.1 percent for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives to 66.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment–population ratio was 63.9 percent for Hispanics, 63.6 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 62.3 

percent for Asians, 61.0 percent for Whites, and 58.7 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.4 percent) continued to 

have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (64.0 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding 

pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 73.1 percent and 69.6 

percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 

59.4 percent for Blacks, 57.9 percent for Hispanics, 57.8 percent for Asians, and 56.2 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for 

Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.2 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the 

ratio for Asian teens (19.8 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.9 percent), and about 6 

percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.2 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 

percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-seven percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least 

a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 65 percent of Asians in 

the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 32 percent of Blacks, and 22 

percent of Hispanics. (As calculated from the data in table 6 and chart 2.)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 4

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of 

unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and 

higher were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in 

management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of 

people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across almost all major race and ethnicity groups. 

Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,110) and Hispanics ($1,155) 

with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,380) and Asians ($1,579). (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-five percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying 

major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 32 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 

percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 5

Among employed men, 57 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 38 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and 

Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 13 percent and 12 percent of employed White and Asian 

men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in 

production, transportation, and material-moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked 

in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of 

Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related 

occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 46 percent of White women, 37 percent of Black women, and 

29 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 60 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational 

groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 54 percent of Blacks, 47 percent of 

Whites, and 40 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed 

occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (56 percent); miscellaneous agricultural 

workers (54 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed 

workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including nursing, 

psychiatric, and home health aides (37 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and taxi 

drivers and chauffeurs (30 percent). Asians accounted for 7 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger 

share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (59 percent); 
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 6

software developers, applications and system software (38 percent); and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites 

made up 78 percent of all employed people, and accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural 

managers; construction managers (91 percent); and carpenters (89 percent). (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites 

(14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of 

other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (14 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian 

men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 

percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked 

in education and health services: Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (31 percent), and Hispanics (31 

percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had at least one family member employed. About 80 

percent of White and Black families had at least one family member employed.

Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 25 percent 

of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by 

women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). 

In comparison, 77 percent of Black families, 79 percent of White families, and 83 percent of Hispanic families that were 

maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less 

likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (As calculated 

from the data in table 10.)

Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.6 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force 

than White mothers (71.9 percent), Asian mothers (65.8 percent), or Hispanic mothers (64.9 percent). (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force 

than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 94.1 percent for 

White men, 93.8 percent for Asian men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, and 88.6 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

In 2019, the unemployment rate averaged 6.1 percent for Blacks, 6.1 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives, 

5.3 percent for people of Two or More Races, 3.3 percent for Whites, 3.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific 

Islanders, and 2.7 percent for Asians. The unemployment rate was 4.3 percent for Hispanics. With the exception of 

Whites, the remaining groups experienced unemployment rates that were the lowest in the history of each series. (See 

tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 7
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 8

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless 

(with an unemployment rate of 6.0 percent), while Asians (2.6 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White 

men (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic men (3.5 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (5.1 percent) 

were also the most likely to be jobless, while Asians (2.5 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White women 

(3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic women (4.1 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had 

the highest unemployment rate, at 20.7 percent, compared with 15.4 percent for Hispanics, 11.5 percent for Whites, and 

8.2 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 10.8 weeks and 9.7 weeks, respectively, whereas the 

figure was 8.6 weeks for Whites and Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 6.0 million people unemployed in 2019, 46 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost 

their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (14 

percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each 

major race and ethnicity group, 48 percent of Whites and 47 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 43 

percent of Blacks and 41 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed 

Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. 

(See table 14.)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 9

Not in the labor force

As calculated from the data in table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people 

marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the 

labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, 

but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached 

nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached 

relative to their share of the labor force: 77 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached.

Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (29 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. 

Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work 

because they believe that no jobs are available for them.

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2019 were $706 for 

Hispanics, $735 for Blacks, $945 for Whites, and $1,174 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,036), Black men 

($769), and Hispanic men ($747) were 78 percent, 58 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian 

men ($1,336). The median earnings of White women ($840), Black women ($704), and Hispanic women ($642) were 82 

percent, 69 percent, and 63 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,025). (These earnings 

comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings 

differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational 

groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, 

professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,851 and $1,549, respectively, 

were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,251) and Black men ($1,174) in the same occupational 

group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. 

For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $576 for Asians, $540 for Whites, $523 for 

Blacks, and $511 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of 

Asian women were considerably higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 10

Statistical Tables

Gender and race

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Men 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Women 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

White 200,827 126,600 63.0 122,441 61.0 4,159 3.3 74,227

Men 98,220 68,367 69.6 66,100 67.3 2,266 3.3 29,853

Women 102,607 58,233 56.8 56,341 54.9 1,893 3.2 44,374

Black 33,036 20,632 62.5 19,381 58.7 1,251 6.1 12,404

Men 15,102 9,790 64.8 9,145 60.6 645 6.6 5,312

Women 17,934 10,842 60.5 10,236 57.1 607 5.6 7,092

Asian 16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

Men 7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

Women 8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

American Indian and Alaska Native 2,832 1,721 60.8 1,617 57.1 104 6.1 1,110

Men 1,383 901 65.1 842 60.9 59 6.5 483

Women 1,448 821 56.7 775 53.5 46 5.6 628

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 963 659 68.4 638 66.2 21 3.2 304

Men 470 347 73.9 336 71.5 11 3.3 123

Women 493 312 63.2 302 61.2 10 3.2 181

Two or More Races 5,165 3,467 67.1 3,283 63.6 184 5.3 1,699

Men 2,512 1,780 70.9 1,683 67.0 97 5.4 731

Women 2,654 1,686 63.5 1,599 60.3 87 5.2 968

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in 

thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 11

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Men 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Women 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

Asian 16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

Men 7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

Women 8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

Asian Indian 3,709 2,535 68.3 2,470 66.6 64 2.5 1,174

Chinese 3,688 2,284 61.9 2,227 60.4 58 2.5 1,403

Filipino 2,277 1,500 65.9 1,455 63.9 45 3.0 777

Japanese 902 518 57.4 506 56.1 12 2.3 384

Korean 1,280 786 61.4 771 60.3 15 1.9 494

Vietnamese 1,756 1,100 62.6 1,076 61.2 24 2.2 657

Other Asian 2,739 1,737 63.4 1,674 61.1 62 3.6 1,003

Hispanic or Latino 43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

Men 21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

Women 21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

Mexican 26,251 17,611 67.1 16,836 64.1 775 4.4 8,640

Men 13,265 10,198 76.9 9,795 73.8 403 4.0 3,068

Women 12,985 7,413 57.1 7,041 54.2 372 5.0 5,573

Puerto Rican 3,941 2,448 62.1 2,325 59.0 124 5.0 1,493

Men 1,915 1,297 67.7 1,222 63.8 75 5.8 618

Women 2,026 1,151 56.8 1,102 54.4 49 4.2 875

Cuban 2,043 1,304 63.8 1,265 62.0 39 3.0 738

Men 1,004 708 70.5 685 68.3 22 3.2 296

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2019 annual averages ( Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 12

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Women 1,039 596 57.4 580 55.8 16 2.7 442

Central American 4,254 3,032 71.3 2,917 68.6 114 3.8 1,223

Men 2,159 1,769 82.0 1,712 79.3 57 3.2 390

Women 2,096 1,262 60.2 1,205 57.5 57 4.5 833

Salvadoran 1,608 1,158 72.0 1,120 69.7 38 3.3 450

Men 817 661 81.0 640 78.4 22 3.3 155

Women 791 496 62.7 480 60.7 16 3.3 295

Other Central American 2,647 1,874 70.8 1,798 67.9 76 4.1 773

Men 1,342 1,108 82.5 1,072 79.9 36 3.2 234

Women 1,305 766 58.7 726 55.6 41 5.3 538

South American 3,072 2,175 70.8 2,097 68.3 78 3.6 897

Men 1,485 1,175 79.2 1,140 76.8 36 3.1 309

Women 1,587 999 63.0 957 60.3 42 4.2 588

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino 3,946 2,484 62.9 2,365 59.9 119 4.8 1,462

Men 1,832 1,292 70.5 1,227 67.0 64 5.0 541

Women 2,114 1,192 56.4 1,138 53.8 55 4.6 921

Dominican 1,590 1,028 64.7 969 60.9 60 5.8 561

Men 698 506 72.6 477 68.4 29 5.7 191

Women 892 522 58.5 491 55.1 31 5.9 370

Other Hispanic or Latino 2,356 1,456 61.8 1,396 59.3 59 4.1 901

Men 1,135 785 69.2 750 66.1 35 4.5 349

Women 1,222 670 54.9 646 52.9 24 3.5 551

Hispanic or Latino 43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

Men 21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

Women 21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

White Hispanic or Latino 38,660 25,817 66.8 24,716 63.9 1,101 4.3 12,843

Men 19,286 14,703 76.2 14,123 73.2 580 3.9 4,583

Women 19,375 11,114 57.4 10,593 54.7 521 4.7 8,261

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2019 annual averages ( Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Black Hispanic or Latino 2,095 1,350 64.4 1,277 61.0 72 5.4 745

Men 971 669 68.9 636 65.5 33 5.0 302

Women 1,124 680 60.5 641 57.1 39 5.7 444

Asian Hispanic or Latino 451 300 66.5 292 64.8 8 2.6 151

Men 224 163 73.0 158 70.4 6 3.6 60

Women 227 137 60.1 135 59.2 2 1.5 91

Non-Hispanic or Latino 215,668 134,486 62.4 129,733 60.2 4,753 3.5 81,183

Men 103,693 70,248 67.7 67,679 65.3 2,569 3.7 33,445

Women 111,975 64,238 57.4 62,054 55.4 2,183 3.4 47,738

White non-Hispanic or Latino 162,167 100,783 62.1 97,725 60.3 3,058 3.0 61,384

Men 78,935 53,664 68.0 51,977 65.8 1,686 3.1 25,271

Women 83,232 47,119 56.6 45,748 55.0 1,371 2.9 36,113

Black non-Hispanic or Latino 30,941 19,282 62.3 18,103 58.5 1,179 6.1 11,659

Men 14,131 9,120 64.5 8,509 60.2 611 6.7 5,010

Women 16,810 10,162 60.5 9,594 57.1 568 5.6 6,648

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 15,900 10,160 63.9 9,887 62.2 273 2.7 5,740

