Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov         USDL 01-78
Technical information: (202) 691-5654          For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902                  Thursday, April 5, 2001 



INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, REVISED DATA FOR 1999

   Labor productivity in manufacturing increased in 1999 in 10 of 
the 11 countries for which comparable data were available, according to 
revised data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of 
Labor.  The productivity increase in the United States was the highest 
among the countries compared, 6.6 percent.  The next largest increases 
were in the United Kingdom and France.  The productivity increase in 
Belgium was slight, and there was no change in productivity in Norway.  
(See chart 1.)

   This release presents revisions to the data contained in a news 
release (USDL 00-295) issued Oct. 17, 2000.  The output series for U.S. 
manufacturing used for international comparisons differs from the 
manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity 
and costs.  Labor productivity for this release is computed as value 
added output per hour worked.  (See technical notes.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1999

-2-

   Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce 
one unit of output - are computed as the ratio of labor costs in 
nominal terms divided by real output.  Unit labor costs also can be 
expressed as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity.  
An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of 
labor input used to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in 
productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its 
effect on unit labor costs.

   Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency 
units, declined in 7 of the 14 countries compared in 1999 and rose in 
6.  Unit labor costs in the United Kingdom were unchanged.  The United 
States had a decline of 2.4 percent.  The largest declines occurred in 
Korea (-4.3 percent) and Japan (-3.8 percent). The largest increases 
were in Denmark (6.0 percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). (See table A.)

   In order to assess international competitiveness trends in 
manufactured products properly, changes in exchange rates must be taken 
into account.  Converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates, unit 
labor costs increased in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan in 1999.  Denmark and 
Norway showed increased unit labor costs that were smaller than those 
in national currency units.  All the other countries experienced 
declines.  (See chart 2.)

   The increase in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in Japan, Korea, 
and Taiwan occurred because the exchange rates of their currencies 
strengthened against the U.S. dollar during 1999.  The exchange rates 
of all the other currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar.  (See 
table A.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar 
basis), 1999

-3-

   Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit 
labor costs, and related variables between 1998 and 1999.  Output and 
unit labor cost data are presented for 14 economies.  Comparable 
productivity data are not shown for Korea, Taiwan, and Denmark.  (See 
technical notes.)  Labor productivity rose or remained unchanged for 
all 11 countries.  In Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium, 
output per hour rose because output increased more than hours.  Except 
for the U.K., all countries with positive productivity growth 
experienced an increase in output and a decrease in hours.  The U.K. 
growth in productivity was the result of a decline in hours worked 
while output remained unchanged.  Norway's unchanged productivity was 
due to equal decreases in hours worked and in output.

   Unit labor costs measured in national currency are affected by 
the degree and direction of change in both hourly compensation and 
productivity.  Of the 11 countries for which hours worked series are 
available, all, except Norway and Japan, showed an increase in both 
hourly compensation and labor productivity in 1999.  In Germany, Italy, 
the Netherlands, and Belgium, hourly compensation grew more than 
productivity, resulting in increases in unit labor costs.  In Norway, 
an increase in hourly compensation combined with unchanged productivity 
resulted in a rise in unit labor costs.  In the United Kingdom, hourly 
compensation and productivity increased at approximately the same rate.  
In the U.S., Canada, France, and Sweden, productivity growth was 
greater than the rise in hourly compensation, causing unit labor costs 
to decline.

Table A.  Manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs in 14 countries or areas
Percent change, 1998-99

                     Output                                           Total    Hourly    Unit labor costs
Country                 per                      Employ-   Average  compen-   compen-   National      U.S.  Exchange
or area                hour    Output    Hours      ment     hours   sation    sation   currency   dollars   rate (1)


United States          6.6       5.7     - 0.8     - 1.6       0.8       3.2       4.0     - 2.4     - 2.4       ---

Canada                 2.4       6.2       3.8       2.9       0.9       5.5       1.7     - 0.7     - 0.9     - 0.1
Japan                  3.8       0.8     - 2.9     - 2.7     - 0.2     - 3.0     - 0.2     - 3.8      10.8      15.2
Korea (2)               NA      21.8        NA        NA        NA      16.5        NA     - 4.3      12.6      17.7
Taiwan (2)              NA       6.7        NA        NA        NA       4.0        NA     - 2.5       1.2       3.8
Belgium                0.1       1.2       1.1     - 1.0       2.1       1.5       0.4       0.3     - 3.8     - 4.1
Denmark                 NA     - 3.3        NA     - 2.1        NA       2.5        NA       6.0       1.6     - 4.1
France                 4.0       2.5     - 1.4       0.2     - 1.7       2.3       3.8     - 0.1     - 4.3     - 4.2

Germany (unified)      1.2       0.4     - 0.8     - 0.4     - 0.4       0.9       1.7       0.5     - 3.7     - 4.2
Italy                  1.7       1.0     - 0.7     - 0.3     - 0.4       2.1       2.8       1.1     - 3.4     - 4.4
Netherlands            2.2       3.1       0.8       0.8       0.0       4.0       3.1       0.8     - 3.3     - 4.1
Norway                 0.0     - 3.0     - 3.0     - 2.6     - 0.4       2.5       5.7       5.7       2.3     - 3.3
Sweden                 3.0       4.2       1.2       1.0       0.2       3.7       2.5     - 0.5     - 4.4     - 3.9
United Kingdom         4.5       0.0     - 4.3     - 3.7     - 0.6       0.0       4.5       0.0     - 2.4     - 2.4

(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
(2)  Productivity not available because suitable labor input measures have not been developed by BLS.

NA=Not Available

   Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours 
worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the 
specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production.


-4-

Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new 
technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and 
managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force.

   Table B (pages 7-11) shows average annual percent changes for 
selected periods, beginning in 1979.  Annual indexes of the data are in 
tables 1-15 (pages 17-31).

BOX: Notes about the measures

The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as 
of March 2001.  Revisions for 1999 and earlier years were made to the 
measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the 
time of the October 2000 news release.

U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-
weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value 
added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. 
Department of Commerce, in August 1996.  This series is based on 
annually changing price weights.

The United States output data used in this report were released by BEA 
in December 2000.  They include new estimates of GDP by industry for 
1999 and revised estimates for 1997-98.  The data for 1997-98 reflect 
the annual revision of the national income and product accounts 
released in August 2000 and newly available source data.  The estimates 
are described in the Survey of Current Business, Vol. 80, No. 11, 
December 2000.

The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from 
the manufacturing series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of 
U.S. productivity and costs.  While both series are based on annually-
changing price weights, the international comparisons program uses a 
value added output concept, while the quarterly U.S. manufacturing 
series is on a sectoral output basis.  For information on the 
differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, 
see technical notes.

Germany (unified)
Time series data for the whole of Germany, beginning with 1991, are 
published by the German Federal Statistical Office.  For years prior to 
1991, only data for the former West Germany are available.  Comparative 
indexes for the former West Germany also are included in this report 
for historical comparison purposes, although the data for West Germany 
end with 1998 and have not been updated or revised.

New measures of National Accounts
Member states of the European Union are implementing the European 
System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95).  Some other countries 
are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United 
Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based.  Revisions to date due to 
these conversions to new systems are incorporated in this news release.

END OF BOX (Notes about the measures)

-5-

Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input

   U.S. output per hour in manufacturing increased 6.6 percent in 
1999, the largest increase among all countries compared, as well as the 
largest U.S. increase since 1987 and twice the average annual increase 
between 1979 and 1999. (See tables B and 1.)

   Only two countries-Belgium and Norway-experienced lower 
productivity change in 1999 than in 1998.  In the Netherlands, 
productivity growth for 1999 was the same as in 1998. (See table B.)

   For the 1979-1999 period, productivity grew on an annual average 
basis in all 10 countries for which these data are available.  The rate 
of increase ranged from 3.8 percent per year for Belgium to 1.4 percent 
per year for Norway.  Canada was the only country other than Norway 
that experienced productivity growth (2.1 percent per year) below 3.0 
percent per year. (See table B.)

   In 1999, manufacturing output in the U.S. grew 5.7 percent.  
Manufacturing output also increased in all the other countries, except 
Denmark, Norway, and the U.K.  Korean output grew by 21.8 percent in 
1999, after declining 7.4 percent in 1998.  Increases in other 
countries in 1999 ranged from 6.7 percent (Taiwan) to 0.4 percent 
(Germany).  Japanese output grew by 0.8 percent, after dropping 5.9 
percent in 1998.  Manufacturing output in Denmark and Norway declined 
in 1999, after increasing in 1998.  Output in the U.K. was unchanged in 
1999. (See table B.)

   During 1979-99, manufacturing output increased at an average 
annual rate in all the countries compared;  the lowest gain was 0.4 
percent per year in Norway, and the highest was 8.9 percent per year in 
Korea.  Seven countries increased output growth above the 1979-1999 
annual average, while six countries' output growth was slower than the 
average. (See table B.)

   In 1999, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 7 of the 
11 countries for which comparable hours data were available and rose in 
4.  The largest declines were in the U.K. (-4.3 percent) and Norway (-
3.0 percent).  U.S. hours fell 0.8 percent, the second consecutive year 
that U.S. manufacturing hours declined.  Hours worked in Canada 
increased 3.8 percent in 1999.  Hours also rose in Belgium, the 
Netherlands, and Sweden. (See table B.)

   Total hours worked in manufacturing declined between 1979 and 
1999 in all countries for which hours data are available, except 
Canada.  Canadian hours worked rose at an average rate of 0.3 percent 
per year during the 1979-99 period and have been increasing at a 
quicker rate over the last four years.  For the other countries, the 
average 1979-99 declines in hours ranged from 2.4 percent per year in 
the U.K. to 0.4 percent per year in the U.S. (See table B.)

-6-

Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs

   Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased in 1999 in all the 
countries for which hours worked data were available, except Japan.  
The largest increases occurred in Norway (5.7 percent), the U.K. (4.5 
percent), and the U.S. (4.0 percent).  In Japan, hourly compensation 
declined 0.2 percent in 1999. (See table B.)

   A percent change in unit labor costs can be expressed 
approximately as a percent change in hourly compensation minus a 
percent change in labor productivity.  Therefore, an increase in unit 
labor costs indicates that labor compensation is rising faster than 
productivity, while the inverse is true for declining unit labor costs.  
Based on this relationship, table B shows that, for the pre-1990 
periods of comparison for all countries, average annual increases in 
hourly compensation in national currency surpassed average annual 
increases in labor productivity.  However, U.S. unit labor costs have 
declined at an average annual rate of 0.4 percent since 1990, going 
down in three of the last four years.  In 1999, unit labor costs 
decreased 2.4 percent, as productivity increased 6.6 percent and hourly 
compensation increased 4.0 percent. (See table B.)

   In 1999, unit labor costs, expressed in national currency units, 
declined in seven of the countries compared, increased in six, and were 
unchanged in the U.K.  The biggest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 
percent) and Japan (-3.8 percent);  the largest increases were in 
Denmark (6.0 percent) and Norway (5.7 percent).  While unit labor costs 
in Korea have declined for 3 consecutive years, those in the 
Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway have risen for 4, 5, and 20 
consecutive years, respectively.  U.S. unit labor costs decreased 2.4 
percent in 1999, following a small rise in 1998 and declines in 1997 
and 1996.  Only four other countries besides the U.S.-Japan, Belgium, 
France, and Sweden-experienced declines in unit labor costs over the 
1990s, measured in their own currencies. (See tables B and 9.)

   For the last several years, the U.S. dollar has strengthened 
against the currencies of most of the countries being compared.  During 
1999, all the European currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar, 
from 2.4 to 4.4 percent.  The Canadian dollar also lost ground to the 
U.S. dollar.  However, the currencies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan 
appreciated in value during 1999.  The Japanese yen rose by 15.2 
percent, the Korean won by 17.7 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar by 
3.8 percent. (See tables B and 11.)

   Movements in the currency markets had a noticeable effect on 
comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars.  The 
strengthening of currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan against the 
dollar in 1999 caused unit labor costs in these countries to rise when 
expressed in U.S. dollars, while decreasing in terms of their own 
currencies.  The increases were 12.6 percent in Korea, 10.8 percent in 
Japan, and 1.2 percent in Taiwan. (See table B.)

   Unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 1999 in 
Belgium (-3.8 percent), Germany (-3.7 percent), Italy (-3.4 percent), 
and the Netherlands (-3.3 percent), while increasing in terms of their 
national currencies. (See table B.)


-7-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99    1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Output per hour

United States          3.3       3.5       2.4       3.8       2.8       3.6       4.6       6.6

Canada                 2.1       3.3       0.7       2.1      -1.3       3.0      -0.3       2.4
Japan                  3.6       3.5       4.3       3.2       4.6       4.2       0.2       3.8
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                3.8       6.0       2.2       3.2       3.4       8.3       1.6       0.1
Denmark                NA        2.1       0.5       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                 3.4       3.0       3.4       3.6       0.5       6.6       1.1       4.0

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        2.1       4.9       0.0       1.2
Italy                  3.0       4.6       2.3       2.2       0.2       1.9      -0.4       1.7
Netherlands            3.1       4.4       2.1       2.9       1.7       1.8       2.2       2.2
Norway                 1.4       2.4       1.4       0.8       0.1       0.9       0.9       0.0
Sweden                 3.4       3.1       1.9       4.5       2.1       6.8       2.8       3.0
United Kingdom         3.2       4.1       4.1       2.2      -1.9       0.7      -0.1       4.5


Output

United States          2.9       2.2       2.5       3.7       2.4       5.4       4.3       5.7

Canada                 2.4       1.8       2.0       3.0       1.4       6.9       3.9       6.2
Japan                  2.8       4.7       4.8       0.4       4.2       3.4      -5.9       0.8
Korea                  8.9       8.3      12.2       7.5       6.8       6.6      -7.4      21.8
Taiwan                 6.5       8.2       7.0       5.2       4.8       6.7       3.3       6.7
Belgium                2.2       2.6       2.5       1.7       2.4       6.7       2.2       1.2
Denmark                1.2       2.9      -0.2       0.9      -4.3       2.6       2.5      -3.3
France                 1.2      -0.4       2.6       1.6      -0.3       4.9       1.6       2.5

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.9       3.4       1.5       0.4
Italy                  1.9       1.4       3.6       1.2      -1.4       2.5       1.8       1.0
Netherlands            2.2       1.8       3.1       1.9       0.5       2.6       3.3       3.1
Norway                 0.4       0.6      -1.6       1.4       1.1       5.1       1.6      -3.0
Sweden                 2.6       2.2       1.4       3.5       2.1       5.8       4.3       4.2
United Kingdom         0.7      -1.2       3.4       0.5       0.4       1.3       0.5       0.0

                                                            Continued on next page

-8-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99    1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Total hours

United States         -0.4      -1.2       0.0      -0.1      -0.3       1.7      -0.3      -0.8

Canada                 0.3      -1.5       1.3       0.9       2.8       3.8       4.2       3.8
Japan                 -0.8       1.1       0.5      -2.7      -0.4      -0.8      -6.1      -2.9
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium               -1.5      -3.2       0.4      -1.5      -1.0      -1.5       0.6       1.1
Denmark                NA        0.8      -0.6       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                -2.1      -3.3      -0.8      -2.0      -0.7      -1.6       0.5      -1.4

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -4.9      -1.5       1.4      -0.8
Italy                 -1.0      -3.0       1.3      -1.0      -1.6       0.7       2.3      -0.7
Netherlands           -1.0      -2.5       1.0      -1.0      -1.2       0.8       1.1       0.8
Norway                -1.0      -1.8      -2.9       0.6       1.0       4.1       0.8      -3.0
Sweden                -0.8      -0.8      -0.5      -0.9       0.0      -1.0       1.4       1.2
United Kingdom        -2.4      -5.1      -0.6      -1.7       2.4       0.6       0.6      -4.3


