U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

DECEMBER 2015 REPORT 1059

BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 1

Women in the labor force: a 

databook

Highlights

Over the past 70 years, women’s participation in labor 

force activities has greatly expanded. Immediately 

following World War II, less than one-third of women 

were in the labor force. However, women soon began 

to participate in greater numbers, and their labor force 

participation rose rapidly from the 1960s through the 

1980s before slowing in the 1990s. Women reached the 

peak of their labor force participation in 1999, with a rate 

of 60.0 percent. Since then, labor force participation among 

women has declined, to 57.0 percent in 2014, which is 

still relatively high by historical standards. In addition, a 

large share of women work full time and year-round. Over 

time, women have increasingly attained higher levels of 

education: among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the 

labor force, the proportion with a college degree more than 

tripled from 1970 to 2014, increasing from 11.2 percent to 

40.0 percent. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s 

earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women 

working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned; 

in 2014, women’s earnings were 83 percent of men’s. 

This report presents historical and recent labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of 

approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. 

Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the 

CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data 

and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the

Technical Notes at the end of this report.) 

Selected demographic 

characteristics 

In 2014, 57.0 percent of women were in the labor force, 

edging down 0.2 percentage point from 2013. Men’s labor 

force participation, which always has been much higher 

than that for women, declined by 0.5 percentage point to 

69.2 percent in 2014. (See table 2.) 

CONTENTS

Highlights........................................................................1-4

Statistical Tables ........................................................5–101

Technical Notes.......................................................102-105

Errors were found in tables 23, 24, and 32 of this report. The tables were reissued on December 9, 2016, to correct the data. 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

The overall unemployment rate for women in 2014 was 6.1 

percent, a decline of 1.0 percentage point from 2013. The 

rate for men was 6.3 percent, down 1.3 percentage points 

from 2013. Women’s jobless rates varied by race 

and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (4.6 

percent), followed by White (5.2 percent), Hispanic (8.2 

percent), and Black (10.5 percent) women. (See tables 2 

and 3.) 

Labor force participation varies by marital status and 

differs between women and men. Divorced women had a 

higher labor force participation rate than married women, 

64.2 percent compared with 58.4 percent. By contrast, 

married men were more likely to participate in the labor 

force (73.5 percent) than divorced men (66.1 percent). 

(See table 4.) 

Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was 

higher for those with children 6 to 17 years old than for 

those with younger children. In March 2014, the rate for 

women with children 6 to 17 years old was 75.8 percent. 

The rate for those with children under 6 years old was 

64.3 percent, and the rate for women with children under 

3 years old was lower, at 61.8 percent. (See table 5; data 

were collected in the 2014 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS.) 

Unmarried mothers have higher labor force participation 

rates than married mothers. In March 2014, 76.2 percent 

of unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old 

were in the labor force, compared with 68.4 percent of 

married mothers with children in the same age range. (See 

table 6; data were collected in the 2014 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

The labor force participation rate of all women with 

children under 18 years of age was 70.8 percent in March 

2014, up slightly from 70.3 percent in 2013. (See tables 

6 and 7; data were collected in the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS.) 

Educational attainment 

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the 

labor force has risen substantially over the past 44 years. 

In 2014, 40 percent of this group held college degrees, 

compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 6 percent of 

women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not 

graduate from high school) in 2014, down from 34 percent 

in 1970. (See table 9.)

Occupation and industry 

In 2014, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers 

employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total 

employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 

20 percent of software developers, 26 percent of chief 

executives, and 33 percent of lawyers were women, 

whereas 90 percent of registered nurses, 81 percent of 

elementary and middle school teachers, and 63 percent of 

accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.) 

Employed Asian and White women were more likely to 

work in high-paying management, professional, and related 

occupations (49 percent and 43 percent, respectively) in 

2014 than were employed Black (35 percent) and Hispanic 

(26 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and 

Black (28 percent) women were more likely than Asian (21 

percent) and White (20 percent) women to work in service 

occupations, which generally pay lower wages. (See table 

12.) 

In 2014, women accounted for more than half of all 

workers within several industry sectors: financial

activities (53 percent), education and health services 

(75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and 

other services (53 percent). However, women were 

substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of 

total employment) in agriculture (25 percent), mining 

(13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (29 

percent), and transportation and utilities (23 percent). (See 

table 14.) 

Earnings 

In 2014, women who worked full time in wage and salary 

jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $719, which 

represented 83 percent of men’s median weekly earnings 

($871). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($841) and Whites ($734) than for Blacks ($611) and 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Hispanics ($548). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were 

higher for Blacks (90 percent) and Hispanics (89 percent) 

than for Whites (82 percent) and Asians (78 percent). 

(See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in 

this report are on a broad level and do not control for 

many factors that may be important in explaining earnings 

differences.) 

In 2014, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 

25 and older with only a high school diploma had median 

usual weekly earnings of $578, which represented 82 

percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s 

degree ($701) and 55 percent of the earnings of women 

with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,049). (See table 17.) 

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary 

workers were the highest in 2014 for female pharmacists 

($1,902), nurse practitioners ($1,682), and lawyers 

($1,590). (See table 18.) 

In 2014, 4.8 percent of all women (approximately 1.9 

million women) paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or 

below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per 

hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid 

at an hourly rate, 3.2 percent had earnings at or below the 

minimum wage, compared with 11.4 percent of women 

ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.) 

Hours of work 

In 2014, 26 percent of employed women usually worked 

part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The 

percentage of women working part time has not changed 

much over the past five decades. In comparison, 13 percent

of employed men usually worked part time in 2014. This 

rate has gradually trended up over time. (See table 21.) 

In general, employed women work fewer hours per week 

than men. On average, women worked 35.9 hours per week 

in 2014, compared with 41.0 hours for men. (See table 22.) 

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar 

year 2013, 61 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men 

who worked full time and year-round rose slightly, from 66 

percent in 1970 to 73 percent in 2013. (See table 23; data 

were collected in the 1971 and 2014 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and

work experience in the previous calendar year.) 

Married-couple families 

Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings 

from both the wife and the husband in 2013, compared 

with 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the 

husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple 

families in 2013, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24; 

data were collected in the 1968 and 2014 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings

and work experience in the previous calendar year.) 

In 2013, working wives contributed 37 percent of their 

families’ incomes, up by 10 percentage points from 1970, 

when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their 

families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning 

more than their husbands also has grown: in 1987, 18 

percent of working wives earned more than their working 

spouses; in 2013, the proportion was 29 percent. (See 

tables 25 and 26; data were collected in the 1971, 1988, 

and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to 

the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the

previous calendar year.) 

Other characteristics 

Among 2014 high school graduates, young women (73 

percent) were more likely than young men (64 percent) to 

be enrolled in college in October 2014. (See table 29; data 

are from the October 2014 School Enrollment Supplement 

to the CPS.) 

Young women 16 to 24 years old who were high school 

dropouts between October 2013 and 2014 had a labor force 

participation rate of 41.9 percent, while those who had 

graduated from high school between January and October 

2014 but were not enrolled in college had a rate of 68.0 

percent. (See table 29; data are from the October 2014 

School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) 

In October 2014, 41.3 percent of women ages 16 to 24 who 

were enrolled in either high school or college were in the 

labor force. Young men in the same age group who were 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate 

(34.6 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women 

were less likely to be in the labor force than men (74.4 

percent compared with 83.1 percent). (See table 30; data 

are from the October 2014 School Enrollment Supplement 

to the CPS.) 

Multiple jobholders and the selfemployed 

In 2014, 5.3 percent of employed women held more than 

one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.5 percent. (See 

table 31.) In 2014, 5.3 percent of working women in 

nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared 

with 7.4 percent for their male counterparts. In 2014, 40 

percent of self-employed workers were women, compared 

with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 32.) 

Foreign born 

Foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than 

native-born women to be in the labor force in 2014 (53.9 

percent compared with 57.5 percent). Of those in the labor 

force, foreign-born women were slightly more likely to be 

unemployed than were native-born women (6.5 percent 

as opposed to 6.0 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men 

were more likely to be in the labor force (78.7 percent) than 

native-born men (67.4 percent) and were less likely to be 

unemployed (5.0 percent compared with 6.5 percent). (See 

table 33.) 

Union membership 

In 2014, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers 

were members of unions, compared with 11.7 percent of 

their male counterparts. For both men and women, the 

union membership rate in 2014 was lower than in 1983, but 

the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2014 

period. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent 

for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 34.) 

Veterans 

There were 10.7 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces 

in the labor force in 2014. About 1.4 million of them, or 13 

percent, were women. The unemployment rate for female 

veterans was 6.0 percent in 2014. (See table 35.) 

Women with disabilities

Of the 15.6 million women with disabilities in 2014, 2.6 

million, or 16.6 percent, were in the labor force. Nearly 

half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; 

labor force participation among this age group was 5.2 

percent. The labor force participation rate was 27.8 percent 

for those ages 16 to 64. For women with a disability 

who were age 16 and older, the unemployment rate was 

12.5 percent, more than twice that for women without a 

disability (5.8 percent). (See table 36.) 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables 

Selected demographic characteristics 

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2014 annual averages............8

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2014 

annual averages. ................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages .................... 17

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2014 annual averages ............................................................. 19

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2014 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2014............................................................................................................................................ 22 

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2014...................... 25 

Educational attainment

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 2014 annual averages...................................................................................................................... 28

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment 

and gender, 1970–2014. ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

Occupation and industry 

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages................................................. 33 

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages ................................................... 35 

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages.................... 47

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages...................................................... 48

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages........................................................ 51

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages......................... 59 

Earnings 

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2014 annual averages ............................................................................... 60

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by 

educational attainment and gender, 2014 annual averages................................................................................................... 62

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation 

and gender, 2014 annual averages ........................................................................................................................................ 64

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2014 

annual averages .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum 

wage, by selected characteristics, 2014 annual averages ..................................................................................................... 78

Hours of work 

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2014 annual averages................................... 79

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2014 

annual averages..................................................................................................................................................................... 80

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2013.......... 81

Married-couple families

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2013 ..................................................... 83

Table 25. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2013............................................................................ 86

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2013 Worker displacement and tenure................................... 87

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, 

January 2014 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 88

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current 

employer, selected years, 2000–2014 .................................................................................................................................. 89

Other characteristics 

Table 29. Labor force status of 2014 high school graduates and 2013–2014 high school dropouts, 

16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2014.................................................................................... 90

Table 30. Labor force status of people, 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, 

October 2014......................................................................................................................................................................... 91

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2014 annual averages............................... 92

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2014 

annual averages..................................................................................................................................................................... 93

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age 

and gender, 2014 annual averages ........................................................................................................................................ 94

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2014 annual averages...................... 96

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 

2014 annual averages........................................................................................................................................................... 98

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2014 annual averages ...................................100
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

16 to 19 years................... 16,633 5,654 34.0 4,548 27.3 1,106 19.6 10,979

16 to 17 years................. 8,898 1,971 22.2 1,545 17.4 426 21.6 6,927

18 to 19 years........................... 7,735 3,683 47.6 3,003 38.8 680 18.5 4,052

20 to 24 years................ 22,079 15,641 70.8 13,894 62.9 1,747 11.2 6,438

25 to 54 years...................124,511 100,767 80.9 95,497 76.7 5,270 5.2 23,744

25 to 34 years...................42,131 34,199 81.2 31,975 75.9 2,224 6.5 7,932

25 to 29 years.............. 21,230 17,091 80.5 15,868 74.7 1,223 7.2 4,139

30 to 34 years.............. 20,902 17,108 81.9 16,107 77.1 1,001 5.9 3,794

35 to 44 years.................... 39,565 32,506 82.2 30,966 78.3 1,539 4.7 7,059

35 to 39 years............. 19,409 15,931 82.1 15,144 78.0 787 4.9 3,477

40 to 44 years............. 20,156 16,574 82.2 15,822 78.5 752 4.5 3,582

45 to 54 years....................42,815 34,062 79.6 32,556 76.0 1,507 4.4 8,752

45 to 49 years.............. 20,521 16,638 81.1 15,889 77.4 749 4.5 3,882

50 to 54 years............. 22,294 17,424 78.2 16,666 74.8 758 4.3 4,870

55 to 64 years............... 39,764 25,502 64.1 24,395 61.4 1,107 4.3 14,262

55 to 59 years.............. 21,241 15,167 71.4 14,515 68.3 652 4.3 6,074

60 to 64 years.............. 18,524 10,335 55.8 9,880 53.3 455 4.4 8,188

65 years and older.......... 44,959 8,358 18.6 7,971 17.7 387 4.6 36,602

65 to 69 years.............. 15,130 4,774 31.6 4,546 30.0 228 4.8 10,356

70 to 74 years.............. 10,948 2,071 18.9 1,973 18.0 98 4.7 8,876

75 years and older........ 18,882 1,512 8.0 1,451 7.7 61 4.0 17,369

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2014 annual averages 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

16 to 19 years................... 8,184 2,827 34.5 2,326 28.4 501 17.7 5,357

16 to 17 years................. 4,385 1,012 23.1 817 18.6 196 19.3 3,373

18 to 19 years........................... 3,799 1,815 47.8 1,510 39.7 305 16.8 1,985

20 to 24 years................ 11,012 7,459 67.7 6,707 60.9 751 10.1 3,554

25 to 54 years................... 63,362 46,842 73.9 44,351 70.0 2,490 5.3 16,520

25 to 34 years...................21,290 15,721 73.8 14,682 69.0 1,039 6.6 5,569

25 to 29 years.............. 10,687 7,923 74.1 7,382 69.1 542 6.8 2,763

30 to 34 years.............. 10,603 7,798 73.5 7,300 68.8 498 6.4 2,805

35 to 44 years.................... 20,178 14,958 74.1 14,232 70.5 726 4.9 5,219

35 to 39 years............. 9,886 7,276 73.6 6,914 69.9 362 5.0 2,610

40 to 44 years............. 10,292 7,682 74.6 7,318 71.1 364 4.7 2,610

45 to 54 years....................21,894 16,163 73.8 15,438 70.5 725 4.5 5,732

45 to 49 years.............. 10,469 7,840 74.9 7,483 71.5 358 4.6 2,629

50 to 54 years............. 11,425 8,322 72.8 7,955 69.6 367 4.4 3,103

55 to 64 years............... 20,648 12,141 58.8 11,634 56.3 507 4.2 8,507

55 to 59 years.............. 10,976 7,287 66.4 6,980 63.6 307 4.2 3,689

60 to 64 years.............. 9,673 4,854 50.2 4,654 48.1 200 4.1 4,818

65 years and older.......... 24,992 3,771 15.1 3,594 14.4 177 4.7 21,221

65 to 69 years.............. 7,999 2,199 27.5 2,101 26.3 98 4.5 5,800

70 to 74 years.............. 5,895 918 15.6 872 14.8 46 5.0 4,977

75 years and older........ 11,098 654 5.9 621 5.6 33 5.0 10,444

Women

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2014 annual averages 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

16 to 19 years................... 8,449 2,827 33.5 2,222 26.3 605 21.4 5,622

16 to 17 years................. 4,513 959 21.2 729 16.2 230 24.0 3,554

18 to 19 years........................... 3,936 1,868 47.5 1,493 37.9 375 20.1 2,068

20 to 24 years................ 11,067 8,182 73.9 7,187 64.9 996 12.2 2,885

25 to 54 years................... 61,149 53,925 88.2 51,146 83.6 2,779 5.2 7,224

25 to 34 years...................20,841 18,478 88.7 17,293 83.0 1,185 6.4 2,363

25 to 29 years.............. 10,543 9,168 87.0 8,487 80.5 681 7.4 1,375

30 to 34 years.............. 10,298 9,310 90.4 8,807 85.5 503 5.4 988

35 to 44 years.................... 19,388 17,547 90.5 16,735 86.3 813 4.6 1,840

35 to 39 years............. 9,523 8,655 90.9 8,230 86.4 425 4.9 868

40 to 44 years............. 9,864 8,892 90.1 8,504 86.2 388 4.4 972

45 to 54 years....................20,920 17,900 85.6 17,118 81.8 782 4.4 3,020

45 to 49 years.............. 10,051 8,798 87.5 8,407 83.6 391 4.4 1,253

50 to 54 years............. 10,869 9,102 83.7 8,711 80.1 391 4.3 1,767

55 to 64 years............... 19,116 13,361 69.9 12,762 66.8 600 4.5 5,755

55 to 59 years.............. 10,265 7,880 76.8 7,535 73.4 345 4.4 2,385

60 to 64 years.............. 8,851 5,481 61.9 5,226 59.0 255 4.6 3,370

65 years and older.......... 19,967 4,587 23.0 4,377 21.9 210 4.6 15,380

65 to 69 years.............. 7,131 2,575 36.1 2,445 34.3 130 5.0 4,556

70 to 74 years.............. 5,053 1,154 22.8 1,102 21.8 52 4.5 3,899

75 years and older........ 7,783 859 11.0 830 10.7 28 3.3 6,925

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Total

 Percentage 

of labor 

force

Men

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949........................ 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950........................ 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

1951........................ 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952........................ 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953........................ 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954........................ 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955........................ 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956........................ 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957........................ 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958........................ 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959........................ 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960........................ 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961........................ 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 ..................... 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963........................ 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964........................ 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965........................ 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966........................ 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967........................ 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968........................ 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969........................ 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970........................ 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............................. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972.................... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973....................... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974..................... 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975......................... 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976..................... 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977..................... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978..................... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979....................... 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980...................... 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981....................... 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982........................ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

 See note at end of table.