Men 7,443 5,339 71.7 5,196 69.8 143 2.7 2,104

Women 8,457 4,821 57.0 4,691 55.5 130 2.7 3,636

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2019 annual averages ( Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

16 to 19 years 16,693 5,896 35.3 5,150 30.9 746 12.7 10,796

20 years and older 242,482 157,642 65.0 152,388 62.8 5,254 3.3 84,840

20 to 24 years 21,055 15,196 72.2 14,172 67.3 1,024 6.7 5,860

25 to 54 years 126,281 104,180 82.5 100,976 80.0 3,204 3.1 22,102

55 to 64 years 42,241 27,603 65.3 26,893 63.7 710 2.6 14,638

65 years and older 52,905 10,663 20.2 10,347 19.6 317 3.0 42,241

Men, 16 years and older 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

16 to 19 years 8,445 2,950 34.9 2,543 30.1 408 13.8 5,495

20 years and older 116,908 83,737 71.6 80,917 69.2 2,819 3.4 33,172

20 to 24 years 10,530 7,789 74.0 7,187 68.3 602 7.7 2,741

25 to 54 years 62,304 55,531 89.1 53,845 86.4 1,686 3.0 6,773

55 to 64 years 20,335 14,547 71.5 14,187 69.8 361 2.5 5,787

65 years and older 23,740 5,869 24.7 5,699 24.0 170 2.9 17,871

Women, 16 years and older 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

16 to 19 years 8,247 2,946 35.7 2,607 31.6 339 11.5 5,301

20 years and older 125,574 73,906 58.9 71,470 56.9 2,435 3.3 51,668

20 to 24 years 10,525 7,406 70.4 6,985 66.4 421 5.7 3,119

25 to 54 years 63,977 48,648 76.0 47,131 73.7 1,517 3.1 15,329

55 to 64 years 21,906 13,056 59.6 12,706 58.0 350 2.7 8,850

65 years and older 29,165 4,795 16.4 4,648 15.9 147 3.1 24,370

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

White

Total, 16 years and older 200,827 126,600 63.0 122,441 61.0 4,159 3.3 74,227

16 to 19 years 12,247 4,594 37.5 4,067 33.2 528 11.5 7,653

20 years and older 188,580 122,006 64.7 118,374 62.8 3,631 3.0 66,575

20 to 24 years 15,427 11,395 73.9 10,739 69.6 656 5.8 4,032

25 to 54 years 94,893 79,027 83.3 76,857 81.0 2,170 2.7 15,866

55 to 64 years 33,915 22,599 66.6 22,046 65.0 553 2.4 11,316

65 years and older 44,346 8,986 20.3 8,733 19.7 253 2.8 35,360

Men, 16 years and older 98,220 68,367 69.6 66,100 67.3 2,266 3.3 29,853

16 to 19 years 6,227 2,330 37.4 2,030 32.6 299 12.8 3,897

20 years and older 91,993 66,037 71.8 64,070 69.6 1,967 3.0 25,956

20 to 24 years 7,769 5,930 76.3 5,543 71.3 387 6.5 1,839

25 to 54 years 47,539 42,920 90.3 41,766 87.9 1,154 2.7 4,618

55 to 64 years 16,532 12,130 73.4 11,840 71.6 290 2.4 4,403

65 years and older 20,153 5,057 25.1 4,921 24.4 136 2.7 15,096

Women, 16 years and older 102,607 58,233 56.8 56,341 54.9 1,893 3.2 44,374

16 to 19 years 6,020 2,265 37.6 2,036 33.8 228 10.1 3,755

20 years and older 96,587 55,968 57.9 54,304 56.2 1,664 3.0 40,619

20 to 24 years 7,658 5,465 71.4 5,196 67.8 269 4.9 2,193

25 to 54 years 47,354 36,106 76.2 35,090 74.1 1,016 2.8 11,248

55 to 64 years 17,382 10,469 60.2 10,206 58.7 263 2.5 6,913

65 years and older 24,193 3,928 16.2 3,812 15.8 116 3.0 20,264

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 33,036 20,632 62.5 19,381 58.7 1,251 6.1 12,404

16 to 19 years 2,463 741 30.1 588 23.9 153 20.7 1,722

20 years and older 30,573 19,891 65.1 18,793 61.5 1,098 5.5 10,682

20 to 24 years 3,104 2,186 70.4 1,935 62.3 251 11.5 918

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

25 to 54 years 17,317 13,861 80.0 13,164 76.0 697 5.0 3,456

55 to 64 years 5,095 2,905 57.0 2,799 54.9 106 3.6 2,190

65 years and older 5,058 939 18.6 895 17.7 44 4.6 4,119

Men, 16 years and older 15,102 9,790 64.8 9,145 60.6 645 6.6 5,312

16 to 19 years 1,222 336 27.5 262 21.4 74 22.0 886

20 years and older 13,881 9,454 68.1 8,883 64.0 571 6.0 4,426

20 to 24 years 1,499 1,062 70.9 916 61.1 147 13.8 436

25 to 54 years 8,018 6,635 82.8 6,277 78.3 358 5.4 1,383

55 to 64 years 2,311 1,336 57.8 1,291 55.8 45 3.4 976

65 years and older 2,053 421 20.5 400 19.5 21 5.0 1,631

Women, 16 years and older 17,934 10,842 60.5 10,236 57.1 607 5.6 7,092

16 to 19 years 1,241 405 32.7 326 26.3 79 19.6 836

20 years and older 16,693 10,437 62.5 9,910 59.4 527 5.1 6,256

20 to 24 years 1,605 1,124 70.0 1,019 63.5 105 9.3 482

25 to 54 years 9,300 7,227 77.7 6,887 74.1 339 4.7 2,073

55 to 64 years 2,783 1,569 56.4 1,508 54.2 61 3.9 1,214

65 years and older 3,005 518 17.2 495 16.5 22 4.3 2,487

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

16 to 19 years 978 211 21.6 194 19.8 17 8.2 767

20 years and older 15,373 10,249 66.7 9,986 65.0 263 2.6 5,124

20 to 24 years 1,353 730 54.0 688 50.8 42 5.8 623

25 to 54 years 9,304 7,479 80.4 7,303 78.5 176 2.3 1,824

55 to 64 years 2,183 1,489 68.2 1,458 66.8 32 2.1 694

65 years and older 2,533 550 21.7 537 21.2 14 2.5 1,983

Men, 16 years and older 7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

16 to 19 years 478 106 22.1 96 20.2 9 8.6 372

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

20 years and older 7,189 5,396 75.1 5,257 73.1 140 2.6 1,792

20 to 24 years 672 340 50.6 320 47.7 20 5.8 332

25 to 54 years 4,423 3,989 90.2 3,895 88.0 95 2.4 434

55 to 64 years 996 778 78.1 760 76.3 18 2.3 219

65 years and older 1,097 290 26.4 282 25.7 7 2.6 807

Women, 16 years and older 8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

16 to 19 years 500 106 21.1 97 19.4 8 7.8 395

20 years and older 8,185 4,852 59.3 4,729 57.8 124 2.5 3,332

20 to 24 years 681 390 57.3 367 54.0 23 5.8 291

25 to 54 years 4,880 3,490 71.5 3,409 69.9 81 2.3 1,390

55 to 64 years 1,187 712 60.0 698 58.8 14 2.0 475

65 years and older 1,436 261 18.1 254 17.7 6 2.3 1,176

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

16 to 19 years 3,989 1,283 32.2 1,085 27.2 198 15.4 2,706

20 years and older 39,517 27,770 70.3 26,720 67.6 1,050 3.8 11,748

20 to 24 years 4,760 3,472 73.0 3,242 68.1 230 6.6 1,287

25 to 54 years 25,061 20,076 80.1 19,398 77.4 679 3.4 4,985

55 to 64 years 5,081 3,321 65.4 3,217 63.3 104 3.1 1,760

65 years and older 4,615 900 19.5 862 18.7 37 4.2 3,715

Men, 16 years and older 21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

16 to 19 years 2,020 682 33.7 578 28.6 104 15.3 1,339

20 years and older 19,640 15,757 80.2 15,204 77.4 553 3.5 3,883

20 to 24 years 2,401 1,851 77.1 1,717 71.5 133 7.2 551

25 to 54 years 12,749 11,520 90.4 11,178 87.7 341 3.0 1,229

55 to 64 years 2,470 1,874 75.9 1,816 73.5 58 3.1 596

65 years and older 2,020 513 25.4 492 24.4 21 4.1 1,507

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Women, 16 years and older 21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

16 to 19 years 1,969 602 30.6 508 25.8 94 15.6 1,367

20 years and older 19,877 12,012 60.4 11,516 57.9 497 4.1 7,865

20 to 24 years 2,358 1,622 68.8 1,525 64.7 97 6.0 736

25 to 54 years 12,313 8,557 69.5 8,219 66.8 337 3.9 3,756

55 to 64 years 2,612 1,447 55.4 1,401 53.6 46 3.2 1,164

65 years and older 2,595 387 14.9 370 14.3 17 4.3 2,208

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016 62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017 62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

2018 62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0

2019 63.1 69.2 57.4 63.0 69.6 56.8 62.5 64.8 60.5 64.0 71.8 57.1 66.8 75.9 57.7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016 61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017 60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