Employment

United States         -0.6      -1.4      -0.1      -0.3      -0.3       1.0       0.7      -1.6

Canada                 0.1      -1.3       1.2       0.5       2.3       2.7       4.8       2.9
Japan                 -0.2       1.2       0.8      -1.7      -0.9      -0.2      -4.1      -2.7
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium               -1.6      -2.6      -0.3      -1.6      -1.4      -1.5       0.4      -1.0
Denmark               -0.1       1.0      -0.2      -0.9       0.2      -0.8       0.7      -2.1
France                -1.7      -2.3      -0.9      -1.8      -0.9      -2.1       0.2       0.2

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.7      -1.5       0.4      -0.4
Italy                 -1.2      -2.9       0.3      -0.8      -0.8       0.3       2.5      -0.3
Netherlands           -0.8      -2.2       1.2      -0.9      -1.1       1.2       1.3       0.8
Norway                -0.9      -1.8      -2.7       0.6       1.6       4.3       0.6      -2.6
Sweden                -1.5      -1.2      -0.8      -2.0      -0.3      -1.1       1.2       1.0
United Kingdom        -2.4      -4.8      -0.8      -1.7       1.8       0.6       0.7      -3.7

                                                            Continued on next page

-9-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99    1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Average hours

United States          0.2       0.2       0.1       0.3       0.0       0.7      -1.0       0.8

Canada                 0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.3       0.5       1.1      -0.6       0.9
Japan                 -0.5       0.0      -0.3      -1.0       0.6      -0.6      -2.1      -0.2
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                0.0      -0.6       0.7       0.1       0.4       0.1       0.2       2.1
Denmark                NA       -0.3      -0.5       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                -0.4      -1.0       0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.5       0.3      -1.7

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.3       0.0       1.0      -0.4
Italy                  0.1      -0.1       1.0      -0.2      -0.8       0.4      -0.2      -0.4
Netherlands           -0.2      -0.3      -0.2      -0.1      -0.1      -0.4      -0.2       0.0
Norway                -0.1       0.0      -0.2       0.0      -0.5      -0.2       0.1      -0.4
Sweden                 0.7       0.4       0.3       1.1       0.2       0.1       0.2       0.2
United Kingdom         0.0      -0.3       0.2       0.1       0.6       0.0      -0.1      -0.6


Labor compensation in manufacturing 2/:  National currency basis

United States          4.2       5.8       3.9       3.3       1.0       3.7       5.0       3.2

Canada                 5.3       7.5       5.6       3.7       1.9       6.9       7.1       5.5
Japan                  3.0       5.9       5.1       0.0       0.4       2.6      -3.7      -3.0
Korea                 15.1      18.7      19.7      10.4      12.2      -2.2      -9.4      16.5
Taiwan                 9.9      15.9      10.7       5.6       4.2       5.0       4.8       4.0
Belgium                3.0       4.7       4.0       1.4       0.6       1.9       2.1       1.5
Denmark                5.0       9.0       4.6       2.6       2.9       3.7       3.3       2.5
France                 4.1       9.1       3.6       1.1       0.9       0.9       2.2       2.3

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -0.3       0.5       2.3       0.9
Italy                  7.5      13.0       8.2       3.6       5.0       4.9       0.4       2.1
Netherlands            2.6       2.3       3.1       2.5       1.1       3.4       4.2       4.0
Norway                 5.7       8.0       4.7       4.8       5.1       8.7       7.2       2.5
Sweden                 6.0       8.9       7.9       3.2       7.3       3.4       5.7       3.7
United Kingdom         5.0       5.9       8.1       2.7       2.5       3.6       4.5       0.0

                                                            Continued on next page

-10-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99    1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Hourly compensation 2/:  National currency basis

United States          4.6       7.2       3.9       3.3       1.3       1.9       5.3       4.0

Canada                 5.0       9.1       4.2       2.8      -0.9       3.0       2.8       1.7
Japan                  3.8       4.7       4.6       2.8       0.8       3.4       2.5      -0.2
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                4.6       8.1       3.7       2.9       1.6       3.4       1.4       0.4
Denmark                NA        8.1       5.3       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                 6.3      12.8       4.5       3.1       1.7       2.5       1.7       3.8

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        4.8       2.0       0.9       1.7
Italy                  8.6      16.6       6.8       4.6       6.7       4.2      -1.9       2.8
Netherlands            3.6       5.0       2.1       3.5       2.3       2.6       3.1       3.1
Norway                 6.8      10.0       7.8       4.2       4.1       4.4       6.3       5.7
Sweden                 6.9       9.8       8.4       4.2       7.4       4.4       4.2       2.5
United Kingdom         7.6      11.6       8.8       4.4       0.1       2.9       3.9       4.5


Unit labor costs:  National currency basis

United States          1.2       3.6       1.4      -0.4      -1.4      -1.6       0.7      -2.4

Canada                 2.8       5.6       3.5       0.7       0.4      -0.1       3.1      -0.7
Japan                  0.2       1.1       0.3      -0.5      -3.7      -0.8       2.3      -3.8
Korea                  5.7       9.6       6.7       2.6       5.1      -8.3      -2.1      -4.3
Taiwan                 3.2       7.2       3.5       0.4      -0.5      -1.6       1.4      -2.5
Belgium                0.8       2.0       1.5      -0.3      -1.7      -4.5      -0.2       0.3
Denmark                3.7       5.9       4.8       1.7       7.6       1.1       0.8       6.0
France                 2.8       9.5       1.0      -0.5       1.2      -3.9       0.6      -0.1

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        2.6      -2.8       0.9       0.5
Italy                  5.5      11.4       4.4       2.3       6.5       2.3      -1.4       1.1
Netherlands            0.4       0.5       0.0       0.6       0.6       0.9       0.9       0.8
Norway                 5.3       7.4       6.4       3.3       4.0       3.5       5.4       5.7
Sweden                 3.4       6.5       6.4      -0.3       5.2      -2.3       1.3      -0.5
United Kingdom         4.2       7.2       4.5       2.2       2.1       2.2       4.0       0.0

                                                            Continued on next page

-11-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99    1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis

United States          1.2       3.6       1.4      -0.4      -1.4      -1.6       0.7      -2.4

Canada                 1.6       2.9       6.8      -2.0       1.1      -1.6      -3.8      -0.9
Japan                  3.5      -0.3      10.8       2.2     -16.8     -10.8      -5.4      10.8
Korea                  1.1      -0.5      10.9      -3.1       0.8     -22.3     -33.5      12.6
Taiwan                 3.7       5.4      12.0      -1.6      -4.0      -6.0     -13.0       1.2
Belgium               -0.5      -9.3      13.8      -1.7      -6.5     -17.4      -1.5      -3.8
Denmark                2.2      -5.8      16.7       0.3       3.9     -11.3      -0.6       1.6
France                 0.9      -3.3      11.7      -1.8      -1.4     -15.8      -0.5      -4.3

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.4     -15.7      -0.6      -3.7
Italy                  1.4      -3.0      14.6      -2.3      12.5      -7.4      -3.3      -3.4
Netherlands            0.3      -7.6      12.8      -0.8      -4.3     -12.9      -0.7      -3.3
Norway                 3.0      -1.7      13.3       0.8       2.0      -5.7      -1.1       2.3
Sweden                 0.0      -5.2      14.7      -3.9      11.9     -14.2      -2.6      -4.4
United Kingdom         2.8      -1.3      11.4       1.1       1.0       7.3       5.2      -2.4


Exchange rates 3/

United States         ---       ---       ---       ---       ---       ---       ---       ---

Canada                -1.2      -2.5       3.2      -2.6       0.6      -1.5      -6.7      -0.1
Japan                  3.3      -1.5      10.5       2.7     -13.6     -10.1      -7.6      15.2
Korea                 -4.4      -9.2       3.9      -5.6      -4.0     -15.3     -32.1      17.7
Taiwan                 0.5      -1.7       8.2      -2.0      -3.5      -4.5     -14.2       3.8
Belgium               -1.3     -11.1      12.2      -1.4      -4.8     -13.5      -1.4      -4.1
Denmark               -1.4     -11.0      11.4      -1.3      -3.5     -12.2      -1.4      -4.1
France                -1.8     -11.7      10.5      -1.4      -2.5     -12.4      -1.0      -4.2

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -4.8     -13.3      -1.4      -4.2
Italy                 -3.8     -12.9       9.8      -4.5       5.6      -9.5      -1.9      -4.4
Netherlands           -0.2      -8.0      12.7      -1.4      -4.9     -13.6      -1.6      -4.1
Norway                -2.1      -8.4       6.6      -2.4      -1.9      -8.8      -6.2      -3.3
Sweden                -3.2     -11.0       7.8      -3.6       6.4     -12.2      -3.9      -3.9
United Kingdom        -1.4      -7.9       6.6      -1.1      -1.1       4.9       1.2      -2.4

1/ Rates of change based on the compound          3/ Value of foreign currency relative to
 rate method.                                      the U.S. dollar.
2/ Adjusted to include employment taxes
 that are not compensation to employees           NA = Not available.
 but are labor costs to employers.

-12-

Trade-weighted unit labor costs

   Because the economies covered differ greatly in their relative 
importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes 
of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of 
unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 13 
competitors, 1979-99

   The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step 
process.  First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are 
rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100).  Second, for each 
year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric 
mean of the indexes for all competitor economies;  the weights reflect 
each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods.  
Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the 
"competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative 
ratio of the United States to the competitors.  This process is used to 
calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a 
national currency and a U.S. dollar basis.

   In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs 
rose faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar 
basis.  In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a 
slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate.  
From 1995 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused 
relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise; in 1999, the ratio fell 
slightly.  The data underlying this chart are shown in table C.

-13-

Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor
costs relative to 13 competitors, 1979-99

           Unit Labor Costs              Unit Labor Costs
        National Currency Basis          U.S. Dollar Basis
  Year    Own   Competitors'           Own   Competitors'
         Index      Index     Ratio   Index      Index     Ratio

  1979   100.0      100.0     100.0   100.0      100.0     100.0
  1980   111.4      111.3     100.1   111.4      109.6     101.6
  1981   116.5      120.3      96.9   116.5      109.1     106.8
  1982   124.2      128.4      96.7   124.2      105.6     117.7
  1983   121.6      130.5      93.2   121.6      104.1     116.7
  1984   121.0      131.0      92.3   121.0       98.8     122.5
  1985   123.4      132.6      93.0   123.4       96.9     127.4
  1986   128.9      138.0      93.4   128.9      121.2     106.3
  1987   122.8      140.2      87.6   122.8      139.4      88.1
  1988   122.5      141.5      86.6   122.5      151.8      80.7
  1989   128.0      144.9      88.3   128.0      151.1      84.7
  1990   132.4      150.7      87.8   132.4      162.5      81.5
  1991   138.0      157.9      87.4   138.0      172.9      79.8
  1992   141.3      162.0      87.3   141.3      180.7      78.2
  1993   142.3      163.1      87.2   142.3      177.5      80.1
  1994   139.2      160.7      86.6   139.2      177.6      78.4
  1995   134.0      161.0      83.2   134.0      188.0      71.3
  1996   132.1      161.3      81.9   132.1      178.9      73.8
  1997   129.9      159.5      81.4   129.9      163.5      79.5
  1998   130.8      162.4      80.5   130.8      154.9      84.5
  1999   127.6      160.0      79.8   127.6      158.4      80.6

BOX: Note on European exchange rates for 1999

On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary 
Union (EMU).  Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed 
conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU.  
Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the 
U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the 
euro and the U.S. dollar is available.

In this news release, 1999 exchange rates in national currencies for 
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by 
taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros 
into national currencies at fixed conversion rates.

1 euro equals:
40.3399   Belgian Francs        1936.27  Italian Lire
6.55957   French Francs         2.20371  Netherlands Guilders
1.95583   German Marks

In 1999, 1 euro was equal to 1.0653 U.S. dollars.

END OF BOX (Note on European exchange rates for 1999)
-14-

TECHNICAL NOTES

   The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of 
manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation 
costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures - 
output, total labor hours, and total compensation.  The hours and 
compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in 
Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy.  For all other countries, 
the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-
employed persons, and unpaid family workers.  For all of the countries, 
the term "hours" refers to hours worked.
   In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by 
the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).  However, 
the measures for France refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-
related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and 
exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966.
   The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available 
to BLS as of March 2001 by the statistical agencies of the individual 
countries.  For some countries, the data for the most recent years are 
based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) 
or on the United Nations revised System of National Accounts (SNA 93).  
For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used 
systems.
   To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series 
compiled according to different accounting systems.

   Output.  For most countries, the output measures are value added in 
manufacturing from the national accounts.  However, output for Japan 
prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of 
industrial production.  The national accounts measures for the United 
Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial 
production.
   In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States 
from 1977 forward are the gross product originating (value added) 
measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. 
Department of Commerce.  U. S. gross product originating is a chain-
type annual-weighted series. /1  Comparable manufacturing output data 
are not available prior to 1977.
   The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing 
output series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. 
productivity and costs.  The quarterly measures are on a sectoral 
output basis rather than a value added basis.  Sectoral output is gross 
output less intra-sector sales and transfers. /2
   A value added concept has been used for the international 
comparisons series because the data are more readily available in the 
countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a 
complex estimation procedure.  Also, although BLS has determined that 
sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of single 
factor productivity (output per hour), there are other considerations 
that may make value added a better concept for international 
comparisons, such as differences among countries in the extent of 
vertical integration.
   The historical real output series for many of the other countries 
are estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated 
periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years).

-15-

   Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of
different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology 
products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid 
quality change.

   Labor Input. The total hours measures are developed from statistics 
of manufacturing employment and average hours.  The total hours series 
used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are 
series published with the national accounts.  Where such series are not 
available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures 
published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment 
series, and estimates of average annual hours worked.  For the former 
West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours 
worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German 
Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment 
figures; earlier figures are BLS estimates.  For the other countries, 
and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own 
estimates of average hours.  BLS is in the process of assessing the 
comparability of the employment and hours time series data available 
from statistical sources in Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan.

   Compensation (Labor Cost).  The compensation measures are from 
national accounts data.  Compensation includes employer expenditures 
for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private 
benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind 
directly to employees.  For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is 
increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment.  For 
the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to 
account for subsidies.  When data for the self-employed are not 
available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly 
compensation for self-employed and employees.  Real compensation for 
the U.S. is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series 
(CPI-U-RS).

   Current Indicators.  The measures for recent years may be based on 
current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), 
employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national 
accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term 
measures, become available.

   Trade-Weighted Measures.  The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and 
the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, 
developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade 
flows over the 1989-91 period.  These weights are based on aggregate 
trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral 
trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets.  The 
1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan.   BLS developed weights 
for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the 
International Monetary Fund and other sources.  The weight used for 
Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany.
   The following weights were used for the entire period for which 
trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced:

Country          Weight          Country          Weight

Canada           23.94           Netherlands        2.13
Japan            28.91           Norway             0.45
Belgium           2.02           Sweden             1.79
Denmark           0.45           United Kingdom     8.50
France            5.58           Korea              5.43
Germany          10.98           Taiwan             5.48
Italy             4.35

-16-

   Level Comparisons.  The BLS measures are limited to trend 
comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing 
productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and 
technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output 
among countries.  Each country measures manufacturing output in its own 
currency units.  To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of 
measure is needed.  Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis 
for comparing output levels.  What is needed are purchasing power 
parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to 
buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit 
of U.S. currency.
   Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic 
product (GDP) from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and 
Development (OECD).  However, these parities are derived for 
expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and 
services - not for value added by industry.  Therefore, they do not 
provide purchasing power parities by industry.  The parities for total 
GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as 
manufacturing.