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force
12 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984.....................176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985........................... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986...................... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987...................... 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988........................ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989........................ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990.......................... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991.....................190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992......................... 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993....................... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994..................... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995.....................198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996........................ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997....................... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998.......................... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999............................ 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000........................ 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001..................... 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002....................... 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003...................... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004................... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005.......................... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006...................... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007...................... 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008................... 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009...................... 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010........................ 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011........................ 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012........................ 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013........................ 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014........................ 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

 See note at end of table.

Total

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 13

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949........................ 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950........................ 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951........................ 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952........................ 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953........................ 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954........................ 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955........................ 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956........................ 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957........................ 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958........................ 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959........................ 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960........................ 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961........................ 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 ..................... 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963........................ 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

1964........................ 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

1965........................ 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966........................ 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967........................ 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968........................ 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969........................ 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970........................ 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............................. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972.................... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973....................... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974..................... 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975......................... 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976..................... 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977..................... 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978..................... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979....................... 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980...................... 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981....................... 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982........................ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Women
14 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984.....................92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985........................... 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986...................... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987...................... 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988........................ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989........................ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990.......................... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991.....................99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992......................... 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993....................... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994..................... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995.....................103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996........................ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997....................... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998.......................... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999............................ 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000........................ 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001..................... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002....................... 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003...................... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004................... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005.......................... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006...................... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007...................... 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008................... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009...................... 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010........................ 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011........................ 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012........................ 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013........................ 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014........................ 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 15

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949........................ 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950........................ 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951........................ 49,727 43,001 86.3 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952........................ 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953........................ 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

1954........................ 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955........................ 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956........................ 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957........................ 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958........................ 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959........................ 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960........................ 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961........................ 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 ..................... 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963........................ 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964........................ 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965........................ 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966........................ 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967........................ 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968........................ 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969........................ 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970........................ 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............................. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972.................... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973....................... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974..................... 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975......................... 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976..................... 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977..................... 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978..................... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979....................... 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980...................... 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981....................... 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982........................ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Men
16 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984.....................83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985........................... 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986...................... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987...................... 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988........................ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989........................ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990.......................... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991.....................91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992......................... 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993....................... 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994..................... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995.....................95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996........................ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997....................... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998.......................... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999............................ 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000........................ 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001..................... 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002....................... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003...................... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004................... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005.......................... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006...................... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007...................... 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008................... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009...................... 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010........................ 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011........................ 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

2012........................ 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013........................ 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014........................ 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent 

years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. 

Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 17

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

White

Total, 16 years and older............... 195,498 123,327 63.1 116,788 59.7 6,540 5.3 72,170

 16 to 19 years..........................12,377 4,476 36.2 3,701 29.9 775 17.3 7,901

 20 to 24 years..........................16,329 11,927 73.0 10,842 66.4 1,084 9.1 4,402

 25 to 54 years..........................95,984 78,537 81.8 74,992 78.1 3,545 4.5 17,447

 55 to 64 years..........................32,450 21,181 65.3 20,351 62.7 829 3.9 11,270

 65 years and older....................38,358 7,207 18.8 6,902 18.0 305 4.2 31,150

 Women, 16 years and older........... 99,984 56,648 56.7 53,680 53.7 2,968 5.2 43,337

 16 to 19 years..........................6,056 2,226 36.8 1,882 31.1 344 15.5 3,830

 20 to 24 years..........................8,079 5,618 69.5 5,161 63.9 457 8.1 2,461

 25 to 54 years..........................48,059 35,692 74.3 34,047 70.8 1,645 4.6 12,367

 55 to 64 years..........................16,656 9,915 59.5 9,535 57.2 380 3.8 6,741

 65 years and older.....................21,134 3,196 15.1 3,055 14.5 141 4.4 17,937

 Men, 16 years and older............... 95,513 66,680 69.8 63,108 66.1 3,572 5.4 28,834

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,321 2,250 35.6 1,819 28.8 431 19.2 4,071

 20 to 24 years..........................8,250 6,309 76.5 5,681 68.9 628 9.9 1,941

 25 to 54 years..........................47,925 42,845 89.4 40,945 85.4 1,900 4.4 5,080

 55 to 64 years..........................15,794 11,266 71.3 10,817 68.5 449 4.0 4,528

 65 years and older..................... 17,224 4,011 23.3 3,847 22.3 164 4.1 13,213

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older................. 30,843 18,873 61.2 16,732 54.3 2,141 11.3 11,970

 16 to 19 years...........................2,508 681 27.2 456 18.2 225 33.0 1,827

 20 to 24 years...........................3,460 2,305 66.6 1,839 53.2 466 20.2 1,155

 25 to 54 years...........................16,287 12,712 78.1 11,498 70.6 1,214 9.5 3,575

 55 to 64 years...........................4,573 2,528 55.3 2,342 51.2 186 7.3 2,045

 65 years and older......................4,015 648 16.1 596 14.9 51 7.9 3,367

 Women, 16 years and older.............16,846 9,964 59.2 8,915 52.9 1,050 10.5 6,881

 16 to 19 years...........................1,262 358 28.4 252 19.9 106 29.7 904

 20 to 24 years...........................1,785 1,167 65.4 952 53.3 215 18.4 618

 25 to 54 years...........................8,886 6,737 75.8 6,126 68.9 611 9.1 2,149

 55 to 64 years..........................2,511 1,352 53.8 1,261 50.2 91 6.7 1,159

 65 years and older......................2,402 351 14.6 325 13.5 26 7.4 2,052

 Men, 16 years and older................. 13,997 8,909 63.6 7,818 55.9 1,091 12.2 5,089

 16 to 19 years...........................1,246 323 25.9 205 16.4 118 36.5 923

 20 to 24 years...........................1,675 1,138 67.9 887 52.9 251 22.1 537

 25 to 54 years...........................7,401 5,975 80.7 5,373 72.6 602 10.1 1,426

 55 to 64 years...........................2,062 1,176 57.0 1,081 52.4 95 8.0 886

 65 years and older......................1,613 297 18.4 272 16.9 25 8.5 1,316

 See note at end of table.

Race, age, gender, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
18 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and older................. 13,785 8,760 63.6 8,325 60.4 436 5.0 5,024

 16 to 19 years........................... 821 173 21.0 149 18.1 24 14.0 648

 20 to 24 years...........................1,222 664 54.3 587 48.0 76 11.5 559

 25 to 54 years...........................8,001 6,270 78.4 6,015 75.2 255 4.1 1,731

 55 to 64 years...........................1,878 1,293 68.9 1,232 65.6 61 4.7 584

 65 years and older......................1,862 361 19.4 342 18.4 19 5.2 1,501

 Women, 16 years and older............. 7,365 4,112 55.8 3,922 53.3 190 4.6 3,253

 16 to 19 years........................... 424 88 20.8 79 18.6 9 10.5 336

 20 to 24 years........................... 595 307 51.6 277 46.6 30 9.7 288

 25 to 54 years...........................4,257 2,927 68.8 2,807 65.9 121 4.1 1,330

 55 to 64 years...........................1,032 630 61.1 607 58.8 23 3.6 402

 65 years and older......................1,056 159 15.0 152 14.4 7 4.4 897

 Men, 16 years and older................. 6,420 4,648 72.4 4,403 68.6 246 5.3 1,771

 16 to 19 years........................... 397 85 21.3 70 17.6 15 17.6 312

 20 to 24 years........................... 627 356 56.8 310 49.4 47 13.1 271

 25 to 54 years...........................3,744 3,342 89.3 3,208 85.7 134 4.0 401

 55 to 64 years........................... 846 663 78.4 625 73.9 38 5.8 183

 65 years and older.......................807 202 25.1 190 23.6 12 5.9 605

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older................. 38,400 25,370 66.1 23,492 61.2 1,878 7.4 13,030

 16 to 19 years...........................3,662 1,109 30.3 859 23.5 250 22.5 2,553

 20 to 24 years...........................4,642 3,315 71.4 2,947 63.5 368 11.1 1,327

 25 to 54 years..............................22,639 17,895 79.0 16,816 74.3 1,079 6.0 4,744

 55 to 64 years...........................3,989 2,460 61.7 2,313 58.0 147 6.0 1,529

 65 years and older.......................3,467 591 17.0 557 16.1 33 5.7 2,876

 Women, 16 years and older............. 19,156 10,720 56.0 9,838 51.4 882 8.2 8,437

 16 to 19 years............................1,790 525 29.3 407 22.7 118 22.5 1,265

 20 to 24 years............................2,253 1,453 64.5 1,291 57.3 162 11.1 800

 25 to 54 years............................11,076 7,418 67.0 6,893 62.2 525 7.1 3,658

 55 to 64 years...........................2,070 1,061 51.3 997 48.2 65 6.1 1,008

 65 years and older....................... 1,968 262 13.3 250 12.7 12 4.5 1,706

 Men, 16 years and older................. 19,244 14,651 76.1 13,655 71.0 996 6.8 4,593

 16 to 19 years...........................1,873 584 31.2 453 24.2 132 22.5 1,288

 20 to 24 years...........................2,389 1,862 77.9 1,655 69.3 207 11.1 527

 25 to 54 years...........................11,563 10,476 90.6 9,922 85.8 554 5.3 1,087

 55 to 64 years...........................1,920 1,399 72.9 1,317 68.6 82 5.9 521

 65 years and older......................1,499 329 21.9 307 20.5 22 6.6 1,170

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all 

races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 19

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 16 years and older............. 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

 Married, spouse present........... 124,186 82,001 66.0 79,097 63.7 2,904 3.5 42,185

 Unmarried, total.......................123,760 73,921 59.7 67,209 54.3 6,712 9.1 49,389

 Never married.......................75,183 48,776 64.9 43,757 58.2 5,020 10.3 26,406

 Other marital status................. 48,578 25,145 51.8 23,452 48.3 1,693 6.7 23,433

 Divorced.............................25,290 16,442 65.0 15,410 60.9 1,031 6.3 8,848

 Separated.......................... 8,609 5,798 67.4 5,316 61.7 482 8.3 2,811

 Widowed...........................14,679 2,905 19.8 2,725 18.6 179 6.2 11,774

Women

Total, 16 years and older............. 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

 Married, spouse present...........61,754 36,082 58.4 34,720 56.2 1,363 3.8 25,672

 Unmarried, total......................66,445 36,957 55.6 33,894 51.0 3,064 8.3 29,487

 Never married......................35,506 22,320 62.9 20,222 57.0 2,098 9.4 13,186

 Other marital status...............30,938 14,637 47.3 13,672 44.2 965 6.6 16,302

 Divorced............................14,690 9,434 64.2 8,881 60.5 553 5.9 5,256

 Separated.......................... 4,796 3,041 63.4 2,761 57.6 280 9.2 1,754

 Widowed...........................11,453 2,162 18.9 2,029 17.7 132 6.1 9,291

Men

Total, 16 years and older............. 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

 Married, spouse present...........62,432 45,919 73.5 44,377 71.1 1,542 3.4 16,514

 Unmarried, total......................57,315 36,964 64.5 33,315 58.1 3,648 9.9 20,352

 Never married......................39,676 26,456 66.7 23,535 59.3 2,921 11.0 13,220

 Other marital status...............17,639 10,508 59.6 9,780 55.4 727 6.9 7,131

 Divorced...........................10,600 7,008 66.1 6,529 61.6 478 6.8 3,592

 Separated.......................... 3,814 2,757 72.3 2,555 67.0 202 7.3 1,057

 Widowed............................3,226 743 23.0 696 21.6 47 6.3 2,483

Note: Separated includes married, spouse absent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Marital status and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
20 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2014 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 127,863 73,285 57.3 68,522 53.6 4,763 6.5 54,579

 With children under 18 years old................. 35,627 25,209 70.8 23,542 66.1 1,667 6.6 10,418

 With children 6 to 17, none younger.......... 20,093 15,227 75.8 14,389 71.6 838 5.5 4,866

 With children under 6 years old................. 15,534 9,982 64.3 9,153 58.9 829 8.3 5,552

 With children under 3 years old................................. 8,666 5,358 61.8 4,870 56.2 487 9.1 3,309

 With no children under 18 years old............. 92,236 48,076 52.1 44,980 48.8 3,096 6.4 44,160

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 119,395 82,158 68.8 76,153 63.8 6,005 7.3 37,237

 With children under 18 years old................. 27,043 25,216 93.2 24,141 89.3 1,075 4.3 1,828

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,302 14,181 92.7 13,644 89.2 537 3.8 1,121

 With children under 6 years old................. 11,741 11,034 94.0 10,497 89.4 537 4.9 707

 With children under 3 years old................................. 6,688 6,302 94.2 6,011 89.9 290 4.6 386

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 92,352 56,942 61.7 52,012 56.3 4,930 8.7 35,409

White

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 99,807 56,988 57.1 53,770 53.9 3,218 5.6 42,819

 With children under 18 years old................. 27,075 19,103 70.6 18,100 66.9 1,003 5.2 7,972

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,374 11,604 75.5 11,087 72.1 516 4.4 3,770

 With children under 6 years old................. 11,701 7,499 64.1 7,013 59.9 486 6.5 4,202

 With children under 3 years old................................. 6,661 4,139 62.1 3,841 57.7 297 7.2 2,523

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 72,732 37,885 52.1 35,670 49.0 2,215 5.8 34,847

Men, 16 years and older............................... 95,321 66,306 69.6 62,119 65.2 4,187 6.3 29,016

 With children under 18 years old.................. 21,778 20,434 93.8 19,700 90.5 734 3.6 1,344

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 12,359 11,515 93.2 11,116 89.9 399 3.5 844

 With children under 6 years old.................. 9,418 8,918 94.7 8,584 91.1 335 3.8 500

 With children under 3 years old................................. 5,359 5,096 95.1 4,908 91.6 189 3.7 262

 With no children under 18 years old............... 73,544 45,872 62.4 42,420 57.7 3,452 7.5 27,672

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 16,784 10,000 59.6 8,841 52.7 1,159 11.6 6,784

 With children under 18 years old................. 4,998 3,807 76.2 3,276 65.6 530 13.9 1,191

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 2,827 2,281 80.7 2,025 71.7 255 11.2 546

 With children under 6 years old................. 2,171 1,526 70.3 1,251 57.6 275 18.0 645

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,115 741 66.4 588 52.7 153 20.6 375

 With no children under 18 years old........... 11,786 6,194 52.5 5,564 47.2 629 10.2 5,593

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 13,935 8,732 62.7 7,485 53.7 1,247 14.3 5,203

 With children under 18 years old................. 2,598 2,304 88.7 2,082 80.1 222 9.6 294

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 1,522 1,359 89.3 1,271 83.5 88 6.5 163

 With children under 6 years old.................. 1,076 945 87.8 811 75.3 134 14.2 131

 With children under 3 years old................................. 627 548 87.4 476 75.9 72 13.2 79

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 11,337 6,428 56.7 5,403 47.7 1,025 15.9 4,909

Asian

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 7,290 4,034 55.3 3,843 52.7 191 4.7 3,255

 With children under 18 years old................. 2,337 1,499 64.1 1,444 61.8 55 3.7 838

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 1,261 919 72.9 886 70.2 33 3.6 342

 With children under 6 years old................. 1,076 580 53.9 558 51.9 22 3.8 496

 With children under 3 years old................................. 571 292 51.1 283 49.5 9 3.1 279

 With no children under 18 years old............. 4,952 2,535 51.2 2,399 48.4 136 5.4 2,417

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percentage 

of population 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 21

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2014 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Asian (continued) 

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 6,523 4,712 72.2 4,429 67.9 283 6.0 1,811

 With children under 18 years old................. 1,925 1,817 94.4 1,745 90.6 72 3.9 109

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 1,011 948 93.8 911 90.1 37 3.9 63

 With children under 6 years old................. 914 869 95.0 834 91.3 34 3.9 45

 With children under 3 years old................................. 508 476 93.7 462 90.9 14 3.0 32

 With no children under 18 years old............. 4,597 2,895 63.0 2,684 58.4 211 7.3 1,702

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 19,021 10,687 56.2 9,830 51.7 857 8.0 8,334

