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December 2019 
                    Report 1084

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		
















































































																																							



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Selected demographic characteristics
Educational attainment
Occupation and industry
Earnings
Hours of work
Married-couple families
The working poor
Worker displacement
Employee tenure
School enrollment
Multiple jobholders and the self-employed
Foreign-born
Union membership
Veterans
People with disabilities
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16...Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2018 annual...Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race,...Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25...Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2017 and 2018 annual...Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2018 annual...Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2017 and 2018 annual...Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2018 annual...Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic, or Latino...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968...Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in...Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and...Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners,...Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners,...Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2017Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27...nbspTable 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino...Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median...Table 29. Labor force status of 2018 high school graduates and 2017–18...Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school...Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender,...Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural...Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian...Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender...Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran...Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age,...
                          Technical Notes
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     Women in the labor force: a databook
Women in the labor force: a databook imageIn 2018, 57.1 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This was about the same as the 57.0 percent who participated in 2017, and still about 3 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 69.1 percent in 2018, unchanged from the previous year and 17.5 percentage points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 1948.The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century.  Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. With the dawn of the 21st century, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline, until the participation rate hit a recent low in 2015 at 56.7 percent.Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in several notable ways over the past several decades. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2018, the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree about doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full time and year round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 81 percent in 2018.  More recently, women in the baby-boom generation (defined as people born between 1946 and 1964) have begun to retire in large numbers, which has put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate over the past decade or so.This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the end of this report.)**Selected demographic characteristics**Women’s labor force participation was 57.1 percent in 2018, little changed from 57.0 percent in 2017. Men’s labor force participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.1 percent in 2018, unchanged from the previous year. (See table 2.)In 2018, the unemployment rate for women was 3.8 percent, down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for men was 3.9 percent in 2018, also down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2018, Asian women had the lowest rate (3.0 percent), followed by White women (3.4 percent). Unemployment rates for Hispanic or Latino women and Black or African American women were much higher, at 5.1 percent and 6.0 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibit a similar pattern. The rates for Asian men (3.0 percent) and White men (3.5 percent) were well below the figures for Hispanic or Latino men (4.3 percent) and Black or African American men (7.0 percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women at 64.5 percent in 2018. Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (62.7 percent and 61.2 percent, respectively) than married women (58.2 percent). By contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.1 percent) than separated men (70.2 percent), never-married men (67.7 percent), and divorced men (64.4 percent). Among women and men who were widowed, the labor participation rates were 19.5 percent and 24.0 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 71.4 percent in March 2018, about unchanged (71.3 percent) from 2017. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 76.5 percent in March 2018, was higher than for those with younger children. The rate for those with children under 6 years old was 64.7 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 62.0 percent. (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Unmarried mothers are more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2018, 77.3 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69.0 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)**Educational attainment**The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. In 2018, 44 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 2018, 6 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)**Occupation and industry**Women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 2018, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19 percent of software developers, 27 percent of chief executives, and 37 percent of lawyers were women, whereas 89 percent of registered nurses, 80 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 61 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)In 2018, Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (53 percent and 45 percent, respectively) than were Black (36 percent) and Hispanic women (27 percent). Meanwhile, Hispanic (31 percent) and Black women (28 percent) were more likely than Asian and White women (21 percent and 20 percent, respectively) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)Women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors in 2018: financial activities (53 percent), education and health services (74 percent), leisure and hospitality (52 percent), and other services (54 percent). (Other services includes repair and maintenance industries; personal and laundry services; membership associations and organizations; and private households.) However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture (26 percent), mining (14 percent), construction (10 percent), manufacturing (29 percent), and transportation and utilities (24 percent). (See table 14.)**Earnings**In 2018, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $789, which represented 81.1 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($973). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($937) and Whites ($817) than for Blacks ($654) and Hispanics ($617). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (89.0 percent) and Hispanics (85.7 percent) than for Whites (81.5 percent) and Asians (75.5 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2018, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had earnings of $469. Women who had only a high school diploma had earnings of $616, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $746, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,145. (See table 17.)Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2018 for female nurse practitioners and pharmacists ($1,891 and $1,890, respectively), lawyers ($1,762), and chief executives ($1,736). Earnings for men were highest for physicians and surgeons ($2,513), chief executives ($2,488), architectural and engineering managers ($2,285), and pharmacists ($2,271). (See table 18.)In 2018, 2.6 percent of women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 1.7 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 6.3 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)**Hours of work**In 2018, 24 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage of employed women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. In comparison, 12 percent of employed men usually worked part time in 2018. This rate for men had trended up during the Great Recession before beginning a gradual decline in 2012. (See table 21.)Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2017, 63 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 75 percent in 2017. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**Married-couple families**Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2017, compared with 44 percent in 1967. These rates are below the peak of 60 percent in 1996. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families in 2017, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**The working poor**Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2017, more women (3.8 million) than men (3.1 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 5.3 percent for women and 3.8 percent for men. Black and Hispanic women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White or Asian women. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic women were 10.0 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively, compared with 4.5 percent for White women and 2.5 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**Worker displacement**From January 2015 through December 2017, 3.0 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2018: the reemployment rate was 65 percent for women and 67 percent for men. Displaced women and men were about equally likely to be unemployed in January 2018, at 14 percent and 15 percent, respectively. Displaced women were slightly more likely to have left the labor force in January 2018 than displaced men (21 percent and 18 percent, respectively). (See table 27; data are from the January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)**Employee tenure**In January 2018, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 4.0 years, unchanged from January 2016. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)**School enrollment**Of the 3.2 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2018, 69.1 percent (2.2 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2018 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate was 71.4 percent for young women and 66.9 percent for young men. (See table 29; data are from the October 2018 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among high school students, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.6 percent) in October 2018 than were young men (20.9 percent). Labor force participation rates followed the same pattern among college students: college women had a labor force participation rate of 49.7 percent, and college men had a participation rate of 44.9 percent. (See table 30; data are from the October 2018 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2018, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 12.3 percent for young women and 15.7 percent for young men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 6.6 percent each. (See table 30; data are from the October 2018 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)**Multiple jobholders and the self-employed**In 2018, 7.8 million workers had more than one job. About half (3.9 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.4 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.6 percent. (See table 31.)In 2018, 4.9 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.7 percent of men. Among the self-employed, 39.3 percent were women in 2018, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)**Foreign-born**Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2018 (54.3 percent, compared with 57.6 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (77.9 percent) than were native-born men (67.3 percent). Among women, the unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 4.1 percent, was higher than that for native-born women, at 3.8 percent. At 3.0 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than that of native-born men (4.2 percent). (See table 33.)**Union membership**In 2018, 9.9 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.1 percent of their male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2018 was lower than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS), but the rate for men fell by much more than did the rate for women. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 34.)**Veterans**There were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2018. Women accounted for 12.0 percent of the 9.5 million veterans in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans, at 3.0 percent in 2018, was similar to that of male veterans, at 3.5 percent. (See table 35.)**People with disabilities**Of the 16.1 million women with disabilities in 2018, 2.9 million, or 17.8 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over half of women with disabilities (52 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.5 percent, compared with 30.9 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among the 14.0 million men with disabilities, 24.2 percent participated in the labor force in 2018. About 46 percent of all men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 10.7 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.8 percent of men ages 16 to 64 with disabilities.Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women was 8.1 percent and that for men was 7.9 percent, more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability (3.7 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**16 years and older
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,71616 to 19 years
16,765
5,885
35.1
5,126
30.6
759
12.9
10,87916 to 17 years
8,917
2,133
23.9
1,838
20.6
295
13.8
6,78418 to 19 years
7,848
3,753
47.8
3,289
41.9
464
12.4
4,09520 to 24 years
21,239
15,099
71.1
14,051
66.2
1,048
6.9
6,14025 to 54 years
126,390
103,705
82.1
100,314
79.4
3,391
3.3
22,68525 to 34 years
44,581
36,774
82.5
35,324
79.2
1,450
3.9
7,80725 to 29 years
22,948
18,893
82.3
18,073
78.8
820
4.3
4,05430 to 34 years
21,633
17,881
82.7
17,251
79.7
630
3.5
3,75235 to 44 years
40,569
33,619
82.9
32,616
80.4
1,003
3.0
6,95035 to 39 years
21,143
17,491
82.7
16,947
80.2
544
3.1
3,65340 to 44 years
19,426
16,129
83.0
15,670
80.7
459
2.8
3,29745 to 54 years
41,240
33,311
80.8
32,373
78.5
938
2.8
7,92945 to 49 years
20,504
16,873
82.3
16,412
80.0
461
2.7
3,63150 to 54 years
20,736
16,438
79.3
15,961
77.0
477
2.9
4,29855 to 64 years
42,114
27,354
65.0
26,565
63.1
789
2.9
14,76055 to 59 years
21,677
15,679
72.3
15,226
70.2
453
2.9
5,99860 to 64 years
20,437
11,675
57.1
11,339
55.5
336
2.9
8,76265 years and older
51,283
10,032
19.6
9,705
18.9
327
3.3
41,25165 to 69 years
16,961
5,592
33.0
5,417
31.9
175
3.1
11,36970 to 74 years
13,393
2,615
19.5
2,525
18.9
90
3.4
10,77875 years and older
20,929
1,826
8.7
1,764
8.4
62
3.4
19,103**Women**16 years and older
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,13416 to 19 years
8,272
2,977
36.0
2,639
31.9
338
11.3
5,29516 to 17 years
4,390
1,130
25.7
991
22.6
139
12.3
3,26018 to 19 years
3,882
1,847
47.6
1,648
42.5
198
10.7
2,03520 to 24 years
10,600
7,312
69.0
6,861
64.7
452
6.2
3,28825 to 54 years
64,096
48,264
75.3
46,641
72.8
1,623
3.4
15,83125 to 34 years
22,376
16,985
75.9
16,298
72.8
687
4.0
5,39125 to 29 years
11,476
8,825
76.9
8,433
73.5
392
4.4
2,65130 to 34 years
10,900
8,160
74.9
7,865
72.2
295
3.6
2,74035 to 44 years
20,637
15,497
75.1
15,008
72.7
488
3.2
5,14035 to 39 years
10,730
8,009
74.6
7,751
72.2
258
3.2
2,72140 to 44 years
9,907
7,488
75.6
7,258
73.3
230
3.1
2,41945 to 54 years
21,083
15,783
74.9
15,335
72.7
448
2.8
5,30045 to 49 years
10,474
7,981
76.2
7,756
74.1
225
2.8
2,49350 to 54 years
10,608
7,801
73.5
7,579
71.4
223
2.9
2,80755 to 64 years
21,851
12,918
59.1
12,564
57.5
354
2.7
8,93355 to 59 years
11,158
7,380
66.1
7,175
64.3
205
2.8
3,77860 to 64 years
10,692
5,538
51.8
5,389
50.4
149
2.7
5,15565 years and older
28,295
4,508
15.9
4,358
15.4
150
3.3
23,78765 to 69 years
8,995
2,598
28.9
2,514
27.9
85
3.3
6,39770 to 74 years
7,194
1,137
15.8
1,098
15.3
39
3.4
6,05775 years and older
12,105
772
6.4
746
6.2
26
3.4
11,333**Men**16 years and older
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,58216 to 19 years
8,493
2,909
34.2
2,487
29.3
422
14.5
5,58516 to 17 years
4,527
1,003
22.1
847
18.7
156
15.5
3,52418 to 19 years
3,967
1,906
48.1
1,640
41.4
266
13.9
2,06120 to 24 years
10,639
7,786
73.2
7,190
67.6
596
7.7
2,85325 to 54 years
62,294
55,440
89.0
53,673
86.2
1,768
3.2
6,85425 to 34 years
22,205
19,789
89.1
19,027
85.7
763
3.9
2,41625 to 29 years
11,472
10,069
87.8
9,640
84.0
428
4.3
1,40330 to 34 years
10,733
9,721
90.6
9,386
87.4
335
3.4
1,01335 to 44 years
19,933
18,123
90.9
17,608
88.3
515
2.8
1,81035 to 39 years
10,413
9,482
91.1
9,196
88.3
285
3.0
93240 to 44 years
9,519
8,641
90.8
8,412
88.4
229
2.7
87845 to 54 years
20,157
17,528
87.0
17,038
84.5
490
2.8
2,62945 to 49 years
10,029
8,892
88.7
8,655
86.3
236
2.7
1,13750 to 54 years
10,128
8,637
85.3
8,383
82.8
254
2.9
1,49155 to 64 years
20,263
14,436
71.2
14,001
69.1
435
3.0
5,82755 to 59 years
10,519
8,299
78.9
8,051
76.5
248
3.0
2,22060 to 64 years
9,744
6,137
63.0
5,950
61.1
187
3.0
3,60765 years and older
22,988
5,525
24.0
5,348
23.3
177
3.2
17,46465 to 69 years
7,966
2,993
37.6
2,903
36.4
90
3.0
4,97270 to 74 years
6,199
1,478
23.8
1,427
23.0
51
3.4
4,72175 years and older
8,824
1,054
11.9
1,018
11.5
36
3.4
7,770Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**1948
103,068
60,621
58.8
58,343
56.6
2,276
3.8
42,4471949
103,994
61,286
58.9
57,651
55.4
3,637
5.9
42,7081950
104,995
62,208
59.2
58,918
56.1
3,288
5.3
42,7871951
104,621
62,017
59.2
59,961
57.3
2,055
3.3
42,6041952
105,231
62,138
59.0
60,250
57.3
1,883
3.0
43,0931953
107,056
63,015
58.9
61,179
57.1
1,834
2.9
44,0411954
108,321
63,643
58.8
60,109
55.5
3,532
5.5
44,6781955
109,683
65,023
59.3
62,170
56.7
2,852
4.4
44,6601956
110,954
66,552
60.0
63,799
57.5
2,750
4.1
44,4021957
112,265
66,929
59.6
64,071
57.1
2,859
4.3
45,3361958
113,727
67,639
59.5
63,036
55.4
4,602
6.8
46,0881959
115,329
68,369
59.3
64,630
56.0
3,740
5.5
46,9601960
117,245
69,628
59.4
65,778
56.1
3,852
5.5
47,6171961
118,771
70,459
59.3
65,746
55.4
4,714
6.7
48,3121962
120,153
70,614
58.8
66,702
55.5
3,911
5.5
49,5391963
122,416
71,833
58.7
67,762
55.4
4,070
5.7
50,5831964
124,485
73,091
58.7
69,305
55.7
3,786
5.2
51,3941965
126,513
74,455
58.9
71,088
56.2
3,366
4.5
52,0581966
128,058
75,770
59.2
72,895
56.9
2,875
3.8
52,2881967
129,874
77,347
59.6
74,372
57.3
2,975
3.8
52,5271968
132,028
78,737
59.6
75,920
57.5
2,817
3.6
53,2911969
134,335
80,734
60.1
77,902
58.0
2,832
3.5
53,6021970
137,085
82,771
60.4
78,678
57.4
4,093
4.9
54,3151971
140,216
84,382
60.2
79,367
56.6
5,016
5.9
55,8341972
144,126
87,034
60.4
82,153
57.0
4,882
5.6
57,0911973
147,096
89,429
60.8
85,064
57.8
4,365
4.9
57,6671974
150,120
91,949
61.3
86,794
57.8
5,156
5.6
58,1711975
153,153
93,775
61.2
85,846
56.1
7,929
8.5
59,3781976
156,150
96,158
61.6
88,752
56.8
7,406
7.7
59,9911977
159,033
99,009
62.3
92,017
57.9
6,991
7.1
60,0251978
161,910
102,251
63.2
96,048
59.3
6,202
6.1
59,6591979
164,863
104,962
63.7
98,824
59.9
6,137
5.8
59,9001980
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
59.2
7,637
7.1
60,8061981
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
59.0
8,273
7.6
61,4601982
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,0671983
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,6651984
176,383
113,544
64.4
105,005
59.5
8,539
7.5
62,8391985
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,7441986
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,7521987
182,753
119,865
65.6
112,440
61.5
7,425
6.2
62,8881988
184,613
121,669
65.9
114,968
62.3
6,701
5.5
62,9441989
186,393
123,869
66.5
117,342
63.0
6,528
5.3
62,5231990
189,164
125,840
66.5
118,793
62.8
7,047
5.6
63,3241991
190,925
126,346
66.2
117,718
61.7
8,628
6.8
64,5781992
192,805
128,105
66.4
118,492
61.5
9,613
7.5
64,7001993
194,838
129,200
66.3
120,259
61.7
8,940
6.9
65,6381994
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
62.5
7,996
6.1
65,7581995
198,584
132,304
66.6
124,900
62.9
7,404
5.6
66,2801996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,6471997
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,8371998
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,5471999
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,3852000
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,9942001
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,3592002
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,7072003
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,6582004
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,9562005
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,7622006
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,3872007
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,7432008
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,5012009
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,6592010
237,830
153,889
64.7
139,064
58.5
14,825
9.6
83,9412011
239,618
153,617
64.1
139,869
58.4
13,747
8.9
86,0012012
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,3102013
245,679
155,389
63.2
143,929
58.6
11,460
7.4
90,2902014
247,947
155,922
62.9
146,305
59.0
9,617
6.2
92,0252015
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,6712016
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,3512017
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,7592018
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,716**Women**1948
53,071
17,335
32.7
16,617
31.3
717
4.1
35,7371949
53,670
17,788
33.1
16,723
31.2
1,065
6.0
35,8831950
54,270
18,389
33.9
17,340
32.0
1,049
5.7
35,8811951
54,895
19,016
34.6
18,181
33.1
834
4.4
35,8791952
55,529
19,269
34.7
18,568
33.4
698
3.6
36,2611953
56,305
19,382
34.4
18,749
33.3
632
3.3
36,9241954
56,925
19,678
34.6
18,490
32.5
1,188
6.0
37,2471955
57,574
20,548
35.7
19,551
34.0
998
4.9
37,0261956
58,228
21,461
36.9
20,419
35.1
1,039
4.8
36,7691957
58,951
21,732
36.9
20,714
35.1
1,018
4.7
37,2181958
59,690
22,118
37.1
20,613
34.5
1,504
6.8
37,5741959
60,534
22,483
37.1
21,164
35.0
1,320
5.9
38,0531960
61,582
23,240
37.7
21,874
35.5
1,366
5.9
38,3431961
62,484
23,806
38.1
22,090
35.4
1,717
7.2
38,6791962
63,321
24,014
37.9
22,525
35.6
1,488
6.2
39,3081963
64,494
24,704
38.3
23,105
35.8
1,598
6.5
39,7911964
65,637
25,412
38.7
23,831
36.3
1,581
6.2
40,2251965
66,731
26,200
39.3
24,748
37.1
1,452
5.5
40,5311966
67,795
27,299
40.3
25,976
38.3
1,324
4.8
40,4961967
68,968
28,360
41.1
26,893
39.0
1,468
5.2
40,6081968
70,179
29,204
41.6
27,807
39.6
1,397
4.8
40,9761969
71,436
30,513
42.7
29,084
40.7
1,429
4.7
40,9241970
72,782
31,543
43.3
29,688
40.8
1,855
5.9
41,2391971
74,274
32,202
43.4
29,976
40.4
2,227
6.9
42,0721972
76,290
33,479
43.9
31,257
41.0
2,222
6.6
42,8111973
77,804
34,804
44.7
32,715
42.0
2,089
6.0
43,0001974
79,312
36,211
45.7
33,769
42.6
2,441
6.7
43,1011975
80,860
37,475
46.3
33,989
42.0
3,486
9.3
43,3851976
82,390
38,983
47.3
35,615
43.2
3,369
8.6
43,4061977
83,840
40,613
48.4
37,289
44.5
3,324
8.2
43,2271978
85,334
42,631
50.0
39,569
46.4
3,061
7.2
42,7031979
86,843
44,235
50.9
41,217
47.5
3,018
6.8
42,6081980
88,348
45,487
51.5
42,117
47.7
3,370
7.4
42,8611981
89,618
46,696
52.1
43,000
48.0
3,696
