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Women in the labor force: a databook

The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major 

development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. 

Women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s 

through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. After reaching a peak of 

60.0 percent in 1999, labor force participation among women began a 

gradual decline. In 2016, 56.8 percent of all women participated in the 

labor force.

There have been a number of notable changes over this period with 

regards to women’s involvement in the labor market. Women now are 

more likely to work full time and year round than in earlier decades and 

attain higher levels of education. The proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree 

more than tripled from 1970 to 2016, increasing from 11 percent to 42 percent; the proportion of men with a college 

degree about doubled over that time. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. 

In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned; in 2016, women’s earnings were 82 percent of 

men’s.

This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed 

description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the 

end of this report.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation was 56.8 percent in 2016, little changed from 56.7 percent in 2015. Men’s labor force 

participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, also was little changed at 69.2 percent in 2016. 

(See table 2.)

In 2016, the unemployment rate for women was 4.8 percent, down 0.4 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for 

men was 4.9 percent in 2016, down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and 

ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.9 percent), followed by White (4.2 percent), Hispanic or Latino (6.3 

percent), and Black or African American (7.8 percent) women; men’s jobless rates exhibit this same pattern. (See tables 

2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Divorced women had a higher 

labor force participation rate than married women, 62.5 percent versus 57.9 percent in 2016. By contrast, married men 

were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.1 percent) than divorced men (66.0 percent). (See table 4.)

The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 70.8 percent in March 2016, up 

from 69.9 percent in 2015. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was higher for those with children 6 to 17 

years old than for those with younger children. In March 2016, the rate for women with children 6 to 17 years old was 

November 2017 | Report 1071
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75.0 percent. The rate for those with children under 6 years old was 65.3 percent, and the rate for women with children 

under 3 years old was lower, at 63.1 percent. (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2016 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers are more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2016, 75.9 percent of 

unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old were in the labor force, compared with 68.6 percent of married 

mothers with children in the same age range. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2016 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 45 years. In 

2016, 42 percent of these women held a Bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 2016, 6 

percent of women had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—

down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B)

Occupation and industry

In 2016, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific 

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 20 percent of software developers, 27 percent of chief 

executives, and 38 percent of physicians and surgeons were women, whereas 90 percent of registered nurses, 79 

percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 61 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 

11.)

Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations 

(51 percent and 44 percent, respectively) in 2016 than were Black (35 percent) and Hispanic (27 percent) women. 

Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and Black (29 percent) women were more likely than Asian and White women (20 

percent each) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

In 2016, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities (52 

percent), education and health services (75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and other services (52 

percent). However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in 

agriculture (25 percent), mining (13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (29 percent), and transportation 

and utilities (24 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2016, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $749, which 

represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($915). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($902) and Whites ($766) than for Blacks ($641) and Hispanics ($586). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher 

for Blacks and Hispanics (89 percent and 88 percent, respectively) than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (78 percent). 

(See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many 

factors that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)
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In 2016, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with only a high school diploma had median usual 

weekly earnings of $599, which represented 83 percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s degree ($720) and 

54 percent of the earnings of women with a bachelor’s degree and higher ($1,101). (See table 17.)

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2016 for female chief executives 

($1,876), pharmacists ($1,839), and nurse practitioners ($1,753). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives 

($2,419), physicians and surgeons ($2,343), and architectural and engineering managers ($2,265). (See table 18.)

In 2016, 3 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage 

($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 2 percent had earnings at or below 

the minimum wage, compared with 8 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)

Hours of work

In 2016, 25 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage 

of employed women working part time has not changed much over the past 5 decades. In comparison, 12 percent of 

employed men usually worked part time in 2016. This rate for men has gradually trended up over time, leveling off in 

recent years. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2015, 61 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the 

period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 74 percent in 2015. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2016 Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 54 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2015, compared with 44 

percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families in 2015, 

versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

In 2015, working wives contributed 37 percent of their families’ incomes, up by 10 percentage points from 1970, when 

wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning more than their 

husbands has grown also. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives earned more than their working spouses; in 2015, 29 

percent of wives earned more than their husbands. (See tables 25 and 26; data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 

2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous 

calendar year.)

The working poor

Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2015, more women (4.5 million) than men (4.1 

million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 6.3 percent for women and 5.0 percent for men. Black and Hispanic 

women were considerably more likely than White or Asian women to be among the working poor. The working-poor 

rates for Black and Hispanic women were 13.3 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively, compared with 5.2 percent for 
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White women and 3.7 percent for Asian women. (See table 27; data are from the 2016 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2013 through December 2015, 3.2 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had 

held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for 

displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2016: the 

reemployment rate for women was 64 percent and 67 percent for men. Displaced women and men were equally likely to 

be unemployed in January 2016, at 16 percent. About 20 percent of displaced women and 18 percent of displaced men 

had left the labor force in January 2016. (See table 28.) (Data are from the January 2016 Displaced Worker, Employee 

Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee Tenure

In January 2016, median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less 

tenure) for women declined to 4.0 years from 4.5 years in January 2014. For men, median tenure also declined; it was 

4.3 years in January 2016, compared with 4.7 years in January 2014. (See table 29.) (Data are from the January 2016 

Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

School Enrollment

Of the 3.1 million youth ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2016, about 70 

percent (2.2 million) were enrolled in college in October. For 2016 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate 

was 72 percent for young women and 67 percent for young men. (See table 30.) (Data are from the October 2016 

School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among high school students, female students were more likely to be in the labor force (23.5 percent) in October 2016 

than their male counterparts (18.1 percent). Among college students, labor force participation rates were similar for 

women and men (48.3 percent and 47.0 percent, respectively). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2016 School 

Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among youth ages 16 to 24 not enrolled in school in October 2016, the unemployment rates for those who did not have 

a high school diploma were 20.7 percent for young women and 24.0 percent for young men. In contrast, the jobless 

rates of young women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 5.1 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively.

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2016, 7.5 million people worked more than one job, slightly more than half of whom were women (3.9 million). The 

multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.5 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.5 percent. (See table 32.)

In 2016, 4.8 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.8 percent of 

their male counterparts. Among the self-employed, 39 percent were women in 2016, compared with 27 percent in 1976. 

(See table 33.)
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Foreign born

Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2016 (53.4 percent, compared 

with 57.5 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (77.8 percent) than nativeborn men (67.5 percent). Among women, unemployment rates were similar for the foreign-born and native born in 2016 

(5.1 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively). At 3.8 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than 

that of native-born men (5.2 percent). (See table 34.)

Union membership

In 2016, 10.2 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.2 percent for their 

male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2016 was lower than in 1983, but the rate 

has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2015 period. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men 

and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 35.)

Veterans

There were 1.2 million female veterans in the labor force in 2016. This represented about 12 percent of the 10.6 million 

veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans, at 5.0 percent in 

2016, was similar to that of male veterans, at 4.2 percent. (See table 36.)

Women with disabilities

Of the 16.0 million women with disabilities in 2016, 2.7 million, or 16.9 percent, participated in the labor force. About half 

of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.5 percent, 

compared with 28.3 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women 

was 11.0 percent and that for men was 10.1 percent, more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability 

(4.6 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively). (See table 37.)
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Statistical Tables

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

16 years and older 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

16 to 19 years 16,714 5,889 35.2 4,965 29.7 925 15.7 10,824

16 to 17 years 8,994 2,127 23.6 1,747 19.4 380 17.9 6,867

18 to 19 years 7,720 3,763 48.7 3,218 41.7 545 14.5 3,957

20 to 24 years 21,721 15,313 70.5 14,027 64.6 1,286 8.4 6,408

25 to 54 years 125,761 102,248 81.3 98,004 77.9 4,244 4.2 23,513

25 to 34 years 43,547 35,519 81.6 33,722 77.4 1,797 5.1 8,027

25 to 29 

years

22,265 18,100 81.3 17,088 76.7 1,012 5.6 4,165

30 to 34 

years

21,282 17,420 81.9 16,634 78.2 786 4.5 3,862

35 to 44 years 39,817 32,820 82.4 31,562 79.3 1,258 3.8 6,997

35 to 39 

years

20,394 16,784 82.3 16,121 79.0 663 4.0 3,610

40 to 44 

years

19,422 16,036 82.6 15,441 79.5 594 3.7 3,387

45 to 54 years 42,397 33,909 80.0 32,720 77.2 1,189 3.5 8,489

45 to 49 

years

20,703 16,910 81.7 16,298 78.7 611 3.6 3,793

50 to 54 

years

21,694 16,999 78.4 16,421 75.7 577 3.4 4,696

55 to 64 years 41,308 26,465 64.1 25,524 61.8 941 3.6 14,843

55 to 59 years 21,804 15,584 71.5 15,031 68.9 553 3.6 6,220

60 to 64 years 19,504 10,881 55.8 10,493 53.8 388 3.6 8,623

65 years and older 48,035 9,272 19.3 8,916 18.6 355 3.8 38,763

65 to 69 years 16,671 5,367 32.2 5,168 31.0 199 3.7 11,305

70 to 74 years 11,765 2,254 19.2 2,165 18.4 88 3.9 9,511

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages (Number in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

75 years and 

older 19,599 1,651 8.4 1,583 8.1 68 4.1 17,947

Women

16 years and older 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

16 to 19 years 8,239 2,894 35.1 2,481 30.1 413 14.3 5,345

16 to 17 years 4,485 1,099 24.5 922 20.6 177 16.1 3,386

18 to 19 years 3,754 1,795 47.8 1,559 41.5 236 13.2 1,959

20 to 24 years 10,823 7,359 68.0 6,815 63.0 545 7.4 3,464

25 to 54 years 63,950 47,522 74.3 45,490 71.1 2,032 4.3 16,428

25 to 34 years 21,976 16,369 74.5 15,537 70.7 832 5.1 5,608

25 to 29 

years

11,198 8,439 75.4 7,985 71.3 455 5.4 2,758

30 to 34 

years

10,779 7,929 73.6 7,553 70.1 377 4.8 2,850

35 to 44 years 20,303 15,134 74.5 14,520 71.5 614 4.1 5,169

35 to 39 

years

10,378 7,692 74.1 7,362 70.9 330 4.3 2,686

40 to 44 

years

9,925 7,442 75.0 7,158 72.1 284 3.8 2,482

45 to 54 years 21,670 16,019 73.9 15,433 71.2 586 3.7 5,651

45 to 49 

years

10,561 7,963 75.4 7,662 72.5 301 3.8 2,598

50 to 54 

years

11,109 8,056 72.5 7,771 70.0 285 3.5 3,053

55 to 64 years 21,441 12,527 58.4 12,114 56.5 413 3.3 8,914

55 to 59 years 11,247 7,416 65.9 7,171 63.8 245 3.3 3,831

60 to 64 years 10,194 5,111 50.1 4,943 48.5 168 3.3 5,083

65 years and older 26,587 4,130 15.5 3,968 14.9 162 3.9 22,457

65 to 69 years 8,831 2,472 28.0 2,386 27.0 86 3.5 6,359

70 to 74 years 6,352 967 15.2 924 14.6 43 4.4 5,385

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages (Number in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

75 years and 

older 11,404 691 6.1 658 5.8 33 4.8 10,713

Men

16 years and older 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

16 to 19 years 8,475 2,995 35.3 2,484 29.3 512 17.1 5,479

16 to 17 years 4,509 1,028 22.8 825 18.3 203 19.7 3,481

18 to 19 years 3,966 1,967 49.6 1,659 41.8 309 15.7 1,998

20 to 24 years 10,897 7,954 73.0 7,212 66.2 742 9.3 2,943

25 to 54 years 61,811 54,726 88.5 52,514 85.0 2,212 4.0 7,085

25 to 34 years 21,570 19,151 88.8 18,185 84.3 966 5.0 2,420

25 to 29 

years

11,068 9,660 87.3 9,104 82.3 557 5.8 1,407

30 to 34 

years

10,503 9,490 90.4 9,081 86.5 409 4.3 1,012

35 to 44 years 19,514 17,686 90.6 17,042 87.3 644 3.6 1,828

35 to 39 

years

10,016 9,092 90.8 8,759 87.4 334 3.7 924

40 to 44 

years

9,497 8,593 90.5 8,283 87.2 310 3.6 904

45 to 54 years 20,727 17,890 86.3 17,287 83.4 602 3.4 2,837

45 to 49 

years

10,142 8,947 88.2 8,637 85.2 310 3.5 1,195

50 to 54 

years

10,585 8,942 84.5 8,651 81.7 292 3.3 1,643

55 to 64 years 19,867 13,938 70.2 13,410 67.5 528 3.8 5,929

55 to 59 years 10,557 8,168 77.4 7,860 74.5 308 3.8 2,388

60 to 64 years 9,310 5,770 62.0 5,550 59.6 220 3.8 3,540

65 years and older 21,448 5,141 24.0 4,948 23.1 193 3.8 16,306

65 to 69 years 7,841 2,894 36.9 2,781 35.5 113 3.9 4,946

70 to 74 years 5,412 1,286 23.8 1,241 22.9 46 3.5 4,126

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages (Number in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

75 years and 

older 8,195 960 11.7 926 11.3 35 3.6 7,234

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages (Number in thousands)
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

1948 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

1951 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1976 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2005 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

2015 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

2016 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

Women

1948 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1964 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

1965 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1993 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

2015 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

2016 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

Men

1948 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951 49,727 43,001 86.3 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1952 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

1954 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1981 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data.

Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2010 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

2012 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

2015 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

2016 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

White

Total, 16 years and older 198,215 124,658 62.9 119,313 60.2 5,345 4.3 73,557

16 to 19 years 12,342 4,618 37.4 3,967 32.1 651 14.1 7,724

20 to 24 years 15,947 11,553 72.4 10,722 67.2 831 7.2 4,395

25 to 54 years 95,786 78,650 82.1 75,797 79.1 2,853 3.6 17,136

55 to 64 years 33,478 21,889 65.4 21,169 63.2 720 3.3 11,589

65 years and older 40,662 7,948 19.5 7,658 18.8 290 3.7 32,714

Women, 16 years and older 101,354 57,095 56.3 54,701 54.0 2,393 4.2 44,260

16 to 19 years 6,053 2,224 36.7 1,931 31.9 293 13.2 3,829

20 to 24 years 7,890 5,471 69.3 5,124 64.9 347 6.3 2,419

25 to 54 years 47,944 35,721 74.5 34,412 71.8 1,309 3.7 12,223

55 to 64 years 17,178 10,195 59.3 9,885 57.5 310 3.0 6,983

65 years and older 22,289 3,484 15.6 3,350 15.0 134 3.9 18,805

Men, 16 years and older 96,861 67,564 69.8 64,612 66.7 2,952 4.4 29,297

16 to 19 years 6,289 2,395 38.1 2,037 32.4 358 14.9 3,895

20 to 24 years 8,057 6,082 75.5 5,598 69.5 484 8.0 1,975

25 to 54 years 47,842 42,929 89.7 41,385 86.5 1,544 3.6 4,912

55 to 64 years 16,300 11,694 71.7 11,284 69.2 410 3.5 4,606

65 years and older 18,373 4,464 24.3 4,308 23.4 156 3.5 13,909

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 31,889 19,637 61.6 17,982 56.4 1,655 8.4 12,252

16 to 19 years 2,510 729 29.0 535 21.3 194 26.7 1,781

20 to 24 years 3,338 2,259 67.7 1,930 57.8 329 14.5 1,079

25 to 54 years 16,792 13,248 78.9 12,302 73.3 946 7.1 3,543

55 to 64 years 4,840 2,669 55.1 2,526 52.2 143 5.4 2,171

65 years and older 4,409 732 16.6 689 15.6 43 5.8 3,678

Women, 16 years and older 17,365 10,321 59.4 9,511 54.8 810 7.8 7,043

16 to 19 years 1,263 379 30.0 292 23.1 86 22.8 884

20 to 24 years 1,717 1,168 68.0 1,025 59.7 143 12.3 549

Table 3. Employment status, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

25 to 54 years 9,106 6,994 76.8 6,502 71.4 492 7.0 2,112

55 to 64 years 2,652 1,399 52.7 1,330 50.2 68 4.9 1,253

65 years and older 2,627 383 14.6 362 13.8 21 5.4 2,244

Men, 16 years and older 14,525 9,315 64.1 8,471 58.3 845 9.1 5,209

16 to 19 years 1,247 350 28.1 242 19.4 108 30.9 896

20 to 24 years 1,621 1,091 67.3 906 55.9 186 17.0 530

25 to 54 years 7,686 6,255 81.4 5,800 75.5 455 7.3 1,431

55 to 64 years 2,189 1,270 58.0 1,195 54.6 75 5.9 918

65 years and older 1,782 349 19.6 327 18.3 22 6.2 1,434

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 15,121 9,562 63.2 9,213 60.9 349 3.6 5,559

16 to 19 years 846 179 21.2 159 18.8 20 10.9 667

20 to 24 years 1,352 717 53.0 668 49.4 49 6.9 635

25 to 54 years 8,710 6,851 78.7 6,633 76.2 219 3.2 1,858

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,382 67.4 1,335 65.1 47 3.4 668