 With children under 18 years old................. 7,482 4,686 62.6 4,276 57.1 410 8.8 2,796

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 3,943 2,744 69.6 2,538 64.3 207 7.5 1,199

 With children under 6 years old................. 3,539 1,942 54.9 1,738 49.1 203 10.5 1,597

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,940 1,006 51.8 900 46.4 106 10.5 934

 With no children under 18 years old............. 11,539 6,001 52.0 5,554 48.1 447 7.5 5,538

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 19,104 14,294 74.8 13,148 68.8 1,146 8.0 4,810

 With children under 18 years old................. 5,204 4,829 92.8 4,592 88.2 237 4.9 375

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 2,728 2,510 92.0 2,396 87.8 115 4.6 218

 With children under 6 years old................. 2,476 2,319 93.7 2,197 88.7 122 5.3 157

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,294 1,240 95.8 1,192 92.1 48 3.9 54

 With no children under 18 years old............. 13,900 9,465 68.1 8,556 61.6 909 9.6 4,435

Note: Children are "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other 

related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percentage 

of population 
22 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2014

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older.................................................. 127,863 73,285 57.3 68,522 53.6 4,763 6.5 54,579

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 35,627 25,209 70.8 23,542 66.1 1,667 6.6 10,418

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 20,093 15,227 75.8 14,389 71.6 838 5.5 4,866

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 15,534 9,982 64.3 9,153 58.9 829 8.3 5,552

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 8,666 5,358 61.8 4,870 56.2 487 9.1 3,309

 With no children under 18 years old................................. 92,236 48,076 52.1 44,980 48.8 3,096 6.4 44,160

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 61,917 36,257 58.6 34,759 56.1 1,499 4.1 25,660

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 24,730 16,907 68.4 16,176 65.4 730 4.3 7,823

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 13,888 10,244 73.8 9,850 70.9 394 3.8 3,644

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 10,842 6,663 61.5 6,326 58.4 336 5.0 4,180

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 6,218 3,728 59.9 3,524 56.7 203 5.4 2,491

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 37,187 19,350 52.0 18,582 50.0 768 4.0 17,837

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 65,946 37,027 56.1 33,763 51.2 3,264 8.8 28,918

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 10,897 8,302 76.2 7,366 67.6 936 11.3 2,595

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 6,205 4,983 80.3 4,539 73.2 443 8.9 1,223

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 4,692 3,319 70.7 2,827 60.2 493 14.8 1,373

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 2,448 1,630 66.6 1,346 55.0 284 17.4 818

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 55,048 28,725 52.2 26,397 48.0 2,328 8.1 26,323

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 99,807 56,988 57.1 53,770 53.9 3,218 5.6 42,819

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 27,075 19,103 70.6 18,100 66.9 1,003 5.2 7,972

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 15,374 11,604 75.5 11,087 72.1 516 4.4 3,770

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 11,701 7,499 64.1 7,013 59.9 486 6.5 4,202

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 6,661 4,139 62.1 3,841 57.7 297 7.2 2,523

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 72,732 37,885 52.1 35,670 49.0 2,215 5.8 34,847

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 51,440 29,983 58.3 28,837 56.1 1,146 3.8 21,457

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 20,011 13,729 68.6 13,204 66.0 525 3.8 6,282

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 11,231 8,238 73.3 7,962 70.9 276 3.3 2,994

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 8,779 5,491 62.5 5,243 59.7 249 4.5 3,288

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 5,084 3,133 61.6 2,977 58.6 155 5.0 1,952

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 31,429 16,254 51.7 15,632 49.7 621 3.8 15,175

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 48,367 27,005 55.8 24,934 51.6 2,072 7.7 21,362

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,064 5,374 76.1 4,896 69.3 478 8.9 1,690

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 4,142 3,366 81.3 3,126 75.5 241 7.1 776

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 2,922 2,008 68.7 1,771 60.6 238 11.8 914

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,577 1,006 63.8 864 54.8 142 14.1 571

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 41,303 21,631 52.4 20,038 48.5 1,594 7.4 19,672

 See footnote at end of table.

White, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

White, married, spouse present
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 23

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2014

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older.................................................. 127,863 73,285 57.3 68,522 53.6 4,763 6.5 54,579

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 35,627 25,209 70.8 23,542 66.1 1,667 6.6 10,418

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 20,093 15,227 75.8 14,389 71.6 838 5.5 4,866

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 15,534 9,982 64.3 9,153 58.9 829 8.3 5,552

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 8,666 5,358 61.8 4,870 56.2 487 9.1 3,309

 With no children under 18 years old................................. 92,236 48,076 52.1 44,980 48.8 3,096 6.4 44,160

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 61,917 36,257 58.6 34,759 56.1 1,499 4.1 25,660

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 24,730 16,907 68.4 16,176 65.4 730 4.3 7,823

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 13,888 10,244 73.8 9,850 70.9 394 3.8 3,644

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 10,842 6,663 61.5 6,326 58.4 336 5.0 4,180

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 6,218 3,728 59.9 3,524 56.7 203 5.4 2,491

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 37,187 19,350 52.0 18,582 50.0 768 4.0 17,837

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 65,946 37,027 56.1 33,763 51.2 3,264 8.8 28,918

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 10,897 8,302 76.2 7,366 67.6 936 11.3 2,595

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 6,205 4,983 80.3 4,539 73.2 443 8.9 1,223

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 4,692 3,319 70.7 2,827 60.2 493 14.8 1,373

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 2,448 1,630 66.6 1,346 55.0 284 17.4 818

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 55,048 28,725 52.2 26,397 48.0 2,328 8.1 26,323

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 99,807 56,988 57.1 53,770 53.9 3,218 5.6 42,819

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 27,075 19,103 70.6 18,100 66.9 1,003 5.2 7,972

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 15,374 11,604 75.5 11,087 72.1 516 4.4 3,770

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 11,701 7,499 64.1 7,013 59.9 486 6.5 4,202

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 6,661 4,139 62.1 3,841 57.7 297 7.2 2,523

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 72,732 37,885 52.1 35,670 49.0 2,215 5.8 34,847

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 51,440 29,983 58.3 28,837 56.1 1,146 3.8 21,457

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 20,011 13,729 68.6 13,204 66.0 525 3.8 6,282

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 11,231 8,238 73.3 7,962 70.9 276 3.3 2,994

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 8,779 5,491 62.5 5,243 59.7 249 4.5 3,288

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 5,084 3,133 61.6 2,977 58.6 155 5.0 1,952

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 31,429 16,254 51.7 15,632 49.7 621 3.8 15,175

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 48,367 27,005 55.8 24,934 51.6 2,072 7.7 21,362

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,064 5,374 76.1 4,896 69.3 478 8.9 1,690

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 4,142 3,366 81.3 3,126 75.5 241 7.1 776

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 2,922 2,008 68.7 1,771 60.6 238 11.8 914

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,577 1,006 63.8 864 54.8 142 14.1 571

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 41,303 21,631 52.4 20,038 48.5 1,594 7.4 19,672

 See footnote at end of table.

White, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

White, married, spouse present
24 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2014 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 19,021 10,687 56.2 9,830 51.7 857 8.0 8,334

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,482 4,686 62.6 4,276 57.1 410 8.8 2,796

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 3,943 2,744 69.6 2,538 64.3 207 7.5 1,199

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 3,539 1,942 54.9 1,738 49.1 203 10.5 1,597

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,940 1,006 51.8 900 46.4 106 10.5 934

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 11,539 6,001 52.0 5,554 48.1 447 7.5 5,538

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 8,386 4,571 54.5 4,279 51.0 292 6.4 3,816

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 4,729 2,698 57.1 2,501 52.9 197 7.3 2,031

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 2,509 1,586 63.2 1,490 59.4 96 6.1 923

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 2,219 1,111 50.1 1,011 45.6 101 9.1 1,108

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,174 573 48.8 525 44.7 48 8.5 601

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 3,658 1,873 51.2 1,778 48.6 95 5.1 1,785

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 10,635 6,116 57.5 5,551 52.2 565 9.2 4,519

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 2,753 1,988 72.2 1,775 64.5 213 10.7 765

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,434 1,158 80.8 1,048 73.1 111 9.6 276

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,319 830 62.9 728 55.1 103 12.3 489

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 766 433 56.5 375 49.0 57 13.3 333

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 7,881 4,128 52.4 3,776 47.9 352 8.5 3,753

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed women.

Note: Children are own children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, and other related and 

unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all 

races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 25

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2014

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976.................... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977..................15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978.................... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979.................... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980...................... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981.......................... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982................. 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983..................... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984....................... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985...................... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986................. 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987....................... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988..................... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989....................... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990..................... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991..................... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992..................... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993................... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994................. 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995.................... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996.......................... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997........................ 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998........................ 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999...................... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000...................... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001................... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002.................... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003...................... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004................... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005.............................. 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006.............26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

2007.............26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8 

2008.............25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1 

2009.............26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8 

2010.............25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8 

2011.............25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6 

2012.............25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8 

2013.............25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9 

2014.............25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5 

 See note at end of table.

Total

Year

With children under age 18 With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Percentage 

of population Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Percentage 

of 

population
26 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2014

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1975.................5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976.................... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977..................5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978.................... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979.................... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980...................... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981.......................... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982.................7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983.....................7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984....................... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985...................... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986................. 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987....................... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988..................... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989....................... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990.....................9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991.....................9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992.....................9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993................... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994................. 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995.................... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996.......................... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997........................ 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998........................ 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999...................... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000...................... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001................... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002.................... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003...................... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004................... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005.............................. 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006.............10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

2007.............10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5 

2008.............10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5 

2009.............10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4 

2010.............10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9 

2011.............10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2 

2012.............10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3 

2013.............10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4 

2014............. 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1 

 See note at end of table.

Percentage 

of 

population

Year

With children under age 6 With children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total Percentage 

of population Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 27

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age

of youngest child, March 1975–March 2014 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976.................... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977..................24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978.................... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979.................... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980...................... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981.......................... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982................. 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983..................... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984....................... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985...................... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986................. 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987....................... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988..................... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989....................... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990..................... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991..................... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992..................... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993................... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994................. 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995.................... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996.......................... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997........................ 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998........................ 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999...................... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000...................... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001................... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002.................... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003...................... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004................... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005.............................. 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006.............43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

2007.............44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0 

2008.............45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8 

2009.............45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2 

2010.............46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3 

2011.............46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9 

2012.............47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9 

2013.............47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0 

2014.............48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4 

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children,

or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other 

related and unrelated children. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975-2014 

Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Year

With no children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage 

of population Total
28 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 164,275 126,269 76.9 119,892 73.0 6,377 5.1 38,006

 Less than a high school diploma............... 16,852 10,157 60.3 9,224 54.7 933 9.2 6,695

 High school graduates, no college............. 46,547 33,761 72.5 31,696 68.1 2,065 6.1 12,785

 Some college or associate's degree............45,315 35,200 77.7 33,285 73.5 1,916 5.4 10,115

 College graduates, total........................... 55,561 47,150 84.9 45,687 82.2 1,464 3.1 8,411

 Bachelor's degree................................ 35,947 30,210 84.0 29,180 81.2 1,030 3.4 5,737

 Advanced degree.................................. 19,614 16,940 86.4 16,507 84.2 433 2.6 2,674

 Master's degree................................... 14,499 12,364 85.3 12,025 82.9 339 2.7 2,135

 Professional degree............................. 2,501 2,223 88.9 2,178 87.1 45 2.0 278

 Doctoral degree................................... 2,614 2,354 90.0 2,304 88.1 50 2.1 261

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 84,010 58,983 70.2 55,985 66.6 2,998 5.1 25,027

 Less than a high school diploma............... 7,891 3,588 45.5 3,187 40.4 401 11.2 4,303

 High school graduates, no college............. 22,157 14,204 64.1 13,366 60.3 839 5.9 7,953

 Some college or associate's degree............24,276 17,590 72.5 16,595 68.4 996 5.7 6,686

 College graduates, total.......................... 29,686 23,600 79.5 22,838 76.9 762 3.2 6,086

 Bachelor's degree................................. 19,116 14,967 78.3 14,439 75.5 528 3.5 4,149

 Advanced degree.................................. 10,570 8,633 81.7 8,399 79.5 234 2.7 1,938

 Master's degree................................... 8,349 6,760 81.0 6,574 78.7 186 2.8 1,589

 Professional degree............................. 1,131 937 82.9 913 80.8 24 2.6 193

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,090 935 85.8 911 83.6 24 2.5 155

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 80,265 67,287 83.8 63,907 79.6 3,379 5.0 12,978

 Less than a high school diploma............... 8,961 6,569 73.3 6,037 67.4 532 8.1 2,392

 High school graduates, no college............. 24,389 19,557 80.2 18,330 75.2 1,226 6.3 4,832

 Some college or associate's degree............21,040 17,610 83.7 16,690 79.3 920 5.2 3,429

 College graduates, total.......................... 25,875 23,551 91.0 22,849 88.3 701 3.0 2,325

 Bachelor's degree................................ 16,831 15,243 90.6 14,741 87.6 502 3.3 1,588

 Advanced degree.................................. 9,044 8,307 91.9 8,109 89.7 199 2.4 736

 Master's degree................................... 6,149 5,603 91.1 5,451 88.6 153 2.7 546

 Professional degree............................. 1,371 1,285 93.8 1,265 92.3 21 1.6 85

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,524 1,419 93.1 1,393 91.4 26 1.8 105

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 29

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2014

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970...........................61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971.........................62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972...................... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973................... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974....................... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975.......................... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976.......................... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977............................ 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978.........................73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979.........................75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980.........................78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981....................... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982........................81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983............................83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984..........................86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985.........................88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986............................ 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987..................... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988..........................94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989..................... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990............................99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991......................... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

1992...........................103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993.....................104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994.......................105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995...................... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996........................108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997............................. 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998............................. 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999.............................. 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000............................ 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001...........................116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002...........................118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003.............................. 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total
30 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2014 (continued)

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

2004............................. 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005.......................... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006......................... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007......................... 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008......................... 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009......................... 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010......................... 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011......................... 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012......................... 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013......................... 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014......................... 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Women

1970.................. 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971.........................22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972...................... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973................... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974....................... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975.......................... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976.......................... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977............................ 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978.........................29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979.........................31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980.........................32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981....................... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982........................34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983............................35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984..........................37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985.........................38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986............................ 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987..................... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988..........................42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989..................... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990............................44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991.........................45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 31

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2014 (continued)

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Women

1992...........................46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993..................... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994....................... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995...................... 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996........................50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997............................. 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998............................. 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999.............................. 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000............................ 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001...........................54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002...........................54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003.............................. 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004............................. 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005.......................... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006......................... 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007......................... 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008......................... 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009......................... 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010.......................... 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011.......................... 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012......................... 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013......................... 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014......................... 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Men

1970................... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971.........................39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972...................... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973................... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974....................... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975.......................... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976.......................... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977............................ 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978.........................43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979.........................44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980.........................45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981....................... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982........................47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
32 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational

 attainment and gender, 1970–2014 (continued)

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Men

1983............................47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984..........................48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985.........................49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986............................ 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987..................... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988..........................52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989..................... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990............................54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991.........................55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

1992...........................56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993..................... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994....................... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995...................... 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996........................58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997............................. 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998............................. 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999.............................. 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000............................ 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001...........................62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002...........................63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003.............................. 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004............................. 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005.......................... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006......................... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007......................... 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008......................... 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009......................... 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010......................... 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011......................... 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012......................... 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013......................... 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014......................... 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

1 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years 

were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational 

attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Percent distribution

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands) Total
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 33

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 143,929 100.0 146,305 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 54,712 38.0 56,050 38.3

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 22,794 15.8 23,171 15.8

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 31,917 22.2 32,879 22.5

Service occupations................................................................................................. 25,929 18.0 25,854 17.7

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 33,246 23.1 33,416 22.8

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 15,444 10.7 15,646 10.7

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 17,802 12.4 17,771 12.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.............................. 13,058 9.1 13,537 9.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 964 .7 1,022 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 7,130 5.0 7,637 5.2

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................ 4,964 3.4 4,879 3.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 16,984 11.8 17,448 11.9

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 8,275 5.7 8,438 5.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 8,709 6.1 9,010 6.2

Women

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 67,577 100.0 68,613 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 28,114 41.6 28,931 42.2

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 9,896 14.6 10,129 14.8

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 18,218 27.0 18,801 27.4

Service occupations................................................................................................. 14,669 21.7 14,651 21.4

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 20,566 30.4 20,655 30.1

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 7,509 11.1 7,697 11.2

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 13,057 19.3 12,958 18.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..............................598 .9 598 .9

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 209 .3 229 .3

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 182 .3 197 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................207 .3 172 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 3,630 5.4 3,778 5.5

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 2,284 3.4 2,364 3.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 1,346 2.0 1,414 2.1

 See note at end of table.

