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Women in the labor force: a databook

In 2019, 57.4 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This was 

up from 57.1 percent who participated in 2018, but 2.6 percentage points 

below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force 

participation rate for men was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the 

previous year and 17.4 percentage points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 

1948.

The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major 

development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th 

century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically 

from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. With the 

dawn of the 21st century, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline, until the participation rate hit 

a recent low in 2015 of 56.7 percent.

Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in several notable ways over the past several decades. For 

example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2019, the proportion of 

women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a 

college degree a little more than doubled over that time. Since 1970, women have become more likely to work full time 

and year round. Also, women with children have increased their participation in the labor force considerably. In addition, 

women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62 percent 

of what men earned in 1979 and 82 percent in 2019. More recently, women in the baby-boom generation (defined as 

people born between 1946 and 1964) have begun to retire in large numbers, which has put downward pressure on their 

labor force participation rate over the past decade or so.

This report presents labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a 

national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the 

source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation was 57.4 percent in 2019, up from 57.1 percent in 2018. Men’s labor force 

participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the 

previous year (69.1 percent). (See table 2.)

In 2019, the unemployment rate for women was 3.6 percent, down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for 

men was 3.7 percent in 2019, also down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied 

considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2019, Asian women had the lowest rate (2.7 percent), followed by White women 

(3.2 percent). Unemployment rates for Hispanic or Latino women and Black or African American women were higher, at 

4.7 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibit a similar pattern. The rates for Asian men 

April 2021 | Report 1092
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(2.7 percent) and White men (3.3 percent) were below those for Hispanic men (4.0 percent) and Black men (6.6 

percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the 

highest participation rate of all women, at 65.0 percent in 2019. Separated and divorced women were more likely to 

participate in the labor force (63.7 percent and 60.8 percent, respectively) than married women (58.6 percent). By 

contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.0 percent) than separated men (70.1 

percent), never-married men (68.1 percent), and divorced men (64.7 percent). Labor force participation rates for 

widowed women and men, who tend to be older, were 19.8 percent and 24.2 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)

The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.4 percent in March 2019, lower 

than the rate of 93.5 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for 

those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 77.0 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The 

rate for women with children under 6 years old was 66.4 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old 

was 63.8 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rate for fathers was fairly similar, regardless of the age of 

their children; the rate was 92.2 percent for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old, slightly lower than the rates for fathers 

of children under 6 years old (95.0 percent) and fathers of children under 3 years old (95.3 percent). (See tables 5 and 

7; data were collected in the 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Historically, unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 

2019, 78.2 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 70.1 percent of married mothers. (See 

table 6; data were collected in the 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. 

In 2019, 45 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 

2019, 5.4 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high 

school or earn a GED—down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)

Occupation and industry

Women accounted for 51.8 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 

2019, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47.0 percent). The share of women in specific occupations 

within this large category varied. For example, 18.7 percent of software developers, 27.6 percent of chief executives, 

and 36.4 percent of lawyers were women, whereas 88.9 percent of registered nurses, 80.5 percent of elementary and 

middle school teachers, and 61.7 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)

In 2019, Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related 

occupations (53.3 percent and 46.1 percent, respectively) than were Black (37.2 percent) and Hispanic women (28.5 

percent). However, Black (27.6 percent) and Hispanic (31.1 percent) women were more likely than Asian (20.2 percent) 

and White women (19.5 percent) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2019: education and health 

services (74.8 percent), other services (53.9 percent), financial activities (52.6 percent), and leisure and hospitality (51.2 

percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance industries, personal and laundry services, membership 
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associations and organizations, and private households.) However, women were substantially underrepresented 

(relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.4 percent), agriculture (26.2 percent), transportation 

and utilities (24.1 percent), mining (15.8 percent), and construction (10.3 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2019, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $821, which 

represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,007). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($1,025) than for Whites ($840), Blacks ($704), and Hispanics ($642). Women-to-men earnings ratios were higher for 

Blacks (92 percent) and Hispanics (86 percent) than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (77 percent). (See table 16; 

note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like 

occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)

Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2019, female full-time wage and salary 

workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had earnings of $494. Women who had only a high 

school diploma had earnings of $633, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $763, and those with a 

bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,195. (See table 17.)

By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2019 for 

chief executives ($2,019), veterinarians ($1,985), computer and information systems managers ($1,892), physicians and 

surgeons ($1,878), lawyers ($1,878), and pharmacists ($1,877). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives 

($2,509), physicians and surgeons ($2,500), architectural and engineering managers ($2,457), pharmacists ($2,245), 

and lawyers ($2,202). (See table 18.)

In 2019, 3 percent of women paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per 

hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid an hourly rate, 2 percent had earnings at or below the minimum 

wage, compared with about 6 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)

Hours of work

In 2019, 23 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. By comparison, 

12 percent of employed men usually worked part time in 2019. The percentage of employed women working part time 

has not changed much over the past five decades. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2018, 64 percent worked full time and year round 

(50 to 52 weeks), compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also 

rose over the period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2018. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 

through 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the 

previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2018. This percentage, 

which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60 percent in the mid- to late 1990s but above the 

44 percent seen in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 18 percent of married-couple 
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families in 2018, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 through 2019 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2018, more women (3.9 million) than men (3.1 

million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 5.3 percent for women and 3.7 percent for men. Black and Hispanic 

women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White or Asian women. The working-poor rates for 

Black and Hispanic women were 9.7 percent and 8.7 percent, respectively, higher than the rates of 4.5 percent for White 

women and 3.1 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2019 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2017 through December 2019, 2.7 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had 

held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 45 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for 

displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2020: the 

reemployment rate was 68 percent for women and 72 percent for men. Displaced women and men were also about 

equally likely to be unemployed in January 2020, at 13 percent and 12 percent, respectively. Twenty percent of 

displaced women and 16 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 

2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2020, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.9 years, 

about unchanged from January 2018. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure 

and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, 

Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 3.2 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2019, 66 

percent (2.1 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2019 high school graduates, the college 

enrollment rate was higher for young women (70 percent) than for young men (62 percent). (See table 29; data are from 

the October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among those enrolled in high school, young women were slightly more likely to be in the labor force (23.7 percent) in 

October 2019 than were young men (21.0 percent). Among college students, women were much more likely to 

participate in the labor force than men, at 53.6 percent and 46.1 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 

24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2019, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 

12.4 percent for young women and 16.1 percent for young men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women 

and men with at least a bachelor’s degree were 4.8 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from 

the October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)
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Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2019, 8.1 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (4.1 million) of these workers were women. The 

multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.6 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.7 percent. (See table 31.)

In 2019, 4.8 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.4 percent of 

men. Among the self-employed, 40.1 percent were women in 2019, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)

Foreign born

Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2019 (54.8 percent, compared 

with 57.9 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.0 percent) than were 

native-born men (67.4 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 3.7 percent, was about the same as 

for native-born women, at 3.6 percent. At 2.7 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than that 

of native-born men (4.0 percent). (See table 33.)

Union membership

In 2019, 9.7 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 10.8 percent of their 

male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2019 was lower than in 1983 (the first year 

that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS), but the rate for men fell by much more than did the 

rate for women. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 

34.)

Veterans

There were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2019. Women accounted for 12 

percent of the 9.3 million veterans in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans was 3.7 percent in 

2019, and the rate for male veterans was 3.0 percent. (See table 35.)

People with disabilities

Of the 16.2 million women with disabilities in 2019, 2.9 million, or 17.8 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over 

half of women with disabilities (52 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 

5.7 percent, compared with 31.0 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among the 14.2 million men with disabilities, 24.3 

percent participated in the labor force in 2019. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 and older. 

Among men in this age group, 10.8 percent were labor force participants, compared with 36.3 percent of men ages 16 to 

64 with disabilities. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women was 7.3 percent, nearly the same 

as that for men, at 7.4 percent, but more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability (3.5 percent and 3.6 

percent, respectively). (See table 36.)
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Statistical Tables

Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Total

16 years and older 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

16 to 19 years 16,693 5,896 35.3 5,150 30.9 746 12.7 10,796

16 to 17 years 8,798 2,081 23.7 1,789 20.3 291 14.0 6,717

18 to 19 years 7,894 3,816 48.3 3,361 42.6 455 11.9 4,079

20 to 24 years 21,055 15,196 72.2 14,172 67.3 1,024 6.7 5,860

25 to 54 years 126,281 104,180 82.5 100,976 80.0 3,204 3.1 22,102

25 to 34 years 44,877 37,191 82.9 35,807 79.8 1,384 3.7 7,686

25 to 29 years 22,933 18,991 82.8 18,211 79.4 780 4.1 3,942

30 to 34 years 21,943 18,200 82.9 17,597 80.2 603 3.3 3,743

35 to 44 years 40,960 34,057 83.1 33,127 80.9 930 2.7 6,902

35 to 39 years 21,341 17,736 83.1 17,248 80.8 489 2.8 3,605

40 to 44 years 19,619 16,321 83.2 15,880 80.9 441 2.7 3,298

45 to 54 years 40,445 32,932 81.4 32,042 79.2 890 2.7 7,513

45 to 49 years 20,137 16,707 83.0 16,260 80.7 447 2.7 3,430

50 to 54 years 20,308 16,224 79.9 15,781 77.7 443 2.7 4,083

55 to 64 years 42,241 27,603 65.3 26,893 63.7 710 2.6 14,638

55 to 59 years 21,624 15,756 72.9 15,348 71.0 408 2.6 5,868

60 to 64 years 20,616 11,847 57.5 11,545 56.0 302 2.5 8,769

65 years and older 52,905 10,663 20.2 10,347 19.6 317 3.0 42,241

65 to 69 years 17,288 5,934 34.3 5,765 33.3 169 2.8 11,354

70 to 74 years 13,990 2,766 19.8 2,679 19.2 87 3.1 11,224

75 years and 

older 21,626 1,964 9.1 1,903 8.8 61 3.1 19,663

Women

16 years and older 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

16 to 19 years 8,247 2,946 35.7 2,607 31.6 339 11.5 5,301

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

16 to 17 years 4,342 1,054 24.3 911 21.0 143 13.6 3,289

18 to 19 years 3,905 1,892 48.5 1,696 43.4 196 10.4 2,013

20 to 24 years 10,525 7,406 70.4 6,985 66.4 421 5.7 3,119

25 to 54 years 63,977 48,648 76.0 47,131 73.7 1,517 3.1 15,329

25 to 34 years 22,491 17,243 76.7 16,600 73.8 643 3.7 5,247

25 to 29 years 11,455 8,912 77.8 8,568 74.8 344 3.9 2,543

30 to 34 years 11,035 8,331 75.5 8,032 72.8 299 3.6 2,704

35 to 44 years 20,817 15,761 75.7 15,306 73.5 455 2.9 5,056

35 to 39 years 10,818 8,148 75.3 7,911 73.1 237 2.9 2,670

40 to 44 years 9,998 7,613 76.1 7,395 74.0 218 2.9 2,385

45 to 54 years 20,670 15,644 75.7 15,225 73.7 419 2.7 5,026

45 to 49 years 10,293 7,955 77.3 7,750 75.3 205 2.6 2,338

50 to 54 years 10,377 7,689 74.1 7,475 72.0 214 2.8 2,688

55 to 64 years 21,906 13,056 59.6 12,706 58.0 350 2.7 8,850

55 to 59 years 11,135 7,473 67.1 7,269 65.3 204 2.7 3,662

60 to 64 years 10,771 5,583 51.8 5,438 50.5 145 2.6 5,188

65 years and older 29,165 4,795 16.4 4,648 15.9 147 3.1 24,370

65 to 69 years 9,171 2,735 29.8 2,659 29.0 75 2.7 6,436

70 to 74 years 7,531 1,210 16.1 1,170 15.5 40 3.3 6,321

75 years and 

older 12,464 851 6.8 819 6.6 32 3.8 11,613

Men

16 years and older 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

16 to 19 years 8,445 2,950 34.9 2,543 30.1 408 13.8 5,495

16 to 17 years 4,456 1,027 23.1 879 19.7 149 14.5 3,429

18 to 19 years 3,989 1,923 48.2 1,664 41.7 259 13.5 2,066

20 to 24 years 10,530 7,789 74.0 7,187 68.3 602 7.7 2,741

25 to 54 years 62,304 55,531 89.1 53,845 86.4 1,686 3.0 6,773

25 to 34 years 22,386 19,948 89.1 19,207 85.8 741 3.7 2,439

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

25 to 29 years 11,478 10,079 87.8 9,642 84.0 436 4.3 1,400

30 to 34 years 10,908 9,869 90.5 9,565 87.7 304 3.1 1,039

35 to 44 years 20,143 18,296 90.8 17,822 88.5 475 2.6 1,847

35 to 39 years 10,523 9,588 91.1 9,337 88.7 251 2.6 934

40 to 44 years 9,621 8,708 90.5 8,485 88.2 223 2.6 912

45 to 54 years 19,774 17,287 87.4 16,816 85.0 471 2.7 2,487

45 to 49 years 9,844 8,752 88.9 8,510 86.5 242 2.8 1,092

50 to 54 years 9,930 8,535 86.0 8,306 83.6 229 2.7 1,395

55 to 64 years 20,335 14,547 71.5 14,187 69.8 361 2.5 5,787

55 to 59 years 10,489 8,283 79.0 8,079 77.0 204 2.5 2,206

60 to 64 years 9,846 6,264 63.6 6,107 62.0 157 2.5 3,582

65 years and older 23,740 5,869 24.7 5,699 24.0 170 2.9 17,871

65 to 69 years 8,117 3,199 39.4 3,105 38.3 94 2.9 4,918

70 to 74 years 6,460 1,556 24.1 1,510 23.4 47 3.0 4,903

75 years and 

older 9,163 1,113 12.1 1,084 11.8 29 2.6 8,049

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

1948 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1951 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,378

1976 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1980 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 11

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2009 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

2015 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

2016 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

2017 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

2018 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

2019 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Women

1948 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

1964 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 12

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1965 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,385

1976 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1994 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

2015 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

2016 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

2017 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

2018 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

2019 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

Men

1948 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1950 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951 49,727 43,001 86.5 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