2018 59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

2019 60.8 65.1 56.7 68.4 73.9 63.2 67.1 70.9 63.5

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016 59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017 60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

2018 60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1

2019 60.8 66.6 55.4 61.0 67.3 54.9 58.7 60.6 57.1 62.3 69.8 55.6 63.9 72.9 55.0

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016 55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017 55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

2018 55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

2019 57.1 60.9 53.5 66.2 71.5 61.2 63.6 67.0 60.3

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population 221,427 21,627 62,460 34,711 22,802 79,827

Civilian labor force 142,446 9,976 36,162 21,592 15,829 58,889

Percent of population 64.3 46.1 57.9 62.2 69.4 73.8

Employed 138,216 9,441 34,837 20,882 15,400 57,655

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Employment-population ratio 62.4 43.7 55.8 60.2 67.5 72.2

Unemployed 4,230 535 1,324 709 429 1,234

Unemployment rate 3.0 5.4 3.7 3.3 2.7 2.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 106,378 10,832 31,429 16,557 10,022 37,538

Civilian labor force 75,947 6,356 21,277 11,503 7,597 29,214

Percent of population 71.4 58.7 67.7 69.5 75.8 77.8

Employed 73,731 6,047 20,512 11,161 7,406 28,605

Employment-population ratio 69.3 55.8 65.3 67.4 73.9 76.2

Unemployed 2,217 309 765 342 191 609

Unemployment rate 2.9 4.9 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 115,049 10,795 31,030 18,154 12,780 42,290

Civilian labor force 66,499 3,619 14,884 10,089 8,232 29,675

Percent of population 57.8 33.5 48.0 55.6 64.4 70.2

Employed 64,485 3,394 14,325 9,722 7,994 29,051

Employment-population ratio 56.1 31.4 46.2 53.6 62.6 68.7

Unemployed 2,014 226 559 367 237 625

Unemployment rate 3.0 6.2 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.1

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 173,154 16,426 48,922 27,043 18,194 62,569

Civilian labor force 110,611 7,906 28,081 16,474 12,500 45,649

Percent of population 63.9 48.1 57.4 60.9 68.7 73.0

Employed 107,636 7,519 27,183 15,992 12,190 44,752

Employment-population ratio 62.2 45.8 55.6 59.1 67.0 71.5

Unemployed 2,975 387 898 483 310 897

Unemployment rate 2.7 4.9 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 84,224 8,457 24,821 13,028 8,130 29,788

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Civilian labor force 60,107 5,219 16,916 8,985 6,134 22,853

Percent of population 71.4 61.7 68.2 69.0 75.4 76.7

Employed 58,527 4,988 16,389 8,749 5,993 22,407

Employment-population ratio 69.5 59.0 66.0 67.2 73.7 75.2

Unemployed 1,580 231 526 236 141 446

Unemployment rate 2.6 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 88,929 7,969 24,101 14,015 10,064 32,781

Civilian labor force 50,504 2,687 11,166 7,489 6,365 22,796

Percent of population 56.8 33.7 46.3 53.4 63.3 69.5

Employed 49,109 2,531 10,794 7,243 6,197 22,345

Employment-population ratio 55.2 31.8 44.8 51.7 61.6 68.2

Unemployed 1,395 156 372 247 169 451

Unemployment rate 2.8 5.8 3.3 3.3 2.6 2.0

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 27,470 3,062 9,055 5,167 2,885 7,300

Civilian labor force 17,705 1,142 5,337 3,438 2,121 5,667

Percent of population 64.5 37.3 58.9 66.5 73.5 77.6

Employed 16,858 1,029 5,007 3,275 2,041 5,506

Employment-population ratio 61.4 33.6 55.3 63.4 70.7 75.4

Unemployed 847 113 330 163 80 161

Unemployment rate 4.8 9.9 6.2 4.7 3.8 2.8

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 12,382 1,419 4,463 2,343 1,125 3,032

Civilian labor force 8,392 610 2,834 1,636 878 2,434

Percent of population 67.8 42.9 63.5 69.8 78.1 80.3

Employed 7,968 553 2,646 1,560 845 2,364

Employment-population ratio 64.3 39.0 59.3 66.6 75.1 78.0

Unemployed 424 56 188 76 33 70

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Unemployment rate 5.1 9.3 6.6 4.7 3.8 2.9

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,088 1,643 4,592 2,824 1,761 4,269

Civilian labor force 9,313 533 2,503 1,802 1,243 3,233

Percent of population 61.7 32.4 54.5 63.8 70.6 75.7

Employed 8,891 476 2,361 1,715 1,196 3,143

Employment-population ratio 58.9 29.0 51.4 60.7 67.9 73.6

Unemployed 423 57 141 87 47 91

Unemployment rate 4.5 10.6 5.6 4.8 3.8 2.8

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,020 1,255 2,421 1,146 956 8,243

Civilian labor force 9,519 483 1,411 754 670 6,202

Percent of population 67.9 38.4 58.3 65.8 70.1 75.2

Employed 9,298 468 1,384 734 653 6,059

Employment-population ratio 66.3 37.3 57.2 64.1 68.3 73.5

Unemployed 221 15 27 20 17 142

Unemployment rate 2.3 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,517 483 1,074 542 431 3,986

Civilian labor force 5,056 248 753 401 335 3,319

Percent of population 77.6 51.3 70.1 74.0 77.9 83.3

Employed 4,937 238 739 390 327 3,243

Employment-population ratio 75.8 49.2 68.8 72.0 75.9 81.3

Unemployed 120 10 14 11 8 76

Unemployment rate 2.4 4.2 1.8 2.7 2.5 2.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 7,504 773 1,346 603 525 4,256

Civilian labor force 4,462 235 658 353 334 2,882

Percent of population 59.5 30.4 48.9 58.5 63.7 67.7

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Employed 4,361 230 645 344 326 2,816

Employment-population ratio 58.1 29.8 47.9 57.0 62.1 66.2

Unemployed 101 4 13 9 8 66

Unemployment rate 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 34,758 9,651 10,838 4,754 2,822 6,692

Civilian labor force 24,297 5,660 7,639 3,531 2,169 5,299

Percent of population 69.9 58.6 70.5 74.3 76.8 79.2

Employed 23,477 5,411 7,394 3,411 2,097 5,164

Employment-population ratio 67.5 56.1 68.2 71.8 74.3 77.2

Unemployed 820 248 245 120 71 135

Unemployment rate 3.4 4.4 3.2 3.4 3.3 2.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 17,239 4,933 5,707 2,336 1,244 3,019

Civilian labor force 13,907 3,729 4,650 1,900 1,055 2,573

Percent of population 80.7 75.6 81.5 81.3 84.8 85.2

Employed 13,487 3,590 4,522 1,844 1,024 2,507

Employment-population ratio 78.2 72.8 79.2 79.0 82.3 83.0

Unemployed 420 138 128 56 32 66

Unemployment rate 3.0 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 17,519 4,719 5,131 2,418 1,579 3,672

Civilian labor force 10,391 1,931 2,989 1,632 1,113 2,725

Percent of population 59.3 40.9 58.3 67.5 70.5 74.2

Employed 9,991 1,821 2,872 1,567 1,074 2,657

Employment-population ratio 57.0 38.6 56.0 64.8 68.0 72.3

Unemployed 400 110 117 64 39 69

Unemployment rate 3.8 5.7 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.5

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages 

[Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Footnotes

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 157,538 122,441 19,381 10,179 27,805

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 40.8 41.4 31.9 55.0 23.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.1 18.1 11.7 18.5 10.1

Management occupations 12.1 13.0 7.6 11.4 7.3

Business and financial operations occupations 5.1 5.1 4.1 7.1 2.7

Professional and related occupations 23.6 23.3 20.2 36.6 13.3

Computer and mathematical occupations 3.4 2.9 2.4 12.2 1.5

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.1 2.1 1.2 4.3 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.0 1.3

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.7

Education, training, and library occupations 6.0 6.3 5.0 4.9 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.2 1.3 1.9 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6.1 6.0 6.2 9.1 3.1

Service occupations 17.1 15.9 23.8 15.8 24.2

Healthcare support occupations 2.4 2.0 5.2 1.9 2.6

Protective service occupations 2.0 1.9 3.3 0.7 1.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.3 5.0 6.0 5.7 8.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.6 3.6 4.4 1.6 7.9

Personal care and service occupations 3.8 3.4 5.0 5.9 3.9

Sales and office occupations 21.2 21.3 22.3 17.0 20.6

Sales and related occupations 9.9 10.2 9.0 8.2 9.4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Office and administrative support occupations 11.3 11.1 13.3 8.8 11.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.1 10.1 5.7 3.1 16.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 2.0

Construction and extraction occupations 5.3 5.9 3.1 1.3 10.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.1 3.3 2.3 1.6 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 11.8 11.3 16.2 9.1 15.4

Production occupations 5.4 5.4 5.9 5.1 7.1

Transportation and material moving occupations 6.4 5.9 10.4 4.0 8.3

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 83,460 66,100 9,145 5,353 15,782

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 37.1 37.5 26.0 56.6 19.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 18.1 19.2 11.0 18.6 9.9

Management occupations 13.7 14.7 7.9 12.7 7.8

Business and financial operations occupations 4.4 4.5 3.2 5.8 2.1

Professional and related occupations 19.0 18.2 14.9 38.1 9.5

Computer and mathematical occupations 4.8 4.1 3.3 16.5 2.0

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.3 3.3 1.8 6.4 1.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 0.4

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.0 1.8 0.7 0.7

Legal occupations 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.9 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.5 1.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 2.9 2.7 2.5 6.1 1.5

Service occupations 13.7 12.8 19.6 11.7 19.0

Healthcare support occupations 0.6 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.6