1/ For more information on the U. S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, 
Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross 
Product by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 
2000, pp. 24-38.

2/ For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, 
"Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly 
Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28.
- 17 -

Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada     Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France    (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     NA       26.6      NA        NA        NA        NA        22.6      13.2      NA          13.2        11.5      11.3      24.7      19.5      25.5

  1955     NA       32.7       8.6      NA        NA        NA        24.6      16.6      NA          19.7        16.1      14.4      28.7      21.3      27.5

  1960     NA       38.7      13.8      NA        NA        18.0      29.9      21.8      NA          29.2        20.2      18.6      37.0      27.3      31.1
  1961     NA       40.8      15.6      NA        NA        18.2      31.6      23.1      NA          30.6        21.8      19.6      38.3      28.7      31.2
  1962     NA       44.3      16.4      NA        NA        19.2      33.2      24.7      NA          32.8        24.1      20.4      38.3      30.9      31.9
  1963     NA       46.2      17.7      NA        NA        19.9      34.3      26.0      NA          34.1        24.8      21.2      40.3      32.7      33.6
  1964     NA       48.2      20.1      NA        NA        21.2      37.1      28.0      NA          37.1        25.0      23.1      42.6      35.5      35.8
  1965     NA       50.3      21.0      NA        NA        22.3      38.9      30.0      NA          39.3        27.9      24.7      45.1      38.2      36.8
  1966     NA       51.0      23.0      NA        NA        23.8      40.8      32.5      NA          40.9        30.3      26.3      47.0      39.8      38.1
  1967     NA       51.5      26.0      NA        NA        25.1      43.8      34.5      NA          43.4        31.8      28.3      48.7      43.2      39.8
  1968     NA       54.5      29.1      NA        NA        27.3      47.8      38.1      NA          47.0        34.3      31.8      51.7      47.2      42.7
  1969     NA       57.4      33.4      NA        NA        29.9      49.8      40.5      NA          50.4        35.6      34.9      56.5      50.9      43.7

  1970     NA       56.6      37.5      NA        NA        32.9      52.7      43.0      NA          52.0        37.9      38.1      58.3      52.2      44.7
  1971     NA       60.0      39.8      NA        NA        35.1      56.3      45.5      NA          54.0        38.5      40.4      60.0      54.5      46.8
  1972     NA       62.7      43.6      NA        NA        39.2      60.8      47.5      NA          57.4        41.7      43.6      63.1      57.2      49.4
  1973     NA       66.2      47.6      NA        NA        43.5      66.9      50.9      NA          61.1        45.2      48.3      66.9      61.4      53.0
  1974     NA       67.2      48.8      NA        NA        45.8      69.1      52.0      NA          63.2        48.1      51.9      69.5      64.0      53.9
  1975     NA       64.7      50.2      NA        NA        47.6      76.1      53.8      NA          65.9        46.5      51.2      68.8      65.0      52.8
  1976     NA       70.3      53.2      NA        NA        52.4      78.8      57.1      NA          70.6        52.9      56.8      70.5      66.0      55.0
  1977     68.3     74.9      55.3      NA        NA        55.0      80.4      60.5      NA          72.7        54.0      61.4      71.5      65.0      55.5
  1978     69.2     76.7      57.5      NA        NA        58.3      81.6      63.2      NA          75.2        57.5      65.4      72.8      66.8      56.3
  1979     70.1     75.9      62.2      NA        NA        61.4      85.6      66.2      NA          78.4        63.0      68.6      78.1      72.0      56.7

  1980     70.5     75.1      63.2      NA        NA        65.4      90.3      66.5      NA          77.2        65.9      69.2      76.7      73.1      56.1
  1981     74.1     77.8      65.2      NA        NA        70.1      91.8      68.5      NA          78.7        67.4      70.8      76.5      72.7      59.0
  1982     76.2     77.3      67.9      NA        NA        73.5      92.1      73.3      NA          78.8        68.6      72.1      79.7      75.4      62.2
  1983     80.0     82.4      68.8      NA        NA        81.0      96.6      75.0      NA          82.6        71.8      77.8      82.4      80.9      67.1
  1984     83.2     90.2      71.1      NA        NA        85.0      96.1      76.1      NA          85.4        78.4      85.4      87.4      85.2      70.7
  1985     86.0     92.4      76.5      NA        NA        87.0      96.7      79.1      NA          89.1        82.6      89.0      90.2      86.2      72.3
  1986     86.0     90.0      76.1      NA        NA        87.8      91.1      80.4      NA          89.6        83.8      90.8      89.0      87.5      74.8
  1987     92.9     90.6      80.2      NA        NA        88.9      90.6      81.8      NA          88.1        85.7      91.6      93.3      89.2      79.4
  1988     96.9     90.9      83.9      NA        NA        92.0      94.1      87.5      NA          91.5        86.7      93.7      92.2      90.5      82.3
  1989     95.7     93.7      88.5      NA        NA        96.9      99.6      91.9      NA          94.6        89.4      97.1      94.6      93.2      86.1

  1990     96.9     95.7      94.4      NA        NA        96.8      99.1      93.5      NA          99.0        92.5      98.6      96.6      94.6      88.3
  1991     97.9     95.3      99.0      NA        NA        99.1      99.6      96.9      99.0       101.9        95.2      99.6      97.5      95.5      92.1
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    102.1    104.5     101.7      NA        NA       102.5     104.5     100.6     101.8       100.6       102.9     101.4     100.6     107.3     104.0
  1994    107.3    109.9     103.3      NA        NA       108.4      NA       108.5     109.9       107.9       105.6     112.7     101.4     119.4     106.8
  1995    113.8    111.0     111.0      NA        NA       113.2      NA       114.5     112.8       111.2       109.3     117.7     102.0     121.9     104.3
  1996    117.0    109.5     116.1      NA        NA       117.1      NA       115.0     115.3       115.1       109.5     119.7     102.0     124.5     102.3
  1997    121.2    112.8     121.0      NA        NA       126.8      NA       122.6     121.0       121.8       111.5     121.9     103.0     132.9     103.0
  1998    126.8    112.5     121.2      NA        NA       128.8      NA       124.0     121.0       127.1       111.1     124.6     103.9     136.7     102.9
  1999    135.1    115.2     125.8      NA        NA       128.9      NA       128.9     122.4        NA         112.9     127.3     103.9     140.8     107.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 18 -

Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada     Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France    (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     NA       29.0      NA        NA        NA        NA        31.8      16.2      NA          19.2        12.7      14.7      32.3      25.7      29.6

  1955     NA       34.3      10.3      NA        NA        NA        34.0      20.2      NA          28.8        18.2      18.9      37.7      28.0      32.4

  1960     NA       40.3      17.1      NA        NA        22.6      39.2      26.5      NA          38.4        23.0      24.5      46.7      33.8      35.9
  1961     NA       42.3      19.1      NA        NA        22.9      40.2      28.3      NA          39.6        24.6      24.8      47.6      35.1      35.5
  1962     NA       46.2      19.6      NA        NA        24.1      42.6      30.0      NA          41.3        26.4      25.6      47.4      37.4      35.9
  1963     NA       48.4      21.0      NA        NA        25.0      43.3      31.7      NA          42.4        27.3      26.5      49.7      39.2      37.8
  1964     NA       50.7      23.7      NA        NA        26.5      47.2      33.9      NA          46.1        27.6      28.7      52.8      42.0      40.6
  1965     NA       52.9      24.3      NA        NA        27.4      49.5      35.9      NA          48.7        29.7      30.5      54.7      44.7      41.2
  1966     NA       53.2      26.8      NA        NA        29.1      51.0      39.1      NA          50.0        32.6      32.4      57.1      46.5      41.8
  1967     NA       53.8      30.4      NA        NA        30.3      54.1      41.1      NA          51.7        34.7      34.7      58.6      49.6      43.5
  1968     NA       56.8      33.9      NA        NA        33.0      57.7      44.1      NA          56.6        37.4      38.2      60.7      53.0      47.0
  1969     NA       59.6      38.3      NA        NA        35.7      59.3      48.1      NA          60.7        38.5      41.4      64.9      56.0      48.1

  1970     NA       58.3      42.6      NA        NA        38.3      60.8      50.3      NA          62.4        40.3      44.4      66.3      57.1      48.4
  1971     NA       61.7      44.5      NA        NA        40.2      64.6      52.8      NA          63.4        39.8      46.5      67.6      59.4      49.5
  1972     NA       64.5      48.5      NA        NA        43.9      68.4      54.7      NA          66.6        42.9      49.5      70.0      60.7      51.8
  1973     NA       67.6      52.4      NA        NA        47.6      71.2      57.6      NA          70.4        47.0      53.8      73.9      64.0      56.3
  1974     NA       68.1      51.5      NA        NA        48.7      75.0      58.1      NA          71.4        48.2      56.0      75.6      65.9      55.3
  1975     NA       64.8      51.8      NA        NA        48.0      79.9      58.4      NA          72.5        45.8      54.2      74.5      65.5      54.0
  1976     NA       70.5      56.5      NA        NA        53.8      83.2      62.1      NA          79.9        52.1      60.0      74.2      65.7      56.8
  1977     67.1     75.1      58.9      NA        NA        56.1      84.1      65.2      NA          81.1        52.9      64.6      74.1      64.1      57.7
  1978     67.9     77.5      61.5      NA        NA        59.4      84.3      67.6      NA          82.8        56.2      68.2      73.9      64.2      58.3
  1979     68.4     76.3      67.0      NA        NA        62.6      88.4      70.6      NA          86.0        61.1      70.7      78.0      68.1      58.5

  1980     67.9     74.7      68.0      NA        NA        65.6      93.9      71.0      NA          83.5        64.1      71.8      77.1      68.4      55.9
  1981     71.4     76.8      69.7      NA        NA        68.7      94.3      72.1      NA          84.1        65.6      73.8      76.9      68.5      58.0
  1982     72.1     75.6      72.3      NA        NA        73.7      96.0      74.0      NA          83.7        66.6      75.9      79.4      71.5      61.7
  1983     77.8     81.7      73.4      NA        NA        79.2     102.1      75.4      NA          87.9        69.7      82.1      82.5      77.8      66.7
  1984     82.0     89.3      76.6      NA        NA        82.5     101.2      76.7      NA          90.9        76.1      88.8      87.4      83.5      70.9
  1985     84.9     92.0      82.1      NA        NA        85.7      98.4      79.2      NA          93.1        79.5      90.2      89.8      83.6      73.2
  1986     84.8     90.0      81.2      NA        NA        86.5      94.9      80.6      NA          93.0        82.6      91.5      88.7      84.5      75.9
  1987     92.1     91.4      86.0      NA        NA        88.4      92.2      82.6      NA          91.3        86.1      91.9      90.7      87.3      80.1
  1988     96.9     93.6      90.9      NA        NA        93.0      95.8      88.6      NA          94.4        90.1      94.7      90.3      88.1      85.0
  1989     95.7     94.3      94.8      NA        NA        97.5     100.2      92.9      NA          96.2        92.7      97.6      93.3      90.6      88.1

  1990     96.3     95.9      99.7      NA        NA        98.5      98.4      94.1      NA          98.8        93.6      99.1      95.1      93.1      90.1
  1991     96.6     95.1     102.2      NA        NA        99.2      99.3      96.4      94.7       101.0        95.3      99.8      96.4      94.2      93.1
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    103.4    105.6      99.6      NA        NA       100.9     103.6     100.5      99.4        97.6       100.9     101.4     100.9     110.2     103.8
  1994    109.7    112.2     101.4      NA        NA       109.7     114.0     108.5     107.9       104.7       106.4     112.7     102.0     127.5     108.1
  1995    115.6    112.7     109.7      NA        NA       113.3     116.9     113.9     110.6       107.3       110.2     118.1     101.6     131.5     107.1
  1996    118.7    111.8     115.4      NA        NA       117.6     111.6     114.5     110.4       109.3       109.5     120.0     101.1     134.5     105.6
  1997    123.9    116.4     119.6      NA        NA       127.5     115.4     122.7     115.9       116.0       112.0     121.6     101.9     143.8     106.4
  1998    128.2    115.3     117.3      NA        NA       129.8     117.4     124.5     117.1       122.3       111.3     124.1     102.9     148.2     106.2
  1999    137.8    119.1     121.5      NA        NA       132.7     115.9     127.2     118.0        NA         112.7     126.8     102.5     153.0     110.3

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 19 -

Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany    Former West              Nether-                           United
 Year     States    Canada     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark     France    (unified)    Germany      Italy      lands      Norway     Sweden    Kingdom

  1950      NA       22.6        2.2        NA         NA         NA        26.8       18.4        NA          14.5         9.6       16.8       38.5       30.9       49.8

  1955      NA       29.2        4.9        NA         NA         NA        29.4       22.9        NA          27.5        14.9       23.0       47.2       35.7       58.5

  1960      NA       34.2       10.7        NA         NA        30.7       40.8       31.0        NA          41.5        21.9       31.7       57.0       45.9       67.7
  1961      NA       35.6       12.9        NA         NA        32.1       43.0       33.3        NA          44.0        24.2       32.8       59.4       49.0       67.8
  1962      NA       40.0       14.0        NA         NA        34.6       46.7       35.7        NA          46.2        26.8       34.5       59.8       52.8       68.0
  1963      NA       42.8       15.6        NA         NA        36.2       47.3       38.4        NA          47.1        28.5       35.9       63.4       55.4       70.4
  1964      NA       46.9       18.1        NA         NA        39.5       52.9       42.0        NA          51.2        28.9       39.3       67.9       60.3       76.8
  1965      NA       51.2       18.8        NA         NA        40.8       56.3       44.1        NA          55.0        30.4       42.1       71.5       64.5       79.0
  1966      NA       54.5       21.3        NA         NA        43.2       57.5       48.1        NA          55.9        33.1       44.3       75.8       66.3       80.4
  1967      NA       55.6       25.6        NA         NA        43.7       58.1       50.4        NA          54.7        36.4       46.1       78.2       68.5       80.9
  1968      NA       58.9       29.5        NA         NA        46.7       62.6       53.2        NA          60.3        39.8       50.4       80.1       72.0       86.6
  1969      NA       63.0       34.4        NA         NA        52.2       66.0       59.6        NA          67.4        42.4       55.3       86.0       77.7       89.9

  1970      NA       60.6       39.2        7.0       12.7       57.6       68.0       64.1        NA          70.9        45.8       59.5       89.9       80.7       90.3
  1971      NA       64.4       41.0        8.3       15.5       60.1       69.4       68.1        NA          71.6        46.4       61.5       92.3       81.2       89.3
  1972      NA       69.5       44.7        9.5       18.9       64.7       75.3       71.3        NA          73.8        49.0       63.2       96.5       81.7       91.2
  1973      NA       76.0       50.4       12.3       22.3       70.6       79.5       76.7        NA          78.5        55.3       67.7      102.0       87.5       99.6
  1974      NA       77.6       49.1       14.3       21.0       73.4       80.7       78.2        NA          77.7        58.9       70.2      105.6       92.2       98.3
  1975      NA       71.8       46.6       16.2       22.0       67.9       78.7       76.6        NA          74.1        55.5       65.6      103.2       92.5       91.6
  1976      NA       78.1       50.6       19.9       27.0       73.0       82.5       81.1        NA          79.8        63.8       69.6      102.8       92.5       93.3
  1977     72.5      81.5       52.2       22.8       30.6       73.3       82.9       84.8        NA          81.3        66.0       73.1      102.7       87.2       95.1
  1978     76.5      86.5       53.7       27.5       37.1       74.3       82.7       86.8        NA          82.8        69.2       75.4      100.6       84.9       95.6
  1979     79.0      88.3       58.4       30.1       40.0       76.2       87.4       89.3        NA          87.1        76.4       77.3      104.7       90.3       95.4

