Opinion filed June 3, 2010

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals 

__________

No. 11-09-00221-CV

__________

UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYDS OF LONDON, Appellant

V.

ROBERT HARRIS, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A 

HARRIS GARAGE, Appellee

On Appeal from the 77th District Court

Freestone County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 08-356-A

O P I N I O N

Robert Harris, individually and d/b/a Harris Garage, filed suit against Underwriters at 

Lloyds of London seeking towing and storage charges and attorney’s fees. The jury found for 

Harris, and the trial court entered judgment in his favor. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

I. Background Facts

A tractor-trailer owned by Kasse Transportation was involved in a motor vehicle 

accident. Law enforcement officials asked Harris to tow the vehicle from the accident scene, and 

he took it to his storage facility. Underwriters is Kasse’s insurer. Harris contacted it and 
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demanded payment of $14,972.50 for towing, storage, and site cleanup fees pursuant to the 

Texas Vehicle Storage Facility Act.1 Underwriters paid Kasse’s towing policy limits of $6,000. 

Harris then filed suit to collect the balance of his invoice. The jury found for Harris, and the trial 

court entered a judgment awarding him his unpaid towing and storage charges and his attorney’s 

fees.

II. Issues Presented

Underwriters challenges the trial court’s judgment with two issues. Underwriters 

contends that the trial court erred by awarding Harris his attorney’s fees and that it erred by 

awarding Harris both towing and storage fees.

III. Attorney’s Fees

Harris requested a declaratory judgment that Underwriters was liable to him for all 

unpaid towing and storages charges, and the trial court’s final judgment includes a declaration 

that insurance carriers are liable for reasonable towing and storage charges pursuant to the 

Vehicle Storage Facility Act. The trial court also awarded Harris attorney’s fees of $18,387.50 

as found by the jury pursuant to TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.009 (Vernon 2008). 

Underwriters contends that Harris is not entitled to attorney’s fees because the declaratory relief 

he sought was redundant of his Vehicle Storage Facility Act claim. Harris responds that the 

award is appropriate because the trial court determined his rights under a statute.

We review a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act2

for an abuse of discretion. Ridge Oil Co. v. Guinn Invs., Inc., 148 S.W.3d 143, 163 (Tex. 2004). 

The trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling that attorney’s fees were recoverable was 

arbitrary or unreasonable. Cadle Co. v. Harvey, 46 S.W.3d 282, 289 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2001, pet. denied).

The Texas Supreme Court has recently held that being entitled to declaratory relief does 

not automatically entitle a plaintiff to attorney’s fees. See MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands 

Operating Co., 292 S.W.3d 660 (Tex. 2009). In MBM Financial, the plaintiff established a 

breach of contract but it was not entitled to attorney’s fees under TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE 

ANN. § 38.001 (Vernon 2008) because it failed to prove any damages. Id. at 666. The plaintiff 

also obtained a declaratory judgment that it complied with the contract and that the defendant did 

 

1TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. § 2303.001 et. seq. (Vernon 2004 & Supp. 2009).

2TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001-.011 (Vernon 2008).
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not. Id. at 670. It argued that this declaratory judgment authorized an attorney’s fee award. The 

supreme court affirmed the plaintiff’s declaratory judgment but found that this did not authorize 

an attorney’s fee award under the Declaratory Judgment Act. The court reasoned that, if a 

claimant could recover attorney’s fees under Section 37.009 simply by repleading a breach of 

contract claim as a declaratory judgment action, this would repeal the American Rule3and the 

limits imposed on fee awards in other statutes. Id. at 669. Because specific statutory provisions 

prevail over general provisions in statutory construction4and the declaratory judgment claim was 

redundant of the breach of contract claim, the plaintiff’s right to recover attorney’s fees was 

defined by contract law. Because the plaintiff could not recover its attorney’s fees under 

Section 38.001, it could not recover them under Section 37.009. Id. at 670. 