Protective service occupations 2.9 2.8 4.5 1.1 2.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.6 4.1 5.9 5.4 7.2

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4.0 4.0 5.1 1.7 7.3

Personal care and service occupations 1.6 1.4 2.6 2.9 1.5

Sales and office occupations 15.8 15.7 17.4 14.3 14.4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Sales and related occupations 9.6 9.9 8.1 8.5 7.9

Office and administrative support occupations 6.2 5.7 9.2 5.8 6.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.3 17.7 11.3 5.5 27.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 2.5

Construction and extraction occupations 9.6 10.6 6.4 2.4 18.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.6 6.0 4.5 2.9 6.0

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17.2 16.4 25.8 11.8 20.1

Production occupations 7.3 7.3 8.3 5.5 8.3

Transportation and material moving occupations 9.9 9.1 17.5 6.3 11.8

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 74,078 56,341 10,236 4,826 12,023

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 44.9 46.1 37.2 53.3 28.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.1 16.7 12.3 18.3 10.3

Management occupations 10.2 10.9 7.4 9.8 6.7

Business and financial operations occupations 5.8 5.8 4.9 8.5 3.6

Professional and related occupations 28.8 29.3 24.9 34.9 18.2

Computer and mathematical occupations 1.9 1.5 1.6 7.4 0.9

Architecture and engineering occupations 0.7 0.6 0.5 2.0 0.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.1 0.6

Community and social service occupations 2.5 2.4 3.7 1.2 2.1

Legal occupations 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.0

Education, training, and library occupations 9.4 10.2 7.0 6.5 6.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.2 2.4 0.9 2.0 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9.9 9.8 9.5 12.4 5.3

Service occupations 21.0 19.5 27.6 20.2 31.1

Healthcare support occupations 4.4 3.7 8.5 3.2 5.2

Protective service occupations 0.9 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.9 9.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.3 3.2 3.8 1.6 8.6

Personal care and service occupations 6.2 5.7 7.0 9.2 7.0

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Sales and office occupations 27.3 27.9 26.7 20.0 28.7

Sales and related occupations 10.3 10.4 9.8 7.9 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations 17.0 17.5 17.0 12.2 17.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.4 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.3

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.8 5.3 7.7 6.1 9.3

Production occupations 3.3 3.1 3.7 4.6 5.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.5 2.3 4.0 1.5 3.7

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 157,538 77.7 12.3 6.5 17.6

Management, professional, and related occupations 64,218 79.0 9.6 8.7 10.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 26,981 82.1 8.4 7.0 10.4

Management occupations 18,985 83.6 7.8 6.1 10.7

Chief executives 1,602 88.8 4.1 5.8 6.2

General and operations managers 1,058 86.4 6.6 3.5 12.5

Legislators 19 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers 55 89.5 0.7 7.0 9.0

Marketing and sales managers 1,184 86.1 6.1 5.6 8.9

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Public relations and fundraising managers 73 89.8 8.0 0.4 1.4

Administrative services managers 184 83.9 10.5 3.2 10.9

Computer and information systems managers 654 72.7 9.6 15.8 4.7

Financial managers 1,194 80.2 8.5 9.4 11.4

Compensation and benefits managers 24 - - - -

Human resources managers 321 77.8 11.1 7.1 10.1

Training and development managers 46 - - - -

Industrial production managers 274 87.2 5.4 5.5 10.9

Purchasing managers 227 75.1 14.4 5.9 10.0

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 281 85.1 9.6 2.4 17.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 962 96.6 0.9 1.0 5.7

Construction managers 994 90.9 3.5 2.5 13.9

Education administrators 958 78.6 15.3 3.3 11.8

Architectural and engineering managers 154 81.5 6.0 11.8 6.7

Food service managers 1,249 76.3 9.8 9.6 19.8

Funeral service managers 13 - - - -

Gaming managers 19 - - - -

Lodging managers 162 80.9 7.0 9.3 14.6

Medical and health services managers 677 79.0 12.7 5.7 11.8

Natural sciences managers 15 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 30 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 780 83.6 8.9 4.5 12.8

Social and community service managers 470 79.9 12.3 3.2 10.6

Emergency management directors 7 - - - -

Managers, all other 5,299 83.4 7.5 6.8 10.3

Business and financial operations occupations 7,996 78.4 9.9 9.0 9.5

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 47 - - - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 16 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 226 87.0 6.9 3.5 14.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 279 82.5 9.9 4.2 10.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 318 73.6 19.5 4.4 9.5

Compliance officers 298 80.7 10.2 6.1 10.5

Cost estimators 127 90.0 3.1 5.8 8.1

Human resources workers 770 75.7 13.8 7.1 13.8

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 51 76.0 19.0 3.7 6.0

Training and development specialists 125 77.3 15.4 4.0 10.6

Logisticians 154 77.1 15.5 2.7 8.2

Management analysts 950 76.1 7.5 13.7 8.6

Meeting, convention, and event planners 146 82.0 8.8 7.4 11.9

Fundraisers 93 89.3 5.1 2.5 5.2

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 369 80.6 5.9 11.4 7.2

Business operations specialists, all other 269 75.8 10.3 10.9 10.5

Accountants and auditors 1,964 77.1 8.5 12.0 8.9

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 84 93.2 2.7 4.1 8.3

Budget analysts 51 64.6 19.3 12.2 3.6

Credit analysts 28 - - - -

Financial analysts 345 77.8 8.6 11.7 8.3

Personal financial advisors 551 82.2 6.9 8.6 6.3

Insurance underwriters 105 87.0 5.9 5.4 6.2

Financial examiners 21 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 403 81.7 12.2 4.2 11.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 53 58.8 25.8 12.8 12.1

Tax preparers 97 77.5 16.6 5.6 15.2

Financial specialists, all other 57 68.6 17.9 8.7 15.9

Professional and related occupations 37,237 76.7 10.5 10.0 9.9

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,352 65.7 8.7 23.1 7.8

Computer and information research scientists 24 - - - -

Computer systems analysts 663 67.8 9.7 20.3 8.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Information security analysts 125 74.6 16.6 7.6 12.9

Computer programmers 454 67.8 8.5 21.8 8.7

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,815 54.0 5.8 37.7 5.1

Web developers 193 77.6 6.7 12.0 4.6

Computer support specialists 547 74.2 10.5 12.7 11.3

Database administrators 106 72.0 6.8 16.7 6.2

Network and computer systems administrators 199 77.2 9.7 11.7 8.5

Computer network architects 106 76.1 13.1 10.3 14.1

Computer occupations, all other 808 70.5 12.7 14.1 9.7

Actuaries 33 - - - -

Mathematicians 3 - - - -

Operations research analysts 152 80.5 6.8 8.3 9.7

Statisticians 101 69.6 8.2 21.1 7.7

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 22 - - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,305 77.5 6.8 13.3 9.2

Architects, except naval 208 82.6 6.3 8.8 8.5

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 48 - - - -

Aerospace engineers 134 78.0 6.5 14.5 7.3

Agricultural engineers 6 - - - -

Biomedical engineers 25 - - - -

Chemical engineers 87 75.6 4.0 17.1 2.4

Civil engineers 475 80.3 5.9 12.2 8.4

Computer hardware engineers 77 54.3 5.7 38.4 10.2

Electrical and electronics engineers 285 71.3 7.3 19.9 8.7

Environmental engineers 25 - - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 245 80.7 7.9 9.4 5.9

Marine engineers and naval architects 12 - - - -

Materials engineers 44 - - - -

Mechanical engineers 351 80.4 5.1 11.6 8.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 8 - - - -

Nuclear engineers 8 - - - -

Petroleum engineers 24 - - - -

Engineers, all other 582 71.8 5.4 20.6 9.8

Drafters 113 90.8 3.5 2.7 14.7

Engineering technicians, except drafters 496 76.5 12.1 8.3 12.7

Surveying and mapping technicians 53 86.3 6.6 3.5 10.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,485 76.9 6.3 14.4 9.5

Agricultural and food scientists 37 - - - -

Biological scientists 104 81.0 3.4 14.4 8.7

Conservation scientists and foresters 20 - - - -

Medical scientists 170 64.1 7.3 27.8 8.8

Life scientists, all other 2 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists 17 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 10 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists 97 75.7 7.0 13.7 8.2

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 119 85.1 4.8 7.4 12.4

Physical scientists, all other 298 68.3 3.4 25.7 7.1

Economists 35 - - - -

Survey researchers 0 - - - -

Psychologists 234 89.9 5.8 3.5 10.3

Sociologists 2 - - - -

Urban and regional planners 25 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 - - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 20 - - - -

Biological technicians 23 - - - -

Chemical technicians 56 80.1 10.6 6.3 12.2

Geological and petroleum technicians 20 - - - -

Nuclear technicians 3 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Social science research assistants 1 - - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 152 72.8 8.6 15.0 13.4

Community and social service occupations 2,717 72.9 20.1 3.6 13.0

Counselors 927 72.7 21.2 2.7 12.7

Social workers 823 69.6 23.0 3.7 14.3

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 97 70.6 26.7 0.4 15.8

Social and human service assistants 238 65.2 25.5 4.3 16.4

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 78 71.1 22.5 2.5 21.9

Clergy 413 79.1 12.2 5.9 7.7

Directors, religious activities and education 72 92.3 5.1 2.3 13.4

Religious workers, all other 69 89.6 5.1 4.7 8.3

Legal occupations 1,955 83.0 8.3 6.1 9.5

Lawyers 1,240 86.6 5.9 5.7 5.8

Judicial law clerks 7 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 70 81.5 13.4 4.8 8.6

Paralegals and legal assistants 444 77.1 11.8 6.7 17.7

Miscellaneous legal support workers 193 74.2 13.2 8.0 13.9

Education, training, and library occupations 9,455 81.7 10.2 5.3 11.0

Postsecondary teachers 1,386 75.3 7.0 15.1 8.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 655 75.8 15.7 5.2 14.9