1954 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,992

1976 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1979 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2008 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

2012 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

2015 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

2016 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

2017 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

2018 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

2019 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

White

Total, 16 years and older 200,827 126,600 63.0 122,441 61.0 4,159 3.3 74,227

16 to 19 years 12,247 4,594 37.5 4,067 33.2 528 11.5 7,653

20 to 24 years 15,427 11,395 73.9 10,739 69.6 656 5.8 4,032

25 to 54 years 94,893 79,027 83.3 76,857 81.0 2,170 2.7 15,866

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

55 to 64 years 33,915 22,599 66.6 22,046 65.0 553 2.4 11,316

65 years and older 44,346 8,986 20.3 8,733 19.7 253 2.8 35,360

Women, 16 years and older 102,607 58,233 56.8 56,341 54.9 1,893 3.2 44,374

16 to 19 years 6,020 2,265 37.6 2,036 33.8 228 10.1 3,755

20 to 24 years 7,658 5,465 71.4 5,196 67.8 269 4.9 2,193

25 to 54 years 47,354 36,106 76.2 35,090 74.1 1,016 2.8 11,248

55 to 64 years 17,382 10,469 60.2 10,206 58.7 263 2.5 6,913

65 years and older 24,193 3,928 16.2 3,812 15.8 116 3.0 20,264

Men, 16 years and older 98,220 68,367 69.6 66,100 67.3 2,266 3.3 29,853

16 to 19 years 6,227 2,330 37.4 2,030 32.6 299 12.8 3,897

20 to 24 years 7,769 5,930 76.3 5,543 71.3 387 6.5 1,839

25 to 54 years 47,539 42,920 90.3 41,766 87.9 1,154 2.7 4,618

55 to 64 years 16,532 12,130 73.4 11,840 71.6 290 2.4 4,403

65 years and older 20,153 5,057 25.1 4,921 24.4 136 2.7 15,096

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 33,036 20,632 62.5 19,381 58.7 1,251 6.1 12,404

16 to 19 years 2,463 741 30.1 588 23.9 153 20.7 1,722

20 to 24 years 3,104 2,186 70.4 1,935 62.3 251 11.5 918

25 to 54 years 17,317 13,861 80.0 13,164 76.0 697 5.0 3,456

55 to 64 years 5,095 2,905 57.0 2,799 54.9 106 3.6 2,190

65 years and older 5,058 939 18.6 895 17.7 44 4.6 4,119

Women, 16 years and older 17,934 10,842 60.5 10,236 57.1 607 5.6 7,092

16 to 19 years 1,241 405 32.7 326 26.3 79 19.6 836

20 to 24 years 1,605 1,124 70.0 1,019 63.5 105 9.3 482

25 to 54 years 9,300 7,227 77.7 6,887 74.1 339 4.7 2,073

55 to 64 years 2,783 1,569 56.4 1,508 54.2 61 3.9 1,214

65 years and older 3,005 518 17.2 495 16.5 22 4.3 2,487

Men, 16 years and older 15,102 9,790 64.8 9,145 60.6 645 6.6 5,312

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

16 to 19 years 1,222 336 27.5 262 21.4 74 22.0 886

20 to 24 years 1,499 1,062 70.9 916 61.1 147 13.8 436

25 to 54 years 8,018 6,635 82.8 6,277 78.3 358 5.4 1,383

55 to 64 years 2,311 1,336 57.8 1,291 55.8 45 3.4 976

65 years and older 2,053 421 20.5 400 19.5 21 5.0 1,631

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

16 to 19 years 978 211 21.6 194 19.8 17 8.2 767

20 to 24 years 1,353 730 54.0 688 50.8 42 5.8 623

25 to 54 years 9,304 7,479 80.4 7,303 78.5 176 2.3 1,824

55 to 64 years 2,183 1,489 68.2 1,458 66.8 32 2.1 694

65 years and older 2,533 550 21.7 537 21.2 14 2.5 1,983

Women, 16 years and older 8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

16 to 19 years 500 106 21.1 97 19.4 8 7.8 395

20 to 24 years 681 390 57.3 367 54.0 23 5.8 291

25 to 54 years 4,880 3,490 71.5 3,409 69.9 81 2.3 1,390

55 to 64 years 1,187 712 60.0 698 58.8 14 2.0 475

65 years and older 1,436 261 18.1 254 17.7 6 2.3 1,176

Men, 16 years and older 7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

16 to 19 years 478 106 22.1 96 20.2 9 8.6 372

20 to 24 years 672 340 50.6 320 47.7 20 5.8 332

25 to 54 years 4,423 3,989 90.2 3,895 88.0 95 2.4 434

55 to 64 years 996 778 78.1 760 76.3 18 2.3 219

65 years and older 1,097 290 26.4 282 25.7 7 2.6 807

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

16 to 19 years 3,989 1,283 32.2 1,085 27.2 198 15.4 2,706

20 to 24 years 4,760 3,472 73.0 3,242 68.1 230 6.6 1,287

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

25 to 54 years 25,061 20,076 80.1 19,398 77.4 679 3.4 4,985

55 to 64 years 5,081 3,321 65.4 3,217 63.3 104 3.1 1,760

65 years and older 4,615 900 19.5 862 18.7 37 4.2 3,715

Women, 16 years and older 21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

16 to 19 years 1,969 602 30.6 508 25.8 94 15.6 1,367

20 to 24 years 2,358 1,622 68.8 1,525 64.7 97 6.0 736

25 to 54 years 12,313 8,557 69.5 8,219 66.8 337 3.9 3,756

55 to 64 years 2,612 1,447 55.4 1,401 53.6 46 3.2 1,164

65 years and older 2,595 387 14.9 370 14.3 17 4.3 2,208

Men, 16 years and older 21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

16 to 19 years 2,020 682 33.7 578 28.6 104 15.3 1,339

20 to 24 years 2,401 1,851 77.1 1,717 71.5 133 7.2 551

25 to 54 years 12,749 11,520 90.4 11,178 87.7 341 3.0 1,229

55 to 64 years 2,470 1,874 75.9 1,816 73.5 58 3.1 596

65 years and older 2,020 513 25.4 492 24.4 21 4.1 1,507

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Marital status and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Total

16 years and older 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages.

(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Marital status and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Married, spouse present(1) 127,598 84,007 65.8 82,314 64.5 1,693 2.0 43,591

Other marital status(2) 131,577 79,531 60.4 75,224 57.2 4,308 5.4 52,046

Never married 81,309 54,182 66.6 50,855 62.5 3,327 6.1 27,127

Widowed, divorced, or separated(3) 50,268 25,349 50.4 24,369 48.5 981 3.9 24,919

Widowed 15,350 3,189 20.8 3,075 20.0 113 3.6 12,161

Divorced 26,306 16,427 62.4 15,824 60.2 603 3.7 9,879

Separated(3) 8,612 5,734 66.6 5,470 63.5 264 4.6 2,878

Women

16 years and older 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

Married, spouse present(1) 63,486 37,214 58.6 36,378 57.3 836 2.2 26,272

Other marital status(2) 70,336 39,638 56.4 37,700 53.6 1,938 4.9 30,698

Never married 38,498 25,023 65.0 23,637 61.4 1,386 5.5 13,475

Widowed, divorced, or separated(3) 31,838 14,615 45.9 14,063 44.2 552 3.8 17,223

Widowed 11,911 2,358 19.8 2,275 19.1 84 3.5 9,553

Divorced 15,178 9,231 60.8 8,912 58.7 319 3.5 5,947

Separated(3) 4,748 3,026 63.7 2,877 60.6 149 4.9 1,722

Men

16 years and older 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Married, spouse present(1) 64,112 46,794 73.0 45,937 71.7 857 1.8 17,318

Other marital status(2) 61,241 39,893 65.1 37,524 61.3 2,370 5.9 21,348

Never married 42,811 29,159 68.1 27,218 63.6 1,941 6.7 13,652

Widowed, divorced, or separated(3) 18,431 10,734 58.2 10,306 55.9 429 4.0 7,696

Widowed 3,438 831 24.2 801 23.3 30 3.6 2,608

Divorced 11,128 7,196 64.7 6,912 62.1 284 3.9 3,932

Separated(3) 3,864 2,708 70.1 2,593 67.1 115 4.2 1,156

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Total

Women, 16 years and older 133,500 76,960 57.6 74,283 55.6 2,677 3.5 56,540

With children under 18 years old 34,381 24,892 72.4 24,038 69.9 854 3.4 9,489

With children 6 to 17, none younger 19,445 14,972 77.0 14,526 74.7 446 3.0 4,473

With children under 6 years old 14,937 9,920 66.4 9,513 63.7 407 4.1 5,017

With children under 3 years old 8,524 5,439 63.8 5,220 61.2 218 4.0 3,085

With no children under 18 years old 99,119 52,068 52.5 50,244 50.7 1,824 3.5 47,051

Men, 16 years and older 125,027 85,749 68.6 82,134 65.7 3,615 4.2 39,278

With children under 18 years old 27,043 25,271 93.5 24,657 91.2 615 2.4 1,771

With children 6 to 17, none younger 15,230 14,044 92.2 13,698 89.9 346 2.5 1,185

With children under 6 years old 11,813 11,227 95.0 10,958 92.8 269 2.4 586

With children under 3 years old 6,866 6,541 95.3 6,387 93.0 155 2.4 325

With no children under 18 years old 97,985 60,478 61.7 57,477 58.7 3,000 5.0 37,507

White

Women, 16 years and older 102,457 58,435 57.0 56,646 55.3 1,789 3.1 44,023

With children under 18 years old 25,769 18,597 72.2 18,051 70.1 546 2.9 7,172

With children 6 to 17, none younger 14,605 11,194 76.6 10,888 74.6 306 2.7 3,411

With children under 6 years old 11,164 7,403 66.3 7,163 64.2 240 3.2 3,761

With children under 3 years old 6,444 4,115 63.9 3,987 61.9 129 3.1 2,329

With no children under 18 years old 76,689 39,838 51.9 38,594 50.3 1,243 3.1 36,851

Men, 16 years and older 98,110 67,814 69.1 65,309 66.6 2,505 3.7 30,296

With children under 18 years old 21,450 20,166 94.0 19,741 92.0 425 2.1 1,284

With children 6 to 17, none younger 12,156 11,290 92.9 11,038 90.8 252 2.2 866

With children under 6 years old 9,293 8,876 95.5 8,703 93.6 173 1.9 418

With children under 3 years old 5,416 5,183 95.7 5,088 93.9 96 1.8 233

With no children under 18 years old 76,661 47,648 62.2 45,568 59.4 2,080 4.4 29,012

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older 17,877 10,867 60.8 10,257 57.4 610 5.6 7,010

With children under 18 years old 4,614 3,585 77.7 3,367 73.0 219 6.1 1,029

With children 6 to 17, none younger 2,576 2,085 80.9 1,982 76.9 103 4.9 491

With children under 6 years old 2,038 1,501 73.6 1,385 67.9 116 7.7 538

With children under 3 years old 1,100 794 72.2 729 66.3 66 8.2 305

With no children under 18 years old 13,262 7,281 54.9 6,890 52.0 391 5.4 5,981

Men, 16 years and older 15,047 9,577 63.6 8,821 58.6 757 7.9 5,470

With children under 18 years old 2,527 2,255 89.3 2,134 84.4 122 5.4 272

With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,378 1,198 86.9 1,142 82.8 57 4.7 180

With children under 6 years old 1,149 1,057 92.1 992 86.4 65 6.2 91

With children under 3 years old 657 607 92.3 570 86.7 37 6.1 51

With no children under 18 years old 12,520 7,322 58.5 6,687 53.4 635 8.7 5,198

Asian

Women, 16 years and older 8,575 4,911 57.3 4,775 55.7 136 2.8 3,664

With children under 18 years old 2,706 1,807 66.8 1,764 65.2 43 2.4 899

With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,549 1,171 75.6 1,153 74.5 18 1.5 378

With children under 6 years old 1,158 636 54.9 610 52.7 25 4.0 522

With children under 3 years old 634 319 50.3 310 48.8 10 3.0 315

With no children under 18 years old 5,868 3,104 52.9 3,011 51.3 93 3.0 2,764

Men, 16 years and older 7,685 5,492 71.5 5,341 69.5 152 2.8 2,193

With children under 18 years old 2,248 2,116 94.1 2,073 92.2 43 2.0 132

With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,239 1,147 92.6 1,129 91.1 18 1.6 92

With children under 6 years old 1,009 969 96.0 944 93.6 25 2.6 40

With children under 3 years old 563 545 96.8 526 93.4 19 3.5 18

With no children under 18 years old 5,437 3,376 62.1 3,267 60.1 109 3.2 2,061

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older 21,692 12,509 57.7 11,948 55.1 561 4.5 9,184

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

With children under 18 years old 7,604 4,918 64.7 4,701 61.8 217 4.4 2,686

With children 6 to 17, none younger 4,310 3,003 69.7 2,881 66.8 122 4.1 1,307

With children under 6 years old 3,294 1,915 58.1 1,820 55.2 95 5.0 1,379

With children under 3 years old 1,780 954 53.6 905 50.8 49 5.2 825

With no children under 18 years old 14,088 7,590 53.9 7,247 51.4 344 4.5 6,498

Men, 16 years and older 21,503 16,177 75.2 15,439 71.8 738 4.6 5,326

With children under 18 years old 5,647 5,312 94.1 5,142 91.1 170 3.2 335

With children 6 to 17, none younger 3,165 2,948 93.1 2,847 90.0 100 3.4 217

With children under 6 years old 2,482 2,365 95.3 2,295 92.5 70 2.9 118

With children under 3 years old 1,384 1,320 95.4 1,285 92.8 35 2.7 64

With no children under 18 years old 15,856 10,865 68.5 10,297 64.9 568 5.2 4,991

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Total, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 133,500 76,960 57.6 74,283 55.6 2,677 3.5 56,540