Occupation and gender

Year

2013 2014
34 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 76,353 100.0 77,692 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 26,597 34.8 27,119 34.9

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 12,898 16.9 13,041 16.8

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 13,699 17.9 14,078 18.1

Service occupations................................................................................................. 11,260 14.7 11,203 14.4

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 12,680 16.6 12,761 16.4

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 7,935 10.4 7,948 10.2

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 4,745 6.2 4,813 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.............................. 12,461 16.3 12,939 16.7

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 755 1.0 792 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 6,948 9.1 7,440 9.6

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................ 4,757 6.2 4,707 6.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 13,354 17.5 13,670 17.6

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 5,991 7.8 6,074 7.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 7,363 9.6 7,596 9.8

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2013 2014
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 35

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,305 46.9

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,050 51.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,171 43.7

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,199 38.6

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,603 26.3

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 887 29.5

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 57.9

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 46.1

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 60.0

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 40.8

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 26.7

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,194 53.4

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 74.4

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 –

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 17.8

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 42.6

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 21.6

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 23.8

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 7.4

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 63.3

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.6

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113 44.9

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 54.6

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 71.8

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 48.9

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 65.3

 Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 –

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,075 33.3

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,972 55.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 48.9

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 53.4

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 55.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 60.3

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 46.4

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 13.7

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 71.8

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 77.3

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 58.3

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 41.4

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 41.3

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 79.2

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 72.6

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
36 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 60.8

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 57.2

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,724 63.0

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 40.1

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 40.5

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 35.5

Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 60.5

 Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 59.4

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 60.2

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 67.8

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 60.1

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,879 57.2

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,303 25.6

Computer and information research scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 34.2

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 18.1

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 21.4

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,235 19.8

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 35.2

 Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 26.6

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 28.0

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 19.1

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 12.4

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 23.1

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 55.4

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 49.9

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,798 15.4

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 25.3

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 15.6

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 13.0

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 16.5

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 15.3

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 12.3

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 16.0

 Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8.8

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 –

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 37

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 –

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 11.7

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 18.1

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 20.5

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 9.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355 45.6

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 45.9

Conservation scientists and foresters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 52.5

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 –

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 29.8

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 24.5

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 37.6

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 71.9

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 –

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 –

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 32.3

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 –

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 51.4

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495 64.3

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 71.1

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 81.9

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 52.5

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 77.9

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health

 educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 69.3

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 18.6

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 53.0

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 58.8

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,814 50.8

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,132 32.9

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 51.7

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 87.3

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 75.8

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,686 74.1

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259 50.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
38 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 97.2

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,102 80.9

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099 57.0

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 83.7

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 65.4

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 –

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 84.8

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 –

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 90.3

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 74.0

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,935 47.4

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 48.8

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 56.3

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 36.5

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 34.3

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 34.0

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 –

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 25.7

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 43.9

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 60.5

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 48.2

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 48.9

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 59.1

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 73.6

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 13.0

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 51.0

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 18.1

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,493 74.2

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 22.4

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 29.1

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 92.4

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 56.3

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014 36.7

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 74.5

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 –

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 –

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 92.4

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 69.8

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 62.4

Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 98.4

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 79.9

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 56.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 39

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 90.0

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 91.5

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 74.0

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 97.1

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 73.6

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 25.8

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 81.4

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 89.0

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 90.2

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 65.3

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 53.7

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,854 56.7

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,461 87.6

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980 88.5

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 64.6

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 82.7

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 96.6

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 92.8

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 97.1

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 83.4

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 65.5

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,140 21.8

First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 –

First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 15.9

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.8

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 20.9

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 5.7

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 28.6

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 21.0

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 12.4

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 37.7

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899 22.6

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 66.3

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 49.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,112 55.1

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 21.4

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
40 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 59.1

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,992 40.6

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 54.7

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 57.5

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 61.9

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 70.4

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,054 71.8

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 61.9

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 49.2

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 21.2

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 85.2

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,803 40.2

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 42.3

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.8

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 33.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514 88.6

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.7

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,389 6.3

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,337 77.4

First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 45.2

First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 71.3

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 69.9

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 41.8

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 48.9

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 41.5

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 –

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 16.8

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 94.6

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 88.9

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 20.2

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 46.9

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 95.5

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,254 83.9

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 63.0

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 42.6

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,416 61.8

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,646 49.2

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,285 44.3

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 26.0

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,242 72.2

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 49.8

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 15.3

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,316 49.8

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 48.7

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 41

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 47.0

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 32.5

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 81.4

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 29.5

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,309 29.3

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 68.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 54.9

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 67.4

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 64.0

Sales and related workers, all others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 52.0

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,771 72.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,351 67.4

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 66.6

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 91.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 90.2

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 89.4

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 81.6

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 66.6

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 77.4

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,086 64.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 82.1

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 81.6

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 63.5

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 80.5

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 84.0

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 78.1

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 59.9

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 87.6

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,301 91.3

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 57.4

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 81.6

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 16.0

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 60.9

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 52.3

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 38.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 59.1

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 54.3

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
42 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 32.3

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483 35.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 41.8

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,995 94.2

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 55.0

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 78.7

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 88.4

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 82.8

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 53.0

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230 84.6

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 73.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,537 4.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,022 22.4

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 59.9

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 20.2

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,637 2.6

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 2.4

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 .7

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282 1.7

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 2.3

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 0

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686 2.5

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 1.8

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 2.1

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 2.4

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 6.0

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 1.6

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 .5

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.0

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 43

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.7

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 12.2

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 –

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 1.5

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 0

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 1.5

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Helpers--extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,879 3.5

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 4.8

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 13.3

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.4

Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 –

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.3

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 1.6

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 1.4

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 .3

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 .5

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.1

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .3

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 1.2

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.6

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 2.8

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 3.2

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 –

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.0

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.4

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 14.2

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
44 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 5.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,448 21.7

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,438 28.0

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 18.6

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 46.7

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 37.5

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 62.8

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 23.5

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 61.5

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 32.0

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 8.1

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 24.2

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 4.5

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1.3

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 4.8

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 20.4

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 –

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 19.6

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 59.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 81.9

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 45

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Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 80.6

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 9.9

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.0

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.5

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.8

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 11.7

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 21.9

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 35.1

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 52.3

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 56.2

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 12.7

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Helpers--production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 25.1

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 24.7

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,010 15.7

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 18.3

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 75.8

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 45.0

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
46 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 5.8

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 12.7

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 8.9

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 1.4

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 –

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 10.5

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.5

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 –

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 .2

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 7.4

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 12.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,867 18.3

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 53.8

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 8.6

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 47

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,680 8,915 3,922 9,838

Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 34.7 48.7 26.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 15.3 11.2 16.5 9.4

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 23.5 32.2 16.7

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 27.9 20.9 32.0

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30.6 29.5 23.2 30.9

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 11.1 10.2 12.8

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 18.4 13.0 18.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . .9 .6 .4 1.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .2 .2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 .0 .5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .3 .2 .2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . .. . . .5.1 7.2 6.9 9.1

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 4.2 5.9 5.8

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 3.1 1.0 3.4

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity
48 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 143,929 100.0 146,305 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 2,130 1.5 2,237 1.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 1,065 .7 1,088 .7

Construction......................................................................................... 9,271 6.4 9,813 6.7

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 14,869 10.3 15,100 10.3

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 9,391 6.5 9,542 6.5

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 5,478 3.8 5,559 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 19,653 13.7 20,251 13.8

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 3,646 2.5 3,642 2.5

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 16,007 11.1 16,609 11.4

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 7,415 5.2 7,581 5.2

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 6,228 4.3 6,377 4.4

 Utilities................................................................................................ 1,187 .8 1,204 .8

Information...................................................................................................................... 2,960 2.1 3,115 2.1

Financial activities................................................................................ 9,849 6.8 9,871 6.7

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 6,984 4.9 6,956 4.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 2,865 2.0 2,915 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 16,793 11.7 17,004 11.6

 Professional and technical services................................................... 10,110 7.0 10,327 7.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 6,682 4.6 6,677 4.6

Education and health services.............................................................. 32,535 22.6 32,830 22.4

 Educational services.......................................................................... 12,974 9.0 13,253 9.1

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 19,562 13.6 19,577 13.4

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 6,274 4.4 6,586 4.5

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 10,215 7.1 9,930 6.8

 Social assistance............................................................................. 3,072 2.1 3,060 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 13,554 9.4 13,489 9.2

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 3,205 2.2 3,082 2.1

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 10,349 7.2 10,407 7.1

Other services...................................................................................... 7,127 5.0 7,169 4.9

 Other services, except private households........................................ 6,404 4.4 6,349 4.3

 Private households............................................................................ 723 .5 820 .6

Public administration.......................................................................................... 6,708 4.7 6,757 4.6

Industry and gender

Year

2013 2014
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 49

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 67,577 100.0 68,613 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 5198 552 .8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 139 .2 145 .2

Construction......................................................................................... 840 1.2 872 1.3

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 4,273 6.3 4,420 6.4

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 2,307 3.4 2,407 3.5

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 1,966 2.9 2,014 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 8,760 13.0 9,113 13.3

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 1,036 1.5 1,099 1.6

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 7,724 11.4 8,013 11.7

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 1,758 2.6 1,744 2.5

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 1,489 2.2 1,470 2.1

 Utilities................................................................................................ 268 .4 274 .4

Information...................................................................................................................... 1,159 1.7 1,209 1.8

Financial activities................................................................................ 5,213 7.7 5,254 7.7

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 3,891 5.8 3,906 5.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,322 2.0 1,348 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 7,034 10.4 7,012 10.2

 Professional and technical services................................................... 4,413 6.5 4,396 6.4

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 2,621 3.9 2,616 3.8

Education and health services.............................................................. 24,280 35.9 24,507 35.7

 Educational services.......................................................................... 8,937 13.2 9,129 13.3

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 15,343 22.7 15,379 22.4

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 4,776 7.1 4,979 7.3

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 7,970 11.8 7,805 11.4

 Social assistance............................................................................. 2,597 3.8 2,594 3.8

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 6,918 10.2 6,934 10.1

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,472 2.2 1,440 2.1

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 5,445 8.1 5,493 8.0

Other services...................................................................................... 3,713 5.5 3,785 5.5

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,052 4.5 3,028 4.4

 Private households............................................................................ 661 1.0 757 1.1

Public administration.......................................................................................... 2,972 4.4 3,066 4.5

Industry and gender

Year

2013 2014
50 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2013 and 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 76,353 100.0 77,692 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 1,611 2.1 1,685 2.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 926 1.2 943 1.2

Construction......................................................................................... 8,432 11.0 8,941 11.5

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 10,596 13.9 10,680 13.7

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 7,083 9.3 7,135 9.2

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 3,512 4.6 3,545 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 10,894 14.3 11,138 14.3

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 2,610 3.4 2,542 3.3

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 8,283 10.8 8,595 11.1

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 5,657 7.4 5,838 7.5

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 4,739 6.2 4,907 6.3

 Utilities................................................................................................ 918 1.2 930 1.2

Information...................................................................................................................... 1,801 2.4 1,906 2.5

Financial activities................................................................................ 4,636 6.1 4,617 5.9

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 3,093 4.1 3,050 3.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,542 2.0 1,567 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 9,758 12.8 9,992 12.9

 Professional and technical services................................................... 5,697 7.5 5,932 7.6

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 4,061 5.3 4,061 5.2

Education and health services.............................................................. 8,255 10.8 8,322 10.7

 Educational services.......................................................................... 4,037 5.3 4,124 5.3

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 4,218 5.5 4,198 5.4

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 1,498 2.0 1,607 2.1

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 2,245 2.9 2,125 2.7

 Social assistance............................................................................. 475 0.6 466 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 6,637 8.7 6,555 8.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,733 2.3 1,642 2.1

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 4,904 6.4 4,914 6.3

Other services...................................................................................... 3,414 4.5 3,384 4.4

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,352 4.4 3,321 4.3

 Private households............................................................................ 62 .1 64 .1

Public administration.......................................................................................... 3,736 4.9 3,691 4.8

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2013 2014
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 51

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and older...................................................................................................... 146,305 46.9

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.......................................................................................................... 2,237 24.7

Crop production................................................................................................................................................ 1,107 25.6

Animal production and aquaculture.........................................................................................................................................................780 25.1

Forestry, except logging................................................................................................................................................................... 54 34.2

Logging........................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 2.8

Fishing, hunting, and trapping.......................................................................................... 40 –

Support activities for agriculture and forestry................................................................................................................................... 164 29.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................................................................................................................................1,088 13.3

Oil and gas extraction....................................................................................................................................................................... 104 17.9

Coal mining...................................................................................................................... 84 7.4

Metal ore mining...................................................................................................................... 50 15.7

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................................................................................................................................... 78 9.2

Not specified type of mining.............................................................................................. 10 –

Support activities for mining............................................................................................................................................................... 762 13.8

Construction................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9,813 8.9

Manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15,100 29.3

Durable goods.................................................................................................................................................................................... 9,542 25.2

Nonmetallic mineral products............................................................................................................................................................. 423 20.4

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing............................................................................... 29 –

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing..........................................................................................................................27 –

Glass and glass product manufacturing...............................................................................................................................................155 27.4

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing...............................................................................................................147 9.4

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing............................................... 64 18.8

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing.................................................................................................................1,625 16.5

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing...........................................................................................................................313 11.0

Aluminum production and processing........................................................................................................................................... 64 17.2

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.................................................................................................. 49 –

Foundries.................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 13.4

Metal forgings and stampings...................................................................................................................................................... 50 25.3

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................36 –

Structural metals and boiler tank and shipping container manufacturing.............................................................................................351 15.5

Machine shops; turned products; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing..................................................................................................265 14.5

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities................................................................................................................... 76 13.4

Ordnance....................................................................................................................................40 –

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing..................................................... 281 20.6

Not specified metal industries......................................................................................... 19 –

Machinery manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................. 1,291 20.7

Agricultural implement manufacturing..................................................................................................................................................124 22.0

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing............................................................................................192 21.4

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing................................................................................................................74 27.4

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
52 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Metalworking machinery manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................151 16.2

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing.........................................................................................................66 21.0

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c....................................................................................... 678 20.5

Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................................................. 6 –

Computers and electronic products manufacturing......................................................................................................................................1,249 32.5

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing.................................................................................................................................247 29.7

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing............................................................................................................146 32.3

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control 

 instruments manufacturing................................................................................................. 234 36.3

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.......................................................................... 622 32.2

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing....................................................................................................................................427 24.3

Household appliance manufacturing.........................................................................................................................................................84 31.2

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other

 electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c........................................................................................................... 344 22.7

Transportation equipment manufacturing.....................................................................................................................................................2,307 25.2

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing.....................................................................................................................1,275 27.3

Aircraft and parts manufacturing...............................................................................................................................................................449 25.1

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing.............................................................................................................................................352 23.7

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing................................................................................. 31 –

Ship and boat building.................................................................................................................................................................. 164 12.5

Other transportation equipment manufacturing............................................................... 37 –

Wood products manufacturing.....................................................................................................................................................................390 16.2

Sawmills and wood preservation.................................................................................................................................................. 110 10.1

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products...................................................................................................................... 45 –

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes........................................................................................................................... 30 –

Miscellaneous wood products...................................................................................................................................................... 205 18.8

Furniture and fixtures manufacturing..................................................................................................................................... 417 28.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................ 1,411 36.4

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing........................................................................................................................... 535 40.3

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing.........................................................................................................118 30.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................... 512 36.5

Not specified manufacturing industries......................................................................................246 30.8

Nondurable goods manufacturing...................................................................................................................................................................5,559 36.2

Food manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................... 1,726 40.7

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling......................................................................................................................................... 168 29.1

Sugar and confectionery products............................................................................................................................................... 82 41.9

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods manufacturing...........................................................................................................143 42.8

Dairy product manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................149 29.0

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................................................................................................................................. 503 34.7

Retail bakeries.............................................................................................................................................................................. 268 72.5

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries........................................................................................ 205 38.8

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 53

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.................................................................. 184 32.5

Not specified food industries........................................................................................ 24 –

Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing.....................................................................................................................................296 28.6

Beverage manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................. 264 27.3

Tobacco manufacturing.......................................................................................................... 32 –

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing...........................................................................................................................................580 53.9

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................................................................. 14 –

Fabric mills, except knitting mills.......................................................................................................................................................... 103 35.9

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills................................................................... 12 –

Carpet and rug mills..................................................................................................................................................................... 61 40.6

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug.................................................................................................................................. 68 61.8

Knitting fabric mills and apparel knitting mills......................................................................................................................... 22 –

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing.....................................................................................................................................................240 63.8

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing................................................. 7 –

Footwear manufacturing........................................................................................................ 31 –

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing........................................ 22 –