7.9
42,9221982
90,748
47,755
52.6
43,256
47.7
4,499
9.4
42,9931983
91,684
48,503
52.9
44,047
48.0
4,457
9.2
43,1811984
92,778
49,709
53.6
45,915
49.5
3,794
7.6
43,0681985
93,736
51,050
54.5
47,259
50.4
3,791
7.4
42,6861986
94,789
52,413
55.3
48,706
51.4
3,707
7.1
42,3761987
95,853
53,658
56.0
50,334
52.5
3,324
6.2
42,1951988
96,756
54,742
56.6
51,696
53.4
3,046
5.6
42,0141989
97,630
56,030
57.4
53,027
54.3
3,003
5.4
41,6011990
98,787
56,829
57.5
53,689
54.3
3,140
5.5
41,9571991
99,646
57,178
57.4
53,496
53.7
3,683
6.4
42,4681992
100,535
58,141
57.8
54,052
53.8
4,090
7.0
42,3941993
101,506
58,795
57.9
54,910
54.1
3,885
6.6
42,7111994
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
55.3
3,629
6.0
42,2211995
103,406
60,944
58.9
57,523
55.6
3,421
5.6
42,4621996
104,385
61,857
59.3
58,501
56.0
3,356
5.4
42,5281997
105,418
63,036
59.8
59,873
56.8
3,162
5.0
42,3821998
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
57.1
2,944
4.6
42,7481999
108,031
64,855
60.0
62,042
57.4
2,814
4.3
43,1752000
110,613
66,303
59.9
63,586
57.5
2,717
4.1
44,3102001
111,811
66,848
59.8
63,737
57.0
3,111
4.7
44,9622002
112,985
67,363
59.6
63,582
56.3
3,781
5.6
45,6212003
114,733
68,272
59.5
64,404
56.1
3,868
5.7
46,4612004
115,647
68,421
59.2
64,728
56.0
3,694
5.4
47,2252005
116,931
69,288
59.3
65,757
56.2
3,531
5.1
47,6432006
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,0372007
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
3,196
4.5
48,7072008
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
3,891
5.4
48,9082009
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,6462010
122,656
71,904
58.6
65,705
53.6
6,199
8.6
50,7522011
123,300
71,642
58.1
65,579
53.2
6,063
8.5
51,6582012
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
53.1
5,734
7.9
53,2932013
127,124
72,722
57.2
67,577
53.2
5,146
7.1
54,4012014
128,199
73,039
57.0
68,613
53.5
4,426
6.1
55,1592015
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,1902016
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,6082017
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,6292018
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,134**Men**1948
49,996
43,286
86.6
41,725
83.5
1,559
3.6
6,7101949
50,321
43,498
86.4
40,925
81.3
2,572
5.9
6,8251950
50,725
43,819
86.4
41,578
82.0
2,239
5.1
6,9061951
49,727
43,001
86.5
41,780
84.0
1,221
2.8
6,7251952
49,700
42,869
86.3
41,682
83.9
1,185
2.8
6,8321953
50,750
43,633
86.0
42,430
83.6
1,202
2.8
7,1171954
51,395
43,965
85.5
41,619
81.0
2,344
5.3
7,4311955
52,109
44,475
85.4
42,621
81.8
1,854
4.2
7,6341956
52,723
45,091
85.5
43,379
82.3
1,711
3.8
7,6331957
53,315
45,197
84.8
43,357
81.3
1,841
4.1
8,1181958
54,033
45,521
84.2
42,423
78.5
3,098
6.8
8,5141959
54,793
45,886
83.7
43,466
79.3
2,420
5.2
8,9071960
55,662
46,388
83.3
43,904
78.9
2,486
5.4
9,2741961
56,286
46,653
82.9
43,656
77.6
2,997
6.4
9,6331962
56,831
46,600
82.0
44,177
77.7
2,423
5.2
10,2311963
57,921
47,129
81.4
44,657
77.1
2,472
5.2
10,7921964
58,847
47,679
81.0
45,474
77.3
2,205
4.6
11,1691965
59,782
48,255
80.7
46,340
77.5
1,914
4.0
11,5271966
60,262
48,471
80.4
46,919
77.9
1,551
3.2
11,7921967
60,905
48,987
80.4
47,479
78.0
1,508
3.1
11,9191968
61,847
49,533
80.1
48,114
77.8
1,419
2.9
12,3151969
62,898
50,221
79.8
48,818
77.6
1,403
2.8
12,6771970
64,304
51,228
79.7
48,990
76.2
2,238
4.4
13,0761971
65,942
52,180
79.1
49,390
74.9
2,789
5.3
13,7621972
67,835
53,555
78.9
50,896
75.0
2,659
5.0
14,2801973
69,292
54,624
78.8
52,349
75.5
2,275
4.2
14,6671974
70,808
55,739
78.7
53,024
74.9
2,714
4.9
15,0691975
72,291
56,299
77.9
51,857
71.7
4,442
7.9
15,9921976
73,759
57,174
77.5
53,138
72.0
4,036
7.1
16,5851977
75,193
58,396
77.7
54,728
72.8
3,667
6.3
16,7971978
76,576
59,620
77.9
56,479
73.8
3,142
5.3
16,9561979
78,020
60,726
77.8
57,607
73.8
3,120
5.1
17,2931980
79,398
61,453
77.4
57,186
72.0
4,267
6.9
17,9451981
80,511
61,974
77.0
57,397
71.3
4,577
7.4
18,5371982
81,523
62,450
76.6
56,271
69.0
6,179
9.9
19,0731983
82,531
63,047
76.4
56,787
68.8
6,260
9.9
19,4841984
83,605
63,835
76.4
59,091
70.7
4,744
7.4
19,7711985
84,469
64,411
76.3
59,891
70.9
4,521
7.0
20,0581986
85,798
65,422
76.3
60,892
71.0
4,530
6.9
20,3761987
86,899
66,207
76.2
62,107
71.5
4,101
6.2
20,6921988
87,857
66,927
76.2
63,273
72.0
3,655
5.5
20,9301989
88,762
67,840
76.4
64,315
72.5
3,525
5.2
20,9231990
90,377
69,011
76.4
65,104
72.0
3,906
5.7
21,3671991
91,278
69,168
75.8
64,223
70.4
4,946
7.2
22,1101992
92,270
69,964
75.8
64,440
69.8
5,523
7.9
22,3061993
93,332
70,404
75.4
65,349
70.0
5,055
7.2
22,9271994
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
70.4
4,367
6.2
23,5381995
95,178
71,360
75.0
67,377
70.8
3,983
5.6
23,8181996
96,206
72,087
74.9
68,207
70.9
3,880
5.4
24,1191997
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
71.3
3,577
4.9
24,4541998
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
71.6
3,266
4.4
24,7991999
99,722
74,512
74.7
71,446
71.6
3,066
4.1
25,2102000
101,964
76,280
74.8
73,305
71.9
2,975
3.9
25,6842001
103,282
76,886
74.4
73,196
70.9
3,690
4.8
26,3962002
104,585
77,500
74.1
72,903
69.7
4,597
5.9
27,0852003
106,435
78,238
73.5
73,332
68.9
4,906
6.3
28,1972004
107,710
78,980
73.3
74,524
69.2
4,456
5.6
28,7302005
109,151
80,033
73.3
75,973
69.6
4,059
5.1
29,1192006
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,3502007
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
69.8
3,882
4.7
30,0362008
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
68.5
5,033
6.1
30,5932009
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,0132010
115,174
81,985
71.2
73,359
63.7
8,626
10.5
33,1892011
116,317
81,975
70.5
74,290
63.9
7,684
9.4
34,3432012
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
64.4
6,771
8.2
35,0172013
118,555
82,667
69.7
76,353
64.4
6,314
7.6
35,8892014
119,748
82,882
69.2
77,692
64.9
5,190
6.3
36,8652015
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,4812016
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,7432017
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,1302018
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,582Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**White**Total, 16 years and older
200,221
125,815
62.8
121,461
60.7
4,354
3.5
74,40716 to 19 years
12,318
4,576
37.2
4,060
33.0
516
11.3
7,74120 to 24 years
15,557
11,383
73.2
10,697
68.8
685
6.0
4,17425 to 54 years
95,354
78,888
82.7
76,608
80.3
2,280
2.9
16,46755 to 64 years
33,900
22,464
66.3
21,855
64.5
610
2.7
11,43565 years and older
43,094
8,504
19.7
8,241
19.1
262
3.1
34,590Women, 16 years and older
102,289
57,732
56.4
55,759
54.5
1,973
3.4
44,55616 to 19 years
6,047
2,307
38.1
2,077
34.3
230
10.0
3,74020 to 24 years
7,709
5,432
70.5
5,137
66.6
295
5.4
2,27725 to 54 years
47,610
35,853
75.3
34,789
73.1
1,065
3.0
11,75655 to 64 years
17,384
10,434
60.0
10,163
58.5
271
2.6
6,95165 years and older
23,540
3,707
15.7
3,594
15.3
113
3.0
19,832Men, 16 years and older
97,933
68,082
69.5
65,702
67.1
2,380
3.5
29,85016 to 19 years
6,271
2,270
36.2
1,983
31.6
286
12.6
4,00120 to 24 years
7,848
5,951
75.8
5,561
70.9
390
6.6
1,89725 to 54 years
47,744
43,034
90.1
41,819
87.6
1,215
2.8
4,71055 to 64 years
16,515
12,031
72.8
11,692
70.8
339
2.8
4,48565 years and older
19,554
4,796
24.5
4,647
23.8
149
3.1
14,758**Black or African American**Total, 16 years and older
32,761
20,414
62.3
19,091
58.3
1,322
6.5
12,34716 to 19 years
2,499
763
30.5
596
23.8
167
21.9
1,73620 to 24 years
3,172
2,173
68.5
1,940
61.2
234
10.8
99825 to 54 years
17,205
13,776
80.1
13,016
75.7
760
5.5
3,42955 to 64 years
5,037
2,846
56.5
2,728
54.2
117
4.1
2,19165 years and older
4,848
856
17.7
812
16.7
44
5.2
3,992Women, 16 years and older
17,797
10,720
60.2
10,073
56.6
646
6.0
7,07716 to 19 years
1,257
395
31.4
322
25.6
73
18.4
86220 to 24 years
1,636
1,128
68.9
1,027
62.7
101
8.9
50925 to 54 years
9,273
7,216
77.8
6,825
73.6
391
5.4
2,05755 to 64 years
2,755
1,503
54.5
1,448
52.5
55
3.7
1,25265 years and older
2,875
478
16.6
451
15.7
26
5.5
2,397Men, 16 years and older
14,964
9,694
64.8
9,018
60.3
676
7.0
5,27016 to 19 years
1,241
367
29.6
273
22.0
94
25.7
87420 to 24 years
1,535
1,046
68.1
913
59.5
133
12.7
49025 to 54 years
7,932
6,560
82.7
6,191
78.0
369
5.6
1,37355 to 64 years
2,282
1,343
58.9
1,281
56.1
62
4.6
93965 years and older
1,974
379
19.2
361
18.3
18
4.7
1,595**Asian**Total, 16 years and older
15,961
10,137
63.5
9,832
61.6
304
3.0
5,82516 to 19 years
928
182
19.6
166
17.9
16
8.9
74620 to 24 years
1,368
719
52.6
660
48.2
59
8.2
64925 to 54 years
9,117
7,285
79.9
7,106
77.9
179
2.5
1,83255 to 64 years
2,160
1,472
68.1
1,434
66.4
38
2.6
68965 years and older
2,389
478
20.0
467
19.5
11
2.4
1,910Women, 16 years and older
8,491
4,790
56.4
4,644
54.7
146
3.0
3,70016 to 19 years
469
91
19.4
81
17.3
10
10.8
37820 to 24 years
683
357
52.2
330
48.3
27
7.4
32725 to 54 years
4,792
3,406
71.1
3,319
69.3
87
2.6
1,38655 to 64 years
1,184
711
60.1
695
58.7
16
2.3
47365 years and older
1,362
226
16.6
219
16.1
6
2.8
1,137Men, 16 years and older
7,471
5,346
71.6
5,188
69.4
159
3.0
2,12416 to 19 years
459
91
19.8
85
18.5
6
7.0
36820 to 24 years
685
363
53.0
330
48.2
33
9.0
32225 to 54 years
4,324
3,879
89.7
3,787
87.6
93
2.4
44555 to 64 years
976
761
77.9
739
75.7
22
2.9
21665 years and older
1,026
253
24.6
248
24.1
5
2.0
774**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Total, 16 years and older
42,734
28,336
66.3
27,012
63.2
1,323
4.7
14,39816 to 19 years
3,938
1,280
32.5
1,094
27.8
186
14.5
2,65820 to 24 years
4,744
3,399
71.6
3,160
66.6
239
7.0
1,34525 to 54 years
24,745
19,725
79.7
18,998
76.8
727
3.7
5,02155 to 64 years
4,892
3,113
63.6
2,982
61.0
131
4.2
1,77965 years and older
4,414
819
18.6
778
17.6
42
5.1
3,595Women, 16 years and older
21,447
12,223
57.0
11,594
54.1
628
5.1
9,22416 to 19 years
1,940
631
32.5
549
28.3
82
12.9
1,30920 to 24 years
2,342
1,558
66.5
1,456
62.1
103
6.6
78425 to 54 years
12,149
8,350
68.7
7,980
65.7
370
4.4
3,80055 to 64 years
2,518
1,337
53.1
1,278
50.8
58
4.4
1,18165 years and older
2,497
347
13.9
331
13.3
16
4.5
2,150Men, 16 years and older
21,287
16,113
75.7
15,418
72.4
695
4.3
5,17416 to 19 years
1,998
649
32.5
545
27.3
104
16.0
1,34920 to 24 years
2,402
1,841
76.6
1,705
71.0
136
7.4
56125 to 54 years
12,596
11,375
90.3
11,018
87.5
356
3.1
1,22155 to 64 years
2,374
1,776
74.8
1,704
71.8
73
4.1
59865 years and older
1,917
472
24.6
446
23.3
26
5.5
1,445Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**16 years and older
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,716Married, spouse present[1]
127,524
83,776
65.7
81,920
64.2
1,856
2.2
43,748Other marital status[2]
130,267
78,299
60.1
73,841
56.7
4,458
5.7
51,968Never married
80,036
52,950
66.2
49,566
61.9
3,384
6.4
27,087Widowed, divorced, or separated[3]
50,230
25,349
50.5
24,275
48.3
1,074
4.2
24,881Widowed
15,201
3,115
20.5
2,975
19.6
140
4.5
12,086Divorced
26,050
16,299
62.6
15,669
60.1
630
3.9
9,751Separated[3]
8,979
5,935
66.1
5,631
62.7
304
5.1
3,044**Women**16 years and older
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,134Married, spouse present[1]
63,353
36,885
58.2
35,988
56.8
897
2.4
26,468Other marital status[2]
69,759
39,094
56.0
37,074
53.1
2,019
5.2
30,666Never married
38,079
24,556
64.5
23,124
60.7
1,432
5.8
13,523Widowed, divorced, or separated[3]
31,680
14,538
45.9
13,951
44.0
587
4.0
17,142Widowed
11,794
2,296
19.5
2,204
18.7
92
4.0
9,498Divorced
15,014
9,188
61.2
8,865
59.0
323
3.5
5,825Separated[3]
4,872
3,054
62.7
2,882
59.1
172
5.6
1,819**Men**16 years and older
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,582Married, spouse present[1]
64,171
46,891
73.1
45,932
71.6
959
2.0
17,279Other marital status[2]
60,508
39,205
64.8
36,766
60.8
2,439
6.2
21,302Never married
41,958
28,394
67.7
26,442
63.0
1,952
6.9
13,564Widowed, divorced, or separated[3]
18,550
10,811
58.3
10,325
55.7
487
4.5
7,739Widowed
3,407
819
24.0
771
22.6
48
5.8
2,588Divorced
11,037
7,111
64.4
6,804
61.6
307
4.3
3,926Separated[3]
4,106
2,881
70.2
2,750
67.0
132
4.6
1,225Notes: [1] Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
[2] Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages.
[3] Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**Women, 16 years and older
132,766
76,029
57.3
73,096
55.1
2,934
3.9
56,737With children under 18 years old
34,736
24,802
71.4
23,849
68.7
953
3.8
9,934With children 6 to 17, none younger
19,669
15,053
76.5
14,544
73.9
508
3.4
4,616With children under 6 years old
15,067
9,749
64.7
9,304
61.8
445
4.6
5,318With children under 3 years old
8,452
5,236
62.0
4,998
59.1
239
4.6
3,215With no children under 18 years old
98,030
51,227
52.3
49,247
50.2
1,980
3.9
46,803Men, 16 years and older
124,331
85,597
68.8
81,719
65.7
3,878
4.5
38,734With children under 18 years old
27,064
25,211
93.2
24,526
90.6
685
2.7
1,853With children 6 to 17, none younger
15,105
13,901
92.0
13,553
89.7
349
2.5
1,204With children under 6 years old
11,959
11,310
94.6
10,973
91.8
337
3.0
649With children under 3 years old
6,824
6,460
94.7
6,254
91.6
206
3.2
364With no children under 18 years old
97,267
60,386
62.1
57,194
58.8
3,193
5.3
36,881**White**Women, 16 years and older
102,123
57,895
56.7
55,952
54.8
1,942
3.4
44,229With children under 18 years old
25,851
18,428
71.3
17,833
69.0
595
3.2
7,424With children 6 to 17, none younger
14,766
11,276
76.4
10,932
74.0
343
3.0
3,491With children under 6 years old
11,085
7,152
64.5
6,901
62.3
251
3.5
3,933With children under 3 years old
6,326
3,924
62.0
3,783
59.8
141
3.6
2,403With no children under 18 years old
76,272
39,467
51.7
38,119
50.0
1,348
3.4
36,805Men, 16 years and older
97,879
67,931
69.4
65,198
66.6
2,733
4.0
29,948With children under 18 years old
21,543
20,211
93.8
19,701
91.5
510
2.5
1,332With children 6 to 17, none younger
12,127
11,240
92.7
10,971
90.5
269
2.4
888With children under 6 years old
9,415
8,971
95.3
8,730
92.7
241
2.7
444With children under 3 years old
5,417
5,171
95.5
5,039
93.0
132
2.5
246With no children under 18 years old
76,337
47,721
62.5
45,497
59.6
2,223
4.7
28,616**Black or African American**Women, 16 years and older
17,733
10,750
60.6
10,050
56.7
700
6.5
6,982With children under 18 years old
4,841
3,740
77.2
3,458
71.4
281
7.5
1,102With children 6 to 17, none younger
2,697
2,143
79.5
2,019
74.9
124
5.8
554With children under 6 years old
2,144
1,596
74.5
1,439
67.1
158
9.9
548With children under 3 years old
1,160
820
70.7
741
63.9
79
9.7
340With no children under 18 years old
12,891
7,010
54.4
6,592
51.1
418
6.0
5,881Men, 16 years and older
14,904
9,518
63.9
8,795
59.0
724
7.6
5,385With children under 18 years old
2,438
2,164
88.7
2,064
84.6
100
4.6
275With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,362
1,184
87.0
1,133
83.2
51
4.3
177With children under 6 years old
1,077
979
90.9
931
86.4
48
4.9
98With children under 3 years old
625
558
89.3
516
82.6
42
7.5
67With no children under 18 years old
12,465
7,355
59.0
6,731
54.0
624
8.5
5,110**Asian**Women, 16 years and older
8,429
4,684
55.6
4,541
53.9
143
3.0
3,745With children under 18 years old
2,687
1,711
63.7
1,679
62.5
32
1.9
976With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,485
1,077
72.5
1,057
71.2
20
1.8
408With children under 6 years old
1,202
634
52.7
622
51.7
12
1.9
568With children under 3 years old
620
305
49.2
295
47.5
10
3.3
315With no children under 18 years old
5,742
2,973
51.8
2,863
49.9
110
3.7
2,769Men, 16 years and older
7,509
5,390
71.8
5,211
69.4
179
3.3
2,119With children under 18 years old
2,248
2,081
92.6
2,045
91.0
36
1.7
167With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,185
1,088
91.8
1,079
91.0
10
0.9
97With children under 6 years old
1,063
993
93.4
967
91.0
26
2.6
70With children under 3 years old
554
519
93.6
503
90.7
16
3.1
36With no children under 18 years old
5,260
3,308
62.9
3,165
60.2
143
4.3
1,952**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Women, 16 years and older
21,287
12,046
56.6
11,428
53.7
618
5.1
9,241With children under 18 years old
7,688
4,870
63.3
4,633
60.3
236
4.9
2,818With children 6 to 17, none younger
4,330
3,038
70.1
2,908
67.2
130
4.3
1,293With children under 6 years old
3,358
1,832
54.6
1,726
51.4
106
5.8
1,526With children under 3 years old
1,767
869
49.2
807
45.7
62
7.1
899With no children under 18 years old
13,599
7,177
52.8
6,795
50.0
382
5.3
6,422Men, 16 years and older
21,130
15,820
74.9
15,037
71.2
784
5.0
5,309With children under 18 years old
5,590
5,238
93.7
5,064
90.6
174
3.3
352With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,125
2,907
93.0
2,821
90.3
86
3.0
218With children under 6 years old
2,465
2,331
94.6
2,243
91.0
88
3.8
134With children under 3 years old
1,307
1,233
94.4
1,173
89.8
60
4.9
74With no children under 18 years old
15,540
10,582
68.1
9,973
64.2
610
5.8
4,958Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
132,766
76,029
57.3
73,096
55.1
2,934
3.9
56,737With children under 18 years old
34,736
24,802
71.4
23,849
68.7
953
3.8
9,934With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
19,669
15,053
76.5
14,544
73.9
508
3.4
4,616With children under 6 years old
15,067
9,749
64.7
9,304
61.8
445
4.6
5,318With children under 3 years old
8,452
5,236
62.0
4,998
59.1
239
4.6
3,215With no children under 18 years old
98,030
51,227
52.3
49,247
50.2
1,980
3.9
46,803**Total, married, spouse present[1]**Total women, 16 years and older
63,683
37,136
58.3
36,176
56.8
960
2.6
26,548With children under 18 years old
24,521
16,908
69.0
16,478
67.2
431
2.5
7,612With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
13,544
10,119
74.7
9,882
73.0
238
2.3
3,425With children under 6 years old
10,977
6,789
61.8
6,596
60.1
193
2.8
4,188With children under 3 years old
6,277
3,755
59.8
3,655
58.2
100
2.7
2,523With no children under 18 years old
39,163
20,227
51.6
19,698
50.3
529
2.6
18,935**Total, other marital statuses[2]**Total women, 16 years and older
69,082
38,894
56.3
36,920
53.4
1,974
5.1
30,189With children under 18 years old
10,215
7,894
77.3
7,371
72.2
523
6.6
2,322With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
6,125
4,933
80.5
4,663
76.1
271
5.5
1,192With children under 6 years old
4,090
2,960
72.4
2,708
66.2
252
8.5
1,130With children under 3 years old
2,174
1,482
68.1
1,343
61.8
139
9.4
693With no children under 18 years old
58,867
31,000
52.7
29,549
50.2
1,451
4.7
27,867**White, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
102,123
57,895
56.7
55,952
54.8
1,942
3.4
44,229With children under 18 years old
25,851
18,428
71.3
17,833
69.0
595
3.2
7,424With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
14,766
11,276
76.4
10,932
74.0
343
3.0
3,491With children under 6 years old
11,085
7,152
64.5
6,901
62.3
251
3.5
3,933With children under 3 years old
6,326
3,924
62.0
3,783
59.8
141
3.6
2,403With no children under 18 years old
76,272
39,467
51.7
38,119
50.0
1,348
3.4
36,805**White, married, spouse present[1]**Total women, 16 years and older
52,307
30,345
58.0
29,588
56.6
757
2.5
21,962With children under 18 years old
19,474
13,538
69.5
13,208
67.8
330
2.4
5,936With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
10,797
8,066
74.7
7,887
73.0
180
2.2
2,730With children under 6 years old
8,677
5,471
63.1
5,321
61.3
150
2.7
3,206With children under 3 years old
5,026
3,086
61.4
3,010
59.9
75
2.4
1,940With no children under 18 years old
32,833
16,807
51.2
16,380
49.9
427
2.5
16,025**White, other marital statuses[2]**Total women, 16 years and older
49,817
27,550
55.3
26,364
52.9
1,185
4.3
22,267With children under 18 years old
6,377
4,890
76.7
4,625
72.5
265
5.4
1,487With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
3,970
3,209
80.8
3,045
76.7
164
5.1
761With children under 6 years old
2,408
1,681
69.8
1,580
65.6
101
6.0
727With children under 3 years old
1,300
838
64.4
772
59.4
66
7.9
462With no children under 18 years old
43,439
22,660
52.2
21,739
50.0
921
4.1
20,780**Black or African American, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
17,733
10,750
60.6
10,050
56.7
700
6.5
6,982With children under 18 years old
4,841
3,740
77.2
3,458
71.4
281
7.5
1,102With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,697
2,143
79.5
2,019
74.9
124
5.8
554With children under 6 years old
2,144
1,596
74.5
1,439
67.1
158
9.9
548With children under 3 years old
1,160
820
70.7
741
63.9
79
9.7
340With no children under 18 years old
12,891
7,010
54.4
6,592
51.1
418
6.0
5,881**Black or African American, married, spouse present[1]**Total women, 16 years and older
4,750
2,993
63.0
2,905
61.1
89
3.0
1,757With children under 18 years old
1,843
1,377
74.7
1,327
72.0
51
3.7
466With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,051
832
79.2
803
76.4
29
3.4
219With children under 6 years old
793
546
68.8
523
66.0
22
4.1
247With children under 3 years old
462
291
63.1
277
60.1
14
4.7
171With no children under 18 years old
2,907
1,616
55.6
1,578
54.3
38
2.4
1,291**Black or African American, other marital statuses[2]**Total women, 16 years and older
12,982
7,757
59.7
7,146
55.0
611
7.9
5,226With children under 18 years old
2,998
2,362
78.8
2,132
71.1
231
9.8
636With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,647
1,311
79.6
1,216
73.9
95
7.3
335With children under 6 years old
1,352
1,051
77.8
915
67.7
135
12.9
301With children under 3 years old
698
529
75.8
463
66.3
66
12.5
169With no children under 18 years old
9,984
5,394
54.0
5,014
50.2
380
7.0
4,590**Asian, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
8,429
4,684
55.6
4,541
53.9
143
3.0
3,745With children under 18 years old
2,687
1,711
63.7
1,679
62.5
32
1.9
976With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,485
1,077
72.5
1,057
71.2
20
1.8
408With children under 6 years old
1,202
634
52.7
622
51.7
12
1.9
568With children under 3 years old
620
305
49.2
295
47.5
10
3.3
315With no children under 18 years old
5,742
2,973
51.8
2,863
49.9
110
3.7
2,769**Asian, married, spouse present[1]**Total women, 16 years and older
4,943
2,814
56.9
2,737
55.4
78
2.8
2,128With children under 18 years old
2,390
1,487
62.2
1,459
61.0
29
1.9
903With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,269
906
71.4
888
69.9
18
2.0
364With children under 6 years old
1,121
581
51.9
571
50.9
10
1.8
540With children under 3 years old
588
293
49.7
284
48.3
9
2.9
296With no children under 18 years old
2,553
1,327
52.0
1,278
50.1
49
3.7
1,225**Asian, other marital statuses[2]**Total women, 16 years and older
3,486
1,869
53.6
1,805
51.8
65
3.5
1,617With children under 18 years old
297
224
75.4
220
74.2
4
1.6
73With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
215
171
79.5
169
78.6
2
1.1
44With children under 6 years old
81
53
64.7
51
62.5
2
3.4
29With children under 3 years old
32
12
38.6
11
33.9
1
12.1
20With no children under 18 years old
3,190
1,646
51.6
1,585
49.7
61
3.7
1,544**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
21,287
12,046
56.6
11,428
53.7
618
5.1
9,241With children under 18 years old
7,688
4,870
63.3
4,633
60.3
236
4.9
2,818With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
4,330
3,038
70.1
2,908
67.2
130
4.3
1,293With children under 6 years old
3,358
1,832
54.6
1,726
51.4
106
5.8
1,526With children under 3 years old
1,767
869
49.2
807
45.7
62
7.1
899With no children under 18 years old
13,599
7,177
52.8
6,795
50.0
382
5.3
6,422**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present[1]**Total women, 16 years and older
9,524
5,210
54.7
4,987
52.4
223
4.3
4,314With children under 18 years old
5,137
2,948
57.4
2,818
54.9
130
4.4
2,189With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,887
1,882
65.2
1,815
62.9
67
3.6
1,004With children under 6 years old
2,250
1,066
47.4
1,004
44.6
63
5.9
1,184With children under 3 years old
1,178
509
43.2
477
40.5
32
6.3
669With no children under 18 years old
4,387
2,262
51.6
2,169
49.4
93
4.1
2,125**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses[2]**Total women, 16 years and older
11,763
6,836
58.1
6,441
54.8
395
5.8
4,927With children under 18 years old
2,551
1,921
75.3
1,815
71.2
106
5.5
630With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,444
1,156
80.0
1,093
75.7
62
5.4
288With children under 6 years old
1,107
766
69.2
722
65.2
44
5.7
342With children under 3 years old
589
360
61.1
330
56.0
30
8.2
230With no children under 18 years old
9,212
4,915
53.4
4,626
50.2
289
5.9
4,297[1]Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.