With children under 18 years old 34,381 24,892 72.4 24,038 69.9 854 3.4 9,489

With children under 18 years old 19,445 14,972 77.0 14,526 74.7 446 3.0 4,473

With children under 6 years old 14,937 9,920 66.4 9,513 63.7 407 4.1 5,017

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

With children under 3 years old 8,524 5,439 63.8 5,220 61.2 218 4.0 3,085

With no children under 18 years old 99,119 52,068 52.5 50,244 50.7 1,824 3.5 47,051

Total, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 64,505 38,204 59.2 37,375 57.9 829 2.2 26,302

With children under 18 years old 24,538 17,197 70.1 16,807 68.5 390 2.3 7,341

With children under 18 years old 13,581 10,163 74.8 9,940 73.2 223 2.2 3,418

With children under 6 years old 10,957 7,034 64.2 6,867 62.7 167 2.4 3,923

With children under 3 years old 6,438 4,016 62.4 3,920 60.9 96 2.4 2,422

With no children under 18 years old 39,967 21,006 52.6 20,568 51.5 438 2.1 18,961

Total, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 68,995 38,756 56.2 36,908 53.5 1,849 4.8 30,238

With children under 18 years old 9,843 7,695 78.2 7,231 73.5 463 6.0 2,149

With children under 18 years old 5,864 4,809 82.0 4,585 78.2 223 4.6 1,055

With children under 6 years old 3,980 2,886 72.5 2,646 66.5 240 8.3 1,094

With children under 3 years old 2,086 1,422 68.2 1,300 62.3 122 8.6 663

With no children under 18 years old 59,152 31,062 52.5 29,676 50.2 1,385 4.5 28,090

White, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 102,457 58,435 57.0 56,646 55.3 1,789 3.1 44,023

With children under 18 years old 25,769 18,597 72.2 18,051 70.1 546 2.9 7,172

With children under 18 years old 14,605 11,194 76.6 10,888 74.6 306 2.7 3,411

With children under 6 years old 11,164 7,403 66.3 7,163 64.2 240 3.2 3,761

With children under 3 years old 6,444 4,115 63.9 3,987 61.9 129 3.1 2,329

With no children under 18 years old 76,689 39,838 51.9 38,594 50.3 1,243 3.1 36,851

White, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 52,950 31,093 58.7 30,448 57.5 645 2.1 21,857

With children under 18 years old 19,456 13,701 70.4 13,399 68.9 302 2.2 5,755

With children under 18 years old 10,777 8,069 74.9 7,888 73.2 181 2.2 2,708

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

With children under 6 years old 8,679 5,632 64.9 5,511 63.5 121 2.1 3,047

With children under 3 years old 5,147 3,269 63.5 3,198 62.1 72 2.2 1,878

With no children under 18 years old 33,494 17,392 51.9 17,049 50.9 343 2.0 16,102

White, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 49,507 27,341 55.2 26,198 52.9 1,144 4.2 22,166

With children under 18 years old 6,312 4,896 77.6 4,652 73.7 244 5.0 1,417

With children under 18 years old 3,828 3,125 81.6 3,000 78.4 125 4.0 703

With children under 6 years old 2,485 1,771 71.3 1,652 66.5 119 6.7 714

With children under 3 years old 1,297 846 65.3 789 60.9 57 6.7 451

With no children under 18 years old 43,195 22,446 52.0 21,546 49.9 900 4.0 20,749

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 17,877 10,867 60.8 10,257 57.4 610 5.6 7,010

With children under 18 years old 4,614 3,585 77.7 3,367 73.0 219 6.1 1,029

With children under 18 years old 2,576 2,085 80.9 1,982 76.9 103 4.9 491

With children under 6 years old 2,038 1,501 73.6 1,385 67.9 116 7.7 538

With children under 3 years old 1,100 794 72.2 729 66.3 66 8.2 305

With no children under 18 years old 13,262 7,281 54.9 6,890 52.0 391 5.4 5,981

Black or African American, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 4,874 3,129 64.2 3,049 62.6 79 2.5 1,746

With children under 18 years old 1,919 1,442 75.2 1,405 73.2 37 2.5 477

With children under 18 years old 1,046 832 79.5 808 77.2 24 2.8 215

With children under 6 years old 872 610 70.0 597 68.5 13 2.1 262

With children under 3 years old 503 337 66.9 328 65.1 9 2.7 167

With no children under 18 years old 2,956 1,687 57.1 1,644 55.6 43 2.5 1,269

Black or African American, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 13,002 7,738 59.5 7,207 55.4 531 6.9 5,264

With children under 18 years old 2,696 2,143 79.5 1,961 72.8 182 8.5 552

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

With children under 18 years old 1,529 1,253 81.9 1,174 76.7 79 6.3 276

With children under 6 years old 1,166 890 76.4 788 67.5 103 11.5 276

With children under 3 years old 596 457 76.7 401 67.3 56 12.3 139

With no children under 18 years old 10,306 5,595 54.3 5,246 50.9 349 6.2 4,712

Asian, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 8,575 4,911 57.3 4,775 55.7 136 2.8 3,664

With children under 18 years old 2,706 1,807 66.8 1,764 65.2 43 2.4 899

With children under 18 years old 1,549 1,171 75.6 1,153 74.5 18 1.5 378

With children under 6 years old 1,158 636 54.9 610 52.7 25 4.0 522

With children under 3 years old 634 319 50.3 310 48.8 10 3.0 315

With no children under 18 years old 5,868 3,104 52.9 3,011 51.3 93 3.0 2,764

Asian, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 5,050 3,000 59.4 2,921 57.8 79 2.6 2,050

With children under 18 years old 2,397 1,562 65.2 1,525 63.6 37 2.4 834

With children under 18 years old 1,328 978 73.6 966 72.8 12 1.2 350

With children under 6 years old 1,068 584 54.7 559 52.3 25 4.4 484

With children under 3 years old 581 292 50.2 282 48.5 10 3.3 289

With no children under 18 years old 2,653 1,438 54.2 1,396 52.6 42 2.9 1,216

Asian, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 3,524 1,911 54.2 1,854 52.6 57 3.0 1,614

With children under 18 years old 309 244 79.0 238 77.1 6 2.5 65

With children under 18 years old 220 193 87.6 187 84.8 6 3.1 27

With children under 6 years old 89 52 57.8 52 57.8 - - 38

With children under 3 years old 53 28 51.8 28 51.8 - - 26

With no children under 18 years old 3,215 1,666 51.8 1,616 50.3 51 3.0 1,549

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statusesa

Total women, 16 years and older 21,692 12,509 57.7 11,948 55.1 561 4.5 9,184

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

(1) Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that 

do not meet publication criteria.

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

With children under 18 years old 7,604 4,918 64.7 4,701 61.8 217 4.4 2,686

With children under 18 years old 4,310 3,003 69.7 2,881 66.8 122 4.1 1,307

With children under 6 years old 3,294 1,915 58.1 1,820 55.2 95 5.0 1,379

With children under 3 years old 1,780 954 53.6 905 50.8 49 5.2 825

With no children under 18 years old 14,088 7,590 53.9 7,247 51.4 344 4.5 6,498

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 9,601 5,356 55.8 5,164 53.8 192 3.6 4,245

With children under 18 years old 5,007 2,897 57.9 2,781 55.5 116 4.0 2,110

With children under 18 years old 2,836 1,781 62.8 1,717 60.5 64 3.6 1,055

With children under 6 years old 2,171 1,116 51.4 1,064 49.0 52 4.6 1,056

With children under 3 years old 1,217 586 48.2 554 45.5 33 5.6 630

With no children under 18 years old 4,594 2,459 53.5 2,383 51.9 76 3.1 2,135

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 12,092 7,153 59.2 6,784 56.1 369 5.2 4,939

With children under 18 years old 2,597 2,021 77.8 1,920 73.9 101 5.0 576

With children under 18 years old 1,474 1,222 82.9 1,164 79.0 58 4.7 252

With children under 6 years old 1,123 799 71.2 756 67.3 43 5.4 324

With children under 3 years old 563 368 65.4 351 62.4 17 4.6 195

With no children under 18 years old 9,495 5,131 54.0 4,864 51.2 268 5.2 4,363

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

With children under age 18

1975 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0

1976 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9

1977 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9

1978 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6

1979 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7

1980 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1

1981 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0

1982 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1

1983 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3

1984 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1

1985 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7

1986 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2

1987 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6

1988 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5

1989 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9

1990 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0

1991 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0

1992 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5

1993 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7

1994 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1

1995 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1

1996 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4

1997 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9

1998 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6

1999 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6

2000 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2001 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7

2002 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8

2003 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1

2004 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8

2005 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3

2006 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9

2007 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4

2008 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0

2009 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8

2010 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8

2011 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9

2012 25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9

2013 25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9

2014 25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6

2015 25,107 69.9 23,841 1,265 5.0

2016 25,070 70.8 23,877 1,193 4.8

2017 24,863 71.3 23,748 1,114 4.5

2018 24,802 71.4 23,849 953 3.8

2019 24,892 72.4 24,038 854 3.4

With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

1975 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9

1976 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6

1977 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5

1978 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3

1979 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8

1980 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4

1981 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7

1982 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2

1983 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1

1984 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1985 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1

1986 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3

1987 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3

1988 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1

1989 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9

1990 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2

1991 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3

1992 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0

1993 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1

1994 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7

1995 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8

1996 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4

1997 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7

1998 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4

1999 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4

2000 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5

2001 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9

2002 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9

2003 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2

2004 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9

2005 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3

2006 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0

2007 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8

2008 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1

2009 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8

2010 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8

2011 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6

2012 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8

2013 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9

2014 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2015 15,059 74.6 14,437 622 4.1

2016 15,135 75.0 14,519 616 4.1

2017 15,080 76.0 14,481 599 4.0

2018 15,053 76.5 14,544 508 3.4

2019 14,972 77.0 14,526 446 3.0

With children under age 6

1975 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9

1976 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8

1977 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2

1978 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5

1979 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3

1980 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0

1981 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2

1982 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9

1983 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4

1984 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1

1985 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9

1986 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0

1987 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4

1988 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6

1989 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2

1990 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1

1991 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1

1992 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5

1993 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9

1994 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0

1995 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8

1996 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8

1997 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6

1998 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1999 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3

2000 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4

2001 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9

2002 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4

2003 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6

2004 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1

2005 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9

2006 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2

2007 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4

2008 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3

2009 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3

2010 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3

2011 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9

2012 10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6

2013 10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4

2014 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3

2015 10,048 63.9 9,405 643 6.4

2016 9,934 65.3 9,358 576 5.8

2017 9,783 65.1 9,268 515 5.3

2018 9,749 64.7 9,304 445 4.6

2019 9,920 66.4 9,513 407 4.1

With children under age 3

1975 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7

1976 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5

1977 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2

1978 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9

1979 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9

1980 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2

1981 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7

1982 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1983 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1

1984 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8

1985 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1

1986 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7

1987 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8

1988 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5

1989 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5

1990 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5

1991 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1

1992 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4

1993 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8

1995 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5

1996 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1

1997 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1

1998 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3

1999 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4

2000 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6

2001 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8

2002 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9

2003 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2

2004 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7

2005 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1

2006 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6

2007 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5

2008 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5

2009 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4

2010 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9

2011 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2

2012 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2013 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4

2014 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1

2015 5,494 61.4 5,119 375 6.8

2016 5,486 63.1 5,165 322 5.9

2017 5,449 63.1 5,153 296 5.4

2018 5,236 62.0 4,998 239 4.6

2019 5,439 63.8 5,220 218 4.0

With no children under age 18

1975 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9

1976 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3

1977 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4

1978 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8

1979 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2

1980 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5

1981 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4

1982 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2

1983 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6

1984 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8

1985 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6

1986 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4

1987 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9

1988 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9

1989 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5

1990 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6

1991 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5

1992 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8

1993 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

1995 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0

1996 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1997 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6

1998 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1

1999 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4

2000 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3

2001 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0

2002 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4

2003 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6

2004 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4

2005 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9

2006 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5

2007 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0

2008 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8

2009 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2

2010 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3

2011 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9

2012 47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9

2013 47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0

2014 48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4

2015 48,273 51.7 45,794 2,479 5.1

2016 49,663 52.1 47,180 2,484 5.0

2017 50,675 52.5 48,541 2,134 4.2

2018 51,227 52.3 49,247 1,980 3.9

2019 52,068 52.5 50,244 1,824 3.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Educational attainment and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years 168,522 131,783 78.2 127,869 75.9 3,914 3.0 36,739

Less than a high school diploma 15,163 9,285 61.2 8,780 57.9 505 5.4 5,878

High school graduates, no college 45,854 33,531 73.1 32,280 70.4 1,251 3.7 12,323

Some college or associate's degree 44,114 34,667 78.6 33,616 76.2 1,051 3.0 9,447

Bachelor's degree and higher 63,390 54,299 85.7 53,194 83.9 1,106 2.0 9,091

Bachelor's degree 40,507 34,199 84.4 33,447 82.6 753 2.2 6,308

Advanced degree 22,883 20,100 87.8 19,747 86.3 353 1.8 2,783

Master's degree 17,181 14,925 86.9 14,636 85.2 289 1.9 2,255

Professional degree 2,408 2,146 89.1 2,109 87.6 36 1.7 262

Doctoral degree 3,295 3,029 91.9 3,001 91.1 28 0.9 266

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years 85,883 61,704 71.8 59,837 69.7 1,867 3.0 24,179

Less than a high school diploma 7,142 3,347 46.9 3,133 43.9 214 6.4 3,795

High school graduates, no college 21,178 13,594 64.2 13,071 61.7 524 3.9 7,583

Some college or associate's degree 23,290 16,991 73.0 16,432 70.6 559 3.3 6,299

Bachelor's degree and higher 34,274 27,772 81.0 27,202 79.4 570 2.1 6,502

Bachelor's degree 21,601 17,052 78.9 16,675 77.2 378 2.2 4,548

Advanced degree 12,673 10,720 84.6 10,527 83.1 192 1.8 1,954

Master's degree 10,013 8,377 83.7 8,221 82.1 156 1.9 1,636

Professional degree 1,119 955 85.4 934 83.4 22 2.3 164

Doctoral degree 1,541 1,387 90.0 1,372 89.0 15 1.1 154

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years 82,639 70,079 84.8 68,032 82.3 2,047 2.9 12,560

