# Patent

## Title
Material supplied for fabricating single-crystal semiconductor

## Abstract

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/703,837 filed on Aug. 27, 1996, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/477,774 filed on Jun. 7, 1995, now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/253,613 filed on Jun. 3, 1994, now abandoned, which was a continuation of Ser. No. 07/874,377 filed Apr. 27, 1992, now abandoned.

## Background
I. Field of Invention

The present invention relates to bonded aggregate structures used primarily for high temperature applications. More particularly, the present invention relates to materials required to protect holding vessels containing both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, molten glass, and airborne high temperature environments such as boilers and furnaces of all kinds. The present invention further relates to the composition for forming such structures and binders for use in such compositions.

II. Description of the Prior Art

Bonded aggregate compositions are a class of known materials useful for many purposes. The class includes such products as heat resistant floor materials, high temperature refractory materials, high temperature insulation materials and fire resistant materials. Bonded aggregate compositions generally comprise a suitable aggregate (a filler which determines the structural characteristics of the compositions before and after heat up) bound by a binder such as a cement.

Conventional cements used for bonding aggregates include aluminous cements, hydraulic cements, and Portland cements. Hydraulic cements are mixtures of fine ground lime, alumina, and silica which set to a hard product upon admixture with water, the water combining chemically with the cement constituents to form a hydrate. Portland cements are particularly hydraulic cements composed of lime, alumina, silica, and iron oxide (as tetracalcium aluminoferrate), tricalcium aluminate, tricalcium silicate, and dicalcium silicate. Portland cements contain generally less than five percent alumina.

Aluminous cements, in contrast, are hydraulic cements which contain at least thirty to thirty-five percent alumina, which is usually applied by the inclusion of calcined bauxite.

The cement or binder is selected to match the particular use for which the bonded composition will be used and to match the particular aggregate employed, which is similarly chosen in view of the ultimate use of the bonded composition.

Binder systems based upon phosphates have been employed, but the use of such systems normally include phosphoric acid (or a salt thereof in the presence of water) in combination with an inorganic metal oxide such as magnesium oxide or alumina oxide. Two types of products can be formed from such systems: some experiencing high temperatures during setting while ultimately achieving a high p.s.i. strength and achieving a quick set of the product at ambient temperature (15 degrees F. to 85 degrees F.), and others having a controlled set by application of significant heat (200 degrees F. to 500 degrees F.) to bring about a final set. The major drawbacks of these systems are the short working times available for the ambient set formulations, which are typically on the order of one minute. While it is preferred in working with bonded aggregates of any type that the composition set fairly rapidly, a working time of at least three minutes and preferably a range of seven to ten minutes is most desirable. With controlled set the user is extremely limited as to where the materials can be used. Both of these compositions are very sensitive to impurity when exposed to temperatures above 2500 degrees F. This limits their use both from an economic as well as practical point of view.

Applicant has discovered that the problems of the control of the setting speed of the aggregate composition, the sensitivity of the composition to impurities and the additional costs associated with providing a variety of binders for different aggregates can all be overcome by the use of a binder system comprising at least one phosphate-providing component which is in a liquid phase at ambient temperature and pressure, and at least one dry component containing an element selected from the group consisting of Group IIA elements. In one embodiment, the dry component comprises a calcium-providing component, a magnesium-providing component, or mixtures thereof. The binder may, but does not have to contain, a dry phosphate-providing component. In one embodiment, a dry phosphate-providing component and a calcium-providing component are preferably contained in a single material such as hydrated monocalcium phosphate (Ca H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 H.sub.2 O). However, although these two components are contained in a single material in this embodiment, an additional calcium-providing material (such as calcium aluminate cement, calcium oxide, or mixtures of them) is required.

Strength and dimensional characteristics can be controlled by selectively varying the concentration and ratio of the wet and dry components. By varying the ratio of wet to dry components, the invention permits the use of commercial or preferably agricultural grade materials having lower cost than the highly purified constituents presently required in other systems. This invention does not have as a requirement the use of technical grade components, in particular technical grade phosphoric acid, as is required in other systems.