[2] Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of labor force**With children under age 18**1975
14,616
47.4
13,069
1,548
11.01976
15,073
48.8
13,725
1,346
8.91977
15,669
50.8
14,276
1,393
8.91978
16,385
53.0
15,142
1,242
7.61979
16,883
54.5
15,624
1,259
7.71980
17,790
56.6
16,526
1,264
7.11981
18,422
58.1
16,952
1,471
8.01982
18,744
58.5
16,854
1,890
10.11983
18,924
58.9
16,792
2,131
11.31984
19,555
60.5
17,782
1,773
9.11985
20,041
62.1
18,306
1,735
8.71986
20,620
62.8
18,922
1,698
8.21987
21,422
64.7
19,798
1,624
7.61988
21,545
65.1
20,141
1,404
6.51989
21,936
65.7
20,647
1,289
5.91990
22,196
66.7
20,865
1,331
6.01991
22,327
66.6
20,774
1,552
7.01992
22,756
67.2
21,052
1,704
7.51993
23,063
66.9
21,521
1,541
6.71994
24,191
68.4
22,467
1,724
7.11995
24,695
69.7
23,195
1,500
6.11996
24,720
70.2
23,386
1,334
5.41997
25,604
72.1
24,082
1,522
5.91998
25,647
72.3
24,209
1,438
5.61999
25,472
72.1
24,307
1,165
4.62000
25,795
72.9
24,693
1,102
4.32001
26,269
72.7
25,030
1,239
4.72002
26,140
72.2
24,612
1,529
5.82003
26,202
71.7
24,598
1,603
6.12004
25,913
70.7
24,413
1,501
5.82005
25,941
70.5
24,564
1,377
5.32006
26,009
70.6
24,728
1,281
4.92007
26,834
71.3
25,646
1,188
4.42008
25,930
71.2
24,637
1,294
5.02009
26,122
71.6
24,079
2,043
7.82010
25,783
71.3
23,510
2,273
8.82011
25,376
70.9
23,109
2,266
8.92012
25,384
70.9
23,366
2,018
7.92013
25,112
70.3
23,121
1,991
7.92014
25,209
70.8
23,542
1,667
6.62015
25,107
69.9
23,841
1,265
5.02016
25,070
70.8
23,877
1,193
4.82017
24,863
71.3
23,748
1,114
4.52018
24,802
71.4
23,849
953
3.8**With children ages 6 to 17, none younger**1975
8,917
54.9
8,218
700
7.91976
9,388
56.2
8,769
621
6.61977
10,040
58.3
9,389
650
6.51978
10,401
60.0
9,845
556
5.31979
10,646
61.6
10,030
615
5.81980
11,252
64.3
10,640
612
5.41981
11,490
65.5
10,725
765
6.71982
11,377
65.8
10,440
936
8.21983
11,340
66.3
10,303
1,037
9.11984
11,538
68.1
10,739
799
6.91985
11,826
69.9
10,984
842
7.11986
12,075
70.4
11,320
756
6.31987
12,438
72.0
11,661
778
6.31988
12,683
73.3
12,042
641
5.11989
12,800
74.2
12,168
632
4.91990
12,799
74.7
12,133
666
5.21991
12,691
74.4
12,017
674
5.31992
13,183
75.9
12,391
793
6.01993
13,441
75.4
12,757
684
5.11994
13,863
76.0
13,074
789
5.71995
14,300
76.4
13,608
691
4.81996
14,427
77.2
13,794
633
4.41997
14,993
78.1
14,282
711
4.71998
15,028
78.4
14,370
658
4.41999
15,150
78.5
14,633
516
3.42000
15,479
79.0
14,931
549
3.52001
15,839
79.4
15,220
619
3.92002
15,948
78.6
15,171
777
4.92003
15,993
78.7
15,166
828
5.22004
15,782
77.5
15,006
776
4.92005
15,594
76.9
14,930
663
4.32006
15,579
76.9
14,949
630
4.02007
15,940
77.7
15,341
599
3.82008
15,479
77.5
14,842
636
4.12009
15,625
78.2
14,562
1,063
6.82010
15,247
77.2
14,058
1,189
7.82011
14,973
76.5
13,842
1,131
7.62012
14,922
76.0
13,908
1,014
6.82013
14,941
74.8
13,909
1,032
6.92014
15,227
75.8
14,389
838
5.52015
15,059
74.6
14,437
622
4.12016
15,135
75.0
14,519
616
4.12017
15,080
76.0
14,481
599
4.02018
15,053
76.5
14,544
508
3.4**With children under age 6**1975
5,699
39.0
4,851
848
14.91976
5,684
40.1
4,957
727
12.81977
5,629
41.2
4,887
742
13.21978
5,983
44.0
5,297
687
11.51979
6,238
45.7
5,594
644
10.31980
6,538
46.8
5,886
652
10.01981
6,933
48.9
6,227
706
10.21982
7,367
49.9
6,414
953
12.91983
7,583
50.5
6,489
1,094
14.41984
8,017
52.1
7,043
974
12.11985
8,215
53.5
7,322
893
10.91986
8,545
54.4
7,602
943
11.01987
8,983
56.7
8,137
846
9.41988
8,862
56.1
8,099
763
8.61989
9,136
56.7
8,478
657
7.21990
9,397
58.2
8,732
664
7.11991
9,636
58.4
8,758
878
9.11992
9,573
58.0
8,662
911
9.51993
9,621
57.9
8,764
857
8.91994
10,328
60.3
9,394
935
9.01995
10,395
62.3
9,587
809
7.81996
10,293
62.3
9,592
701
6.81997
10,610
65.0
9,800
810
7.61998
10,619
65.2
9,839
780
7.31999
10,322
64.4
9,674
648
6.32000
10,316
65.3
9,763
553
5.42001
10,430
64.4
9,810
620
5.92002
10,193
64.1
9,441
752
7.42003
10,209
62.9
9,433
776
7.62004
10,131
62.2
9,407
724
7.12005
10,347
62.6
9,634
714
6.92006
10,430
63.0
9,779
651
6.22007
10,894
63.5
10,305
589
5.42008
10,452
63.6
9,794
657
6.32009
10,497
63.6
9,517
980
9.32010
10,536
64.2
9,452
1,085
10.32011
10,403
64.2
9,268
1,135
10.92012
10,462
64.7
9,458
1,004
9.62013
10,171
64.7
9,212
958
9.42014
9,982
64.3
9,153
829
8.32015
10,048
63.9
9,405
643
6.42016
9,934
65.3
9,358
576
5.82017
9,783
65.1
9,268
515
5.32018
9,749
64.7
9,304
445
4.6**With children under age 3**1975
2,824
34.3
2,326
500
17.71976
2,702
34.1
2,285
418
15.51977
2,795
35.4
2,371
424
15.21978
3,179
39.4
2,768
411
12.91979
3,380
41.1
2,979
401
11.91980
3,565
41.9
3,167
398
11.21981
3,826
44.3
3,380
446
11.71982
4,133
45.6
3,542
591
14.31983
4,233
46.0
3,551
682
16.11984
4,401
47.6
3,839
562
12.81985
4,601
49.5
4,089
513
11.11986
4,786
50.8
4,227
559
11.71987
5,064
52.9
4,570
494
9.81988
4,947
52.4
4,477
470
9.51989
5,053
52.4
4,671
381
7.51990
5,216
53.6
4,823
393
7.51991
5,417
54.5
4,868
550
10.11992
5,329
54.5
4,776
553
10.41993
5,349
53.9
4,857
492
9.21994
5,724
57.1
5,165
559
9.81995
5,650
58.7
5,172
478
8.51996
5,619
59.0
5,222
397
7.11997
5,839
61.8
5,366
473
8.11998
5,882
62.2
5,454
428
7.31999
5,645
60.7
5,285
359
6.42000
5,670
61.0
5,350
320
5.62001
5,743
60.7
5,350
393
6.82002
5,600
60.5
5,160
440
7.92003
5,568
58.7
5,112
456
8.22004
5,401
57.3
4,983
417
7.72005
5,704
58.9
5,299
405
7.12006
5,842
59.9
5,458
384
6.62007
6,006
60.1
5,679
327
5.52008
5,754
59.6
5,380
374
6.52009
5,960
61.1
5,401
559
9.42010
5,878
61.1
5,240
638
10.92011
5,639
60.9
5,006
633
11.22012
5,529
60.7
4,960
569
10.32013
5,448
62.1
4,937
511
9.42014
5,358
61.8
4,870
487
9.12015
5,494
61.4
5,119
375
6.82016
5,486
63.1
5,165
322
5.92017
5,449
63.1
5,153
296
5.42018
5,236
62.0
4,998
239
4.6**With no children under age 18**1975
22,365
45.1
20,381
1,984
8.91976
23,327
45.7
21,389
1,938
8.31977
24,385
46.4
22,348
2,037
8.41978
25,362
47.0
23,631
1,731
6.81979
26,962
48.6
25,285
1,677
6.21980
27,144
48.1
25,375
1,769
6.51981
27,992
48.7
25,934
2,059
7.41982
28,351
48.6
26,041
2,311
8.21983
28,856
48.7
26,373
2,483
8.61984
29,684
49.3
27,652
2,032
6.81985
30,850
50.4
28,814
2,036
6.61986
31,112
50.5
29,107
2,005
6.41987
31,538
50.5
29,688
1,850
5.91988
32,490
51.2
30,911
1,580
4.91989
33,255
51.9
31,761
1,495
4.51990
33,942
52.3
32,391
1,551
4.61991
34,047
52.0
32,167
1,880
5.51992
34,487
52.3
32,481
2,006
5.81993
34,495
52.1
32,476
2,020
5.91994
35,455
53.1
33,345
2,110
6.01995
35,843
52.9
34,054
1,789
5.01996
36,509
53.0
34,698
1,811
5.01997
37,295
53.6
35,572
1,723
4.61998
38,253
54.1
36,680
1,573
4.11999
39,314
54.3
37,587
1,727
4.42000
40,142
54.8
38,408
1,733
4.32001
40,996
54.4
39,363
1,633
4.02002
41,278
54.0
39,038
2,241
5.42003
42,039
54.1
39,667
2,372
5.62004
42,289
53.8
40,000
2,289
5.42005
42,677
53.5
40,570
2,107
4.92006
43,392
53.6
41,440
1,952
4.52007
44,039
53.9
42,279
1,760
4.02008
45,585
54.3
43,417
2,168
4.82009
45,649
53.8
42,343
3,306
7.22010
46,098
53.5
42,256
3,842
8.32011
46,198
53.0
42,569
3,629
7.92012
47,222
52.6
43,494
3,728
7.92013
47,607
52.3
44,294
3,313
7.02014
48,076
52.1
44,980
3,096
6.42015
48,273
51.7
45,794
2,479
5.12016
49,663
52.1
47,180
2,484
5.02017
50,675
52.5
48,541
2,134
4.22018
51,227
52.3
49,247
1,980
3.9Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**Total, 25 to 64 years
168,504
131,058
77.8
126,879
75.3
4,180
3.2
37,445Less than a high school diploma
15,552
9,573
61.6
9,030
58.1
543
5.7
5,979High school graduates, no college
46,197
33,521
72.6
32,140
69.6
1,382
4.1
12,675Some college or associate's degree
44,758
34,982
78.2
33,834
75.6
1,149
3.3
9,776Bachelor's degree and higher
61,997
52,982
85.5
51,876
83.7
1,105
2.1
9,016Bachelor's degree
39,884
33,577
84.2
32,843
82.3
735
2.2
6,307Advanced degree
22,114
19,404
87.7
19,033
86.1
371
1.9
2,709Master's degree
16,488
14,334
86.9
14,039
85.1
295
2.1
2,154Professional degree
2,402
2,133
88.8
2,100
87.4
32
1.5
269Doctoral degree
3,223
2,937
91.1
2,894
89.8
43
1.5
286**Women**Total, 25 to 64 years
85,946
61,182
71.2
59,205
68.9
1,977
3.2
24,764Less than a high school diploma
7,331
3,457
47.2
3,230
44.1
227
6.6
3,874High school graduates, no college
21,550
13,645
63.3
13,065
60.6
580
4.2
7,905Some college or associate's degree
23,760
17,292
72.8
16,686
70.2
606
3.5
6,467Bachelor's degree and higher
33,306
26,788
80.4
26,223
78.7
564
2.1
6,518Bachelor's degree
21,240
16,650
78.4
16,286
76.7
365
2.2
4,590Advanced degree
12,065
10,138
84.0
9,938
82.4
200
2.0
1,928Master's degree
9,419
7,827
83.1
7,669
81.4
158
2.0
1,592Professional degree
1,151
982
85.3
968
84.1
14
1.5
169Doctoral degree
1,495
1,328
88.8
1,301
87.0
27
2.1
167**Men**Total, 25 to 64 years
82,557
69,876
84.6
67,674
82.0
2,203
3.2
12,681Less than a high school diploma
8,220
6,116
74.4
5,800
70.6
317
5.2
2,104High school graduates, no college
24,647
19,876
80.6
19,074
77.4
802
4.0
4,770Some college or associate's degree
20,998
17,690
84.2
17,147
81.7
543
3.1
3,308Bachelor's degree and higher
28,692
26,194
91.3
25,653
89.4
541
2.1
2,498Bachelor's degree
18,644
16,927
90.8
16,557
88.8
370
2.2
1,716Advanced degree
10,048
9,267
92.2
9,095
90.5
171
1.8
782Master's degree
7,069
6,507
92.0
6,370
90.1
137
2.1
562Professional degree
1,251
1,151
92.0
1,133
90.5
18
1.6
100Doctoral degree
1,728
1,609
93.1
1,593
92.2
16
1.0
119Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
High school
CollegeLess than 4 years
4 years, no college
1 to 3 years
4 years or more**Total**1970
61,765
100.0
36.1
38.1
11.8
14.11971
62,344
100.0
34.5
38.4
12.3
14.81972
63,704
100.0
33.3
38.8
12.4
15.51973
64,775
100.0
30.9
39.7
13.0
16.41974
66,527
100.0
29.3
39.5
13.7
17.51975
67,774
100.0
27.5
39.7
14.4
18.31976
69,243
100.0
25.8
39.6
15.2
19.41977
71,324
100.0
24.9
39.2
15.7
20.21978
73,504
100.0
23.7
39.2
16.5
20.61979
75,781
100.0
21.8
39.5
17.3
21.31980
78,010
100.0
20.6
39.8
17.6
22.01981
80,273
100.0
19.7
40.6
17.7
22.01982
81,516
100.0
18.8
40.8
17.3
23.11983
83,615
100.0
17.8
39.9
18.1
24.21984
86,001
100.0
16.7
40.2
18.4
24.71985
88,424
100.0
15.9
40.2
19.0
24.91986
90,500
100.0
15.5
40.2
19.5
24.81987
92,966
100.0
14.9
40.2
19.7
25.31988
94,870
100.0
14.7
39.9
19.7
25.71989
97,318
100.0
14.0
39.6
20.0
26.41990
99,175
100.0
13.4
39.5
20.7
26.41991
100,480
100.0
13.0
39.4
21.1
26.5**Women**1970
22,462
100.0
33.5
44.3
10.9
11.21971
22,804
100.0
32.2
44.2
11.9
11.81972
23,606
100.0
30.7
45.1
11.8
12.41973
24,158
100.0
28.4
45.9
12.4
13.31974
25,203
100.0
26.7
45.3
13.4
14.61975
26,146
100.0
26.5
45.5
13.9
14.11976
27,166
100.0
24.0
45.1
14.7
16.21977
28,369
100.0
22.8
45.1
15.2
16.91978
29,738
100.0
22.0
44.9
16.1
17.01979
31,151
100.0
20.1
45.0
17.1
17.81980
32,593
100.0
18.4
45.4
17.4
18.71981
33,910
100.0
17.4
46.1
17.9
18.61982
34,870
100.0
16.6
45.6
18.3
19.51983
35,712
100.0
15.6
44.8
18.8
20.91984
37,234
100.0
14.5
44.9
18.9
21.71985
38,779
100.0
13.7
44.4
19.9
22.01986
39,767
100.0
13.2
44.3
20.3
22.21987
41,105
100.0
12.5
44.0
20.7
22.81988
42,254
100.0
12.4
43.3
21.2
23.11989
43,650
100.0
11.9
42.9
20.9
24.31990
44,699
100.0
11.3
42.4
21.9
24.51991
45,315
100.0
10.9
41.6
22.2
25.2**Men**1970
39,303
100.0
37.5
34.5
12.2
15.71971
39,539
100.0
35.9
35.1
12.5
16.51972
40,098
100.0
34.8
35.1
12.8
17.31973
40,617
100.0
32.4
36.0
13.4
18.21974
41,344
100.0
30.8
36.0
13.9
19.31975
41,628
100.0
28.9
36.1
14.8
20.21976
42,077
100.0
27.0
36.0
15.5
21.51977
42,954
100.0
26.3
35.3
16.1
22.31978
43,766
100.0
24.8
35.3
16.9
23.01979
44,630
100.0
23.0
35.7
17.5
23.81980
45,417
100.0
22.2
35.7
17.7
24.31981
46,363
100.0
21.5
36.5
17.4
24.61982
47,144
100.0
20.3
36.8
17.5
25.51983
47,903
100.0
19.4
36.3
17.7
26.61984
48,767
100.0
18.4
36.7
18.0
26.91985
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
27.11986
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
26.91987
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
27.21988
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
27.81989
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
28.21990
54,476
100.0
15.1
37.2
19.7
28.01991
55,165
100.0
14.7
37.5
20.2
27.6Note: Data from 1970–91 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2018
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college[1]
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher[2]**Total**1992
103,018
100.0
12.1
35.7
25.6
26.61993
104,237
100.0
11.3
35.1
26.6
27.01994
105,610
100.0
10.8
33.9
27.7
27.61995
107,032
100.0
10.4
33.2
28.1
28.31996
108,932
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.8
28.71997
110,945
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.5
29.01998
111,932
100.0
10.5
32.4
27.4
29.81999
113,095
100.0
10.0
31.8
27.6
30.52000
115,750
100.0
10.1
31.4
27.8
30.72001
116,893
100.0
10.1
30.9
28.0
31.02002
118,028
100.0
10.0
30.7
27.7
31.62003
119,621
100.0
9.9
30.3
27.6
32.12004
120,135
100.0
9.7
30.1
27.7
32.42005
121,752
100.0
9.8
29.9
27.8
32.52006
123,550
100.0
9.7
29.6
27.7
33.02007
125,104
100.0
9.3
29.2
27.7
33.82008
126,011
100.0
9.0
28.8
28.0
34.22009
126,247
100.0
9.0
28.6
28.0
34.42010
126,237
100.0
8.9
28.6
27.9
34.62011
125,508
100.0
8.7
28.0
28.0
35.32012
125,963
100.0
8.4
27.4
28.2
36.02013
125,892
100.0
8.2
27.1
28.0
36.72014
126,269
100.0
8.0
26.7
27.9
37.32015
127,106
100.0
8.1
25.9
27.7
38.22016
128,713
100.0
7.8
25.9
27.6
38.72017
129,582
100.0
7.4
25.8
27.2
39.52018
131,058
100.0
7.3
25.6
26.7
40.4**Women**1992
46,589
100.0
10.3
37.4
27.3
25.01993
47,245
100.0
9.3
36.6
28.4
25.71994
48,405
100.0
9.0
35.0
29.8
26.21995
49,247
100.0
8.8
34.1
30.2
26.91996
50,240
100.0
8.8
33.6
29.9
27.81997
51,261
100.0
8.7
33.5
29.4
28.41998
51,678
100.0
8.8
32.7
29.4
29.21999
52,525
100.0
8.5
32.1
29.5
29.92000
53,749
100.0
8.5
31.6
29.8
30.12001
54,229
100.0
8.4
31.0
30.2
30.42002
54,710
100.0
8.1
30.6
29.9
31.32003
55,596
100.0
7.9
30.0
29.9
32.22004
55,616
100.0
7.7
29.4
30.2
32.62005
56,322
100.0
7.7
28.7
30.2
33.32006
57,201
100.0
7.6
28.3
30.2
33.92007
57,791
100.0
7.1
27.9
30.1
34.92008
58,465
100.0
6.9
27.2
30.4
35.62009
58,787
100.0
7.0
26.7
30.3
36.02010
58,808
100.0
6.8
26.4
30.3
36.42011
58,520
100.0
6.7
25.8
30.4
37.12012
59,031
100.0
6.5
25.0
30.4
38.12013
58,812
100.0
6.3
24.6
30.1
39.02014
58,983
100.0
6.1
24.1
29.8
40.02015
59,252
100.0
6.1
23.2
29.6
41.12016
60,049
100.0
6.0
22.9
29.6
41.62017
60,614
100.0
5.8
22.7
28.9
42.72018
61,182
100.0
5.7
22.3
28.3
43.8**Men**1992
56,428
100.0
13.7
34.2
24.3
27.81993
56,992
100.0
12.9
33.9
25.1
28.11994
57,205
100.0
12.4
33.0
25.9
28.81995
57,784
100.0
11.8
32.4
26.3
29.41996
58,692
100.0
12.2
32.3
26.1
29.41997
59,684
100.0
12.2
32.4
25.9
29.61998
60,255
100.0
12.0
32.1
25.6
30.31999
60,570
100.0
11.4
31.6
26.0
31.02000
62,001
100.0
11.5
31.2
26.1
31.22001
62,664
100.0
11.5
30.9
26.2
31.42002
63,318
100.0
11.6
30.8
25.8
31.82003
64,025
100.0
11.7
30.6
25.6
32.12004
64,519
100.0
11.5
30.7
25.6
32.32005
65,430
100.0
11.5
30.9
25.7
31.92006
66,350
100.0
11.5
30.6
25.5
32.32007
67,313
100.0
11.2
30.4
25.6
32.92008
67,546
100.0
10.9
30.2
25.9
33.02009
67,460
100.0
10.8
30.3
25.9
33.02010
67,429
100.0
10.6
30.6
25.8
33.02011
66,989
100.0
10.4
30.0
26.0
33.72012
66,932
100.0
10.0
29.6
26.2
34.12013
67,081
100.0
9.8
29.2
26.2
34.72014
67,287
100.0
9.8
29.1
26.2
35.02015
67,853
100.0
9.9
28.4
26.0
35.72016
68,664
100.0
9.3
28.6
25.9
36.22017
68,968
100.0
8.9
28.6
25.7
36.82018
69,876
100.0
8.8
28.4
25.3
37.5[1]Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
[2] Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Data from 1970–91 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2017 and 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender
Year2017
2018Number
Percent
Number
Percent**Total**Total, 16 years and older
153,337
100.0
155,761
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
60,901
39.7
62,436
40.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,379
16.6
25,850
16.6Professional and related occupations
35,522
23.2
36,586
23.5Service occupations
26,751
17.4
26,854
17.2Sales and office occupations
33,566
21.9
33,461
21.5Sales and related occupations
15,815
10.3
15,806
10.1Office and administrative support occupations
17,751
11.6
17,655
11.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,193
9.3
14,471
9.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,184
0.8
1,121
0.7Construction and extraction occupations
8,031
5.2
8,338
5.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,977
3.2
5,012
3.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,927
11.7
18,539
11.9Production occupations
8,482
5.5
8,621
5.5Transportation and material moving occupations
9,445
6.2
9,918
6.4**Women**Total, 16 years and older
71,936
100.0
73,063
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
31,413
43.7
32,149
44.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
11,171
15.5
11,387
15.6Professional and related occupations
20,241
28.1
20,763
28.4Service occupations
15,130
21.0
15,439
21.1Sales and office occupations
20,593
28.6
20,453
28.0Sales and related occupations
7,770
10.8
7,807
10.7Office and administrative support occupations
12,823
17.8
12,646
17.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
720
1.0
745
1.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
278
0.4
273
0.4Construction and extraction occupations
243
0.3
285
0.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
200
0.3
187
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
4,080
5.7
4,278
5.9Production occupations
2,450
3.4
2,480
3.4Transportation and material moving occupations
1,630
2.3
1,797
2.5**Men**Total, 16 years and older
81,402
100.0
82,698
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
29,488
36.2
30,287
36.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
14,207
17.5
14,464
17.5Professional and related occupations
15,281
18.8
15,823
19.1Service occupations
11,621
14.3
11,416
13.8Sales and office occupations
12,973
15.9
13,008
15.7Sales and related occupations
8,045
9.9
7,999
9.7Office and administrative support occupations
4,929
6.1
5,010
6.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,473
16.6
13,726
16.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
907
1.1
848
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
7,788
9.6
8,053
9.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,778
5.9
4,825
5.8Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
13,846
17.0
14,261
17.2Production occupations
6,031
7.4
6,140
7.4Transportation and material moving occupations
7,815
9.6
8,121
9.8Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
**Occupation**
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
155,761
46.9Management, professional, and related occupations
62,436
51.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,850
44.0Management occupations
18,263
40.0Chief executives
1,573
26.9General and operations managers
1,037
31.7Legislators
18
-Advertising and promotions managers
44
-Marketing and sales managers
1,083
47.6Public relations and fundraising managers
69
72.8Administrative services managers
161
34.2Computer and information systems managers
623
27.0Financial managers
1,231
55.2Compensation and benefits managers
23
-Human resources managers
313
77.9Training and development managers
58
48.6Industrial production managers
264
22.0Purchasing managers
219
45.3Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
303
16.0Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
991
25.8Construction managers
1,021
7.7Education administrators
955
66.9Architectural and engineering managers
156
11.5Food service managers
1,273
49.2Funeral service managers
3
-Gaming managers
28
-Lodging managers
153
56.0Medical and health services managers
639
72.0Natural sciences managers
9
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
24
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
717
49.7Social and community service managers
437
69.1Emergency management directors
10
-Managers, all other
4,827
35.4Business and financial operations occupations
7,587
53.8Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
54
53.8Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
12
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
193
50.7Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
244
46.7Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
344
57.4Compliance officers
281
53.7Cost estimators
117
14.1Human resources workers
664
70.7Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
48
-Training and development specialists
120
54.4Logisticians
128
37.3Management analysts
944
41.3Meeting, convention, and event planners
126
76.3Fundraisers
96
69.3Market research analysts and marketing specialists
355
60.2Business operations specialists, all other
236
59.3Accountants and auditors
1,929
60.6Appraisers and assessors of real estate
84
45.3Budget analysts
51
62.2Credit analysts
26
-Financial analysts
307
40.7Personal financial advisors
537
33.5Insurance underwriters
119
59.7Financial examiners
13
-Credit counselors and loan officers
350
54.1Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
47
-Tax preparers
113
56.8Financial specialists, all other
48
-Professional and related occupations
36,586
56.8Computer and mathematical occupations
5,126
25.6Computer and information research scientists
19
-Computer systems analysts
652
37.5Information security analysts
97
24.9Computer programmers
477
21.2Software developers, applications and systems software
1,682
19.3Web developers
208
32.5Computer support specialists
566
28.1Database administrators
108
37.9Network and computer systems administrators
204
21.2Computer network architects
114
10.3Computer occupations, all other
732
21.9Actuaries
33
-Mathematicians
3
-Operations research analysts
131
49.1Statisticians
90
53.8Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
8
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,263
15.9Architects, except naval
239
29.7Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
47
-Aerospace engineers
147
13.4Agricultural engineers
5
-Biomedical engineers
11
-Chemical engineers
72
16.3Civil engineers
456
14.8Computer hardware engineers
71
18.9Electrical and electronics engineers
269
9.4Environmental engineers
36
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
246
23.0Marine engineers and naval architects
17
-Materials engineers
41
-Mechanical engineers
333
10.9Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-Nuclear engineers
14
-Petroleum engineers
27
-Engineers, all other
576
12.7Drafters
133
20.6Engineering technicians, except drafters
439
18.1Surveying and mapping technicians
76
3.2Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,529
46.7Agricultural and food scientists
37
-Biological scientists
104
47.5Conservation scientists and foresters
22
-Medical scientists
169
52.1Life scientists, all other
1
-Astronomers and physicists
20
-Atmospheric and space scientists
12
-Chemists and materials scientists
118
37.7Environmental scientists and geoscientists
100
33.1Physical scientists, all other
305
43.9Economists
36
-Survey researchers
3
-Psychologists
224
75.9Sociologists
5
-Urban and regional planners
29
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
46
-Agricultural and food science technicians
36
-Biological technicians
19
-Chemical technicians
68
25.3Geological and petroleum technicians
12
-Nuclear technicians
10
-Social science research assistants
2
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
152
47.7Community and social service occupations
2,680
66.5Counselors
895
72.0Social workers
835
81.6Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
104
56.9Social and human service assistants
208
77.7Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
71
76.3Clergy
415
22.4Directors, religious activities and education
76
57.8Religious workers, all other
76
59.2Legal occupations
1,891
51.6Lawyers
1,199
37.4Judicial law clerks
13
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
80
32.3Paralegals and legal assistants
444
86.4Miscellaneous legal support workers
156
73.1Education, training, and library occupations
9,313
73.2Postsecondary teachers
1,417
49.0Preschool and kindergarten teachers
716
97.6Elementary and middle school teachers
3,421
79.8Secondary school teachers
1,062
58.0Special education teachers
369
87.5Other teachers and instructors
905
61.9Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
45
-Librarians
178
78.5Library technicians
33
-Teacher assistants
994
88.9Other education, training, and library workers
173
73.9Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,362
46.8Artists and related workers
232
52.2Designers
984
53.0Actors
36
-Producers and directors
201
29.2Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
359
34.9Dancers and choreographers
24
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
202
35.0Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
68
51.0Announcers
56
17.7News analysts, reporters and correspondents