Less than a high school diploma 8,021 5,938 74.0 5,647 70.4 291 4.9 2,083

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

High school graduates, no college 24,676 19,937 80.8 19,209 77.8 728 3.7 4,739

Some college or associate's degree 20,824 17,676 84.9 17,184 82.5 492 2.8 3,148

Bachelor's degree and higher 29,116 26,527 91.1 25,992 89.3 536 2.0 2,589

Bachelor's degree 18,906 17,147 90.7 16,772 88.7 375 2.2 1,759

Advanced degree 10,210 9,380 91.9 9,220 90.3 161 1.7 830

Master's degree 7,168 6,548 91.4 6,415 89.5 133 2.0 620

Professional degree 1,289 1,190 92.4 1,176 91.2 14 1.2 98

Doctoral degree 1,753 1,642 93.6 1,629 92.9 13 0.8 112

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1980 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Women

1970 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages (shown in Table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1987 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Men

1970 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Total

1992 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

2015 127,106 100.0 8.1 25.9 27.7 38.2

2016 128,713 100.0 7.8 25.9 27.6 38.7

2017 129,582 100.0 7.4 25.8 27.2 39.5

2018 131,058 100.0 7.3 25.6 26.7 40.4

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2019

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

2019 131,783 100.0 7.0 25.4 26.3 41.2

Women

1992 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

2015 59,252 100.0 6.1 23.2 29.6 41.1

2016 60,049 100.0 6.0 22.9 29.6 41.6

2017 60,614 100.0 5.8 22.7 28.9 42.7

2018 61,182 100.0 5.7 22.3 28.3 43.8

2019 61,704 100.0 5.4 22.0 27.5 45.0

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2019

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Men

1992 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

2015 67,853 100.0 9.9 28.4 26.0 35.7

2016 68,664 100.0 9.3 28.6 25.9 36.2

2017 68,968 100.0 8.9 28.6 25.7 36.8

2018 69,876 100.0 8.8 28.4 25.3 37.5

2019 70,079 100.0 8.5 28.4 25.2 37.9

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2019

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are 

annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 155,761 100.0 157,538 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 62,436 40.1 64,218 40.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 25,850 16.6 26,981 17.1

Professional and related occupations 36,586 23.5 37,237 23.6

Service occupations 26,854 17.2 26,978 17.1

Sales and office occupations 33,461 21.5 33,370 21.2

Sales and related occupations 15,806 10.1 15,582 9.9

Office and administrative support occupations 17,655 11.3 17,789 11.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,471 9.3 14,343 9.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,121 0.7 1,156 0.7

Construction and extraction occupations 8,338 5.4 8,325 5.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,012 3.2 4,862 3.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,539 11.9 18,628 11.8

Production occupations 8,621 5.5 8,565 5.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,918 6.4 10,063 6.4

Women

Total, 16 years and older 73,063 100.0 74,078 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 32,149 44.0 33,267 44.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 11,387 15.6 11,909 16.1

Professional and related occupations 20,763 28.4 21,358 28.8

Service occupations 15,439 21.1 15,534 21.0

Sales and office occupations 20,453 28.0 20,222 27.3

Sales and related occupations 7,807 10.7 7,602 10.3

Office and administrative support occupations 12,646 17.3 12,620 17.0

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 745 1.0 774 1.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 273 0.4 291 0.4

Construction and extraction occupations 285 0.4 292 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 187 0.3 191 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 4,278 5.9 4,281 5.8

Production occupations 2,480 3.4 2,450 3.3

Transportation and material moving occupations 1,797 2.5 1,831 2.5

Men

Total, 16 years and older 82,698 100.0 83,460 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 30,287 36.6 30,950 37.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 14,464 17.5 15,072 18.1

Professional and related occupations 15,823 19.1 15,879 19.0

Service occupations 11,416 13.8 11,445 13.7

Sales and office occupations 13,008 15.7 13,148 15.8

Sales and related occupations 7,999 9.7 7,979 9.6

Office and administrative support occupations 5,010 6.1 5,169 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,726 16.6 13,569 16.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 848 1.0 865 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations 8,053 9.7 8,033 9.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,825 5.8 4,671 5.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 14,261 17.2 14,348 17.2

Production occupations 6,140 7.4 6,115 7.3

Transportation and material moving occupations 8,121 9.8 8,233 9.9

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 157,538 47.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Management, professional, and related occupations 64,218 51.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 26,981 44.1

Management occupations 18,985 40.0

Chief executives 1,602 27.6

General and operations managers 1,058 30.6

Legislators 19 -

Advertising and promotions managers 55 56.9

Marketing and sales managers 1,184 48.5

Public relations and fundraising managers 73 71.4

Administrative services managers 184 42.0

Computer and information systems managers 654 28.7

Financial managers 1,194 53.5

Compensation and benefits managers 24 -

Human resources managers 321 74.7

Training and development managers 46 -

Industrial production managers 274 22.4

Purchasing managers 227 42.8

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 281 17.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 962 24.5

Construction managers 994 10.0

Education administrators 958 67.7

Architectural and engineering managers 154 11.7

Food service managers 1,249 46.5

Funeral service managers 13 -

Gaming managers 19 -

Lodging managers 162 49.5

Medical and health services managers 677 69.7

Natural sciences managers 15 -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 30 -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 780 47.3

Social and community service managers 470 68.2

Emergency management directors 7 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Managers, all other 5,299 36.0

Business and financial operations occupations 7,996 54.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 47 -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 16 -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 226 47.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 279 48.5

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 318 62.1

Compliance officers 298 59.5

Cost estimators 127 14.3

Human resources workers 770 73.5

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 51 75.0

Training and development specialists 125 52.5

Logisticians 154 31.7

Management analysts 950 42.1

Meeting, convention, and event planners 146 78.7

Fundraisers 93 67.2

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 369 56.6

Business operations specialists, all other 269 57.7

Accountants and auditors 1,964 61.7

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 84 42.0

Budget analysts 51 60.4

Credit analysts 28 -

Financial analysts 345 34.2

Personal financial advisors 551 32.1

Insurance underwriters 105 51.1

Financial examiners 21 -

Credit counselors and loan officers 403 53.9

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 53 69.2

Tax preparers 97 62.3

Financial specialists, all other 57 46.8

Professional and related occupations 37,237 57.4

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,352 25.8

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Computer and information research scientists 24 -

Computer systems analysts 663 40.1

Information security analysts 125 17.1

Computer programmers 454 20.3

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,815 18.7

Web developers 193 41.4

Computer support specialists 547 26.4

Database administrators 106 30.2

Network and computer systems administrators 199 26.1

Computer network architects 106 9.2

Computer occupations, all other 808 23.6

Actuaries 33 -

Mathematicians 3 -

Operations research analysts 152 42.7

Statisticians 101 52.4

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 22 -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,305 15.7

Architects, except naval 208 24.5

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 48 -

Aerospace engineers 134 13.8

Agricultural engineers 6 -

Biomedical engineers 25 -

Chemical engineers 87 14.4

Civil engineers 475 13.9

Computer hardware engineers 77 22.8

Electrical and electronics engineers 285 11.6

Environmental engineers 25 -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 245 24.3

Marine engineers and naval architects 12 -

Materials engineers 44 -

Mechanical engineers 351 6.6

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 8 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Nuclear engineers 8 -

Petroleum engineers 24 -

Engineers, all other 582 13.9

Drafters 113 23.3

Engineering technicians, except drafters 496 19.8

Surveying and mapping technicians 53 6.8

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,485 49.4

Agricultural and food scientists 37 -

Biological scientists 104 47.7

Conservation scientists and foresters 20 -

Medical scientists 170 51.8

Life scientists, all other 2 -

Astronomers and physicists 17 -

Atmospheric and space scientists 10 -

Chemists and materials scientists 97 42.5

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 119 33.0

Physical scientists, all other 298 43.7

Economists 35 -

Survey researchers 0 -

Psychologists 234 79.7

Sociologists 2 -

Urban and regional planners 25 -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 -

Agricultural and food science technicians 20 -

Biological technicians 23 -

Chemical technicians 56 30.8

Geological and petroleum technicians 20 -

Nuclear technicians 3 -

Social science research assistants 1 -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 152 54.0

Community and social service occupations 2,717 67.5

Counselors 927 75.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Social workers 823 81.9

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 97 44.6

Social and human service assistants 238 79.0

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 78 70.8

Clergy 413 20.7

Directors, religious activities and education 72 48.6

Religious workers, all other 69 72.7

Legal occupations 1,955 52.7

Lawyers 1,240 36.4

Judicial law clerks 7 -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 70 52.5

Paralegals and legal assistants 444 89.6

Miscellaneous legal support workers 193 72.5

Education, training, and library occupations 9,455 73.6

Postsecondary teachers 1,386 47.4

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 655 98.7

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,604 80.5

Secondary school teachers 1,015 56.5

Special education teachers 331 86.7

Other teachers and instructors 1,017 64.6

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 48 -

Librarians 179 79.9

Library technicians 33 -

Teacher assistants 999 89.7

Other education, training, and library workers 189 72.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,285 49.0

Artists and related workers 248 54.0

Designers 983 54.0

Actors 40 -

Producers and directors 186 42.5

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 345 35.3

Dancers and choreographers 23 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Musicians, singers, and related workers 202 36.7

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 50 32.8

Announcers 58 30.4

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 93 45.1

Public relations specialists 137 63.6

Editors 147 63.3

Technical writers 61 57.8

Writers and authors 225 63.5

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 118 66.4

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 12.0

Photographers 188 49.3

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 60 16.3

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 0 -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,684 75.4

Chiropractors 61 28.0

Dentists 162 33.9

Dietitians and nutritionists 128 92.1

Optometrists 43 -

Pharmacists 341 60.4

Physicians and surgeons 1,098 40.8

Physician assistants 131 70.8

Podiatrists 10 -

Audiologists 14 -

Occupational therapists 136 88.0

Physical therapists 304 67.9

Radiation therapists 16 -

Recreational therapists 10 -

Respiratory therapists 112 66.8

Speech-language pathologists 180 95.8

Exercise physiologists 2 -

Therapists, all other 235 81.4

Veterinarians 104 68.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Registered nurses 3,242 88.9

Nurse anesthetists 33 -

Nurse midwives 10 -

Nurse practitioners 225 87.8

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 35 -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 323 73.8

Dental hygienists 208 96.0

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 398 70.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 206 33.5

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 710 79.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 687 90.8

Medical records and health information technicians 185 93.3

Opticians, dispensing 49 -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 152 65.0

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 133 49.5

Service occupations 26,978 57.6

Healthcare support occupations 3,758 86.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,086 88.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 29 -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 101 63.4

Massage therapists 183 83.6

Dental assistants 284 94.9

Medical assistants 596 92.7

Medical transcriptionists 41 -

Pharmacy aides 49 -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 59 82.7

Phlebotomists 124 89.3

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 206 68.1

Protective service occupations 3,128 22.1

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 44 -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 83 9.9

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 42 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 78 25.0

Firefighters 318 3.3

Fire inspectors 21 -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 372 30.1

Detectives and criminal investigators 164 23.0

Fish and game wardens 4 -

Parking enforcement workers 4 -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 716 17.6

Transit and railroad police 5 -

Animal control workers 10 -

Private detectives and investigators 97 47.6

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 937 21.5

Crossing guards 52 48.6

Transportation security screeners 43 -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 139 49.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,378 54.5

Chefs and head cooks 474 22.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 597 57.4

Cooks 2,031 41.7

Food preparation workers 1,079 59.3

Bartenders 464 53.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 372 62.4

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 200 59.2

Waiters and waitresses 2,038 71.3

Food servers, nonrestaurant 191 66.1

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 338 40.5

Dishwashers 264 21.0

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 322 82.1

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 7 -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,746 42.0

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 352 41.6

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 285 9.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Janitors and building cleaners 2,265 37.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,475 89.0

Pest control workers 96 6.7

Grounds maintenance workers 1,273 6.3

Personal care and service occupations 5,968 76.9

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 211 43.2

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 213 68.5

Animal trainers 63 58.6

Nonfarm animal caretakers 296 75.1

Gaming services workers 93 45.1

Motion picture projectionists 1 -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 38 -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 210 39.3

Embalmers and funeral attendants 15 -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 26 -

Barbers 137 23.0

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 803 92.3

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 409 85.5

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 92 24.3

Tour and travel guides 61 43.6

Childcare workers 1,193 93.4

Personal care aides 1,458 85.6

Recreation and fitness workers 440 63.3

Residential advisors 30 -

Personal care and service workers, all other 178 61.7

Sales and office occupations 33,370 60.6

Sales and related occupations 15,582 48.8

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,232 45.5

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,247 27.1

Cashiers 3,164 71.2

Counter and rental clerks 97 42.6

Parts salespersons 142 12.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Retail salespersons 3,105 48.5

Advertising sales agents 190 49.7

Insurance sales agents 595 50.6

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 231 30.0

Travel agents 82 86.0

Sales representatives, services, all other 557 30.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,281 27.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 62 73.3

Real estate brokers and sales agents 1,095 58.9

Sales engineers 35 -

Telemarketers 49 -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 135 59.5

Sales and related workers, all other 284 42.9

Office and administrative support occupations 17,789 70.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,306 68.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service 21 -

Telephone operators 42 -

Communications equipment operators, all other 12 -

Bill and account collectors 116 80.8

Billing and posting clerks 459 89.5

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,015 88.5

Gaming cage workers 13 -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 155 85.2

Procurement clerks 29 -

Tellers 294 84.7

Financial clerks, all other 119 59.7

Brokerage clerks 3 -

Correspondence clerks 5 -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 95 75.3

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 41 -

Customer service representatives 2,552 64.2

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 70 80.1

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Occupation Total employed Percent women