  1980     75.8      86.0       60.4       29.9       44.0       78.2       91.3       88.7        NA          85.3        80.4       77.4      103.6       90.7       87.2
  1981     79.2      88.1       62.6       32.7       47.3       77.2       88.4       87.3        NA          84.4        78.8       77.5      101.7       88.0       81.8
  1982     74.6      78.8       64.6       34.6       48.5       80.4       89.8       88.2        NA          81.5        77.5       76.7      101.3       88.3       81.7
  1983     79.2      83.0       66.6       39.5       54.1       84.6       95.8       88.0        NA          82.7        77.8       79.1       99.9       93.9       83.4
  1984     87.6      93.3       71.0       46.0       62.2       87.2      100.3       87.0        NA          85.2        80.9       83.6      104.7      101.3       86.5
  1985     90.0      98.3       76.7       48.8       64.3       89.1      103.5       87.3        NA          88.3        83.3       86.1      108.5      102.9       89.0
  1986     88.6      99.4       75.5       57.9       74.7       89.1      103.5       87.3        NA          89.7        85.5       88.3      108.1      104.0       90.1
  1987     96.4     103.9       79.0       68.5       84.3       88.8       99.3       87.2        NA          88.0        88.7       89.5      110.7      106.6       94.4
  1988    103.2     110.1       85.3       76.7       87.7       93.3      100.8       92.2        NA          90.9        94.5       92.8      105.3      109.8      101.4
  1989    102.4     112.6       90.9       79.4       90.8       99.1      104.3       97.2        NA          94.0        98.1       96.9      101.3      110.9      105.4

  1990    101.6     108.6       97.1       86.7       90.0      101.0      102.7       99.1        NA          99.1        99.6      100.1      100.2      110.1      105.3
  1991     98.3      99.0      102.0       95.0       96.1      100.7      101.7       99.8      102.3        102.8        99.2      100.6       98.3      104.1      100.0
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0        100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    103.5     104.6       96.3      105.4      102.4       97.0       99.0       95.7       92.5         91.8        96.4       98.2      102.7      101.9      101.4
  1994    111.1     113.2       94.9      116.8      108.5      101.4      109.3      100.3       95.2         93.5       102.2      104.2      106.7      117.1      106.1
  1995    118.4     118.1       98.9      129.9      114.9      104.2      114.7      104.9       95.3         93.7       107.2      107.8      109.0      128.4      107.8
  1996    121.3     119.8      103.0      138.7      120.3      106.6      109.7      104.6       92.6         92.5       105.6      108.4      110.1      131.1      108.2
  1997    127.9     128.1      106.5      147.8      128.3      113.8      112.6      109.7       95.7         95.8       108.3      111.2      115.7      138.6      109.6
  1998    133.3     133.1      100.2      136.8      132.6      116.3      115.3      111.5       97.1        100.7       110.3      114.9      117.6      144.6      110.1
  1999    141.0     141.3      101.0      166.7      141.5      117.7      111.5      114.2       97.5         NA         111.4      118.4      114.0      150.7      110.1

NA:  Not Available

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 20 -

Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany    Former West              Nether-                           United
 Year     States    Canada     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark     France    (unified)    Germany      Italy      lands      Norway     Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     85.5      84.7        NA         NA         NA         NA       118.7      140.0        NA         109.8        83.6      148.6      156.1      158.5      195.7

  1955     94.6      89.4       57.0        NA         NA         NA       119.8      138.0        NA         139.6        92.5      159.1      164.2      167.3      213.2

  1960     92.1      88.3       77.8        NA         NA       170.7      136.5      142.3        NA         142.3       108.7      170.6      154.1      168.3      217.4
  1961     89.7      87.1       82.4        NA         NA       175.9      136.2      143.8        NA         143.9       110.9      167.1      154.9      171.0      217.5
  1962     93.4      90.3       85.2        NA         NA       180.3      140.7      144.8        NA         140.8       110.8      169.2      156.3      170.8      213.3
  1963     94.4      92.6       87.9        NA         NA       181.8      138.0      148.0        NA         138.1       114.9      169.5      157.3      169.1      209.7
  1964     96.4      97.2       90.0        NA         NA       186.5      142.6      149.7        NA         138.0       115.2      170.0      159.6      169.6      214.7
  1965    102.0     101.9       89.8        NA         NA       183.2      144.9      146.9        NA         140.0       108.8      170.4      158.5      168.8      214.4
  1966    108.6     106.8       92.8        NA         NA       181.5      140.8      148.3        NA         136.7       109.4      168.3      161.2      166.5      211.2
  1967    108.0     107.9       98.3        NA         NA       173.6      132.7      146.2        NA         125.9       114.5      162.7      160.5      158.4      203.1
  1968    109.6     108.2      101.4        NA         NA       170.9      130.9      139.7        NA         128.3       116.0      158.8      155.0      152.6      202.9
  1969    110.9     109.7      103.0        NA         NA       174.9      132.7      147.1        NA         133.8       119.2      158.5      152.1      152.5      205.6

  1970    104.4     107.1      104.4        NA         NA       174.7      129.0      149.0        NA         136.3       120.9      156.2      154.3      154.7      202.1
  1971    100.5     107.4      103.1        NA         NA       171.4      123.3      149.7        NA         132.5       120.6      152.4      153.8      149.1      190.6
  1972    105.1     110.8      102.6        NA         NA       165.2      123.8      149.9        NA         128.7       117.5      144.9      153.0      142.9      184.4
  1973    110.4     114.9      106.0        NA         NA       162.1      118.8      150.7        NA         128.4       122.4      140.2      152.5      142.5      187.9
  1974    107.9     115.5      100.6        NA         NA       160.4      116.7      150.3        NA         122.9       122.4      135.4      151.9      144.0      182.5
  1975     97.2     111.1       92.8        NA         NA       142.6      103.5      142.3        NA         112.5       119.3      128.2      150.0      142.3      173.6
  1976    101.9     111.0       95.1        NA         NA       139.4      104.7      141.9        NA         113.1       120.5      122.7      145.8      140.2      169.5
  1977    106.1     108.8       94.4        NA         NA       133.3      103.1      140.1        NA         111.8       122.2      119.1      143.6      134.2      171.2
  1978    110.6     112.8       93.4        NA         NA       127.4      101.4      137.3        NA         110.1       120.4      115.2      138.3      127.1      169.8
  1979    112.7     116.2       93.8        NA         NA       124.2      102.1      134.9        NA         111.0       121.4      112.7      134.0      125.5      168.2

  1980    107.5     114.6       95.6        NA         NA       119.7      101.1      133.3        NA         110.5       122.0      111.8      135.0      124.0      155.3
  1981    107.0     113.2       95.9        NA         NA       110.2       96.3      127.4        NA         107.1       116.8      109.4      133.0      121.0      138.7
  1982     97.9     102.0       95.1        NA         NA       109.4       97.5      120.3        NA         103.4       113.0      106.3      127.1      117.2      131.3
  1983     98.9     100.7       96.8        NA         NA       104.3       99.2      117.4        NA         100.1       108.4      101.6      121.2      116.1      124.3
  1984    105.3     103.3       99.8        NA         NA       102.6      104.4      114.2        NA          99.7       103.2       97.9      119.7      118.9      122.4
  1985    104.6     106.4      100.3        NA         NA       102.4      107.0      110.4        NA          99.1       100.8       96.7      120.2      119.4      123.1
  1986    103.0     110.5       99.2        NA         NA       101.5      113.7      108.6        NA         100.1       102.1       97.3      121.6      118.9      120.5
  1987    103.8     114.7       98.5        NA         NA       100.0      109.6      106.6        NA          99.9       103.5       97.7      118.6      119.5      118.9
  1988    106.6     121.2      101.7        NA         NA       101.5      107.2      105.4        NA          99.3       108.9       99.0      114.3      121.4      123.2
  1989    107.1     120.2      102.7        NA         NA       102.3      104.7      105.8        NA          99.3       109.7       99.8      107.1      119.0      122.4

  1990    104.8     113.5      102.9        NA         NA       104.3      103.7      105.9        NA         100.1       107.7      101.5      103.7      116.4      119.3
  1991    100.4     103.9      103.1        NA         NA       101.5      102.1      103.0      103.3        100.9       104.2      101.0      100.8      109.0      108.6
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0        NA         NA       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0        100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    101.4     100.1       94.7        NA         NA        94.7       94.8       95.1       90.8         91.3        93.6       96.9      102.1       94.9       97.5
  1994    103.6     103.0       91.9        NA         NA        93.6        NA        92.4       86.6         86.7        96.7       92.4      105.2       98.1       99.4
  1995    104.0     106.4       89.1        NA         NA        92.0        NA        91.6       84.5         84.3        98.0       91.6      106.8      105.3      103.3
  1996    103.7     109.4       88.7        NA         NA        91.1        NA        91.0       80.3         80.4        96.5       90.5      107.9      105.3      105.8
  1997    105.5     113.5       88.0        NA         NA        89.7        NA        89.5       79.1         78.6        97.1       91.2      112.3      104.3      106.4
  1998    105.2     118.3       82.7        NA         NA        90.3        NA        89.9       80.2         79.3        99.3       92.2      113.2      105.8      107.0
  1999    104.3     122.7       80.3        NA         NA        91.3        NA        88.6       79.6         NA          98.6       93.0      109.8      107.1      102.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 21 -

Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada     Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France    (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     84.3     77.9      NA        NA        NA        NA        84.4     113.7      NA          75.2        75.8     114.1     119.2     120.1     168.3

  1955     93.1     85.3      47.8      NA        NA        NA        86.7     113.3      NA          95.5        81.9     121.8     125.1     127.7     181.0

  1960     92.6     84.8      62.8      NA        NA       135.7     104.1     116.9      NA         108.1        95.1     129.4     122.2     135.7     188.4
  1961     90.0     84.1      67.5      NA        NA       140.1     107.0     117.7      NA         111.3        98.1     132.2     124.7     139.6     191.0
  1962     92.8     86.5      71.3      NA        NA       143.3     109.7     118.9      NA         111.8       101.2     134.7     126.2     140.9     189.2
  1963     93.5     88.5      74.1      NA        NA       144.7     109.3     121.5      NA         111.0       104.4     135.4     127.7     141.4     186.2
  1964     94.9     92.5      76.4      NA        NA       148.8     112.0     123.7      NA         111.0       104.7     137.1     128.7     143.4     189.1
  1965     99.3     96.9      77.4      NA        NA       148.7     113.9     122.5      NA         113.0       102.3     137.9     130.8     144.4     191.6
  1966    105.4    102.4      79.7      NA        NA       148.5     112.8     123.2      NA         111.8       101.7     137.0     132.7     142.7     192.1
  1967    106.7    103.3      84.3      NA        NA       143.9     107.5     122.7      NA         105.8       105.0     132.9     133.4     138.2     186.2
  1968    108.5    103.8      87.2      NA        NA       141.5     108.5     120.6      NA         106.6       106.4     132.1     132.0     136.0     184.4
  1969    110.6    105.7      89.7      NA        NA       146.3     111.4     124.1      NA         111.0       110.0     133.7     132.5     138.7     186.9

  1970    106.3    103.9      91.9      NA        NA       150.2     111.9     127.3      NA         113.6       113.6     134.3     135.5     141.2     186.6
  1971    102.2    104.4      92.3      NA        NA       149.6     107.3     128.9      NA         112.9       116.7     132.2     136.4     136.7     180.3
  1972    105.0    107.7      92.3      NA        NA       147.4     110.1     130.4      NA         110.8       114.4     127.5     137.8     134.6     176.0
  1973    110.5    112.5      96.2      NA        NA       148.4     111.6     133.2      NA         111.5       117.8     125.8     138.1     136.8     177.0
  1974    110.1    113.9      95.3      NA        NA       150.7     107.6     134.6      NA         108.9       122.1     125.4     139.6     140.0     177.7
  1975    100.6    110.9      90.0      NA        NA       141.5      98.5     131.2      NA         102.2       121.1     121.0     138.6     141.3     169.6
  1976    104.2    110.7      89.5      NA        NA       135.8      99.2     130.5      NA          99.9       122.3     116.0     138.4     141.0     164.2
  1977    108.2    108.5      88.6      NA        NA       130.5      98.5     130.0      NA         100.3       124.7     113.1     138.6     136.0     164.7
  1978    112.7    111.7      87.4      NA        NA       125.0      98.0     128.4      NA         100.0       123.1     110.5     136.1     132.3     164.0
  1979    115.6    115.7      87.2      NA        NA       121.8      98.8     126.5      NA         101.2       125.0     109.3     134.2     132.7     163.1

  1980    111.6    115.1      88.9      NA        NA       119.3      97.2     125.0      NA         102.2       125.4     107.8     134.5     132.6     155.8
  1981    111.0    114.8      89.8      NA        NA       112.4      93.8     121.0      NA         100.3       120.1     105.0     132.3     128.4     141.1
  1982    103.5    104.3      89.3      NA        NA       109.2      93.6     119.1      NA          97.4       116.4     101.0     127.5     123.4     132.4
  1983    101.8    101.6      90.8      NA        NA       106.8      93.9     116.7      NA          94.1       111.7      96.4     121.0     120.7     125.0
  1984    106.8    104.4      92.7      NA        NA       105.7      99.1     113.4      NA          93.7       106.3      94.2     119.8     121.3     122.1
  1985    106.0    106.8      93.5      NA        NA       104.0     105.2     110.3      NA          94.9       104.8      95.4     120.7     123.1     121.6
  1986    104.5    110.4      93.0      NA        NA       103.0     109.1     108.3      NA          96.4       103.5      96.5     122.0     123.1     118.8
  1987    104.7    113.7      91.9      NA        NA       100.5     107.7     105.6      NA          96.4       103.0      97.4     122.0     122.1     117.8
  1988    106.6    117.6      93.9      NA        NA       100.4     105.3     104.1      NA          96.3       104.8      98.0     116.6     124.6     119.2
  1989    107.0    119.4      95.9      NA        NA       101.7     104.1     104.7      NA          97.6       105.8      99.3     108.7     122.5     119.6

  1990    105.4    113.2      97.5      NA        NA       102.5     104.3     105.4      NA         100.3       106.4     101.1     105.4     118.3     116.8
  1991    101.8    104.1      99.8      NA        NA       101.5     102.4     103.6     108.0       101.8       104.1     100.7     101.9     110.5     107.4
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    100.1     99.1      96.8      NA        NA        96.1      95.5      95.2      93.0        94.0        95.5      96.9     101.8      92.4      97.6
  1994    101.3    100.9      93.6      NA        NA        92.5      95.8      92.4      88.2        89.3        96.0      92.4     104.7      91.8      98.2
  1995    102.5    104.8      90.1      NA        NA        91.9      98.1      92.1      86.2        87.3        97.2      91.3     107.2      97.7     100.6
  1996    102.2    107.2      89.3      NA        NA        90.6      98.3      91.3      83.8        84.6        96.4      90.3     108.9      97.4     102.4
  1997    103.2    110.1      89.1      NA        NA        89.2      97.5      89.4      82.6        82.6        96.7      91.4     113.6      96.4     103.0
  1998    104.0    115.4      85.5      NA        NA        89.6      98.3      89.6      82.9        82.4        99.1      92.6     114.3      97.6     103.7
  1999    102.3    118.7      83.2      NA        NA        88.7      96.2      89.8      82.6        NA          98.8      93.4     111.3      98.5      99.9

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 22 -

Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany     Former West             Nether-                           United
 Year     States    Canada     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark     France    (unified)    Germany      Italy      lands      Norway     Sweden    Kingdom