The invention is also directed to an admixture of only the dry binder components, wherein the binder is mixed with the aggregate and the wet phosphate-providing component at a remote location or where the bound aggregate structure is to be formed.

A basis for bonding in one preferred system is believed to be the admixture of a calcium-providing component such as a calcium aluminate with a wet phosphate-providing constituent such as a dilute phosphoric acid. Applicant has found that the optional addition of a dry phosphate-providing component to the basic binder not only lengthens the setting time by a controllable amount, but by varying the percentage strengths of the aqueous phosphates to the percentage strengths of the dry phosphates, also alters the strengths and refractory characteristics of the aggregate structures after they are heated.

The binder of the present invention can typically be employed with a variety of aggregate structures, such as refractory structures, high temperature insulation structures, ambient temperature structures such as regular floor and road applications, fire resistant structures, as well as a repair material for these high- and ambient-temperature structures. One particularly useful ambient temperature application involves the use of this system for the overall containment and neutralization of harmful liquid wastes, such as radioactive wastes. For example, the binder of the present invention can be used in conjunction with a phosphate-containing aggregate to both neutralize the waste, as well as contain it, either by hardening the waste itself or "walling" it in. In this way, environmental seepage of the harmful waste is avoided.

The optional dry phosphate-providing component of the present invention preferably also contains a calcium-providing component in a single material such as monocalcium phosphate, while the wet phosphate-providing component is typically a phosphoric acid solution, preferably an agricultural grade solution. In one embodiment, an additional calcium-providing component is included in the binder, thus the additional calcium-providing component usually comprises either a calcium aluminate cement of calcium oxide or a mixture of these materials.

The dry aggregate composition in accordance with the present invention typically comprises between fifty and ninety-five percent by weight of the aggregate, one to twenty-five percent by weight of a dry component containing an element selected from the group consisting of Group IIA elements, and zero to fifty percent by weight of the dry phosphate-providing component. Such a dry aggregate composition can be admixed with about five to eighty-five percent by weight of a wet phosphate-providing component, such as a solution of commercially available phosphoric acid solution.

The present invention is thus not only directed to the bonded aggregate composition or structure, but is also directed to a dry binder comprising a mixture of the dry phosphate component, the wet phosphate component and the calcium component, and also to a dry aggregate composition useful for forming an aggregate structure upon the addition of a wet phosphate component. In this situation, the dry aggregate composition comprises an aggregate, an optional dry phosphate component and a dry calcium and/or magnesium component. The invention is also directed to a method of forming a bonded aggregate structure comprising the steps of mixing a wet phosphorous-providing component with the dry aggregate composition, forming the admixture into an appropriate shape, and allowing the admixture to set.

As noted, the specific proportions of components optimal for a particular purpose can readily be selected on a trial-and-error basis, but in any event are selected so as to be adequate to achieve a bonded aggregate composition of adequate strength and utility after admixture and working. It is believed, however, that the wet-to-dry ratios are governed by the structural requirements of the finished, cured aggregate structure. Generally a lower wet-to-dry ratio will be expected to result in a bonded aggregate structure of higher strengths and stability. Dilution of the aqueous phosphate while increasing the proportion of, for example, dry phosphate and calcium aluminate, is expected to yield materials having high strengths in a lower temperature range (1200 F. to 2200 F.), but suffering structural failure above that range. Increasing the phosphate content in the aqueous component while simultaneously decreasing the proportions of, for example, dry phosphate and calcium aluminate, is expected to yield materials having high strengths in a higher temperature range (2200.degree. F.-3100.degree. F.) and to simultaneously extend the limit of structural failure to a higher temperature.

A better understanding of the present invention will now be had upon reference to the following detailed examples falling within the scope of the appended claims. A bonded aggregate structure according to the present invention is generally formed by the admixture of a phosphate-providing component which is in a liquid phase at ambient temperature and pressure, with a previously constituted admixture of dry components including an aggregate, and a component containing an element selected from the group consisting of Group IIA elements, preferably a calcium- or magnesium-providing component or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, calcium aluminate cement is utilized. Finally, an optional dry phosphate providing component may be added to the dry components. The proportions of these components in various compositions are set forth in the following examples.