Paper manufacturing and printing............................................................................................................................................................933 30.2

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................................................................................................................................................. 203 18.2

Paperboard container manufacturing............................................................................................................................................. 105 18.9

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products........................................................................................................................................ 97 31.4

Printing and related support activities.......................................................................................................................................... 528 36.9

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing...........................................................................................................................................212 16.7

Petroleum refining................................................................................................................................................................................. 186 16.1

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products........................................................................................... 26 –

Chemicals manufacturing........................................................................................................................................................................1,333 34.4

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing.........................................................................................................194 24.2

Agricultural chemical manufacturing....................................................................................................... 34 –

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................486 47.5

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing.........................................................................................................................................68 21.2

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing...................................................................................................................139 46.3

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals........................................................................ 412 22.5

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing...........................................................................................................................................478 28.7

Plastics product manufacturing.............................................................................................................................................................326 29.9

Tire manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................................73 17.8

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing..........................................................................................................................................79 34.0

Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................................................................................................20,251 45.0

Wholesale trade..........................................................................................................................................................................................3,642 30.2

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers.................................................... 166 26.7

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................................................46 –

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................................162 16.8

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................. 340 35.6

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
54 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers........................................................................................... 50 17.7

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant

 wholesalers........................................................................................................................................................................................ 220 25.5

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, 

merchant wholesalers....................................................................................................................140 24.5

Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................. 399 26.7

Recyclable material, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................ 111 18.3

Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers..................................................................................................... 101 42.3

Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers.......................................................................................................................................63 27.6

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers............................................................................... 243 47.9

Apparel, piece goods, and notions, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................... 121 45.5

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 821 26.9

Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers...................................................................................................... 62 26.6

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers................................................................................................ 130 26.4

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................. 131 21.1

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................... 39 –

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 175 45.9

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers................................................................................ 70 40.9

Not specified wholesale trade........................................................................................... 52 28.1

Retail trade.................................................................................................................................................... 16,609 48.2

Automobile dealers.............................................................................................................. 1,283 20.0

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................................... 124 23.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores........................................................................................ 523 15.4

Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................................................................... 572 41.4

Household appliance stores...................................................................................................... 78 26.1

Electronics stores................................................................................................................. 557 28.1

Building material and supplies dealers..........................................................................................932 30.0

Hardware stores................................................................................................................. 211 34.9

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores................................................................................... 284 29.4

Grocery stores.............................................................................................................................................. 2,869 48.3

Specialty food stores........................................................................................................... 278 44.4

Beer, wine, and liquor stores................................................................................................... 143 32.5

Pharmacies and drug stores...................................................................................................... 898 63.8

Health and personal care, except drug, stores................................................................................... 362 67.6

Gasoline stations............................................................................................................... 527 49.8

Clothing stores........................................................................................................................................... 1,044 76.9

Shoe stores................................................................................................................................................. 178 56.5

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...................................................................................... 197 68.0

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores................................................................................ 497 40.4

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores...................................................................................... 58 75.4

Musical instrument and supplies stores........................................................................................ 44 –

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 55

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Book stores and news dealers.................................................................................................... 115 66.3

Department stores and discount stores........................................................................................... 2,131 60.0

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores........................................................................................ 548 59.9

Retail florists........................................................................................................................................................................................ 128 66.6

Office supplies and stationery stores...........................................................................................154 43.8

Used merchandise stores......................................................................................................... 243 63.1

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................................... 136 75.9

Miscellaneous retail stores..................................................................................................... 460 55.3

Electronic shopping............................................................................................................. 226 45.6

Electronic auctions.............................................................................................................. 25 –

Mail-order houses............................................................................................................... 82 48.8

Vending machine operators....................................................................................................... 52 28.3

Fuel dealers................................................................................................................................................ 74 30.1

Other direct selling establishments.................................................................................... 182 71.2

Not specified retail trade...................................................................................................... 392 51.0

Transportation and utilities............................................................................................................ 7,581 23.0

Transportation and warehousing...................................................................................................... 6,377 23.0

Air transportation.......................................................................................................................................... 528 35.7

Rail transportation............................................................................................................. 259 7.4

Water transportation............................................................................................................ 66 20.6

Truck transportation............................................................................................................ 1,938 11.4

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................................... 515 38.0

Taxi and limousine service...................................................................................................... 301 13.6

Pipeline transportation.......................................................................................................... 53 16.4

Scenic and sightseeing transportation................................................................................. 44 –

Services incidental to transportation........................................................................................... 796 24.8

Postal Service.............................................................................................................................................. 677 41.9

Couriers and messengers......................................................................................................... 735 20.4

Warehousing and storage......................................................................................................... 466 29.5

Utilities.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1,204 22.7

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution....................................................................... 625 23.3

Natural gas distribution........................................................................................................ 125 21.5

Electric and gas, and other combinations........................................................................................ 109 29.8

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems.......................................................................... 226 19.1

Sewage treatment facilities..................................................................................................... 84 12.6

Not specified utilities............................................................................................................ 34 –

Information......................................................................................................................................................... 3,115 38.8

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................................. 240 44.9

Periodical, book, and directory publishers...................................................................................... 256 52.7

Software publishers................................................................................................................................ 136 32.4

Motion pictures and video industries............................................................................................422 34.7

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
56 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Sound recording industries......................................................................................................... 41 –

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming..................................................................................... 586 31.4

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals....................................................................................... 91 33.7

Wired telecommunications carriers...............................................................................................523 31.9

Other telecommunications services.......................................................................................... 458 31.6

Data processing, hosting, and related services.................................................................................. 92 42.8

Libraries and archives.......................................................................................................... 231 80.7

Other information services..............................................................................................................39 –

Financial activities.................................................................................................................... 9,871 53.2

Finance and insurance............................................................................................................... 6,956 56.2

Banking and related activities.................................................................................................. 2,074 61.9

Savings institutions, including credit unions................................................................................... 225 72.2

Nondepository credit and related activities....................................................................................903 51.9

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments............................................................ 1,088 37.1

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................................................................ 2,667 59.5

Real estate and rental and leasing........................................................................................................................... 2,915 46.2

Real estate.............................................................................................................................................. 2,549 49.4

Rental and leasing services.............................................................................................................................. 366 24.2

Automotive equipment rental and leasing.............................................................................................................. 166 28.3

Video tape and disk rental........................................................................................................................... 8 –

Other consumer goods rental.......................................................................................................................... 109 25.3

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing............................................................ 83 12.5

Professional and business services............................................................................................................................... 17,004 41.2

Professional and technical services.......................................................................................................................... 10,327 42.6

Legal services........................................................................................................................................... 1,656 54.1

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services........................................................................................... 1,075 62.3

Architectural, engineering, and related services......................................................................................................... 1,466 24.8

Specialized design services.............................................................................................................................. 419 58.3

Computer systems design and related services............................................................................................................. 2,344 25.4

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services................................................................................................ 1,522 40.4

Scientific research and development services............................................................................................................. 547 48.8

Advertising, public relations, and related services......................................................................................................................... 582 46.4

Veterinary services...................................................................................................................................... 320 81.0

Other professional, scientific, and technical services................................................................................................... 396 54.7

Management, administrative, and waste services............................................................................................................... 6,677 39.2

Management of companies and enterprises.................................................................................................................. 206 50.7

Employment services...................................................................................................................................... 983 54.7

Business support services................................................................................................................................ 793 63.6

Travel arrangement and reservation services.............................................................................................................. 284 60.2

Investigation and security services...................................................................................................................... 759 23.9

Services to buildings and dwellings...................................................................................................................... 1,475 53.9

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 57

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Landscaping services..................................................................................................................................... 1,390 8.4

Other administrative and other support services.......................................................................................................... 246 45.2

Waste management and remediation services................................................................................................................ 543 17.7

Education and health services.................................................................................................................................... 32,830 74.7

Educational services......................................................................................................................................... 13,253 68.9

Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................................................................... 8,805 74.8

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges.................................................... 3,569 55.4

Business, technical, and trade schools and training.............................................................................. 94 58.3

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services.............................................................................. 784 64.8

Health care and social assistance............................................................................................................................ 19,577 78.6

Hospitals................................................................................................................................................ 6,586 75.6

Health services, except hospitals........................................................................................................................ 9,930 78.6

Offices of physicians................................................................................................................................ 1,640 76.6

Offices of dentists.................................................................................................................................. 884 81.2

Offices of chiropractors............................................................................................................................. 136 59.7

Offices of optometrists.............................................................................................................................. 138 73.9

Offices of other health practitioners................................................................................................................ 307 78.1

Outpatient care centers.............................................................................................................................. 1,548 77.4

Home health care services............................................................................................................................ 1,316 88.6

Other health care services........................................................................................................................... 1,323 66.2

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)................................................................................................................... 1,836 85.6

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities................................................................................................................... 802 74.4

Social assistance........................................................................................................................................ 3,060 84.8

Individual and family services....................................................................................................................... 1,426 79.3

Community food and housing, and emergency services................................................................................................... 108 62.1

Vocational rehabilitation services................................................................................................................... 131 58.6

Child day care services.............................................................................................................................. 1,395 94.6

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................................................................................... 13,489 51.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................................................................................................................... 3,082 46.7

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries............................................................. 829 44.0

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions....................................................................................... 339 44.9

Bowling centers............................................................................................................................. 39 –

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries..................................................................................................... 1,875 48.4

Accommodation and food services.............................................................................................................................. 10,407 52.8

Accommodation............................................................................................................................................ 1,511 57.8

Traveler accommodation............................................................................................................................... 1,420 58.7

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.................................................................... 91 44.2

Food services and drinking places........................................................................................................................ 8,896 51.9

Restaurants and other food services.................................................................................................................. 8,635 51.9

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages................................................................................................................. 261 54.3

Other services................................................................................................................................................... 7,169 52.8

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
58 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Other services, except private households.................................................................................................................... 6,349 47.7

Repair and maintenance................................................................................................................................... 2,064 12.2

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................................................................................................... 1,225 9.4

Car washes........................................................................................................................................... 173 14.3

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance............................................................................................ 151 16.5

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance........................................................ 311 8.6

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance.................................................................................................. 199 29.9

Footwear and leather goods repair......................................................................................... 4 –

Personal and laundry services............................................................................................................................ 2,368 72.5

Barber shops......................................................................................................................................... 128 24.1

Beauty salons........................................................................................................................................ 930 93.8

Nail salons and other personal care services......................................................................................................... 493 77.2

Drycleaning and laundry services..................................................................................................................... 285 57.4

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories........................................................................................................... 146 36.5

Other personal services.............................................................................................................................. 387 55.9

Membership associations and organizations................................................................................................................ 1,917 55.3

Religious organizations.............................................................................................................................. 1,047 48.1

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services................................................ 671 66.1

Labor unions......................................................................................................................................... 63 41.5

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations......................................................................................... 136 63.8

Private households........................................................................................................................................... 820 92.2

Public administration............................................................................................................................................ 6,757 45.4

Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................................................................. 989 53.1

Public finance activities................................................................................................................................ 330 64.5

Other general government and support..................................................................................................................... 136 40.3

Justice, public order, and safety activities............................................................................................................. 2,795 34.8

Administration of human resource programs................................................................................................................ 966 70.8

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs............................................................................................. 253 42.9

Administration of economic programs and space research................................................................................................... 502 43.2

National security and international affairs.............................................................................................................. 786 37.1

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified

Note: Dash indicates data not available. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 59

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)...................................................................................................... 53,680 8,915 3,922 9,838

 Percent......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries................................................................................................... 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... .2 .1 .1 .2

Construction.........................................................................................1.5 .5 .6 1.2

Manufacturing.......................................................................................6.4 5.3 9.5 7.8

 Durable goods manufacturing.................................................................................... 3.5 2.9 5.3 3.5

 Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................................................................. 3.0 2.4 4.2 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade................................................................... 13.5 12.3 12.5 14.7

 Wholesale trade..................................................................................1.7 1.1 1.6 1.7

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 11.8 11.2 10.9 13.1

Transportation and utilities...................................................................2.4 3.8 1.7 2.8

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................2.0 3.4 1.3 2.5

 Utilities.................................................................................................4 .5 .3 .3

Information......................................................................................... 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4

Financial activities................................................................................7.9 6.4 8.0 5.9

 Finance and insurance.......................................................................5.8 5.1 6.5 4.2

 Real estate and rental and leasing.....................................................2.1 1.3 1.4 1.7

Professional and business services..................................................... 10.5 8.2 11.8 10.6

 Professional and technical services...................................................6.7 3.5 9.3 4.0

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3.8 4.6 2.5 6.6

Education and health services.............................................................. 35.3 41.4 30.7 29.1

 Educational services.......................................................................... 14.0 11.4 9.1 9.8

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 21.3 30.0 21.6 19.3

 Hospitals..........................................................................................7.0 8.4 8.9 4.6

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 10.7 15.9 10.1 10.3

 Social assistance.............................................................................3.5 5.8 2.6 4.4

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 10.0 9.1 11.0 14.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation...................................................2.2 1.3 1.9 1.8

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 78 7.8 9.1 12.8

Other services......................................................................................5.6 4.2 8.1 7.1

 Other services, except private households........................................4.4 3.5 7.2 4.3

 Private households............................................................................1.2 .7 .9 2.8

Public administration...................................................................................... 3.9 7.1 4.1 3.5

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity
60 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2014 annual averages

1979........ $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980........ 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981........ 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982........ 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983........ 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984........ 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986....... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987........ 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989........ 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990....... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991........ 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992........ 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993........ 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994....... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995........ 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996........ 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997....... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998....... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999....... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

2000....... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001........ 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003....... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004........ 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005......... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006........ 671 690 554 784 486 600 609 519 699 440

2007........ 695 716 569 830 503 614 626 533 731 473

2008....... 722 742 589 861 529 638 654 554 753 501

2009....... 739 757 601 880 541 657 669 582 779 509

2010....... 747 765 611 855 535 669 684 592 773 508

2011....... 756 775 615 866 549 684 703 595 751 518

2012....... 768 792 621 920 568 691 710 599 770 521

2013....... 776 802 629 942 578 706 722 606 819 541

2014....... 791 816 639 953 594 719 734 611 841 548

 See note at end of table.

Total Women

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Year 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 61

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2014 annual averages (continued)

1979........ $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980........ 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981........ 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982........ 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983........ 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984........ 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986....... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987........ 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989........ 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990....... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991........ 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992........ 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993........ 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994....... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995........ 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996........ 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997....... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998....... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999....... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

2000....... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001........ 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003....... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004........ 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005......... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006........ 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

2007........ 766 788 600 936 520 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 

2008....... 798 825 620 966 559 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 

2009....... 819 845 621 952 569 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 

2010....... 824 850 633 936 560 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7 

2011....... 832 856 653 970 571 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7 

2012....... 854 879 665 1,055 592 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0 

2013....... 860 884 664 1,059 594 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1 

2014....... 871 897 680 1,080 616 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0 

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the

Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation

provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, 

and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, 

people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category 

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability 

documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. 

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity
62 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment 

and gender, 2014 annual averages

Total

Total....................................................... 96,943 $839

 Less than a high school diploma .................. 6,927 488

 High school graduate or more..........................90,017 879

 High school graduates, no college............. 25,529 668

 Some college or associate's degree.....................26,408 761

 Some college, no degree......................... 15,679 741

 Associate's degree.................................. 10,729 792

 Occupational program............................ 4,691 796

 Academic program............................... 6,038 789

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 38,080 1,193

 Bachelor's degree................................ 24,094 1,101

 Master's degree.................................. 10,297 1,326

 Professional degree.............................. 1,729 1,639

 Doctoral degree.................................. 1,960 1,591

Women

Total........................................................ 42,986 752

 Less than a high school diploma.................. 2,107 409

 High school graduate or more..........................40,879 773

 High school graduates, no college............. 10,093 578

 Some college or associate's degree.....................12,462 661

 Some college, no degree......................... 7,010 631

 Associate's degree.................................. 5,452 701

 Occupational program............................ 2,190 681

 Academic program............................... 3,261 715

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 18,324 1,049

 Bachelor's degree............................... 11,453 965

 Master's degree.................................. 5,456 1,150

 Professional degree.............................. 686 1,361

 Doctoral degree.................................... 728 1,428

 See note at end of table.