File clerks 175 83.1

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 116 74.6

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 131 85.5

Library assistants, clerical 88 81.4

Loan interviewers and clerks 116 76.8

New accounts clerks 22 -

Order clerks 112 53.3

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 60 81.2

Receptionists and information clerks 1,288 89.3

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 119 58.9

Information and record clerks, all other 99 76.9

Cargo and freight agents 20 -

Couriers and messengers 402 20.7

Dispatchers 261 53.1

Meter readers, utilities 17 -

Postal service clerks 96 55.1

Postal service mail carriers 331 36.6

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 76 53.3

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 297 57.7

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 563 34.9

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,512 37.5

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 66 47.3

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,688 93.2

Computer operators 72 47.5

Data entry keyers 250 73.4

Word processors and typists 57 86.0

Desktop publishers 0 -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 269 81.7

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 68 49.8

Office clerks, general 1,355 82.7

Office machine operators, except computer 32 -

Proofreaders and copy markers 7 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Statistical assistants 58 42.8

Office and administrative support workers, all other 618 74.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,343 5.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,156 25.2

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 51 9.4

Agricultural inspectors 18 -

Animal breeders 10 -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 88 64.5

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 866 24.2

Fishers and related fishing workers 36 -

Hunters and trappers 0 -

Forest and conservation workers 21 -

Logging workers 66 1.8

Construction and extraction occupations 8,325 3.5

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 682 3.4

Boilermakers 24 -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 152 0.7

Carpenters 1,292 2.8

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 170 1.9

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 65 3.0

Construction laborers 2,051 3.5

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 22 -

Pile-driver operators 1 -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 375 1.7

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 178 0.7

Electricians 914 2.2

Glaziers 38 -

Insulation workers 59 3.7

Painters, construction and maintenance 599 8.9

Paperhangers 7 -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 637 2.7

Plasterers and stucco masons 23 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 6 -

Roofers 222 1.9

Sheet metal workers 140 6.8

Structural iron and steel workers 66 0.9

Solar photovoltaic installers 18 -

Helpers, construction trades 50 5.7

Construction and building inspectors 105 10.4

Elevator installers and repairers 20 -

Fence erectors 41 -

Hazardous materials removal workers 40 -

Highway maintenance workers 113 3.6

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 4 -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 8 -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 32 -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 29 -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 22 -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 8 -

Mining machine operators 56 2.0

Roof bolters, mining 1 -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 8 -

Helpers--extraction workers 2 -

Other extraction workers 46 -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,862 3.9

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 272 8.2

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 184 14.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 131 7.6

Avionics technicians 13 -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 16 -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 7 -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 17 -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 9 -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 32 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Security and fire alarm systems installers 58 2.9

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 152 4.8

Automotive body and related repairers 125 2.2

Automotive glass installers and repairers 21 -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 880 1.9

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 347 1.5

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 211 1.5

Small engine mechanics 45 -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 73 1.3

Control and valve installers and repairers 22 -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 466 1.5

Home appliance repairers 51 5.7

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 408 4.1

Maintenance and repair workers, general 579 3.8

Maintenance workers, machinery 21 -

Millwrights 52 5.0

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 133 1.6

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 184 4.5

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 69 11.6

Wind turbine service technicians 2 -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 28 -

Commercial divers 2 -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 32 -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 -

Riggers 12 -

Signal and track switch repairers 7 -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 19 -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 179 8.0

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,628 23.0

Production occupations 8,565 28.6

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 844 21.3

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 8 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 101 50.4

Engine and other machine assemblers 9 -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 25 -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,001 36.4

Bakers 228 60.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 297 26.9

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 17 -

Food batchmakers 82 62.7

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 3 -

Food processing workers, all other 147 33.8

Computer control programmers and operators 108 3.7

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 70 15.8

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 44 -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 -

Machinists 375 5.6

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 23 -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 45 -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 -

Tool and die makers 55 4.8

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 592 5.3

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 -

Layout workers, metal and plastic 10 -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 1 -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 392 19.5

Prepress technicians and workers 27 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Printing press operators 133 22.1

Print binding and finishing workers 14 -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 134 75.4

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 28 -

Sewing machine operators 179 72.4

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 7 -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 5 -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 86 75.4

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 2 -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 4 -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 10 -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 1 -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 0 -

Upholsterers 30 -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 13 -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 65 8.0

Furniture finishers 18 -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 33 -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 12 -

Woodworkers, all other 23 -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 43 -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 52 3.0

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 110 8.0

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 51 4.9

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 73 11.1

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 90 7.5

Cutting workers 60 12.7

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 27 -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 17 -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 802 35.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 40 -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 91 60.0

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 262 54.6

Painting workers 171 10.6

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 13 -

Semiconductor processors 0 -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 10 -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 2 -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 2 -

Etchers and engravers 8 -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 31 -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 24 -

Tire builders 8 -

Helpers--production workers 54 32.6

Production workers, all other 1,141 28.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 10,063 18.2

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 206 21.5

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 141 7.5

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 43 -

Flight attendants 110 81.3

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 15 -

Bus drivers 546 45.3

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,608 6.7

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 790 16.8

Motor vehicle operators, all other 66 17.2

Locomotive engineers and operators 42 -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 2 -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 52 2.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 9 -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 -

Ship and boat captains and operators 45 -

Ship engineers 5 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Bridge and lock tenders 0 -

Parking lot attendants 83 14.8

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 88 18.4

Transportation inspectors 42 -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 43 -

Other transportation workers 38 -

Conveyor operators and tenders 2 -

Crane and tower operators 63 5.2

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 28 -

Hoist and winch operators 9 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 571 8.7

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 344 16.0

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,235 21.5

Machine feeders and offbearers 24 -

Packers and packagers, hand 628 54.8

Pumping station operators 16 -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 99 7.6

Mine shuttle car operators 2 -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 -

Material moving workers, all other 41 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Occupation White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 56,341 10,000 4,826 12,023

Percent 100.0 100 100 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 46.1 37.2 53.3 28.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.7 12.3 18.3 10.3

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Professional and related occupations 29.3 24.9 34.9 18.2

Service occupations 19.5 27.6 20.2 31.1

Sales and office occupations 27.9 26.7 20.0 28.7

Sales and related occupations 10.4 9.8 7.9 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations 17.5 17.0 12.2 17.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.2 0.7 0.4 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.3

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.3 7.7 6.1 9.3

Production occupations 3.1 3.7 4.6 5.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.3 4.0 1.5 3.7

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)

Industry and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 155,761 100.0 157,538 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,425 1.6 2,425 1.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 784 0.5 750 0.5

Construction 11,181 7.2 11,373 7.2

Manufacturing 15,560 10.0 15,741 10.0

Durable goods manufacturing 9,831 6.3 9,970 6.3

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,729 3.7 5,771 3.7

Wholesale and retail trade 20,270 13.0 19,742 12.5

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Industry and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Wholesale trade 3,671 2.4 3,525 2.2

Retail trade 16,599 10.7 16,217 10.3

Transportation and utilities 8,551 5.5 8,991 5.7

Transportation and warehousing 7,207 4.6 7,614 4.8

Utilities 1,345 0.9 1,377 0.9

Information 2,919 1.9 2,766 1.8

Financial activities 10,649 6.8 10,765 6.8

Finance and insurance 7,376 4.7 7,464 4.7

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,273 2.1 3,301 2.1

Professional and business services 18,950 12.2 19,606 12.4

Professional and technical services 12,105 7.8 12,808 8.1

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,845 4.4 6,799 4.3

Education and health services 35,043 22.5 35,894 22.8

Educational services 13,910 8.9 14,193 9.0

Health care and social assistance 21,133 13.6 21,701 13.8

Hospitals 7,108 4.6 7,425 4.7

Health services, except hospitals 10,636 6.8 10,846 6.9

Social assistance 3,389 2.2 3,430 2.2

Leisure and hospitality 14,268 9.2 14,643 9.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,362 2.2 3,444 2.2

Accommodation and food services 10,905 7.0 11,200 7.1

Other services 7,742 5.0 7,617 4.8

Other services, except private households 6,965 4.5 6,796 4.3

Other services 777 0.5 821 0.5

Public administration 7,419 4.8 7,225 4.6

Women

Total, 16 years and older 73,063 100.0 74,078 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 628 0.9 635 0.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 108 0.1 118 0.2

Construction 1,102 1.5 1,168 1.6

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Industry and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Manufacturing 4,537 6.2 4,630 6.3

Durable goods manufacturing 2,463 3.4 2,505 3.4

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2,074 2.8 2,125 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade 9,068 12.4 8,728 11.8

Wholesale trade 1,048 1.4 1,008 1.4

Retail trade 8,020 11.0 7,721 10.4

Transportation and utilities 2,084 2.9 2,166 2.9

Transportation and warehousing 1,796 2.5 1,892 2.6

Utilities 288 0.4 274 0.4

Information 1,118 1.5 1,120 1.5

Financial activities 5,598 7.7 5,660 7.6

Finance and insurance 4,058 5.6 4,083 5.5

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,540 2.1 1,576 2.1

Professional and business services 7,872 10.8 8,104 10.9

Professional and technical services 5,113 7.0 5,456 7.4

Management, administrative, and waste services 2,758 3.8 2,648 3.6

Education and health services 26,058 35.7 26,842 36.2

Educational services 9,501 13.0 9,883 13.3

Health care and social assistance 16,558 22.7 16,959 22.9

Hospitals 5,330 7.3 5,562 7.5

Health services, except hospitals 8,375 11.5 8,523 11.5

Social assistance 2,853 3.9 2,874 3.9

Leisure and hospitality 7,347 10.1 7,499 10.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,505 2.1 1,583 2.1

Accommodation and food services 5,843 8.0 5,915 8.0

Other services 4,148 5.7 4,103 5.5

Other services, except private households 3,423 4.7 3,356 4.5

Other services 725 1.0 747 1.0

Public administration 3,394 4.6 3,304 4.5

Men

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Industry and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, 16 years and older 82,698 100.0 83,460 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,797 2.2 1,790 2.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 676 0.8 632 0.8

Construction 10,079 12.2 10,205 12.2

Manufacturing 11,022 13.3 11,111 13.3

Durable goods manufacturing 7,368 8.9 7,465 8.9

Nondurable goods manufacturing 3,654 4.4 3,646 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade 11,202 13.5 11,014 13.2

Wholesale trade 2,623 3.2 2,517 3.0

Retail trade 8,579 10.4 8,497 10.2

Transportation and utilities 6,468 7.8 6,824 8.2

Transportation and warehousing 5,411 6.5 5,722 6.9

Utilities 1,057 1.3 1,103 1.3

Information 1,801 2.2 1,645 2.0

Financial activities 5,051 6.1 5,106 6.1

Finance and insurance 3,317 4.0 3,381 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,734 2.1 1,725 2.1

Professional and business services 11,079 13.4 11,502 13.8

Professional and technical services 6,992 8.5 7,352 8.8

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,087 4.9 4,150 5.0

Education and health services 8,985 10.9 9,052 10.8

Educational services 4,410 5.3 4,310 5.2

Health care and social assistance 4,575 5.5 4,742 5.7

Hospitals 1,778 2.1 1,863 2.2

Health services, except hospitals 2,261 2.7 2,323 2.8

Social assistance 536 0.6 555 0.7

Leisure and hospitality 6,920 8.4 7,145 8.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,858 2.2 1,860 2.2

Accommodation and food services 5,062 6.1 5,284 6.3

Other services 3,595 4.3 3,514 4.2

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2018 2019

Number Percent Number Percent

Other services, except private households 3,542 4.3 3,440 4.1

Other services 53 0.1 74 0.1

Public administration 4,025 4.9 3,920 4.7

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 157,538 47.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,425 26.2

Crop production 1,261 26.7

Animal production and aquaculture 762 27.5

Forestry, except logging 49 -

Logging 117 7.5

Fishing, hunting, and trapping 61 12.4

Support activities for agriculture and forestry 174 35.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 750 15.8

Oil and gas extraction 99 21.7

Coal mining 52 8.8

Metal ore mining 28 -

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 87 13.3

Not specified type of mining 13 -

Support activities for mining 471 15.6

Construction 11,373 10.3

Manufacturing 15,741 29.4

Durable goods manufacturing 9,970 25.1

Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing 463 21.9

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 26 -

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing 30 -

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Industry Total employed Percent women

Glass and glass product manufacturing 155 26.7

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing 176 12.9

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 77 28.7

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing 1,796 16.6

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing 282 10.2

Aluminum production and processing 72 22.9

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing 56 18.1

Foundries 66 16.3

Metal forgings and stampings 42 -

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing 46 -

Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing 345 13.6

Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 338 13.6

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities 69 27.1

Ordnance 43 -

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing 404 22.3

Not specified metal industries 34 -

Machinery manufacturing 1,148 21.7

Agricultural implement manufacturing 97 20.7

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 139 20.9

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 54 25.8

Metalworking machinery manufacturing 122 15.6

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 41 -

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. 669 21.8

Not specified machinery manufacturing 25 -

Computers and electronic products manufacturing 1,071 28.0

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 174 22.6

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing 122 27.0

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 199 29.6

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c. 577 29.2

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing 439 28.8

Household appliance manufacturing 91 23.7

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c. 349 30.1

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Industry Total employed Percent women

Transportation equipment manufacturing 2,560 23.9

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing 1,455 23.6

Aircraft and parts manufacturing 813 25.4

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 54 29.6

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 28 -

Ship and boat building 170 18.0

Other transportation equipment manufacturing 40 -

Wood products manufacturing 466 20.9

Sawmills and wood preservation 139 11.5

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products 38 -

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes 37 -

Miscellaneous wood products 252 24.0

Furniture and related product manufacturing 420 25.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,606 38.3

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 623 39.4

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing 101 45.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c. 555 37.7

Not specified manufacturing industries 327 34.8

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,771 36.8

Food manufacturing 1,834 41.5

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 151 29.8

Sugar and confectionery products 86 34.0

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 153 46.7

Dairy product manufacturing 145 23.2

Animal slaughtering and processing 585 38.7

Retail bakeries 230 66.6

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries 232 44.8

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c. 188 40.0

Not specified food industries 64 37.0

Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing 298 26.0

Beverage manufacturing 286 25.4

Tobacco manufacturing 13 -

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Industry Total employed Percent women

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing 552 53.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 11 -