The wet phosphate-providing component is preferably a dilute solution of agricultural grade phosphoric acid, although commercial, industrial and technical grades can also be used. The wet phosphate-providing component is added in an amount adequate to render the admixture workable yet also adequate to provide a sufficient phosphate content to permit rapid setting, on the order of 8 to 30 minutes at 70 degrees F. An aggregate can be readily formed from thirty-three kilogram batches of the aggregate and dry component mixture, mixed with an appropriate amount of phosphoric acid solution.

A wet phosphate-providing component especially useful for refractory or high temperature insulation aggregates is shown in the examples and was prepared as a 1:1 to 4:1 dilution (water:acid) of TG-434, an orthophosphoric acid of H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 available from Texas Gulf Chemical Co, Raleigh, N.C. A typical composition for TG-434 is: H.sub.3 PO.sub.4  77.73% Solids            0.1% Iron as Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 1.3% Aluminum as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.6% Magnesium as MgO  1.3% Fluoride as F     0.5% Sulphate as SO.sub.4 0.8% Calcium as CaO    0.2% Arsenic as AS      0.5 ppm Organic Carbon as TOC 55.0 ppm H.sub.2 O         Balance ______________________________________

TG-434 is a light green liquid having a specific gravity of 1.71 and an apparent Brookfield viscosity of 150 centipoise at 75 degrees F. Its freezing point at a concentration of 56.3% P.sub.2 O.sub.5 is below -20 degrees F.

The aqueous or wet phosphate-providing component can alternatively be any composition which contains soluble phosphate which is capable of providing dimensional and structural stability to the bonded aggregate structure when exposed to elevated temperature up to 3,400 degrees F.

The optional dry phosphate-providing component can be any material containing a water soluble phosphate in a concentration adequate to react with the calcium- or magnesium-providing component to provide an adequate bond to the aggregate structure. The preferred dry phosphate-providing component is monocalcium phosphate or triple superphosphate of formula Ca(H.sub.2 PO.sub.4)2 H.sub.2 O sold as C-38 from Texas Gulf Chemical Co, Raleigh, N.C. A typical composition for C-38 is: P.sub.2 O5        67.1% Calcium, as CaO   20.9% Fluoride compounds as F 1.7% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3  0.40% SiO.sub.2         1.7% Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3  1.8% MgO               2.0% SO.sub.4          3.0% ______________________________________

The advantage in using a monocalcium phosphate is combining both a phosphate providing component and a calcium providing component in one material. C-38 is an odorless, gray, granular solid having a specific gravity between 1.1 and 1.2 and possessing a melting point of 230 degrees F. A 1% suspension in water has a pH of between about 2.5 to 2.8.

The additional calcium- or magnesium-providing component can be any material capable of providing supplemental calcium or magnesium to react with the phosphate components in order to provide adequate bonding in the aggregate structure. Calcium aluminate cements such as Secar, Lumnite, Refcon CaO Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, CaO Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, CaO Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 SiO.sub.2, or CaO Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 SO.sub.4 are preferred materials, as well as long-working calcium aluminate cements (to extend both the working time and the setting time) and magnesium oxides. A particularly preferred additional calcium-providing material is the calcium aluminate cement sold under the name Refcon (trademark) by the Lehigh Cement Company in Allentown, Pa. Refcon is formed by sintering a pelletized, solid mixture of bauxite and limestone. A typical composition comprises: Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 & TiO.sub.2 57.40% Total Iron as Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 1.20% CaO             34.20% SiO.sub.2       5.70% SO.sub.3        0.36% ______________________________________

Refcon typically has a bulk density of about 1500 kg/m3 and a specific gravity of 3.02. It possesses a blaine specific surface of 3300 cm2/g. It has a one day compressive strength of 6500 psi when measured by A.S.T.M. C-109. A preferred magnesium-containing component is Mag-Chem 10-40, a compound containing primarily Mgo.

It should be noted that when monocalcium phosphate is used as a single source for both the dry phosphate and dry calcium-providing component, it appears that it is necessary to include the additional calcium-providing material mentioned above to achieve adequate bonding to provide dimensional and structural stability to the bonded aggregate structure when exposed to elevated temperatures of up to 3400 F.