 Educational attainment and gender Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 63

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and

salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment 

and gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

Men

Total....................................................... 53,957 $922

 Less than a high school diploma................. 4,819 517

 High school graduate or more...................... 49,138 978

 High school graduates, no college............. 15,437 751

 Some college or associate's degree.....................13,946 872

 Some college, no degree......................... 8,669 846

 Associate's degree.................................. 5,277 911

 Occupational program............................ 2,501 916

 Academic program............................... 2,776 904

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 12,641 1,249

 Master's degree.................................. 4,841 1,560

 Professional degree......................................1,042 1,906

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,232 1,737

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated and

unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

 Educational attainment and gender Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
64 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Total, full-time wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,526 $791 47,076 $719 59,450 $871 82.5

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,016 1,137 22,258 981 20,758 1,346 72.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . 17,561 1,227 8,176 1,056 9,385 1,416 74.6

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,881 1,295 4,938 1,127 6,943 1,454 77.5

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,077 2,023 283 1,572 795 2,246 70.0

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 1,276 256 1,136 587 1,350 84.1

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 1,405 372 1,150 451 1,624 70.8

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 1,344 41 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 1,163 48 ( 1 ) 66 1,165 ( 2 )

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 1,730 169 1,529 453 1,763 86.7

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,133 1,325 606 1,127 527 1,671 67.4

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 1,382 178 1,300 56 1,827 71.2

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 1,331 42 ( 1 ) 220 1,383 ( 2 )

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 1,329 77 1,276 103 1,366 93.4

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 991 51 836 188 1,014 82.4

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 812 15 ( 1 ) 91 818 ( 2 )

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 1,304 33 ( 1 ) 395 1,332 ( 2 )

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 1,272 451 1,171 279 1,439 81.4

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 1,945 7 ( 1 ) 103 1,975 ( 2 )

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 704 342 595 398 806 73.8

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 764 60 809 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 1,266 388 1,215 153 1,448 83.9

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . 385 919 218 865 167 976 88.6

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 1,008 207 978 125 1,142 85.6

Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,609 1,322 983 1,153 1,626 1,412 81.7

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,681 1,107 3,238 982 2,442 1,310 75.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and

 athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 859 74 806 69 970 83.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. 244 945 139 897 105 1,054 85.1

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . 285 989 175 908 110 1,093 83.1

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 1,157 108 1,092 118 1,237 88.3

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1,059 12 ( 1 ) 85 1,074 ( 2 )

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 962 403 912 147 1,257 72.6

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1,022 49 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 1,091 65 955 53 1,280 74.6

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 946 39 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 1,470 229 1,239 322 1,665 74.4

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 997 88 981 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 1,122 51 1,013 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 65

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 $1,135 134 $1,002 85 $1,269 79.0

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 1,098 99 944 74 1,229 76.8

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437 1,072 910 999 526 1,236 80.8

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1,009 24 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 1,434 93 1,224 133 1,493 82.0

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 1,337 134 1,004 201 1,637 61.3

Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 1,142 64 1,003 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 997 161 915 108 1,188 77.0

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1,183 37 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 904 38 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 949 48 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,455 1,078 14,082 948 11,373 1,286 73.7

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,879 1,368 979 1,165 2,900 1,435 81.2

Computer and information research scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 1,385 147 1,259 272 1,460 86.2

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 1,419 8 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 1,409 84 1,253 354 1,447 86.6

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . 1,141 1,693 224 1,457 917 1,736 83.9

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 1,129 57 988 105 1,245 79.4

Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 966 132 837 371 1,049 79.8

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1,517 25 ( 1 ) 76 1,662 ( 2 )

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 1,263 42 ( 1 ) 162 1,286 ( 2 )

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 1,633 15 ( 1 ) 111 1,650 ( 2 )

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 1,088 109 984 343 1,122 87.7

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 1,276 72 1,233 61 1,457 84.6

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 1,349 39 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,527 1,377 377 1,158 2,150 1,413 82.0

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 1,329 29 ( 1 ) 94 1,391 ( 2 )

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 1,642 22 ( 1 ) 121 1,727 ( 2 )

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 1,465 11 ( 1 ) 64 1,570 ( 2 )

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 1,383 53 1,275 263 1,406 90.7

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 1,744 9 ( 1 ) 70 1,795 ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 1,572 29 ( 1 ) 242 1,568 ( 2 )

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 1,404 32 ( 1 ) 155 1,464 ( 2 )

Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 1,434 27 ( 1 ) 259 1,453 ( 2 )

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety

 engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
66 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 $1,463 44 ( 1 ) 317 $1,488 ( 2 )

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 979 20 ( 1 ) 102 986 ( 2 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 989 68 $785 253 1,066 73.6

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 879 2 ( 1 ) 54 882 ( 2 )

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,124 1,168 466 1,062 658 1,247 85.2

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1,152 41 ( 1 ) 54 1,356 ( 2 )

Conservation scientists and foresters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1,267 68 1,141 69 1,449 78.7

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 1,251 28 ( 1 ) 70 1,369 ( 2 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 1,358 17 ( 1 ) 55 1,388 ( 2 )

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 1,447 63 1,262 116 1,547 81.6

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 1,232 94 1,212 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 910 22 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . 110 851 53 805 58 872 92.3

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,005 858 1,264 824 741 934 88.2

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 849 378 831 174 885 93.9

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 844 563 839 127 892 94.1

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . 95 999 50 1,141 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 716 113 673 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

 including health educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 773 66 747 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 958 53 763 303 1,007 75.8

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313 1,271 722 1,001 591 1,765 56.7

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 1,807 251 1,590 486 1,915 83.0

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 831 321 840 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 870 118 817 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,595 953 4,832 897 1,763 1,141 78.6

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 1,256 405 1,143 454 1,409 81.1

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 634 486 625 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,730 980 2,196 956 534 1,096 87.2

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 1,037 549 984 432 1,108 88.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 67

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 $1,001 239 $987 57 $1,078 91.6

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 846 198 772 142 1,096 70.4

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 889 129 849 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 498 492 494 52 580 85.2

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 956 111 983 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . .1,573 956 667 870 906 1,024 85.0

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1,166 22 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 921 257 812 289 1,020 79.6

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1,192 35 ( 1 ) 66 1,224 ( 2 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 871 29 ( 1 ) 83 974 ( 2 )

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, 

 all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 802 24 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 982 69 933 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 1,018 47 ( 1 ) 73 1,051 ( 2 )

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1,297 23 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1,016 60 863 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio

 operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 948 11 ( 1 ) 67 958 ( 2 )

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 938 22 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and

 editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . . . . 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,438 1,033 4,775 983 1,663 1,256 78.3

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 1,908 22 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 919 80 875 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 1,995 111 1,902 103 2,176 87.4

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 1,661 284 1,246 475 2,002 62.2

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 1,619 49 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 1,146 72 1,139 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 1,387 118 1,307 74 1,478 88.4

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1,037 57 906 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 1,086 98 1,089 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 908 91 863 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,309 1,090 2,064 1,076 245 1,190 90.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
68 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 $1,683 90 $1,682 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 824 194 818 70 $878 93.2

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 957 82 951 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 991 187 940 70 1,156 81.3

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 754 55 709 152 791 89.6

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . 443 618 350 618 93 618 ( 2 )

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 751 451 737 55 868 84.9

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . 120 790 104 796 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . 92 820 58 690 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 93 1,000 50 930 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,019 505 7,398 461 7,622 583 79.1

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,368 498 2,060 492 307 560 87.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,364 472 1,200 466 164 528 88.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 693 26 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 535 179 535 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 546 383 539 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . 26 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 533 84 526 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including 

 medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 509 83 493 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,740 833 530 617 2,211 886 69.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 1,127 17 ( 1 ) 103 1,149 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . 56 1,438 2 ( 1 ) 54 1,448 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . 90 913 16 ( 1 ) 74 1,004 ( 2 )

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 1,138 16 ( 1 ) 274 1,142 ( 2 )

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 730 113 687 279 755 91.0

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 1,173 32 ( 1 ) 130 1,183 ( 2 )

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 1,018 78 743 593 1,043 71.2

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 1,025 29 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 569 169 514 541 589 87.3

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective 

 service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,017 439 1,877 419 2,140 463 90.5

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 590 61 531 302 601 88.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 69

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . . 403 $516 219 $485 184 $583 83.2

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,166 413 392 405 773 416 97.4

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 406 181 401 178 411 97.6

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 522 113 459 103 634 72.4

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

 fast food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 379 102 373 66 384 97.1

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, 

 and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 349 41 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 436 542 415 283 501 82.8

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 502 64 495 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . 151 451 78 420 73 509 82.5

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 368 27 ( 1 ) 101 364 ( 2 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . 62 433 53 418 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . 3,568 480 1,236 413 2,331 517 79.9

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . 153 596 64 500 89 720 69.4

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and

groundskeeping workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 717 1 ( 1 ) 90 716 ( 2 )

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,598 502 438 415 1,160 540 76.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 401 685 400 131 404 99.0

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 653 1 ( 1 ) 62 653 ( 2 )

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 459 47 ( 1 ) 800 454 ( 2 )

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,326 487 1,695 455 632 607 75.0

First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 789 43 ( 1 ) 51 810 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 567 46 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 489 60 452 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 627 31 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . 69 473 28 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 482 271 476 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 432 144 422 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 633 9 ( 1 ) 58 664 ( 2 )

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 442 385 444 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 434 534 425 133 465 91.4

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 599 91 521 76 716 72.8

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,402 666 14,151 620 9,251 766 80.9

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,626 705 4,215 570 5,411 841 67.8

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,317 696 1,022 595 1,295 793 75.0

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 969 238 878 530 1,004 87.5

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305 394 921 387 384 412 93.9

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 547 31 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 617 14 ( 1 ) 74 643 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
70 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,870 $596 733 $491 1,137 $698 70.3

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 942 94 871 100 1,041 83.7

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 765 230 698 204 946 73.8

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . .235 1,122 83 883 152 1,356 65.1

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 948 117 766 296 986 77.7

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,133 1,015 317 873 817 1,120 77.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 852 227 726 189 991 73.3

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 526 37 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, 

 and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 807 91 664 92 949 70.0

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,776 651 9,936 637 3,840 701 90.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative 

 support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,185 808 775 763 410 919 83.0

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 619 102 592 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 642 380 640 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 665 745 660 85 732 90.2

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 757 113 762 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 510 229 507 55 544 93.2

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 752 40 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 738 48 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 627 1,014 606 537 698 86.8

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 783 52 766 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 610 130 613 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 426 52 417 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 636 97 620 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 710 99 692 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 600 51 574 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . 91 754 80 711 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 540 825 532 85 616 86.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . 85 687 48 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 660 59 658 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 727 25 ( 1 ) 142 737 ( 2 )

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 710 138 669 96 764 87.6

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 978 56 935 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 71

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 $966 95 $851 178 $1,025 83.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

 machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 979 29 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 837 111 738 96 1,024 72.1

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 592 169 576 376 603 95.5

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 508 337 514 658 504 102.0

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,

 recordkeeping............................................................................77 646 32 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,342 691 2,215 685 126 811 84.5

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 764 37 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 626 195 618 51 673 91.8

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 622 63 629 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 647 225 632 50 709 89.1

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . 61 567 33 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 630 753 626 135 662 94.6

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 731 296 692 114 878 78.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . 10,763 756 417 509 10,346 764 66.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 429 151 375 625 457 82.1

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . 23 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 389 53 386 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 421 84 369 485 437 84.4

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,756 756 121 691 5,635 757 91.3

First-line supervisors of construction trades and 

 extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 1,027 12 ( 1 ) 528 1,033 ( 2 )

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 657 0 ( 1 ) 105 656 ( 2 )

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 696 15 ( 1 ) 786 699 ( 2 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 683 2 ( 1 ) 92 687 ( 2 )

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . 41 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,221 605 22 ( 1 ) 1,199 605 ( 2 )

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 310 864 6 ( 1 ) 305 862 ( 2 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 597 1 ( 1 ) 118 595 ( 2 )

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 883 16 ( 1 ) 624 884 ( 2 )

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 563 16 ( 1 ) 342 562 ( 2 )

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
72 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 $913 8 ( 1 ) 478 $916 ( 2 )

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 618 1 ( 1 ) 135 620 ( 2 )

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 868 2 ( 1 ) 111 857 ( 2 )

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 513 2 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1,031 5 ( 1 ) 54 1,028 ( 2 )

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 794 1 ( 1 ) 115 794 ( 2 )

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, 

 oil, gas, and mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 1,187 0 ( 1 ) 53 1,187 ( 2 )

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1,042 1 ( 1 ) 59 1,047 ( 2 )

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers--extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1,120 1 ( 1 ) 85 1,126 ( 2 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,231 821 146 $725 4,085 824 88.0

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . 289 1,022 17 ( 1 ) 272 1,040 ( 2 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . .232 880 31 ( 1 ) 201 889 ( 2 )

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers 

 and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 859 9 ( 1 ) 109 846 ( 2 )

 Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, 

 transportation equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers 

 and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 1,080 4 ( 1 ) 117 1,062 ( 2 )

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 665 3 ( 1 ) 106 668 ( 2 )

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 734 16 ( 1 ) 706 737 ( 2 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . .285 813 2 ( 1 ) 283 811 ( 2 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

 and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 885 1 ( 1 ) 209 886 ( 2 )

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, 

 installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 559 0 ( 1 ) 64 559 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 73

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 

 and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 $769 3 ( 1 ) 318 $773 ( 2 )

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 876 11 ( 1 ) 398 876 ( 2 )

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 813 12 ( 1 ) 391 812 ( 2 )

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 1,013 4 ( 1 ) 105 1,018 ( 2 )

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 869 7 ( 1 ) 163 877 ( 2 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 818 8 ( 1 ) 60 836 ( 2 )

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers 

 and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 804 6 ( 1 ) 170 811 ( 2 )

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,326 642 2,852 $504 11,474 689 73.1

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,481 646 1,935 502 5,546 711 70.6

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . 766 903 134 659 631 942 70.0

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . .159 547 68 506 91 598 84.6

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 592 337 506 589 633 79.9

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 492 84 469 64 518 90.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . 287 512 70 457 217 537 85.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

 operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 473 44 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 637 30 ( 1 ) 80 651 ( 2 )

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 759 6 ( 1 ) 73 790 ( 2 )

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

 and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 620 20 ( 1 ) 63 663 ( 2 )

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and ( 1 )

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, ( 1 )

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
74 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 $764 12 ( 1 ) 339 $770 ( 2 )

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and 

 tenders, plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1,020 1 ( 1 ) 59 1,025 ( 2 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 723 25 ( 1 ) 526 733 ( 2 )

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 624 71 $511 262 647 79.0

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 646 32 ( 1 ) 140 686 ( 2 )

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 417 80 410 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 440 95 432 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, 

 and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters,

 operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ( 1 ) 7 (1) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 except sawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1,044 2 ( 1 ) 92 1,051 ( 2 )

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . 69 833 3 ( 1 ) 66 835 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 75

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . 55 $818 2 ( 1 ) 53 $831 ( 2 )

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . 67 686 7 ( 1 ) 60 694 ( 2 )

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine 

 setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 728 231 $578 443 820 70.5

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 626 43 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 490 133 477 106 522 91.4

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 694 12 ( 1 ) 120 703 ( 2 )

Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment 

 operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . .21 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers--production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 621 191 492 659 676 72.8

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,845 637 918 510 5,927 664 76.8

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . .181 829 33 ( 1 ) 148 925 ( 2 )

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 1,427 7 ( 1 ) 106 1,446 ( 2 )

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 857 48 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 

 medical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 602 136 582 191 616 94.5

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,658 732 103 545 2,555 739 73.7

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 608 29 ( 1 ) 221 609 ( 2 )

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1,187 2 ( 1 ) 55 1,197 ( 2 )

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . .16 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 440 5 ( 1 ) 55 441 ( 2 )

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 512 4 ( 1 ) 72 518 ( 2 )

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 909 12 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
76 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2014 annual averages (continued)

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 $959 0 ( 1 ) 73 $959 ( 2 )

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 594 38 ( 1 ) 497 595 ( 2 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 482 34 ( 1 ) 221 480 ( 2 )

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,358 533 221 $476 1,138 546 87.2

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 413 207 395 140 459 86.1

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 550 3 ( 1 ) 51 564 ( 2 )

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

1

 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. 