Fabric mills, except knitting mills 91 46.2

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills 21 -

Carpet and rug mills 64 39.4

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug 85 54.8

Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills 7 -

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing 217 61.9

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 11 -

Footwear manufacturing 23 -

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing 23 -

Paper manufacturing and printing 871 29.9

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 217 17.5

Paperboard container manufacturing 108 24.9

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 74 36.2

Printing and related support activities 473 35.8

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 210 15.9

Petroleum refining 185 16.1

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 26 -

Chemicals manufacturing 1,459 37.3

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing 178 23.3

Agricultural chemical manufacturing 37 -

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 591 49.6

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 72 17.0

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing 170 47.3

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 412 26.0

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 545 28.0

Plastics product manufacturing 409 29.4

Tire manufacturing 65 14.0

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing 72 32.2

Wholesale and retail trade 19,742 44.2

Wholesale trade 3,525 28.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Industry Total employed Percent women

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 168 20.9

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 66 35.5

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 168 17.4

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 326 32.7

Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers 53 22.7

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 200 26.6

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 163 21.9

Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 352 24.3

Recyclable material merchant wholesalers 89 17.8

Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 76 33.6

Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers 47 -

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 242 45.2

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 92 48.6

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 802 26.0

Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 65 26.5

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 121 21.5

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers 101 19.4

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers 46 -

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 209 35.7

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 79 47.6

Not specified wholesale trade 59 36.8

Retail trade 16,217 47.6

Automobile dealers 1,270 17.9

Other motor vehicle dealers 159 25.8

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 547 16.4

Furniture and home furnishings stores 546 47.5

Household appliance stores 58 22.7

Electronics stores 447 35.4

Building material and supplies dealers 1,069 30.1

Hardware stores 198 28.5

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 272 37.3

Grocery stores 2,670 47.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Industry Total employed Percent women

Specialty food stores 225 45.5

Beer, wine, and liquor stores 132 39.8

Pharmacies and drug stores 909 65.3

Health and personal care, except drug, stores 434 70.9

Gasoline stations 531 50.0

Clothing stores 924 73.2

Shoe stores 161 58.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 172 62.0

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores 445 41.1

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 51 72.6

Musical instrument and supplies stores 27 -

Book stores and news dealers 92 60.1

Department stores and discount stores 1,828 59.4

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 609 60.3

Retail florists 94 74.9

Office supplies and stationery stores 115 32.9

Used merchandise stores 246 60.7

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 111 71.1

Miscellaneous retail stores 503 53.4

Electronic shopping 556 43.7

Electronic auctions 14 -

Mail-order houses 82 54.1

Vending machine operators 41 -

Fuel dealers 92 22.6

Other direct selling establishments 136 59.5

Not specified retail trade 455 52.7

Transportation and utilities 8,991 24.1

Transportation and warehousing 7,614 24.8

Air transportation 656 41.2

Rail transportation 225 7.2

Water transportation 76 29.6

Truck transportation 2,110 12.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Industry Total employed Percent women

Bus service and urban transit 492 37.1

Taxi and limousine service 703 18.2

Pipeline transportation 45 -

Scenic and sightseeing transportation 50 31.4

Postal Service 862 26.4

Couriers and messengers 669 41.7

Couriers and messengers 938 22.7

Warehousing and storage 788 33.0

Utilities 1,377 19.9

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 727 19.8

Natural gas distribution 113 13.4

Electric and gas, and other combinations 141 28.3

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems 262 20.9

Sewage treatment facilities 101 14.2

Not specified utilities 33 -

Information 2,766 40.5

Newspaper publishers 156 50.1

Periodical, book, and directory publishers 200 57.3

Software publishers 50 37.1

Motion pictures and video industries 477 37.7

Sound recording industries 52 28.1

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming 496 32.7

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 180 47.4

Wired telecommunications carriers 431 28.2

Other telecommunications services 389 30.8

Data processing, hosting, and related services 94 48.0

Libraries and archives 216 78.8

Other information services 24 -

Financial activities 10,765 52.6

Finance and insurance 7,464 54.7

Banking and related activities 2,038 59.5

Savings institutions, including credit unions 286 67.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Industry Total employed Percent women

Nondepository credit and related activities 1,045 47.4

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments 1,263 38.2

Insurance carriers and related activities 2,833 60.1

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,301 47.7

Real estate 2,921 49.7

Rental and leasing services 381 32.6

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 162 34.4

Video tape and disk rental 6 -

Other consumer goods rental 100 34.2

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing 112 28.2

Professional and business services 19,606 41.3

Professional and technical services 12,808 42.6

Legal services 1,747 56.6

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 1,219 60.9

Architectural, engineering, and related services 1,818 25.9

Specialized design services 472 57.2

Computer systems design and related services 3,703 27.8

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1,693 42.0

Scientific research and development services 607 46.6

Advertising, public relations, and related services 649 51.3

Veterinary services 410 82.4

Other professional, scientific, and technical services 489 59.5

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,799 39.0

Management of companies and enterprises 200 44.9

Employment services 899 53.0

Business support services 707 60.6

Travel arrangements and reservation services 279 59.6

Investigation and security services 811 22.7

Services to buildings and dwellings 1,603 56.2

Landscaping services 1,408 10.5

Other administrative and other support services 364 44.6

Waste management and remediation services 528 17.3

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Industry Total employed Percent women

Education and health services 35,894 74.8

Educational services 14,193 69.6

Elementary and secondary schools 9,369 75.8

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges 3,795 55.3

Business, technical, and trade schools and training 94 59.5

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services 935 67.1

Health care and social assistance 21,701 78.1

Hospitals 7,425 74.9

Health services, except hospitals 10,846 78.6

Offices of physicians 1,581 75.7

Offices of dentists 915 82.6

Offices of chiropractors 140 60.1

Offices of optometrists 134 72.8

Offices of other health practitioners 369 82.1

Outpatient care centers 2,031 77.1

Home health care services 1,412 88.5

Other health care services 1,607 69.9

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 1,663 83.7

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities 995 76.0

Social assistance 3,430 83.8

Individual and family services 1,753 78.3

Community food and housing, and emergency services 125 63.8

Vocational rehabilitation services 99 56.7

Child day care services 1,452 94.0

Leisure and hospitality 14,643 51.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,444 46.0

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries 944 43.7

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions 365 50.1

Bowling centers 49 -

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 2,085 45.9

Accommodation and food services 11,200 52.8

Accommodation 1,489 57.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Industry Total employed Percent women

Traveler accommodation 1,385 58.7

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses 104 43.9

Food services and drinking places 9,711 52.1

Restaurants and other food services 9,462 52.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 249 54.7

Other services 7,617 53.9

Other services, except private households 6,796 49.4

Repair and maintenance 2,099 13.3

Automotive repair and maintenance 1,253 9.9

Car washes 167 15.1

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 150 20.1

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 319 10.7

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 197 31.5

Footwear and leather goods repair 12 -

Personal and laundry services 2,691 72.9

Barber shops 150 27.0

Beauty salons 1,045 90.4

Nail salons and other personal care services 600 78.3

Drycleaning and laundry services 275 49.8

Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories 114 33.0

Other personal services 507 65.7

Membership associations and organizations 2,006 55.6

Religious organizations 1,012 47.5

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services 740 67.1

Labor unions 80 43.1

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations 174 59.5

Private households 821 91.0

Public administration 7,225 45.7

Executive offices and legislative bodies 1,198 52.7

Public finance activities 300 64.3

Other general government and support 177 36.5

Justice, public order, and safety activities 2,768 35.2

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

Note: Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry Total employed Percent women

Administration of human resource programs 1,038 71.7

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 237 50.2

Administration of economic programs and space research 548 43.8

National security and international affairs 960 35.3

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 56,341 10,236 4826.0 12,023

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Construction 1.8 0.6 0.9 1.8

Manufacturing 6.2 5.4 8.2 7.4

Durable goods manufacturing 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.5

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2.9 2.4 3.4 4.0

Wholesale and retail trade 11.9 10.8 10.3 13.0

Wholesale trade 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.6

Retail trade 10.5 9.9 8.8 11.4

Transportation and utilities 2.6 5.1 2.5 3.2

Transportation and warehousing 2.2 4.7 2.2 2.9

Utilities 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

Information 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.0

Financial activities 7.9 6.6 7.6 6.0

Finance and insurance 5.6 5.1 5.8 4.3

Real estate and rental and leasing 2.3 1.5 1.8 1.6

Professional and business services 11.0 8.6 14.9 10.8

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Professional and technical services 7.5 4.5 12.9 4.7

Management, administrative, and waste services 3.5 4.2 2.0 6.2

Education and health services 36.1 40.6 31.2 30.8

Educational services 14.3 10.6 9.8 10.5

Health care and social assistance 21.8 30.0 21.5 20.4

Hospitals 7.2 8.8 9.0 4.8

Health services, except hospitals 10.9 15.7 9.6 10.9

Social assistance 3.7 5.4 2.8 4.7

Leisure and hospitality 10.0 9.5 10.3 14.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.6

Accommodation and food services 7.7 8.0 8.8 12.8

Other services 5.5 4.4 8.4 6.4

Other services, except private households 4.5 3.5 7.8 3.8

Private households 1.1 0.9 0.6 2.6

Public administration 4.1 6.8 3.5 3.6

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018 886 916 694 1,095 680

2019 917 945 735 1,174 706

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

2018 789 817 654 937 617

2019 821 840 704 1,025 642

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019 1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

Percent

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability 

section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 

2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019 81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2019 annual averages

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

Total 106,818 $969

Less than high school diploma 7,011 592

High school graduate or more 99,807 1,006

High school graduate, no college 26,756 746

Some college or associate's degree 27,279 856

Some college, no degree 15,581 833

Associate's degree 11,698 887

Occupational program 5,018 885

Academic program 6,679 889

Bachelor's degree and higher 45,772 1,367

Bachelor's degree 28,313 1,248

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Master's degree 12,962 1,497

Professional degree 1,795 1,861

Doctoral degree 2,702 1,883

Women

Total 47,747 865

Less than high school diploma 2,262 494

High school graduate or more 45,485 892

High school graduate, no college 10,328 633

Some college or associate's degree 12,631 737

Some college, no degree 6,883 717

Associate's degree 5,748 763

Occupational program 2,271 742

Academic program 3,477 778

Bachelor's degree and higher 22,526 1,195

Bachelor's degree 13,582 1,100

Master's degree 7,015 1,326

Professional degree 769 1,591

Doctoral degree 1,160 1,645

Men

Total 59,070 1,070

Less than high school diploma 4,749 644

High school graduate or more 54,322 1,132

High school graduate, no college 16,428 844

Some college or associate's degree 14,648 991

Some college, no degree 8,698 967

Associate's degree 5,950 1,023

Occupational program 2,748 1,020

Academic program 3,203 1,027

Bachelor's degree and higher 23,246 1,573

Bachelor's degree 14,731 1,442

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Master's degree 5,947 1,774

Professional degree 1,026 2,081

Doctoral degree 1,542 1,979

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual 

averages

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 117,584 $917 52,577 $821 65,007 $1,007 81.5

Management, professional, and related occupations 50,119 1,309 25,859 1,135 24,260 1,539 73.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 20,696 1,415 9,585 1,221 11,111 1,598 76.4

Management occupations 13,948 1,478 5,946 1,266 8,002 1,659 76.3

Chief executives 1,113 2,380 302 2,019 812 2,509 80.5

General and operations managers 990 1,384 312 1,153 678 1,476 78.1

Legislators 14 - 5 - 9 - -

Advertising and promotions managers 45 - 27 - 19 - -

Marketing and sales managers 1,109 1,600 518 1,393 591 1,895 73.5

Public relations and fundraising managers 72 1,416 50 1,399 22 - -

Administrative services managers 154 1,235 61 1,084 93 1,277 84.9

Computer and information systems managers 629 1,984 190 1,892 439 2,019 93.7

Financial managers 1,142 1,447 619 1,207 523 1,897 63.6

Compensation and benefits managers 23 - 15 - 7 - -

Human resources managers 299 1,592 230 1,538 69 1,829 84.1

Training and development managers 44 - 25 - 19 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Industrial production managers 270 1,472 62 1,497 208 1,469 101.9

Purchasing managers 214 1,539 84 1,390 129 1,657 83.9

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 261 1,160 49 - 213 1,238 -

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 114 987 20 - 94 1,162 -

Construction managers 610 1,468 71 1,210 539 1,511 80.1

Education administrators 811 1,371 536 1,335 276 1,467 91.0

Architectural and engineering managers 148 2,471 20 - 128 2,457 -

Food service managers 785 863 365 719 420 964 74.6

Funeral service managers 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Gaming managers 18 - 9 - 10 - -

Lodging managers 116 975 55 894 61 1,096 81.6

Medical and health services managers 578 1,478 409 1,362 169 1,828 74.5

Natural sciences managers 12 - 3 - 9 - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 28 - 14 - 13 - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 438 954 224 849 214 1,168 72.7

Social and community service managers 403 1,243 260 1,156 143 1,452 79.6

Emergency management directors 9 - 3 - 6 - -

Managers, all other 3,497 1,533 1,409 1,317 2,088 1,725 76.3

Business and financial operations occupations 6,748 1,285 3,639 1,148 3,109 1,468 78.2

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 28 - 15 - 13 - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 7 - 1 - 6 - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 162 979 76 977 87 982 99.5

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 248 1,170 113 1,081 134 1,202 89.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 299 1,103 195 972 104 1,277 76.1

Compliance officers 271 1,346 165 1,264 105 1,561 81.0

Cost estimators 113 1,254 13 - 100 1,264 -

Human resources workers 680 1,203 494 1,149 186 1,325 86.7

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 46 - 32 - 14 - -

Training and development specialists 120 1,127 68 968 51 1,249 77.5

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Logisticians 152 1,093 45 - 107 1,149 -

Management analysts 692 1,622 303 1,517 389 1,870 81.1

Meeting, convention, and event planners 116 1,023 89 1,018 28 - -

Fundraisers 85 1,330 52 1,229 33 - -

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 281 1,363 152 1,228 130 1,688 72.7