As can be seen from the compositions of these materials, the present invention is advantageous in that it permits satisfactorily bound aggregate structures to be formed quickly (8 to 30 minutes) with adequate working time (10 minutes or more at 70 F.) and be able to withstand temperatures up to 3400 F. using commercial and agricultural grade materials, including particularly a phosphoric acid such as TG-434, preferably diluted.

The invention is also advantageous in that the binder incorporating the preferred materials described above can be used with a variety of aggregates for different structural purposes. The binder of the present invention can be employed with refractory aggregates, refractory patching aggregates, high temperature insulation aggregates, and ambient temperature aggregates used in ambient applications.

For example, typical aggregates useful for forming a bonded aggregate structure in accordance with the present invention include at least one of the following: flint clay, mulcoa, kyanite, mullite, chromite, tabular alumina, silicon oxide, silica, calcined bauxite, chrome oxide, zirconia, phosphate rock, and mixtures thereof. It is believed that some appreciable amount of aluminum-containing material is necessary for any dense refractory aggregate structure in order to achieve adequate bonding and maintain dimensional and structural stability when exposed to elevated temperatures.

The preferred refractory aggregates include flint clay; Mulcoa 47, 50, 60, 70, and 90; kyanite; mullites; chrome ore; bauxite; tabular alumina; and mixtures thereof. As the intended temperature of use of the refractory increases, the aluminum content of the aggregate generally increases as well.

An aggregate useful in the present invention to be used as an expandable high temperature insulation may be selected from at least one of: silica sand #140, mullite #200, kyanite #325, tabular alumina #200, dolomitic lime, and talc. A preferred aggregate for expandable insulation comprises a mixture of silica sand #140, dolomitic lime, and talc. The talc controls the size of the bubbles of carbon dioxide released during expansion and therefore allows the pores in the expanded insulation to be uniform in size. A particularly useful aggregate for an ambient temperature application involving use of this system to contain/solidify/neutralize liquid waste material (i.e., radioactive waste material) is phosphate-containing aggregates, preferably phosphate rock (sold as C-31 Phos-Rock by Texas Gulf Chemical Co.).

The chemical composition of these aggregates is well known to those skilled in this art. Mulcoa, flint clays, and kyanites are comprised of, in major part, aluminum (III) oxide, silica dioxide (that is, silicon tetroxide). Chrome ore is comprised of, in major part, chromium (III) oxide, aluminum oxide, and magnesium oxide. Tabular alumina is comprised substantially of pure aluminum (III) oxide. White sand is comprised of, in major part, silicon dioxide. Lime consists in major part of calcium oxide. White dolomitic lime is a mixture of lime and dolomite (calcium magnesium bicarbonate). Talc is a natural foliated hydrous magnesium silicate.

This list of aggregates which can be bound by the binder of the present invention is not intended to be an exhaustive list of aggregates useful in the present invention, but represent testing and conclusions brought about by using them. Because of the versatility of the binder system, it is expected that many other aggregates may be bound by the binder system of the present invention and be used to form useful bound aggregate structures. Which aggregate to use will be chosen in accordance with the end use requirements of the bound structure and the purity of the product needed.

As shown in the following examples, a dry aggregate composition in accordance with the present invention can be formed from a mixture of about 50-95 percent by weight of a suitable aggregate, 1-20 percent by weight of a dry calcium- and/or magnesium-providing component, and 0-50 percent by weight of a dry phosphate-providing component; and in one embodiment, from a mixture including 1-30 percent by weight of a single material providing both of the phosphate- and calcium-providing components, as well as an additional calcium component.

Thereafter, depending upon the type of bound aggregate structure that is desired, from about 5-85 percent by weight of a wet phosphate-providing component is admixed with the dry aggregate composition. For a refractory structure, between 10 and 30 percent by weight of the wet component will typically be employed. However, if it is desired that the admixed materials be expandable or pumped into the location of use (for example, if they are used as an expandable insulation or a pumpable high temperature insulation) more of the wet component will be employed, for example, preferable between 30 and 60 percent by weight.