Note: Data exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 77

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and older.................................................... 106,526 $791 47,076 $719 59,450 $871 82.5

Agriculture and related industries................................................................................................... 1,039 512 196 458 843 526 87.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 1,009 1,135 127 991 882 1,149 86.2

Construction......................................................................................... 6,826 782 549 764 6,277 783 97.6

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 13,812 813 3,861 666 9,951 879 75.8

 Durable goods manufacturing.................................................................................... 8,805 841 2,148 703 6,656 900 78.1

 Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................................................................. 5,007 765 1,713 628 3,294 836 75.1

Wholesale and retail trade................................................................... 13,383 641 5,308 563 8,075 720 78.2

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 3,012 818 882 729 2,130 864 84.4

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 10,371 602 4,426 532 5,945 671 79.3

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 6,251 855 1,353 760 4,899 887 85.7

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 5,073 809 1,096 731 3,977 838 87.2

 Utilities................................................................................................ 1,179 1,097 257 978 922 1,127 86.8

Information......................................................................................... 2,490 1,023 923 862 1,567 1,140 75.6

Financial activities................................................................................ 7,955 942 4,352 807 3,603 1,163 69.4

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 6,152 990 3,529 821 2,622 1,363 60.2

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,804 772 823 745 980 806 92.4

Professional and business services..................................................... 11,881 917 4,729 784 7,152 1,032 76.0

 Professional and technical services................................................... 7,444 1,202 3,082 957 4,362 1,418 67.5

 Management, administrative, and waste...........................

 services.................................................................4,437 584 1,647 550 2,790 602 91.4

Education and health services.............................................................. 24,500 827 17,956 773 6,544 997 77.5

 Educational services.......................................................................... 10,056 918 6,806 875 3,250 1,033 84.7

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 14,444 755 11,150 713 3,294 959 74.3

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 7,005 509 3,156 473 3,849 559 84.6

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,578 661 647 599 931 715 83.8

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 5,427 481 2,509 448 2,918 509 88.0

Other services...................................................................................... 4,095 644 1,816 569 2,279 740 76.9

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,753 671 1,513 594 2,240 742 80.1

 Private households............................................................................ 342 455 303 435 ( 1 ) 598 ( 2 )

Public administration...................................................................................... 6,280 981 2,751 854 3,529 1,091 78.3

1

 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. 

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Industry

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings
78 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum 

wage, by selected characteristics, 2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older........................................ 77,207 2,992 3.9 1,255 1,737

 16 to 24 years.................................................................15,324 1,443 9.4 705 738

 25 years and older.............................................. 61,883 1,549 2.5 550 999

Women, 16 years and older.................................... 38,802 1,878 4.8 739 1,139

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,623 870 11.4 406 464

 25 years and older.............................................. 31,179 1,007 3.2 333 674

Men, 16 years and older......................................... 38,405 1,114 2.9 516 598

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,701 572 7.4 299 273

 25 years and older...........................................................30,704 542 1.8 217 325

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity1

White........................................................................................................................... 60,245 2,284 3.8 891 1,393

 Women......................................................................................... 29,825 1,427 4.8 514 913

 Men........................................................................................ 30,420 857 2.8 377 480

Black or African American...................................................10,669 460 4.3 257 203

 Women......................................................................................... 5,824 292 5.0 166 126

 Men........................................................................................ 4,845 168 3.5 91 77

Asian.......................................................................................................................................................... 3,498 109 3.1 41 68

 Women......................................................................................... 1,828 69 3.8 24 45

 Men........................................................................................ 1,670 40 2.4 17 23

Hispanic or Latino............................................................................................................................................... 15,301 519 3.4 249 270

 Women.....................................................................6,645 297 4.5 145 152

 Men...........................................................................8,656 223 2.6 104 119

Full- and part-time status2

Full-time workers..............................................................56,607 1,031 1.8 373 658

 Women............................................................. 25,273 593 2.3 195 398

 Men............................................................................... 31,333 438 1.4 178 260

Part-time workers..............................................................20,482 1,954 9.5 880 1,074

 Women........................................................................... 13,479 1,283 9.5 543 740

 Men.............................................................................7,003 672 9.6 338 334

1 Estimates for the race groups--White, Black or African American, and Asian--do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

2

 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status

on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 79

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually

full time

Percentage usually

part time

1968.......................... 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969.......................... 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970.......................... 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971.......................................79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972.............................. 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973.......................... 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974......................... 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.......................... 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976....................... 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977......................... 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978......................... 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979...................................98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980....................... 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981........................... 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982....................... 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983............................ 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984......................... 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985............................................ 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986........................................... 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987............................................. 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988........................... 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989................................ 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990........................... 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991........................... 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992............................................ 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993............................. 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994........................................... 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995......................................... 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996.......................... 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997........................................... 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998........................................... 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999............................................ 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000............................ 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001........................... 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002....................... 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003....................... 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004....................... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005......................................... 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006.......................................144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007.......................................146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008....................... 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009....................... 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010....................... 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011....................... 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012....................... 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013....................... 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014....................... 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

See note at end of table.

Year

Total
80 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2014 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 ........... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 ........... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 .......... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 ........... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 ........... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 ........... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 ........... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 ........... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 .......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 ........... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 .......... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 ........... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 ............ 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 ........... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 .......... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 ........... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 ........... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 .......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 .......... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 .......... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 .......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 .......... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 .......... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 .......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 ........... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 ........... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 ........... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 ........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 ........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 .......... 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 ............................... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007 ............................... 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 ........... 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 ........... 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 ........... 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 ........... 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 ........... 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 ........... 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 ........... 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor 

force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been 

introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability 

is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. 

Year
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 81

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2013

(Percentage distribution)

Year and 

 gender Total

Total 

1970....................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975....................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980....................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985....................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990 ...........................189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995....................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 ...........................214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005.................................................. 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

2006.................................................. 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4 

2007.................................................. 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3 

2008.................................................. 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0 

2009.................................................. 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4 

2010................... 238,999 152,320. 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6 

2011................... 242,602 153,479. 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2 

2012................... 244,993 156,194. 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4 

2013................... 247,258 156,987. 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1 

Women

1970....................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975....................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980....................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985....................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990 ...........................98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995....................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 ............................ 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005...................................................... 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

2006.................................................. 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9 

2007.................................................. 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2 

2008.................................................. 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.8 

2009.................................................. 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7 

2010.................................................. 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9 

2011................... 125,619 72,976. 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6 

2012................... 126,791 74,051. 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3 

2013................... 127,863 74,397. 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0 

See notes at end of table.

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

in 

thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in 

thousands

Percentage 

of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks
82 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2013

(continued)

(Percentage distribution)

`

Total

Men

1970....................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975....................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980....................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985....................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990 ...........................90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995....................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 .............................. 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005.................................... 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

2006.................................................. 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5 

2007.................................................. 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7 

2008.................................................. 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5 

2009.................................................. 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3 

2010.................................................. 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4 

2011.................................................. 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0 

2012................... 118,202 82,143. 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0 

2013................... 119,395 82,590. 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4 

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year. 

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately 

three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion

of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Population 

in 

thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in 

thousands

Percentage 

of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52weeks

1 to 49

weeks
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 83

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2013

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967............43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968............43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969............44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970............44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971............45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972............46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973............47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974............47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975............47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976............48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977............48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978............48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979............49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980............49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981............49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982............49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983............50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984............50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985............50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986............. 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987............51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988............52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989............52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990............52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991............52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992............53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993............53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994............53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995............53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996............53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997............54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998............54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999............55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000............56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001............56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002............57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

 See note at end of table.

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
84 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2013 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

2003............57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004...............58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005.......................... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

2006.......................... 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142 

2007.......................... 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149 

2008.......................... 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158 

2009.......................... 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160 

2010.......................... 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172 

2011.......................... 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163 

2012.......................... 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170 

2013.......................... 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169 

Percent distribution

1967............100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968............100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969............100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970............100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971............100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972............100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973........... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974............100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975............100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976............100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977............100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978............100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979............100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980............100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981............100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982............100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983............100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984............100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985............100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986............100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987............100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988............100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989............100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

See note at end of table.

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 85

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2013 (continued)

(percent distribution)

Married-couple families 

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1990............100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991............100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992............100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993............100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994............100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995............100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996............100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997............100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998............100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999............100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000............100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001............100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002............100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003............100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004..................... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005..................... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

2006..................... 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2 

2007.......................... 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3 

2008.......................... 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3 

2009.......................... 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 .3 

2010.......................... 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 .3 

2011.......................... 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 .3 

2012.......................... 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 .3 

2013.......................... 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 .3 

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2014. 

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
86 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 

1970–2013

1970....................................... 26.6

1971....................................... 27.5

1972......................................... 26.7

1973.......................................... 26.0

1974....................................... 25.4

1975....................................... 26.3

1976....................................... 26.4

1977....................................... 26.1

1978...................................... 26.1

1979...................................... 26.0

1980....................................... 26.7

1981....................................... 27.3

1982...................................... 28.4

1983....................................... 28.8

1984....................................... 28.4

1985....................................... 28.3

1986...................................... 29.0

1987...................................... 29.5

1988...................................... 29.6

1989....................................... 29.9

1990....................................... 30.7

1991....................................... 31.3

1992....................................... 32.4

1993....................................... 32.2

1994....................................... 31.9

1995....................................... 31.9

1996....................................... 32.6

1997....................................... 32.7

1998....................................... 32.8

1999....................................... 32.8

2000....................................... 33.5

2001....................................... 34.4

2002....................................... 34.8

2003....................................... 35.2

2004...................................................... 34.9

2005................................................................ 35.1

2006................................................................ 35.6

2007................................................................ 36.0

2008................................................................ 36.0

2009................................................................ 37.1

2010....................................... 37.6

2011....................................... 37.0

2012....................................... 37.3

2013....................................... 37.3

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2014. 

Year Contribution to family income 

(median percentage)
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 87

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2013

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) have 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

Percentage of 

wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband have 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn 

more than their

husbands 

Percentage of 

wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

1987.......................... 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988............................ 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989.......................... 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990...........................33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991............................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992.............................. 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993............................ 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994...........................35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995............................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996.........................35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997...........................35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998.............................. 35,807 10,468 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999................................ 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000............................... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001............................36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002............................36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003...........................36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004........................36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005................... 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006................... 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007................... 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008................... 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009................... 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

2010................... 36,024 13,798 38.3 31,373 9,147 29.2

2011................... 35,908 13,505 37.6 31,165 8,762 28.1

2012................... 36,181 13,779 38.1 31,549 9,147 29.0

2013................... 36,138 13,779 38.1 31,646 9,287 29.3

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

2

 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2014. 

Year

Families in which wives have earnings but husbands 

may not1

Families in which both wives and husbands have 

earnings2
88 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 27. Displaced workers,1 by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status, January 2014

Total

Total, 20 years and older..........................4,292 100.0 61.3 20.8 17.9

 20 to 24 years..................................... 91 100.0 58.7 24.6 16.7

 25 to 54 years.....................................2,897 100.0 68.2 20.2 11.6

 55 to 64 years.....................................1,004 100.0 53.2 24.3 22.5

 65 years and older................................ 301 100.0 22.5 13.7 63.7

Women, 20 years and older......................1,902 100.0 57.7 19.9 22.4

 20 to 24 years..................................... 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years....................................1,237 100.0 66.0 18.6 15.4

 55 to 64 years.................................... 479 100.0 48.4 22.3 29.3

 65 years and older............................... 137 100.0 20.9 20.0 59.1

Men, 20 years and older..........................2,390 100.0 64.1 21.6 14.3

 20 to 24 years.................................... 42 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years....................................1,659 100.0 69.8 21.5 8.7

 55 to 64 years.................................... 525 100.0 57.6 26.2 16.3

 65 years and older............................... 164 100.0 23.9 8.5 67.6

White

Total, 20 years and older.........................3,499 100.0 62.2 20.1 17.6

 Women................................................... 1,533 100.0 59.4 18.5 22.1

 Men.............................................. 1,966 100.0 64.4 21.5 14.1

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older...........................465 100.0 54.6 30.6 14.8

 Women................................................... 256 100.0 47.7 33.7 18.5

 Men................................................... 209 100.0 63.0 26.7 10.3

Asian

Total, 20 years and older...........................192 100.0 58.7 15.1 26.2

 Women...................................................71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 Men............................................... 120 100.0 61.9 18.7 19.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older...........................685 100.0 64.5 20.7 14.8

 Women...............................................273 100.0 54.9 20.9 24.2

 Men............................................... 413 100.0 70.8 20.6 8.6

1

 Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2011 and December 2013 

because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 

2

 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2014 Displaced Worker Supplement.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total in 

thousands

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 89

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current 

employer, selected years, 2000–2014

Total, 16 years and older.......................... 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3

 25 years and older..................................... 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0

 35 to 44 years..................................... 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2

 45 to 54 years..................................... 8.2 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4

 65 years and older..................................... 9.4 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3

Women, 16 years and older...................... 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3

 25 years and older..................................... 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9

 35 to 44 years..................................... 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1

 45 to 54 years..................................... 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6

 55 to 64 years..................................... 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2

 65 years and older..................................... 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5

Men, 16 years and older.......................... 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .9

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4

 25 years and older..................................... 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1

 35 to 44 years..................................... 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4

 45 to 54 years..................................... 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7

 65 years and older..................................... 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2000-2014 Displaced Worker Supplement.

January 

2014

January 

2008

January 

2010

January 

2012 Age and gender February 2000

January 

2002

January 

2004

January 

2006
90 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 29. Labor force status of 2014 high school graduates and 2013–2014 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old,

 by school enrollment and gender, October 2014

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2014 high school graduates1

............. 2,868 1,403 48.9 1,105 38.5 298 21.2 1,465

 Women.................................................. 1,445 684 47.3 538 37.2 146 21.4 761

 Men....................................................... 1,423 719 50.5 568 39.9 152 21.1 704

 Enrolled in college..................................... 1,961 744 37.9 636 32.4 108 14.5 1,217

Percentage of total 2014 graduates..................................... 68.4 53.0 - 57.6 - 36.2 - 83.1

Women................................................. 1,050 415 39.5 336 32.0 78 18.9 635

Percentage of female 2014 graduates..................................... 72.7 60.7 - 62.5 - 53.4 - 83.4

Men..................................................... 911 329 36.1 300 32.9 29 8.9 582

Percentage of male 2014 graduates..................................... 64.0 45.8 - 52.8 - 19.1 - 82.7

 Not enrolled in college................................ 907 659 72.7 469 51.7 190 28.8 248

Percentage of total 2014 graduates..................................... 31.6 47.0 - 42.4 - 63.8 - 16.9

 Women................................................. 395 269 68.0 201 50.9 68 25.1 126

Percentage of female 2014 graduates..................................... 27.3 39.3 - 37.4 - 46.6 - 16.6

 Men..................................................... 512 390 76.2 268 52.3 122 31.4 122

Percentage of male 2014 graduates..................................... 36.0 54.2 - 47.2 - 80.3 - 17.3

Total, 2013–2014 high school dropouts2

................575 237 41.2 165 28.7 72 30.3 338

 Women................................................. 266 111 41.9 86 32.5 25 22.4 154

 Men..................................................... 309 125 40.6 79 25.5 47 37.2 183

1 Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2014. 

2 Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2013 and October 2014. 

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2014.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percentage 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percentage 

of 

population 

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 91

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational 

attainment, October 2014

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school............................... 21,790 8,279 38.0 7,441 34.2 837 10.1 13,511 

 Women............................................. 11,117 4,507 41.3 4,142 37.3 445 9.7 6,530 

 Men................................................. 10,673 3,692 34.6 3,299 30.9 393 10.6 6,981 

 Enrolled in high school1........................... 9,445 2,109 22.3 1,722 18.2 387 18.4 7,335 

 Women............................................. 4,562 1,083 23.7 892 19.6 191 17.6 3,479 

 Men................................................. 4,883 1,027 21.0 830 17.0 197 19.1 3,856 

 Enrolled in college................................. 12,345 6,169 50.0 5,719 46.3 450 7.3 6,176 

 Women............................................. 6,556 3,505 53.5 3,251 49.6 254 7.2 3,051 

 Men................................................. 5,790 2,665 46.0 2,469 42.6 196 7.4 3,125 

Not enrolled in school........................... 16,861 13,311 78.9 11,482 68.1 1,828 13.7 3,550 

 Women................................................ 8,049 5,991 74.4 5,119 63.6 872 14.6 2,058 

 Less than a high school diploma............ 1,138 615 54.0 418 36.7 197 32.1 523 

 High school graduates, no college2

....... 3,198 2,196 68.7 1,803 56.4 393 17.9 1,002 

 Some college or associate's degree......... 2,242 1,830 81.6 1,654 73.8 176 9.6 412 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher................. 1,470 1,349 91.8 1,244 84.6 106 7.8 121 

 Men................................................... 8,812 7,320 83.1 6,363 72.2 956 13.1 1,492 

 Less than a high school diploma............ 1,389 944 68.0 711 51.2 233 24.6 445 

 High school graduates, no college2............4,269 3,511 82.2 3,025 70.9 486 13.8 758 

 Some college or associate's degree............2,142 1,919 89.6 1,757 82.0 162 8.5 223 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher................. 1,012 946 93.5 871 86.0 75 8.0 66 

1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. 