Business operations specialists, all other 248 1,283 148 1,193 100 1,540 77.5

Accountants and auditors 1,683 1,221 1,013 1,141 670 1,419 80.4

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 46 - 23 - 24 - -

Budget analysts 40 - 21 - 19 - -

Credit analysts 26 - 18 - 9 - -

Financial analysts 307 1,613 104 1,386 203 1,763 78.6

Personal financial advisors 448 1,618 152 1,232 296 1,905 64.7

Insurance underwriters 116 1,169 59 1,142 57 1,338 85.4

Financial examiners 20 - 10 - 10 - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 366 1,235 193 1,020 173 1,542 66.1

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 49 - 31 - 18 - -

Tax preparers 46 - 26 - 20 - -

Financial specialists, all other 50 1,209 26 - 24 - -

Professional and related occupations 29,423 1,237 16,274 1,085 13,149 1,493 72.7

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,947 1,579 1,279 1,353 3,668 1,658 81.6

Computer and information research scientists 20 - 6 - 13 - -

Computer systems analysts 623 1,461 255 1,289 368 1,580 81.6

Information security analysts 128 1,758 25 - 103 1,875 -

Computer programmers 425 1,586 82 1,463 343 1,613 90.7

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,714 1,894 335 1,718 1,379 1,920 89.5

Web developers 144 1,470 56 1,150 88 1,633 70.4

Computer support specialists 486 1,192 121 1,103 365 1,223 90.2

Database administrators 96 1,642 29 - 67 1,752 -

Network and computer systems administrators 194 1,447 50 1,233 144 1,541 80.0

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Computer network architects 104 1,883 10 - 95 1,901 -

Computer occupations, all other 721 1,277 179 1,148 542 1,365 84.1

Actuaries 28 - 7 - 21 - -

Mathematicians 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Operations research analysts 153 1,512 67 1,188 86 1,753 67.8

Statisticians 90 1,456 46 - 44 - -

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 18 - 8 - 10 - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,011 1,550 452 1,339 2,559 1,589 84.3

Architects, except naval 152 1,572 38 - 114 1,706 -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 42 - 8 - 34 - -

Aerospace engineers 138 1,917 17 - 121 2,018 -

Agricultural engineers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Biomedical engineers 17 - 3 - 14 - -

Chemical engineers 86 1,863 12 - 74 1,878 -

Civil engineers 421 1,616 61 1,353 360 1,657 81.7

Computer hardware engineers 71 1,882 15 - 57 1,919 -

Electrical and electronics engineers 266 1,781 25 - 241 1,830 -

Environmental engineers 25 - 5 - 20 - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 227 1,589 58 1,487 169 1,616 92.0

Marine engineers and naval architects 13 - 0 - 13 - -

Materials engineers 44 - 5 - 39 - -

Mechanical engineers 322 1,625 19 - 303 1,635 -

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 8 - 4 - 4 - -

Nuclear engineers 8 - 2 - 6 - -

Petroleum engineers 24 - 2 - 22 - -

Engineers, all other 529 1,636 74 1,446 455 1,663 87.0

Drafters 104 1,045 22 - 82 1,047 -

Engineering technicians, except drafters 462 1,161 79 915 382 1,200 76.2

Surveying and mapping technicians 50 1,060 4 - 46 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,233 1,334 556 1,237 676 1,447 85.5

Agricultural and food scientists 36 - 13 - 23 - -

Biological scientists 101 1,250 44 - 57 1,266 -

Conservation scientists and foresters 20 - 8 - 11 - -

Medical scientists 146 1,188 70 1,175 77 1,214 96.8

Life scientists, all other 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Astronomers and physicists 15 - 4 - 10 - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 13 - 5 - 9 - -

Chemists and materials scientists 85 1,582 36 - 49 - -

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 101 1,486 36 - 65 1,519 -

Physical scientists, all other 278 1,669 120 1,385 158 1,901 72.9

Economists 35 - 9 - 26 - -

Survey researchers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Psychologists 114 1,468 93 1,441 22 - -

Sociologists 2 - 2 - 0 - -

Urban and regional planners 22 - 8 - 14 - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 32 - 12 - 20 - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 20 - 4 - 16 - -

Biological technicians 20 - 12 - 8 - -

Chemical technicians 61 893 20 - 41 - -

Geological and petroleum technicians 18 - 6 - 12 - -

Nuclear technicians 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Social science research assistants 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 108 907 51 896 57 928 96.6

Community and social service occupations 2,240 968 1,498 941 742 1,064 88.4

Counselors 720 987 541 1,003 179 944 106.2

Social workers 739 964 603 944 136 1,108 85.2

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 94 1,067 45 - 50 1,050 -

Social and human service assistants 207 805 166 778 41 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health 

educators and community health workers 66 920 46 - 20 - -

Clergy 332 1,066 57 862 275 1,155 74.6

Directors, religious activities and education 48 - 19 - 29 - -

Religious workers, all other 34 - 21 - 13 - -

Legal occupations 1,478 1,562 808 1,266 670 1,999 63.3

Lawyers 884 2,043 336 1,878 548 2,202 85.3

Judicial law clerks 12 - 7 - 5 - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 61 1,794 34 - 27 - -

Paralegals and legal assistants 364 963 323 970 41 - -

Miscellaneous legal support workers 157 1,124 109 1,009 49 - -

Education, training, and library occupations 7,238 1,057 5,247 987 1,991 1,265 78.0

Postsecondary teachers 986 1,512 442 1,358 544 1,670 81.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 496 701 489 705 7 - -

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,162 1,067 2,522 1,042 640 1,161 89.8

Secondary school teachers 882 1,161 474 1,095 408 1,262 86.8

Special education teachers 295 1,108 253 1,104 42 - -

Other teachers and instructors 455 1,054 263 942 192 1,190 79.2

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 34 - 19 - 15 - -

Librarians 138 1,095 111 1,093 27 - -

Library technicians 9 - 7 - 2 - -

Teacher assistants 637 590 565 579 72 707 81.9

Other education, training, and library workers 143 1,143 102 1,058 41 - -

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,762 1,151 806 1,077 956 1,231 87.5

Artists and related workers 83 1,155 35 - 48 - -

Designers 661 1,126 324 1,052 337 1,214 86.7

Actors 13 - 6 - 7 - -

Producers and directors 109 1,483 50 1,156 59 1,652 70.0

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 157 1,051 35 - 122 1,134 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Dancers and choreographers 13 - 10 - 3 - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 36 - 10 - 26 - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 15 - 4 - 12 - -

Announcers 20 - 9 - 12 - -

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 77 1,301 37 - 40 - -

Public relations specialists 119 1,410 78 1,255 41 - -

Editors 98 1,163 66 1,135 32 - -

Technical writers 54 1,434 28 - 26 - -

Writers and authors 88 1,159 48 - 41 - -

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 56 794 34 - 22 - -

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 90 1,158 11 - 79 1,189 -

Photographers 45 - 16 - 29 - -

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 27 - 7 - 20 - -

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 7,514 1,180 5,627 1,130 1,887 1,422 79.5

Chiropractors 19 - 6 - 12 - -

Dentists 71 2,302 28 - 43 - -

Dietitians and nutritionists 94 1,019 85 948 10 - -

Optometrists 27 - 15 - 12 - -

Pharmacists 255 2,013 155 1,877 100 2,245 83.6

Physicians and surgeons 857 2,292 349 1,878 507 2,500 75.1

Physician assistants 109 1,831 77 1,763 31 - -

Podiatrists 4 - 1 - 3 - -

Audiologists 11 - 10 - 2 - -

Occupational therapists 92 1,447 79 1,441 13 - -

Physical therapists 211 1,431 130 1,323 81 1,610 82.2

Radiation therapists 9 - 5 - 4 - -

Recreational therapists 9 - 8 - 1 - -

Respiratory therapists 93 1,213 59 1,073 34 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Speech-language pathologists 131 1,193 124 1,171 7 - -

Exercise physiologists 2 - 2 - 0 - -

Therapists, all other 162 935 131 919 31 - -

Veterinarians 72 1,773 55 1,985 17 - -

Registered nurses 2,640 1,223 2,321 1,217 320 1,256 96.9

Nurse anesthetists 22 - 12 - 10 - -

Nurse midwives 6 - 6 - 0 - -

Nurse practitioners 187 1,760 163 1,753 23 - -

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 12 - 7 - 5 - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 281 979 215 952 66 1,117 85.2

Dental hygienists 104 1,094 99 1,066 5 - -

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 320 1,126 213 1,076 107 1,166 92.3

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 179 912 54 786 125 991 79.3

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 570 735 444 712 126 843 84.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 533 806 481 799 53 896 89.2

Medical records and health information technicians 152 829 138 799 15 - -

Opticians, dispensing 34 - 26 - 9 - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 130 880 84 799 46 - -

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 117 1,252 48 - 69 1,261 -

Service occupations 16,558 592 8,660 537 7,898 659 81.5

Healthcare support occupations 2,700 591 2,337 585 363 639 91.5

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,471 562 1,287 556 184 588 94.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 23 - 19 - 4 - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 72 955 43 - 29 - -

Massage therapists 57 582 42 - 15 - -

Dental assistants 199 615 193 613 6 - -

Medical assistants 521 635 481 635 40 - -

Medical transcriptionists 28 - 23 - 5 - -

Pharmacy aides 41 - 27 - 14 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 39 - 31 - 7 - -

Phlebotomists 98 623 88 612 9 - -

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment 

preparers

151 617 103 571 47 - -

Protective service occupations 2,725 900 553 731 2,172 953 76.7

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 41 - 12 - 29 - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 80 1,438 9 - 71 1,449 -

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 40 - 4 - 36 - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 66 659 17 - 50 698 -

Firefighters 292 1,207 6 - 287 1,203 -

Fire inspectors 16 - 2 - 15 - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 365 776 114 664 251 890 74.6

Detectives and criminal investigators 151 1,428 32 - 119 1,472 -

Fish and game wardens 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Parking enforcement workers 2 - 1 - 2 - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 686 1,111 127 922 559 1,143 80.7

Transit and railroad police 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Animal control workers 7 - 1 - 6 - -

Private detectives and investigators 78 973 41 - 38 - -

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 790 650 159 589 631 671 87.8

Crossing guards 21 - 6 - 15 - -

Transportation security screeners 41 - 9 - 32 - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 41 - 13 - 28 - -

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4,689 522 2,337 492 2,352 576 85.4

Chefs and head cooks 406 698 72 553 334 727 76.1

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 426 584 242 545 184 657 83.0

Cooks 1,362 512 531 489 831 535 91.4

Food preparation workers 574 496 328 463 246 532 87.0

Bartenders 293 610 134 578 159 655 88.2

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 191 462 126 467 65 457 102.2

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 48 - 22 - 26 - -

Waiters and waitresses 973 511 681 491 292 594 82.7

Food servers, nonrestaurant 89 515 60 501 29 - -

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 116 554 50 513 66 605 84.8

Dishwashers 126 453 24 - 102 464 -

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 81 456 64 441 17 - -

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 4 - 2 - 2 - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,679 580 1,386 502 2,293 618 81.2

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 215 710 80 639 134 758 84.3

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 121 797 11 - 110 800 -

Janitors and building cleaners 1,563 582 494 510 1,068 610 83.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 895 490 769 484 126 520 93.1

Pest control workers 73 731 2 - 71 741 -

Grounds maintenance workers 813 606 29 - 784 607 -

Personal care and service occupations 2,764 565 2,047 531 718 624 85.1

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 117 821 54 791 63 853 92.7

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 75 778 43 - 32 - -

Animal trainers 25 - 9 - 17 - -

Nonfarm animal caretakers 105 515 79 489 25 - -

Gaming services workers 60 635 28 - 32 - -

Motion picture projectionists 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 10 - 6 - 4 - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 77 583 24 - 54 557 -

Embalmers and funeral attendants 6 - 2 - 4 - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 20 - 8 - 12 - -

Barbers 62 662 12 - 50 789 -

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 310 570 286 569 24 - -

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 227 571 193 554 33 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 69 663 15 - 54 672 -

Tour and travel guides 28 - 11 - 17 - -

Childcare workers 473 495 433 491 40 - -

Personal care aides 815 516 685 509 130 581 87.6

Recreation and fitness workers 191 607 102 580 88 656 88.4

Residential advisors 21 - 13 - 8 - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 74 611 44 - 30 - -

Sales and office occupations 23,883 758 14,188 713 9,695 874 81.6

Sales and related occupations 9,929 830 4,404 677 5,525 982 68.9

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,316 817 1,070 708 1,246 955 74.1

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 857 1,162 261 1,173 596 1,157 101.4

Cashiers 1,398 503 959 499 438 510 97.8

Counter and rental clerks 67 686 23 - 44 - -

Parts salespersons 122 777 15 - 107 768 -

Retail salespersons 1,856 692 762 578 1,094 806 71.7

Advertising sales agents 169 1,050 81 874 88 1,143 76.5

Insurance sales agents 461 927 247 806 214 1,034 77.9

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 192 1,302 63 1,063 129 1,386 76.7

Travel agents 52 745 44 - 8 - -

Sales representatives, services, all other 477 1,211 137 973 340 1,332 73.0

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,107 1,206 294 1,067 813 1,262 84.5

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 15 - 12 - 3 - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents 543 1,019 321 883 222 1,344 65.7

Sales engineers 32 - 3 - 29 - -

Telemarketers 42 - 24 - 18 - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 31 - 16 - 14 - -

Sales and related workers, all other 194 935 71 848 123 966 87.8

Office and administrative support occupations 13,954 732 9,784 721 4,170 771 93.5

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,215 866 809 816 406 971 84.0

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Switchboard operators, including answering service 20 - 16 - 5 - -

Telephone operators 34 - 28 - 6 - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 8 - 4 - 4 - -

Bill and account collectors 113 701 91 672 22 - -

Billing and posting clerks 389 742 344 736 45 - -

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 657 764 573 764 84 784 97.4

Gaming cage workers 10 - 8 - 2 - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 127 766 110 756 17 - -