  1950    101.4     108.8        NA         NA         NA         NA       140.7      123.1        NA         146.0       110.2      130.3      130.9      131.9      116.3

  1955    101.5     104.8      119.3        NA         NA         NA       138.2      121.8        NA         146.1       113.0      130.6      131.2      131.0      117.8

  1960     99.5     104.1      123.9        NA         NA       125.8      131.2      121.8        NA         131.7       114.3      131.9      126.1      124.0      115.4
  1961     99.6     103.6      122.0        NA         NA       125.5      127.3      122.2        NA         129.4       113.1      126.5      124.2      122.5      113.9
  1962    100.6     104.4      119.5        NA         NA       125.8      128.3      121.8        NA         126.0       109.5      125.6      123.8      121.2      112.7
  1963    100.9     104.7      118.6        NA         NA       125.7      126.3      121.8        NA         124.4       110.0      125.2      123.2      119.6      112.6
  1964    101.6     105.1      117.9        NA         NA       125.3      127.4      121.0        NA         124.3       110.0      124.0      124.0      118.2      113.5
  1965    102.7     105.1      115.9        NA         NA       123.2      127.2      119.9        NA         123.9       106.4      123.6      121.1      116.9      111.9
  1966    103.0     104.4      116.5        NA         NA       122.2      124.8      120.4        NA         122.3       107.6      122.9      121.5      116.7      110.0
  1967    101.2     104.4      116.7        NA         NA       120.7      123.4      119.2        NA         119.0       109.1      122.4      120.3      114.7      109.1
  1968    101.0     104.2      116.4        NA         NA       120.7      120.6      115.9        NA         120.4       109.1      120.2      117.5      112.2      110.0
  1969    100.2     103.8      114.8        NA         NA       119.5      119.1      118.6        NA         120.6       108.3      118.5      114.7      110.0      110.0

  1970     98.2     103.2      113.6        NA         NA       116.3      115.3      117.1        NA         119.9       106.4      116.4      113.9      109.5      108.3
  1971     98.4     102.8      111.8        NA         NA       114.6      114.9      116.1        NA         117.3       103.4      115.3      112.7      109.0      105.8
  1972    100.0     102.9      111.1        NA         NA       112.0      112.4      115.0        NA         116.2       102.7      113.6      111.0      106.2      104.8
  1973     99.9     102.1      110.2        NA         NA       109.3      106.4      113.2        NA         115.2       103.9      111.4      110.4      104.2      106.2
  1974     98.0     101.4      105.6        NA         NA       106.4      108.5      111.7        NA         112.9       100.3      108.0      108.8      102.9      102.7
  1975     96.6     100.2      103.2        NA         NA       100.7      105.1      108.4        NA         110.1        98.5      106.0      108.2      100.7      102.4
  1976     97.7     100.3      106.2        NA         NA       102.6      105.6      108.7        NA         113.2        98.5      105.8      105.4       99.5      103.3
  1977     98.1     100.2      106.5        NA         NA       102.1      104.6      107.8        NA         111.5        98.0      105.3      103.6       98.7      104.0
  1978     98.1     101.0      106.9        NA         NA       101.9      103.4      106.9        NA         110.1        97.8      104.3      101.6       96.1      103.5
  1979     97.5     100.5      107.6        NA         NA       102.0      103.3      106.6        NA         109.7        97.1      103.1       99.9       94.6      103.1

  1980     96.3      99.5      107.6        NA         NA       100.4      104.0      106.7        NA         108.1        97.3      103.7      100.4       93.6       99.7
  1981     96.4      98.6      106.8        NA         NA        98.1      102.7      105.3        NA         106.8        97.3      104.2      100.6       94.2       98.3
  1982     94.6      97.8      106.5        NA         NA       100.2      104.2      101.0        NA         106.2        97.1      105.3       99.7       94.9       99.2
  1983     97.2      99.1      106.6        NA         NA        97.7      105.6      100.6        NA         106.4        97.1      105.4      100.1       96.2       99.5
  1984     98.6      99.0      107.7        NA         NA        97.1      105.3      100.8        NA         106.4        97.1      104.0       99.9       98.0      100.3
  1985     98.7      99.6      107.3        NA         NA        98.5      101.8      100.1        NA         104.5        96.2      101.3       99.6       96.9      101.3
  1986     98.6     100.0      106.7        NA         NA        98.6      104.2      100.3        NA         103.9        98.6      100.8       99.7       96.5      101.4
  1987     99.1     100.9      107.2        NA         NA        99.4      101.8      100.9        NA         103.6       100.4      100.3       97.2       97.9      100.9
  1988    100.0     103.0      108.3        NA         NA       101.1      101.8      101.3        NA         103.2       104.0      101.1       98.0       97.5      103.4
  1989    100.0     100.7      107.1        NA         NA       100.6      100.6      101.1        NA         101.7       103.7      100.5       98.6       97.2      102.3

  1990     99.4     100.2      105.6        NA         NA       101.8       99.4      100.6        NA          99.8       101.2      100.5       98.4       98.5      102.1
  1991     98.7      99.8      103.2        NA         NA       100.0       99.7       99.4       95.6         99.1       100.1      100.2       98.9       98.7      101.1
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0        NA         NA       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0        100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    101.3     101.1       97.9        NA         NA        98.5       99.2       99.9       97.6         97.0        98.0      100.0      100.3      102.8       99.8
  1994    102.2     102.0       98.1        NA         NA       101.2        NA       100.0       98.2         97.1       100.7      100.0      100.5      106.8      101.3
  1995    101.5     101.5       98.8        NA         NA       100.1        NA        99.5       98.0         96.5       100.8      100.3       99.6      107.8      102.7
  1996    101.5     102.1       99.4        NA         NA       100.5        NA        99.6       95.8         95.0       100.0      100.2       99.1      108.1      103.3
  1997    102.2     103.2       98.8        NA         NA       100.6        NA       100.1       95.8         95.2       100.4       99.8       98.9      108.2      103.3
  1998    101.2     102.5       96.7        NA         NA       100.8        NA       100.4       96.8         96.2       100.2       99.6       99.1      108.4      103.2
  1999    102.0     103.4       96.6        NA         NA       102.9        NA        98.7       96.4          NA         99.8       99.6       98.7      108.7      102.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 23 -

Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany   Former West             Nether-                           United
 Year     States   Canada*     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark    France*    (unified)  Germany      Italy      lands      Norway    Sweden*    Kingdom*

  1950      8.7       5.4        NA         NA         NA         NA         2.5        1.6        NA         3.4         0.8        3.1        2.2        1.9        1.6

  1955     11.7       7.7        3.1        NA         NA         NA         3.4        2.8        NA         5.0         1.2        4.5        3.4        2.9        2.3

  1960     14.9       9.9        4.3        NA         NA         5.4        4.6        4.3        NA         8.1         1.6        6.4        4.7        4.1        3.1
  1961     15.3      10.2        5.0        NA         NA         5.7        5.2        4.7        NA         9.1         1.8        7.3        5.2        4.5        3.3
  1962     15.9      10.6        5.7        NA         NA         6.2        5.6        5.2        NA        10.3         2.1        7.8        5.7        5.0        3.4
  1963     16.4      11.0        6.4        NA         NA         6.8        6.1        5.7        NA        11.0         2.5        8.6        6.1        5.5        3.6
  1964     17.0      11.5        7.2        NA         NA         7.7        6.6        6.2        NA        11.9         2.6        9.9        6.5        6.0        3.8
  1965     17.4      12.2        8.1        NA         NA         8.5        7.4        6.7        NA        13.1         2.8       11.1        7.2        6.6        4.2
  1966     18.2      13.1        8.9        NA         NA         9.4        8.4        7.1        NA        14.2         3.0       12.5        7.8        7.3        4.5
  1967     19.2      13.7       10.0        NA         NA        10.3        9.4        7.6        NA        15.0         3.3       13.8        8.8        8.1        4.7
  1968     20.7      14.7       11.6        NA         NA        11.0       10.3        8.6        NA        16.1         3.5       15.4        9.6        8.8        5.0
  1969     22.2      15.9       13.8        NA         NA        12.1       11.6        9.2        NA        17.6         3.9       17.4       10.6        9.6        5.5

  1970     23.7      17.0       16.4        NA         NA        13.7       13.3       10.3        NA        20.7         4.7       20.2       11.8       10.7        6.3
  1971     25.2      18.1       19.0        NA         NA        15.9       15.2       11.6        NA        23.2         5.4       23.1       13.5       12.1        7.2
  1972     26.5      19.4       21.9        NA         NA        18.8       16.9       12.8        NA        25.6         6.1       26.5       15.2       13.5        8.3
  1973     28.5      21.1       26.7        NA         NA        22.3       20.5       14.7        NA        29.0         7.2       31.6       17.1       15.2        9.5
  1974     31.6      24.6       35.0        NA         NA        27.4       24.8       17.4        NA        33.0         9.3       37.7       20.1       17.9       11.4
  1975     35.5      28.2       40.8        NA         NA        33.1       29.6       21.3        NA        36.4        11.8       43.1       24.0       21.9       15.1
  1976     38.4      32.4       43.9        NA         NA        38.3       33.0       24.4        NA        39.1        14.6       48.1       27.7       25.7       17.6
  1977     41.8      36.0       48.5        NA         NA        41.4       36.5       27.7        NA        42.8        17.3       52.5       31.1       28.1       19.8
  1978     45.2      38.7       51.7        NA         NA        44.4       40.2       31.2        NA        45.9        20.0       56.8       34.1       31.1       23.1
  1979     49.6      42.6       55.0        NA         NA        47.2       45.0       35.4        NA        49.3        24.2       61.1       35.8       33.5       27.5

  1980     55.6      47.4       58.5        NA         NA        52.5       49.6       40.8        NA        53.6        28.4       64.4       39.0       37.3       33.2
  1981     61.1      53.7       62.6        NA         NA        57.3       54.6       47.2        NA        57.0        34.3       67.4       43.3       41.2       38.5
  1982     67.0      60.9       65.7        NA         NA        59.9       59.5       56.1        NA        60.4        40.4       71.5       48.2       44.2       42.4
  1983     68.8      65.2       67.5        NA         NA        65.7       63.6       61.9        NA        63.1        47.2       74.9       52.9       49.0       45.5
  1984     71.2      68.9       69.5        NA         NA        71.4       67.2       67.2        NA        66.0        54.1       77.7       57.9       53.2       49.1
  1985     75.1      71.8       72.4        NA         NA        75.3       71.7       72.8        NA        70.0        60.8       81.8       63.4       58.6       53.1
  1986     78.5      72.8       76.0        NA         NA        77.3       73.2       75.8        NA        72.8        63.3       85.0       69.1       63.4       57.6
  1987     80.7      74.6       77.8        NA         NA        79.7       80.1       78.6        NA        76.0        66.8       87.8       78.4       67.6       64.8
  1988     84.0      77.4       79.1        NA         NA        81.1       82.9       81.6        NA        79.1        69.3       87.7       83.3       71.8       67.7
  1989     86.6      82.5       84.0        NA         NA        85.9       87.7       86.0        NA        83.2        75.9       88.5       87.2       79.4       72.9

  1990     90.8      88.3       90.5        NA         NA        90.1       92.7       90.6        NA        89.4        84.4       90.8       92.3       87.8       80.9
  1991     95.6      95.0       96.4        NA         NA        97.3       95.9       96.2       92.2       95.1        93.6       95.2       97.5       95.5       90.5
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0        NA         NA       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    102.7     102.0      102.8        NA         NA       104.8      104.6      103.0      106.4      105.9       107.5      103.7      101.5       97.1      104.3
  1994    105.6     103.7      104.9        NA         NA       106.1        NA       105.6      112.0      111.7       107.8      108.2      104.4       99.8      106.5
  1995    107.9     106.0      108.3        NA         NA       109.2        NA       108.4      118.2      117.7       112.8      110.6      109.2      106.3      107.0
  1996    109.3     105.1      109.2        NA         NA       110.9        NA       110.2      123.8      123.7       120.3      113.2      113.6      114.1      107.1
  1997    111.4     108.2      112.9        NA         NA       114.7        NA       113.0      126.3      126.6       125.4      116.2      118.7      119.1      110.3
  1998    117.3     111.2      115.8        NA         NA       116.4        NA       114.9      127.5      127.6       123.0      119.8      126.2      124.1      114.6
  1999    122.0     113.0      115.5        NA         NA       116.8        NA       119.3      129.6        NA        126.5      123.5      133.4      127.1      119.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 24 -

Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West            Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada*    Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France*   (unified)  Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950      8.7      6.0      NA        NA        NA        NA         2.2       2.4      NA          1.3         1.7       1.4       1.9       2.1       2.5

  1955     11.7      9.4       1.1      NA        NA        NA         3.0       4.3      NA          1.9         2.4       2.1       2.9       3.3       3.6

  1960     14.9     12.4       1.5      NA        NA         3.5       4.0       4.6      NA          3.0         3.2       3.0       4.1       4.6       4.9
  1961     15.3     12.2       1.8      NA        NA         3.7       4.5       5.1      NA          3.5         3.5       3.5       4.5       5.0       5.2
  1962     15.9     12.0       2.0      NA        NA         4.0       4.9       5.6      NA          4.0         4.1       3.8       5.0       5.6       5.5
  1963     16.4     12.3       2.2      NA        NA         4.4       5.4       6.1      NA          4.3         4.9       4.2       5.3       6.2       5.7
  1964     17.0     12.9       2.5      NA        NA         5.0       5.8       6.6      NA          4.7         5.2       4.8       5.6       6.8       6.1
  1965     17.4     13.6       2.8      NA        NA         5.5       6.4       7.2      NA          5.1         5.5       5.4       6.2       7.5       6.6
  1966     18.2     14.6       3.1      NA        NA         6.1       7.3       7.6      NA          5.5         5.9       6.1       6.8       8.2       7.2
  1967     19.2     15.4       3.5      NA        NA         6.7       8.1       8.2      NA          5.9         6.5       6.7       7.6       9.1       7.3
  1968     20.7     16.5       4.1      NA        NA         7.1       8.3       9.2      NA          6.3         7.0       7.5       8.4       9.9       6.8
  1969     22.2     17.8       4.9      NA        NA         7.7       9.3       9.4      NA          7.0         7.6       8.5       9.3      10.8       7.4

  1970     23.7     19.7       5.8      NA        NA         8.9      10.7       9.9      NA          8.9         9.2       9.8      10.3      12.0       8.6
  1971     25.2     21.7       6.9      NA        NA        10.5      12.4      11.1      NA         10.4        10.8      11.6      11.9      13.8      10.0
  1972     26.5     23.7       9.1      NA        NA        13.7      14.7      13.4      NA         12.6        12.8      14.5      14.3      16.5      11.8
  1973     28.5     25.5      12.5      NA        NA        18.5      20.5      17.5      NA         17.1        15.1      20.0      18.5      20.3      13.2
  1974     31.6     30.3      15.2      NA        NA        22.6      24.6      19.2      NA         19.9        17.7      24.7      22.6      23.5      15.1
  1975     35.5     33.5      17.4      NA        NA        29.0      31.1      26.3      NA         23.1        22.3      30.1      28.6      30.8      19.0
  1976     38.4     39.8      18.8      NA        NA        31.9      32.9      27.0      NA         24.3        21.7      32.0      31.6      34.3      17.9
  1977     41.8     41.0      22.9      NA        NA        37.1      36.7      29.8      NA         28.8        24.2      37.6      36.3      36.7      19.6
  1978     45.2     41.0      31.4      NA        NA        45.4      44.1      36.7      NA         35.8        29.0      46.2      40.4      40.2      25.1
  1979     49.6     43.9      32.0      NA        NA        51.7      51.6      44.0      NA         42.0        35.9      53.5      43.9      45.6      33.0