65 years and older 2,163 432 20.0 418 19.3 14 3.2 1,731

Women, 16 years and older 8,057 4,471 55.5 4,298 53.4 172 3.9 3,586

16 to 19 years 422 88 20.9 81 19.1 7 8.2 334

20 to 24 years 676 342 50.6 321 47.4 22 6.4 334

25 to 54 years 4,602 3,168 68.8 3,054 66.4 114 3.6 1,434

55 to 64 years 1,126 680 60.4 655 58.2 25 3.6 446

65 years and older 1,231 192 15.6 187 15.2 5 2.4 1,039

Men, 16 years and older 7,064 5,091 72.1 4,915 69.6 176 3.5 1,973

16 to 19 years 424 91 21.4 79 18.6 12 13.5 333

20 to 24 years 676 375 55.5 348 51.4 27 7.3 301

25 to 54 years 4,108 3,683 89.7 3,578 87.1 105 2.9 424

55 to 64 years 924 702 76.0 680 73.5 23 3.2 222

65 years and older 932 240 25.7 231 24.7 9 3.8 692

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Table 3. Employment status, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 16 years and older 40,697 26,797 65.8 25,249 62.0 1,548 5.8 13,900

16 to 19 years 3,777 1,178 31.2 977 25.9 201 17.1 2,599

20 to 24 years 4,711 3,384 71.8 3,086 65.5 298 8.8 1,327

25 to 54 years 23,780 18,754 78.9 17,878 75.2 877 4.7 5,026

55 to 64 years 4,483 2,765 61.7 2,627 58.6 137 5.0 1,718

65 years and older 3,946 715 18.1 681 17.3 34 4.8 3,230

Women, 16 years and older 20,430 11,401 55.8 10,686 52.3 715 6.3 9,029

16 to 19 years 1,857 557 30.0 470 25.3 88 15.8 1,300

20 to 24 years 2,315 1,536 66.4 1,409 60.9 127 8.3 779

25 to 54 years 11,703 7,803 66.7 7,374 63.0 429 5.5 3,900

55 to 64 years 2,317 1,196 51.6 1,137 49.1 59 4.9 1,121

65 years and older 2,238 308 13.8 297 13.3 12 3.7 1,930

Men, 16 years and older 20,266 15,396 76.0 14,563 71.9 833 5.4 4,870

16 to 19 years 1,920 621 32.3 508 26.4 113 18.3 1,299

20 to 24 years 2,396 1,848 77.1 1,677 70.0 171 9.3 548

25 to 54 years 12,077 10,951 90.7 10,504 87.0 447 4.1 1,126

55 to 64 years 2,166 1,569 72.4 1,490 68.8 78 5.0 597

65 years and older 1,708 407 23.8 384 22.5 23 5.6 1,300

Table 3. Employment status, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

Married, spouse present(1) 126,600 82,973 65.5 80,620 63.7 2,352 2.8 43,627

Other marital status(2) 126,938 76,214 60.0 70,815 55.8 5,399 7.1 50,723

Never married 77,728 50,865 65.4 46,823 60.2 4,042 7.9 26,862

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 49,210 25,349 51.5 23,993 48.8 1,356 5.4 23,861

Widowed 14,799 3,093 20.9 2,940 19.9 153 5.0 11,706

Divorced 25,543 16,328 63.9 15,498 60.7 830 5.1 9,214

Separated(3) 8,869 5,928 66.8 5,554 62.6 373 6.3 2,941

Women

Total, 16 years and older 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

Married, spouse present(1) 62,852 36,387 57.9 35,294 56.2 1,093 3.0 26,465

Other marital status(2) 68,188 38,045 55.8 35,574 52.2 2,471 6.5 30,143

Never married 36,800 23,321 63.4 21,606 58.7 1,715 7.4 13,479

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 31,389 14,725 46.9 13,968 44.5 757 5.1 16,664

Widowed 11,521 2,272 19.7 2,160 18.7 112 4.9 9,249

Divorced 14,977 9,354 62.5 8,906 59.5 448 4.8 5,624

Separated(3) 4,891 3,099 63.4 2,903 59.4 197 6.3 1,791

Men

Total, 16 years and older 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

Married, spouse present(1) 63,748 46,586 73.1 45,327 71.1 1,259 2.7 17,162

Other marital status(2) 58,749 38,169 65.0 35,241 60.0 2,928 7.7 20,580

Never married 40,928 27,545 67.3 25,217 61.6 2,328 8.5 13,383

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 17,821 10,624 59.6 10,025 56.3 600 5.6 7,197

Widowed 3,278 822 25.1 780 23.8 41 5.0 2,457

Divorced 10,565 6,975 66.0 6,593 62.4 382 5.5 3,590

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Separated(3) 3,978 2,828 71.1 2,651 66.7 177 6.2 1,150

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Women, 16 years and older 130,656 74,733 57.2 71,057 54.4 3,676 4.9 55,923

With children under 18 years old 35,392 25,070 70.8 23,877 67.5 1,193 4.8 10,322

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

20,168 15,135 75.0 14,519 72.0 616 4.1 5,032

With children under 6 years 

old 15,225 9,934 65.3 9,358 61.5 576 5.8 5,290

With children under 3 years 

old 8,700 5,486 63.1 5,165 59.4 322 5.9 3,214

With no children under 18 years 

old 95,264 49,663 52.1 47,180 49.5 2,484 5.0 45,600

Men, 16 years and older 122,110 84,143 68.9 79,505 65.1 4,637 5.5 37,968

With children under 18 years old 27,085 25,135 92.8 24,226 89.4 909 3.6 1,950

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,518 14,247 91.8 13,765 88.7 481 3.4 1,272

With children under 6 years 

old 11,567 10,888 94.1 10,461 90.4 428 3.9 678

With children under 3 years 

old 6,709 6,335 94.4 6,093 90.8 242 3.8 374

With no children under 18 years 

old 95,026 59,008 62.1 55,280 58.2 3,728 6.3 36,018

White

Women, 16 years and older 101,161 57,586 56.9 55,153 54.5 2,434 4.2 43,575

With children under 18 years old 26,542 18,642 70.2 17,918 67.5 724 3.9 7,900

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,229 11,347 74.5 10,950 71.9 397 3.5 3,882

With children under 6 years 

old 11,312 7,295 64.5 6,968 61.6 327 4.5 4,017

With children under 3 years 

old 6,490 4,058 62.5 3,873 59.7 186 4.6 2,432

With no children under 18 years 

old 74,619 38,944 52.2 37,235 49.9 1,710 4.4 35,675

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Men, 16 years and older 96,722 67,247 69.5 64,054 66.2 3,194 4.7 29,474

With children under 18 years old 21,825 20,420 93.6 19,751 90.5 669 3.3 1,405

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

12,510 11,587 92.6 11,233 89.8 355 3.1 923

With children under 6 years 

old 9,315 8,833 94.8 8,518 91.4 314 3.6 483

With children under 3 years 

old 5,418 5,157 95.2 4,986 92.0 171 3.3 261

With no children under 18 years 

old 74,896 46,827 62.5 44,303 59.2 2,525 5.4 28,069

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older 17,295 10,169 58.8 9,307 53.8 862 8.5 7,126

With children under 18 years old 4,980 3,842 77.1 3,501 70.3 340 8.9 1,139

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,852 2,274 79.7 2,116 74.2 157 6.9 579

With children under 6 years 

old 2,128 1,568 73.7 1,385 65.1 183 11.7 560

With children under 3 years 

old 1,165 824 70.7 733 62.9 91 11.0 341

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,315 6,328 51.4 5,806 47.1 522 8.3 5,987

Men, 16 years and older 14,455 9,198 63.6 8,177 56.6 1,022 11.1 5,256

With children under 18 years old 2,367 2,062 87.1 1,909 80.6 153 7.4 305

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,434 1,224 85.4 1,134 79.1 90 7.4 210

With children under 6 years 

old 934 838 89.8 775 83.0 63 7.5 96

With children under 3 years 

old 514 471 91.6 433 84.2 38 8.1 43

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,087 7,136 59.0 6,268 51.9 868 12.2 4,951

Asian

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Women, 16 years and older 7,879 4,399 55.8 4,229 53.7 169 3.9 3,481

With children under 18 years old 2,472 1,610 65.1 1,563 63.2 46 2.9 863

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,338 974 72.8 944 70.6 29 3.0 364

With children under 6 years 

old 1,134 636 56.0 619 54.6 17 2.6 499

With children under 3 years 

old 662 352 53.1 346 52.3 6 1.6 310

With no children under 18 years 

old 5,407 2,789 51.6 2,666 49.3 123 4.4 2,618

Men, 16 years and older 6,961 5,046 72.5 4,865 69.9 180 3.6 1,915

With children under 18 years old 2,069 1,917 92.7 1,879 90.8 38 2.0 152

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,111 1,026 92.3 1,005 90.5 21 2.0 85

With children under 6 years 

old 958 892 93.1 875 91.3 17 1.9 67

With children under 3 years 

old 563 519 92.2 507 89.9 13 2.4 44

With no children under 18 years 

old 4,892 3,129 64.0 2,986 61.0 143 4.6 1,763

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older 20,270 11,322 55.9 10,634 52.5 688 6.1 8,948

With children under 18 years old 7,655 4,714 61.6 4,440 58.0 274 5.8 2,941

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,208 2,815 66.9 2,679 63.7 137 4.9 1,392

With children under 6 years 

old 3,447 1,899 55.1 1,762 51.1 137 7.2 1,549

With children under 3 years 

old 1,851 964 52.1 883 47.7 81 8.4 887

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,615 6,608 52.4 6,194 49.1 414 6.3 6,007

Men, 16 years and older 20,112 15,089 75.0 14,203 70.6 885 5.9 5,023

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Note: Children are "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 18 years old 5,641 5,267 93.4 5,034 89.2 233 4.4 374

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

3,085 2,849 92.3 2,747 89.0 102 3.6 236

With children under 6 years 

old 2,555 2,418 94.6 2,287 89.5 130 5.4 138

With children under 3 years 

old 1,404 1,324 94.3 1,256 89.4 68 5.1 80

With no children under 18 years 

old 14,471 9,822 67.9 9,169 63.4 652 6.6 4,649

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 130,656 74,733 57.2 71,057 54.4 3,676 4.9 55,923

With children under 18 years old 35,392 25,070 70.8 23,877 67.5 1,193 4.8 10,322

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

20,168 15,135 75.0 14,519 72.0 616 4.1 5,032

With children under 6 years old 15,225 9,934 65.3 9,358 61.5 576 5.8 5,290

With children under 3 years old 8,700 5,486 63.1 5,165 59.4 322 5.9 3,214

With no children under 18 years old 95,264 49,663 52.1 47,180 49.5 2,484 5.0 45,600

Total, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 62,577 36,858 58.9 35,731 57.1 1,127 3.1 25,718

With children under 18 years old 24,605 16,882 68.6 16,339 66.4 543 3.2 7,723

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

13,934 10,167 73.0 9,856 70.7 311 3.1 3,767

With children under 6 years old 10,671 6,715 62.9 6,483 60.8 232 3.4 3,956

With children under 3 years old 6,208 3,854 62.1 3,714 59.8 140 3.6 2,354

With no children under 18 years old 37,972 19,977 52.6 19,392 51.1 584 2.9 17,996

Total, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 68,079 37,875 55.6 35,326 51.9 2,549 6.7 30,204

With children under 18 years old 10,787 8,188 75.9 7,538 69.9 650 7.9 2,600

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

6,234 4,968 79.7 4,663 74.8 305 6.1 1,265

With children under 6 years old 4,554 3,220 70.7 2,875 63.1 345 10.7 1,334

With children under 3 years old 2,492 1,633 65.5 1,450 58.2 182 11.2 859

With no children under 18 years old 57,291 29,687 51.8 27,788 48.5 1,899 6.4 27,605

White, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 101,161 57,586 56.9 55,153 54.5 2,434 4.2 43,575

With children under 18 years old 26,542 18,642 70.2 17,918 67.5 724 3.9 7,900

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

15,229 11,347 74.5 10,950 71.9 397 3.5 3,882

With children under 6 years old 11,312 7,295 64.5 6,968 61.6 327 4.5 4,017

With children under 3 years old 6,490 4,058 62.5 3,873 59.7 186 4.6 2,432

With no children under 18 years old 74,619 38,944 52.2 37,235 49.9 1,710 4.4 35,675

White, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 51,826 30,395 58.6 29,515 56.9 880 2.9 21,431

With children under 18 years old 19,764 13,568 68.7 13,153 66.6 415 3.1 6,196

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

11,226 8,174 72.8 7,937 70.7 237 2.9 3,052

With children under 6 years old 8,538 5,394 63.2 5,216 61.1 178 3.3 3,144

With children under 3 years old 5,012 3,137 62.6 3,027 60.4 110 3.5 1,875

With no children under 18 years old 32,062 16,827 52.5 16,361 51.0 465 2.8 15,235

White, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 49,335 27,191 55.1 25,638 52.0 1,554 5.7 22,144

With children under 18 years old 6,778 5,074 74.9 4,765 70.3 309 6.1 1,704

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

4,004 3,173 79.2 3,013 75.3 160 5.0 831

With children under 6 years old 2,774 1,901 68.5 1,752 63.1 149 7.9 873

With children under 3 years old 1,478 921 62.3 845 57.2 76 8.2 557

With no children under 18 years old 42,557 22,117 52.0 20,873 49.0 1,244 5.6 20,440

Black or African American, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 17,295 10,169 58.8 9,307 53.8 862 8.5 7,126

With children under 18 years old 4,980 3,842 77.1 3,501 70.3 340 8.9 1,139

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

2,852 2,274 79.7 2,116 74.2 157 6.9 579

With children under 6 years old 2,128 1,568 73.7 1,385 65.1 183 11.7 560

With children under 3 years old 1,165 824 70.7 733 62.9 91 11.0 341

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With no children under 18 years old 12,315 6,328 51.4 5,806 47.1 522 8.3 5,987

Black or African American, married, 

spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 4,503 2,782 61.8 2,675 59.4 107 3.8 1,721

With children under 18 years old 1,825 1,358 74.4 1,298 71.1 60 4.4 468

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,110 866 78.0 830 74.8 35 4.1 245

With children under 6 years old 715 492 68.8 467 65.3 25 5.0 223

With children under 3 years old 381 256 67.2 241 63.2 15 5.9 125

With no children under 18 years old 2,678 1,424 53.2 1,377 51.4 47 3.3 1,254

Black or African American, other marital 

statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 12,792 7,388 57.8 6,632 51.8 755 10.2 5,404

With children under 18 years old 3,155 2,484 78.7 2,203 69.9 280 11.3 671

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,742 1,408 80.8 1,286 73.8 122 8.7 334

With children under 6 years old 1,412 1,076 76.2 918 65.0 158 14.7 337

With children under 3 years old 783 568 72.5 492 62.8 76 13.3 216

With no children under 18 years old 9,637 4,904 50.9 4,429 46.0 475 9.7 4,734

Asian, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 7,879 4,399 55.8 4,229 53.7 169 3.9 3,481

With children under 18 years old 2,472 1,610 65.1 1,563 63.2 46 2.9 863

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,338 974 72.8 944 70.6 29 3.0 364

With children under 6 years old 1,134 636 56.0 619 54.6 17 2.6 499

With children under 3 years old 662 352 53.1 346 52.3 6 1.6 310

With no children under 18 years old 5,407 2,789 51.6 2,666 49.3 123 4.4 2,618

Asian, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 4,713 2,750 58.4 2,654 56.3 97 3.5 1,962

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 18 years old 2,221 1,416 63.8 1,371 61.8 44 3.1 805

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,173 831 70.8 803 68.5 28 3.3 342

With children under 6 years old 1,048 585 55.8 568 54.2 17 2.9 463

With children under 3 years old 615 333 54.2 327 53.2 6 1.7 282

With no children under 18 years old 2,492 1,335 53.6 1,282 51.5 52 3.9 1,157

Asian, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 3,167 1,648 52.0 1,575 49.7 73 4.4 1,519

With children under 18 years old 252 194 77.0 192 76.3 2 0.9 58

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

165 143 86.7 141 85.7 2 1.2 22

With children under 6 years old 87 51 58.6 51 58.6 – – 36

With children under 3 years old 47 18 39.5 18 39.5 – – 28

With no children under 18 years old 2,915 1,454 49.9 1,383 47.5 71 4.9 1,461

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 20,270 11,322 55.9 10,634 52.5 688 6.1 8,948

With children under 18 years old 7,655 4,714 61.6 4,440 58.0 274 5.8 2,941

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

4,208 2,815 66.9 2,679 63.7 137 4.9 1,392

With children under 6 years old 3,447 1,899 55.1 1,762 51.1 137 7.2 1,549

With children under 3 years old 1,851 964 52.1 883 47.7 81 8.4 887

With no children under 18 years old 12,615 6,608 52.4 6,194 49.1 414 6.3 6,007

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, 

spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 9,021 4,840 53.7 4,622 51.2 218 4.5 4,181

With children under 18 years old 4,999 2,782 55.6 2,656 53.1 126 4.5 2,218

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

2,744 1,669 60.8 1,597 58.2 72 4.3 1,075

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

(1) Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.