Table I recites Examples #1 through #15 which define refractory compositions falling within the scope of the present invention. Table II recites the chemical analyses of the various components. The compressive strength (psi) and linear re-heat change were measured in accordance with prevailing A.S.T.M. standards. (For example, A.S.T.M. C-133-84--Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Bricks and Shapes and A.S.T.M C-113-74--Reheat Change of Refractory Brick.) Samples were prepared for such testing by pouring 2.5 kg increments of the blended aggregate and binder mixture into an appropriate volume of aqueous phosphate solution and hand-mixing with a two inch trowel until the mixture is completely wetted out (typically for approximately one minute) and then depositing the mixture into appropriately dimensioned molds. - EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- EXAM- PLE 1 PLE 2 PLE 3 PLE 4 PLE 5 PLE 6 PLE 7 PLE 8 PLE 9 PLE 10 PLE 11 PLE 12 PLE 13 PLE 14 PLE 15 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % SAMPLE FORMULATIONS DRY ALCOA A-12 ALUMINA     18.44% 18.47%  20.00%  18.47% 20.34% 20.00% 18.47% 20.34% BAUXITE 8X20      59.90%    59.90%    59.90% CAREY MICROFINE DOLOMITE       4.00% CERAMITALC #1       4.00% CHROME SAND         90.00%    93.00% FLINT CLAY 50.15% 50.15% KYANITE 100 23.39% MAG CHEM 10-40              2.90% 2.90% MULCOA 47-4   50.15% 70.20% MULCOA 60-8X0     73.76%      73.76%    73.76% MULCOA 90        60.00%    60.00% MULLITE #200  23.39% 23.39% 20.05% REFCON 6.41% 6.41% 6.41% 6.41% 5.90% 5.90% 14.00% 5.00% 7.00% 5.90% 5.90% 6.00% 7.00% 3.00% 3.00% SILICA 140       86.00% TAB ALUM 48x0      13.83%  13.00%  15.73%  15.00%  15.73% TG C-38 20.05% 20.06% 20.06% 3.34% 1.90% 1.90% 10.00% 2.00% 3.00% TOTAL DRY 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% LIQUID TG 434 1:4 13.00% 13.00% 13.00% TG 434 1:3       40.00% TG434 TG434 1:1    17.00% 14.00% 15.00%  13.00% 14.00% 15.00% 13.00% 13.00% 14.00% 15.00% 13.00% PHYSICAL DATA Cold Crushing ambient ambient  3750 6000 6000 4000      3850    4200 1000 538 4500 4200 4000                                                 1500 816 2625 2900 2500 2000 2000 1093 4000 4300 3900 1375 7000 5000    5250 6800   5000 7500 2200 1204    6000 4500 7500  7666  7280 4350 7200  7800 4550 2400 1316    7000 9000 11500  5487  11000 9500 5750  11800 8500 2600 1427     9000 13500  6462  14000 10500 6565  13250 9000 2800 1538     6000 21500 800 10110 13125 22500 5800 9800 12850 21500 6250 3000 1649     8125   11925 11900  8500 12500 12550  8250 3100 1704 LINEAR REHEAT SHRINKAGE 1000 538 -0.10% -0.10%  -0.20%                                          1500 816 -0.50% 0.42%  -0.30% 2000 1093 -1.00% -0.89%  -0.50% -0.38%      -0.40%    -0.42% 2200 1204     -0.29%   -0.372%   -0.25% -0.300%   -0.33% 2400 1316    -0.90%    -0.775%    -0.500% 2600 1427        -1.34%    -1.00% 2800 1538        -1.69%    -1.50% 3000 1649        -1.10%    -8.60% SET TIME (Minutes) 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-20 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-20 8-20 8-20 8-20 __________________________________________________________________________ Al2O3 SiO2 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO  MgO  Na2O K2O  P2O5 S    MnO %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    % __________________________________________________________________________ CHEMICAL ANALYSES DRY ALCOA A-12 99.700% 00.005%   00.010%        00.220% ALUMINA BAUXITE 8X20 89.700% 03.500% 04.250% 01.510% CAREY   00.080% 00.300%   00.070%                       00.030% MICROFINE DOLOMITE CERAMITALC 00.290% 56.800%   00.200% 06.940% 29.000% 00.180%             00.130% #1 CHROME SAND FLINT CLAY 45.800% 17.500% 00.200% 00.200%        00.300% KYANITE 100 57.030% 40.670% 01.085% 00.780%   00.010% MAG CHEM     00.400%   00.250% 00.900% 98.200% 10-40 MULCOA 47-4 47.900% 49.100% 01.890% 00.950% 00.040% 00.080% 00.080% 00.090% 00.090% MULCOA  59.200% 37.300% 02.110% 01.130% 00.080% 00.070% 00.070% 00.040% 00.100% 60-8X0 MULCOA 90 89.700% 03.500% 04.250% 01.510% MULLITE #200 60.000% 37.840% 00.980% 00.900%   00.010% REFCON  57.400% 05.700%        34.200% SILICA 140 00.250% 99.800% 00.030% 00.020% TAB ALUM 99.800% 00.020%   00.050% 00.040% 00.003% 00.120% 48x0 TG C-38 00.400% 01.700%   01.800% 20.900% 02.000%        67.100% TOTAL DRY LIQUID TG 434 1:4 0.13%          0.27% 0.04% 0.27% TG 434 1:3 0.22%          0.47% 0.07% 0.47% TG434   0.60%          1.30% 0.20% 1.30% TG434 1:1 0.38%          0.82% 0.13% 0.82% __________________________________________________________________________ ALK- Free MgCO3 CaCO3 R2O3 SO3  F    SO4  H3PO4 Zr2O5 ALIES Water TOTAL %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    %    % __________________________________________________________________________ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DRY ALCOA A-12                                                99.935% ALUMINA BAUXITE 8X20                                    00.330%   99.290% CAREY   45.000% 54.500%                                      99.980% MICROFINE DOLOMITE CERAMITALC                                                93.540% #1 CHROME SAND FLINT CLAY                                 38.000%        100.000% KYANITE 100                                     00.420%   99.995% MAG CHEM          00.400% 00.010%                            100.180% 10-40 MULCOA 47-4                                               100.130% MULCOA                                                    100.080% 60-8X0 MULCOA 90                                       00.330%   99.290% MULLITE #200                                              99.790% REFCON                 00.380%                            97.880% SILICA 140                                                99.900% TAB ALUM                                                  99.833% 48x0 TG C-38                     01.700% 03.000%                  98.800% TOTAL DRY LIQUID TG 434 1:4                  0.11% 0.17% 16.38%         82.63% 100.000% TG 434 1:3                  0.18% 0.28% 28.28%         70.00% 100.000% TG434                       0.50% 0.90% 77.73%         17.57% 100.000% TG434 1:1                   0.32% 0.51% 49.13%         47.90% 100.000% __________________________________________________________________________