The Vehicle Storage Facility Act provides Harris a specific remedy when he tows or 

stores a vehicle at the request of law enforcement officials following an accident. For example, 

Section 2303.155 authorizes storage charges, Section 2303.156 makes lienholders who repossess 

the vehicle or carriers who pay a claim of total loss on the vehicle responsible for his charges, 

and Section 2303.157 allows him to dispose of abandoned vehicles. The Act also includes an 

attorney’s fee provision. Section 2303.301(b) authorizes an award of attorney’s fees when the 

attorney general prevails in a suit under the Act. But there is no provision authorizing an award 

of attorney’s fees to private litigants. Because the Act provides Harris a specific remedy but not 

attorney’s fees and because Harris’s claim for declaratory judgment was redundant of his 

statutory claim, the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded Harris attorney’s fees. Issue 

one is sustained.

IV. Actual Damages

Underwriters next argues that the trial court erred by awarding Harris towing and storage 

charges, contending that Section 2303.156(b) is phrased disjunctively and, therefore, that Harris 

could recover either his towing or storage charges but not both. Harris disputes this 

interpretation and contends that the statute uses the word “or” to mean that one of two distinct 

events must take place to trigger its application and that the legislature intended the Act to 

facilitate the full reimbursement of companies such as his when they respond to a request by law 

 

3The American Rule prohibits fee awards unless specifically provided for by contract or statute. Tony Gullo Motors 1, 

L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 310-11 (Tex. 2006).

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See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.026(b) (Vernon 2005) (requiring that specific statutory provisions prevail over 

general ones in statutory construction).
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enforcement officials to tow the vehicle of an owner who is incapacitated or otherwise unable to 

give consent.

The interpretation of a statute is a question of law. In re Canales, 52 S.W.3d 698, 701 

(Tex. 2001). Consequently, we review the trial court’s interpretation de novo. Johnson v. City 

of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 656 (Tex. 1989). Our principal task is to ascertain the 

legislature’s intent. Brown v. Owens, 674 S.W.2d 748, 750 (Tex. 1984). The legislature has 

provided guidance for this task. We begin with the presumption that the legislature intended that 

the statute (1) comply with the United States and Texas Constitutions, (2) be effective in its 

entirety, (3) produce a just and reasonable result, and (4) produce a result feasible of execution. 

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.021 (Vernon 2005). We also presume that the legislature favored 

public interest over any private interest. Id. We may consider (1) the object sought to be 

attained; (2) the circumstances under which the statute was enacted; (3) legislative history;

(4) common law or former statutory provisions, including laws on the same or similar subjects;

(5) the consequences of a particular construction; (6) administrative construction of the statute;

and (7) the title, preamble, and emergency provision. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.023 

(Vernon 2005). We read words and phrases in context and construe them according to the rules 

of grammar and common usage. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.011(a) (Vernon 2005).

Construction of any statute starts with consideration of its language. See Helena Chem. 

Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 493 (Tex. 2001) (“We must construe statutes as written and, if 

possible, ascertain legislative intent from the statute’s language.”). Section 2303.156(b) provides:

An insurance company that pays a claim of total loss on a vehicle in a 

vehicle storage facility is liable to the operator of the facility for any money owed 

to the operator in relation to delivery of the vehicle to or storage of the vehicle in 

the facility regardless of whether an amount accrued before the insurance 

company paid the claim.

Underwriters contends that, if the legislature had intended for carriers to be responsible for 

towing and storage charges, it would have written the statute conjunctively by using the word 

“and” rather than the disjunctive “or.” Texas courts have held that “or” is disjunctive, that it 

signifies a separation between two ideas, and that it usually requires alternatives to be treated 

separately. See, e.g., Jones v. State, 175 S.W.3d 927, 932-33 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.). 

But this does not, however, mean that the word “or” automatically creates a choice between two 
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mutually exclusive options. Instead, Texas cases have applied a more rigorous statutory analysis 

by considering the word “or” against the backdrop of the entire statute.

For example, in Jones, the court found that the use of the word “or” in TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE § 103.0025forced an election between filing an administrative proceeding or a 

lawsuit. 175 S.W.3d at 932. But the court’s analysis was aided by the statute’s additional 

language that “a person may not seek compensation under both Subchapter B and C.” See id. at 

931. Similar language is noticeably absent from Section 2303.156(b). Conversely, the Dallas 

court found that the word “or” served a conjunctive purpose in In re Porter, 126 S.W.3d 708, 

711 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, orig. proceeding) (recall election must take place if either the city 

council or the city secretary certify a recall petition). See also Cherokee Water Co. v. Freeman, 

33 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) (“living or visiting with him” 

provision in deed used the word “or” conjunctively as a means of connecting the pronoun “them” 

with alternative adjectives “living” and “visiting”).