  1980     55.6     49.0      32.7      NA        NA        57.7      53.2      51.1      NA         46.1        40.8      57.0      49.0      51.4      43.7
  1981     61.1     54.1      36.0      NA        NA        49.5      46.2      46.0      NA         39.3        37.1      47.4      46.9      47.4      44.1
  1982     67.0     59.6      33.4      NA        NA        42.1      43.0      45.1      NA         38.8        36.8      47.1      46.4      41.0      42.0
  1983     68.8     63.9      36.0      NA        NA        41.3      42.0      43.0      NA         38.6        38.2      46.1      45.0      37.2      39.0
  1984     71.2     64.3      37.1      NA        NA        39.7      39.2      40.7      NA         36.3        37.9      42.6      44.1      37.5      37.2
  1985     75.1     63.5      38.5      NA        NA        40.8      40.9      42.9      NA         37.2        39.2      43.3      45.8      39.7      39.0
  1986     78.5     63.3      57.2      NA        NA        55.6      54.6      57.9      NA         52.4        52.3      61.1      58.0      51.8      47.8
  1987     80.7     68.0      68.2      NA        NA        68.6      70.6      69.2      NA         66.0        63.5      76.2      72.3      62.1      60.2
  1988     84.0     76.0      78.2      NA        NA        70.9      74.3      72.5      NA         70.4        65.5      78.0      79.3      68.2      68.3
  1989     86.6     84.1      77.1      NA        NA        70.1      72.3      71.4      NA         69.1        68.1      73.4      78.4      71.6      67.7

  1990     90.8     91.5      79.1      NA        NA        86.6      90.4      88.0      NA         86.4        86.8      87.7      91.7      86.4      81.7
  1991     95.6    100.1      90.8      NA        NA        91.5      90.5      90.2      86.7       89.4        92.9      89.4      93.3      91.9      90.5
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0      100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    102.7     95.5     117.3      NA        NA        97.4      97.4      96.2     100.4      100.0        84.2      98.1      88.8      72.6      88.7
  1994    105.6     91.7     130.1      NA        NA       102.1      NA       100.8     107.8      107.6        82.4     104.6      91.9      75.3      92.4
  1995    107.9     93.3     146.2      NA        NA       119.1      NA       115.1     128.9      128.3        85.3     121.2     107.1      86.7      95.6
  1996    109.3     93.1     127.2      NA        NA       115.1      NA       114.1     128.5      128.4        96.1     118.0     109.3      99.1      94.7
  1997    111.4     94.4     118.3      NA        NA       103.0      NA       102.5     113.7      114.0        90.7     104.6     104.1      90.7     102.3
  1998    117.3     90.6     112.0      NA        NA       103.0      NA       103.1     113.1      113.3        87.3     106.2     103.8      90.9     107.5
  1999    122.0     91.9     128.8      NA        NA        99.2      NA       102.6     110.3        NA         85.8     105.0     106.2      89.5     109.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 25 -

Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany    Former West              Nether-                           United
 Year     States   Canada*     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark    France*    (unified)    Germany      Italy      lands      Norway    Sweden*    Kingdom*

  1950      NA       20.3        NA         NA         NA         NA        11.0       12.2        NA          25.5         7.3       27.5        8.9        9.5        6.3

  1955      NA       23.5       36.4        NA         NA         NA        13.8       17.0        NA          25.4         7.5       31.3       11.7       13.8        8.3

  1960      NA       25.6       31.3        NA         NA        30.1       15.4       19.5        NA          27.8         7.9       34.4       12.8       15.0        9.8
  1961      NA       25.0       32.1        NA         NA        31.5       16.3       20.3        NA          29.7         8.1       37.1       13.5       15.6       10.5
  1962      NA       23.9       34.9        NA         NA        32.1       17.0       21.1        NA          31.5         8.6       38.2       14.9       16.2       10.8
  1963      NA       23.8       36.1        NA         NA        34.2       17.9       21.8        NA          32.2         9.9       40.4       15.1       16.9       10.7
  1964      NA       23.8       35.8        NA         NA        36.3       17.9       22.0        NA          32.1        10.5       42.9       15.2       16.9       10.7
  1965      NA       24.2       38.7        NA         NA        38.3       18.9       22.3        NA          33.3        10.1       45.1       15.9       17.4       11.4
  1966      NA       25.6       38.9        NA         NA        39.6       20.5       21.8        NA          34.7         9.9       47.3       16.7       18.2       11.9
  1967      NA       26.7       38.5        NA         NA        40.9       21.4       22.1        NA          34.5        10.4       48.8       18.0       18.7       11.7
  1968      NA       26.9       40.0        NA         NA        40.3       21.6       22.6        NA          34.3        10.2       48.4       18.7       18.5       11.7
  1969      NA       27.6       41.4        NA         NA        40.4       23.4       22.7        NA          35.0        10.9       50.0       18.8       18.8       12.5

  1970      NA       30.1       43.8        8.3       23.3       41.7       25.2       24.0        NA          39.8        12.4       52.9       20.3       20.6       14.1
  1971      NA       30.2       47.8        8.8       24.4       45.2       27.1       25.5        NA          42.9        14.1       57.1       22.5       22.2       15.4
  1972      NA       31.0       50.1        9.7       24.4       47.9       27.8       26.9        NA          44.7        14.6       60.8       24.1       23.6       16.8
  1973      NA       32.0       56.2       11.6       28.2       51.2       30.6       28.8        NA          47.5        15.8       65.3       25.5       24.8       17.9
  1974      NA       36.6       71.8       14.2       42.7       59.9       35.9       33.5        NA          52.1        19.4       72.7       28.9       27.9       21.1
  1975      NA       43.6       81.3       16.3       43.4       69.5       38.9       39.5        NA          55.2        25.4       84.3       34.8       33.7       28.7
  1976      NA       46.2       82.6       20.7       44.6       73.1       41.8       42.7        NA          55.4        27.7       84.8       39.3       38.9       31.9
  1977     61.2      48.1       87.6       24.4       46.4       75.3       45.4       45.8        NA          58.8        32.1       85.5       43.5       43.3       35.7
  1978     65.3      50.5       89.8       29.3       46.5       76.1       49.3       49.4        NA          61.1        34.7       86.8       46.8       46.6       41.1
  1979     70.7      56.0       88.4       35.9       52.8       76.8       52.5       53.5        NA          62.9        38.4       89.0       45.8       46.6       48.5

  1980     78.8      63.2       92.5       45.1       61.1       80.3       55.0       61.3        NA          69.4        43.1       93.0       50.8       51.0       59.1
  1981     82.4      69.0       96.0       52.1       70.9       81.7       59.5       69.0        NA          72.4        50.9       95.1       56.6       56.6       65.3
  1982     87.9      78.8       96.7       55.6       75.5       81.5       64.6       76.5        NA          76.7        58.9       99.2       60.5       58.7       68.2
  1983     86.0      79.0       98.0       59.6       73.9       81.1       65.8       82.6        NA          76.4        65.7       96.2       64.2       60.7       67.8
  1984     85.6      76.3       97.7       61.9       76.8       84.0       69.9       88.2        NA          77.3        68.9       90.9       66.3       62.5       69.4
  1985     87.3      77.7       94.6       62.1       80.0       86.5       74.2       92.0        NA          78.6        73.5       91.8       70.2       68.0       73.5
  1986     91.2      81.0       99.9       62.1       82.1       88.0       80.4       94.3        NA          81.2        75.6       93.7       77.7       72.4       77.0
  1987     86.9      82.4       97.0       66.9       82.1       89.7       88.4       96.1        NA          86.3        78.0       95.9       84.1       75.8       81.6
  1988     86.7      85.2       94.3       76.1       84.4       88.1       88.2       93.3        NA          86.5        79.9       93.6       90.4       79.4       82.3
  1989     90.5      88.0       94.9       81.5       88.3       88.7       88.1       93.6        NA          87.9        84.9       91.1       92.2       85.1       84.7

  1990     93.7      92.3       95.9       85.9       95.1       93.0       93.6       96.8        NA          90.3        91.3       92.1       95.6       92.9       91.7
  1991     97.6      99.7       97.4       95.0       96.4       98.1       96.3       99.3       93.1         93.3        98.4       95.5      100.0      100.0       98.2
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0        100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    100.6      97.6      101.1      103.8      100.9      102.3      100.1      102.4      104.5        105.3       104.4      102.3      100.9       90.5      100.3
  1994     98.5      94.3      101.5      108.2      101.9       97.9       93.0       97.3      101.9        103.6       102.1       96.0      102.9       83.5       99.7
  1995     94.8      95.5       97.6      120.4      102.1       96.4       93.8       94.7      104.7        105.9       103.2       94.0      107.0       87.2      102.6
  1996     93.5      95.9       94.0      126.5      101.6       94.7      100.9       95.9      107.4        107.5       109.9       94.5      111.4       91.7      104.8
  1997     91.9      95.9       93.3      116.1      100.0       90.5      102.0       92.2      104.4        103.9       112.4       95.3      115.2       89.6      107.1
  1998     92.5      98.8       95.5      113.6      101.4       90.3      102.8       92.7      105.3        100.4       110.8       96.1      121.5       90.8      111.4
  1999     90.3      98.1       91.8      108.7       98.9       90.6      108.9       92.6      105.9         NA         112.0       97.0      128.4       90.3      111.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 26 -

Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada*    Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France*   (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950     NA       22.5      NA        NA        NA        NA         9.6      18.5      NA           9.5        14.4      12.7       7.8      10.7      10.0

  1955     NA       28.8      12.8      NA        NA        NA        12.0      25.7      NA           9.4        14.8      14.5      10.2      15.5      13.2

  1960     NA       32.0      11.0      NA        NA        19.4      13.5      21.1      NA          10.4        15.6      16.0      11.2      16.9      15.6
  1961     NA       29.8      11.3      NA        NA        20.3      14.3      21.9      NA          11.6        16.0      18.0      11.8      17.6      16.7
  1962     NA       27.0      12.3      NA        NA        20.7      14.9      22.8      NA          12.3        17.1      18.7      12.9      18.3      17.2
  1963     NA       26.7      12.7      NA        NA        22.0      15.7      23.5      NA          12.6        19.7      19.8      13.1      18.9      17.0
  1964     NA       26.7      12.5      NA        NA        23.5      15.6      23.7      NA          12.6        20.7      20.9      13.2      19.1      17.0
  1965     NA       27.1      13.6      NA        NA        24.8      16.5      24.0      NA          13.0        19.9      22.0      13.8      19.6      18.0
  1966     NA       28.7      13.6      NA        NA        25.6      17.9      23.5      NA          13.6        19.5      23.0      14.5      20.6      18.9
  1967     NA       29.9      13.5      NA        NA        26.5      18.5      23.7      NA          13.5        20.5      23.8      15.6      21.1      18.3
  1968     NA       30.2      14.1      NA        NA        25.9      17.4      24.2      NA          13.4        20.3      23.5      16.2      20.9      15.9
  1969     NA       31.0      14.6      NA        NA        25.9      18.8      23.1      NA          13.9        21.3      24.3      16.4      21.1      16.9

  1970     NA       34.8      15.5      21.0      14.7      27.0      20.3      23.0      NA          17.1        24.4      25.7      17.6      23.1      19.2
  1971     NA       36.1      17.4      19.9      15.3      29.9      22.1      24.5      NA          19.3        28.1      28.8      19.9      25.3      21.3
  1972     NA       37.8      21.0      19.5      15.4      35.0      24.1      28.2      NA          21.9        30.8      33.3      22.7      28.9      23.8
  1973     NA       38.6      26.3      22.8      18.6      42.4      30.7      34.4      NA          28.0        33.5      41.3      27.6      33.1      24.8
  1974     NA       45.2      31.2      27.6      28.3      49.5      35.6      36.9      NA          31.5        36.8      47.6      32.5      36.7      28.0
  1975     NA       51.8      34.8      26.4      28.7      60.9      40.9      48.8      NA          35.1        47.9      58.7      41.5      47.4      36.1
  1976     NA       56.6      35.3      33.6      29.6      60.9      41.8      47.3      NA          34.4        41.1      56.5      44.8      52.0      32.6
  1977     61.2     54.7      41.5      39.5      30.8      67.6      45.7      49.3      NA          39.6        44.8      61.3      50.8      56.4      35.3
  1978     65.3     53.5      54.6      47.5      31.6      77.8      54.1      58.1      NA          47.6        50.4      70.7      55.5      60.1      44.6
  1979     70.7     57.8      51.3      58.2      36.9      84.2      60.3      66.5      NA          53.6        57.0      78.0      56.2      63.3      58.3

  1980     78.8     65.3      51.8      58.3      42.7      88.3      58.9      76.8      NA          59.6        62.0      82.3      63.9      70.2      77.9
  1981     82.4     69.5      55.2      60.0      48.4      70.6      50.4      67.1      NA          49.9        55.1      66.9      61.3      65.1      74.8
  1982     87.9     77.2      49.2      59.6      48.5      57.2      46.7      61.6      NA          49.3        53.6      65.3      58.2      54.4      67.4
  1983     86.0     77.5      52.3      60.3      46.4      51.0      43.4      57.4      NA          46.7        53.3      59.3      54.7      46.1      58.2
  1984     85.6     71.2      52.2      60.1      48.8      46.8      40.8      53.5      NA          42.4        48.4      49.8      50.5      44.0      52.6
  1985     87.3     68.7      50.3      56.5      50.4      46.9      42.3      54.2      NA          41.7        47.5      48.7      50.8      46.1      54.0
  1986     91.2     70.4      75.2      55.1      54.6      63.4      60.0      72.1      NA          58.5        62.4      67.3      65.3      59.2      64.0
  1987     86.9     75.1      85.0      63.5      65.1      77.2      77.9      84.6      NA          74.9        74.1      83.2      77.5      69.6      75.8
  1988     86.7     83.6      93.2      81.3      74.2      77.0      79.0      82.9      NA          76.9        75.6      83.2      86.1      75.4      83.0
  1989     90.5     89.8      87.1      94.8      84.1      72.3      72.6      77.6      NA          73.0        76.2      75.5      82.9      76.8      78.6

  1990     93.7     95.6      83.8      94.9      88.9      89.5      91.3      94.1      NA          87.3        93.8      88.9      95.0      91.3      92.6
  1991     97.6    105.1      91.7     101.1      90.6      92.3      90.8      93.1      87.6        87.8        97.6      89.8      95.7      96.3      98.3
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    100.6     91.4     115.4     101.1      96.1      95.1      93.2      95.6      98.6        99.4        81.8      96.8      88.3      67.7      85.3
  1994     98.5     83.4     125.9     105.2      96.9      94.2      88.3      92.9      98.2        99.8        78.1      92.8      90.7      63.1      86.5
  1995     94.8     84.1     131.7     122.3      96.9     105.2     101.1     100.6     114.2       115.5        78.0     103.0     105.0      71.1      91.7
  1996     93.5     85.0     109.6     123.3      93.0      98.3     105.0      99.2     111.5       111.6        87.8      98.6     107.1      79.6      92.6
  1997     91.9     83.6      97.7      95.8      87.4      81.2      93.1      83.6      94.0        93.5        81.3      85.9     101.0      68.3      99.3
  1998     92.5     80.5      92.4      63.7      76.0      80.0      92.6      83.2      93.5        89.1        78.6      85.2     100.0      66.5     104.5
  1999     90.3     79.8     102.4      71.7      76.9      76.9      94.1      79.6      90.1        NA          75.9      82.4     102.2      63.6     102.0

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 27 -

Table 11.  Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany    Former West             Nether-                           United
 Year     States    Canada     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark     France    (unified)   Germany      Italy      lands      Norway     Sweden    Kingdom

  1950    100.0     110.5       35.2        NA         NA         NA        87.5      151.3        NA         37.2       197.3       46.2       87.1      112.6      158.6