It can be seen from the examples in Table I that the binder system of the present invention is useful for forming a variety of different refractory materials of different utilities from a single binder system. The proportions in the table are adjustable to optimize the resulting aggregate structures, depending upon intended use.

The present invention thus provides a method for forming a bonded aggregate, as well as providing a binder system for such aggregate structures, a dry aggregate composition incorporating the dry constituents of the binder system, and a mixture of dry constituents needed in making the binder system. The present invention is advantageous over prior binder systems in that the constituents of the binder system can be commercial and agricultural grade materials, which have not been highly refined or purified. The dry binder components allow for the use of significantly less expensive aqueous phosphate solutions, and yet provide a bonded aggregate structure that is significantly better in refractory applications than is presently enjoyed by other known bonded aggregate structures for similar applications.

Moreover, the present invention advantageously reduces the expense of providing a variety of aggregate structures, because a single binder system can be employed to bind a wide variety of aggregates. The invention reduces the cost of supplying, manufacturing, or keeping in inventory different binder constituents.

With the refractory aggregate composition of the present invention using silica and other readily available refractory aggregates, the resulting aggregate structures possess significantly improved refractory characteristics over prior art structures in that the resulting structures are less susceptible to thermal shock, and in many cases the structures do not need to be pre-dried or pre-fired after their initial set before being used at high temperatures. In addition, in field testing, the resultant structures proved to be extremely non-wetting to a variety of molten metals (both ferrous and non-ferrous) thus providing the end user with a low-maintenance refractory lining throughout its useful life.