79
51.7Public relations specialists
140
65.7Editors
160
52.2Technical writers
69
55.9Writers and authors
227
59.6Miscellaneous media and communication workers
111
70.8Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
120
12.4Photographers
208
47.8Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
82
16.1Media and communication equipment workers, all other
5
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,420
75.0Chiropractors
63
21.1Dentists
162
35.7Dietitians and nutritionists
104
93.1Optometrists
54
46.0Pharmacists
348
63.4Physicians and surgeons
1,094
40.3Physician assistants
132
72.1Podiatrists
11
-Audiologists
10
-Occupational therapists
116
86.8Physical therapists
286
69.5Radiation therapists
16
-Recreational therapists
11
-Respiratory therapists
108
63.8Speech-language pathologists
152
96.0Exercise physiologists
5
-Therapists, all other
237
82.1Veterinarians
102
71.2Registered nurses
3,213
88.6Nurse anesthetists
26
-Nurse midwives
3
-Nurse practitioners
212
87.2Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
40
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
318
75.2Dental hygienists
178
97.1Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
346
67.9Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
214
33.9Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
694
80.6Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
658
87.8Medical records and health information technicians
171
93.6Opticians, dispensing
61
73.4Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
139
66.5Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
137
52.1Service occupations
26,854
57.5Healthcare support occupations
3,629
87.1Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,035
89.3Occupational therapy assistants and aides
35
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
88
67.4Massage therapists
155
83.2Dental assistants
293
96.0Medical assistants
570
90.6Medical transcriptionists
44
-Pharmacy aides
34
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
56
86.3Phlebotomists
115
75.0Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
204
64.0Protective service occupations
3,203
22.5First-line supervisors of correctional officers
45
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
88
17.0First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
49
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
86
22.4Firefighters
306
5.1Fire inspectors
23
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
406
29.6Detectives and criminal investigators
164
24.4Fish and game wardens
7
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
728
15.4Transit and railroad police
2
-Animal control workers
19
-Private detectives and investigators
96
49.5Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
958
22.4Crossing guards
66
53.2Transportation security screeners
41
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
117
46.3Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,220
55.5Chefs and head cooks
427
22.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
563
57.2Cooks
2,067
41.8Food preparation workers
988
61.0Bartenders
474
57.2Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
322
63.0Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
202
68.8Waiters and waitresses
2,020
69.9Food servers, nonrestaurant
226
70.2Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
309
45.7Dishwashers
263
24.3Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
354
81.6Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
5
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,854
41.3First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
339
42.4First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
254
8.0Janitors and building cleaners
2,342
34.1Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,512
90.1Pest control workers
79
8.4Grounds maintenance workers
1,328
6.7Personal care and service occupations
5,947
76.9First-line supervisors of gaming workers
187
44.4First-line supervisors of personal service workers
208
73.3Animal trainers
55
72.6Nonfarm animal caretakers
268
77.6Gaming services workers
102
47.8Motion picture projectionists
1
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
35
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
210
38.3Embalmers and funeral attendants
17
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
34
-Barbers
132
21.0Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
834
92.1Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
449
83.6Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
92
22.6Tour and travel guides
65
43.6Childcare workers
1,193
94.0Personal care aides
1,354
84.4Recreation and fitness workers
497
60.5Residential advisors
41
-Personal care and service workers, all other
171
68.1Sales and office occupations
33,461
61.1Sales and related occupations
15,806
49.4First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,366
44.6First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,257
28.5Cashiers
3,200
73.8Counter and rental clerks
114
40.6Parts salespersons
127
10.4Retail salespersons
3,147
48.7Advertising sales agents
221
50.4Insurance sales agents
619
51.4Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
231
31.8Travel agents
79
85.5Sales representatives, services, all other
516
30.0Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,273
27.6Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
60
72.1Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,072
56.2Sales engineers
34
-Telemarketers
58
65.3Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
158
60.9Sales and related workers, all other
275
48.4Office and administrative support occupations
17,655
71.6First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,450
71.7Switchboard operators, including answering service
23
-Telephone operators
30
-Communications equipment operators, all other
9
-Bill and account collectors
122
71.1Billing and posting clerks
490
87.1Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,045
86.7Gaming cage workers
8
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
121
89.8Procurement clerks
31
-Tellers
300
85.4Financial clerks, all other
92
61.9Brokerage clerks
4
-Correspondence clerks
4
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
83
76.5Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
54
64.5Customer service representatives
2,563
63.7Eligibility interviewers, government programs
68
80.0File clerks
161
76.8Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
131
68.6Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
152
81.6Library assistants, clerical
103
78.0Loan interviewers and clerks
117
80.8New accounts clerks
23
-Order clerks
78
49.1Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
57
83.3Receptionists and information clerks
1,324
90.5Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
128
59.4Information and record clerks, all other
121
77.6Cargo and freight agents
30
-Couriers and messengers
293
21.1Dispatchers
293
60.7Meter readers, utilities
24
-Postal service clerks
120
54.9Postal service mail carriers
302
39.8Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
58
56.6Production, planning, and expediting clerks
269
54.0Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
578
29.1Stock clerks and order fillers
1,527
37.4Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
56
38.9Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,569
94.0Computer operators
73
63.8Data entry keyers
270
77.2Word processors and typists
67
85.1Desktop publishers
1
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
244
82.5Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
63
41.5Office clerks, general
1,309
84.5Office machine operators, except computer
24
-Proofreaders and copy markers
11
-Statistical assistants
40
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
540
78.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,471
5.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,121
24.3First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
60
16.5Agricultural inspectors
22
-Animal breeders
5
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
85
57.8Miscellaneous agricultural workers
833
23.4Fishers and related fishing workers
39
-Hunters and trappers
3
-Forest and conservation workers
16
-Logging workers
58
2.6Construction and extraction occupations
8,338
3.4First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
634
3.5Boilermakers
20
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
143
1.9Carpenters
1,375
2.2Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
164
1.9Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
50
.0Construction laborers
2,110
3.7Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
21
-Pile-driver operators
1
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
342
2.0Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
164
1.6Electricians
887
2.4Glaziers
45
-Insulation workers
60
2.5Painters, construction and maintenance
607
7.2Paperhangers
5
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
641
3.5Plasterers and stucco masons
19
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-Roofers
201
2.6Sheet metal workers
147
2.8Structural iron and steel workers
60
2.2Solar photovoltaic installers
16
-Helpers, construction trades
77
5.6Construction and building inspectors
108
14.0Elevator installers and repairers
25
-Fence erectors
33
-Hazardous materials removal workers
36
-Highway maintenance workers
105
3.9Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
10
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
9
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
28
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
30
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
22
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
12
-Mining machine operators
65
4.9Roof bolters, mining
1
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
10
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-Other extraction workers
49
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,012
3.7First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
280
5.9Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
185
13.7Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
136
13.6Avionics technicians
13
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
26
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
11
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
38
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
63
.7Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
164
3.6Automotive body and related repairers
152
1.8Automotive glass installers and repairers
24
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
916
2.1Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
389
.9Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
211
.8Small engine mechanics
51
2.7Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
93
2.8Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
472
1.4Home appliance repairers
41
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
442
2.4Maintenance and repair workers, general
507
3.5Maintenance workers, machinery
25
-Millwrights
46
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
137
4.1Telecommunications line installers and repairers
210
3.9Precision instrument and equipment repairers
65
13.2Wind turbine service technicians
3
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
36
-Commercial divers
1
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
34
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
7
-Riggers
14
-Signal and track switch repairers
14
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
16
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
167
7.0Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,539
23.1Production occupations
8,621
28.8First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
832
19.6Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
5
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
124
49.2Engine and other machine assemblers
10
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
33
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,064
36.6Bakers
219
61.1Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
265
28.3Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
6
-Food batchmakers
80
63.3Food cooking machine operators and tenders
14
-Food processing workers, all other
158
37.0Computer control programmers and operators
107
9.7Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
11
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
61
9.9Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
38
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-Machinists
344
6.4Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
20
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
6
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
40
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-Tool and die makers
50
5.7Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
633
5.4Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
9
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
3
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
373
18.3Prepress technicians and workers
18
-Printing press operators
164
22.7Print binding and finishing workers
13
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
143
71.5Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
36
-Sewing machine operators
174
73.4Shoe and leather workers and repairers
8
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
4
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
85
75.1Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
1
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
6
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-Upholsterers
31
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
16
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
65
6.5Furniture finishers
20
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
37
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
27
-Woodworkers, all other
28
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
33
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
79
1.3Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
101
7.2Miscellaneous plant and system operators
38
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
75
11.3Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
9.1Cutting workers
60
27.5Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
25
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
807
36.6Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
38
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
87
54.2Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
277
55.8Painting workers
165
9.4Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
17
-Semiconductor processors
1
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
8
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
9
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
4
-Etchers and engravers
11
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
37
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
21
-Tire builders
7
-Helpers--production workers
53
31.8Production workers, all other
1,107
29.5Transportation and material moving occupations
9,918
18.1Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
217
23.2Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
119
9.0Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
37
-Flight attendants
104
74.9Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
12
-Bus drivers
599
43.8Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,549
6.6Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
777
18.0Motor vehicle operators, all other
63
18.1Locomotive engineers and operators
36
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
5
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
53
7.1Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
-Sailors and marine oilers
21
-Ship and boat captains and operators
33
-Ship engineers
6
-Bridge and lock tenders
7
-Parking lot attendants
87
9.7Automotive and watercraft service attendants
102
20.5Transportation inspectors
37
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
40
-Other transportation workers
24
-Conveyor operators and tenders
2
-Crane and tower operators
68
6.0Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
24
-Hoist and winch operators
10
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
631
8.1Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
329
15.2Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,106
21.4Machine feeders and offbearers
30
-Packers and packagers, hand
607
54.5Pumping station operators
16
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
91
14.5Mine shuttle car operators
1
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
8
-Material moving workers, all other
51
19.9Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Total, 16 years and older (thousands)**
55,759
10,000
4,644
11,594**Percent**
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
45.2
36.2
52.5
27.2Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.3
11.4
17.8
9.8Professional and related occupations
28.9
24.8
34.7
17.4Service occupations
19.6
28.0
20.8
31.4Sales and office occupations
28.7
27.0
20.0
29.5Sales and related occupations
10.9
9.8
8.8
12.1Office and administrative support occupations
17.8
17.2
11.3
17.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.1
0.6
0.5
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.2Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.4
8.1
6.2
9.6Production occupations
3.1
4.1
4.5
5.9Transportation and material moving occupations
2.2
4.1
1.6
3.7Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2017 and 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender
Year2017
2018Number
Percent
Number
Percent**Total**Total, 16 years and older
153,337
100.0
155,761
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,454
1.6
2,425
1.6Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
748
0.5
784
0.5Construction
10,692
7.0
11,181
7.2Manufacturing
15,408
10.0
15,560
10.0Durable goods manufacturing
9,698
6.3
9,831
6.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,710
3.7
5,729
3.7Wholesale and retail trade
20,314
13.2
20,270
13.0Wholesale trade
3,594
2.3
3,671
2.4Retail trade
16,720
10.9
16,599
10.7Transportation and utilities
8,159
5.3
8,551
5.5Transportation and warehousing
6,810
4.4
7,207
4.6Utilities
1,349
0.9
1,345
0.9Information
2,903
1.9
2,919
1.9Financial activities
10,482
6.8
10,649
6.8Finance and insurance
7,288
4.8
7,376
4.7Real estate and rental and leasing
3,194
2.1
3,273
2.1Professional and business services
18,835
12.3
18,950
12.2Professional and technical services
11,764
7.7
12,105
7.8Management, administrative, and waste services
7,072
4.6
6,845
4.4Education and health services
34,483
22.5
35,043
22.5Educational services
13,763
9.0
13,910
8.9Health care and social assistance
20,720
13.5
21,133
13.6Hospitals
7,042
4.6
7,108
4.6Health services, except hospitals
10,359
6.8
10,636
6.8Social assistance
3,319
2.2
3,389
2.2Leisure and hospitality
14,291
9.3
14,268
9.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,399
2.2
3,362
2.2Accommodation and food services
10,891
7.1
10,905
7.0Other services
7,485
4.9
7,742
5.0Other services, except private households
6,828
4.5
6,965
4.5Private households
657
0.4
777
0.5Public administration
7,083
4.6
7,419
4.8**Women**Total, 16 years and older
71,936
100.0
73,063
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
611
0.8
628
0.9Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
94
0.1
108
0.1Construction
971
1.3
1,102
1.5Manufacturing
4,551
6.3
4,537
6.2Durable goods manufacturing
2,463
3.4
2,463
3.4Nondurable goods manufacturing
2,088
2.9
2,074
2.8Wholesale and retail trade
9,137
12.7
9,068
12.4Wholesale trade
1,073
1.5
1,048
1.4Retail trade
8,064
11.2
8,020
11.0Transportation and utilities
1,955
2.7
2,084
2.9Transportation and warehousing
1,681
2.3
1,796
2.5Utilities
274
0.4
288
0.4Information
1,132
1.6
1,118
1.5Financial activities
5,542
7.7
5,598
7.7Finance and insurance
4,049
5.6
4,058
5.6Real estate and rental and leasing
1,494
2.1
1,540
2.1Professional and business services
7,954
11.1
7,872
10.8Professional and technical services
5,007
7.0
5,113
7.0Management, administrative, and waste services
2,946
4.1
2,758
3.8Education and health services
25,679
35.7
26,058
35.7Educational services
9,408
13.1
9,501
13.0Health care and social assistance
16,271
22.6
16,558
22.7Hospitals
5,355
7.4
5,330
7.3Health services, except hospitals
8,135
11.3
8,375
11.5Social assistance
2,780
3.9
2,853
3.9Leisure and hospitality
7,294
10.1
7,347
10.1Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,566
2.2
1,505
2.1Accommodation and food services
5,728
8.0
5,843
8.0Other services
3,868
5.4
4,148
5.7Other services, except private households
3,265
4.5
3,423
4.7Private households
602
0.8
725
1.0Public administration
3,148
4.4
3,394
4.6**Men**Total, 16 years and older
81,402
100.0
82,698
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
1,843
2.3
1,797
2.2Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
654
0.8
676
0.8Construction
9,722
11.9
10,079
12.2Manufacturing
10,857
13.3
11,022
13.3Durable goods manufacturing
7,235
8.9
7,368
8.9Nondurable goods manufacturing
3,622
4.4
3,654
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
11,176
13.7
11,202
13.5Wholesale trade
2,521
3.1
2,623
3.2Retail trade
8,656
10.6
8,579
10.4Transportation and utilities
6,204
7.6
6,468
7.8Transportation and warehousing
5,129
6.3
5,411
6.5Utilities
1,075
1.3
1,057
1.3Information
1,771
2.2
1,801
2.2Financial activities
4,940
6.1
5,051
6.1Finance and insurance
3,239
4.0
3,317
4.0Real estate and rental and leasing
1,700
2.1
1,734
2.1Professional and business services
10,882
13.4
11,079
13.4Professional and technical services
6,756
8.3
6,992
8.5Management, administrative, and waste services
4,125
5.1
4,087
4.9Education and health services
8,804
10.8
8,985
10.9Educational services
4,355
5.3
4,410
5.3Health care and social assistance
4,449
5.5
4,575
5.5Hospitals
1,687
2.1
1,778
2.1Health services, except hospitals
2,223
2.7
2,261
2.7Social assistance
539
0.7
536
0.6Leisure and hospitality
6,996
8.6
6,920
8.4Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,833
2.3
1,858
2.2Accommodation and food services
5,163
6.3
5,062
6.1Other services
3,617
4.4
3,595
4.3Other services, except private households
3,562
4.4
3,542
4.3Private households
55
0.1
53
0.1Public administration
3,935
4.8
4,025
4.9Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
155,761
46.9Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,425
25.9Crop production
1,230
26.7Animal production and aquaculture
810
26.5Forestry, except logging
43
-Logging
112
5.9Fishing, hunting, and trapping
54
12.8Support activities for agriculture and forestry
176
33.7Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
784
13.8Oil and gas extraction
78
19.1Coal mining
64
6.2Metal ore mining
30
-Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
101
12.4Not specified type of mining
6
-Support activities for mining
504
14.8Construction
11,181
9.9Manufacturing
15,560
29.2Durable goods manufacturing
9,831
25.1Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing
475
19.6Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing
22
-Clay building material and refractories manufacturing
26
-Glass and glass product manufacturing
148
23.8Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing
181
11.5Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
99
19.5Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing
1,680
17.2Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing
268
11.8Aluminum production and processing
59
29.3Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing
48
-Foundries
81
18.2Metal forgings and stampings
60
18.1Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing
41
-Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
358
14.6Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
295
13.5Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities
67
24.9Ordnance
45
-Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing
327
18.9Not specified metal industries
30
-Machinery manufacturing
1,218
21.0Agricultural implement manufacturing
114
26.6Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
148
13.9Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
71
28.7Metalworking machinery manufacturing
128
14.7Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
49
-Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.