  1955    100.0     122.5       35.2        NA         NA         NA        87.4      151.2        NA         37.1       197.1       46.1       87.0      112.6      158.0

  1960    100.0     124.6       35.2        NA         NA        64.5       87.6      107.9        NA         37.4       198.4       46.6       87.1      112.7      159.0
  1961    100.0     119.4       35.1        NA         NA        64.5       87.4      107.9        NA         38.9       198.4       48.5       87.0      112.7      158.6
  1962    100.0     113.1       35.1        NA         NA        64.6       87.5      108.0        NA         39.1       198.5       48.8       87.1      113.0      159.0
  1963    100.0     112.0       35.1        NA         NA        64.5       87.4      108.0        NA         39.2       198.2       48.8       86.9      112.3      158.5
  1964    100.0     112.0       35.0        NA         NA        64.6       87.3      108.0        NA         39.3       197.3       48.8       86.8      113.1      158.1
  1965    100.0     112.1       35.1        NA         NA        64.8       87.3      108.0        NA         39.1       197.2       48.8       86.9      112.9      158.3
  1966    100.0     112.2       35.0        NA         NA        64.5       87.4      107.7        NA         39.1       197.3       48.6       86.9      112.8      158.1
  1967    100.0     112.0       35.0        NA         NA        64.7       86.5      107.6        NA         39.2       197.4       48.8       86.9      112.9      155.7
  1968    100.0     112.2       35.2        NA         NA        64.4       80.7      106.9        NA         39.1       197.7       48.6       87.0      112.7      135.5
  1969    100.0     112.2       35.4        NA         NA        64.1       80.3      102.2        NA         39.8       196.4       48.5       87.0      112.7      135.3

  1970    100.0     115.8       35.4      252.7       62.9       64.7       80.5       95.7        NA         42.8       196.5       48.6       86.9      112.3      135.6
  1971    100.0     119.7       36.5      226.0       62.9       66.2       81.6       96.1        NA         44.9       199.3       50.4       88.3      114.1      138.4
  1972    100.0     122.0       41.8      199.7       62.9       73.0       86.8      104.9        NA         49.0       211.1       54.8       94.3      122.5      141.6
  1973    100.0     120.8       46.8      197.0       65.8       82.8      100.2      119.3        NA         59.0       211.8       63.3      108.2      133.8      138.8
  1974    100.0     123.6       43.5      194.0       66.2       82.7       99.3      110.1        NA         60.5       189.4       65.5      112.6      131.4      132.5
  1975    100.0     118.8       42.7      162.1       66.2       87.6      105.3      123.6        NA         63.6       188.9       69.7      119.2      140.6      125.8
  1976    100.0     122.6       42.8      162.1       66.2       83.3       99.9      110.9        NA         62.1       148.4       66.6      113.9      133.7      102.2
  1977    100.0     113.7       47.3      162.1       66.2       89.7      100.6      107.7        NA         67.3       139.6       71.7      116.8      130.4       98.8
  1978    100.0     106.0       60.8      162.1       67.9      102.3      109.6      117.6        NA         77.9       145.2       81.4      118.6      129.0      108.6
  1979    100.0     103.2       58.1      162.1       69.8      109.6      114.8      124.4        NA         85.2       148.3       87.7      122.7      135.9      120.2

  1980    100.0     103.4       55.9      129.2       69.8      110.0      107.1      125.3        NA         85.9       143.9       88.5      125.8      137.7      131.7
  1981    100.0     100.8       57.5      115.2       68.3       86.4       84.6       97.3        NA         69.0       108.2       70.4      108.2      115.0      114.6
  1982    100.0      97.9       50.9      107.2       64.3       70.2       72.4       80.5        NA         64.3        91.0       65.8       96.2       92.7       99.0
  1983    100.0      98.1       53.4      101.1       62.8       62.9       66.0       69.5        NA         61.2        81.1       61.6       85.1       75.9       85.8
  1984    100.0      93.3       53.4       97.1       63.5       55.7       58.3       60.6        NA         54.9        70.2       54.8       76.2       70.4       75.7
  1985    100.0      88.5       53.2       91.0       63.1       54.2       57.0       58.9        NA         53.1        64.5       53.0       72.3       67.7       73.5
  1986    100.0      87.0       75.3       88.7       66.5       72.0       74.6       76.4        NA         72.0        82.6       71.8       84.0       81.7       83.1
  1987    100.0      91.1       87.7       95.0       79.2       86.1       88.2       88.0        NA         86.9        95.0       86.8       92.2       91.8       92.8
  1988    100.0      98.2       98.9      106.8       87.9       87.4       89.6       88.8        NA         88.9        94.6       88.9       95.2       94.9      100.8
  1989    100.0     102.1       91.8      116.4       95.3       81.6       82.5       83.0        NA         83.0        89.8       82.9       89.9       90.2       92.7

  1990    100.0     103.6       87.4      110.4       93.5       96.2       97.5       97.2        NA         96.6       102.8       96.6       99.4       98.4      101.0
  1991    100.0     105.5       94.2      106.5       94.0       94.0       94.3       93.7       94.0        94.0        99.3       93.9       95.7       96.3      100.1
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0       100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    100.0      93.7      114.1       97.4       95.2       93.0       93.1       93.4       94.4        94.4        78.3       94.6       87.5       74.7       85.0
  1994    100.0      88.4      124.1       97.2       95.1       96.2       95.0       95.4       96.3        96.3        76.5       96.7       88.1       75.5       86.7
  1995    100.0      88.1      134.9      101.5       95.0      109.1      107.8      106.2      109.1       109.1        75.6      109.6       98.1       81.6       89.4
  1996    100.0      88.6      116.5       97.5       91.6      103.8      104.1      103.5      103.8       103.8        79.9      104.3       96.2       86.8       88.4
  1997    100.0      87.3      104.7       82.5       87.4       89.8       91.3       90.7       90.0        90.0        72.3       90.1       87.7       76.2       92.7
  1998    100.0      81.5       96.8       56.0       75.0       88.5       90.1       89.7       88.8        88.8        70.9       88.7       82.3       73.3       93.8
  1999    100.0      81.3      111.5       65.9       77.8       84.9       86.4       86.0       85.1        85.1        67.8       85.0       79.6       70.4       91.6

NA:  Not Available

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 28 -

Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

          United                                                                                Germany    Former West             Nether-                           United
 Year     States   Canada*     Japan      Korea      Taiwan    Belgium    Denmark    France*    (unified)   Germany      Italy      lands      Norway    Sweden*    Kingdom*

  1950      8.8       5.9        NA         NA         NA         NA         3.5        2.0        NA          4.9         0.9        4.0        2.9        2.4        1.9

  1955     11.8       8.1        3.7        NA         NA         NA         4.7        3.4        NA          7.3         1.4        5.9        4.4        3.9        2.7

  1960     14.8      10.3        5.3        NA         NA         6.8        6.0        5.2        NA         10.7         1.8        8.4        6.0        5.1        3.5
  1961     15.2      10.6        6.1        NA         NA         7.2        6.6        5.7        NA         11.8         2.0        9.2        6.4        5.5        3.7
  1962     16.0      11.0        6.9        NA         NA         7.8        7.2        6.3        NA         13.0         2.3        9.8        7.0        6.1        3.9
  1963     16.5      11.5        7.6        NA         NA         8.6        7.8        6.9        NA         13.7         2.7       10.7        7.5        6.6        4.1
  1964     17.3      12.1        8.5        NA         NA         9.6        8.5        7.4        NA         14.8         2.9       12.3        8.0        7.1        4.4
  1965     17.9      12.8        9.4        NA         NA        10.5        9.4        8.0        NA         16.2         3.0       13.8        8.7        7.8        4.7
  1966     18.8      13.6       10.4        NA         NA        11.5       10.4        8.5        NA         17.4         3.2       15.3        9.5        8.5        5.0
  1967     19.4      14.4       11.7        NA         NA        12.4       11.6        9.1        NA         17.8         3.6       16.9       10.5        9.2        5.1
  1968     20.9      15.3       13.6        NA         NA        13.3       12.5       10.0        NA         19.4         3.8       18.5       11.3        9.8        5.5
  1969     22.2      16.5       15.8        NA         NA        14.4       13.8       10.9        NA         21.3         4.2       20.7       12.2       10.5        6.0

  1970     23.3      17.6       18.7        NA         NA        16.0       15.3       12.1        NA         24.8         5.0       23.5       13.5       11.7        6.8
  1971     24.8      18.6       21.2        NA         NA        18.2       17.5       13.5        NA         27.2         5.6       26.6       15.3       13.2        7.6
  1972     26.5      20.0       24.3        NA         NA        21.0       19.0       14.7        NA         29.8         6.2       30.1       16.9       14.3        8.7
  1973     28.5      21.6       29.4        NA         NA        24.3       21.8       16.6        NA         33.4         7.4       35.2       18.9       15.8       10.1
  1974     31.0      24.9       37.0        NA         NA        29.2       26.9       19.5        NA         37.2         9.4       40.7       21.8       18.4       11.7
  1975     34.3      28.3       42.1        NA         NA        33.3       31.1       23.1        NA         40.0        11.6       45.7       25.9       22.1       15.5
  1976     37.6      32.5       46.7        NA         NA        39.3       34.8       26.5        NA         44.3        14.4       50.9       29.2       25.5       18.1
  1977     41.0      36.1       51.6        NA         NA        42.3       38.2       29.9        NA         47.7        17.0       55.3       32.2       27.8       20.6
  1978     44.3      39.1       55.2        NA         NA        45.2       41.6       33.4        NA         50.6        19.5       59.2       34.6       29.9       23.9
  1979     48.4      42.8       59.2        NA         NA        48.1       46.5       37.7        NA         54.1        23.5       62.9       35.7       31.7       28.4

  1980     53.5      47.2       62.9        NA         NA        52.7       51.6       43.5        NA         57.9        27.6       66.7       39.1       34.9       33.1
  1981     58.8      52.9       66.9        NA         NA        56.1       56.1       49.8        NA         60.9        33.4       70.2       43.6       38.8       37.8
  1982     63.3      59.6       70.0        NA         NA        60.0       62.0       56.7        NA         64.1        39.3       75.3       48.1       42.0       42.1
  1983     66.9      64.6       71.9        NA         NA        64.2       67.2       62.3        NA         67.2        45.8       78.9       53.0       47.2       45.3
  1984     70.2      68.2       74.9        NA         NA        69.3       70.8       67.7        NA         70.3        52.5       80.7       57.9       52.1       49.2
  1985     74.1      71.5       77.7        NA         NA        74.1       73.0       72.9        NA         73.1        58.5       82.9       63.1       56.8       53.8
  1986     77.4      72.9       81.1        NA         NA        76.2       76.3       76.1        NA         75.6        62.4       85.7       68.9       61.2       58.4
  1987     80.0      75.3       83.4        NA         NA        79.2       81.5       79.4        NA         78.8        67.1       88.1       76.3       66.2       65.4
  1988     84.0      79.7       85.7        NA         NA        81.9       84.4       82.7        NA         81.7        72.0       88.6       81.6       70.0       70.0
  1989     86.7      83.0       89.9        NA         NA        86.4       88.2       86.9        NA         84.6        78.7       89.0       86.0       77.1       74.6

  1990     90.2      88.5       95.5        NA         NA        91.7       92.1       91.1        NA         89.2        85.4       91.2       90.9       86.5       82.6
  1991     94.3      94.8       99.5        NA         NA        97.3       95.6       95.7       88.2        94.3        93.7       95.4       96.4       94.2       91.4
  1992    100.0     100.0      100.0        NA         NA       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0       100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0
  1993    104.1     103.0      100.6        NA         NA       103.2      103.8      102.9      103.9       102.8       105.4      103.7      101.8       99.8      104.2
  1994    108.0     105.8      102.9        NA         NA       107.4      106.0      105.6      109.9       108.5       108.6      108.2      104.9      106.6      107.9
  1995    109.5     107.7      107.1        NA         NA       109.2      109.7      107.9      115.8       113.6       113.7      110.9      108.8      114.6      109.9
  1996    110.9     107.2      108.5        NA         NA       111.5      112.6      109.8      118.6       117.6       120.4      113.4      112.6      123.3      110.7
  1997    113.9     111.6      111.6        NA         NA       115.4      117.7      113.1      121.0       120.5       125.9      115.9      117.4      128.9      114.0
  1998    118.7     114.0      112.0        NA         NA       117.3      120.6      115.4      123.4       122.8       123.3      119.3      125.0      134.5      118.3
  1999    124.4     116.9      111.6        NA         NA       120.2      126.3      117.8      125.0         NA        126.3      123.0      131.6      138.2      122.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 29 -

Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada     Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France    (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     46.8     37.0      NA        NA        NA        NA        28.6      19.8      NA          11.7        18.5      17.1      26.3      25.2      26.6

  1955     56.5     46.5      18.2      NA        NA        NA        31.9      26.7      NA          15.9        21.5      21.2      29.5      30.5      29.0

  1960     65.2     54.6      23.1      NA        NA        24.5      38.7      30.1      NA          23.6        24.7      26.4      36.4      35.3      34.1
  1961     66.5     55.5      25.5      NA        NA        25.7      41.7      32.2      NA          25.8        26.6      29.8      38.7      37.9      35.2
  1962     68.3     57.0      27.3      NA        NA        27.2      42.5      34.0      NA          28.4        29.8      31.0      40.4      40.3      35.5
  1963     69.5     58.3      28.4      NA        NA        29.4      43.9      35.4      NA          29.4        32.8      33.1      42.0      43.3      36.4
  1964     71.4     59.7      30.7      NA        NA        31.9      45.7      37.2      NA          31.1        33.1      36.2      42.5      45.7      37.6
  1965     71.8     61.7      32.1      NA        NA        34.0      47.7      39.4      NA          33.1        34.0      39.0      45.0      48.0      39.2
  1966     73.0     63.8      33.7      NA        NA        36.1      50.8      40.6      NA          34.7        35.4      41.3      47.7      49.4      40.8
  1967     74.7     64.9      36.3      NA        NA        38.3      53.0      42.5      NA          36.1        38.2      44.3      51.0      52.5      41.8
  1968     77.2     66.6      40.1      NA        NA        39.9      54.0      46.3      NA          38.3        40.3      47.5      54.3      56.0      42.9
  1969     78.5     68.9      45.2      NA        NA        42.1      58.7      47.5      NA          41.1        43.0      50.2      58.1      58.8      44.2

  1970     79.5     71.5      49.9      NA        NA        46.1      62.9      50.9      NA          46.7        49.8      55.6      58.3      61.7      47.8
  1971     80.8     73.9      54.3      NA        NA        51.1      68.3      54.1      NA          49.8        54.7      59.1      62.9      64.0      49.7
  1972     82.3     75.7      59.6      NA        NA        57.3      71.0      56.2      NA          52.3        58.0      62.9      65.8      67.4      53.5
  1973     83.4     76.7      65.2      NA        NA        63.6      78.8      60.0      NA          55.4        61.9      69.4      69.0      69.7      55.8
  1974     83.4     80.2      69.4      NA        NA        69.4      82.8      62.7      NA          58.9        67.7      75.6      74.0      74.7      57.8
  1975     85.6     83.3      72.4      NA        NA        74.4      90.0      68.4      NA          61.3        72.9      78.5      79.1      83.5      62.0
  1976     87.8     88.8      71.2      NA        NA        78.9      92.1      71.5      NA          63.1        77.7      80.5      83.9      88.3      61.8
  1977     89.6     91.2      72.7      NA        NA        79.5      91.8      74.2      NA          66.7        77.1      82.3      86.3      86.0      60.1
  1978     90.6     89.9      74.3      NA        NA        81.6      91.9      76.5      NA          69.9        78.9      85.6      87.4      88.8      64.4
  1979     90.9     90.6      76.2      NA        NA        83.1      93.7      78.4      NA          72.2        82.6      88.2      87.6      89.8      67.4