Furthermore, the use of calcium (either alone or in combination with magnesium) as the divalent binder permits the refractory characteristics to depend upon the proportion and concentration of the wet and dry phosphate-providing components, specifically a selection of the temperature range in which optional refractory characteristics are obtained. Such selectivity is absent in mono-aluminum phosphate and magnesium phosphate-based systems.

Having described my invention, however, many modifications thereto will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which it pertains, without deviation from the spirit of the present invention as defined by the scope of the present invention and as defined by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A binder useful for bonding an aggregate into a rigid structure upon mixing and setting of said binder and said aggregate, said binder comprising: being a calcium phosphate; phosphate-providing component being an acid solution; and calcium-providing component comprising a calcium aluminate cement, a calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof; said aggregate and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed binder and aggregate.

2. The binder according to claim 1, wherein said calcium phosphate comprises monocalcium phosphate.

3. The binder according to claim 1, wherein said acid solution is a phosphoric acid solution.

4. A bondable aggregate composition containing a mixture of an aggregate and a binder, said binder comprising a dry phosphate-providing component, said dry phosphate-providing component being a calcium phosphate, an aqueous or wet phosphate-providing component, said aqueous or wet phosphate-providing component being an acid solution, and at least one additional calcium-providing component, said additional calcium-providing component comprising a calcium aluminate cement, a calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof, in proportions adequate to allow working upon mixing of said aggregate and binder and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed aggregate and binder.

5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein said aggregate is a concrete aggregate comprising sand, stone, Flint clay, pea gravel, silica aggregate, ash, pumice, volcanic glass, glass beads, or mixtures thereof.

6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein said aggregate is a refractory aggregate comprising Flint clay, Mulcoa, Kyanite, Mullite, chromite, bauxite, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, chrome oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, or mixtures thereof.

7. The composition according to claim 4, wherein said aggregate is an expandable insulation aggregate comprising expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite, dolomitic lime, talc, lime, calcium magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, tabular alumina, Mullite, Kyanite, sand, magnesium silicate, or mixtures thereof.

8. The composition according to claim 4, wherein said aggregate is a high temperature fire insulation aggregate comprising expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite, dolomitic lime, talc, lime, calcium magnesium carbonate, sand, Mullite, magnesium silicate, or mixtures thereof.

9. A dry, storable binder component useful for binding an aggregate and a wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component, said wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component being an acid solution, into a rigid structure upon mixing and setting thereof, said binder comprising a dry phosphate-providing component, said dry phosphate-providing component being a calcium phosphate, and at least one additional calcium-providing component, said additional calcium-providing component comprising a calcium aluminate cement, a calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof, in proportions adequate to allow working upon mixing of said binder component, said aggregate and said wet component, and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed binder component, aggregate and wet component.

10. The binder component according to claim 9, wherein said calcium phosphate comprises monocalcium phosphate.

11. A dry, storable aggregate composition bondable upon the addition thereto of a wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component, said aggregate composition containing a mixture of an aggregate and a binder component, said binder component comprising a dry phosphate-providing component, said dry phosphate-providing component being a calcium phosphate, and at least one additional calcium-providing component, said additional calcium-providing component comprising a calcium aluminate cement, a calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof, in proportions adequate to allow working upon mixing of said aggregate composition with said wet phosphate-providing component and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed aggregate composition and said wet phosphate-providing component.

12. The dry aggregate composition of claim 11, comprising about 70 to 95 percent by weight of said aggregate, about 5 to 20 percent by weight of said calcium-providing component, and about 1 to 25 percent by weight of said dry phosphate-providing component.