Note: Children are own children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, and other related and unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 6 years old 2,255 1,113 49.3 1,059 47.0 54 4.8 1,142

With children under 3 years old 1,212 578 47.7 549 45.3 29 5.0 634

With no children under 18 years old 4,021 2,059 51.2 1,966 48.9 92 4.5 1,963

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other 

marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 11,249 6,482 57.6 6,012 53.4 469 7.2 4,768

With children under 18 years old 2,656 1,932 72.8 1,785 67.2 148 7.6 723

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,464 1,146 78.3 1,082 73.9 65 5.6 317

With children under 6 years old 1,192 786 65.9 703 59.0 83 10.5 406

With children under 3 years old 639 386 60.4 334 52.3 52 13.4 253

With no children under 18 years old 8,594 4,549 52.9 4,228 49.2 322 7.1 4,044

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under age 18

1975 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0

1976 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9

1977 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9

1978 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6

1979 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7

1980 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1

1981 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0

1982 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1

1983 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3

1984 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1

1985 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7

1986 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2

1987 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6

1988 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5

1989 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9

1990 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0

1991 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0

1992 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5

1993 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7

1994 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1

1995 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1

1996 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4

1997 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9

1998 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6

1999 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6

2000 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3

2001 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7

2002 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8

2003 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1

2004 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2005 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3

2006 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9

2007 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4

2008 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0

2009 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8

2010 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8

2011 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9

2012 25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9

2013 25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9

2014 25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6

2015 25,107 69.9 23,841 1,265 5.0

2016 25,070 70.8 23,877 1,193 4.8

With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

1975 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9

1976 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6

1977 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5

1978 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3

1979 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8

1980 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4

1981 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7

1982 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2

1983 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1

1984 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9

1985 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1

1986 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3

1987 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3

1988 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1

1989 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9

1990 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2

1991 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3

1992 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1993 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1

1994 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7

1995 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8

1996 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4

1997 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7

1998 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4

1999 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4

2000 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5

2001 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9

2002 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9

2003 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2

2004 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9

2005 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3

2006 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0

2007 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8

2008 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1

2009 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8

2010 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8

2011 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6

2012 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8

2013 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9

2014 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5

2015 15,059 74.6 14,437 622 4.1

2016 15,135 75.0 14,519 616 4.1

With children under age 6

1975 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9

1976 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8

1977 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2

1978 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5

1979 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3

1980 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1981 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2

1982 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9

1983 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4

1984 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1

1985 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9

1986 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0

1987 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4

1988 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6

1989 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2

1990 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1

1991 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1

1992 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5

1993 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9

1994 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0

1995 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8

1996 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8

1997 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6

1998 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3

1999 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3

2000 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4

2001 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9

2002 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4

2003 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6

2004 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1

2005 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9

2006 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2

2007 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4

2008 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3

2009 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3

2010 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3

2011 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2012 10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6

2013 10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4

2014 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3

2015 10,048 63.9 9,405 643 6.4

2016 9,934 65.3 9,358 576 5.8

With children under age 3

1975 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7

1976 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5

1977 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2

1978 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9

1979 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9

1980 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2

1981 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7

1982 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3

1983 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1

1984 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8

1985 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1

1986 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7

1987 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8

1988 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5

1989 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5

1990 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5

1991 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1

1992 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4

1993 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8

1995 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5

1996 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1

1997 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1

1998 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3

1999 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2000 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6

2001 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8

2002 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9

2003 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2

2004 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7

2005 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1

2006 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6

2007 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5

2008 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5

2009 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4

2010 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9

2011 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2

2012 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3

2013 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4

2014 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1

2015 5,494 61.4 5,119 375 6.8

2016 5,486 63.1 5,165 322 5.9

With no children under age 18

1975 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9

1976 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3

1977 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4

1978 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8

1979 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2

1980 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5

1981 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4

1982 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2

1983 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6

1984 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8

1985 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6

1986 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4

1987 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1988 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9

1989 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5

1990 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6

1991 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5

1992 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8

1993 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

1995 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0

1996 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0

1997 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6

1998 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1

1999 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4

2000 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3

2001 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0

2002 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4

2003 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6

2004 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4

2005 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9

2006 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5

2007 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0

2008 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8

2009 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2

2010 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3

2011 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9

2012 47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9

2013 47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0

2014 48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4

2015 48,273 51.7 45,794 2,479 5.1

2016 49,663 52.1 47,180 2,484 5.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years 167,068 128,713 77.0 123,528 73.9 5,185 4.0 38,355

Less than a high school 

diploma 16,452 9,997 60.8 9,234 56.1 763 7.6 6,454

High school graduates, no 

college 46,248 33,333 72.1 31,572 68.3 1,761 5.3 12,915

Some college or associate's 

degree 45,723 35,560 77.8 34,112 74.6 1,448 4.1 10,163

College graduates, total 58,645 49,823 85.0 48,609 82.9 1,214 2.4 8,822

Bachelor's degree 37,427 31,355 83.8 30,520 81.5 835 2.7 6,071

Advanced degree 21,219 18,468 87.0 18,089 85.2 379 2.1 2,751

Master's degree 15,886 13,658 86.0 13,352 84.1 305 2.2 2,228

Professional degree 2,482 2,217 89.3 2,182 87.9 34 1.6 266

Doctoral degree 2,850 2,593 91.0 2,554 89.6 39 1.5 257

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years 85,391 60,049 70.3 57,604 67.5 2,445 4.1 25,342

Less than a high school 

diploma 7,735 3,600 46.5 3,269 42.3 331 9.2 4,135

High school graduates, no 

college 21,745 13,729 63.1 12,990 59.7 739 5.4 8,016

Some college or associate's 

degree 24,600 17,751 72.2 17,016 69.2 735 4.1 6,849

College graduates, total 31,310 24,969 79.7 24,329 77.7 640 2.6 6,341

Bachelor's degree 19,828 15,449 77.9 15,023 75.8 427 2.8 4,379

Advanced degree 11,482 9,519 82.9 9,306 81.1 213 2.2 1,963

Master's degree 9,044 7,402 81.8 7,227 79.9 175 2.4 1,642

Professional degree 1,148 967 84.2 949 82.6 18 1.9 181

Doctoral degree 1,290 1,150 89.2 1,130 87.6 20 1.8 140

Men

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2016 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 25 to 64 years 81,678 68,664 84.1 65,924 80.7 2,740 4.0 13,013

Less than a high school 

diploma 8,716 6,397 73.4 5,965 68.4 432 6.7 2,320

High school graduates, no 

college 24,503 19,604 80.0 18,583 75.8 1,021 5.2 4,899

Some college or associate's 

degree 21,123 17,809 84.3 17,096 80.9 712 4.0 3,314

College graduates, total 27,336 24,854 90.9 24,280 88.8 574 2.3 2,481

Bachelor's degree 17,599 15,906 90.4 15,497 88.1 409 2.6 1,693

Advanced degree 9,737 8,948 91.9 8,782 90.2 166 1.9 788

Master's degree 6,842 6,256 91.4 6,125 89.5 131 2.1 586

Professional degree 1,334 1,250 93.7 1,233 92.4 16 1.3 84

Doctoral degree 1,561 1,443 92.5 1,424 91.3 19 1.3 118

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2016 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Women

1970 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1976 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Men

1970 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1983 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Total

1992 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

2015 127,106 100.0 8.1 25.9 27.7 38.2

2016 128,713 100.0 7.8 25.9 27.6 38.7

Women

1992 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

1995 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

2015 59,252 100.0 6.1 23.2 29.6 41.1

2016 60,049 100.0 6.0 22.9 29.6 41.6

Men

1992 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

1999 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

2015 67,853 100.0 9.9 28.4 26.0 35.7

2016 68,664 100.0 9.3 28.6 25.9 36.2

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 148,834 100.0 151,436 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 57,960 38.9 59,438 39.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,108 16.2 24,941 16.5

Professional and related occupations 33,852 22.7 34,498 22.8

Service occupations 25,896 17.4 26,811 17.7

Sales and office occupations 33,598 22.6 33,539 22.1

Sales and related occupations 15,700 10.5 15,848 10.5

Office and administrative support occupations 17,897 12.0 17,691 11.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,733 9.2 13,904 9.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,073 0.7 1,096 0.7

Construction and extraction occupations 7,652 5.1 7,929 5.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,008 3.4 4,879 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,647 11.9 17,743 11.7

Production occupations 8,522 5.7 8,459 5.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,125 6.1 9,284 6.1

Women

Total, 16 years and older 69,703 100.0 70,868 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 29,871 42.9 30,593 43.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 10,519 15.1 10,922 15.4

Professional and related occupations 19,351 27.8 19,671 27.8

Service occupations 14,686 21.1 15,186 21.4

Sales and office occupations 20,659 29.6 20,516 28.9

Sales and related occupations 7,741 11.1 7,761 11.0

Office and administrative support occupations 12,918 18.5 12,755 18.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 642 0.9 657 0.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 260 0.4 244 0.3

Construction and extraction occupations 207 0.3 236 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 175 0.3 177 0.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 3,846 5.5 3,916 5.5

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Production occupations 2,452 3.5 2,385 3.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 1,394 2.0 1,531 2.2

Men

Total, 16 years and older 79,131 100.0 80,568 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 28,090 35.5 28,846 35.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 13,589 17.2 14,019 17.4

Professional and related occupations 14,501 18.3 14,827 18.4

Service occupations 11,209 14.2 11,625 14.4

Sales and office occupations 12,939 16.4 13,023 16.2

Sales and related occupations 7,960 10.1 8,088 10.0

Office and administrative support occupations 4,980 6.3 4,936 6.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,091 16.5 13,247 16.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 813 1.0 852 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations 7,445 9.4 7,693 9.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,833 6.1 4,703 5.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 13,801 17.4 13,826 17.2

Production occupations 6,070 7.7 6,073 7.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,731 9.8 7,753 9.6

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 151,436 46.8

Management, professional, and related occupations 59,438 51.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,941 43.8

Management occupations 17,418 39.1

Chief executives 1,649 27.3

General and operations managers 949 29.8

Legislators 20 –

Advertising and promotions managers 67 56.5

Marketing and sales managers 1,066 45.3

Public relations and fundraising managers 62 70.9

Administrative services managers 181 42.6

Computer and information systems managers 597 25.5

Financial managers 1,197 52.5

Compensation and benefits managers 20 –

Human resources managers 287 74.2

Training and development managers 58 58.5

Industrial production managers 275 23.2

Purchasing managers 203 47.4

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 299 17.1

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,042 24.8

Construction managers 812 7.4

Education administrators 954 65.1

Architectural and engineering managers 136 5.3

Food service managers 1,157 45.9

Funeral service managers 15 –

Gaming managers 16 –

Lodging managers 166 52.2

Medical and health services managers 593 72.3

Natural sciences managers 14 –

Postmasters and mail superintendents 25 –

Property, real estate, and community association managers 709 46.5

Social and community service managers 421 70.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Emergency management directors 10 –

Managers, all other 4,420 34.4

Business and financial operations occupations 7,523 54.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 38 –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 11 –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 207 53.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 272 48.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 349 62.2

Compliance officers 270 57.1

Cost estimators 113 12.0

Human resources workers 693 74.6

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 77 72.1

Training and development specialists 156 60.7

Logisticians 115 32.3

Management analysts 902 41.7

Meeting, convention, and event planners 162 77.6

Fundraisers 86 66.5

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 302 55.0

Business operations specialists, all other 290 60.9

Accountants and auditors 1,777 61.3

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 73 35.6

Budget analysts 53 51.3

Credit analysts 27 –

Financial analysts 307 36.9

Personal financial advisors 513 31.6

Insurance underwriters 104 62.5

Financial examiners 14 –

Credit counselors and loan officers 367 57.7

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 68 63.8

Tax preparers 108 63.2

Financial specialists, all other 68 55.7

Professional and related occupations 34,498 57.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,601 25.5

Computer and information research scientists 20 –

Computer systems analysts 526 35.7

Information security analysts 89 21.8

Computer programmers 466 22.6

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,483 20.0

Web developers 205 33.6

Computer support specialists 570 25.5

Database administrators 90 46.2

Network and computer systems administrators 218 17.1

Computer network architects 115 9.7

Computer occupations, all other 596 23.4

Actuaries 14 –

Mathematicians 4 –

Operations research analysts 129 55.4

Statisticians 74 52.5

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 2 –

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,106 14.2

Architects, except naval 246 26.0

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 34 –

Aerospace engineers 130 7.8

Agricultural engineers 2 –

Biomedical engineers 13 –

Chemical engineers 79 20.1

Civil engineers 425 10.8

Computer hardware engineers 69 24.7

Electrical and electronics engineers 293 10.8

Environmental engineers 33 –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 220 20.3

Marine engineers and naval architects 13 –

Materials engineers 31 –

Mechanical engineers 350 6.4

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 9 –

Nuclear engineers 7 –

Petroleum engineers 36 –

Engineers, all other 539 12.2

Drafters 109 15.0

Engineering technicians, except drafters 385 19.8

Surveying and mapping technicians 83 7.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,367 44.0

Agricultural and food scientists 35 –

Biological scientists 96 43.4

Conservation scientists and foresters 31 –

Medical scientists 154 46.9

Life scientists, all other 3 –

Astronomers and physicists 19 –

Atmospheric and space scientists 6 –

Chemists and materials scientists 95 34.6

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 89 30.0

Physical scientists, all other 261 45.0

Economists 26 –

Survey researchers 3 –

Psychologists 161 67.5

Sociologists 3 –

Urban and regional planners 38 –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 –

Agricultural and food science technicians 35 –

Biological technicians 17 –

Chemical technicians 76 34.6

Geological and petroleum technicians 18 –

Nuclear technicians 5 –

Social science research assistants 2 –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 155 51.0

Community and social service occupations 2,612 65.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Counselors 869 73.0

Social workers 781 81.5

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 102 57.4

Social and human service assistants 184 80.5

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 89 74.9

Clergy 436 17.6

Directors, religious activities and education 78 55.0

Religious workers, all other 73 64.4

Legal occupations 1,808 51.8

Lawyers 1,133 35.7

Judicial law clerks 15 –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 59 34.2

Paralegals and legal assistants 433 86.7

Miscellaneous legal support workers 168 77.0

Education, training, and library occupations 8,948 73.1

Postsecondary teachers 1,420 48.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 692 97.5

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,186 78.5

Secondary school teachers 1,078 60.5

Special education teachers 353 85.2

Other teachers and instructors 868 65.3

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 43 –

Librarians 190 83.8

Library technicians 37 –

Teacher assistants 950 89.3

Other education, training, and library workers 132 71.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,097 48.5

Artists and related workers 232 56.6

Designers 878 54.8

Actors 47 –

Producers and directors 173 38.5

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 312 34.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Dancers and choreographers 17 –

Musicians, singers, and related workers 192 40.4

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 49 –

Announcers 59 20.9

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 73 48.8

Public relations specialists 121 58.9

Editors 167 52.4

Technical writers 61 55.7

Writers and authors 229 62.8

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 116 68.7

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 111 15.2

Photographers 205 47.7

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 54 21.4

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 1 –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 8,960 75.6

Chiropractors 51 27.4

Dentists 163 34.4

Dietitians and nutritionists 120 89.4

Optometrists 36 –

Pharmacists 306 59.9

Physicians and surgeons 1,061 38.2

Physician assistants 92 70.0

Podiatrists 12 –

Audiologists 15 –

Occupational therapists 118 89.2

Physical therapists 290 69.3

Radiation therapists 13 –

Recreational therapists 11 –

Respiratory therapists 84 73.5

Speech-language pathologists 162 97.5

Exercise physiologists 2 –

Therapists, all other 205 82.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Veterinarians 101 63.2

Registered nurses 3,102 90.0

Nurse anesthetists 23 –

Nurse midwives 6 –

Nurse practitioners 176 94.0

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 32 –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 361 68.5

Dental hygienists 169 97.1

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 311 73.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 194 35.7

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 610 79.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 653 90.0

Medical records and health information technicians 184 92.1

Opticians, dispensing 55 69.7

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 130 65.6

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 114 51.7

Service occupations 26,811 56.6

Healthcare support occupations 3,554 87.7

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,058 88.1

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 20 –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 70 69.4

Massage therapists 170 80.7

Dental assistants 294 93.3

Medical assistants 570 92.9

Medical transcriptionists 39 –

Pharmacy aides 36 –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 39 –

Phlebotomists 101 86.5

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 156 73.9

Protective service occupations 3,117 22.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 61 34.0

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 114 18.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 44 –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 88 23.5

Firefighters 252 3.5

Fire inspectors 27 –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 383 28.2

Detectives and criminal investigators 130 23.6

Fish and game wardens 9 –

Parking enforcement workers 8 –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers 708 14.1

Transit and railroad police 2 –

Animal control workers 9 –

Private detectives and investigators 94 44.0

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 923 22.0

Crossing guards 72 60.4

Transportation security screeners 44 –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 149 44.2

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,542 53.5

Chefs and head cooks 460 21.4

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 543 57.7

Cooks 2,179 38.7

Food preparation workers 1,000 58.2

Bartenders 454 56.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 420 63.5

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 214 67.2

Waiters and waitresses 2,085 70.0

Food servers, nonrestaurant 213 71.3

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 331 42.9

Dishwashers 319 18.0

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 319 80.8

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 3 –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,804 40.1

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 323 39.9

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 231 4.6

Janitors and building cleaners 2,276 34.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,485 89.6