690
22.0Not specified machinery manufacturing
17
-Computers and electronic products manufacturing
1,096
29.2Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
173
24.0Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing
112
25.1Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing
206
33.1Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.
605
30.1Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing
402
31.2Household appliance manufacturing
74
36.4Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.
328
30.1Transportation equipment manufacturing
2,528
23.8Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing
1,432
25.0Aircraft and parts manufacturing
805
23.9Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
51
21.3Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
28
-Ship and boat building
171
13.6Other transportation equipment manufacturing
42
-Wood products manufacturing
449
16.5Sawmills and wood preservation
147
13.2Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products
34
-Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes
38
-Miscellaneous wood products
229
18.1Furniture and related product manufacturing
421
25.1Miscellaneous manufacturing
1,563
38.2Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
627
40.5Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing
120
41.4Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.
533
37.9Not specified manufacturing industries
283
32.6Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,729
36.2Food manufacturing
1,825
41.4Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling
156
24.9Sugar and confectionery products
88
46.1Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing
163
37.7Dairy product manufacturing
176
25.3Animal slaughtering and processing
512
39.1Retail bakeries
248
69.1Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries
202
44.4Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.
206
40.6Not specified food industries
73
34.7Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing
318
26.4Beverage manufacturing
301
27.1Tobacco manufacturing
18
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
567
52.9Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
11
-Fabric mills, except knitting mills
90
40.0Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills
16
-Carpet and rug mills
71
34.0Textile product mills, except carpet and rug
87
52.2Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills
15
-Cut and sew apparel manufacturing
215
66.5Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing
11
-Footwear manufacturing
26
-Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing
25
-Paper manufacturing and printing
875
29.3Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
204
17.0Paperboard container manufacturing
107
30.9Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
71
19.6Printing and related support activities
492
35.5Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
193
16.0Petroleum refining
163
14.8Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products
29
-Chemicals manufacturing
1,426
35.7Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing
175
25.3Agricultural chemical manufacturing
37
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
563
48.6Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
78
18.2Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing
149
43.9Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
424
23.6Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
526
26.2Plastics product manufacturing
376
27.7Tire manufacturing
62
15.2Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing
87
27.7Wholesale and retail trade
20,270
44.7Wholesale trade
3,671
28.5Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers
179
20.5Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers
70
34.0Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers
168
22.4Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers
331
34.7Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers
49
-Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers
221
27.5Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
142
20.2Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
357
26.3Recyclable material merchant wholesalers
107
18.4Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers
72
36.5Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers
48
-Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
223
48.9Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers
95
46.4Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers
887
24.3Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
64
24.4Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
137
16.3Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers
115
17.9Farm supplies merchant wholesalers
55
29.1Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
191
40.3Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
95
36.8Not specified wholesale trade
66
33.0Retail trade
16,599
48.3Automobile dealers
1,362
19.5Other motor vehicle dealers
169
24.0Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
499
19.3Furniture and home furnishings stores
603
42.3Household appliance stores
71
28.3Electronics stores
510
31.6Building material and supplies dealers
1,048
31.3Hardware stores
206
31.0Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
258
34.3Grocery stores
2,788
48.4Specialty food stores
218
51.1Beer, wine, and liquor stores
122
31.9Pharmacies and drug stores
949
64.9Health and personal care, except drug, stores
397
69.8Gasoline stations
478
50.7Clothing stores
974
76.2Shoe stores
150
54.2Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
177
64.1Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores
478
43.4Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores
41
-Musical instrument and supplies stores
36
-Book stores and news dealers
106
66.8Department stores and discount stores
1,921
60.3Miscellaneous general merchandise stores
612
60.0Retail florists
94
67.6Office supplies and stationery stores
150
37.6Used merchandise stores
247
66.8Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
129
73.0Miscellaneous retail stores
557
51.6Electronic shopping
445
47.1Electronic auctions
27
-Mail-order houses
59
49.7Vending machine operators
45
-Fuel dealers
77
26.9Other direct selling establishments
166
63.7Not specified retail trade
428
54.7Transportation and utilities
8,551
24.4Transportation and warehousing
7,207
24.9Air transportation
635
42.9Rail transportation
224
7.2Water transportation
87
25.1Truck transportation
1,985
12.5Bus service and urban transit
576
36.4Taxi and limousine service
689
18.1Pipeline transportation
64
7.5Scenic and sightseeing transportation
38
-Services incidental to transportation
850
25.8Postal Service
619
44.6Couriers and messengers
807
23.1Warehousing and storage
634
31.5Utilities
1,345
21.4Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
718
22.3Natural gas distribution
133
18.7Electric and gas, and other combinations
129
22.8Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems
245
20.8Sewage treatment facilities
96
17.5Not specified utilities
24
-Information
2,919
38.3Newspaper publishers
178
46.4Periodical, book, and directory publishers
198
58.3Software publishers
86
33.5Motion pictures and video industries
494
32.3Sound recording industries
44
-Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming
550
32.7Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
153
40.0Wired telecommunications carriers
434
30.6Other telecommunications services
439
26.9Data processing, hosting, and related services
101
45.8Libraries and archives
214
78.1Other information services
29
-Financial activities
10,649
52.6Finance and insurance
7,376
55.0Banking and related activities
1,992
58.2Savings institutions, including credit unions
257
67.3Nondepository credit and related activities
1,004
52.4Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments
1,325
39.9Insurance carriers and related activities
2,797
59.7Real estate and rental and leasing
3,273
47.0Real estate
2,869
49.5Rental and leasing services
405
29.5Automotive equipment rental and leasing
185
32.5Video tape and disk rental
8
-Other consumer goods rental
106
31.7Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing
106
21.9Professional and business services
18,950
41.5Professional and technical services
12,105
42.2Legal services
1,673
56.2Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
1,131
60.0Architectural, engineering, and related services
1,767
25.5Specialized design services
405
57.7Computer systems design and related services
3,339
27.2Management, scientific, and technical consulting services
1,686
43.2Scientific research and development services
616
45.6Advertising, public relations, and related services
629
47.5Veterinary services
404
84.3Other professional, scientific, and technical services
456
55.6Management, administrative, and waste services
6,845
40.3Management of companies and enterprises
212
43.5Employment services
954
55.3Business support services
705
64.6Travel arrangements and reservation services
290
61.4Investigation and security services
839
24.5Services to buildings and dwellings
1,604
55.8Landscaping services
1,418
10.6Other administrative and other support services
345
51.6Waste management and remediation services
480
16.1Education and health services
35,043
74.4Educational services
13,910
68.3Elementary and secondary schools
9,147
74.8Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges
3,819
53.6Business, technical, and trade schools and training
99
51.4Other schools and instruction, and educational support services
844
66.1Health care and social assistance
21,133
78.4Hospitals
7,108
75.0Health services, except hospitals
10,636
78.7Offices of physicians
1,595
77.3Offices of dentists
873
84.0Offices of chiropractors
145
58.6Offices of optometrists
159
75.2Offices of other health practitioners
355
79.0Outpatient care centers
1,904
76.7Home health care services
1,472
87.9Other health care services
1,550
70.2Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)
1,652
84.2Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities
930
74.3Social assistance
3,389
84.2Individual and family services
1,608
77.9Community food and housing, and emergency services
125
66.5Vocational rehabilitation services
94
54.5Child day care services
1,562
93.8Leisure and hospitality
14,268
51.5Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,362
44.7Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries
915
40.6Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions
338
49.5Bowling centers
38
-Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
2,072
45.6Accommodation and food services
10,905
53.6Accommodation
1,467
58.2Traveler accommodation
1,350
59.6Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses
117
41.3Food services and drinking places
9,438
52.9Restaurants and other food services
9,190
52.9Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
248
52.6Other services
7,742
53.6Other services, except private households
6,965
49.1Repair and maintenance
2,189
12.5Automotive repair and maintenance
1,342
9.7Car washes
194
15.7Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
107
21.6Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
328
8.0Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
210
30.2Footwear and leather goods repair
7
-Personal and laundry services
2,676
74.1Barber shops
123
23.8Beauty salons
1,092
90.5Nail salons and other personal care services
585
78.0Drycleaning and laundry services
301
50.5Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories
122
38.8Other personal services
454
68.1Membership associations and organizations
2,101
55.6Religious organizations
1,043
47.7Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services
815
67.1Labor unions
71
40.8Business, professional, political, and similar organizations
171
54.5Private households
777
93.2Public administration
7,419
45.8Executive offices and legislative bodies
1,275
53.3Public finance activities
340
65.4Other general government and support
125
37.8Justice, public order, and safety activities
2,827
34.0Administration of human resource programs
1,097
73.9Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
266
44.4Administration of economic programs and space research
557
42.9National security and international affairs
933
33.9Note: Dash indicates data not available.
n.e.c.= not elsewhere classified.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic, or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual
Industry
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Total, 16 years and older (thousands)**
55,759
10,073
4,644
11,594**Percent**
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture and related
1.0
0.1
0.3
1.4Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2Construction
1.8
0.5
0.7
1.7Manufacturing
6.2
5.4
8.6
7.3Durable goods manufacturing
3.4
2.8
5.0
3.2Nondurable goods manufacturing
2.8
2.6
3.6
4.1Wholesale and retail trade
12.6
11.4
10.7
14.1Wholesale trade
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.9Retail trade
11.1
10.4
9.2
12.2Transportation and utilities
2.6
4.6
2.5
3.1Transportation and warehousing
2.1
4.2
2.3
2.9Utilities
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2Information
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.1Financial activities
7.9
6.2
8.1
6.2Finance and insurance
5.7
4.8
6.2
4.5Real estate and rental and leasing
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.7Professional and business services
11.0
8.6
13.7
10.9Professional and technical services
7.3
3.9
11.3
4.3Management, administrative, and waste services
3.7
4.8
2.3
6.6Education and health services
35.5
40.3
31.5
29.5Educational services
13.9
10.7
9.2
9.7Health care and social assistance
21.6
29.5
22.3
19.8Hospitals
7.1
8.2
9.0
4.8Health services, except hospitals
10.8
15.8
10.5
10.2Social assistance
3.7
5.5
2.8
4.8Leisure and hospitality
9.9
9.7
9.9
14.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2.1
1.5
1.7
1.7Accommodation and food services
7.8
8.2
8.2
12.5Other services
5.6
4.6
8.8
6.7Other services, except private households
4.6
3.9
8.4
4.0Private households
1.1
0.7
0.4
2.7Public administration
4.2
7.2
3.5
3.6Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979-2018 annual averages
Year and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Total**1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
680**Women**1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
617**Men**1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
720**Women's earnings as a percentage of men's**1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.7Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.
Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2018 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed (in thousands)
Median weekly earnings**Total**Total
105,138
$932Less than high school diploma
6,999
553High school graduate or more
98,139
972High school graduate, no college
26,237
730Some college or associate's degree
27,476
826Some college, no degree
15,887
802Associate's degree
11,589
862Occupational program
4,912
859Academic program
6,677
864Bachelor's degree and higher
44,427
1,324Bachelor's degree
27,660
1,198Master's degree
12,444
1,434Professional degree
1,750
1,884Doctoral degree
2,573
1,825**Women**Total
46,814
830Less than high school diploma
2,238
469High school graduate or more
44,576
858High school graduate, no college
10,132
616Some college or associate's degree
12,755
717Some college, no degree
6,995
694Associate's degree
5,760
746Occupational program
2,200
716Academic program
3,560
765Bachelor's degree and higher
21,689
1,145Bachelor's degree
13,208
1,041Master's degree
6,587
1,248Professional degree
799
1,562Doctoral degree
1,094
1,599**Men**Total
58,324
1,026Less than high school diploma
4,761
607High school graduate or more
53,563
1,091High school graduate, no college
16,105
819Some college or associate's degree
14,721
951Some college, no degree
8,892
918Associate's degree
5,829
994Occupational program
2,711
993Academic program
3,117
996Bachelor's degree and higher
22,738
1,524Bachelor's degree
14,451
1,384Master's degree
5,856
1,718Professional degree
951
2,107Doctoral degree
1,479
1,919Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women's earnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings**Total, full-time wage and salary workers**
115,567
$886
51,425
$789
64,142
$973
81.1Management, professional, and related occupations
48,808
1,246
25,123
1,078
23,685
1,468
73.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19,863
1,355
9,195
1,168
10,668
1,537
76.0Management occupations
13,477
1,429
5,724
1,236
7,754
1,585
78.0Chief executives
1,098
2,291
307
1,736
790
2,488
69.8General and operations managers
939
1,338
283
1,139
656
1,427
79.8Legislators
14
-
4
-
10
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
39
-
16
-
23
-
-Marketing and sales managers
963
1,567
447
1,362
517
1,852
73.5Public relations and fundraising managers
61
1,415
43
-
18
-
-Administrative services managers
147
1,215
46
-
101
1,266
-Computer and information systems managers
601
1,877
153
1,727
448
1,920
89.9Financial managers
1,158
1,466
663
1,262
495
1,784
70.7Compensation and benefits managers
21
-
16
-
5
-
-Human resources managers
294
1,381
221
1,330
73
1,761
75.5Training and development managers
52
1,448
31
-
21
-
-Industrial production managers
243
1,465
55
1,296
188
1,573
82.4Purchasing managers
222
1,362
99
1,229
123
1,431
85.9Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
269
1,131
43
-
226
1,138
-Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
119
945
21
-
99
1,010
-Construction managers
625
1,431
53
1,202
572
1,467
81.9Education administrators
857
1,381
563
1,245
294
1,563
79.7Architectural and engineering managers
149
2,226
19
-
131
2,285
-Food service managers
827
809
407
708
420
922
76.8Funeral service managers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Gaming managers
23
-
8
-
15
-
-Lodging managers
112
955
64
920
48
-
-Medical and health services managers
567
1,408
418
1,331
149
1,729
77.0Natural sciences managers
8
-
4
-
4
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
22
-
15
-
8
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
390
1,018
208
927
181
1,148
80.7Social and community service managers
363
1,141
251
1,057
112
1,336
79.1Emergency management directors
9
-
3
-
6
-
-Managers, all other
3,285
1,525
1,263
1,341
2,022
1,628
82.4Business and financial operations occupations
6,385
1,216
3,471
1,105
2,914
1,383
79.9Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
31
-
18
-
13
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
-
3
-
7
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
147
878
65
880
82
878
100.2Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
223
1,160
102
1,032
121
1,209
85.4Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
334
998
189
913
145
1,167
78.2Compliance officers
278
1,296
149
1,165
129
1,450
80.3Cost estimators
109
1,165
14
-
95
1,208
-Human resources workers
620
1,161
429
1,107
190
1,328
83.4Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
48
-
31
-
17
-
-Training and development specialists
111
1,092
64
1,086
47
-
-Logisticians
127
1,019
46
-
81
1,131
-Management analysts
635
1,532
279
1,437
356
1,642
87.5Meeting, convention, and event planners
89
1,002
69
1,006
21
-
-Fundraisers
82
1,262
60
1,168
22
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
299
1,246
174
1,148
125
1,503
76.4Business operations specialists, all other
223
1,150
127
1,072
95
1,234
86.9Accountants and auditors
1,615
1,209
969
1,108
646
1,404
78.9Appraisers and assessors of real estate
47
-
22
-
24
-
-Budget analysts
52
1,351
35
-
17
-
-Credit analysts
27
-
14
-
12
-
-Financial analysts
261
1,470
122
1,197
138
1,599
74.9Personal financial advisors
414
1,473
146
1,207
268
1,647
73.3Insurance underwriters
122
1,268
71
1,032
51
1,413
73.0Financial examiners
11
-
9
-
2
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
332
1,168
177
948
155
1,443
65.7Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
42
-
29
-
13
-
-Tax preparers
62
1,028
36
-
26
-
-Financial specialists, all other
35
-
22
-
13
-
-Professional and related occupations
28,945
1,176
15,929
1,024
13,017
1,425
71.9Computer and mathematical occupations
4,755
1,539
1,184
1,345
3,571
1,604
83.9Computer and information research scientists
20
-
4
-
16
-
-Computer systems analysts
580
1,521
222
1,246
358
1,647
75.7Information security analysts
93
1,635
18
-
75
1,625
-Computer programmers
428
1,591
91
1,445
338
1,662
86.9Software developers, applications and systems software
1,611
1,864
327
1,644
1,283
1,894
86.8Web developers
164
1,333
49
-
115
1,418
-Computer support specialists
516
1,085
140
1,015
376
1,114
91.1Database administrators
108
1,493
40
-
67
1,573
-Network and computer systems administrators
192
1,430
37
-
155
1,478
-Computer network architects
112
1,765
10
-
102
1,771
-Computer occupations, all other
678
1,226
131
1,208
548
1,238
97.6Actuaries
35
-
11
-
24
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Operations research analysts
125
1,418
58
1,299
66
1,566
83.0Statisticians
85
1,437
43
-
41
-
-Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
5
-
2
-
3
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
2,994
1,484
453
1,259
2,541
1,528
82.4Architects, except naval
170
1,464
52
1,301
118
1,538
84.6Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
35
-
7
-
28
-
-Aerospace engineers
145
1,788
16
-
129
1,836
-Agricultural engineers
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Biomedical engineers
12
-
1
-
11
-
-Chemical engineers
65
1,858
8
-
57
1,858
-Civil engineers
410
1,495
63
1,282
346
1,551
82.7Computer hardware engineers
70
1,772
11
-
60
1,852
-Electrical and electronics engineers
282
1,646
31
-
251
1,661
-Environmental engineers
35
-
5
-
30
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
245
1,499
54
1,163
191
1,571
74.0Marine engineers and naval architects
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Materials engineers
42
-
10
-
32
-
-Mechanical engineers
313
1,562
31
-
282
1,581
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Nuclear engineers
13
-
1
-
12
-
-Petroleum engineers
27
-
5
-
22
-
-Engineers, all other
528
1,575
65
1,356
463
1,610
84.2Drafters
112
1,021
22
-
91
1,029
-Engineering technicians, except drafters
398
1,129
66
934
332
1,154
80.9Surveying and mapping technicians
63
984
3
-
60
995
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,308
1,270
575
1,156
733
1,357
85.2Agricultural and food scientists
30
-
13
-
16
-
-Biological scientists
101
1,250
46
-
55
1,164
-Conservation scientists and foresters
17
-
8
-
9
-
-Medical scientists
160
1,319
81
1,156
80
1,416
81.6Life scientists, all other
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Astronomers and physicists
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
7
-
1
-
6
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
115
1,284
45
-
70
1,362
-Environmental scientists and geoscientists
80
1,336
28
-
52
1,427
-Physical scientists, all other
289
1,455
120
1,341
169
1,582
84.8Economists
35
-
6
-
29
-
-Survey researchers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Psychologists
134
1,331
99
1,255
35
-
-Sociologists
5
-
3
-
2
-
-Urban and regional planners
28
-
13
-
15
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
-
14
-
25
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
31
-
7
-
24
-
-Biological technicians
17
-
7
-
10
-
-Chemical technicians
58
1,002
17
-
42
-
-Geological and petroleum technicians
11
-
4
-
7
-
-Nuclear technicians
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Social science research assistants
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
124
862
58
856
66
893
95.9Community and social service occupations
2,223
913
1,469
886
754
984
90.0Counselors
705
941
506
913
199
1,004
90.9Social workers
753
907
611
897
141
958
93.6Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
105
944
60
930
45
-
-Social and human service assistants
166
749
133
752
33
-
-Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
62
881
48
-
14
-
-Clergy
337
990
68
855
268
1,036
82.5Directors, religious activities and education
51
927
25
-
27
-
-Religious workers, all other
45
-
18
-
27
-
-Legal occupations
1,466
1,467
815
1,243
651
1,910
65.1Lawyers
853
1,947
344
1,762
509
2,202
80.0Judicial law clerks
15
-
8
-
7
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
69
1,602
19
-
49
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
413
948
359
953
54
917
103.9Miscellaneous legal support workers
117
1,143
85
1,109
32
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
7,166
1,002
5,251
934
1,915
1,235
75.6Postsecondary teachers
994
1,439
460
1,253
534
1,603
78.2Preschool and kindergarten teachers
568
648
555
643
14
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
3,030
1,010
2,410
982
620
1,148
85.5Secondary school teachers
948
1,141
556
1,092
392
1,226
89.1Special education teachers
324
1,039
281
1,042
43
-
-Other teachers and instructors
388
957
215
840
172
1,095
76.7Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
37
-
20
-
17
-
-Librarians
127
927
98
910
29
-
-Library technicians
10
-
7
-
3
-
-Teacher assistants
615
556
553
550
62
584
94.2Other education, training, and library workers
125
1,095
95
1,036
30
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,880
1,086
828
997
1,052
1,151
86.6Artists and related workers
64
1,078
18
-
46
-
-Designers
684
1,060
327
932
357
1,169
79.7Actors
7
-
2
-
5
-
-Producers and directors
147
1,224
49
-
98
1,476
-Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
164
1,044
35
-
129
1,049
-Dancers and choreographers
11
-
7
-
4
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
47
-
19
-
28
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
17
-
10
-
7
-
-Announcers
26
-
4
-
22
-