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,604 84.7 10.2 2.6 10.2

Secondary school teachers 1,015 87.1 7.3 3.3 8.8

Special education teachers 331 85.2 9.2 3.5 6.5

Other teachers and instructors 1,017 78.4 11.7 6.1 11.6

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 48 - - - -

Librarians 179 87.8 6.0 3.2 9.8

Library technicians 33 - - - -

Teacher assistants 999 79.0 13.4 4.1 18.0

Other education, training, and library workers 189 82.4 12.6 3.5 12.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,285 82.8 7.7 5.9 11.6

Artists and related workers 248 86.8 4.5 3.8 11.1

Designers 983 82.2 5.7 9.0 11.0

Actors 40 - - - -

Producers and directors 186 86.7 6.4 3.5 8.0

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 345 81.1 9.3 4.3 10.8

Dancers and choreographers 23 - - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 202 78.9 12.4 3.9 9.7

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 50 86.4 5.0 0.3 7.3

Announcers 58 75.6 15.7 5.3 19.2

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 93 82.4 6.9 9.7 9.3

Public relations specialists 137 83.6 9.9 5.8 13.6

Editors 147 91.3 3.0 2.4 10.6

Technical writers 61 84.2 11.8 2.9 8.8

Writers and authors 225 89.6 5.9 3.4 4.8

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 118 67.8 14.6 11.2 35.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 78.3 9.1 7.9 14.0

Photographers 188 84.3 8.6 3.5 12.3

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 60 83.0 10.7 0.6 12.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 0 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,684 75.3 12.5 9.6 9.0

Chiropractors 61 86.1 2.8 5.3 6.4

Dentists 162 74.3 0.8 23.6 7.2

Dietitians and nutritionists 128 77.9 15.2 5.9 9.0

Optometrists 43 - - - -

Pharmacists 341 64.5 10.5 22.0 2.7

Physicians and surgeons 1,098 72.0 8.2 18.0 7.6

Physician assistants 131 84.3 4.5 6.8 8.6

Podiatrists 10 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Audiologists 14 - - - -

Occupational therapists 136 75.7 10.2 12.4 10.2

Physical therapists 304 76.4 5.9 14.1 4.0

Radiation therapists 16 - - - -

Recreational therapists 10 - - - -

Respiratory therapists 112 66.2 23.2 8.9 8.6

Speech-language pathologists 180 93.7 3.9 2.2 6.7

Exercise physiologists 2 - - - -

Therapists, all other 235 81.1 12.2 5.1 11.9

Veterinarians 104 89.8 0.0 6.1 1.6

Registered nurses 3,242 75.9 12.4 9.2 7.2

Nurse anesthetists 33 - - - -

Nurse midwives 10 - - - -

Nurse practitioners 225 76.6 12.2 9.9 2.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 35 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 323 71.1 15.3 10.0 13.0

Dental hygienists 208 88.2 5.1 5.0 11.3

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 398 76.7 12.8 5.8 9.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 206 86.6 10.5 0.8 11.5

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 710 74.7 15.6 5.4 16.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 687 67.0 27.0 3.3 13.8

Medical records and health information technicians 185 72.8 17.5 6.0 14.4

Opticians, dispensing 49 - - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 152 64.6 19.6 13.7 16.3

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 133 80.9 12.5 4.3 12.1

Service occupations 26,978 72.2 17.1 5.9 25.0

Healthcare support occupations 3,758 64.2 26.7 5.1 19.1

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,086 54.3 37.2 4.4 17.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 29 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Physical therapist assistants and aides 101 83.2 6.8 6.5 7.2

Massage therapists 183 72.3 8.8 13.1 11.1

Dental assistants 284 85.5 6.7 3.1 28.9

Medical assistants 596 75.1 15.3 4.8 29.0

Medical transcriptionists 41 - - - -

Pharmacy aides 49 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 59 97.2 2.1 0.4 3.7

Phlebotomists 124 70.5 24.6 2.9 14.9

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 206 64.7 25.7 7.1 13.7

Protective service occupations 3,128 73.9 20.3 2.2 15.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 44 - - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 83 89.2 7.6 0.4 5.6

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 42 - - - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 78 69.8 20.7 2.2 11.3

Firefighters 318 86.7 8.5 1.3 11.6

Fire inspectors 21 - - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 372 60.5 34.2 1.7 12.3

Detectives and criminal investigators 164 82.7 12.7 1.9 8.4

Fish and game wardens 4 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers 4 - - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 716 82.9 12.6 1.5 17.0

Transit and railroad police 5 - - - -

Animal control workers 10 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators 97 72.6 23.5 3.0 17.7

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 937 62.9 29.6 3.5 18.8

Crossing guards 52 76.3 17.6 1.3 21.0

Transportation security screeners 43 - - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 139 87.7 6.4 0.7 14.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,378 73.7 13.9 6.9 27.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Chefs and head cooks 474 63.0 14.3 16.4 26.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 597 76.7 14.9 4.8 22.6

Cooks 2,031 70.4 18.1 6.2 36.7

Food preparation workers 1,079 73.5 13.2 8.3 28.1

Bartenders 464 86.1 6.3 2.8 16.5

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 372 70.2 19.6 5.4 19.9

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 200 76.0 11.3 5.2 18.6

Waiters and waitresses 2,038 75.5 11.1 7.6 23.4

Food servers, nonrestaurant 191 68.4 19.2 6.6 21.6

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 338 77.1 12.6 6.2 34.2

Dishwashers 264 73.4 16.1 4.2 28.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 322 77.6 8.6 4.0 17.7

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 7 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,746 77.3 14.9 2.9 38.2

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 352 78.5 15.0 3.2 27.5

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 285 88.0 7.5 1.1 28.1

Janitors and building cleaners 2,265 74.0 18.2 3.4 31.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,475 72.2 17.4 4.1 49.2

Pest control workers 96 85.2 8.5 1.6 18.5

Grounds maintenance workers 1,273 86.0 8.2 0.9 43.6

Personal care and service occupations 5,968 69.4 16.1 10.1 18.2

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 211 82.7 9.1 4.1 10.3

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 213 72.4 4.5 19.8 13.0

Animal trainers 63 86.7 4.6 2.0 12.3

Nonfarm animal caretakers 296 88.8 5.0 2.1 12.5

Gaming services workers 93 40.5 19.6 27.3 12.2

Motion picture projectionists 1 - - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 38 - - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 210 79.6 10.8 5.4 15.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Embalmers and funeral attendants 15 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 26 - - - -

Barbers 137 61.8 31.1 4.5 29.0

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 803 77.3 13.9 6.1 17.0

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 409 30.7 7.7 59.2 11.6

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 92 58.1 26.2 12.4 30.6

Tour and travel guides 61 82.3 1.7 5.5 5.3

Childcare workers 1,193 76.0 17.4 3.3 24.6

Personal care aides 1,458 60.2 25.1 8.4 21.6

Recreation and fitness workers 440 81.6 10.8 3.4 10.2

Residential advisors 30 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 178 73.8 14.3 7.0 18.1

Sales and office occupations 33,370 78.1 13.0 5.2 17.1

Sales and related occupations 15,582 79.8 11.2 5.4 16.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,232 81.0 9.5 5.5 14.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,247 86.2 6.5 5.7 14.4

Cashiers 3,164 69.2 17.9 7.3 24.1

Counter and rental clerks 97 72.8 18.3 6.6 15.8

Parts salespersons 142 84.9 10.4 1.3 19.8

Retail salespersons 3,105 78.9 12.4 4.5 18.7

Advertising sales agents 190 81.9 10.8 3.7 13.7

Insurance sales agents 595 81.2 10.1 5.6 13.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 231 85.9 5.4 7.5 11.9

Travel agents 82 81.6 9.5 7.1 6.7

Sales representatives, services, all other 557 85.2 7.7 5.0 12.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,281 88.8 5.9 3.9 10.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 62 79.5 11.3 3.1 16.0

Real estate brokers and sales agents 1,095 85.0 7.9 5.2 10.7

Sales engineers 35 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Telemarketers 49 - - - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 135 85.4 9.4 1.2 24.9

Sales and related workers, all other 284 83.9 10.6 1.1 13.9

Office and administrative support occupations 17,789 76.6 14.5 5.0 17.5

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,306 80.2 13.4 3.7 13.3

Switchboard operators, including answering service 21 - - - -

Telephone operators 42 - - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 12 - - - -

Bill and account collectors 116 63.6 30.2 1.3 17.8

Billing and posting clerks 459 81.5 10.3 4.7 15.7

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,015 85.2 6.9 5.4 13.0

Gaming cage workers 13 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 155 79.8 8.4 6.9 17.9

Procurement clerks 29 - - - -

Tellers 294 80.0 9.9 4.8 20.0

Financial clerks, all other 119 83.2 10.9 3.8 15.4

Brokerage clerks 3 - - - -

Correspondence clerks 5 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 95 81.6 14.5 1.2 17.3

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 41 - - - -

Customer service representatives 2,552 73.3 17.7 5.3 19.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 70 70.1 22.2 1.1 23.0

File clerks 175 75.3 16.8 4.1 14.2

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 116 60.7 21.6 7.4 22.3

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 131 72.9 18.1 4.7 18.3

Library assistants, clerical 88 78.2 12.0 8.9 12.6

Loan interviewers and clerks 116 75.2 16.3 4.3 13.3

New accounts clerks 22 - - - -

Order clerks 112 66.9 18.2 9.9 18.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 60 74.2 12.7 3.8 18.5