Pest control workers 79 2.6

Grounds maintenance workers 1,411 5.4

Personal care and service occupations 5,795 77.3

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 206 46.4

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 191 70.5

Animal trainers 61 47.3

Nonfarm animal caretakers 233 76.9

Gaming services workers 92 47.9

Motion picture projectionists 6 –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 40 –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 199 41.0

Embalmers and funeral attendants 12 –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 40 –

Barbers 126 11.7

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 806 92.4

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 364 86.1

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 66 17.5

Tour and travel guides 53 40.2

Childcare workers 1,280 94.4

Personal care aides 1,396 84.9

Recreation and fitness workers 440 62.2

Residential advisors 42 –

Personal care and service workers, all other 142 56.5

Sales and office occupations 33,539 61.2

Sales and related occupations 15,848 49.0

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,282 44.1

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,180 26.8

Cashiers 3,260 73.2

Counter and rental clerks 105 46.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Parts salespersons 117 13.8

Retail salespersons 3,312 48.4

Advertising sales agents 222 45.5

Insurance sales agents 630 46.5

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 263 30.4

Travel agents 83 84.7

Sales representatives, services, all other 512 31.8

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,308 29.1

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 59 67.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents 977 55.5

Sales engineers 43 –

Telemarketers 61 64.0

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 160 62.5

Sales and related workers, all others 274 47.2

Office and administrative support occupations 17,691 72.1

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,352 68.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service 25 –

Telephone operators 41 –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 –

Bill and account collectors 152 67.4

Billing and posting clerks 452 89.0

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,137 88.5

Gaming cage workers 12 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 129 90.7

Procurement clerks 27 –

Tellers 342 81.7

Financial clerks, all other 69 63.9

Brokerage clerks 3 –

Correspondence clerks 7 –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 80 71.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 44 –

Customer service representatives 2,388 65.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 77 75.2

File clerks 183 82.7

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 138 66.1

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 152 88.1

Library assistants, clerical 87 86.2

Loan interviewers and clerks 132 79.0

New accounts clerks 24 –

Order clerks 105 57.3

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 42 –

Receptionists and information clerks 1,331 90.1

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 144 55.1

Information and record clerks, all other 118 71.9

Cargo and freight agents 27 –

Couriers and messengers 227 18.4

Dispatchers 292 55.7

Meter readers, utilities 31 –

Postal service clerks 121 53.7

Postal service mail carriers 320 38.9

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 60 42.4

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 245 51.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 546 33.9

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,530 37.0

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 51 52.0

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,744 94.6

Computer operators 91 50.8

Data entry keyers 272 77.6

Word processors and typists 82 88.9

Desktop publishers 0 –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 273 85.2

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 77 43.5

Office clerks, general 1,295 82.8

Office machine operators, except computer 35 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Proofreaders and copy markers 12 –

Statistical assistants 9 –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 551 75.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,904 4.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,096 22.3

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 48 –

Agricultural inspectors 19 –

Animal breeders 7 –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 85 65.5

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 818 21.0

Fishers and related fishing workers 29 –

Hunters and trappers 1 –

Forest and conservation workers 21 –

Logging workers 68 0.9

Construction and extraction occupations 7,929 3.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 680 2.6

Boilermakers 23 –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 160 0.5

Carpenters 1,359 2.1

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 168 1.9

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 56 2.2

Construction laborers 1,801 3.5

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 13 –

Pile-driver operators 2 –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 351 2.3

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 180 1.1

Electricians 774 3.0

Glaziers 54 1.4

Insulation workers 50 5.2

Painters, construction and maintenance 612 6.2

Paperhangers 4 –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 583 1.4

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Plasterers and stucco masons 34 –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 –

Roofers 230 1.7

Sheet metal workers 126 2.9

Structural iron and steel workers 60 2.0

Solar photovoltaic installers 10 –

Helpers, construction trades 57 6.2

Construction and building inspectors 93 6.4

Elevator installers and repairers 44 –

Fence erectors 43 –

Hazardous materials removal workers 34 –

Highway maintenance workers 92 3.2

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 10 –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 10 –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 34 –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 25 –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 33 –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 11 –

Mining machine operators 55 1.5

Roof bolters, mining 4 –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 6 –

Helpers--extraction workers 4 –

Other extraction workers 32 –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,879 3.6

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 264 10.1

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 212 9.6

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 143 16.1

Avionics technicians 7 –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 25 –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 2 –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 13 –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 10 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 44 –

Security and fire alarm systems installers 79 1.8

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 140 1.7

Automotive body and related repairers 147 3.6

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 879 1.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 342 0.8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 203 0.5

Small engine mechanics 51 3.5

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 87 1.7

Control and valve installers and repairers 33 –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 427 1.4

Home appliance repairers 49 –

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 393 3.3

Maintenance and repair workers, general 552 3.0

Maintenance workers, machinery 21 –

Millwrights 40 –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 136 0.6

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 171 2.5

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 66 14.9

Wind turbine service technicians 5 –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 38 –

Commercial divers 1 –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 30 –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 10 –

Riggers 13 –

Signal and track switch repairers 7 –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 19 –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 198 6.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,743 22.1

Production occupations 8,459 28.2

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 763 18.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 5 –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 117 49.3

Engine and other machine assemblers 9 –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 22 –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,082 34.4

Bakers 224 64.8

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 277 26.9

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 24 –

Food batchmakers 107 58.7

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 10 –

Food processing workers, all other 138 37.4

Computer control programmers and operators 87 5.2

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 83 18.3

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 48 –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 14 –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 –

Machinists 356 3.4

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 31 –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 4 –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 33 –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 –

Tool and die makers 50 3.0

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 603 4.1

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 7 –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 20 –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 5 –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 379 20.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Prepress technicians and workers 22 –

Printing press operators 205 20.3

Print binding and finishing workers 14 –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 188 58.1

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 36 –

Sewing machine operators 208 71.5

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 8 –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 2 –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 79 79.7

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 2 –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 13 –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 11 –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 –

Upholsterers 36 –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 20 –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 56 11.9

Furniture finishers 19 –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 35 –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 23 –

Woodworkers, all other 34 –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 44 –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 78 4.7

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 77 5.2

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 38 –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 54 10.2

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 94 11.9

Cutting workers 67 22.3

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 29 –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 16 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 734 37.9

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 40 –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 85 51.4

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 236 50.5

Painting workers 173 8.9

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 29 –

Semiconductor processors 2 –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 3 –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 0 –

Etchers and engravers 6 –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 24 –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 33 –

Tire builders 10 –

Helpers--production workers 40 –

Production workers, all other 968 29.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,284 16.5

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 190 21.4

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 141 5.2

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 26 –

Flight attendants 93 75.8

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 19 –

Bus drivers 553 48.7

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,542 6.0

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 500 14.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other 63 8.8

Locomotive engineers and operators 52 3.2

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 2 –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 55 4.7

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 –

Sailors and marine oilers 16 –

Ship and boat captains and operators 31 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Ship engineers 4 –

Bridge and lock tenders 2 –

Parking lot attendants 89 10.7

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 97 8.6

Transportation inspectors 26 –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 41 –

Other transportation workers 34 –

Conveyor operators and tenders 3 –

Crane and tower operators 63 0.8

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 37 –

Hoist and winch operators 9 –

Industrial truck and tractor operators 605 9.6

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 328 13.0

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,900 18.1

Machine feeders and offbearers 30 –

Packers and packagers, hand 550 54.5

Pumping station operators 16 –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 101 8.6

Mine shuttle car operators 0 –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 4 –

Material moving workers, all other 45 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 54,701 9,511 4,298 10,686

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 44.4 34.8 51.0 27.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.0 11.6 17.8 10.0

Professional and related occupations 28.4 23.2 33.2 17.0

Service occupations 20.0 28.8 20.3 32.2

Sales and office occupations 29.5 28.3 22.1 29.6

Sales and related occupations 11.0 10.8 9.6 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations 18.5 17.5 12.5 17.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.0 0.7 0.7 2.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.1 7.4 5.9 9.1

Production occupations 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.0 3.4 1.2 3.4

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Industry and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 148,834 100.0 151,436 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,422 1.6 2,460 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 917 0.6 792 0.5

Construction 9,935 6.7 10,328 6.8

Manufacturing 15,338 10.3 15,408 10.2

Durable goods 9,709 6.5 9,704 6.4

Nondurable goods 5,629 3.8 5,704 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade 20,320 13.7 20,218 13.4

Wholesale trade 3,635 2.4 3,641 2.4

Retail trade 16,686 11.2 16,577 10.9

Transportation and utilities 7,726 5.2 8,012 5.3

Transportation and warehousing 6,459 4.3 6,693 4.4

Utilities 1,267 0.9 1,319 0.9

Information 2,988 2.0 2,855 1.9

Financial activities 10,087 6.8 10,404 6.9

Finance and insurance 7,081 4.8 7,241 4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,005 2.0 3,163 2.1

Professional and business services 17,409 11.7 18,325 12.1

Professional and technical services 10,625 7.1 11,228 7.4

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,784 4.6 7,097 4.7

Education and health services 33,678 22.6 34,263 22.6

Educational services 13,601 9.1 13,674 9.0

Health care and social assistance 20,077 13.5 20,589 13.6

Hospitals 6,698 4.5 6,990 4.6

Health services, except hospitals 10,165 6.8 10,220 6.7

Social assistance 3,213 2.2 3,379 2.2

Leisure and hospitality 13,821 9.3 14,193 9.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,184 2.1 3,241 2.1

Accommodation and food services 10,637 7.1 10,952 7.2

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Industry and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Other services 7,264 4.9 7,320 4.8

Other services, except private households 6,466 4.3 6,596 4.4

Private households 798 0.5 724 0.5

Public administration 6,928 4.7 6,857 4.5

Women

Total, 16 years and older 69,703 100.0 70,868 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 597 0.9 621 0.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 120 0.2 106 0.1

Construction 929 1.3 939 1.3

Manufacturing 4,456 6.4 4,460 6.3

Durable goods 2,384 3.4 2,418 3.4

Nondurable goods 2,073 3.0 2,042 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade 9,098 13.1 9,005 12.7

Wholesale trade 1,071 1.5 1,074 1.5

Retail trade 8,027 11.5 7,932 11.2

Transportation and utilities 1,749 2.5 1,883 2.7

Transportation and warehousing 1,466 2.1 1,593 2.2

Utilities 283 0.4 290 0.4

Information 1,169 1.7 1,160 1.6

Financial activities 5,345 7.7 5,437 7.7

Finance and insurance 3,942 5.7 3,993 5.6

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,403 2.0 1,444 2.0

Professional and business services 7,149 10.3 7,581 10.7

Professional and technical services 4,469 6.4 4,743 6.7

Management, administrative, and waste services 2,680 3.8 2,839 4.0

Education and health services 25,125 36.0 25,572 36.1

Educational services 9,373 13.4 9,360 13.2

Health care and social assistance 15,752 22.6 16,212 22.9

Hospitals 5,055 7.3 5,359 7.6

Health services, except hospitals 7,974 11.4 8,011 11.3

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Industry and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Social assistance 2,723 3.9 2,842 4.0

Leisure and hospitality 7,066 10.1 7,189 10.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,466 2.1 1,465 2.1

Accommodation and food services 5,599 8.0 5,724 8.1

Other services 3,764 5.4 3,820 5.4

Other services, except private households 3,023 4.3 3,157 4.5

Private households 741 1.1 664 0.9

Public administration 3,136 4.5 3,095 4.4

Men

Total, 16 years and older 79,131 100.0 80,568 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,826 2.3 1,839 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 798 1.0 686 0.9

Construction 9,006 11.4 9,389 11.7

Manufacturing 10,882 13.8 10,948 13.6

Durable goods 7,325 9.3 7,286 9.0

Nondurable goods 3,556 4.5 3,662 4.5

Wholesale and retail trade 11,222 14.2 11,213 13.9

Wholesale trade 2,564 3.2 2,567 3.2

Retail trade 8,659 10.9 8,645 10.7

Transportation and utilities 5,977 7.6 6,129 7.6

Transportation and warehousing 4,993 6.3 5,100 6.3

Utilities 983 1.2 1,029 1.3

Information 1,819 2.3 1,695 2.1

Financial activities 4,742 6.0 4,967 6.2

Finance and insurance 3,139 4.0 3,248 4.0

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,602 2.0 1,719 2.1

Professional and business services 10,259 13.0 10,743 13.3

Professional and technical services 6,156 7.8 6,485 8.0

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,103 5.2 4,258 5.3

Education and health services 8,553 10.8 8,691 10.8

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2015 2016

Number Percent Number Percent

Educational services 4,229 5.3 4,315 5.4

Health care and social assistance 4,325 5.5 4,377 5.4

Hospitals 1,643 2.1 1,630 2.0

Health services, except hospitals 2,191 2.8 2,209 2.7

Social assistance 490 0.6 537 0.7

Leisure and hospitality 6,755 8.5 7,005 8.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,717 2.2 1,776 2.2

Accommodation and food services 5,038 6.4 5,229 6.5

Other services 3,500 4.4 3,500 4.3

Other services, except private households 3,443 4.4 3,440 4.3

Private households 58 0.1 60 0.1

Public administration 3,792 4.8 3,762 4.7

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2015 and 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Industry Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 151,436 46.8

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,460 25.3

Crop production 1,206 24.4

Animal production and aquaculture 876 27.5

Forestry, except logging 58 21.0

Logging 101 3.2

Fishing, hunting, and trapping 38 –

Support activities for agriculture and forestry 180 36.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 792 13.4

Oil and gas extraction 102 20.2

Coal mining 53 4.0

Metal ore mining 37 –

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 106 13.3

Not specified type of mining 6 –

Support activities for mining 488 13.4

Construction 10,328 9.1

Manufacturing 15,408 28.9

Durable goods manufacturing 9,704 24.9

Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing 450 17.1

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 28 –

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing 20 –

Glass and glass product manufacturing 162 18.8

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing 149 8.8

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 92 20.2

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing 1,632 16.8

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing 269 12.1

Aluminum production and processing 72 19.5

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing 44 –

Foundries 72 7.5

Metal forgings and stampings 48 –

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing 43 –

Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing 336 14.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Industry Total employed Percent women

Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 306 14.6

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities 76 21.5

Ordnance 50 31.0

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing 292 21.0

Not specified metal industries 26 –

Machinery manufacturing 1,186 20.8

Agricultural implement manufacturing 110 22.9

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 156 16.8

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 72 25.6

Metalworking machinery manufacturing 145 17.9

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 58 20.3

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. 634 21.8

Not specified machinery manufacturing 12 –

Computers and electronic products manufacturing 1,215 30.4

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 196 30.5

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing 152 25.5

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 218 28.5

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c. 650 32.2

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing 387 31.6

Household appliance manufacturing 75 39.9

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c. 312 29.6

Transportation equipment manufacturing 2,438 24.8

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing 1,401 27.8

Aircraft and parts manufacturing 729 22.4

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 73 15.0

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 23 –

Ship and boat building 174 14.5

Other transportation equipment manufacturing 38 –

Wood products manufacturing 419 14.4

Sawmills and wood preservation 111 8.7

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products 38 –

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes 42 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Industry Total employed Percent women

Miscellaneous wood products 228 14.5

Furniture and related product manufacturing 441 26.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,536 35.6

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 585 38.6

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing 97 37.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c. 556 33.5

Not specified manufacturing industries 297 33.1

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,704 35.8

Food manufacturing 1,770 40.3

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 142 30.5

Sugar and confectionery products 80 50.3

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 157 35.7

Dairy product manufacturing 132 22.2

Animal slaughtering and processing 481 38.8

Retail bakeries 298 64.2

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries 217 35.6

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c. 216 32.8

Not specified food industries 48 –

Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing 323 22.7

Beverage manufacturing 304 22.1

Tobacco manufacturing 19 –

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing 643 54.3

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 9 –

Fabric mills, except knitting mills 105 44.2

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills 22 –

Carpet and rug mills 76 38.7

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug 89 61.1

Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills 21 –

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing 253 64.5

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 5 –

Footwear manufacturing 42 –

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing 21 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Industry Total employed Percent women

Paper manufacturing and printing 909 27.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 203 18.1

Paperboard container manufacturing 109 27.1

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 85 28.1

Printing and related support activities 511 31.4

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 179 20.3

Petroleum refining 167 20.4

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 12 –

Chemicals manufacturing 1,323 34.9

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing 127 27.3

Agricultural chemical manufacturing 35 –

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 556 44.6

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 70 17.4

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing 134 50.0

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 401 22.8

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 556 28.1

Plastics product manufacturing 407 29.8

Tire manufacturing 65 18.6

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing 83 27.5

Wholesale and retail trade 20,218 44.5

Wholesale trade 3,641 29.5

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 193 19.2

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 67 34.5

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 171 24.8

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 320 40.5

Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers 52 17.1

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 180 25.9

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 164 23.7

Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 371 23.1

Recyclable material merchant wholesalers 86 16.9

Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 113 36.1

Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers 54 33.1

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Industry Total employed Percent women