13. The dry aggregate composition of claim 11, wherein said calcium phosphate comprises monocalcium phosphate.

14. A method for forming a bonded aggregate structure, comprising: aggregate composition, said dry aggregate composition containing a mixture of an aggregate and a binder component, said binder component comprising a dry phosphate-providing component, said dry phosphate-providing component being a calcium phosphate, and at least one additional calcium-providing component, said additional calcium providing component comprising a calcium aluminate cement, a calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof, in proportions adequate to yield a workable but readily setting mixture;

15. The bonded aggregate structure resulting from the method of claim 14.

16. The method according to claim 14, comprising mixing about 10 to 60 percent by weight of said wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component with said dry aggregate composition.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein said wet or aqueous component comprises: about 20 to 50 percent by volume of a phosphoric acid solution having a concentration of about 50 to 60% measured as P.sub.2 O.sub.5 ; and about 80 to 50 percent by volume water.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein said aggregate comprises about 70 to 95 percent by weight of said dry aggregate composition.

19. The method according to claim 14, wherein said dry phosphate-providing component comprises about 1 to 25 percent by weight of said dry aggregate composition.

20. The method according to claim 14, wherein said calcium-providing component comprises about 5 to 20 percent by weight of said dry aggregate composition.

21. The method according to claim 14, wherein said aggregate composition comprises about 70 to 95 percent by weight of said aggregate, about 5 to 20 percent by weight of said calcium-providing component, and about 1 to 25 percent by weight of said dry phosphate-providing component; wherein said wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component comprises about 20 to 50 percent by volume of a phosphoric acid solution having a concentration of about 50 to 60% measured as P.sub.2 O.sub.5, and about 50 to 80 percent by volume water; and wherein said method comprises mixing about 10 to 60 percent by weight of said wet or aqueous phosphate-providing component with said dry aggregate composition.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said dry phosphate-providing component comprises monocalcium phosphate; and wherein said aggregate comprises a concrete aggregate, a refractory aggregate, an expandable insulation aggregate, a high temperature fire insulation aggregate, or mixtures thereof.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said aggregate comprises sand, stone, pea gravel, ash, pumice, volcanic glass, glass beads, Flint clay, Mulcoa, Kyanite, Mullite, chromite, bauxite, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, chrome oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite, dolomitic lime, talc, lime, calcium magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, or mixtures thereof.

24. The method according to claim 14, wherein said calcium phosphate comprises monocalcium phosphate.

25. A binder useful for bonding an aggregate into a rigid structure upon mixing and setting of said binder and said aggregate, said binder comprising: phase at ambient temperature and pressure; and O.sub.3 ; said aggregate and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed binder and aggregate.

26. The binder of claim 25, wherein said acidic phosphate-providing component comprises a phosphoric acid solution.

27. The binder of claim 26, wherein a ratio of phosphoric acid to water comprises 1:1 to 1:4.

28. The binder of claim 25 further comprising a dry phosphate-providing component.

29. The binder of claim 28 wherein said dry phosphate-providing component comprises calcium phosphate.

30. The binder of claim 28 comprising 0-50% by weight of said dry phosphate-providing component.

31. The binder of claim 26 comprising 5-85% by weight phosphoric acid.

32. The binder of claim 26 wherein said acidic phosphate-providing component comprises an ortho-phosphoric acid.

33. The binder of claim 26 wherein said acidic phosphate-providing component comprises H.sub.3 PO.sub.4.

34. A bondable aggregate composition comprising: phase at ambient temperature and pressure; and O.sub.3 ; said aggregate and adequate to yield a rigid structure upon setting of said mixed binder and aggregate.

35. The aggregate composition of claim 34 comprising 50-95% by weight of said aggregate.

36. The aggregate composition of claim 33 wherein said aggregate is selected from the group consisting of sand, stone, Flint clay, pea gravel, silica aggregate, ash, pumice, volcanic glass beads, Mulcoa, Kyanite, Mullite, chromite, bauxite, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, chrome oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, perlite, expanded vermiculite, dolomitic lime, talc, lime, calcium magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, tabular alumina, magnesium silicate, zirconia, phosphate rock or mixtures thereof.

37. A method for forming a bonded aggregate structure, said method comprising the steps of: aggregate composition, said dry aggregate composition containing a mixture of an aggregate and a binder component, said binder component comprising CaO, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2 and Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 in proportions adequate to yield a settable mixture;

38. The method of claim 37, wherein said aggregate comprises phosphate rock.