2 Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2014.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

Percentage 

of 

population 

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
92 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percentage of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1994......... 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995.......... 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996......... 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997......... 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998......... 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999......... 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000......... 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001......... 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002......... 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003......... 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004......... 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005......... 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006..................... 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007..................... 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008..................... 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009..................... 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010..................... 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011..................... 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012..................... 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013..................... 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014..................... 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total 

employed

Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 93

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2014 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a 

percentage 

of total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a 

percentage 

of total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a 

percentage 

of total

1976......... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977......... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978......... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979......... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980......... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981......... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982.......... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983......... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984..........101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985.........103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986.........106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987.........109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988.........111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989.........114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990.........115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991.........114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992.........115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993.........117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994.........119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995.........121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996.........123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997.........126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998.........128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999.........130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000.........134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001.........134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002.........134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003.........135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004.........137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006.............. 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

2007.............. 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1 

2008.............. 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8 

2009.............. 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6 

2010.............. 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2 

2011...... 137,615 ..... 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8 

2012.............. 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8 

2013..... 1..... 41,779 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7 

2014..... 1..... 44,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0 

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, 

updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is 

online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men Selfemployed 

women as 

percentage 

of total selfemployed
94 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and 

gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 208,949 130,187 62.3 122,023 58.4 8,164 6.3 78,763

 16 to 24 years............................. 35,170 19,443 55.3 16,797 47.8 2,646 13.6 15,727

 25 to 34 years............................. 34,577 28,551 82.6 26,651 77.1 1,901 6.7 6,025

 35 to 44 years............................. 30,668 25,473 83.1 24,270 79.1 1,203 4.7 5,194

 45 to 54 years............................. 34,866 27,621 79.2 26,446 75.9 1,175 4.3 7,245

 55 to 64 years............................. 34,230 21,787 63.6 20,880 61.0 907 4.2 12,443

 65 years and older........................ 39,439 7,311 18.5 6,979 17.7 332 4.5 32,128

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 38,997 25,735 66.0 24,282 62.3 1,453 5.6 13,262

 16 to 24 years............................. 3,543 1,852 52.3 1,645 46.4 207 11.2 1,691

 25 to 34 years............................. 7,554 5,647 74.8 5,324 70.5 323 5.7 1,907

 35 to 44 years............................. 8,897 7,032 79.0 6,697 75.3 336 4.8 1,865

 45 to 54 years............................. 7,949 6,441 81.0 6,109 76.9 332 5.2 1,507

 55 to 64 years............................. 5,534 3,715 67.1 3,515 63.5 200 5.4 1,819

 65 years and older........................ 5,520 1,047 19.0 992 18.0 55 5.2 4,473

Women

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 108,199 62,261 57.5 58,535 54.1 3,726 6.0 45,938

 16 to 24 years............................. 17,555 9,556 54.4 8,404 47.9 1,151 12.0 7,999

 25 to 34 years............................. 17,568 13,547 77.1 12,660 72.1 886 6.5 4,021

 35 to 44 years............................. 15,664 12,056 77.0 11,506 73.5 550 4.6 3,608

 45 to 54 years............................. 17,870 13,300 74.4 12,738 71.3 562 4.2 4,570

 55 to 64 years............................. 17,731 10,476 59.1 10,057 56.7 419 4.0 7,255

 65 years and older........................ 21,811 3,327 15.3 3,169 14.5 158 4.7 18,484

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 20,000 10,779 53.9 10,078 50.4 700 6.5 9,222

 16 to 24 years............................. 1,642 730 44.5 629 38.3 101 13.8 911

 25 to 34 years............................. 3,722 2,174 58.4 2,021 54.3 153 7.0 1,548

 35 to 44 years............................. 4,513 2,902 64.3 2,725 60.4 177 6.1 1,611

 45 to 54 years............................. 4,024 2,862 71.1 2,700 67.1 162 5.7 1,162

 55 to 64 years............................. 2,917 1,665 57.1 1,577 54.1 88 5.3 1,252

 65 years and older........................ 3,182 444 14.0 425 13.4 19 4.2 2,738

 See footnotes at end of table.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total Percentage 

of labor 

force 
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 95

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and 

gender, 2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 100,751 67,926 67.4 63,488 63.0 4,437 6.5 32,825

 16 to 24 years............................. 17,615 9,887 56.1 8,393 47.6 1,495 15.1 7,727

 25 to 34 years............................. 17,009 15,005 88.2 13,991 82.3 1,014 6.8 2,004

 35 to 44 years............................. 15,004 13,417 89.4 12,763 85.1 654 4.9 1,586

 45 to 54 years............................. 16,995 14,321 84.3 13,708 80.7 612 4.3 2,675

 55 to 64 years............................. 16,499 11,312 68.6 10,824 65.6 488 4.3 5,188

 65 years and older........................ 17,628 3,984 22.6 3,810 21.6 174 4.4 13,645

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 18,997 14,957 78.7 14,204 74.8 753 5.0 4,040

 16 to 24 years............................. 1,901 1,122 59.0 1,016 53.4 106 9.5 779

 25 to 34 years............................. 3,832 3,473 90.6 3,303 86.2 170 4.9 359

 35 to 44 years............................. 4,384 4,130 94.2 3,971 90.6 159 3.8 254

 45 to 54 years............................. 3,925 3,579 91.2 3,409 86.9 170 4.7 346

 55 to 64 years............................. 2,617 2,050 78.3 1,938 74.1 112 5.5 567

 65 years and older........................ 2,339 603 25.8 567 24.2 36 6.0 1,736

 1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of 

at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. 

2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of

 its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees,

 students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these

 categories.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
96 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total Women

Year Total Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2 Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983........... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984........... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985............ 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986.......... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987............ 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988............ 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989............ 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990........... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991............ 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992............ 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993............ 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994........... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995............ 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996............ 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997........... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998........... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999........... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000........... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001............ 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002........... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003........... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004........... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005......... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006........... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007........... 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008........... 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009........... 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010........... 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

2011........... 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5

2012........... 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9

2013........... 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8

2014........... 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3 63,383 6,638 10.5 7,434 11.7

See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 97

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers, by gender, 1983–2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Year Total Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983........... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984........... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985............ 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986.......... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987............ 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988............ 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989............ 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990........... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991............ 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992............ 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993............ 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994........... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995............ 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996............ 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997........... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998........... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999........... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000........... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001............ 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002........... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003........... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004........... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005......... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006........... 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007........... 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008........... 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009........... 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010........... 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011........... 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012........... 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013........... 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

2014........... 68,048 7,939 11.7 8,717 12.8

1

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as 

well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a 

union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated 

businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.
98 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service, 

and gender, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL VETERANS

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 21,229 2,207 19,023 10.4

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 10,744 1,386 9,358 12.9

 Participation rate........................................................................50.6 62.8 49.2

 Employed......................................................................... 10,171 1,303 8,868 12.8

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 47.9 59.0 46.6

 Unemployed......................................................................... 573 83 490 14.5

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 5.3 6.0 5.2

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 10,485 821 9,664 7.8

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 3,185 635 2,549 19.9

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,535 439 2,096 17.3

 Participation rate........................................................................79.6 69.2 82.2

 Employed......................................................................... 2,353 402 1,952 17.1

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 73.9 63.3 76.6

 Unemployed......................................................................... 182 37 144 20.3

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 7.2 8.5 6.9

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 649 196 453 30.2

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 3,356 637 2,719 19.0

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,766 469 2,297 17.0

 Participation rate........................................................................82.4 73.7 84.5

 Employed......................................................................... 2,650 445 2,205 16.8

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 79.0 69.8 81.1

 Unemployed......................................................................... 117 25 92 21.4

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 4.2 5.2 4.0

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 589 168 421 28.5

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 9,372 349 9,023 3.7

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,654 95 2,559 3.6

 Participation rate........................................................................28.3 27.2 28.4

 Employed......................................................................... 2,522 90 2,432 3.6

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 26.9 25.7 27.0

 Unemployed......................................................................... 132 5 127 3.8

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 5.0 5.4 5.0

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 6,718 254 6,464 3.8

 See note at end of table.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a 

percentage of 

total
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 99

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service, 

2014 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 5,317 585 4,732 11.0

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,788 382 2,406 13.7

 Participation rate........................................................................52.4 65.3 50.8

 Employed......................................................................... 2,645 366 2,279 13.8

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 49.7 62.6 48.2

 Unemployed......................................................................... 143 16 127 11.2

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 5.1 4.2 5.3

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 2,529 203 2,326 8.0

NONVETERANS

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 217,820 121,607 96,213 55.8

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 143,207 70,641 72,565 49.3

 Participation rate........................................................................65.7 58.1 75.4

 Employed.........................................................................134,589 66,494 68,095 49.4

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 61.8 54.7 70.8

 Unemployed.........................................................................8,618 4,148 4,470 48.1

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 6.0 5.9 6.2

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 74,613 50,966 23,647 68.3

NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the 

survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during 

these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–

April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other 

time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime 

period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a 

percentage of 

total
100 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 29,219 15,639 13,580

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 5,699 2,591 3,108

 Participation rate..................................................................... 19.5 16.6 22.9

 Employed......................................................................................... 4,985 2,266 2,719

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 17.1 14.5 20.0

 Unemployed........................................................................... 714 325 389

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 12.5 12.5 12.5

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 23,520 13,047 10,472

16 to 64 years 

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 15,612 7,885 7,728

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 4,717 2,191 2,527

 Participation rate..............................................................................30.2 27.8 32.7

 Employed......................................................................................... 4,062 1,890 2,171

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 26.0 24.0 28.1

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 656 300 355

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 13.9 13.7 14.1

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 10,895 5,694 5,201

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 13,606 7,754 5,852

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 981 400 581

 Participation rate.............................................................................. 7.2 5.2 9.9

 Employed.........................................................................................923 376 547

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 6.8 4.8 9.4

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 58 24 34

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 5.9 6.1 5.8

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 12,625 7,354 5,271

TOTAL PERSONS WITHOUT A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 218,728 112,560 106,168

 Civilian labor force..........................................................................150,223 70,448 79,775

 Participation rate..............................................................................68.7 62.6 75.1

 Employed......................................................................................... 141,320 66,347 74,974

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 64.6 58.9 70.6

 Unemployed....................................................................................8,903 4,101 4,801

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 5.9 5.8 6.0

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 68,505 42,112 26,393

 See note at end of table.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov 101

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2014 annual averages

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 to 64 years 

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 187,375 95,322 92,053

 Civilian labor force..........................................................................142,847 67,078 75,769

 Participation rate..............................................................................76.2 70.4 82.3

 Employed......................................................................................... 134,273 63,128 71,144

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 71.7 66.2 77.3

 Unemployed....................................................................................8,574 3,949 4,625

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 6.0 5.9 6.1

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 44,528 28,244 16,284

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 31,353 17,238 14,115

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 7,376 3,371 4,006

 Participation rate..............................................................................23.5 19.6 28.4

 Employed......................................................................................... 7,048 3,218 3,829

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 22.5 18.7 27.1

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 329 152 176

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 4.5 4.5 4.4

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 23,977 13,868 10,109

Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious 

difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a 

physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has 

difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men
Technical Notes

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATA BOOK

102 BLS Reports │ December 2015 • www.bls.gov

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample 

survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that 

provides a wide range of information on the labor force, 

employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. 

Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national

sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of 

Columbia. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and may 

be reproduced without permission. This information 

is available upon request to individuals with sensory 

impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Concepts and Definitions

The following concepts and definitions are listed in the

order that they appear in the tables. 

Civilian noninstitutional population includes people 16 

years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions,

such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on 

active duty in the Armed Forces. 

Civilian labor force is made up of all people classified as

employed or unemployed. 

Civilian labor force participation rate is the civilian 

labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional 

population. 

Employed are people who, during the survey reference 

week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) 

worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their 

own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid 

workers in a family member’s business. People who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of 

illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are 

counted as employed. 

Employment–population ratio is the number of employed 

as a percentage of the population. 

Unemployed are people who had no employment during 

the survey reference week, were available for work (except 

in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific

efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week

period ending with the survey reference week. People who 

were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had 

been laid off need not have been looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as 

a percentage of the civilian labor force. 

Not in the labor force refers to all people in the civilian 

noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor 

unemployed. 

Race refers to the terms as defined by the Office of

Management and Budget—White, Black or African 

American, and Asian. Beginning in 2003, people in these 

categories are those who selected that race group only. 

Those who identify as multiple race groups are categorized 

as people of Two or more races. More information on the 

2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.

bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—

America Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and 

Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or more

races are included in totals but not separately identified in

this report.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified

themselves in the enumeration process as being Hispanic, 

Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for the 

race groups include Hispanics. More information on the 

2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is 

available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Family is a group of two or more people residing together 

who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such 

people are considered as members of one family. Families 

are classified either as married-couple families or as

families maintained by women or men without spouses 

present. Families include those without children as well as 

those with children under 18. 
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Children refer to one’s own children and include sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included 

are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household. 

Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or

fees in their own business, in a profession, in a trade, or on 

a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in 

the self-employed category. Self-employed people whose 

businesses are incorporated are included with wage and 

salary workers, unless otherwise specified.

Wage and salary workers are those who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. 

The group includes employees in the private and the public 

sectors. Data on union membership and earnings of wage 

and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, 

both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses. 

Workers paid by the hour are people paid at an hourly rate 

on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly 

wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage

and salary workers. 

Usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job 

in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on 

a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, 

or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as 

perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a 

definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define

the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the 

past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole or primary job 

of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed 

people, regardless of whether or not their businesses were 

incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the 

CPS monthly sample. 

Median weekly earnings represent the midpoint that 

divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, 

one part having values above the median and the other 

having values below the median. Median weekly earnings 

shown in this publication are estimated through the linear 

interpolation of the $50-centered interval in which the 

median lies. 

Minimum wage data in this report are the numbers of 

workers with reported earnings at or below the federal 

minimum wage and pertain only to workers who are paid 

hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are 

not paid by the hour are not included, even though some 

have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at 

or below the minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates 

presented in this report likely understate the actual number 

of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum 

wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings 

of workers not paid by the hour, because of data quality 

concerns associated with such an estimation process. 

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective 

July 24, 2009. Note that some states have established 

minimum-wage standards that exceed the federal level. 

The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the 

minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of 

the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a 

number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions 

of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded 

their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As 

a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below 

the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum 

wage or higher. 

Hours at work are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) 

during the survey reference week. For example, people 

who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during 

the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 

32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. 

Usual hours or usual full- or part-time status. Data on 

people “at work” exclude those who were temporarily 

absent from a job and therefore were classified into the

zero-hours-worked category, “with a job but not at work.” 

These are people who were absent from their jobs for the 

entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, 

illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a 

person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the 

survey reference week, people also are classified according

to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours 

(at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some 

individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference 

week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and 

those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, 

part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 

hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of 

hours worked in the reference week. These workers may 

include some individuals who actually worked more than 

34 hours in the reference week as well as those who were 

temporarily absent from work. 

Occupation and industry information for the employed 

applies to the job held during the reference week. 

People with two or more jobs are classified as being in

the occupation and industry in which they worked the 

greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census 

occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard

Occupation Classification (SOC), and the Census industry

classification, derived from the 2012 North American

Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional

information about these classifications is available online at

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. 

Work experience data reflect work activity during the

calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of 

people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job 

or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” 

or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work 

even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number 

of people with some employment exceeds the average 

levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week 

reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of 

monthly estimates. 

Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years 

of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or 

company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for

them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data 

are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those 

who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at 

the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are 

excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and 

those with unincorporated businesses. Data were collected 

through a biennial supplement to the January CPS. 

Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary 

workers had been with their current employer at the time of 

the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median 

is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure 

and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job 

of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers 

are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses 

and those with unincorporated businesses. The data were 

collected through a biennial supplement to the January 

CPS. 

Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States 

who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born 

outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such 

as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents, neither of whom was a 

U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally 

admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such 

as students and temporary workers, and undocumented 

immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately 

identify the number of people in these categories. The 

native born are people born in the United States or one of 

its outlying areas or who were born abroad of at least one 

parent who was a U.S. citizen. 

Union membership refers to members of a labor union or 

of an employee association similar to a union. The data are 

tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and 

are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed 

workers are excluded, both those with incorporated 

businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. 

Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who 

previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces 

and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. 

People who are on active duty at the time of the survey are 

outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates 

shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never 

served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran 

status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did you 

ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?” 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Disability data from the CPS are based on a set of six 

questions used to identify people with disabilities. The 

questions are about physical, mental, or emotional 

conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities.

People are classified as having a disability if there is a

response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the 

questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone 

in the household has the condition described, and if the 

respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify 

everyone in the household who has the condition. More 

information, including the wording of the six questions 

used to identify people with a disability, is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population 

values they represent. The component of this difference 

that occurs because samples differ by chance is known 

as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent 

chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in 

the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide correct information, and errors made in the 

collection or processing of data. Information on the 

reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard 

errors is available at: 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.