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 219 48.3

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 117 48.4

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 798 24.9

Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 73 25.0

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 116 22.5

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers 139 22.7

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers 55 28.5

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 216 37.2

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 78 40.3

Not specified wholesale trade 60 39.7

Retail trade 16,577 47.8

Automobile dealers 1,411 20.9

Other motor vehicle dealers 162 18.9

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 526 15.2

Furniture and home furnishings stores 558 43.4

Household appliance stores 62 24.6

Electronics stores 538 30.7

Building material and supplies dealers 1,029 30.4

Hardware stores 195 36.8

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 258 32.7

Grocery stores 2,706 48.2

Specialty food stores 246 43.5

Beer, wine, and liquor stores 137 41.7

Pharmacies and drug stores 940 63.4

Health and personal care, except drug, stores 358 65.5

Gasoline stations 519 52.8

Clothing stores 1,041 74.8

Shoe stores 163 52.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 202 61.5

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores 473 40.2

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 55 69.6

Musical instrument and supplies stores 45 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Industry Total employed Percent women

Book stores and news dealers 103 65.5

Department stores and discount stores 2,077 59.8

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 542 59.8

Retail florists 85 70.5

Office supplies and stationery stores 137 42.8

Used merchandise stores 232 64.8

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 136 75.1

Miscellaneous retail stores 520 50.2

Electronic shopping 328 46.0

Electronic auctions 17 –

Mail-order houses 82 50.6

Vending machine operators 37 –

Fuel dealers 80 31.2

Other direct selling establishments 178 68.5

Not specified retail trade 401 53.6

Transportation and utilities 8,012 23.5

Transportation and warehousing 6,693 23.8

Air transportation 575 37.8

Rail transportation 239 10.1

Water transportation 62 26.4

Truck transportation 2,038 11.5

Bus service and urban transit 515 39.1

Taxi and limousine service 420 16.5

Pipeline transportation 53 15.5

Scenic and sightseeing transportation 36 –

Services incidental to transportation 747 27.4

Postal Service 653 40.9

Couriers and messengers 787 20.4

Warehousing and storage 569 31.6

Utilities 1,319 22.0

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 698 20.6

Natural gas distribution 142 27.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Industry Total employed Percent women

Electric and gas, and other combinations 105 26.1

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems 249 21.4

Sewage treatment facilities 96 15.5

Not specified utilities 28 –

Information 2,855 40.6

Newspaper publishers 199 48.3

Periodical, book, and directory publishers 210 58.7

Software publishers 100 30.5

Motion pictures and video industries 436 38.3

Sound recording industries 33 –

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming 558 33.0

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 130 35.0

Wired telecommunications carriers 466 35.5

Other telecommunications services 400 34.7

Data processing, hosting, and related services 112 38.9

Libraries and archives 179 79.6

Other information services 31 –

Financial activities 10,404 52.3

Finance and insurance 7,241 55.1

Banking and related activities 2,102 59.3

Savings institutions, including credit unions 238 75.6

Nondepository credit and related activities 954 49.8

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments 1,153 33.8

Insurance carriers and related activities 2,794 60.9

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,163 45.6

Real estate 2,764 48.0

Rental and leasing services 399 29.5

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 179 32.3

Video tape and disk rental 7 –

Other consumer goods rental 107 27.5

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing 106 24.7

Professional and business services 18,325 41.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

Industry Total employed Percent women

Professional and technical services 11,228 42.2

Legal services 1,610 55.3

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 1,110 60.2

Architectural, engineering, and related services 1,652 23.6

Specialized design services 402 57.1

Computer systems design and related services 2,845 26.1

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1,652 43.7

Scientific research and development services 597 48.7

Advertising, public relations, and related services 548 51.4

Veterinary services 347 81.2

Other professional, scientific, and technical services 464 53.2

Management, administrative, and waste services 7,097 40.0

Management of companies and enterprises 188 44.2

Employment services 1,046 54.0

Business support services 808 64.2

Travel arrangements and reservation services 304 62.1

Investigation and security services 828 24.1

Services to buildings and dwellings 1,599 56.3

Landscaping services 1,412 8.3

Other administrative and other support services 334 49.5

Waste management and remediation services 577 17.2

Education and health services 34,263 74.6

Educational services 13,674 68.4

Elementary and secondary schools 8,975 75.0

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges 3,851 53.5

Business, technical, and trade schools and training 101 55.3

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services 746 68.0

Health care and social assistance 20,589 78.7

Hospitals 6,990 76.7

Health services, except hospitals 10,220 78.4

Offices of physicians 1,611 76.4

Offices of dentists 897 82.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Industry Total employed Percent women

Offices of chiropractors 135 66.7

Offices of optometrists 133 82.4

Offices of other health practitioners 297 72.5

Outpatient care centers 1,603 76.2

Home health care services 1,495 88.4

Other health care services 1,417 68.4

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 1,786 82.9

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities 846 74.8

Social assistance 3,379 84.1

Individual and family services 1,553 77.8

Community food and housing, and emergency services 127 62.7

Vocational rehabilitation services 138 58.2

Child day care services 1,561 94.4

Leisure and hospitality 14,193 50.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,241 45.2

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries 857 43.2

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions 364 41.3

Bowling centers 33 –

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 1,988 46.8

Accommodation and food services 10,952 52.3

Accommodation 1,592 55.5

Traveler accommodation 1,488 56.1

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses 104 47.2

Food services and drinking places 9,360 51.7

Restaurants and other food services 9,134 51.7

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 226 51.1

Other services 7,320 52.2

Other services, except private households 6,596 47.9

Repair and maintenance 2,051 10.9

Automotive repair and maintenance 1,205 8.3

Car washes 168 12.0

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 134 17.2

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified

Note: Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry Total employed Percent women

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 322 7.0

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 218 26.5

Footwear and leather goods repair 5 –

Personal and laundry services 2,481 71.7

Barber shops 134 20.5

Beauty salons 982 91.2

Nail salons and other personal care services 541 75.4

Drycleaning and laundry services 286 56.6

Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories 149 40.9

Other personal services 389 57.8

Membership associations and organizations 2,064 55.9

Religious organizations 1,088 47.2

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services 754 68.9

Labor unions 58 46.3

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations 164 56.9

Private households 724 91.7

Public administration 6,857 45.1

Executive offices and legislative bodies 1,082 50.9

Public finance activities 302 62.4

Other general government and support 106 42.9

Justice, public order, and safety activities 2,739 34.7

Administration of human resource programs 995 71.5

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 248 43.5

Administration of economic programs and space research 529 46.5

National security and international affairs 857 34.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 54,701 9,511 4,298 10,686

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries 1.1 0.1 0.3 1.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction 1.5 0.6 0.7 1.3

Manufacturing 6.3 5.3 8.9 7.4

Durable goods manufacturing 3.4 2.7 5.0 3.3

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2.9 2.6 3.9 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 12.9 11.5 12.1 14.0

Wholesale trade 1.6 0.8 2.0 1.7

Retail trade 11.3 10.6 10.0 12.3

Transportation and utilities 2.4 4.2 2.3 3.0

Transportation and warehousing 2.0 3.8 2.1 2.7

Utilities 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

Information 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.1

Financial activities 7.9 6.6 8.2 6.1

Finance and insurance 5.7 5.2 6.6 4.3

Real estate and rental and leasing 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Professional and business services 11.0 8.4 12.5 11.9

Professional and technical services 7.1 3.6 10.0 4.5

Management, administrative, and waste services 4.0 4.8 2.5 7.4

Education and health services 35.7 41.6 31.7 29.5

Educational services 14.1 10.9 8.5 10.0

Health care and social assistance 21.6 30.6 23.2 19.5

Hospitals 7.3 8.6 9.6 4.8

Health services, except hospitals 10.5 16.2 10.9 10.1

Social assistance 3.8 5.8 2.7 4.5

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 9.4 9.8 14.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.5

Accommodation and food services 7.9 8.1 8.2 13.0

Other services 5.4 4.0 7.8 6.2

Other services, except private households 4.4 3.5 7.2 3.7

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Private households 1.0 0.5 0.6 2.5

Public administration 4.0 6.7 3.7 3.5

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability 

section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 

2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Total

Total 101,015 $885

Less than high school diploma 7,108 504

High school graduate or more 93,907 923

High school graduate, no college 25,475 692

Some college or associate's degree 27,307 779

Some college, no degree 16,056 756

Associate's degree 11,251 819

Occupational program 4,633 809

Academic program 6,618 827

Bachelor's degree and higher 41,125 1,259

Bachelor's degree 25,503 1,156

Master's degree 11,675 1,380

Professional degree 1,729 1,745

Doctoral degree 2,218 1,664

Women

Total 44,731 $784

Less than high school diploma 2,204 423

High school graduate or more 42,528 812

High school graduate, no college 9,856 599

Some college or associate's degree 12,924 688

Some college, no degree 7,319 665

Associate's degree 5,606 720

Occupational program 2,081 686

Academic program 3,524 739

Bachelor's degree and higher 19,747 1,101

Bachelor's degree 11,987 994

Master's degree 6,084 1,210

Professional degree 734 1,447

Doctoral degree 942 1,477

Men

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2016 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Total 56,284 $969

Less than high school diploma 4,904 551

High school graduate or more 51,380 1019

High school graduate, no college 15,619 769

Some college or associate's degree 14,383 896

Some college, no degree 8,738 861

Associate's degree 5,646 951

Occupational program 2,552 938

Academic program 3,094 961

Bachelor's degree and higher 21,378 1,464

Bachelor's degree 13,516 1,348

Master's degree 5,591 1,616

Professional degree 995 1,913

Doctoral degree 1,276 1,877

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2016 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 111,091 $832 49,161 $749 61,930 $915 81.9

Management, professional, and related occupations 45,930 1,188 23,674 1,027 22,256 1,420 72.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 19,023 1,284 8,761 1,099 10,261 1,491 73.7

Management occupations 12,828 1,370 5,314 1,148 7,514 1,539 74.6

Chief executives 1,150 2,303 318 1,876 832 2,419 77.6

General and operations managers 876 1,266 250 1,037 626 1,358 76.4

Legislators 11 – 6 – 6 – –

Advertising and promotions managers 56 1,332 32 – 24 – –

Marketing and sales managers 921 1,468 403 1,142 518 1,745 65.4

Public relations and fundraising managers 60 1,532 38 – 21 – –

Administrative services managers 172 1,261 71 952 101 1,398 68.1

Computer and information systems managers 592 1,738 150 1,680 443 1,756 95.7

Financial managers 1,105 1,423 578 1,157 527 1,670 69.3

Compensation and benefits managers 16 – 12 – 3 – –

Human resources managers 263 1,340 190 1,283 73 1,737 73.9

Training and development managers 58 1,507 31 – 27 – –

Industrial production managers 267 1,361 66 1,219 201 1,409 86.5

Purchasing managers 187 1,274 92 1,169 95 1,400 83.5

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 288 990 51 988 237 990 99.8

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 119 892 17 – 102 906 –

Construction managers 487 1,395 35 – 452 1,401 –

Education administrators 838 1,381 541 1,280 297 1,528 83.8

Architectural and engineering managers 143 2,258 9 – 134 2,265 –

Food service managers 760 739 350 632 410 853 74.1

Funeral service managers 13 – 1 – 11 – –

Gaming managers 18 – 4 – 14 – –

Lodging managers 124 929 64 764 59 1,068 71.5

Medical and health services managers 533 1,402 399 1,254 133 1,610 77.9

Natural sciences managers 14 – 8 – 6 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Postmasters and mail superintendents 23 – 11 – 12 – –

Property, real estate, and community association 

managers

402 959 221 815 181 1,157 70.4

Social and community service managers 363 1,079 248 992 115 1,206 82.3

Emergency management directors 8 – 3 – 5 – –

Managers, all other 2,960 1,422 1,115 1,188 1,845 1,542 77.0

Business and financial operations occupations 6,195 1,161 3,448 1,018 2,747 1,373 74.1

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, 

and athletes 23 – 12 – 11 – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 152 838 83 765 68 942 81.2

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm 

products 253 1,024 125 974 128 1,037 93.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and 

investigators 321 969 206 912 114 1,139 80.1

Compliance officers 252 1,243 146 1,163 106 1,274 91.3

Cost estimators 104 1,159 9 – 96 1,172 –

Human resources workers 631 1,139 465 1,089 166 1,364 79.8

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 72 1,069 51 1,001 21 – –

Training and development specialists 129 1,103 82 959 47 – –

Logisticians 111 1,011 37 – 75 1,116 –

Management analysts 585 1,476 253 1,342 332 1,586 84.6

Meeting, convention, and event planners 119 867 88 852 30 – –

Fundraisers 64 1,111 42 – 22 – –

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 246 1,171 130 1,097 116 1,345 81.6

Business operations specialists, all other 257 1,125 146 1,001 110 1,263 79.3

Accountants and auditors 1,451 1,153 892 1,018 559 1,441 70.6

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 31 – 13 – 19 – –

Budget analysts 48 – 26 – 22 – –

Credit analysts 28 – 13 – 15 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Financial analysts 277 1,525 104 1,252 173 1,747 71.7

Personal financial advisors 399 1,404 142 953 258 1,714 55.6

Insurance underwriters 102 1,113 68 910 34 – –

Financial examiners 13 – 6 – 7 – –

Credit counselors and loan officers 351 1,054 200 926 151 1,331 69.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 58 1,138 38 – 20 – –

Tax preparers 53 1,049 33 – 20 – –

Financial specialists, all other 56 1,155 37 – 20 – –

Professional and related occupations 26,907 1,141 14,912 998 11,995 1,364 73.2

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,104 1,443 1,035 1,325 3,068 1,518 87.3

Computer and information research scientists 20 – 7 – 13 – –

Computer systems analysts 496 1,393 182 1,328 314 1,475 90.0

Information security analysts 85 1,617 20 – 65 1,826 –

Computer programmers 403 1,398 104 1,312 300 1,466 89.5

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,351 1,776 266 1,553 1,084 1,863 83.4

Web developers 142 1,236 45 – 97 1,284 –

Computer support specialists 491 1,060 124 1,014 367 1,078 94.1

Database administrators 83 1,731 37 – 46 – –

Network and computer systems administrators 197 1,232 29 – 168 1,250 –

Computer network architects 105 1,502 12 – 93 1,535 –

Computer occupations, all other 524 1,195 106 1,055 418 1,244 84.8

Actuaries 12 – 1 – 11 – –

Mathematicians 4 – 0 – 3 – –

Operations research analysts 125 1,315 66 1,300 59 1,382 94.1

Statisticians 65 1,405 35 – 30 – –

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 2 – 1 – 1 – –

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,835 1,482 398 1,207 2,437 1,529 78.9

Architects, except naval 178 1,339 43 – 135 1,462 –

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 28 – 9 – 19 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Aerospace engineers 124 1,854 10 – 114 1,846 –

Agricultural engineers 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Biomedical engineers 14 – 2 – 12 – –

Chemical engineers 91 1,877 18 – 73 1,901 –

Civil engineers 389 1,504 39 – 350 1,526 –

Computer hardware engineers 58 1,843 12 – 46 – –

Electrical and electronics engineers 271 1,729 26 – 245 1,736 –

Environmental engineers 31 – 5 – 27 – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 215 1,526 46 – 169 1,580 –

Marine engineers and naval architects 19 – 1 – 18 – –

Materials engineers 26 – 5 – 21 – –

Mechanical engineers 335 1,560 24 – 311 1,567 –

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety 

engineers 8 – 0 – 7 – –

Nuclear engineers 8 – 1 – 7 – –

Petroleum engineers 35 – 3 – 32 – –

Engineers, all other 493 1,573 63 1,401 430 1,659 84.4

Drafters 93 990 10 – 83 1,030 –

Engineering technicians, except drafters 350 997 75 793 275 1,075 73.8

Surveying and mapping technicians 67 811 5 – 61 790 –

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,151 1,209 486 1,119 665 1,319 84.8

Agricultural and food scientists 32 – 12 – 20 – –

Biological scientists 81 1,346 35 – 46 – –

Conservation scientists and foresters 26 – 4 – 23 – –

Medical scientists 127 1,211 57 1,169 69 1,250 93.5

Life scientists, all other 3 – 3 – 0 – –

Astronomers and physicists 20 – 4 – 16 – –

Atmospheric and space scientists 6 – 1 – 5 – –

Chemists and materials scientists 93 1,306 36 – 56 1,504 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 79 1,555 21 – 58 1,591 –

Physical scientists, all other 241 1,416 111 1,323 131 1,727 76.6

Economists 22 – 9 – 14 – –

Survey researchers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Psychologists 91 1,260 66 1,187 25 – –

Sociologists 4 – 3 – 1 – –

Urban and regional planners 34 – 13 – 21 – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 30 – 11 – 19 – –

Agricultural and food science technicians 24 – 6 – 17 – –

Biological technicians 19 – 8 – 11 – –

Chemical technicians 75 919 25 – 50 919 –

Geological and petroleum technicians 17 – 2 – 15 – –

Nuclear technicians 4 – 1 – 3 – –

Social science research assistants 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science 

technicians 119 894 57 826 62 949 87.0

Community and social service occupations 2,136 919 1,377 880 759 1,004 87.6

Counselors 657 904 473 907 184 892 101.7

Social workers 684 906 557 884 127 1,039 85.1

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 100 992 61 1,004 39 – –

Social and human service assistants 151 736 122 727 29 – –

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

including health educators and community health 

workers

83 831 63 767 20 – –

Clergy 368 1,039 53 893 315 1,070 83.5

Directors, religious activities and education 49 – 26 – 23 – –

Religious workers, all other 42 – 21 – 21 – –

Legal occupations 1,294 1,431 732 1,152 562 1,904 60.5

Lawyers 745 1,897 299 1,619 446 2,086 77.6

Judicial law clerks 14 – 7 – 7 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 56 1,560 21 – 35 – –