-News analysts, reporters and correspondents
59
1,012
30
-
29
-
-Public relations specialists
118
1,313
78
1,169
40
-
-Editors
124
1,112
67
1,138
57
1,104
103.1Technical writers
60
1,318
35
-
25
-
-Writers and authors
110
1,233
68
1,036
42
-
-Miscellaneous media and communication workers
62
880
51
850
12
-
-Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
73
1,028
7
-
66
1,038
-Photographers
68
904
16
-
51
1,006
-Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
35
-
6
-
30
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7,154
1,140
5,354
1,078
1,800
1,383
77.9Chiropractors
15
-
3
-
12
-
-Dentists
56
1,884
28
-
27
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
70
967
63
940
8
-
-Optometrists
29
-
15
-
13
-
-Pharmacists
263
2,071
165
1,890
98
2,271
83.2Physicians and surgeons
827
2,001
352
1,677
475
2,513
66.7Physician assistants
118
1,752
80
1,646
37
-
-Podiatrists
4
-
1
-
3
-
-Audiologists
8
-
6
-
2
-
-Occupational therapists
80
1,283
64
1,252
16
-
-Physical therapists
209
1,395
139
1,387
71
1,410
98.4Radiation therapists
13
-
8
-
6
-
-Recreational therapists
11
-
10
-
1
-
-Respiratory therapists
95
1,074
59
1,000
36
-
-Speech-language pathologists
105
1,215
100
1,214
6
-
-Exercise physiologists
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Therapists, all other
155
1,047
122
1,014
33
-
-Veterinarians
64
1,677
46
-
18
-
-Registered nurses
2,584
1,167
2,270
1,156
315
1,271
91.0Nurse anesthetists
22
-
8
-
13
-
-Nurse midwives
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Nurse practitioners
158
1,894
134
1,891
24
-
-Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
10
-
4
-
6
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
290
893
215
911
75
819
111.2Dental hygienists
75
1,047
72
1,055
3
-
-Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
269
1,140
172
1,061
97
1,232
86.1Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
180
894
59
764
122
943
81.0Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
542
691
431
655
112
807
81.2Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
490
757
434
743
56
936
79.4Medical records and health information technicians
140
765
129
739
11
-
-Opticians, dispensing
47
-
36
-
11
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
117
873
73
791
44
-
-Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
100
1,022
52
961
48
-
-Service occupations
16,288
569
8,340
511
7,948
641
79.7Healthcare support occupations
2,595
561
2,235
548
361
661
82.9Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,419
516
1,265
513
154
558
91.9Occupational therapy assistants and aides
24
-
21
-
4
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
68
848
43
-
24
-
-Massage therapists
40
-
24
-
15
-
-Dental assistants
197
606
187
598
9
-
-Medical assistants
499
612
454
607
45
-
-Medical transcriptionists
23
-
18
-
4
-
-Pharmacy aides
28
-
23
-
5
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
49
-
39
-
10
-
-Phlebotomists
96
624
67
602
29
-
-Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
154
598
93
559
61
703
79.5Protective service occupations
2,836
848
578
613
2,258
922
66.5First-line supervisors of correctional officers
47
-
13
-
35
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
85
1,460
12
-
74
1,461
-First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
52
1,304
2
-
50
1,321
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
74
839
16
-
58
886
-Firefighters
295
1,126
14
-
280
1,133
-Fire inspectors
18
-
2
-
16
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
394
742
105
646
289
811
79.7Detectives and criminal investigators
157
1,331
35
-
122
1,317
-Fish and game wardens
6
-
0
-
5
-
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-
4
-
0
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
728
1,092
106
816
622
1,131
72.1Transit and railroad police
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Animal control workers
13
-
8
-
5
-
-Private detectives and investigators
89
851
46
-
43
-
-Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
781
596
187
506
594
636
79.6Crossing guards
28
-
6
-
22
-
-Transportation security screeners
33
-
6
-
27
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
31
-
16
-
15
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
4,394
501
2,184
473
2,210
533
88.7Chefs and head cooks
365
615
65
562
300
624
90.1First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
397
583
231
539
166
668
80.7Cooks
1,325
486
521
437
804
518
84.4Food preparation workers
473
463
267
446
206
486
91.8Bartenders
275
581
151
560
124
601
93.2Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
147
436
83
475
64
410
115.9Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
41
-
22
-
19
-
-Waiters and waitresses
932
496
611
478
321
551
86.8Food servers, nonrestaurant
106
484
74
475
32
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
118
447
58
408
59
500
81.6Dishwashers
111
441
22
-
89
434
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
102
471
78
473
24
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,695
551
1,322
477
2,373
604
79.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
193
711
77
615
116
772
79.7First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
95
770
2
-
93
774
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,672
571
480
491
1,193
607
80.9Maids and housekeeping cleaners
825
467
723
457
102
559
81.8Pest control workers
75
688
4
-
70
725
-Grounds maintenance workers
834
572
36
-
798
576
-Personal care and service occupations
2,768
544
2,022
517
746
638
81.0First-line supervisors of gaming workers
125
793
43
-
83
914
-First-line supervisors of personal service workers
86
747
60
739
27
-
-Animal trainers
11
-
7
-
4
-
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
102
555
79
548
24
-
-Gaming services workers
73
654
36
-
37
-
-Motion picture projectionists
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
5
-
3
-
3
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
85
523
28
-
56
518
-Embalmers and funeral attendants
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
27
-
7
-
20
-
-Barbers
48
-
15
-
34
-
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
309
545
287
548
22
-
-Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
258
523
206
512
52
615
83.3Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
73
620
13
-
59
652
-Tour and travel guides
22
-
9
-
13
-
-Childcare workers
437
500
405
492
32
-
-Personal care aides
786
500
654
493
132
555
88.8Recreation and fitness workers
208
603
109
543
100
724
75.0Residential advisors
29
-
18
-
11
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
74
522
42
-
32
-
-Sales and office occupations
23,714
742
14,166
696
9,548
846
82.3Sales and related occupations
10,077
798
4,455
651
5,621
949
68.6First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,421
795
1,062
672
1,359
911
73.8First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
893
1,153
305
1,054
588
1,199
87.9Cashiers
1,390
465
1,013
463
377
468
98.9Counter and rental clerks
82
729
30
-
51
769
-Parts salespersons
109
702
11
-
98
718
-Retail salespersons
1,860
657
716
543
1,144
764
71.1Advertising sales agents
169
998
79
1,053
91
950
110.8Insurance sales agents
466
859
261
809
205
1,048
77.2Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
197
1,440
66
1,047
131
1,639
63.9Travel agents
53
789
43
-
10
-
-Sales representatives, services, all other
427
1,230
113
933
315
1,345
69.4Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,112
1,161
295
1,009
817
1,239
81.4Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
15
-
11
-
3
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
528
1,019
291
883
236
1,264
69.9Sales engineers
38
-
4
-
34
-
-Telemarketers
50
559
31
-
19
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
41
-
17
-
25
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
227
1,036
109
873
118
1,323
66.0Office and administrative support occupations
13,637
717
9,711
711
3,926
738
96.3First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,279
885
892
835
386
1,050
79.5Switchboard operators, including answering service
21
-
19
-
3
-
-Telephone operators
29
-
22
-
6
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
7
-
2
-
5
-
-Bill and account collectors
114
711
85
694
28
-
-Billing and posting clerks
417
721
361
725
56
664
109.2Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
679
742
575
739
104
778
95.0Gaming cage workers
7
-
6
-
1
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
111
827
100
807
11
-
-Procurement clerks
30
-
14
-
16
-
-Tellers
240
584
206
584
34
-
-Financial clerks, all other
77
839
48
-
30
-
-Brokerage clerks
5
-
4
-
2
-
-Correspondence clerks
5
-
3
-
2
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
78
897
61
804
17
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
50
818
30
-
21
-
-Customer service representatives
1,904
683
1,226
680
678
689
98.7Eligibility interviewers, government programs
67
887
53
841
14
-
-File clerks
110
650
86
624
23
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
85
520
56
505
29
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
114
702
96
686
18
-
-Library assistants, clerical
34
-
26
-
8
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
115
827
99
797
16
-
-New accounts clerks
21
-
13
-
8
-
-Order clerks
57
659
29
-
28
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
53
816
45
-
7
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
934
605
853
606
81
593
102.2Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
109
745
60
766
50
681
112.5Information and record clerks, all other
95
733
71
724
24
-
-Cargo and freight agents
18
-
12
-
6
-
-Couriers and messengers
192
786
29
-
164
821
-Dispatchers
270
783
162
725
108
926
78.3Meter readers, utilities
24
-
2
-
22
-
-Postal service clerks
115
765
63
771
51
758
101.7Postal service mail carriers
288
931
118
808
170
983
82.2Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
53
980
32
-
22
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
252
870
134
790
119
1,004
78.7Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
524
632
160
590
365
654
90.2Stock clerks and order fillers
988
562
359
570
629
558
102.2Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
44
-
14
-
30
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants
1,977
759
1,855
753
122
903
83.4Computer operators
67
763
40
-
27
-
-Data entry keyers
224
655
173
643
52
730
88.1Word processors and typists
53
858
43
-
9
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
211
719
175
713
36
-
-Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
44
-
13
-
31
-
-Office clerks, general
925
697
797
701
128
670
104.6Office machine operators, except computer
13
-
9
-
5
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
7
-
4
-
2
-
-Statistical assistants
41
-
25
-
16
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
456
794
352
762
104
920
82.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
11,546
824
516
638
11,030
834
76.5Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
850
581
183
483
667
602
80.2First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
45
-
7
-
37
-
-Agricultural inspectors
18
-
6
-
13
-
-Animal breeders
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
75
593
37
-
38
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
641
552
130
474
512
578
82.0Fishers and related fishing workers
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Hunters and trappers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Forest and conservation workers
17
-
3
-
15
-
-Logging workers
36
-
0
-
36
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
6,414
808
191
785
6,223
809
97.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
541
1,059
20
-
521
1,073
-Boilermakers
16
-
0
-
16
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
102
763
2
-
100
761
-Carpenters
973
756
20
-
953
759
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
108
692
4
-
105
682
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
46
-
0
-
46
-
-Construction laborers
1,470
717
49
-
1,421
717
-Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
19
-
0
-
18
-
-Pile-driver operators
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
328
905
5
-
323
905
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
125
704
1
-
124
707
-Electricians
781
965
16
-
766
966
-Glaziers
35
-
0
-
35
-
-Insulation workers
49
-
1
-
48
-
-Painters, construction and maintenance
380
679
20
-
360
679
-Paperhangers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
531
921
17
-
514
916
-Plasterers and stucco masons
15
-
1
-
14
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Roofers
148
687
2
-
146
686
-Sheet metal workers
129
881
2
-
127
882
-Structural iron and steel workers
52
934
1
-
51
941
-Solar photovoltaic installers
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Helpers, construction trades
68
620
1
-
67
622
-Construction and building inspectors
82
996
14
-
68
1,015
-Elevator installers and repairers
25
-
2
-
23
-
-Fence erectors
21
-
0
-
21
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
30
-
3
-
27
-
-Highway maintenance workers
109
781
4
-
105
772
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
25
-
0
-
24
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
29
-
1
-
28
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
23
-
0
-
23
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Mining machine operators
59
1,402
4
-
55
1,389
-Roof bolters, mining
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Other extraction workers
35
-
0
-
34
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,282
934
142
823
4,140
936
87.9First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
270
1,087
15
-
255
1,111
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
157
932
20
-
137
940
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
125
1,131
18
-
108
1,134
-Avionics technicians
11
-
1
-
10
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
22
-
2
-
20
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
12
-
2
-
10
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
29
-
0
-
29
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
47
-
0
-
47
-
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
155
1,117
7
-
147
1,141
-Automotive body and related repairers
114
820
0
-
114
820
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
-
1
-
21
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
709
800
10
-
698
802
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
358
942
5
-
352
943
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
199
1,013
3
-
196
1,011
-Small engine mechanics
28
-
0
-
28
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
68
611
3
-
65
612
-Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-
2
-
18
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
384
890
3
-
381
891
-Home appliance repairers
28
-
0
-
28
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
424
981
6
-
418
982
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
456
870
16
-
439
874
-Maintenance workers, machinery
23
-
0
-
23
-
-Millwrights
40
-
1
-
39
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
129
1,300
5
-
124
1,292
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
196
1,014
9
-
187
1,026
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
46
-
6
-
39
-
-Wind turbine service technicians
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
25
-
2
-
23
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
18
-
0
-
18
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Riggers
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
17
-
1
-
17
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
111
827
3
-
108
837
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
15,210
707
3,279
561
11,932
762
73.6Production occupations
7,668
723
2,041
575
5,627
793
72.5First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
792
980
150
745
642
1,050
71.0Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
6
-
1
-
5
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
110
605
53
518
57
706
73.4Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-
2
-
5
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
27
-
0
-
27
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
989
663
348
583
641
723
80.6Bakers
151
549
89
533
61
565
94.3Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
223
606
65
557
158
632
88.1Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Food batchmakers
55
557
34
-
21
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
8
-
5
-
3
-
-Food processing workers, all other
142
624
52
539
90
749
72.0Computer control programmers and operators
106
882
12
-
94
890
-Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
4
-
12
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
11
-
3
-
7
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
58
745
5
-
53
766
-Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
2
-
33
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Machinists
309
863
16
-
293
878
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
17
-
1
-
16
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
3
-
32
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Tool and die makers
47
-
2
-
45
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
562
840
32
-
530
847
-Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
10
-
1
-
9
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
4
-
13
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
356
698
66
611
290
724
84.4Prepress technicians and workers
14
-
3
-
11
-
-Printing press operators
137
754
26
-
111
804
-Print binding and finishing workers
12
-
6
-
6
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
108
432
76
416
32
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
28
-
18
-
11
-
-Sewing machine operators
131
498
94
497
37
-
-Shoe and leather workers and repairers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
6
-
3
-
2
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
43
-
24
-
19
-
-Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-
3
-
2
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-
3
-
0
-
-Upholsterers
19
-
5
-
14
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
14
-
7
-
7
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
47
-
3
-
44
-
-Furniture finishers
15
-
2
-
13
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
32
-
4
-
27
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
23
-
10
-
13
-
-Woodworkers, all other
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
33
-
1
-
32
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
84
1,073
2
-
82
1,086
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
99
943
5
-
94
940
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
35
-
0
-
35
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
65
894
8
-
57
899
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
83
672
5
-
78
673
-Cutting workers
56
595
12
-
43
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
17
-
3
-
14
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
20
-
4
-
15
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
756
771
267
679
490
868
78.2Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
20
-
7
-
13
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
74
741
41
-
33
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
250
529
140
496
110
602
82.4Painting workers
159
710
16
-
142
725
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
15
-
4
-
11
-
-Semiconductor processors
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
8
-
3
-
5
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Etchers and engravers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
28
-
0
-
27
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
20
-
4
-
16
-
-Tire builders
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Helpers--production workers
37
-
10
-
26
-
-Production workers, all other
992
678
263
566
729
725
78.1Transportation and material moving occupations
7,542
689
1,237
538
6,305
724
74.3Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
197
850
45
-
152
878
-Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
98
1,743
7
-
91
1,837
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
38
-
3
-
35
-
-Flight attendants
74
878
53
822
21
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Bus drivers
361
655
144
599
216
735
81.5Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,791
817
155
559
2,636
829
67.4Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
399
611
58
450
341
628
71.7Motor vehicle operators, all other
39
-
5
-
34
-
-Locomotive engineers and operators
34
-
5
-
30
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
54
1,132
4
-
50
1,143
-Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
21
-
1
-
20
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
30
-
1
-
29
-
-Ship engineers
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Parking lot attendants
61
575
8
-
54
575
-Automotive and watercraft service attendants
70
570
14
-
56
575
-Transportation inspectors
37
-
3
-
34
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
19
-
13
-
5
-
-Other transportation workers
19
-
0
-
18
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Crane and tower operators
64
1,122
3
-
60
1,079
-Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Hoist and winch operators
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
596
641
48
-
549
641
-Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
232
538
40
-
192
536
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,595
603
318
541
1,277
620
87.3Machine feeders and offbearers
25
-
10
-
15
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
490
495
285
484
205
516
93.8Pumping station operators
16
-
0
-
16
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
63
524
8
-
55
536
-Mine shuttle car operators
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Material moving workers, all other
41
-
4
-
37
-
-Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.0-0-0--
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total
Women
Men
Women's earnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings**Total, 16 years and older**
115,567
$886
51,425
$789
64,142
$973
81.1Agriculture and related industries
1,176
623
241
540
934
662
81.6Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
704
1,285
93
1,174
610
1,323
88.7Construction
8,001
869
740
862
7,261
870
99.1Manufacturing
14,239
918
3,915
746
10,324
988
75.5Durable goods manufacturing
9,110
952
2,176
789
6,935
1,005
78.5Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,129
858
1,739
701
3,389
952
73.6Wholesale and retail trade
14,012
722
5,619
630
8,393
796
79.1Wholesale trade
3,146
918
871
833
2,274
960
86.8Retail trade
10,866
671
4,748
606
6,119
746
81.2Transportation and utilities
6,924
916
1,620
786
5,303
971
80.9Transportation and warehousing
5,609
855
1,340
737
4,269
897
82.2Utilities
1,315
1,232
280
1,086
1,034
1,265
85.8Information
2,349
1,159
848
993
1,501
1,270
78.2Financial activities
8,570
1,047
4,575
907
3,995
1,336
67.9Finance and insurance
6,503
1,128
3,656
923
2,847
1,500
61.5Real estate and rental and leasing
2,067
899
919
846
1,148
944
89.6Professional and business services
13,837
1,092
5,460
918
8,377
1,229
74.7Professional and technical services
9,096
1,362
3,693
1,104
5,403
1,550
71.2Management, administrative, and waste services
4,740
669
1,767
628
2,974
694
90.5Education and health services
26,645
904
19,570
847
7,076
1,101
76.9Educational services
10,799
993
7,317
945
3,482
1,128
83.8Health care and social assistance
15,846
829
12,253
773
3,593
1,070
72.2Leisure and hospitality
7,783
587
3,629
533
4,154
632
84.3Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,763
733
703
663
1,061
790
83.9Accommodation and food services
6,019
551
2,926
510
3,094
598
85.3Other services
4,459
734
2,081
636
2,378
843
75.4Other services, except private households
4,090
762
1,743
674
2,347
847
79.6Private households
368
505
338
502
31
-
-Public administration
6,870
1,058
3,034
942
3,836
1,155
81.6Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wageTotal
Percentage of hourly paid workers
At prevailing federal minimum wage
Below prevailing federal minimum wage**Age and gender**Total, 16 years and older
81,915
1,711
2.1
434
1,27616 to 24 years
15,963
805
5.0
271
53425 years and older
65,952
905
1.4
163
742Women, 16 years and older
41,223
1,078
2.6
267
81216 to 24 years
7,969
504
6.3
156
34825 years and older
33,254
575
1.7
110
464Men, 16 years and older
40,691
632
1.6
168
46416 to 24 years
7,994
301
3.8
115
18625 years and older
32,698
331
1.0
52
278**Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity[1]**White
62,204
1,242
2.0
283
958Women
30,695
808
2.6
182
626Men
31,509
434
1.4
101
333Black or African American
12,135
313
2.6
114
198Women
6,598
175
2.7
63
113Men
5,537
137
2.5
52
85Asian
4,130
69
1.7
16
53Women
2,221
46
2.1
10
36Men
1,909
23
1.2
6
17Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
17,452
324
1.9
78
246Women
7,909
194
2.4
52
141Men
9,543
131
1.4
26
105**Full- and part-time status[2]**Full-time workers
61,650
742
1.2
121
621Women
27,913
454
1.6
76
377Men
33,736
288
0.9
45
244Part-time workers
20,155
965
4.8
312
653Women
13,260
624
4.7
190
434Men
6,895
341
4.9
122
219[1] Estimates for the race groups--White, Black or African American, and Asian--do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
[2] The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and gender
Total employed
Usually full time
Usually part time
Percentage usually full time
Percentage usually part time**Total**1968
75,920
65,277
10,644
86.0
14.01969
77,902
66,596
11,306
85.5
14.51970
78,678
66,753
11,925
84.8
15.21971
79,367
66,973
12,393
84.4
15.61972
82,153
69,214
12,939
84.3
15.71973
85,064
71,803
13,262
84.4
15.61974
86,794
73,093
13,701
84.2
15.81975
85,846
71,586
14,260
83.4
16.61976
88,752
73,964
14,788
83.3
16.71977
92,017
76,625
15,391
83.3
16.71978
96,048
80,193
15,855
83.5