Receptionists and information clerks 1,288 75.8 15.4 4.6 21.8

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 119 51.4 27.9 9.1 13.5

Information and record clerks, all other 99 79.9 13.4 2.3 22.8

Cargo and freight agents 20 - - - -

Couriers and messengers 402 73.3 17.4 4.4 21.4

Dispatchers 261 80.8 14.2 2.5 15.2

Meter readers, utilities 17 - - - -

Postal service clerks 96 47.4 35.8 13.0 6.7

Postal service mail carriers 331 72.7 19.6 5.5 14.4

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 76 35.8 42.3 17.8 5.8

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 297 80.0 14.0 3.3 12.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 563 74.7 15.5 4.2 25.1

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,512 70.3 18.2 5.0 23.1

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 66 75.8 10.6 8.5 21.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,688 85.2 8.7 3.5 13.4

Computer operators 72 76.3 11.9 9.1 19.4

Data entry keyers 250 75.1 14.7 6.5 20.3

Word processors and typists 57 77.8 12.6 3.3 16.1

Desktop publishers 0 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 269 71.3 21.8 2.4 15.5

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 68 67.6 24.0 4.1 14.2

Office clerks, general 1,355 74.0 13.6 8.6 20.9

Office machine operators, except computer 32 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 7 - - - -

Statistical assistants 58 67.4 0.0 32.3 4.9

Office and administrative support workers, all other 618 77.7 15.5 3.4 13.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,343 86.2 7.7 2.2 31.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,156 89.3 4.4 1.8 47.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 51 88.8 1.2 1.3 28.4

Agricultural inspectors 18 - - - -

Animal breeders 10 - - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 88 71.2 21.3 3.6 49.9

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 866 92.5 2.6 1.2 54.0

Fishers and related fishing workers 36 - - - -

Hunters and trappers 0 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers 21 - - - -

Logging workers 66 83.2 2.7 2.9 16.0

Construction and extraction occupations 8,325 87.1 7.3 1.6 36.4

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 682 88.0 7.5 1.2 24.8

Boilermakers 24 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 152 91.6 5.2 1.2 37.7

Carpenters 1,292 89.1 5.1 1.5 37.3

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 170 90.8 5.1 0.5 59.7

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 65 89.5 4.4 1.1 53.5

Construction laborers 2,051 85.3 8.6 1.6 46.7

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 22 - - - -

Pile-driver operators 1 - - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 375 85.1 8.9 0.9 14.9

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 178 91.1 2.5 1.7 67.7

Electricians 914 87.4 6.8 2.6 21.1

Glaziers 38 - - - -

Insulation workers 59 91.8 5.9 1.4 43.3

Painters, construction and maintenance 599 87.4 8.1 0.6 55.5

Paperhangers 7 - - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 637 87.1 8.4 0.9 27.1

Plasterers and stucco masons 23 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 6 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Roofers 222 87.7 5.2 0.7 50.7

Sheet metal workers 140 89.1 6.7 2.3 28.9

Structural iron and steel workers 66 75.7 11.7 7.8 18.7

Solar photovoltaic installers 18 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades 50 86.6 3.4 4.5 35.2

Construction and building inspectors 105 82.0 8.3 6.8 12.8

Elevator installers and repairers 20 - - - -

Fence erectors 41 - - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 40 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers 113 83.6 12.7 0.4 13.3

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 4 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 8 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 32 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 29 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 22 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 8 - - - -

Mining machine operators 56 85.2 9.3 0.0 13.1

Roof bolters, mining 1 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 8 - - - -

Helpers--extraction workers 2 - - - -

Other extraction workers 46 - - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,862 84.0 9.1 3.3 20.3

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 272 85.7 9.9 1.5 16.1

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 184 74.7 11.7 9.3 15.9

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 131 73.1 15.8 4.9 15.0

Avionics technicians 13 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 16 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 7 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 17 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 9 - - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 32 - - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 58 76.9 14.3 4.6 23.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 152 82.4 10.5 4.8 12.4

Automotive body and related repairers 125 92.4 3.4 1.8 29.6

Automotive glass installers and repairers 21 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 880 83.8 8.7 3.2 27.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 347 87.3 6.5 3.7 14.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 211 88.3 6.0 2.6 15.8

Small engine mechanics 45 - - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 73 77.0 12.2 3.6 31.0

Control and valve installers and repairers 22 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 466 84.0 9.1 3.0 20.2

Home appliance repairers 51 86.3 11.7 1.8 18.8

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 408 85.6 8.7 2.5 18.1

Maintenance and repair workers, general 579 83.9 9.4 3.2 20.1

Maintenance workers, machinery 21 - - - -

Millwrights 52 88.9 7.9 1.8 10.3

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 133 89.8 3.0 0.6 15.4

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 184 82.2 12.5 2.3 24.7

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 69 73.7 11.9 12.6 11.4

Wind turbine service technicians 2 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 28 - - - -

Commercial divers 2 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 32 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 - - - -

Riggers 12 - - - -

Signal and track switch repairers 7 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 19 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 179 88.4 8.1 0.9 27.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,628 74.2 16.9 5.0 23.0

Production occupations 8,565 76.6 13.3 6.0 23.1

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 844 80.3 12.2 3.8 17.2

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 8 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 101 64.5 8.0 20.2 20.1

Engine and other machine assemblers 9 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 25 - - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,001 67.0 19.7 9.6 21.7

Bakers 228 74.0 11.7 9.6 30.7

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 297 71.2 17.1 6.2 37.3

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 17 - - - -

Food batchmakers 82 87.9 7.3 1.6 36.2

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 3 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other 147 72.1 18.1 7.0 38.8

Computer control programmers and operators 108 87.0 6.6 5.0 11.4

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 - - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 - - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 70 75.2 17.3 0.3 13.9

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 - - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 44 - - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 - - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Machinists 375 84.8 7.0 4.9 11.5

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 23 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 45 - - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Tool and die makers 55 95.1 3.7 0.3 3.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 592 85.3 8.8 2.3 22.8

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 - - - -

Layout workers, metal and plastic 10 - - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 - - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 1 - - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 392 72.0 14.5 8.2 26.0

Prepress technicians and workers 27 - - - -

Printing press operators 133 84.3 7.2 4.0 23.1

Print binding and finishing workers 14 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 134 55.9 25.1 12.2 37.9

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 28 - - - -

Sewing machine operators 179 69.3 11.0 15.3 35.4

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 7 - - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 5 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 86 66.3 9.5 23.7 20.9

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 2 - - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 4 - - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 - - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 10 - - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 1 - - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 0 - - - -

Upholsterers 30 - - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 13 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 65 88.2 7.7 1.1 21.3

Furniture finishers 18 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 33 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 12 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Woodworkers, all other 23 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 43 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 52 84.3 5.2 5.5 9.8

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 110 84.6 8.4 3.5 9.7

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 51 83.2 11.6 3.9 14.7

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 73 86.8 11.0 1.0 8.1

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 90 80.8 11.4 1.9 26.1

Cutting workers 60 78.3 18.8 2.5 25.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 27 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 17 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 802 77.6 11.5 5.4 17.5

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 40 - - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 91 81.8 4.6 10.5 17.7

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 262 68.8 20.4 6.3 37.3

Painting workers 171 81.5 13.0 1.8 41.8

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 13 - - - -

Semiconductor processors 0 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 10 - - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 2 - - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 2 - - - -

Etchers and engravers 8 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 31 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 24 - - - -

Tire builders 8 - - - -

Helpers--production workers 54 74.9 17.2 4.0 30.3

Production workers, all other 1,141 73.8 16.1 5.7 24.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 10,063 72.2 20.0 4.1 22.9

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 206 72.2 19.4 6.7 20.3

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 141 93.7 2.6 3.4 2.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 43 - - - -

Flight attendants 110 73.7 17.5 5.4 15.3

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 15 - - - -

Bus drivers 546 67.2 27.0 3.1 15.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,608 75.2 18.1 2.9 20.5

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 790 55.5 29.5 13.1 23.6

Motor vehicle operators, all other 66 83.6 10.6 5.5 18.6

Locomotive engineers and operators 42 - - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 2 - - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 52 66.7 24.0 3.1 5.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 9 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 45 - - - -

Ship engineers 5 - - - -

Bridge and lock tenders 0 - - - -

Parking lot attendants 83 72.6 19.3 5.7 31.0

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 88 68.9 12.1 13.7 14.5

Transportation inspectors 42 - - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 43 - - - -

Other transportation workers 38 - - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders 2 - - - -

Crane and tower operators 63 90.1 6.3 0.0 10.6

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 28 - - - -

Hoist and winch operators 9 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 571 69.0 25.8 1.7 31.4

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 344 76.1 19.4 1.4 34.8

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,235 72.4 19.8 2.7 23.1

Machine feeders and offbearers 24 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand 628 69.2 19.0 7.7 41.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Pumping station operators 16 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 99 74.0 18.2 3.6 29.7

Mine shuttle car operators 2 - - - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 - - - -

Material moving workers, all other 41 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 157,538 122,441 19,381 10,179 27,805

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.5 1.8 0.3 0.4 2.4

Mining 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5

Construction 7.2 8.2 3.7 2.1 12.4

Manufacturing 10.0 10.2 8.4 10.5 9.5

Durable goods 6.3 6.5 4.9 7.1 5.3

Nondurable goods 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 12.5 12.7 11.9 11.0 12.9

Wholesale trade 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.2

Retail trade 10.3 10.3 10.3 9.2 10.7

Transportation and utilities 5.7 5.2 9.3 4.9 6.1

Information 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.2

Financial activities 6.8 7.0 5.8 7.9 5.0

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Professional and business services 12.4 12.4 10.1 18.5 11.3

Education and health services 22.8 22.1 28.0 22.6 17.4

Leisure and hospitality 9.3 8.9 9.9 9.9 12.7

Other services 4.8 4.8 4.2 6.3 5.5

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.3 3.7 6.0 4.2

Other services, private households 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.2