Paralegals and legal assistants 351 874 308 863 43 – –

Miscellaneous legal support workers 128 1,009 98 867 30 – –

Education, training, and library occupations 6,859 984 4,982 933 1,877 1,154 80.8

Postsecondary teachers 980 1,247 445 1,152 535 1,356 85.0

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 530 626 518 621 13 – –

Elementary and middle school teachers 2,836 1,009 2,231 981 605 1,126 87.1

Secondary school teachers 965 1,111 562 1,074 403 1,146 93.7

Special education teachers 313 1,021 264 1,018 49 – –

Other teachers and instructors 370 938 214 786 156 1,135 69.3

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 36 – 25 – 11 – –

Librarians 140 987 117 980 23 – –

Library technicians 10 – 8 – 2 – –

Teacher assistants 588 523 532 525 56 501 104.8

Other education, training, and library workers 91 1,107 67 1,068 24 – –

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,671 1,040 752 951 919 1,139 83.5

Artists and related workers 61 1,236 23 – 38 – –

Designers 586 1,086 297 922 290 1,267 72.8

Actors 13 – 5 – 8 – –

Producers and directors 128 1,163 50 1,030 78 1,228 83.9

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 141 826 35 – 106 862 –

Dancers and choreographers 5 – 4 – 2 – –

Musicians, singers, and related workers 37 – 13 – 24 – –

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, 

all other 13 – 4 – 9 – –

Announcers 32 – 8 – 24 – –

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 58 1,166 27 – 30 – –

Public relations specialists 107 1,228 67 1,134 40 – –

Editors 120 1,053 56 1,035 64 1,112 93.1

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Technical writers 56 1,253 27 – 29 – –

Writers and authors 99 1,070 60 983 39 – –

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 59 745 36 – 24 – –

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio 

operators 80 1,020 13 – 67 1,099 –

Photographers 43 – 19 – 24 – –

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators 

and editors 31 – 7 – 24 – –

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6,857 1,104 5,150 1,036 1,706 1,332 77.8

Chiropractors 18 – 7 – 10 – –

Dentists 61 1,850 27 – 34 – –

Dietitians and nutritionists 82 986 71 997 11 – –

Optometrists 18 – 15 – 3 – –

Pharmacists 222 1,924 133 1,839 89 2,096 87.7

Physicians and surgeons 806 1,916 308 1,476 497 2,343 63.0

Physician assistants 75 1,544 50 1,547 25 – –

Podiatrists 4 – 0 – 3 – –

Audiologists 11 – 8 – 2 – –

Occupational therapists 71 1,365 61 1,315 10 – –

Physical therapists 197 1,325 128 1,306 69 1,348 96.9

Radiation therapists 11 – 10 – 1 – –

Recreational therapists 9 – 3 – 6 – –

Respiratory therapists 76 998 54 993 22 – –

Speech-language pathologists 112 1,200 109 1,172 3 – –

Exercise physiologists 1 – 1 – 0 – –

Therapists, all other 137 920 106 913 32 – –

Veterinarians 65 1,338 46 – 19 – –

Registered nurses 2,498 1,154 2,213 1,143 285 1,261 90.6

Nurse anesthetists 14 – 6 – 8 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Nurse midwives 5 – 5 – 0 – –

Nurse practitioners 144 1,750 133 1,753 11 – –

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 8 – 8 – 1 – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 295 887 198 834 97 1,071 77.9

Dental hygienists 75 1,034 73 1,045 2 – –

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 254 1,041 175 936 79 1,156 81.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 174 779 60 650 114 821 79.2

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 474 662 361 643 113 712 90.3

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 525 749 481 743 44 – –

Medical records and health information technicians 170 798 159 793 11 – –

Opticians, dispensing 42 – 28 – 14 – –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 107 745 64 714 43 – –

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 96 1,083 47 – 49 – –

Service occupations 15,908 523 7,914 487 7,994 595 81.8

Healthcare support occupations 2,423 525 2,094 519 329 602 86.2

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,386 503 1,192 498 194 534 93.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 13 – 12 – 1 – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 48 – 32 – 15 – –

Massage therapists 45 – 30 – 15 – –

Dental assistants 199 592 180 583 19 – –

Medical assistants 488 572 452 562 36 – –

Medical transcriptionists 23 – 23 – 0 – –

Pharmacy aides 21 – 19 – 2 – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 24 – 17 – 7 – –

Phlebotomists 84 586 71 570 12 – –

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including 

medical equipment preparers 94 537 65 504 29 – –

Protective service occupations 2,697 809 524 688 2,173 854 80.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 55 873 20 – 35 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 120 1,324 23 – 97 1,361 –

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 45 – 3 – 41 – –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all 

other 89 880 23 – 66 895 –

Firefighters 252 1,065 8 – 244 1,056 –

Fire inspectors 16 – 1 – 15 – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 365 749 91 672 275 793 84.7

Detectives and criminal investigators 132 1,182 28 – 104 1,251 –

Fish and game wardens 8 – 1 – 7 – –

Parking enforcement workers 6 – 2 – 4 – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 709 1,004 100 938 609 1,008 93.1

Transit and railroad police 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Animal control workers 6 – 2 – 4 – –

Private detectives and investigators 60 904 29 – 31 – –

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 727 585 152 516 576 597 86.4

Crossing guards 23 – 12 – 11 – –

Transportation security screeners 40 – 16 – 23 – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective 

service workers 42 – 14 – 28 – –

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4,619 465 2,202 434 2,417 491 88.4

Chefs and head cooks 356 614 68 519 288 632 82.1

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving 

workers 425 528 251 485 174 666 72.8

Cooks 1,408 444 515 421 892 459 91.7

Food preparation workers 477 419 262 413 215 432 95.6

Bartenders 253 602 122 498 131 701 71.0

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

fast food 196 396 125 402 72 381 105.5

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee 

shop 68 374 49 – 20 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Waiters and waitresses 949 470 607 441 342 504 87.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant 104 479 71 445 33 – –

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender 

helpers 133 420 51 407 82 465 87.5

Dishwashers 172 389 30 – 142 388 –

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 74 442 50 432 24 – –

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 3 – 1 – 2 – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,602 510 1,210 454 2,392 548 82.8

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial 

workers 189 655 71 524 119 702 74.6

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and 

groundskeeping workers 113 707 1 – 112 710 –

Janitors and building cleaners 1,580 526 441 476 1,139 564 84.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 781 441 661 427 120 497 85.9

Pest control workers 61 655 2 – 59 649 –

Grounds maintenance workers 878 502 34 – 844 503 –

Personal care and service occupations 2,568 505 1,884 482 684 613 78.6

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 127 792 59 717 68 840 85.4

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 62 651 37 – 25 – –

Animal trainers 24 – 11 – 13 – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers 88 485 71 489 17 – –

Gaming services workers 64 624 31 – 33 – –

Motion picture projectionists 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 14 – 8 – 6 – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related 

workers 79 481 31 – 48 – –

Embalmers and funeral attendants 3 – 2 – 1 – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 23 – 5 – 18 – –

Barbers 56 584 8 – 48 – –

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 307 510 281 500 27 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 205 490 167 466 37 – –

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 56 625 10 – 46 – –

Tour and travel guides 18 – 8 – 10 – –

Childcare workers 405 452 381 451 24 – –

Personal care aides 762 477 636 469 125 514 91.2

Recreation and fitness workers 192 596 100 517 92 668 77.4

Residential advisors 19 – 11 – 8 – –

Personal care and service workers, all other 61 573 26 – 35 – –

Sales and office occupations 23,625 698 14,163 649 9,461 805 80.6

Sales and related occupations 9,759 744 4,250 590 5,509 904 65.3

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,368 743 1,047 630 1,321 857 73.5

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 781 1,137 230 1,004 552 1,161 86.5

Cashiers 1,367 414 965 403 402 475 84.8

Counter and rental clerks 84 517 36 – 47 – –

Parts salespersons 96 639 11 – 85 643 –

Retail salespersons 1,831 623 728 514 1,103 730 70.4

Advertising sales agents 203 1,023 81 999 122 1,034 96.6

Insurance sales agents 423 839 205 676 218 1,166 58.0

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales 

agents 219 1,351 63 951 155 1,458 65.2

Travel agents 46 – 38 – 8 – –

Sales representatives, services, all other 427 1,040 145 826 282 1,202 68.7

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,121 1,047 302 872 819 1,140 76.5

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 14 – 6 – 8 – –

Real estate brokers and sales agents 493 983 284 780 209 1,222 63.8

Sales engineers 40 – 5 – 35 – –

Telemarketers 42 – 25 – 17 – –

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and 

related workers 34 – 11 – 23 – –

Sales and related workers, all other 171 805 68 709 103 946 74.9

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 104

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Office and administrative support occupations 13,866 679 9,913 669 3,952 708 94.5

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support 

workers 1,203 848 819 809 383 942 85.9

Switchboard operators, including answering service 17 – 14 – 3 – –

Telephone operators 36 – 31 – 5 – –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 – 4 – 1 – –

Bill and account collectors 144 625 105 650 39 – –

Billing and posting clerks 404 666 360 660 44 – –

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 756 722 641 716 115 790 90.6

Gaming cage workers 9 – 8 – 1 – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 125 786 110 785 15 – –

Procurement clerks 25 – 16 – 9 – –

Tellers 235 542 195 539 39 – –

Financial clerks, all other 62 708 44 – 18 – –

Brokerage clerks 3 – 1 – 2 – –

Correspondence clerks 5 – 5 – 0 – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 79 691 60 681 19 – –

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 41 – 33 – 8 – –

Customer service representatives 1,850 640 1,185 623 664 676 92.2

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 72 828 55 735 17 – –

File clerks 134 676 113 680 21 – –

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 102 513 66 500 36 – –

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 105 639 98 634 7 – –

Library assistants, clerical 45 – 38 – 8 – –

Loan interviewers and clerks 124 774 100 756 25 – –

New accounts clerks 21 – 21 – 0 – –

Order clerks 85 646 45 – 40 – –

Human resources assistants, except payroll and 

timekeeping 36 – 32 – 4 – –

Receptionists and information clerks 951 583 848 581 103 600 96.8

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel 

clerks 102 705 56 646 46 – –

Information and record clerks, all other 104 654 73 631 31 – –

Cargo and freight agents 23 – 9 – 14 – –

Couriers and messengers 160 726 25 – 135 739 –

Dispatchers 279 704 153 671 126 734 91.4

Meter readers, utilities 30 – 1 – 28 – –

Postal service clerks 111 901 53 805 58 999 80.6

Postal service mail carriers 304 981 119 931 185 1,020 91.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

machine operators 56 783 23 – 33 – –

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 224 853 111 765 113 935 81.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 473 596 151 583 322 602 96.8

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,014 530 371 526 643 533 98.7

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

recordkeeping 45 – 24 – 21 – –

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,210 713 2,078 708 133 831 85.2

Computer operators 78 811 37 – 41 – –

Data entry keyers 221 638 170 630 51 655 96.2

Word processors and typists 56 730 48 – 7 – –

Desktop publishers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 251 665 210 658 40 – –

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal 

service 56 619 23 – 33 – –

Office clerks, general 900 654 760 648 140 707 91.7

Office machine operators, except computer 30 – 16 – 14 – –

Proofreaders and copy markers 5 – 5 – 0 – –

Statistical assistants 7 – 2 – 5 – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 457 768 351 751 107 855 87.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 11,022 786 464 580 10,558 794 73.0

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 106

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 842 520 169 465 673 544 85.5

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry 

workers 28 – 3 – 25 – –

Agricultural inspectors 18 – 5 – 13 – –

Animal breeders 2 – 1 – 1 – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 74 511 48 – 25 – –

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 659 508 111 423 547 524 80.7

Fishers and related fishing workers 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Hunters and trappers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Forest and conservation workers 17 – 1 – 17 – –

Logging workers 39 – 0 – 39 – –

Construction and extraction occupations 5,979 784 151 639 5,828 786 81.3

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction 

workers 558 1,091 18 – 540 1,101 –

Boilermakers 26 – 0 – 26 – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 119 741 0 – 119 741 –

Carpenters 839 730 11 – 828 733 –

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 93 593 2 – 91 597 –

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 47 – 0 – 47 – –

Construction laborers 1,322 692 41 – 1,281 697 –

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 11 – 0 – 11 – –

Pile-driver operators 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment 

operators 334 920 6 – 328 922 –

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 138 600 1 – 137 601 –

Electricians 667 952 18 – 649 951 –

Glaziers 48 – 1 – 47 – –

Insulation workers 42 – 2 – 40 – –

Painters, construction and maintenance 392 612 17 – 375 615 –

Paperhangers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 475 927 11 – 464 925 –

Plasterers and stucco masons 25 – 0 – 25 – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 – 0 – 12 – –

Roofers 161 623 3 – 158 624 –

Sheet metal workers 117 819 3 – 115 820 –

Structural iron and steel workers 61 976 1 – 60 983 –

Solar photovoltaic installers 10 – 0 – 10 – –

Helpers, construction trades 42 – 2 – 40 – –

Construction and building inspectors 68 996 6 – 62 1,040 –

Elevator installers and repairers 41 – 0 – 41 – –

Fence erectors 30 – 0 – 29 – –

Hazardous materials removal workers 28 – 4 – 24 – –

Highway maintenance workers 85 745 2 – 83 723 –

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 9 – 0 – 9 – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 17 – 0 – 17 – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and 

mining 29 – 0 – 29 – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23 – 0 – 23 – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and 

blasters 10 – 0 – 9 – –

Mining machine operators 48 – 0 – 48 – –

Roof bolters, mining 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Helpers--extraction workers 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Other extraction workers 29 – 0 – 29 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,201 861 144 783 4,057 863 90.7

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and 

repairers 246 1,020 25 – 221 1,016 –

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 165 851 15 – 150 861 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and 

repairers 132 950 22 – 110 975 –

Avionics technicians 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 26 – 2 – 23 – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, 

transportation equipment 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 15 – 1 – 14 – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor 

vehicles 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and 

repairers 33 – 1 – 32 – –

Security and fire alarm systems installers 69 927 1 – 68 909 –

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 136 1,047 2 – 134 1,053 –

Automotive body and related repairers 117 761 5 – 112 770 –

Automotive glass installers and repairers 14 – 0 – 14 – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 688 730 11 – 677 729 –

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 298 874 1 – 297 875 –

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

and mechanics 198 964 0 – 198 964 –

Small engine mechanics 32 – 1 – 30 – –

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, 

installers, and repairers 74 641 0 – 73 646 –

Control and valve installers and repairers 33 – 1 – 32 – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and 

installers 361 864 4 – 357 868 –

Home appliance repairers 25 – 0 – 25 – –

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 385 968 11 – 374 973 –

Maintenance and repair workers, general 514 796 13 – 502 797 –

Maintenance workers, machinery 20 – 1 – 19 – –

Millwrights 35 – 0 – 35 – –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 126 1,161 1 – 125 1,165 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 172 850 4 – 168 824 –

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 56 910 10 – 46 – –

Wind turbine service technicians 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and 

repairers 27 – 3 – 24 – –

Commercial divers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 12 – 0 – 12 – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 7 – 0 – 7 – –

Riggers 11 – 0 – 11 – –

Signal and track switch repairers 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 10 – 1 – 9 – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 137 773 8 – 130 782 –

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 14,606 665 2,945 531 11,661 704 75.4

Production occupations 7,513 668 1,949 527 5,564 723 72.9

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 729 923 131 723 599 972 74.4

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems 

assemblers 6 – 2 – 4 – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 105 590 50 554 55 618 89.6

Engine and other machine assemblers 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 22 – 0 – 22 – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 990 601 345 559 645 625 89.4

Bakers 138 494 83 480 55 562 85.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing 

workers 244 526 61 449 183 571 78.6

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

operators and tenders 16 – 2 – 14 – –

Food batchmakers 81 537 42 – 40 – –

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 7 – 1 – 6 – –

Food processing workers, all other 129 547 41 – 88 579 –

Computer control programmers and operators 85 802 6 – 80 843 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 110

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 13 – 2 – 11 – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 13 – 3 – 9 – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic 86 639 18 – 68 672 –

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 45 – 3 – 42 – –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 13 – 0 – 12 – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Machinists 326 824 13 – 313 844 –

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 31 – 1 – 30 – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 28 – 7 – 21 – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 2 – 1 – 1 – –

Tool and die makers 43 – 0 – 43 – –

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 558 743 23 – 535 753 –

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 21 – 2 – 20 – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 380 626 74 565 306 658 85.9

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 111

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Prepress technicians and workers 15 – 7 – 8 – –

Printing press operators 170 701 33 – 137 748 –

Print binding and finishing workers 11 – 2 – 9 – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 135 454 80 436 55 486 89.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 30 – 20 – 10 – –

Sewing machine operators 165 437 114 452 52 407 111.1

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 4 – 1 – 3 – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 32 – 25 – 7 – –

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and 

tenders 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 7 – 3 – 4 – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, 

and tenders 13 – 11 – 2 – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, 

operators, and tenders 6 – 4 – 2 – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Upholsterers 20 – 1 – 19 – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 13 – 2 – 11 – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 35 – 5 – 30 – –