16.51979
98,824
82,654
16,171
83.6
16.41980
99,303
82,562
16,740
83.1
16.91981
100,397
83,243
17,154
82.9
17.11982
99,526
81,421
18,106
81.8
18.21983
100,834
82,322
18,511
81.6
18.41984
105,005
86,544
18,462
82.4
17.61985
107,150
88,534
18,615
82.6
17.41986
109,597
90,529
19,069
82.6
17.41987
112,440
92,957
19,483
82.7
17.31988
114,968
95,214
19,754
82.8
17.21989
117,342
97,369
19,973
83.0
17.01990
118,793
98,666
20,128
83.1
16.91991
117,718
97,190
20,528
82.6
17.41992
118,492
97,664
20,828
82.4
17.61993
120,259
99,114
21,145
82.4
17.61994
123,060
99,772
23,288
81.1
18.91995
124,900
101,679
23,220
81.4
18.61996
126,708
103,537
23,170
81.7
18.31997
129,558
106,334
23,224
82.1
17.91998
131,463
108,202
23,261
82.3
17.71999
133,488
110,302
23,186
82.6
17.42000
136,891
113,846
23,044
83.2
16.82001
136,933
113,573
23,361
82.9
17.12002
136,485
112,700
23,785
82.6
17.42003
137,736
113,324
24,412
82.3
17.72004
139,252
114,518
24,734
82.2
17.82005
141,730
117,016
24,714
82.6
17.42006
144,427
119,688
24,739
82.9
17.12007
146,047
121,091
24,956
82.9
17.12008
145,362
120,030
25,332
82.6
17.42009
139,877
112,634
27,244
80.5
19.52010
139,064
111,714
27,350
80.3
19.72011
139,869
112,556
27,313
80.5
19.52012
142,469
114,809
27,661
80.6
19.42013
143,929
116,314
27,615
80.8
19.22014
146,305
118,718
27,587
81.1
18.92015
148,834
121,492
27,341
81.6
18.42016
151,436
123,761
27,675
81.7
18.32017
153,337
125,967
27,370
82.2
17.82018
155,761
128,572
27,189
82.5
17.5**Women**1968
27,807
20,893
6,914
75.1
24.91969
29,084
21,781
7,303
74.9
25.11970
29,688
21,929
7,758
73.9
26.11971
29,976
21,950
8,026
73.2
26.81972
31,257
22,842
8,416
73.1
26.91973
32,715
23,960
8,756
73.2
26.81974
33,769
24,714
9,055
73.2
26.81975
33,989
24,598
9,391
72.4
27.61976
35,615
25,814
9,799
72.5
27.51977
37,289
27,076
10,213
72.6
27.41978
39,569
28,912
10,658
73.1
26.91979
41,217
30,227
10,990
73.3
26.71980
42,117
30,845
11,270
73.2
26.81981
43,000
31,337
11,664
72.9
27.11982
43,256
31,086
12,170
71.9
28.11983
44,047
31,679
12,367
71.9
28.11984
45,915
33,473
12,441
72.9
27.11985
47,259
34,672
12,587
73.4
26.61986
48,706
35,845
12,862
73.6
26.41987
50,334
37,210
13,124
73.9
26.11988
51,696
38,398
13,298
74.3
25.71989
53,027
39,484
13,544
74.5
25.51990
53,689
40,165
13,524
74.8
25.21991
53,496
39,783
13,713
74.4
25.61992
54,052
40,301
13,751
74.6
25.41993
54,910
40,991
13,919
74.7
25.31994
56,610
40,940
15,670
72.3
27.71995
57,523
41,743
15,779
72.6
27.41996
58,501
42,776
15,725
73.1
26.91997
59,873
44,076
15,797
73.6
26.41998
60,771
45,014
15,757
74.1
25.91999
62,042
46,372
15,670
74.7
25.32000
63,586
47,916
15,670
75.4
24.62001
63,737
47,950
15,788
75.2
24.82002
63,582
47,494
16,088
74.7
25.32003
64,404
47,946
16,459
74.4
25.62004
64,728
48,073
16,654
74.3
25.72005
65,757
49,158
16,598
74.8
25.22006
66,925
50,380
16,545
75.3
24.72007
67,792
51,056
16,736
75.3
24.72008
67,876
51,178
16,698
75.4
24.62009
66,208
48,683
17,525
73.5
26.52010
65,705
48,214
17,491
73.4
26.62011
65,579
48,224
17,355
73.5
26.52012
66,914
49,331
17,583
73.7
26.32013
67,577
49,979
17,598
74.0
26.02014
68,613
50,889
17,724
74.2
25.82015
69,703
52,142
17,561
74.8
25.22016
70,868
53,194
17,674
75.1
24.92017
71,936
54,396
17,539
75.6
24.42018
73,063
55,638
17,425
76.2
23.8**Men**1968
48,114
44,384
3,730
92.2
7.81969
48,818
44,815
4,003
91.8
8.21970
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.51971
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.81972
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.91973
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.61974
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.81975
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.41976
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.41977
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.51978
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.21979
57,607
52,427
5,180
91.0
9.01980
57,186
51,717
5,471
90.4
9.61981
57,397
51,906
5,492
90.4
9.61982
56,271
50,334
5,937
89.4
10.61983
56,787
50,643
6,145
89.2
10.81984
59,091
53,070
6,020
89.8
10.21985
59,891
53,862
6,028
89.9
10.11986
60,892
54,685
6,207
89.8
10.21987
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.21988
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.21989
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.01990
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.11991
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.61992
64,440
57,363
7,077
89.0
11.01993
65,349
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.11994
66,450
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.51995
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.01996
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.91997
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.71998
70,693
63,189
7,504
89.4
10.61999
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.52000
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.12001
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.32002
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.62003
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.82004
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.82005
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.72006
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.62007
78,254
70,035
8,220
89.5
10.52008
77,486
68,853
8,634
88.9
11.12009
73,670
63,951
9,719
86.8
13.22010
73,359
63,501
9,858
86.6
13.42011
74,290
64,333
9,957
86.6
13.42012
75,555
65,477
10,078
86.7
13.32013
76,353
66,335
10,017
86.9
13.12014
77,692
67,829
9,863
87.3
12.72015
79,131
69,351
9,780
87.6
12.42016
80,568
70,567
10,002
87.6
12.42017
81,402
71,571
9,831
87.9
12.12018
82,698
72,935
9,764
88.2
11.8Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2018 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industriesTotal
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men1976
38.7
34.1
41.7
38.4
34.1
41.41977
38.8
34.2
41.9
38.5
34.2
41.61978
39.0
34.5
42.1
38.7
34.4
41.81979
38.9
34.5
42.0
38.6
34.4
41.71980
38.5
34.5
41.5
38.3
34.4
41.21981
38.1
34.1
41.1
37.9
34.1
40.71982
38.0
34.1
40.9
37.7
34.0
40.61983
38.3
34.5
41.2
38.1
34.4
41.01984
38.8
34.9
41.8
38.6
34.9
41.51985
39.0
35.2
42.0
38.9
35.2
41.81986
39.1
35.4
42.1
38.9
35.3
41.91987
39.0
35.3
42.0
38.8
35.3
41.81988
39.4
35.7
42.4
39.3
35.7
42.21989
39.6
35.8
42.6
39.4
35.8
42.41990
39.4
35.8
42.3
39.3
35.8
42.11991
39.2
35.8
42.0
39.1
35.8
41.91992
38.9
35.6
41.7
38.8
35.6
41.61993
39.4
36.0
42.2
39.3
36.0
42.11994
39.2
35.5
42.2
39.1
35.6
42.11995
39.3
35.6
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21996
39.3
35.7
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21997
39.5
36.0
42.4
39.4
36.0
42.31998
39.3
35.8
42.2
39.2
35.9
42.21999
39.6
36.2
42.4
39.5
36.2
42.42000
39.7
36.4
42.5
39.6
36.4
42.42001
39.2
36.1
41.9
39.2
36.1
41.82002
39.2
36.0
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72003
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62004
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62005
39.2
36.1
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72006
39.2
36.2
41.8
39.2
36.2
41.72007
39.2
36.1
41.7
39.1
36.1
41.62008
38.9
36.1
41.3
38.8
36.1
41.22009
37.9
35.3
40.2
37.8
35.3
40.12010
38.2
35.5
40.5
38.1
35.6
40.42011
38.3
35.6
40.6
38.2
35.6
40.62012
38.5
35.8
40.8
38.4
35.8
40.72013
38.6
36.0
40.9
38.5
36.0
40.82014
38.6
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.9
40.92015
38.6
35.9
40.9
38.5
35.9
40.82016
38.7
36.2
41.0
38.7
36.2
40.92017
38.7
36.2
40.9
38.6
36.2
40.82018
38.9
36.4
41.1
38.9
36.4
41.0Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2017 (Percent distribution)
Year and gender
Population (in thousands)
Worked during the year
Percent distribution by work experienceTotal (in thousands)
Percentage of population
Total
Usually work full time
Usually work part timeTotal
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeks**Total**1970
138,953
93,850
67.5
100.0
79.4
55.6
23.8
20.6
6.7
13.91975
153,180
102,603
67.0
100.0
78.9
54.3
24.6
21.2
7.5
13.71980
169,452
115,752
68.3
100.0
78.5
56.1
22.4
21.4
7.7
13.71985
179,944
123,466
68.6
100.0
78.2
58.7
19.5
21.9
8.3
13.61990
189,238
132,562
70.1
100.0
78.8
60.4
18.4
21.3
8.7
12.61995
199,925
138,971
69.5
100.0
78.6
62.9
15.7
21.3
9.1
12.22000
214,292
150,787
70.4
100.0
80.4
66.7
13.8
19.5
9.3
10.22005
227,975
154,322
67.7
100.0
80.3
67.5
12.8
19.7
10.0
9.72006
231,033
156,658
67.8
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.7
9.42007
232,995
157,653
67.7
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.8
9.32008
235,086
157,472
67.0
100.0
79.5
65.6
13.9
20.5
10.5
10.02009
237,158
153,929
64.9
100.0
78.3
64.0
14.3
21.7
11.3
10.42010
238,999
152,320
63.7
100.0
78.2
64.7
13.5
21.8
11.2
10.62011
242,602
153,479
63.3
100.0
78.6
65.8
12.8
21.4
11.2
10.22012
244,993
156,194
63.8
100.0
78.4
65.5
12.9
21.6
11.2
10.42013
247,258
156,987
63.5
100.0
79.0
66.9
12.1
21.0
10.9
10.12014
250,080
159,056
63.6
100.0
79.6
67.9
11.7
20.4
10.8
9.62015
252,766
162,329
64.2
100.0
79.6
68.0
11.6
20.4
10.6
9.82016
254,413
163,638
64.3
100.0
79.8
68.8
11.0
20.2
10.7
9.62017
257,097
165,163
64.2
100.0
80.4
69.5
10.9
19.6
10.6
9.0**Women**1970
73,657
38,809
52.7
100.0
67.9
40.7
27.2
32.2
10.1
22.11975
80,834
43,511
53.8
100.0
67.1
41.4
25.7
32.8
11.7
21.11980
89,259
51,492
57.7
100.0
67.7
44.7
23.0
32.3
11.9
20.41985
94,490
56,165
59.4
100.0
68.1
48.9
19.2
31.8
12.3
19.51990
98,970
61,494
62.1
100.0
69.8
51.5
18.3
30.2
12.8
17.41995
104,058
65,304
62.8
100.0
70.2
54.3
15.9
29.7
13.3
16.42000
111,440
71,341
64.0
100.0
72.9
58.4
14.5
27.1
13.4
13.72005
117,814
72,309
61.4
100.0
72.7
59.9
12.8
27.3
14.1
13.22006
119,300
73,527
61.6
100.0
73.0
60.7
12.3
27.0
14.1
12.92007
120,300
74,115
61.6
100.0
73.6
61.5
12.1
26.4
14.2
12.22008
121,328
74,363
61.3
100.0
72.2
59.3
12.9
27.8
15.0
12.92009
122,339
72,855
59.6
100.0
71.5
59.3
12.2
28.5
15.8
12.72010
123,012
71,980
58.5
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.6
12.92011
125,619
72,976
58.1
100.0
71.7
59.8
11.9
28.3
15.7
12.62012
126,791
74,051
58.4
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.2
13.32013
127,863
74,397
58.2
100.0
71.8
60.5
11.3
28.2
15.2
13.02014
129,342
75,416
58.3
100.0
72.7
61.2
11.5
27.3
14.7
12.62015
130,656
76,811
58.8
100.0
73.0
61.4
11.6
27.0
14.6
12.42016
131,469
77,574
59.0
100.0
73.1
62.2
10.9
26.9
14.6
12.32017
132,766
78,016
58.8
100.0
73.5
63.1
10.4
26.5
14.9
11.6**Men**1970
65,296
55,041
84.3
100.0
87.6
66.1
21.5
12.4
4.4
8.01975
72,346
59,091
81.7
100.0
87.5
63.8
23.7
12.5
4.4
8.11980
80,193
64,260
80.1
100.0
87.2
65.2
22.0
12.8
4.4
8.41985
85,454
67,301
78.8
100.0
86.5
66.8
19.7
13.5
4.8
8.71990
90,269
71,068
78.7
100.0
86.4
68.0
18.4
13.5
5.1
8.41995
95,867
73,667
76.8
100.0
86.2
70.6
15.6
13.9
5.5
8.42000
102,853
79,446
77.2
100.0
87.5
74.2
13.2
12.6
5.5
7.12005
110,161
82,013
74.4
100.0
87.0
74.2
12.8
13.0
6.3
6.72006
111,733
83,131
74.4
100.0
87.8
75.2
12.6
12.2
5.7
6.52007
112,695
83,538
74.1
100.0
87.4
74.6
12.8
12.6
5.9
6.72008
113,758
83,109
73.1
100.0
86.0
71.2
14.8
14.0
6.5
7.52009
114,820
81,073
70.6
100.0
84.4
68.3
16.1
15.6
7.3
8.32010
115,986
80,341
69.3
100.0
84.3
69.4
14.9
15.7
7.3
8.42011
116,984
80,503
68.8
100.0
84.8
71.2
13.6
15.2
7.2
8.02012
118,202
82,143
69.5
100.0
84.5
71.0
13.5
15.5
7.5
8.02013
119,395
82,590
69.2
100.0
85.5
72.7
12.8
14.5
7.1
7.42014
120,738
83,640
69.3
100.0
85.7
73.9
11.8
14.3
7.2
7.12015
122,110
85,518
70.0
100.0
85.6
73.9
11.7
14.4
7.0
7.42016
122,944
86,063
70.0
100.0
85.8
74.7
11.1
14.2
7.1
7.02017
124,331
87,147
70.1
100.0
86.6
75.3
11.3
13.4
6.7
6.7Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.
The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971-2018.

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
-
-1968
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
-
-1969
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
-
-1970
44,832
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
-
-1971
45,939
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
-
-1972
46,594
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
-
-1973
47,185
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
-
-1974
47,438
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
-
-1975
47,878
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
-
-1976
48,150
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
-
-1977
48,131
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
-
-1978
48,532
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
-
-1979
49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
-
-1980
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
-
-1981
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
-
-1982
49,947
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
-
-1983
50,134
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
-
-1984
50,395
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
-
-1985
50,978
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
-
-1986
51,574
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
-
-1987
51,847
6,741
12,435
9,787
1,946
702
32,671
29,369
2,576
-
-1988
52,149
6,754
11,876
9,463
1,777
636
33,519
30,536
2,303
532
1481989
52,385
6,812
11,748
9,212
1,840
695
33,825
30,879
2,373
435
1381990
52,241
6,770
11,630
9,107
1,826
698
33,841
30,829
2,369
479
1641991
52,549
7,091
11,523
8,873
1,993
657
33,935
31,049
2,161
527
1971992
53,254
7,256
11,977
9,114
2,145
718
34,021
31,268
1,940
624
1891993
53,248
7,282
11,842
8,745
2,411
687
34,123
31,302
2,051
614
1561994
53,929
7,227
11,774
8,719
2,374
681
34,928
32,125
2,048
603
1511995
53,621
7,278
11,739
8,821
2,253
664
34,604
32,061
1,878
539
1271996
53,654
7,148
11,556
8,671
2,214
671
34,950
32,406
1,899
522
1231997
54,362
7,289
11,728
8,792
2,302
634
35,345
32,764
1,853
569
1581998
54,829
7,257
12,279
9,198
2,419
662
35,293
32,810
1,726
616
1411999
55,352
7,163
12,328
9,093
2,595
640
35,861
33,360
1,815
519
1672000
56,643
7,463
12,717
9,515
2,601
600
36,463
33,892
1,865
566
1392001
56,798
7,666
12,907
9,621
2,698
588
36,224
33,696
1,898
501
1292002
57,362
7,803
13,487
10,109
2,818
560
36,071
33,547
1,845
558
1212003
57,767
8,043
14,051
10,469
3,026
557
35,673
33,220
1,789
548
1172004
58,045
7,996
14,352
10,821
2,991
540
35,696
33,131
1,832
610
1232005
58,225
8,017
14,292
10,603
3,096
593
35,915
33,380
1,818
597
1212006
59,050
8,091
14,545
10,693
3,261
591
36,414
33,880
1,752
639
1422007
58,490
7,914
14,264
10,392
3,265
608
36,312
33,718
1,847
597
1492008
59,183
8,083
14,622
10,567
3,435
620
36,477
33,930
1,739
650
1582009
58,516
8,466
15,035
10,565
3,849
621
35,015
32,327
1,789
739
1602010
58,135
8,626
15,406
10,880
3,935
591
34,103
31,425
1,783
722
1722011
59,071
9,152
15,972
11,301
4,015
656
33,947
31,212
1,833
739
1632012
59,327
9,101
15,831
11,271
3,891
669
34,395
31,594
1,881
750
1702013
59,795
9,556
15,825
11,368
3,788
669
34,414
31,685
1,849
711
1692014
60,091
9,434
15,627
11,240
3,767
620
35,030
32,000
2,082
764
1832015
60,338
9,379
15,640
11,178
3,733
729
35,320
32,333
2,028
756
2032016
60,912
9,814
15,490
11,054
3,742
695
35,608
32,647
2,054
752
1552017
61,348
9,944
15,887
11,386
3,841
660
35,517
32,430
2,092
781
214Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968-2018.

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2017 (Percent distribution)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
100.0
6.8
38.1
35.6
1.7
0.8
55.1
43.6
10.7
-
-1968
100.0
6.6
37.4
34.9
1.7
0.8
56.1
45.0
10.3
-
-1969
100.0
6.8
36.6
34.1
1.8
0.8
56.6
45.7
10.2
-
-1970
100.0
7.3
35.9
33.3
1.9
0.7
56.8
45.7
10.3
-
-1971
100.0
7.6
36.7
33.7
2.2
0.7
55.8
44.9
10.1
-
-1972
100.0
7.8
36.0
33.0
2.2
0.9
56.2
45.7
9.8
-
-1973
100.0
8.5
34.1
30.8
2.4
0.9
57.4
46.9
9.6
-
-1974
100.0
9.1
33.3
29.8
2.6
1.0
57.6
47.3
9.4
-
-1975
100.0
10.3
33.9
30.0
2.9
1.0
55.8
46.7
8.1
-
-1976
100.0
10.3
32.5
28.4
3.0
1.1
57.2
48.0
8.0
-
-1977
100.0
10.8
31.4
27.3
3.0
1.1
57.8
48.8
7.9
-
-1978
100.0
10.8
29.8
25.6
3.1
1.1
59.4
50.8
7.4
-
-1979
100.0
11.3
28.3
24.3
3.1
1.0
60.4
52.1
7.1
-
-1980
100.0
12.0
28.2
23.6
3.5
1.2
59.8
51.8
6.9
-
-1981
100.0
12.5
27.8
23.2
3.4
1.3
59.6
51.8
6.5
-
-1982
100.0
12.9
28.5
23.2
4.1
1.2
58.6
50.8
6.3
-
-1983
100.0
13.1
27.3
22.1
3.9
1.3
59.6
52.1
6.0
-
-1984
100.0
13.2
25.7
20.8
3.7
1.2
61.1
53.6
5.7
-
-1985
100.0
13.1
25.4
20.4
3.7
1.3
61.4
54.5
5.4
-
-1986
100.0
13.1
24.4
19.4
3.7
1.3
62.6
55.9
5.3
-
-1987
100.0
13.0
24.0
18.9
3.8
1.4
63.0
56.6
5.0
-
-1988
100.0
13.0
22.8
18.1
3.4
1.2
64.3
58.6
4.4
1.0
0.31989
100.0
13.0
22.4
17.6
3.5
1.3
64.6
58.9
4.5
0.8
0.31990
100.0
13.0
22.3
17.4
3.5
1.3
64.8
59.0
4.5
0.9
0.31991
100.0
13.5
21.9
16.9
3.8
1.3
64.6
59.1
4.1
1.0
0.41992
100.0
13.6
22.5
17.1
4.0
1.3
63.9
58.7
3.6
1.2
0.41993
100.0
13.7
22.2
16.4
4.5
1.3
64.1
58.8
3.9
1.2
0.31994
100.0
13.4
21.8
16.2
4.4
1.3
64.8
59.6
3.8
1.1
0.31995
100.0
13.6
21.9
16.5
4.2
1.2
64.5
59.8
3.5
1.0
0.21996
100.0
13.3
21.5
16.2
4.1
1.3
65.1
60.4
3.5
1.0
0.21997
100.0
13.4
21.6
16.2
4.2
1.2
65.0
60.3
3.4
1.0
0.31998
100.0
13.2
22.4
16.8
4.4
1.2
64.4
59.8
3.1
1.1
0.31999
100.0
12.9
22.3
16.4
4.7
1.2
64.8
60.3
3.3
0.9
0.32000
100.0
13.2
22.5
16.8
4.6
1.1
64.4
59.8
3.3
1.0
0.22001
100.0
13.5
22.7
16.9
4.8
1.0
63.8
59.3
3.3
0.9
0.22002
100.0
13.6
23.5
17.6
4.9
1.0
62.9
58.5
3.2
1.0
0.22003
100.0
13.9
24.3
18.1
5.2
1.0
61.8
57.5
3.1
0.9
0.22004
100.0
13.8
24.7
18.6
5.2
0.9
61.5
57.1
3.2
1.1
0.22005
100.0
13.8
24.5
18.2
5.3
1.0
61.7
57.3
3.1
1.0
0.22006
100.0
13.7
24.6
18.1
5.5
1.0
61.7
57.4
3.0
1.1
0.22007
100.0
13.5
24.4
17.8
5.6
1.0
62.1
57.6
3.2
1.0
0.32008
100.0
13.7
24.7
17.9
5.8
1.0
61.6
57.3
2.9
1.1
0.32009
100.0
14.5
25.7
18.1
6.6
1.1
59.8
55.2
3.1
1.3
0.32010
100.0
14.8
26.5
18.7
6.8
1.0
58.7
54.1
3.1
1.2
0.32011
100.0
15.5
27.0
19.1
6.8
1.1
57.5
52.8
3.1
1.3
0.32012
100.0
15.3
26.7
19.0
6.6
1.1
58.0
53.3
3.2
1.3
0.32013
100.0
16.0
26.5
19.0
6.3
1.1
57.6
53.0
3.1
1.2
0.32014
100.0
15.7
26.0
18.7
6.3
1.0
58.3
53.3
3.5
1.3
0.32015
100.0
15.5
25.9
18.5
6.2
1.2
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.3
0.32016
100.0
16.1
25.4
18.1
6.1
1.1
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.2
0.32017
100.0
16.2
25.9
18.6
6.3
1.1
57.9
52.9
3.4
1.3
0.3Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968-2018.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2017
Year
Contribution to family income (median percentage)1970
26.61971
27.51972
26.71973
26.01974
25.41975
26.31976
26.41977
26.11978
26.11979
26.01980
26.71981
27.31982
28.41983
28.81984
28.41985
28.31986
29.01987
29.51988
29.61989
29.91990
30.71991
31.31992
32.41993
32.21994
31.91995
31.91996
32.61997
32.71998
32.81999
32.82000
33.52001
34.42002
34.82003
35.22004
34.92005
35.12006
35.62007
36.02008
36.02009
37.12010
37.62011
37.02012
37.32013
37.32014
36.02015
37.12016
37.12017
37.1Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971-2018.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate[1]Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino**Total, 16 years and older**
154,762
120,750
19,225
9,699
26,371
6,946
4,754
1,518
279
2,082
4.5
3.9
7.9
2.9
7.916 to 19 years
3,620
2,851
462
119
769
305
196
74
5
89
8.4
6.9
16.1
4.3
11.620 to 24 years
13,170
9,883
1,951
591
2,890
1,115
672
325
27
241
8.5
6.8
16.6
4.6
8.325 to 34 years
35,065
26,235
4,958
2,420
6,968
1,997
1,324
510
65
603
5.7
5.0
10.3
2.7
8.735 to 44 years
32,662
24,740
4,271
2,519
6,539
1,646
1,170
309
68
645
5.0
4.7
7.2
2.7
9.945 to 54 years
32,769
25,812
3,930
2,136
5,354
1,023
744
166
59
329
3.1
2.9
4.2
2.8
6.155 to 64 years
27,190
22,359
2,845
1,458
3,061
709
533
108
51
147
2.6
2.4
3.8
3.5
4.865 years and older
10,286
8,870
808
455
791
152
116
27
4
27
1.5
1.3
3.3
0.9
3.4**Women, 16 years and older**
72,199
55,030
10,178
4,497
11,286
3,814
2,463
1,015
113
1,032
5.3
4.5
10.0
2.5
9.116 to 19 years
1,848
1,454
250
52
392
191
122
50
2
47
10.3
8.4
19.9
-
12.120 to 24 years
6,328
4,690
986
274
1,298
640
379
205
11
132
10.1
8.1
20.8
4.1
10.225 to 34 years
16,078
11,726
2,591
1,072
2,930
1,173
710
384
21
313
7.3
6.1
14.8
1.9
10.735 to 44 years
14,922
10,952
2,268
1,154
2,702
859
567
202
30
293
5.8
5.2
8.9
2.6
10.845 to 54 years
15,539
11,923
2,131
1,036
2,306
527
381
90
24
164
3.4
3.2
4.2
2.3
7.155 to 64 years
13,008
10,530
1,515
695
1,326
347
245
67
23
64
2.7
2.3
4.4
3.3
4.965 years and older
4,476
3,755
437
215
332
78
58
17
2
18
1.7
1.6
3.9
0.9
5.4Men, 16 years and older
82,562
65,721
9,047
5,202
15,085
3,132
2,291
503
166
1,051
3.8
3.5
5.6
3.2
7.016 to 19 years
1,772
1,397
212
67
377
114
74
25
3
42
6.4
5.3
11.6
-
11.120 to 24 years
6,842
5,193
965
317
1,592
475
292
119
16
109
6.9
5.6
12.3
5.0
6.825 to 34 years
18,987
14,509
2,366
1,349
4,038
824
614
126
44
290
4.3
4.2
5.3
3.3
7.235 to 44 years
17,740
13,788
2,003
1,366
3,837
787
602
107
38
352
4.4
4.4
5.3
2.8
9.245 to 54 years
17,230
13,889
1,799
1,100
3,048
496
363
76
35
165
2.9
2.6
4.2
3.2
5.455 to 64 years
14,182
11,829
1,330
764
1,735
363
287
41
27
83
2.6
2.4
3.1
3.6
4.865 years and older
5,810
5,116
371
240
458
74
58
10
2
9
1.3
1.1
2.6
0.9
2.0[1] Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.
Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2018
Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total number of displaced workers[1] (in thousands)
Percentage distribution by employment statusTotal
Employed
Unemployed
Not in the labor force**Total, 20 years and older**
2,981
100.0
66.4
14.4
19.320 to 24 years
73
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,759
100.0
75.6
14.9
9.455 to 64 years
798
100.0
60.2
14.9
24.865 years and older
351
100.0
30.7
12.2
57.2Women, 20 years and older
1,301
100.0
65.0
13.8
21.320 to 24 years
40
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
771
100.0
76.3
12.0
11.755 to 64 years
315
100.0
58.2
19.3
22.465 years and older
175
100.0
24.3
14.9
60.8**Men, 20 years and older**
1,681
100.0
67.4
14.8
17.720 to 24 years
33
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
988
100.0
75.1
17.2
7.755 to 64 years
483
100.0
61.5
12.0
26.465 years and older
176
100.0
37.0
9.4
53.5**White**Total, 20 years and older
2,435
100.0
65.3
14.3
20.4Women
1,045
100.0
64.4
13.6
22.0Men
1,390
100.0
66.0
14.7
19.3**Black or African American**Total, 20 years and older
285
100.0
65.9
21.2
12.9Women
146
100.0
63.7
20.7
15.6Men
139
100.0
68.3
21.8
10.0**Asian**Total, 20 years and older
157
100.0
69.9
7.5
22.5Women
74
100.0
-
-
-Men
83
100.0
78.2
5.8
16.0**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Total, 20 years and older
404
100.0
68.6
21.8
9.6Women
167
100.0
63.7
27.1
9.2Men
238
100.0
72.1
18.1
9.9[1] Displaced workers are defined as workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2015 and December 2017 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–18
Age and gender
January 2004
January 2006
January 2008
January 2010
January 2012
January 2014
January 2016
January 2018**Total, 16 years and older**
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.216 to 17 years
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.618 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.225 years and older
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.025 to 34 years
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.835 to 44 years
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.945 to 54 years
7.7
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.655 to 64 years
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.4
10.1
10.165 years and older
9.0
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.2**Women, 16 years and older**
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.016 to 17 years
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.225 years and older
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.925 to 34 years
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.735 to 44 years
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.745 to 54 years
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.155 to 64 years
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.0
10.165 years and older
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.1**Men, 16 years and older**
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.316 to 17 years
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.518 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.325 years and older
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.125 to 34 years
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.935 to 44 years
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.045 to 54 years
9.6
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.155 to 64 years
9.8
9.5
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.7
10.2
10.265 years and older
8.2
8.3
10.4
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.2Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–18 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2018 high school graduates and 2017–18 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total, 2018 high school graduates[1]**
3,212
1,541
48.0
1,324
41.2
218
14.1
1,670Women
1,598
755
47.2
634
39.7
121
16.0
843Men
1,614
787
48.8
690
42.8
97
12.3
827Enrolled in college
2,220
808
36.4
726
32.7
82
10.1
1,412Percentage of total 2018 graduates
69.1
52.4
-
54.9
-
37.5
-
84.5Women
1,140
405
35.5
360
31.6
45
11.1
735Percentage of female 2018 graduates
71.4
53.7
-
56.8
-
37.4
-
87.2Men
1,080
403
37.3
366
33.9
36
8.9
677Percentage of male 2018 graduates
66.9
51.2
-
53.1
-
37.6
-
81.9Not enrolled in college
992
733
73.9
597
60.2
136
18.6
258Percentage of total 2018 graduates
30.9
47.6
-
45.1
-
62.5
-
15.5Women
458
349
76.2
273
59.6
76
21.8
108Percentage of female 2018 graduates
28.6
46.3
-
43.2
-
62.6
-
12.8Men
534
384
71.9
324
60.7
60
15.6
150Percentage of male 2018 graduates
33.1
48.8
-
46.9
-
62.4
-
18.1**Total, 2017-18 high school dropouts[2]**
527
249
47.2
215
40.8
34
13.7
278Women
277
132
47.7
112
40.4
20
15.2
145Men
249
117
47.0
102
41.0
14
12.0
133[1] Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2018.