Public administration 4.6 4.4 6.5 3.3 3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 83,460 66,100 9,145 5,353 15,782

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.1 2.5 0.5 0.6 3.1

Mining 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8

Construction 12.2 13.6 7.3 3.3 20.5

Manufacturing 13.3 13.6 11.8 12.6 11.1

Durable goods 8.9 9.2 7.0 9.2 6.7

Nondurable goods 4.4 4.4 4.8 3.4 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade 13.2 13.3 13.2 11.6 12.8

Wholesale trade 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.1 2.7

Retail trade 10.2 10.1 10.6 9.5 10.1

Transportation and utilities 8.2 7.5 14.0 7.1 8.3

Information 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.8 1.4

Financial activities 6.1 6.2 5.0 8.2 4.2

Professional and business services 13.8 13.5 11.7 21.8 11.6

Education and health services 10.8 10.1 13.8 14.7 7.1

Leisure and hospitality 8.6 8.0 10.4 9.5 11.4

Other services 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.4 4.8

Other services, except private households 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.6

Other services, private households 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Public administration 4.7 4.6 6.2 3.2 2.9

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 74,078 56,341 10,236 4,826 12,023

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.5

Mining 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Construction 1.6 1.8 0.6 0.9 1.8

Manufacturing 6.3 6.2 5.4 8.2 7.4

Durable goods 3.4 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.5

Nondurable goods 2.9 2.9 2.4 3.4 4.0

Wholesale and retail trade 11.8 11.9 10.8 10.3 13.0

Wholesale trade 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.6

Retail trade 10.4 10.5 9.9 8.8 11.4

Transportation and utilities 2.9 2.6 5.1 2.5 3.2

Information 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.0

Financial activities 7.6 7.9 6.6 7.6 6.0

Professional and business services 10.9 11.0 8.6 14.9 10.8

Education and health services 36.2 36.1 40.6 31.2 30.8

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 10.0 9.5 10.3 14.4

Other services 5.5 5.5 4.4 8.4 6.4

Other services, except private households 4.5 4.5 3.5 7.8 3.8

Other services, private households 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.6 2.6

Public administration 4.5 4.1 6.8 3.5 3.6

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total families 82,633 65,082 9,966 5,078 13,281

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in 

thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

With at least one family member employed 67,006 52,435 7,975 4,487 11,721

As a percent of total families 81.1 80.6 80.0 88.4 88.3

With at least one family member unemployed 4,076 2,903 791 206 879

As a percent of total families 4.9 4.5 7.9 4.1 6.6

Some family member(s) employed 2,902 2,139 476 170 650

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 71.2 73.7 60.2 82.4 73.9

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,542 1,871 416 154 568

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 62.4 64.5 52.6 74.6 64.6

Married-couple families(1) 60,300 50,160 4,610 4,105 8,162

With at least one family member employed 48,984 40,276 3,825 3,635 7,348

As a percent of total families 81.2 80.3 83.0 88.6 90.0

With at least one family member unemployed 2,367 1,869 266 154 472

As a percent of total families 3.9 3.7 5.8 3.7 5.8

Some family member(s) employed 1,942 1,525 218 133 387

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 82.1 81.6 81.9 86.3 81.9

Some family member(s) employed full time 1,744 1,365 198 120 347

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 73.7 73.0 74.3 78.1 73.6

Families maintained by women(2) 15,317 9,882 4,118 601 3,335

With at least one family member employed 12,025 7,799 3,152 510 2,760

As a percent of total families 78.5 78.9 76.5 84.8 82.8

With at least one family member unemployed 1,163 677 397 26 260

As a percent of total families 7.6 6.9 9.6 4.3 7.8

Some family member(s) employed 624 390 189 15 164

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 53.7 57.6 47.5 56.0 63.0

Some family member(s) employed full time 506 312 159 12 133

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 43.5 46.0 40.1 47.0 51.0

Families maintained by men(2) 7,016 5,040 1,238 372 1,784

With at least one family member employed 5,998 4,361 998 342 1,613

As a percent of total families 85.5 86.5 80.6 92.0 90.4

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in 

thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Footnotes

(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

With at least one family member unemployed 547 357 128 26 147

As a percent of total families 7.8 7.1 10.3 7.1 8.2

Some family member(s) employed 336 224 70 23 99

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 61.4 62.9 54.5 86.1 67.6

Some family member(s) employed full time 292 194 59 21 87

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 53.4 54.4 46.2 81.6 59.6

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in 

thousands]

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017 56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

2018 56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0

2019 57.0 62.0 52.2 57.0 62.4 51.6 56.4 59.0 54.0 57.7 62.6 53.2 61.3 68.3 53.8

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012 80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017 80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

2018 81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9

2019 81.8 93.4 72.3 82.2 94.1 71.9 81.7 88.6 77.6 78.5 93.8 65.8 78.0 93.8 64.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017 82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

2018 83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7

2019 83.6 92.0 76.8 84.1 92.9 76.6 82.7 86.3 80.7 81.2 92.1 72.3 80.2 92.6 70.2

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017 78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

2018 78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5

2019 79.4 95.0 66.4 79.6 95.6 65.8 80.5 91.2 73.8 75.3 95.7 57.4 75.2 95.2 58.1

With children under 3 years

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2012 76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016 76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017 77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

2018 76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

2019 78.0 95.2 63.5 78.5 95.9 63.1 79.1 91.4 71.1 72.6 95.7 52.2 74.0 95.5 55.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual 

averages [Percent]

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

2018 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1

2019 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 6.1 6.6 5.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.3 4.0 4.7

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016 8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017 7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

2018 6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

2019 6.1 6.5 5.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 5.3 5.4 5.2

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,001 4,159 1,251 280 1,248

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 34.8 36.6 29.0 32.6 37.2

5 to 14 weeks 29.8 29.8 30.4 30.9 29.7

15 to 26 weeks 14.3 14.1 14.9 14.0 14.4

27 weeks and over 21.1 19.6 25.7 22.4 18.6

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 21.6 20.2 25.3 23.1 20.1

Median duration, in weeks 9.1 8.6 10.8 9.7 8.6

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,227 2,266 645 149 657

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 33.7 35.2 28.1 33.9 37.9

5 to 14 weeks 29.2 29.4 28.9 28.6 28.8

15 to 26 weeks 14.5 14.0 16.1 14.6 14.2

27 weeks and over 22.5 21.4 26.9 22.9 19.2

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 22.5 21.3 26.4 21.8 19.1

Median duration, in weeks 9.6 9.1 11.7 9.8 8.5

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 2,774 1,893 607 132 591

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 36.0 38.2 30.1 31.1 36.5

5 to 14 weeks 30.5 30.2 31.9 33.5 30.7

15 to 26 weeks 14.1 14.1 13.7 13.4 14.8

27 weeks and over 19.4 17.5 24.3 22.0 18.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 20.5 18.9 24.1 24.5 21.1

Median duration, in weeks 8.6 8.0 10.2 9.6 8.7

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Footnotes

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,001 4,159 1,251 280 1,248

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 46.4 48.2 43.2 41.3 47.1

On temporary layoff 13.7 16.0 7.7 8.6 16.8

Not on temporary layoff 32.7 32.2 35.5 32.8 30.3

Permanent job losers 22.4 22.7 22.4 23.1 18.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs 10.3 9.4 13.1 9.7 11.7

Job leavers 13.6 13.7 13.2 14.7 11.2

Reentrants 30.2 29.0 33.1 28.2 29.9

New entrants 9.8 9.1 10.5 15.8 11.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,227 2,266 645 149 657

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 49.9 52.2 44.9 44.2 53.4

On temporary layoff 14.8 17.4 7.4 8.5 20.0

Not on temporary layoff 35.1 34.7 37.5 35.7 33.4

Permanent job losers 23.5 24.1 22.5 25.9 20.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs 11.6 10.6 15.0 9.8 12.9

Job leavers 13.8 13.6 13.3 18.6 11.4

Reentrants 26.4 25.0 30.6 23.1 25.0

New entrants 9.9 9.2 11.2 14.1 10.2

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 2,774 1,893 607 132 591

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 42.4 43.5 41.4 38.1 40.1

On temporary layoff 12.4 14.4 8.1 8.6 13.3

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Not on temporary layoff 29.9 29.1 33.3 29.5 26.8

Permanent job losers 21.1 21.1 22.3 19.9 16.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs 8.9 8.0 11.0 9.6 10.5

Job leavers 13.3 13.7 13.2 10.3 11.0

Reentrants 34.6 33.8 35.7 33.9 35.3

New entrants 9.7 9.0 9.7 17.7 13.5

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older 163,539 95,636 5,043 1,959 1,403 382 1,021 90,593

16 to 24 years 21,092 16,656 1,503 620 391 86 306 15,153

25 to 54 years 104,180 22,102 2,078 921 669 193 476 20,023

55 years and older 38,267 56,879 1,462 418 343 103 240 55,417

Men, 16 years and older 86,687 38,667 2,415 984 742 239 503 36,252

16 to 24 years 10,740 8,235 810 327 217 53 163 7,425

25 to 54 years 55,531 6,773 904 451 351 127 224 5,868

55 years and older 20,416 23,659 700 206 174 59 115 22,959

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

Women, 16 years and older 76,852 56,970 2,629 975 661 143 519 54,341

16 to 24 years 10,352 8,420 693 293 175 32 142 7,728

25 to 54 years 48,648 15,329 1,174 470 318 66 252 14,155

55 years and older 17,851 33,221 762 212 169 44 125 32,458

White

Total, 16 years and older 126,600 74,227 3,487 1,322 942 241 701 70,741

16 to 24 years 15,989 11,685 1,049 433 263 57 205 10,636

25 to 54 years 79,027 15,866 1,336 579 420 107 313 14,530

55 years and older 31,584 46,676 1,102 311 259 77 182 45,574

Men, 16 years and older 68,367 29,853 1,677 662 501 151 350 28,177

16 to 24 years 8,260 5,736 565 226 145 35 110 5,172

25 to 54 years 42,920 4,618 568 273 216 69 147 4,050

55 years and older 17,187 19,499 543 163 141 47 93 18,956

Women, 16 years and older 58,233 44,374 1,810 661 441 90 351 42,564

16 to 24 years 7,729 5,949 484 207 118 22 95 5,465

25 to 54 years 36,106 11,248 768 306 204 38 166 10,481

55 years and older 14,398 27,177 559 148 119 30 89 26,618

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 20,632 12,404 975 418 320 111 209 11,429