Furniture finishers 9 – 1 – 8 – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 31 – 4 – 27 – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

except sawing 23 – 4 – 19 – –

Woodworkers, all other 17 – 1 – 15 – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 39 – 2 – 37 – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 77 924 4 – 72 954 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 112

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system 

operators 76 883 3 – 72 885 –

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 42 – 3 – 38 – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders 50 924 4 – 46 – –

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 88 643 6 – 82 642 –

Cutting workers 62 576 13 – 50 546 –

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine 

setters, operators, and tenders 24 – 4 – 19 – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 11 – 1 – 10 – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 686 714 241 584 445 834 70.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 18 – 7 – 11 – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 64 615 31 – 33 – –

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 224 488 113 425 112 574 74.0

Painting workers 158 701 11 – 147 713 –

Photographic process workers and processing machine 

operators 23 – 12 – 11 – –

Semiconductor processors 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 12 – 5 – 7 – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators 

and tenders 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Etchers and engravers 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 16 – 2 – 14 – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 27 – 7 – 21 – –

Tire builders 11 – 1 – 10 – –

Helpers--production workers 25 – 3 – 23 – –

Production workers, all other 887 622 246 515 641 690 74.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,093 662 997 540 6,097 685 78.8

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 165 807 39 – 126 843 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 113

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 119 1,582 7 – 112 1,600 –

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 28 – 10 – 19 – –

Flight attendants 68 873 49 – 19 – –

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 

medical technicians 15 – 2 – 13 – –

Bus drivers 343 641 146 589 197 691 85.2

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,809 780 120 630 2,689 787 80.1

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 261 580 38 – 222 595 –

Motor vehicle operators, all other 25 – 2 – 23 – –

Locomotive engineers and operators 45 – 0 – 45 – –

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 3 – 1 – 3 – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 52 1,160 1 – 51 1,148 –

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 13 – 1 – 13 – –

Sailors and marine oilers 15 – 1 – 14 – –

Ship and boat captains and operators 28 – 1 – 26 – –

Ship engineers 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Bridge and lock tenders 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Parking lot attendants 67 519 4 – 62 513 –

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 73 462 5 – 67 456 –

Transportation inspectors 25 – 5 – 20 – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 20 – 10 – 10 – –

Other transportation workers 31 – 7 – 24 – –

Conveyor operators and tenders 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Crane and tower operators 66 909 0 – 66 909 –

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 27 – 0 – 27 – –

Hoist and winch operators 11 – 0 – 10 – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators 564 602 54 563 510 604 93.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 252 491 28 – 224 487 –

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,417 566 221 509 1,196 580 87.8

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 114

Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data 

or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Machine feeders and offbearers 27 – 13 – 14 – –

Packers and packagers, hand 383 456 216 437 166 468 93.4

Pumping station operators 13 – 1 – 11 – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 68 562 4 – 64 584 –

Mine shuttle car operators 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 3 – 0 – 2 – –

Material moving workers, all other 46 – 6 – 40 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 115

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, 16 years and older 111,091 $832 49,161 $749 61,930 $915 81.9

Agriculture and related industries 1,181 579 233 502 948 598 83.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas 

extraction 737 1,198 92 1,058 645 1,222 86.6

Construction 7,248 823 600 796 6,648 827 96.3

Manufacturing 14,087 857 3,888 702 10,199 923 76.1

Durable goods manufacturing 8,954 894 2,163 736 6,791 947 77.7

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,133 792 1,725 647 3,408 877 73.8

Wholesale and retail trade 13,626 676 5,415 592 8,211 752 78.7

Wholesale trade 3,045 870 840 745 2,206 937 79.5

Retail trade 10,581 624 4,576 569 6,005 695 81.9

Transportation and utilities 6,521 884 1,440 761 5,081 921 82.6

Transportation and warehousing 5,270 820 1,175 720 4,095 861 83.6

Utilities 1,251 1,192 264 984 987 1,244 79.1

Information 2,308 1,136 906 972 1,403 1,255 77.5

Financial activities 8,308 976 4,428 831 3,881 1,247 66.6

Finance and insurance 6,289 1,036 3,527 848 2,762 1,438 59.0

Real estate and rental and 

leasing 2,019 829 900 775 1,119 879 88.2

Professional and business services 12,943 993 5,131 857 7,812 1,125 76.2

Professional and technical 

services 8,176 1,273 3,367 1,024 4,808 1,490 68.7

Management, administrative, and 

waste services 4,767 617 1,764 593 3,003 634 93.5

Education and health services 25,646 877 18,790 815 6,856 1,060 76.9

Educational services 10,475 960 7,080 923 3,395 1,076 85.8

Health care and social 

assistance 15,172 793 11,710 745 3,461 1,041 71.6

Leisure and hospitality 7,789 534 3,510 496 4,279 577 86.0

Arts, entertainment, and 

recreation 1,691 686 674 627 1,017 728 86.1

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 116

(1) Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

(2) Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Accommodation and food 

services 6,098 504 2,836 475 3,262 528 90.0

Other services 4,305 686 1,907 601 2,398 758 79.3

Other services, except private 

households 3,974 707 1,615 623 2,359 759 82.1

Private households 331 491 292 482 40 (1) (2)

Public administration 6,391 998 2,822 892 3,569 1,123 79.4

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older 79,883 2,153 2.7 701 1,451

16 to 24 years 15,856 976 6.2 383 594

25 years and older 64,026 1,176 1.8 319 857

Women, 16 years and older 40,315 1,384 3.4 432 952

16 to 24 years 7,890 619 7.8 235 384

25 years and older 32,425 764 2.4 196 568

Men, 16 years and older 39,568 769 1.9 270 499

16 to 24 years 7,967 357 4.5 147 210

25 years and older 31,601 412 1.3 122 289

Race and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity(1)

White 61,080 1,597 2.6 469 1,127

Women 30,256 1,043 3.4 280 763

Men 30,823 554 1.8 190 364

Black or African American 11,681 390 3.3 193 197

Women 6,385 234 3.7 131 103

Men 5,297 156 2.9 62 93

Asian 3,962 96 2.4 21 75

Women 2,121 61 2.9 11 50

Men 1,841 35 1.9 10 25

Hispanic or Latino 16,241 366 2.3 103 264

Women 7,197 229 3.2 59 171

Men 9,044 137 1.5 44 93

Full- and part-time status(2)

Full-time workers 59,198 884 1.5 183 702

Women 26,780 550 2.1 116 434

Men 32,418 334 1.0 66 268

Part-time workers 20,582 1,267 6.2 519 748

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2016 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 118

(1) Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Women 13,474 833 6.2 316 517

Men 7,108 434 6.1 203 231

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2016 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year and Gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

Total

1968 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 120

Year and Gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1999 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

2015 148,834 121,492 27,341 81.6 18.4

2016 151,436 123,761 27,675 81.7 18.3

Women

1968 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9

1969 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1

1970 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1

1971 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8

1972 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9

1973 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8

1974 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8

1975 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6

1976 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5

1977 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4

1978 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9

1979 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7

1980 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 121

Year and Gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1981 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1

1982 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1

1983 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1

1984 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1

1985 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6

1986 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4

1987 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1

1988 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7

1989 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5

1990 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2

1991 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6

1992 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4

1993 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3

1994 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7

1995 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4

1996 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9

1997 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4

1998 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9

1999 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3

2000 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6

2001 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8

2002 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3

2003 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6

2004 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7

2005 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2

2006 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7

2007 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7

2008 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6

2009 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5

2010 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6

2011 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5

2012 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 122

Year and Gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2013 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0

2014 68,613 50,889 17,724 74.2 25.8

2015 69,703 52,142 17,561 74.8 25.2

2016 70,868 53,194 17,674 75.1 24.9

Men

1968 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 123

Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major 

redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and Gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1995 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

2014 77,692 67,829 9,863 87.3 12.7

2015 79,131 69,351 9,780 87.6 12.4

2016 80,568 70,567 10,002 87.6 12.4

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 124

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2016 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 125

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

2007 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

2015 38.6 35.9 40.9 38.5 35.9 40.8

2016 38.7 36.2 41.0 38.7 36.2 40.9

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2016 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 126

Year and gender Population in thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in thousands Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

Total

1970 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9

1975 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7

1980 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7

1985 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6

1990 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6

1995 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2

2000 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.8 19.5 9.3 10.2

2005 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7

2006 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4

2007 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3

2008 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0

2009 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4

2010 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6

2011 242,602 153,479 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2

2012 244,993 156,194 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4

2013 247,258 156,987 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1

2014 250,080 159,056 63.6 100.0 79.6 67.9 11.7 20.4 10.8 9.6

2015 252,766 162,329 64.2 100.0 79.6 68.0 11.6 20.4 10.6 9.8

Women

1970 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1

1975 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1

1980 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4

1985 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

1990 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4

1995 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4

2000 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7

2005 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2

2006 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9

2007 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2015 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 127

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on 

income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Year and gender Population in thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in thousands Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2008 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.9

2009 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7

2010 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9

2011 125,619 72,976 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6

2012 126,791 74,051 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3

2013 127,863 74,397 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0

2014 129,342 75,416 58.3 100.0 72.7 61.2 11.5 27.3 14.7 12.6

2015 130,656 76,811 58.8 100.0 73.0 61.4 11.6 27.0 14.6 12.4

Men

1970 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0

1975 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1

1980 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4

1985 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7

1990 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4

1995 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4

2000 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.2 12.6 5.5 7.1

2005 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7

2006 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5

2007 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7

2008 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5

2009 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3

2010 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4

2011 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0

2012 118,202 82,143 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0

2013 119,395 82,590 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4

2014 120,738 83,640 69.3 100.0 85.7 73.9 11.8 14.3 7.2 7.1

2015 122,110 85,518 70.0 100.0 85.6 73.9 11.7 14.4 7.0 7.4

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2015 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 128

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2016.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 129

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199

1993 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 130

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2016.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1996 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123

2005 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121

2006 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142

2007 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149

2008 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158

2009 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160

2010 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172

2011 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163

2012 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170

2013 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169

2014 60,091 9,434 15,627 11,240 3,767 620 35,030 32,000 2,082 764 183

2015 60,338 9,379 15,640 11,178 3,733 729 35,320 32,333 2,028 756 203

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2015 (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 131

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 0.8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 0.8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 0.7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 0.7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 0.9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 0.9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 0.8 0.3

1990 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 0.9 0.3

1991 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 0.4

1992 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 0.4

1993 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 0.3

1994 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 0.3

1995 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 0.2

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2015 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 132

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2016.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1996 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 0.2

1997 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 0.3

1998 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 0.3

1999 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 0.9 0.3

2000 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 0.2

2001 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 0.9 0.2

2002 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 0.2

2003 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 0.9 0.2

2004 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 0.9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 0.2

2005 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 0.2

2006 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 0.2

2007 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 0.3

2008 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 0.3

2009 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 0.3

2010 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 0.3

2011 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 0.3

2012 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 0.3

2013 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 0.3

2014 100.0 15.7 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 58.3 53.3 3.5 1.3 0.3

2015 100.0 15.5 25.9 18.5 6.2 1.2 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.3 0.3

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2015 (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 133

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

1970 26.6

1971 27.5

1972 26.7

1973 26.0

1974 25.4

1975 26.3

1976 26.4

1977 26.1

1978 26.1

1979 26.0

1980 26.7

1981 27.3

1982 28.4

1983 28.8

1984 28.4

1985 28.3

1986 29.0

1987 29.5

1988 29.6

1989 29.9

1990 30.7

1991 31.3

1992 32.4

1993 32.2

1994 31.9

1995 31.9

1996 32.6

1997 32.7

1998 32.8

1999 32.8

2000 33.5

2001 34.4

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2015

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 134

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2016.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

2002 34.8

2003 35.2

2004 34.9

2005 35.1

2006 35.6

2007 36.0

2008 36.0

2009 37.1

2010 37.6

2011 37.0

2012 37.3

2013 37.3

2014 36.0

2015 37.1

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2015
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 135

Year

Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not(1) Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings(2)

Married-couple families in which wife 

(but not necessarily husband) have 

earnings from work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands

Percentage of wives who 

earn more than their 

husbands

Married-couple families in which 

both wife and husband have 

earnings from work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands

Percentage of wives who 

earn more than their 

husbands

1987 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998 35,807 10,468 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

2010 36,024 13,798 38.3 31,373 9,147 29.2

2011 35,908 13,505 37.6 31,165 8,762 28.1

2012 36,181 13,779 38.1 31,549 9,147 29.0

2013 36,138 13,779 38.1 31,646 9,287 29.3

2014 36,489 13,530 37.1 31,963 9,005 28.2

2015 36,772 13,939 37.9 32,287 9,454 29.3

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 136

(1) Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

(2) Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2016.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 137

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years 

and older 152,230 119,878 18,502 8,965 25,019 8,560 5,746 2,073 364 2,520 5.6 4.8 11.2 4.1 10.1

16 to 19 

years

3,436 2,638 458 104 668 372 241 90 12 96 10.8 9.1 19.6 12.0 14.4

20 to 24 

years

13,187 9,990 1,948 561 2,913 1,609 1,043 421 58 358 12.2 10.4 21.6 10.4 12.3

25 to 34 

years

34,008 25,788 4,628 2,197 6,712 2,251 1,443 636 77 667 6.6 5.6 13.7 3.5 9.9

35 to 44 

years

31,909 24,315 4,163 2,354 6,281 2,031 1,372 472 86 784 6.4 5.6 11.3 3.7 12.5

45 to 54 

years

33,364 26,654 3,959 1,917 4,978 1,242 865 250 86 403 3.7 3.2 6.3 4.5 8.1

55 to 64 

years

26,832 22,333 2,574 1,405 2,740 904 671 178 33 171 3.4 3.0 6.9 2.4 6.2

65 years and 

older 9,495 8,159 772 426 727 153 112 26 12 41 1.6 1.4 3.4 2.9 5.6

Women, 16 

years and 

older

71,013 54,729 9,751 4,154 10,631 4,508 2,864 1,301 156 1,146 6.3 5.2 13.3 3.7 10.8

16 to 19 

years

1,731 1,308 231 53 332 225 155 52 5 62 13.0 11.9 22.4 (2) 18.7

20 to 24 

years

6,358 4,784 963 289 1,319 891 574 260 21 186 14.0 12.0 27.0 7.2 14.1

25 to 34 

years

15,599 11,558 2,411 954 2,724 1,238 719 420 40 304 7.9 6.2 17.4 4.2 11.1

35 to 44 

years

14,633 10,738 2,271 1,092 2,571 1,026 626 311 38 314 7.0 5.8 13.7 3.5 12.2

45 to 54 

years

15,687 12,255 2,084 933 2,156 592 395 146 33 176 3.8 3.2 7.0 3.6 8.1

55 to 64 

years

12,807 10,542 1,356 671 1,220 465 342 102 12 84 3.6 3.2 7.5 1.9 6.9

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 138

(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

(2) Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.

Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

65 years and 

older 4,197 3,543 435 161 308 71 52 10 6 20 1.7 1.5 2.3 4.0 6.4

Men, 16 years 

and older 81,218 65,149 8,751 4,810 14,388 4,053 2,882 772 209 1,374 5.0 4.4 8.8 4.3 9.5

16 to 19 

years

1,704 1,330 226 51 336 147 85 38 8 34 8.6 6.4 16.7 (2) 10.1

20 to 24 

years

6,829 5,206 985 272 1,594 717 470 161 37 172 10.5 9.0 16.4 13.7 10.8

25 to 34 

years

18,408 14,230 2,216 1,243 3,988 1,013 725 216 37 364 5.5 5.1 9.7 3.0 9.1

35 to 44 

years

17,276 13,577 1,893 1,261 3,710 1,005 746 160 48 469 5.8 5.5 8.5 3.8 12.6

45 to 54 

years

17,677 14,399 1,875 984 2,822 650 469 104 53 227 3.7 3.3 5.6 5.3 8.1

55 to 64 

years

14,025 11,791 1,218 734 1,520 439 328 76 21 86 3.1 2.8 6.3 2.8 5.7

65 years and 

older 5,297 4,616 337 265 419 82 60 16 6 21 1.5 1.3 4.8 2.3 5.0

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 

(Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 139

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total in thousands

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force

Total, 20 years and older 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6

20 to 24 years 71 100.0 — — —

25 to 54 years 2,023 100.0 72.5 17.1 10.4

55 to 64 years 853 100.0 60.0 15.0 24.9

65 years and older 245 100.0 26.5 10.7 62.8

Women, 20 years and older 1,419 100.0 64.1 16.3 19.6

20 to 24 years 38 100.0 — — —

25 to 54 years 872 100.0 72.3 17.0 10.7

55 to 64 years 383 100.0 56.8 15.0 28.2

65 years and older 125 100.0 28.9 13.3 57.8

Men, 20 years and older 1,773 100.0 66.5 15.7 17.8

20 to 24 years 33 100.0 — — —

25 to 54 years 1,151 100.0 72.7 17.2 10.1

55 to 64 years 469 100.0 62.6 15.1 22.3

65 years and older 119 100.0 24.0 7.9 68.1

White

Total, 20 years and older 2,573 100.0 66.5 14.8 18.6

Women 1,123 100.0 65.0 14.9 20.1

Men 1,450 100.0 67.7 14.8 17.5

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older 394 100.0 61.5 20.3 18.2

Women 224 100.0 62.5 20.9 16.6

Men 170 100.0 60.1 19.6 20.3

Asian

Total, 20 years and older 145 100.0 54.9 24.7 20.3

Women 49 100.0 — — —

Men 96 100.0 59.4 20.3 20.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older 423 100.0 69.4 14.3 16.3

Women 187 100.0 61.9 18.4 19.6

Men 236 100.0 75.4 11.0 13.7

Table 28. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 140

Note: Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their 

positions or shifts. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do 

not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2016 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 141

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2002–2016 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age and gender January 2002 January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016

Total, 16 years and older 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3

25 years and older 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1

25 to 34 years 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8

35 to 44 years 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9

45 to 54 years 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9

55 to 64 years 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.1

65 years and older 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3

Women, 16 years and older 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2

25 years and older 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0

25 to 34 years 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6

35 to 44 years 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8

45 to 54 years 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5

55 to 64 years 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.0

65 years and older 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4

Men, 16 years and older 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3

16 to 17 years 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3

25 years and older 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2

25 to 34 years 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9

35 to 44 years 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0

45 to 54 years 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4

55 to 64 years 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7 10.2

65 years and older 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2

Table 29. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2002–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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(1) Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2016.