  1980     91.7     91.7      75.3      NA        NA        86.7      92.1      79.5      NA          74.6        80.0      87.3      86.0      87.5      69.0
  1981     92.1     92.0      76.8      NA        NA        87.8      90.7      81.2      NA          74.6        81.5      85.7      84.1      86.2      72.0
  1982     95.4     94.1      78.4      NA        NA        84.5      89.7      86.2      NA          75.0        82.6      85.8      84.1      85.0      72.4
  1983     94.1     95.2      79.1      NA        NA        86.1      89.7      86.9      NA          76.0        83.7      87.4      85.1      84.3      74.4
  1984     93.6     96.4      79.7      NA        NA        88.0      89.2      87.7      NA          77.7        86.8      87.8      87.7      85.1      76.3
  1985     95.5     96.6      81.2      NA        NA        88.5      90.9      89.6      NA          80.7        89.8      90.4      90.8      87.2      77.8
  1986     98.1     94.1      84.8      NA        NA        89.7      89.6      90.9      NA          84.1        88.2      93.9      92.4      90.3      81.5
  1987     97.6     92.3      86.7      NA        NA        91.0      94.1      91.5      NA          87.7        89.0      97.4      96.4      92.3      88.1
  1988     97.9     92.1      87.6      NA        NA        91.5      93.2      92.6      NA          90.3        87.9      96.6      96.0      94.0      87.7
  1989     96.8     93.4      91.0      NA        NA        94.1      94.1      94.1      NA          92.3        90.3      96.3      96.1      98.1      87.7

  1990     96.6     94.7      95.1      NA        NA        95.4      96.9      96.0      NA          96.6        94.6      96.5      97.7      97.4      88.9
  1991     98.1     96.3      98.1      NA        NA        99.7      98.0      98.8      96.9        99.1        98.7      98.1      99.8      97.2      93.9
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    100.2    100.2     101.4      NA        NA       102.0     103.3     100.9     101.9       102.1       103.2     101.1      99.2      95.1     102.7
  1994    100.8    101.6     102.8      NA        NA       100.9      NA       101.7     104.3       104.8        99.6     102.7     100.6      95.6     102.4
  1995    100.4    101.7     106.3      NA        NA       102.3      NA       102.7     108.2       108.7        98.9     103.1     102.7      97.3      99.4
  1996     99.0     99.2     107.0      NA        NA       101.8      NA       102.4     111.9       112.8       101.5     103.6     105.6     103.3      97.2
  1997     98.8    100.6     108.7      NA        NA       103.6      NA       103.7     112.1       113.3       103.9     104.1     107.5     106.8      97.0
  1998    102.6    102.5     110.8      NA        NA       104.1      NA       104.8     112.0       113.3       100.2     105.3     111.8     110.3      97.4
  1999    104.5    102.4     110.9      NA        NA       103.3      NA       108.2     113.2        NA         101.5     106.2     115.5     109.2     100.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 30 -

Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West             Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada     Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France    (unified)   Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden    Kingdom

  1950     47.4     40.3      NA        NA        NA        NA        40.2      24.4      NA          17.2        20.4      22.3      34.5      33.3      30.9

  1955     57.4     48.7      21.7      NA        NA        NA        44.0      32.5      NA          23.3        24.3      27.7      38.7      39.9      34.2

  1960     64.9     56.8      28.6      NA        NA        30.8      50.8      36.6      NA          31.0        28.2      34.8      45.9      43.8      39.3
  1961     66.2     57.5      31.2      NA        NA        32.2      53.1      39.3      NA          33.4        30.0      37.6      48.1      46.4      40.1
  1962     68.8     59.4      32.6      NA        NA        34.2      54.5      41.4      NA          35.8        32.6      39.0      50.0      48.9      40.0
  1963     70.1     61.0      33.6      NA        NA        37.0      55.4      43.1      NA          36.5        36.1      41.4      51.8      51.8      41.0
  1964     72.6     62.7      36.2      NA        NA        40.0      58.3      45.0      NA          38.7        36.4      44.9      52.7      54.0      42.7
  1965     73.7     64.9      37.2      NA        NA        41.9      60.7      47.2      NA          41.0        36.1      48.2      54.5      56.1      43.9
  1966     75.2     66.6      39.3      NA        NA        44.1      63.4      48.8      NA          42.4        38.1      50.8      57.9      57.6      44.9
  1967     75.6     67.8      42.4      NA        NA        46.2      65.4      50.7      NA          42.9        41.7      54.2      61.3      60.2      45.7
  1968     77.9     69.4      46.7      NA        NA        48.2      65.1      53.7      NA          46.1        43.9      57.1      63.7      62.8      47.3
  1969     78.7     71.5      51.9      NA        NA        50.3      69.9      56.3      NA          49.5        46.6      59.5      66.6      64.6      48.7

  1970     78.0     73.7      56.7      NA        NA        53.7      72.5      59.6      NA          56.0        53.0      64.7      66.4      67.6      51.8
  1971     79.5     76.0      60.7      NA        NA        58.5      78.5      62.9      NA          58.4        56.6      68.1      70.9      69.8      52.6
  1972     82.3     77.9      66.2      NA        NA        64.2      79.8      64.7      NA          60.7        59.6      71.5      73.1      71.6      56.1
  1973     83.3     78.3      71.9      NA        NA        69.5      83.9      67.9      NA          63.8        64.3      77.3      76.1      72.6      59.2
  1974     81.7     81.4      73.3      NA        NA        73.9      89.8      70.0      NA          66.5        67.9      81.7      80.5      76.8      59.3
  1975     82.7     83.4      74.6      NA        NA        74.9      94.6      74.1      NA          67.4        71.8      83.2      85.6      84.1      63.5
  1976     85.8     89.1      75.7      NA        NA        80.9      97.2      77.7      NA          71.5        76.5      85.2      88.4      87.8      63.8
  1977     87.9     91.4      77.4      NA        NA        81.2      96.0      79.9      NA          74.3        75.6      86.7      89.4      84.9      62.4
  1978     88.9     90.8      79.4      NA        NA        83.2      95.0      81.8      NA          76.9        77.2      89.2      88.8      85.3      66.7
  1979     88.6     91.1      82.0      NA        NA        84.7      96.8      83.6      NA          79.2        80.2      90.9      87.5      84.9      69.5

  1980     88.3     91.2      81.0      NA        NA        87.0      95.7      84.8      NA          80.7        77.9      90.6      86.3      81.9      68.8
  1981     88.8     90.8      82.0      NA        NA        86.1      93.2      85.6      NA          79.7        79.3      89.3      84.6      81.2      70.7
  1982     90.2     92.0      83.5      NA        NA        84.7      93.5      87.1      NA          79.7        80.2      90.4      83.8      80.6      71.8
  1983     91.5     94.3      84.3      NA        NA        84.1      94.7      87.4      NA          80.9        81.3      92.2      85.2      81.1      74.0
  1984     92.3     95.4      85.8      NA        NA        85.4      93.9      88.4      NA          82.7        84.2      91.3      87.7      83.4      76.5
  1985     94.2     96.2      87.2      NA        NA        87.1      92.5      89.7      NA          84.3        86.4      91.6      90.4      84.5      78.8
  1986     96.7     94.2      90.5      NA        NA        88.4      93.3      91.2      NA          87.3        87.0      94.6      92.1      87.1      82.7
  1987     96.7     93.2      92.9      NA        NA        90.5      95.8      92.3      NA          90.9        89.4      97.7      93.7      90.3      88.9
  1988     98.0     94.9      94.9      NA        NA        92.5      94.9      93.7      NA          93.2        91.3      97.6      94.1      91.6      90.7
  1989     96.9     94.1      97.4      NA        NA        94.7      94.6      95.1      NA          93.9        93.7      96.8      94.7      95.3      89.7

  1990     96.0     94.9     100.4      NA        NA        97.0      96.3      96.5      NA          96.4        95.8      96.9      96.2      95.8      90.7
  1991     96.8     96.1     101.2      NA        NA        99.7      97.6      98.3      92.7        98.2        98.8      98.3      98.7      95.9      94.9
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0      NA        NA       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    101.5    101.2      99.3      NA        NA       100.5     102.5     100.8      99.4        99.1       101.1     101.1      99.5      97.7     102.5
  1994    103.0    103.6     100.9      NA        NA       102.1     102.6     101.8     102.4       101.7       100.3     102.7     101.2     102.0     103.7
  1995    101.9    103.3     105.1      NA        NA       102.3     104.0     102.2     106.1       104.9        99.7     103.5     102.4     104.9     102.0
  1996    100.5    101.3     106.4      NA        NA       102.3     104.6     102.0     107.2       107.2       101.5     103.8     104.6     111.7     100.4
  1997    100.9    103.8     107.5      NA        NA       104.2     106.9     103.8     107.3       107.9       104.4     103.8     106.3     115.6     100.2
  1998    103.8    105.0     107.2      NA        NA       104.9     107.6     105.1     108.4       109.0       100.4     104.8     110.8     119.6     100.6
  1999    106.5    105.9     107.1      NA        NA       106.4     110.0     106.8     109.1        NA         101.3     105.8     114.0     118.6     102.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.
- 31 -

Table 15.  Labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                         Germany   Former West            Nether-                       United
 Year    States   Canada*    Japan     Korea    Taiwan    Belgium   Denmark   France*   (unified)  Germany      Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950      7.4      4.6      NA        NA        NA        NA         2.9       2.2      NA          3.7          .7       4.6       3.4       2.9       3.1

  1955     11.0      6.9       1.8      NA        NA        NA         4.1       3.9      NA          7.0         1.1       7.2       5.5       4.9       4.9

  1960     13.7      8.8       3.4      NA        NA         9.2       6.3       6.1      NA         11.6         1.7      10.9       7.3       6.9       6.7
  1961     13.7      8.9       4.1      NA        NA        10.1       7.0       6.8      NA         13.1         2.0      12.2       8.0       7.7       7.1
  1962     14.8      9.6       4.9      NA        NA        11.1       7.9       7.5      NA         14.5         2.3      13.2       8.9       8.5       7.3
  1963     15.4     10.2       5.6      NA        NA        12.4       8.5       8.4      NA         15.2         2.8      14.5       9.6       9.3       7.5
  1964     16.4     11.2       6.5      NA        NA        14.3       9.5       9.2      NA         16.4         3.0      16.9      10.4      10.2       8.2
  1965     17.8     12.4       7.3      NA        NA        15.6      10.7       9.8      NA         18.3         3.1      19.0      11.4      11.2       9.0
  1966     19.8     13.9       8.3      NA        NA        17.1      11.8      10.5      NA         19.4         3.3      21.0      12.6      12.1       9.6
  1967     20.7     14.8       9.8      NA        NA        17.9      12.5      11.1      NA         18.9         3.8      22.5      14.0      12.8       9.5
  1968     22.6     15.9      11.8      NA        NA        18.8      13.5      12.0      NA         20.7         4.1      24.4      14.9      13.4      10.2
  1969     24.6     17.4      14.2      NA        NA        21.1      15.4      13.5      NA         23.6         4.6      27.7      16.2      14.6      11.3

  1970     24.8     18.2      17.1        .6       3.0      24.0      17.1      15.4      NA         28.2         5.7      31.5      18.2      16.6      12.8
  1971     25.3     19.4      19.6        .7       3.8      27.2      18.8      17.4      NA         30.7         6.5      35.2      20.8      18.0      13.7
  1972     27.8     21.5      22.4        .9       4.6      31.0      20.9      19.2      NA         33.0         7.1      38.4      23.2      19.3      15.3
  1973     31.5     24.3      28.3       1.4       6.3      36.1      24.3      22.1      NA         37.3         8.8      44.2      26.1      21.7      17.8
  1974     34.2     28.4      35.3       2.0       9.0      43.9      28.9      26.2      NA         40.5        11.4      51.0      30.5      25.7      20.8
  1975     34.5     31.3      37.9       2.6       9.5      47.2      30.6      30.3      NA         40.9        14.1      55.3      35.9      31.2      26.3
  1976     39.2     36.0      41.8       4.1      12.1      53.4      34.5      34.6      NA         44.2        17.7      59.1      40.4      36.0      29.8
  1977     44.4     39.2      45.7       5.6      14.2      55.2      37.7      38.8      NA         47.8        21.2      62.5      44.7      37.7      34.0
  1978     50.0     43.7      48.2       8.1      17.3      56.5      40.8      42.9      NA         50.6        24.0      65.5      47.1      39.6      39.3
  1979     55.9     49.5      51.6      10.8      21.2      58.6      45.9      47.7      NA         54.8        29.4      68.8      48.0      42.1      46.2

  1980     59.7     54.3      55.9      13.5      26.9      62.8      50.2      54.4      NA         59.2        34.6      72.0      52.6      46.3      51.5
  1981     65.3     60.8      60.1      17.0      33.6      63.1      52.6      60.2      NA         61.0        40.1      73.8      57.6      49.8      53.4
  1982     65.6     62.1      62.5      19.2      36.6      65.5      58.0      67.5      NA         62.5        45.7      76.1      61.3      51.8      55.7
  1983     68.1     65.6      65.3      23.6      40.0      68.6      63.1      72.7      NA         63.2        51.1      76.1      64.1      56.9      56.5
  1984     75.0     71.2      69.4      28.5      47.8      73.2      70.2      76.8      NA         65.9        55.8      76.1      69.4      63.2      60.1
  1985     78.5     76.3      72.6      30.3      51.4      77.1      76.8      80.4      NA         69.4        61.2      79.0      76.2      70.0      65.4
  1986     80.8     80.5      75.4      35.9      61.4      78.5      83.2      82.4      NA         72.9        64.6      82.7      84.0      75.4      69.4
  1987     83.8     85.6      76.6      45.8      69.2      79.7      87.7      83.8      NA         76.0        69.2      85.8      93.0      80.8      77.1
  1988     89.5     93.8      80.4      58.4      74.0      82.3      88.9      86.1      NA         78.6        75.4      86.8      95.2      87.2      83.4
  1989     92.8     99.1      86.3      64.7      80.2      87.9      91.8      91.0      NA         82.6        83.3      88.3      93.4      94.5      89.3

  1990     95.1    100.2      93.1      74.5      85.6      94.0      96.1      96.0      NA         89.5        90.9      92.2      95.7     102.3      96.5
  1991     96.0     98.7      99.4      90.2      92.6      98.8      98.0      99.1      95.2       96.0        97.5      96.1      98.3     104.1      98.2
  1992    100.0    100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0      100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993    104.2    102.1      97.4     109.4     103.4      99.2      99.1      98.0      96.6       96.6       100.6     100.5     103.6      92.2     101.7
  1994    109.4    106.8      96.3     126.4     110.6      99.3     101.6      97.6      97.0       96.8       104.3     100.0     109.9      97.9     105.9
  1995    112.2    112.8      96.5     156.5     117.2     100.4     107.6      99.4      99.8       99.2       110.6     101.3     116.6     111.9     110.6
  1996    113.4    114.9      96.9     175.5     122.2     101.0     110.7     100.3      99.5       99.4       116.1     102.5     122.6     120.1     113.4
  1997    117.5    122.8      99.4     171.6     128.3     102.9     114.8     101.1      99.9       99.5       121.7     106.0     133.3     124.2     117.4
  1998    123.4    131.5      95.7     155.5     134.5     105.1     118.6     103.4     102.3      101.2       122.2     110.4     142.9     131.2     122.7
  1999    127.3    138.7      92.8     181.2     139.9     106.6     121.5     105.8     103.2        NA        124.7     114.8     146.5     136.1     122.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.