16 to 24 years 2,927 2,639 263 120 90 23 68 2,377

25 to 54 years 13,861 3,456 462 227 173 69 104 2,994

55 years and older 3,844 6,309 251 71 56 19 37 6,058

Men, 16 years and older 9,790 5,312 470 217 171 70 102 4,843

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

16 to 24 years 1,398 1,322 149 69 53 15 38 1,173

25 to 54 years 6,635 1,383 215 121 97 46 51 1,168

55 years and older 1,757 2,607 106 27 21 9 13 2,501

Women, 16 years and older 10,842 7,092 506 201 148 41 107 6,586

16 to 24 years 1,529 1,317 114 52 37 8 30 1,204

25 to 54 years 7,227 2,073 247 106 76 23 53 1,826

55 years and older 2,087 3,701 144 43 35 11 24 3,557

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 10,460 5,891 315 119 69 17 52 5,577

16 to 24 years 941 1,390 82 24 10 2 8 1,307

25 to 54 years 7,479 1,824 164 71 42 11 31 1,660

55 years and older 2,040 2,677 68 23 17 4 13 2,609

Men, 16 years and older 5,502 2,164 136 57 34 11 23 2,028

16 to 24 years 446 704 42 13 7 2 5 663

25 to 54 years 3,989 434 65 34 21 8 13 369

55 years and older 1,067 1,026 29 10 7 1 6 997

Women, 16 years and older 4,958 3,727 179 62 35 6 29 3,548

16 to 24 years 496 685 41 12 4 1 3 645

25 to 54 years 3,490 1,390 99 36 22 3 19 1,292

55 years and older 972 1,651 39 14 10 2 7 1,612

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 29,053 14,454 1,025 382 282 77 205 13,429

16 to 24 years 4,756 3,993 365 152 103 19 85 3,628

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Footnotes

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, 

employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

25 to 54 years 20,076 4,985 462 175 131 38 93 4,523

55 years and older 4,221 5,475 197 55 47 20 27 5,278

Men, 16 years and older 16,439 5,221 450 183 141 47 94 4,771

16 to 24 years 2,532 1,889 180 75 54 11 43 1,710

25 to 54 years 11,520 1,229 166 78 62 24 38 1,064

55 years and older 2,387 2,102 105 30 25 12 13 1,998

Women, 16 years and older 12,614 9,232 574 199 141 30 111 8,658

16 to 24 years 2,223 2,104 185 76 50 8 42 1,919

25 to 54 years 8,557 3,756 297 97 69 14 55 3,460

55 years and older 1,834 3,372 93 25 22 8 14 3,280

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018 886 916 694 1,095 680

2019 917 945 735 1,174 706

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019 1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

2018 789 817 654 937 617

2019 821 840 704 1,025 642

Women's earnings as

a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019 81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Footnotes

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $969 $995 $769 $1,232 $734

Less than a high school diploma 592 604 536 538 583

High school graduates, no college(1) 746 778 635 683 693

Some college, no degree 833 869 712 846 765

Associate's degree 887 922 733 838 799

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,367 1,380 1,110 1,579 1,155

Men, 25 years and older 1,070 1,107 814 1,373 781

Less than a high school diploma 644 658 575 616 622

High school graduates, no college(1) 844 888 696 739 761

Some college, no degree 967 1,003 780 932 863

Associate's degree 1,023 1,081 802 939 922

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,573 1,612 1,144 1,823 1,290

Women, 25 years and older 865 883 735 1,082 675

Less than a high school diploma 494 497 478 487 493

High school graduates, no college(1) 633 653 586 607 593

Some college, no degree 717 735 645 765 677

Associate's degree 763 781 688 789 737

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,195 1,197 1,077 1,416 1,044

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $917 $945 $735 $1,174 $706

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,309 1,319 1,067 1,625 1,097

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,415 1,430 1,191 1,669 1,124

Management occupations 1,478 1,498 1,268 1,874 1,150

Business and financial operations occupations 1,285 1,295 1,120 1,520 1,036

Professional and related occupations 1,237 1,237 1,011 1,602 1,083

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,579 1,567 1,134 1,855 1,340

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,550 1,549 1,483 1,696 1,386

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,334 1,311 1,236 1,546 1,142

Community and social services occupations 968 998 904 1,128 928

Legal occupations 1,562 1,614 1,262 1,752 1,253

Education, training, and library occupations 1,057 1,065 963 1,245 942

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,151 1,150 1,058 1,322 902

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,180 1,196 955 1,525 1,079

Service occupations 592 602 556 607 561

Healthcare support occupations 591 603 566 626 581

Protective service occupations 900 992 692 989 851

Food preparation and serving related occupations 522 521 503 595 521

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 580 590 522 592 551

Personal care and service occupations 565 574 515 591 535

Sales and office occupations 758 775 672 801 676

Sales and related occupations 830 878 649 810 658

Office and administrative support occupations 732 739 683 796 684

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 869 877 805 947 713

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 574 573 586 545 543

Construction and extraction occupations 866 877 783 970 726

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 939 957 853 976 834

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 727 755 660 666 646

Production occupations 745 775 647 675 644

Transportation and material-moving occupations 711 729 668 652 648

Men, 16 years and older $1,007 $1,036 $769 $1,336 $747

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,539 1,549 1,174 1,851 1,251

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,598 1,626 1,351 1,907 1,240

Management occupations 1,659 1,671 1,407 2,067 1,268

Business and financial operations occupations 1,468 1,493 1,170 1,700 1,135

Professional and related occupations 1,493 1,495 1,129 1,795 1,262

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,658 1,644 1,170 1,905 1,374

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,589 1,588 1,485 1,782 1,446

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,447 1,437 1,152 1,627 1,181

Community and social services occupations 1,064 1,137 910 1,198 1,068

Legal occupations 1,999 2,081 1,330 2,194 1,568

Education, training, and library occupations 1,265 1,290 1,088 1,440 1,192

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,231 1,238 1,039 1,500 958

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,422 1,444 1,118 1,635 1,216

Service occupations 659 685 597 668 604

Healthcare support occupations 639 662 595 883 565

Protective service occupations 953 1,027 745 1,034 852

Food preparation and serving related occupations 576 572 538 624 564

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 618 635 563 606 598

Personal care and service occupations 624 638 597 617 661

Sales and office occupations 874 931 689 843 732

Sales and related occupations 982 1,037 763 844 774

Office and administrative support occupations 771 812 655 843 708

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 881 887 820 933 723

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 593 594 643 496 563

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Construction and extraction occupations 873 880 794 962 730

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 943 962 859 936 829

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 780 806 699 712 696

Production occupations 814 847 703 737 709

Transportation and material-moving occupations 747 768 696 678 686

Women, 16 years and older $821 $840 $704 $1,025 $642

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,135 1,134 989 1,458 966

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,221 1,220 1,117 1,499 982

Management occupations 1,266 1,267 1,147 1,538 998

Business and financial operations occupations 1,148 1,139 1,056 1,441 950

Professional and related occupations 1,085 1,084 944 1,441 957

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,353 1,290 987 1,627 1,159

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,339 1,263 1,479 1,466 1,138

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,237 1,220 1,271 1,365 1,083

Community and social services occupations 941 962 902 963 901

Legal occupations 1,266 1,251 1,261 1,554 1,139

Education, training, and library occupations 987 994 914 1,159 867

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,077 1,058 1,135 1,239 840

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,130 1,140 929 1,484 1,041

Service occupations 537 540 523 576 511

Healthcare support occupations 585 597 559 605 584

Protective service occupations 731 843 616 934 848

Food preparation and serving related occupations 492 493 477 538 486

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 502 505 493 545 493

Personal care and service occupations 531 541 495 573 508

Sales and office occupations 713 719 664 779 643

Sales and related occupations 677 708 582 770 582

Office and administrative support occupations 721 722 696 782 670

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 614 610 603 1,179 523

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 513 507 561 815 504

Construction and extraction occupations 711 731 593 1,513 618

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 850 857 784 1,090 948

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 593 596 592 592 530

Production occupations 596 605 575 599 546

Transportation and material-moving occupations 586 573 617 574 509

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

•

•

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of 

the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily 

absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are 

counted as employed.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if 

they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period 

ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need 

not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as 

unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks 

they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median 

duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The 

reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) 

permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people 

who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking 

for work.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

•

•

Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria 

described above.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

The labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian 

noninstitutional population.

The employment––population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian 

noninstitutional population.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the 

labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had 

looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that 

no jobs were available for them.

Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and 

industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 

Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and 

the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, 

Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 

are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, 

people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian 

Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both 

individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more 

Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 

people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too 

small to develop estimates of publication quality.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or 

Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report 

presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and 

South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional 

categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American 

(excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of 
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

•

•

•

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.3

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, 

or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than 

weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived 

by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more 

than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary 

workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the 

median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide 

interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval 

in which the median lies.

A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such 

people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: 

the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for 

“primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. 

Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with 

one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a samesex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, 

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and 

all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.4
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

1 Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and 

industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; 

see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population 

Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

3 See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is 

available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey 

Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 

2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.