[2] Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2017 and October 2018.
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2018 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Enrolled in school**
21,698
7,962
36.7
7,429
34.2
533
6.7
13,735Women
11,083
4,390
39.6
4,125
37.2
265
6.0
6,693Men
10,614
3,572
33.7
3,304
31.1
268
7.5
7,042Enrolled in high school[1]
9,435
2,137
22.7
1,912
20.3
225
10.5
7,298Women
4,465
1,100
24.6
993
22.2
107
9.7
3,365Men
4,970
1,037
20.9
919
18.5
118
11.4
3,933Enrolled in college
12,263
5,825
47.5
5,517
45.0
308
5.3
6,437Women
6,618
3,290
49.7
3,132
47.3
159
4.8
3,328Men
5,644
2,535
44.9
2,385
42.3
150
5.9
3,110**Not enrolled in school**
16,264
12,866
79.1
11,691
71.9
1,175
9.1
3,398Women
7,772
5,980
76.9
5,438
70.0
541
9.1
1,792Less than a high school diploma
953
514
54.0
451
47.3
63
12.3
439High school graduates, no college[2]
3,118
2,271
72.8
1,980
63.5
291
12.8
847Some college or associate's degree
2,090
1,703
81.5
1,615
77.3
88
5.2
387Bachelor’s degree and higher
1,612
1,492
92.6
1,393
86.5
99
6.6
120Men
8,492
6,886
81.1
6,252
73.6
634
9.2
1,606Less than a high school diploma
1,212
767
63.3
646
53.3
121
15.7
445High school graduates, no college[2]
4,209
3,393
80.6
3,067
72.9
325
9.6
817Some college or associate's degree
1,894
1,643
86.8
1,527
80.6
116
7.1
251Bachelor’s degree and higher
1,177
1,084
92.1
1,012
86.0
72
6.6
93[1] Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.
[2] Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2018 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Multiple jobholders
Multiple-jobholding rate[1]Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
MenNumber
Percentage of all multiple jobholders1994
123,060
7,260
3,336
46.0
3,924
5.9
5.9
5.91995
124,900
7,693
3,554
46.2
4,139
6.2
6.2
6.11996
126,708
7,832
3,640
46.5
4,192
6.2
6.2
6.11997
129,558
7,955
3,718
46.7
4,237
6.1
6.2
6.11998
131,463
7,926
3,748
47.3
4,178
6.0
6.2
5.91999
133,488
7,802
3,698
47.4
4,104
5.8
6.0
5.72000
136,891
7,604
3,608
47.4
3,996
5.6
5.7
5.52001
136,933
7,357
3,523
47.9
3,834
5.4
5.5
5.22002
136,485
7,291
3,557
48.8
3,734
5.3
5.6
5.12003
137,736
7,315
3,599
49.2
3,716
5.3
5.6
5.12004
139,252
7,473
3,638
48.7
3,835
5.4
5.6
5.12005
141,730
7,546
3,691
48.9
3,855
5.3
5.6
5.12006
144,427
7,576
3,753
49.5
3,822
5.2
5.6
4.92007
146,047
7,655
3,822
49.9
3,833
5.2
5.6
4.92008
145,362
7,620
3,783
49.6
3,837
5.2
5.6
5.02009
139,877
7,271
3,741
51.5
3,530
5.2
5.6
4.82010
139,064
6,878
3,552
51.6
3,326
4.9
5.4
4.52011
139,869
6,880
3,496
50.8
3,384
4.9
5.3
4.62012
142,469
6,943
3,495
50.3
3,448
4.9
5.2
4.62013
143,929
7,002
3,517
50.2
3,486
4.9
5.2
4.62014
146,305
7,146
3,636
50.9
3,511
4.9
5.3
4.52015
148,834
7,262
3,692
50.8
3,571
4.9
5.3
4.52016
151,436
7,531
3,887
51.6
3,645
5.0
5.5
4.52017
153,337
7,545
3,798
50.3
3,748
4.9
5.3
4.62018
155,761
7,769
3,934
50.6
3,835
5.0
5.4
4.6[1] Multiple jobholders as a percentage of all employed people in specified group.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total
Women
Men
Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employedTotal employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total1976
85,421
5,783
6.8
35,027
1,549
4.4
50,394
4,233
8.4
26.81977
88,734
6,114
6.9
36,677
1,692
4.6
52,057
4,423
8.5
27.71978
92,661
6,429
6.9
38,900
1,814
4.7
53,761
4,614
8.6
28.21979
95,477
6,791
7.1
40,556
1,982
4.9
54,921
4,810
8.8
29.21980
95,938
7,000
7.3
41,461
2,097
5.1
54,477
4,904
9.0
30.01981
97,030
7,097
7.3
42,333
2,192
5.2
54,697
4,905
9.0
30.91982
96,125
7,262
7.6
42,591
2,309
5.4
53,534
4,954
9.3
31.81983
97,450
7,575
7.8
43,367
2,439
5.6
54,083
5,136
9.5
32.21984
101,685
7,785
7.7
45,262
2,566
5.7
56,423
5,219
9.2
33.01985
103,971
7,811
7.5
46,615
2,603
5.6
57,356
5,207
9.1
33.31986
106,434
7,881
7.4
48,054
2,610
5.4
58,381
5,271
9.0
33.11987
109,232
8,201
7.5
49,668
2,778
5.6
59,564
5,423
9.1
33.91988
111,800
8,519
7.6
51,020
2,955
5.8
60,780
5,564
9.2
34.71989
114,142
8,605
7.5
52,341
3,043
5.8
61,802
5,562
9.0
35.41990
115,570
8,719
7.5
53,011
3,122
5.9
62,559
5,597
8.9
35.81991
114,449
8,850
7.7
52,815
3,150
6.0
61,634
5,700
9.2
35.61992
115,245
8,575
7.4
53,380
2,963
5.6
61,866
5,613
9.1
34.51993
117,144
8,959
7.6
54,273
3,065
5.6
62,871
5,894
9.4
34.21994
119,651
9,003
7.5
55,755
3,443
6.2
63,896
5,560
8.7
38.21995
121,460
8,902
7.3
56,642
3,440
6.1
64,818
5,461
8.4
38.61996
123,264
8,971
7.3
57,630
3,506
6.1
65,634
5,465
8.3
39.11997
126,159
9,056
7.2
59,026
3,550
6.0
67,133
5,506
8.2
39.21998
128,085
8,962
7.0
59,945
3,482
5.8
68,140
5,480
8.0
38.91999
130,207
8,790
6.8
61,193
3,424
5.6
69,014
5,366
7.8
39.02000
134,427
9,205
6.8
62,983
3,631
5.8
71,444
5,573
7.8
39.42001
134,635
9,121
6.8
63,147
3,594
5.7
71,488
5,527
7.7
39.42002
134,174
8,923
6.7
62,995
3,499
5.6
71,179
5,425
7.6
39.22003
135,461
9,344
6.9
63,824
3,609
5.7
71,636
5,736
8.0
38.62004
137,020
9,467
6.9
64,182
3,607
5.6
72,838
5,860
8.0
38.12005
139,532
9,509
6.8
65,213
3,565
5.5
74,319
5,944
8.0
37.52006
142,221
9,685
6.8
66,382
3,681
5.5
75,838
6,004
7.9
38.02007
143,952
9,557
6.6
67,302
3,637
5.4
76,650
5,920
7.7
38.12008
143,194
9,219
6.4
67,358
3,483
5.2
75,836
5,736
7.6
37.82009
137,775
8,995
6.5
65,712
3,468
5.3
72,062
5,527
7.7
38.62010
136,858
8,860
6.5
65,164
3,388
5.2
71,694
5,472
7.6
38.22011
137,615
8,603
6.3
65,023
3,341
5.1
72,592
5,262
7.2
38.82012
140,283
8,749
6.2
66,353
3,483
5.2
73,930
5,266
7.1
39.82013
141,799
8,619
6.1
67,058
3,508
5.2
74,742
5,111
6.8
40.72014
144,068
8,602
6.0
68,061
3,444
5.1
76,007
5,158
6.8
40.02015
146,411
8,665
5.9
69,106
3,396
4.9
77,305
5,269
6.8
39.22016
148,976
8,751
5.9
70,247
3,385
4.8
78,729
5,366
6.8
38.72017
150,883
8,736
5.8
71,324
3,544
5.0
79,559
5,191
6.5
40.62018
153,336
8,941
5.8
72,435
3,518
4.9
80,902
5,423
6.7
39.3Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**Native born, 16 years and older[1]
214,892
133,872
62.3
128,544
59.8
5,328
4.0
81,02016 to 24 years
34,561
19,223
55.6
17,539
50.7
1,684
8.8
15,33825 to 34 years
36,635
30,682
83.8
29,447
80.4
1,235
4.0
5,95335 to 44 years
31,071
26,099
84.0
25,315
81.5
784
3.0
4,97245 to 54 years
32,525
26,267
80.8
25,529
78.5
738
2.8
6,25855 to 64 years
35,572
22,929
64.5
22,310
62.7
619
2.7
12,64365 years and older
44,529
8,673
19.5
8,404
18.9
269
3.1
35,857Foreign born, 16 years and older[2]
42,898
28,202
65.7
27,217
63.4
986
3.5
14,69616 to 24 years
3,443
1,761
51.2
1,638
47.6
124
7.0
1,68225 to 34 years
7,946
6,092
76.7
5,877
74.0
215
3.5
1,85435 to 44 years
9,499
7,520
79.2
7,302
76.9
219
2.9
1,97845 to 54 years
8,715
7,044
80.8
6,844
78.5
200
2.8
1,67155 to 64 years
6,542
4,425
67.6
4,255
65.0
170
3.8
2,11765 years and older
6,754
1,360
20.1
1,301
19.3
58
4.3
5,394**Women**Native born, 16 years and older[1]
111,018
63,979
57.6
61,560
55.5
2,418
3.8
47,03916 to 24 years
17,199
9,511
55.3
8,777
51.0
735
7.7
7,68825 to 34 years
18,467
14,537
78.7
13,974
75.7
564
3.9
3,93035 to 44 years
15,831
12,374
78.2
11,998
75.8
375
3.0
3,45745 to 54 years
16,657
12,658
76.0
12,316
73.9
342
2.7
3,99855 to 64 years
18,442
10,972
59.5
10,696
58.0
276
2.5
7,47065 years and older
24,421
3,926
16.1
3,799
15.6
127
3.2
20,495Foreign born, 16 years and older[2]
22,095
12,000
54.3
11,502
52.1
497
4.1
10,09516 to 24 years
1,672
778
46.5
723
43.2
55
7.0
89425 to 34 years
3,909
2,448
62.6
2,324
59.5
124
5.0
1,46235 to 44 years
4,806
3,123
65.0
3,010
62.6
113
3.6
1,68345 to 54 years
4,426
3,124
70.6
3,018
68.2
106
3.4
1,30255 to 64 years
3,409
1,946
57.1
1,868
54.8
78
4.0
1,46365 years and older
3,873
581
15.0
559
14.4
22
3.8
3,292**Men**Native born, 16 years and older[1]
103,875
69,894
67.3
66,984
64.5
2,910
4.2
33,98116 to 24 years
17,361
9,711
55.9
8,762
50.5
949
9.8
7,65025 to 34 years
18,168
16,145
88.9
15,474
85.2
671
4.2
2,02335 to 44 years
15,240
13,726
90.1
13,317
87.4
409
3.0
1,51445 to 54 years
15,868
13,609
85.8
13,213
83.3
396
2.9
2,25955 to 64 years
17,130
11,957
69.8
11,614
67.8
343
2.9
5,17365 years and older
20,108
4,746
23.6
4,605
22.9
141
3.0
15,361Foreign born, 16 years and older[2]
20,803
16,203
77.9
15,714
75.5
488
3.0
4,60116 to 24 years
1,771
984
55.5
915
51.7
69
7.0
78725 to 34 years
4,037
3,644
90.3
3,553
88.0
92
2.5
39235 to 44 years
4,693
4,397
93.7
4,292
91.4
106
2.4
29645 to 54 years
4,289
3,919
91.4
3,826
89.2
94
2.4
36955 to 64 years
3,133
2,479
79.1
2,387
76.2
92
3.7
65465 years and older
2,881
779
27.0
742
25.8
36
4.6
2,102[1] The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
[2] The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Members of unions[1]
Represented by unions[2]Total
Percentage of employed
Total
Percentage of employed**Total**1983
88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.31984
92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.61985
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.51986
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.91987
99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.21988
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.01989
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.61990
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.21991
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.11992
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.71993
106,101
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.61994
107,989
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.51995
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.71996
111,960
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.21997
114,533
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.61998
116,730
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.41999
118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.32000
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.92001
122,229
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.72002
121,826
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.52003
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.32004
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.82005
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.72006
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.12007
129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.32008
129,377
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.72009
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.62010
124,073
14,715
11.9
16,290
13.12011
125,187
14,764
11.8
16,290
13.02012
127,577
14,366
11.3
15,922
12.52013
129,110
14,528
11.3
16,028
12.42014
131,431
14,576
11.1
16,152
12.32015
133,743
14,795
11.1
16,441
12.32016
136,101
14,555
10.7
16,271
12.02017
137,890
14,817
10.7
16,444
11.92018
140,099
14,744
10.5
16,380
11.7**Women**1983
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.01984
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.81985
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.91986
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.51987
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.91988
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.01989
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.91990
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.91991
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.81992
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.91993
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.01994
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.11995
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.31996
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.81997
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.41998
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.11999
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.02000
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.12001
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.12002
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.02003
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.92004
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.52005
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.62006
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.22007
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.42008
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.92009
60,951
6,887
11.3
7,727
12.72010
60,542
6,722
11.1
7,528
12.42011
60,502
6,758
11.2
7,558
12.52012
61,679
6,470
10.5
7,311
11.92013
62,316
6,573
10.5
7,340
11.82014
63,383
6,638
10.5
7,434
11.72015
64,445
6,833
10.6
7,681
11.92016
65,512
6,667
10.2
7,567
11.62017
66,421
6,651
10.0
7,514
11.32018
67,467
6,662
9.9
7,512
11.1**Men**1983
47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.71984
50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.71985
51,015
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.41986
51,942
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.71987
52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.91988
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.51989
54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.81990
55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.21991
54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.11992
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.41993
55,475
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.01994
56,570
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.61995
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.81996
58,473
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.41997
59,825
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.71998
60,973
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.41999
61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.42000
63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.52001
63,647
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.32002
63,272
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.92003
63,236
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.62004
64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.02005
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.72006
66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.02007
67,468
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.12008
66,846
8,938
13.4
9,724
14.52009
63,539
8,441
13.3
9,176
14.42010
63,531
7,994
12.6
8,761
13.82011
64,686
8,006
12.4
8,731
13.52012
65,898
7,895
12.0
8,611
13.12013
66,794
7,955
11.9
8,688
13.02014
68,048
7,939
11.7
8,717
12.82015
69,298
7,963
11.5
8,760
12.62016
70,589
7,888
11.2
8,704
12.32017
71,469
8,166
11.4
8,930
12.52018
72,632
8,082
11.1
8,868
12.2[1] Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
[2] Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as a percentage of total**Total veterans**Civilian noninstitutional population
19,201
1,866
17,335
9.7Civilian labor force
9,453
1,133
8,320
12.0Participation rate
49.2
60.7
48.0
-Employed
9,127
1,099
8,027
12.0Employment-population ratio
47.5
58.9
46.3
-Unemployed
326
34
292
10.4Unemployment rate
3.5
3.0
3.5
-Not in labor force
9,748
732
9,015
7.5**Gulf War-era II veterans**Civilian noninstitutional population
4,149
704
3,444
17.0Civilian labor force
3,358
505
2,853
15.0Participation rate
80.9
71.7
82.8
-Employed
3,229
487
2,742
15.1Employment-population ratio
77.8
69.1
79.6
-Unemployed
129
18
111
13.9Unemployment rate
3.8
3.5
3.9
-Not in labor force
791
200
592
25.2**Gulf War-era I veterans**Civilian noninstitutional population
3,089
490
2,599
15.9Civilian labor force
2,427
360
2,066
14.9Participation rate
78.6
73.5
79.5
-Employed
2,358
353
2,005
15.0Employment-population ratio
76.3
72.0
77.2
-Unemployed
68
7
61
10.9Unemployment rate
2.8
2.1
2.9
-Not in labor force
662
130
533
19.6**World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans**Civilian noninstitutional population
7,626
260
7,366
3.4Civilian labor force
1,594
53
1,541
3.3Participation rate
20.9
20.3
20.9
-Employed
1,537
52
1,485
3.4Employment-population ratio
20.2
19.9
20.2
-Unemployed
57
1
56
1.6Unemployment rate
3.6
1.7
3.6
-Not in labor force
6,033
207
5,826
3.4**Veterans of other service periods**Civilian noninstitutional population
4,336
412
3,925
9.5Civilian labor force
2,075
215
1,860
10.4Participation rate
47.9
52.3
47.4
-Employed
2,002
208
1,795
10.4Employment-population ratio
46.2
50.5
45.7
-Unemployed
73
8
65
10.6Unemployment rate
3.5
3.6
3.5
-Not in labor force
2,261
196
2,065
8.7**Nonveterans**Civilian noninstitutional population
229,673
126,857
102,817
55.2Civilian labor force
150,489
73,715
76,774
49.0Participation rate
65.5
58.1
74.7
-Employed
144,797
70,972
73,824
49.0Employment-population ratio
63.0
55.9
71.8
-Unemployed
5,693
2,743
2,950
48.2Unemployment rate
3.8
3.7
3.8
-Not in labor force
79,184
53,141
26,043
67.1Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age
Total
Women
Men**Total people with a disability**Civilian noninstitutional population
30,136
16,139
13,997Civilian labor force
6,266
2,877
3,389Participation rate
20.8
17.8
24.2Employed
5,767
2,645
3,122Employment-population ratio
19.1
16.4
22.3Unemployed
499
232
267Unemployment rate
8.0
8.1
7.9Not in labor force
23,870
13,262
10,608**16 to 64 years**Civilian noninstitutional population
15,325
7,814
7,512Civilian labor force
5,111
2,418
2,693Participation rate
33.3
30.9
35.8Employed
4,666
2,208
2,457Employment-population ratio
30.4
28.3
32.7Unemployed
445
210
235Unemployment rate
8.7
8.7
8.7Not in labor force
10,215
5,396
4,819**65 years and older**Civilian noninstitutional population
14,810
8,325
6,485Civilian labor force
1,155
459
696Participation rate
7.8
5.5
10.7Employed
1,101
436
665Employment-population ratio
7.4
5.2
10.3Unemployed
54
23
31Unemployment rate
4.7
4.9
4.5Not in labor force
13,655
7,866
5,789**Total people without a disability**Civilian noninstitutional population
227,655
116,974
110,681Civilian labor force
155,809
73,102
82,707Participation rate
68.4
62.5
74.7Employed
149,994
70,418
79,576Employment-population ratio
65.9
60.2
71.9Unemployed
5,815
2,684
3,131Unemployment rate
3.7
3.7
3.8Not in labor force
71,846
43,872
27,974**16 to 64 years**Civilian noninstitutional population
191,182
97,004
94,178Civilian labor force
146,932
69,053
77,879Participation rate
76.9
71.2
82.7Employed
141,390
66,496
74,894Employment-population ratio
74.0
68.5
79.5Unemployed
5,542
2,557
2,985Unemployment rate
3.8
3.7
3.8Not in labor force
44,250
27,951
16,299**65 years and older**Civilian noninstitutional population
36,472
19,969
16,503Civilian labor force
8,877
4,049
4,828Participation rate
24.3
20.3
29.3Employed
8,604
3,922
4,682Employment-population ratio
23.6
19.6
28.4Unemployed
273
127
146Unemployment rate
3.1
3.1
3.0Not in labor force
27,595
15,921
11,675Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200. Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Children*.  Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
*Civilian labor force*. This group is made up of all people classified as employed or unemployed.
*Civilian labor force participation rate*. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
*Civilian noninstitutional population*. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
*Disability*. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. More information, including the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.
*Displaced workers*. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
*Employed people*. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
*Employment-population ratio*. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
*Family*. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such individuals are considered members of one family. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Subfamilies are excluded from the count of families. A subfamily is a family that does not maintain their own household, such as a married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. In this example, the report would include only one family (the householder’s or primary family), not two. Families include those with and without children under 18 years. Families are further categorized as follows:
*Married-couple families*refer to opposite-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
*Families maintained by women or men* are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner of either sex.*Foreign born.*People resi­ding in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam) to parents who were not U.S. citizens. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or who were born abroad to at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity*. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
*Hours at work.*These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week containing the 12th of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)
*Householder.*The householder is the family reference person. This is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Other household members are defined as family members based on their relationship to the householder.
*Minimum wage*. The estimates of the number of workers with earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the federal minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.
A number of states have established minimum wage rates that exceed the federal level. (Information on state minimum wage laws is available at www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm.) Users should be cautious about comparing state estimates in this report because of differing statutory minimum wages. It also should be noted that the CPS sample is based on residence (where workers live), which may or may not be located in the same state in which they work. In addition, the degree of sampling error may be quite large for some state estimates.
*Not in the labor force*. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed.
*Occupation and industry*. Occupation refers to the type of job or work that a person does, and industry refers to the business activity of a person’s employer or company. People with two or more jobs are classified as being in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census Occupational Classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the 2012 census industry classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
*Poverty classification.*Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2017, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $24,858; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $50,861; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $12,488. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2017,” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html.)
*Race*. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.
*Self-employed workers*. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category.
Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
*Tenure*. Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
*Unemployed*. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People on temporary layoff do not need to look for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Unemployment rate*. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Union membership*. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.
*Usual full- or part-time status*. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey reference week, BLS classifies people as either full- or part-time workers based on the number of hours they usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).
*Usual weekly earnings*. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.
Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.
*Veterans*. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”
*Wage and salary workers*. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
*Work experience*. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
*Workers paid by the hour*. These are wage and salary workers paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
*Working poor*. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.
**Reliability of the estimates**
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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