The Texas Supreme Court most recently interpreted the statutory use of the word “or” in 

Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578 (Tex. 2000). There, the court was concerned 

with the interpretation of a constitutional provision that read:

Sec. 50. (a) The homestead of a family, or of a single adult person, shall 

be, and is hereby protected from forced sale, for the payment of all debts except 

for:

. . . .

(5) work and material used in constructing new 

improvements thereon, if contracted for in writing, or work and 

material used to repair or renovate existing improvements thereon 

if:

(A) the work and material are contracted for 

in writing, with the consent of both spouses, in the 

case of a family homestead, given in the same 

manner as is required in making a sale and 

conveyance of the homestead.

TEX. CONST. art XVI, § 50(a)(5)(A) (emphasis added). The question was whether the subparts 

following subsection (5) applied to new construction or merely repair and renovation. The court 

held that “or” was a disjunctive conjunction signifying two distinct ideas and that, if the subparts 

 

5Repealed by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., ch. 180, § 12(1), eff. Sept. 1, 2009.
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also applied to new construction, this interpretation would impair the provision’s meaning 

because it would make the phrase “if contracted for in writing” in subsection (5) superfluous. 34 

S.W.3d at 580-81. 

When courts have construed “or” as a disjunctive term requiring a choice or election,

they have generally done so because the statute’s language indicates a legislative purpose for this 

requirement. For example, in Jones, 175 S.W.3d 927, requiring a claimant to chose between an 

administrative or judicial proceeding promoted efficiency. Underwriters has provided no public 

policy reason for requiring Harris to elect between recovering storage or towing fees. Moreover, 

even if we accept Underwriters’s contention that the legislature only intended to hold carriers 

responsible for one of two charges, this language would not accomplish that purpose. Assume 

that Harris towed the vehicle to a storage facility owned by Acme, Inc. and that Harris incurred 

only towing charges and Acme only storage charges. Underwriters’s construction of Section

2303.156(b) would not prevent them from both recovering.

The Tyler court has noted that the presence of a wrecked vehicle on or near a public 

highway presents a public safety risk and that Section 2303.156(b) shifts the burden of towing 

totaled vehicles from towing companies to insurance companies to increase the likelihood that 

towing companies will help clear the roadway. See Canal Ins. Co. v. Hopkins, 238 S.W.3d 549, 

570 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2007, pet. denied). This construction finds expression in the statute’s 

language that carriers are “liable to the operator of the facility for any money owed to the 

operator . . . regardless of whether an amount accrued before the insurance company paid the 

claim.” Section 2303.156(b) (emphasis added). 

Wrecked vehicles must be towed and stored following a wreck. The public’s safety is 

not impacted if these two services are provided by one versus two companies but a private 

company’s willingness to provide either would be impacted by its ability to secure payment.

Treating the “or” as a disjunctive conjunction provides an incentive for companies such as 

Harris’s to provide necessary towing services, vehicle storage, or both; this construction is 

consistent with the statute’s language that operators can recover “any money owed” for towing 

or storage; and it produces a just and reasonable result by providing private companies a means 

of securing compensation for services that promote public safety. Underwriters’s construction, 

on the other hand, would provide a disincentive for no apparent purpose beyond limiting the 

carrier’s exposure. Because we presume the legislature favored public interest over private 
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interest, we cannot agree that the legislature intended Section 2303.156(b) to allow Harris either 

towing or storage compensation but not both. Issue two is overruled.

V. Conclusion

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. That portion of 

the judgment awarding Harris actual damages is affirmed. That portion of the judgment 

awarding Harris attorney’s fees is reversed, and judgment is rendered that Harris is not entitled to 

attorney’s fees.

RICK STRANGE

JUSTICE

June 3, 2010

Panel consists of Wright, C.J., 

McCall, J., and Strange, J.