(2) Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2015 and October 2016.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 2016 high school 

graduates(1) 3,137 1,526 48.7 1,327 42.3 199 13.1 1,610

Women 1,620 716 44.2 642 39.6 74 10.3 904

Men 1,517 811 53.4 685 45.2 126 15.5 706

Enrolled in college 2,188 840 38.4 773 35.3 67 8.0 1,348

Percentage of total 2016 

graduates 69.7 55.0 — 58.3 — 33.7 — 83.7

Women 1,165 416 35.7 394 33.9 21 5.2 749

Percentage of female 2016 

graduates 71.9 58.1 — 61.4 — 28.4 — 82.9

Men 1,023 425 41.5 379 37.0 46 10.7 599

Percentage of male 2016 

graduates 67.4 52.4 — 55.3 — 36.5 — 84.8

Not enrolled in college 948 686 72.3 554 58.4 132 19.3 262

Percentage of total 2016 

graduates 30.2 45.0 — 41.7 — 66.3 — 16.3

Women 455 300 65.9 248 54.4 52 17.5 155

Percentage of female 2016 

graduates 28.1 41.9 — 38.6 — 70.3 — 17.1

Men 493 386 78.3 306 62.0 80 20.7 107

Percentage of male 2016 

graduates 32.5 47.6 — 44.7 — 63.5 — 15.2

Total, 2015–16 high school 

dropouts(2) 513 261 50.9 178 34.7 83 31.9 252

Women 214 81 37.7 54 25.1 27 33.3 134

Men 299 181 60.4 124 41.5 56 31.3 118

Table 30. Labor force status of 2016 high school graduates and 2015–16 high school dropouts, 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 143

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2016 School Enrollment Supplement.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Enrolled in school 22,058 7,947 36.0 7,276 33.0 671 8.4 14,111

Women 11,220 4,286 38.2 4,007 35.7 279 6.5 6,934

Men 10,838 3,661 33.8 3,269 30.2 392 10.7 7,177

Enrolled in high school(1) 9,521 1,971 20.7 1,650 17.3 321 16.3 7,550

Women 4,560 1,071 23.5 919 20.2 152 14.2 3,489

Men 4,962 900 18.1 731 14.7 169 18.8 4,061

Enrolled in college 12,536 5,976 47.7 5,626 44.9 350 5.9 6,561

Women 6,660 3,215 48.3 3,088 46.4 127 3.9 3,445

Men 5,876 2,761 47.0 2,538 43.2 223 8.1 3,116

Not enrolled in school 16,309 13,004 79.7 11,544 70.8 1,460 11.2 3,306

Women 7,810 5,893 75.5 5,327 68.2 566 9.6 1,916

Less than a high school 

diploma 964 457 47.4 362 37.6 95 20.7 507

High school graduates, 

no college(2) 3,182 2,249 70.7 1,982 62.3 267 11.9 933

Some college or 

associate's degree 2,099 1,750 83.4 1,618 77.1 132 7.5 349

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,565 1,438 91.9 1,365 87.2 73 5.1 127

Men 8,500 7,110 83.7 6,217 73.1 894 12.6 1,389

Less than a high school 

diploma 1,371 954 69.6 725 52.9 229 24.0 417

High school graduates, 

no college(2) 4,144 3,455 83.4 3,000 72.4 455 13.2 689

Some college or 

associate's degree 1,904 1,697 89.1 1,571 82.5 126 7.4 207

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,081 1,004 92.9 921 85.2 83 8.3 77

Table 31. Labor force status of people, 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2016 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 145

(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2016 School Enrollment Supplement.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 146

(1) Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate(1)

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders

1994 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

2015 148,834 7,262 3,692 50.8 3,571 4.9 5.3 4.5

2016 151,436 7,531 3,887 51.6 3,645 5.0 5.5 4.5

Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 147

Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1976 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

2004 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 148

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

2006 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0

2007 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1

2008 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8

2009 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6

2010 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2

2011 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8

2012 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8

2013 141,799 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7

2014 144,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0

2015 146,411 8,665 5.9 69,106 3,396 4.9 77,305 5,269 6.8 39.2

2016 148,976 8,751 5.9 70,247 3,385 4.8 78,729 5,366 6.8 38.7

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 149

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Native born 16 years and older(1) 212,217 132,236 62.3 125,657 59.2 6,580 5.0 79,980

16 to 24 years 34,733 19,316 55.6 17,266 49.7 2,050 10.6 15,416

25 to 34 years 35,762 29,683 83.0 28,133 78.7 1,550 5.2 6,079

35 to 44 years 30,599 25,560 83.5 24,572 80.3 988 3.9 5,039

45 to 54 years 34,028 27,219 80.0 26,289 77.3 929 3.4 6,809

55 to 64 years 35,289 22,422 63.5 21,661 61.4 761 3.4 12,867

65 years and older 41,807 8,036 19.2 7,736 18.5 300 3.7 33,770

Foreign born 16 years and older(2) 41,321 26,951 65.2 25,779 62.4 1,172 4.3 14,370

16 to 24 years 3,702 1,886 50.9 1,726 46.6 160 8.5 1,816

25 to 34 years 7,785 5,836 75.0 5,589 71.8 247 4.2 1,948

35 to 44 years 9,218 7,259 78.8 6,990 75.8 269 3.7 1,958

45 to 54 years 8,369 6,690 79.9 6,430 76.8 259 3.9 1,680

55 to 64 years 6,019 4,044 67.2 3,863 64.2 180 4.5 1,975

65 years and older 6,228 1,235 19.8 1,180 18.9 55 4.5 4,993

Women

Native born 16 years and older(1) 109,776 63,076 57.5 60,096 54.7 2,981 4.7 46,700

16 to 24 years 17,276 9,458 54.7 8,576 49.6 882 9.3 7,818

25 to 34 years 18,142 14,089 77.7 13,383 73.8 707 5.0 4,052

35 to 44 years 15,611 12,115 77.6 11,647 74.6 468 3.9 3,496

45 to 54 years 17,399 13,068 75.1 12,623 72.6 445 3.4 4,330

55 to 64 years 18,312 10,733 58.6 10,400 56.8 333 3.1 7,579

65 years and older 23,037 3,612 15.7 3,467 15.0 145 4.0 19,425

Foreign born 16 years and older(2) 21,264 11,356 53.4 10,772 50.7 584 5.1 9,908

16 to 24 years 1,787 796 44.5 719 40.3 76 9.6 991

25 to 34 years 3,835 2,279 59.4 2,154 56.2 125 5.5 1,555

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 150

(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these 

categories.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

35 to 44 years 4,692 3,019 64.3 2,873 61.2 146 4.8 1,673

45 to 54 years 4,272 2,951 69.1 2,810 65.8 141 4.8 1,321

55 to 64 years 3,129 1,794 57.3 1,714 54.8 80 4.4 1,335

65 years and older 3,550 518 14.6 502 14.1 16 3.2 3,032

Men

Native born 16 years and older(1) 102,441 69,160 67.5 65,561 64.0 3,599 5.2 33,280

16 to 24 years 17,457 9,859 56.5 8,690 49.8 1,169 11.9 7,598

25 to 34 years 17,620 15,594 88.5 14,750 83.7 844 5.4 2,027

35 to 44 years 14,987 13,445 89.7 12,925 86.2 520 3.9 1,543

45 to 54 years 16,629 14,151 85.1 13,667 82.2 484 3.4 2,479

55 to 64 years 16,977 11,688 68.8 11,261 66.3 428 3.7 5,289

65 years and older 18,770 4,424 23.6 4,269 22.7 155 3.5 14,345

Foreign born 16 years and older(2) 20,057 15,595 77.8 15,007 74.8 588 3.8 4,462

16 to 24 years 1,915 1,091 57.0 1,006 52.5 84 7.7 824

25 to 34 years 3,950 3,557 90.1 3,435 87.0 122 3.4 393

35 to 44 years 4,526 4,241 93.7 4,117 91.0 124 2.9 285

45 to 54 years 4,098 3,739 91.2 3,621 88.4 118 3.2 359

55 to 64 years 2,890 2,250 77.9 2,149 74.4 101 4.5 640

65 years and older 2,678 717 26.8 679 25.3 39 5.4 1,961

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2016 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 151

Year

Total Women Men

Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2) Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2) Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2)

Total Percentage of 

employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 152

(1)Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced 

annually with the release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men

Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2) Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2) Total 

Employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by 

unions(2)

Total Percentage of 

employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2009 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

2014 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3 63,383 6,638 10.5 7,434 11.7 68,048 7,939 11.7 8,717 12.8

2015 133,743 14,795 11.1 16,441 12.3 64,445 6,833 10.6 7,681 11.9 69,298 7,963 11.5 8,760 12.6

2016 136,101 14,555 10.7 16,271 12.0 65,512 6,667 10.2 7,567 11.6 70,589 7,888 11.2 8,704 12.3

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
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Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Total veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 20,895 2,014 18,881 9.6

Civilian labor force 10,581 1,247 9,334 11.8

Participation rate 50.6 61.9 49.4

Employed 10,129 1,184 8,944 11.7

Employment-population ratio 48.5 58.8 47.4

Unemployed 453 63 390 13.9

Unemployment rate 4.3 5.0 4.2

Not in labor force 10,314 767 9,547 7.4

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,896 689 3,207 17.7

Civilian labor force 3,174 508 2,666 16.0

Participation rate 81.5 73.7 83.1

Employed 3,013 480 2,533 15.9

Employment-population ratio 77.3 69.6 79.0

Unemployed 161 28 133 17.4

Unemployment rate 5.1 5.6 5.0

Not in labor force 722 181 541 25.1

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,354 509 2,845 15.2

Civilian labor force 2,695 379 2,315 14.1

Participation rate 80.4 74.6 81.4

Employed 2,597 364 2,233 14.0

Employment-population ratio 77.4 71.5 78.5

Unemployed 98 16 82 16.3

Unemployment rate 3.6 4.2 3.5

Not in labor force 659 129 530 19.6

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 8,490 304 8,186 3.6

Civilian labor force 2,108 75 2,033 3.6

Participation rate 24.8 24.6 24.8

Table 36. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could 

have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 

1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a 

wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Employed 2,025 70 1,955 3.5

Employment-population ratio 23.8 23.1 23.9

Unemployed 83 5 78 6.0

Unemployment rate 3.9 6.4 3.9

Not in labor force 6,382 229 6,153 3.6

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population 5,156 512 4,644 9.9

Civilian labor force 2,604 285 2,320 10.9

Participation rate 50.5 55.6 50.0

Employed 2,494 271 2,224 10.9

Employment-population ratio 48.4 52.9 47.9

Unemployed 110 14 96 12.7

Unemployment rate 4.2 4.9 4.1

Not in labor force 2,551 227 2,324 8.9

Nonveterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 223,649 124,541 99,107 55.7

Civilian labor force 146,479 72,086 74,393 49.2

Participation rate 65.5 57.9 75.1

Employed 139,560 68,761 70,799 49.3

Employment-population ratio 62.4 55.2 71.4

Unemployed 6,919 3,325 3,594 48.1

Unemployment rate 4.7 4.6 4.8

Not in labor force 77,170 52,455 24,714 68.0

Table 36. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
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Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Total persons with a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 29,971 16,073 13,898

Civilian labor force 6,005 2,710 3,295

Participation rate 20.0 16.9 23.7

Employed 5,372 2,411 2,961

Employment-population ratio 17.9 15.0 21.3

Unemployed 633 299 334

Unemployment rate 10.5 11.0 10.1

Not in labor force 23,965 13,363 10,603

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,746 7,995 7,751

Civilian labor force 4,919 2,266 2,653

Participation rate 31.2 28.3 34.2

Employed 4,356 2,000 2,356

Employment-population ratio 27.7 25.0 30.4

Unemployed 564 266 298

Unemployment rate 11.5 11.7 11.2

Not in labor force 10,827 5,730 5,097

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,225 8,077 6,148

Civilian labor force 1,086 444 642

Participation rate 7.6 5.5 10.4

Employed 1,016 411 605

Employment-population ratio 7.1 5.1 9.8

Unemployed 70 33 37

Unemployment rate 6.4 7.4 5.7

Not in labor force 13,139 7,633 5,506

Total persons without a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 223,567 114,968 108,599

Civilian labor force 153,182 71,722 81,459

Participation rate 68.5 62.4 75.0

Employed 146,064 68,457 77,607

Table 37. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, 

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a 

doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Employment-population ratio 65.3 59.5 71.5

Unemployed 7,118 3,266 3,852

Unemployment rate 4.6 4.6 4.7

Not in labor force 70,385 43,245 27,140

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 189,757 96,458 93,299

Civilian labor force 144,996 68,036 76,960

Participation rate 76.4 70.5 82.5

Employed 138,164 64,899 73,264

Employment-population ratio 72.8 67.3 78.5

Unemployed 6,832 3,137 3,696

Unemployment rate 4.7 4.6 4.8

Not in labor force 44,761 28,422 16,339

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 33,810 18,510 15,300

Civilian labor force 8,185 3,686 4,499

Participation rate 24.2 19.9 29.4

Employed 7,900 3,557 4,343

Employment-population ratio 23.4 19.2 28.4

Unemployed 285 129 157

Unemployment rate 3.5 3.5 3.5

Not in labor force 25,624 14,824 10,801

Table 37. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, 

using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Upon request, this information 

is available to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Children. Children are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children living in the household who are under age 

18. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children not living in the 

household.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, 

mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. People are classified as having a 

disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she 

is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the 

six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs 

because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was 

abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or 

more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated 

businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January 

CPS.

Employed people. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid 

employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as 

unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because 

of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
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•

•

Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

In the survey process, a “householder” is designated for each family. The householder is the person, or one of the 

people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationship of other individuals in the household is 

defined in terms of their relationship to the householder.

Families include those with and without children under 18 years. Families are further categorized as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members 

residing in the household.

Families maintained by women or men are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, 

but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried 

domestic partner of either sex.

In this report, the count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other 

people related to and residing with the householder. Sub-families are excluded from the count of families. A sub-family is 

a family that does not maintain their own household, for example, a married couple living in the home of a friend and 

their family. In this example, the report would include only one family (the householder’s or primary family), not two.

Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they 

were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam) to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as 

students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify 

the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying 

areas or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for 

the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 

is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the 

week containing the 12th of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours 

during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See 

related information on usual full- or part-time status.)

Minimum wage. The estimates of the number of workers with earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain 

only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not 

included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. 

Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings 

at or below the federal minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the 

hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. The presence of workers with hourly earnings 

below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because 

there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have 
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rounded their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings 

below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.

A number of states have established minimum wage rates that exceed the federal level. (Information on state minimum 

wage laws is available at www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm.) Users should be cautious about comparing state 

estimates in this report because of differing statutory minimum wages. It also should be noted that the CPS sample is 

based on residence, that is, where workers live, which may or may not be located in the same state in which they work. 

In addition, the degree of sampling error may be quite large for some state estimates.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed.

Occupation and industry. Occupation refers to the type of job or work that a person does, and industry refers to the 

business activity of a person’s employer or company. People with two or more jobs are classified as being in the 

occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census occupational 

classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the 2012 Census industry 

classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information 

about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian 

are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or more races. More 

information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race 

groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of 

two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a 

profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise 

specified.

Tenure. Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the 

time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more 

tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers 

are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are 

collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for 

work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the survey reference week. People on temporary layoff do not need to look for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
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Union membership. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a 

union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. 

All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses.

Usual full- or part-time status. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey 

reference week, people are classified as either full- or part-time workers based on the number of hours they usually work 

per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually 

work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 

hours per week (at all jobs).

Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and 

include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). 

Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The 

term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole 

or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their 

businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.

Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is 

the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey 

are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who 

never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did 

you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. This group also generally includes the 

incorporated self-employed, because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, 

earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the average levels for 

any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly 

estimates.

Workers paid by the hour. These are wage and salary workers paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, 

workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
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Working poor. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for 

work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, 

and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. Information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/

cps/documentation.htm#reliability.