Procurement clerks 29 - 21 - 9 - -

Tellers 241 575 207 571 35 - -

Financial clerks, all other 119 890 71 797 48 - -

Brokerage clerks 3 - 1 - 1 - -

Correspondence clerks 6 - 4 - 2 - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 83 748 66 759 17 - -

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 39 - 30 - 10 - -

Customer service representatives 1,977 693 1,259 673 717 736 91.4

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 68 763 52 756 16 - -

File clerks 137 672 110 667 27 - -

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 90 519 65 490 24 - -

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 93 740 82 734 10 - -

Library assistants, clerical 34 - 29 - 5 - -

Loan interviewers and clerks 118 825 88 802 30 - -

New accounts clerks 25 - 17 - 8 - -

Order clerks 72 783 32 - 40 - -

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 51 702 41 - 10 - -

Receptionists and information clerks 909 642 809 636 100 735 86.5

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 103 813 56 789 46 - -

Information and record clerks, all other 88 735 64 691 24 - -

Cargo and freight agents 19 - 8 - 11 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Couriers and messengers 260 769 40 - 221 789 -

Dispatchers 240 806 131 763 108 854 89.3

Meter readers, utilities 13 - 1 - 12 - -

Postal service clerks 73 907 43 - 30 - -

Postal service mail carriers 296 951 111 893 185 994 89.8

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 67 1,145 30 - 37 - -

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 268 939 154 872 114 1,039 83.9

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 507 679 175 662 332 686 96.5

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,016 599 380 605 636 596 101.5

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 53 716 27 - 26 - -

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,069 765 1,932 763 137 795 96.0

Computer operators 68 960 28 - 41 - -

Data entry keyers 203 675 153 656 50 738 88.9

Word processors and typists 36 - 30 - 6 - -

Desktop publishers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 251 746 204 739 47 - -

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 48 - 22 - 26 - -

Office clerks, general 997 685 809 677 188 718 94.3

Office machine operators, except computer 30 - 17 - 13 - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 5 - 4 - 1 - -

Statistical assistants 58 1,480 25 - 33 - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 522 866 375 820 147 950 86.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 11,671 869 537 614 11,134 881 69.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 900 574 210 513 690 593 86.5

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 40 - 3 - 37 - -

Agricultural inspectors 16 - 8 - 7 - -

Animal breeders 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 78 564 50 549 29 - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 691 558 148 502 544 581 86.4

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Fishers and related fishing workers 14 - 0 - 14 - -

Hunters and trappers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Forest and conservation workers 14 - 1 - 13 - -

Logging workers 44 - 0 - 44 - -

Construction and extraction occupations 6,467 866 187 711 6,280 873 81.4

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 586 1,162 15 - 571 1,167 -

Boilermakers 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 115 817 1 - 114 819 -

Carpenters 873 820 18 - 855 826 -

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 118 708 3 - 115 709 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 60 975 0 - 60 975 -

Construction laborers 1,434 723 41 - 1,393 724 -

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 20 - 0 - 20 - -

Pile-driver operators 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 354 930 5 - 350 927 -

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 131 790 0 - 131 790 -

Electricians 814 1,012 15 - 799 1,015 -

Glaziers 35 - 3 - 32 - -

Insulation workers 56 877 2 - 54 885 -

Painters, construction and maintenance 395 732 31 - 364 744 -

Paperhangers 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 561 921 15 - 546 918 -

Plasterers and stucco masons 15 - 1 - 15 - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Roofers 156 687 2 - 154 690 -

Sheet metal workers 124 894 6 - 117 900 -

Structural iron and steel workers 71 1,057 0 - 71 1,057 -

Solar photovoltaic installers 16 - 1 - 15 - -

Helpers, construction trades 51 612 2 - 48 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Construction and building inspectors 77 1,134 7 - 70 1,134 -

Elevator installers and repairers 19 - 1 - 18 - -

Fence erectors 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 36 - 6 - 30 - -

Highway maintenance workers 96 799 5 - 91 806 -

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 24 - 0 - 24 - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 15 - 2 - 13 - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 8 - 0 - 8 - -

Mining machine operators 51 1,094 1 - 50 1,101 -

Roof bolters, mining 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Helpers--extraction workers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Other extraction workers 51 1,128 5 - 45 - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,304 939 140 850 4,164 943 90.1

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 267 1,061 17 - 250 1,082 -

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 162 897 21 - 141 899 -

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 124 1,063 7 - 117 1,058 -

Avionics technicians 16 - 1 - 15 - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 12 - 0 - 12 - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 8 - 1 - 7 - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 22 - 0 - 22 - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 25 - 0 - 25 - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 55 869 1 - 54 875 -

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 155 1,245 7 - 148 1,265 -

Automotive body and related repairers 94 885 0 - 94 885 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Automotive glass installers and repairers 15 - 0 - 15 - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 705 811 12 - 693 811 -

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 315 984 3 - 312 983 -

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 212 1,008 0 - 212 1,008 -

Small engine mechanics 24 - 0 - 24 - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 58 627 0 - 58 628 -

Control and valve installers and repairers 22 - 1 - 21 - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 416 944 6 - 409 947 -

Home appliance repairers 32 - 1 - 31 - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 392 1,018 10 - 382 1,028 -

Maintenance and repair workers, general 534 882 20 - 514 883 -

Maintenance workers, machinery 21 - 0 - 21 - -

Millwrights 51 1,180 3 - 48 - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 123 1,460 0 - 123 1,460 -

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 178 901 10 - 168 884 -

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 48 - 6 - 42 - -

Wind turbine service technicians 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 20 - 0 - 19 - -

Commercial divers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 21 - 1 - 21 - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Riggers 13 - 0 - 13 - -

Signal and track switch repairers 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 17 - 0 - 17 - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 128 839 10 - 118 850 -

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 15,353 727 3,334 593 12,020 780 76.0

Production occupations 7,741 745 2,073 596 5,668 814 73.2

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 806 949 173 721 633 1,031 69.9

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 9 - 1 - 7 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 103 644 51 594 52 712 83.4

Engine and other machine assemblers 8 - 2 - 6 - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 24 - 0 - 24 - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 900 684 326 597 574 724 82.5

Bakers 151 561 81 522 70 590 88.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 265 648 67 573 198 671 85.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 13 - 7 - 6 - -

Food batchmakers 68 615 42 - 26 - -

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 2 - 2 - 0 - -

Food processing workers, all other 144 658 50 573 94 779 73.6

Computer control programmers and operators 103 849 3 - 100 857 -

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 16 - 2 - 15 - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 9 - 1 - 8 - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 13 - 3 - 10 - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 67 830 9 - 58 816 -

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 40 - 5 - 35 - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - 1 - 4 - -

Machinists 357 888 22 - 335 889 -

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 26 - 1 - 25 - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 4 - 1 - 3 - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 37 - 4 - 32 - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Tool and die makers 53 952 2 - 51 972 -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 549 801 31 - 518 810 -

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Layout workers, metal and plastic 8 - 0 - 8 - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 12 - 1 - 11 - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 385 736 74 592 312 795 74.5

Prepress technicians and workers 27 - 10 - 17 - -

Printing press operators 109 814 22 - 87 886 -

Print binding and finishing workers 15 - 3 - 12 - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 112 490 74 482 37 - -

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 19 - 14 - 6 - -

Sewing machine operators 138 524 98 521 40 - -

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 6 - 1 - 5 - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 4 - 3 - 1 - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 55 576 36 - 19 - -

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 6 - 4 - 1 - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 12 - 7 - 4 - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and 

glass fibers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Upholsterers 21 - 3 - 18 - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 10 - 3 - 7 - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 44 - 3 - 41 - -

Furniture finishers 14 - 7 - 7 - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 28 - 4 - 24 - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 14 - 3 - 11 - -

Woodworkers, all other 10 - 0 - 10 - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 38 - 2 - 36 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 104

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 51 869 2 - 50 862 -

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 105 931 8 - 97 930 -

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 46 - 1 - 44 - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 75 999 8 - 67 1,017 -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 79 764 5 - 74 772 -

Cutting workers 50 762 8 - 42 - -

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and 

tenders 29 - 3 - 26 - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 17 - 2 - 16 - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 722 835 259 693 463 939 73.8

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 24 - 11 - 14 - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 79 779 44 - 35 - -

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 244 575 128 533 116 646 82.5

Painting workers 160 780 15 - 144 804 -

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 9 - 7 - 2 - -

Semiconductor processors 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 12 - 2 - 10 - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Etchers and engravers 6 - 2 - 4 - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 28 - 6 - 22 - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 20 - 2 - 19 - -

Tire builders 12 - 0 - 12 - -

Helpers--production workers 29 - 4 - 25 - -

Production workers, all other 1,056 704 293 566 763 767 73.8

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,612 711 1,260 586 6,352 747 78.4

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 184 923 28 - 156 978 -

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 118 1,857 9 - 109 1,670 -

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 40 - 6 - 34 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Flight attendants 70 823 57 835 13 - -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 12 - 6 - 6 - -

Bus drivers 364 674 159 625 205 718 87.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,723 843 159 660 2,564 861 76.7

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 406 614 50 520 356 624 83.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other 34 - 5 - 29 - -

Locomotive engineers and operators 39 - 2 - 37 - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 59 1,160 2 - 57 1,170 -

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 10 - 2 - 8 - -

Sailors and marine oilers 20 - 1 - 19 - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 33 - 3 - 29 - -

Ship engineers 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Bridge and lock tenders 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Parking lot attendants 58 561 8 - 50 581 -

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 67 518 8 - 59 520 -

Transportation inspectors 42 - 5 - 37 - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 22 - 12 - 10 - -

Other transportation workers 31 - 4 - 27 - -

Conveyor operators and tenders 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Crane and tower operators 63 1,070 4 - 59 1,104 -

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 19 - 0 - 19 - -

Hoist and winch operators 9 - 0 - 9 - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 541 677 52 625 489 686 91.1

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 254 587 29 - 225 595 -

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,764 634 362 567 1,402 657 86.3

Machine feeders and offbearers 21 - 11 - 10 - -

Packers and packagers, hand 467 530 265 515 202 576 89.4

Pumping station operators 11 - 0 - 11 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 106

Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data 

or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a percentage 

of men's

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number 

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 78 686 5 - 72 683 -

Mine shuttle car operators 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Material moving workers, all other 39 - 3 - 35 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Industry

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, 16 years and older 117,584 $917 52,577 $821 65,007 $1,007 81.5

Agriculture and related industries 1,199 616 262 563 937 631 89.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 696 1,423 111 1,162 585 1,447 80.3

Construction 8,157 909 778 862 7,379 914 94.3

Manufacturing 14,502 938 4,085 765 10,417 1,011 75.7

Durable goods manufacturing 9,224 975 2,226 793 6,999 1,026 77.3

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,278 884 1,860 733 3,418 976 75.1

Wholesale and retail trade 13,799 748 5,536 656 8,263 822 79.8

Wholesale trade 2,992 963 824 827 2,168 1,021 81.0

Retail trade 10,808 701 4,713 632 6,095 767 82.4

Transportation and utilities 7,101 923 1,637 779 5,464 981 79.4

Transportation and warehousing 5,740 871 1,363 738 4,377 916 80.6

Utilities 1,360 1,243 274 1,116 1,086 1,292 86.4

Information 2,202 1,173 823 1,007 1,379 1,275 79.0

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Industry

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Financial activities 8,793 1,125 4,708 944 4,085 1,384 68.2

Finance and insurance 6,721 1,168 3,763 961 2,957 1,538 62.5

Real estate and rental and leasing 2,073 948 945 871 1,128 1,028 84.7

Professional and business services 14,411 1,149 5,690 973 8,721 1,307 74.4

Professional and technical services 9,682 1,449 3,986 1,159 5,696 1,664 69.7

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,729 703 1,704 653 3,025 734 89.0

Education and health services 27,259 941 19,995 885 7,264 1,147 77.2

Educational services 10,870 1,033 7,405 980 3,465 1,170 83.8

Health care and social assistance 16,389 872 12,589 817 3,799 1,123 72.8

Leisure and hospitality 8,228 604 3,859 551 4,368 660 83.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,829 757 727 704 1,101 796 88.4

Accommodation and food services 6,399 574 3,132 521 3,267 617 84.4

Other services 4,500 762 2,085 647 2,415 890 72.7

Other services, except private households 4,087 796 1,720 701 2,367 897 78.1

Private households 413 489 365 481 48 - -

Public administration 6,738 1,102 3,008 969 3,729 1,217 79.6

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 

50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage

of hourly paid

workers

At prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older 82,289 1,603 1.9 392 1,211

16 to 24 years 16,021 691 4.3 229 462

25 years and older 66,269 912 1.4 163 749

Women, 16 years and older 41,372 1,067 2.6 268 800

16 to 24 years 8,043 465 5.8 145 320

25 years and older 33,329 602 1.8 123 479

Men, 16 years and older 40,918 536 1.3 125 411

16 to 24 years 7,978 226 2.8 84 142

25 years and older 32,940 310 0.9 40 270

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity(1)

White 62,461 1,164 1.9 260 904

Women 30,780 785 2.6 171 614

Men 31,681 379 1.2 89 290

Black or African American 12,063 287 2.4 101 186

Women 6,571 183 2.8 76 107

Men 5,492 104 1.9 26 79

Asian 4,159 70 1.7 12 58

Women 2,230 47 2.1 7 40

Men 1,930 23 1.2 5 18

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 17,941 292 1.6 77 215

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2019 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

(1) Estimates for the race groups-White, Black or African American, and Asian-do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage

of hourly paid

workers

At prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Women 8,223 195 2.4 52 143

Men 9,717 97 1.0 24 72

Full- and part-time status(2)

Full-time workers 62,450 717 1.1 98 618

Women 28,360 460 1.6 78 383

Men 34,090 256 0.8 21 236

Part-time workers 19,730 886 4.5 294 592

Women 12,952 607 4.7 190 417

Men 6,778 279 4.1 104 175

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2019 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

Total

1968 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 110

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1974 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 111

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2006 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

2015 148,834 121,492 27,341 81.6 18.4

2016 151,436 123,761 27,675 81.7 18.3

2017 153,337 125,967 27,370 82.2 17.8

2018 155,761 128,572 27,189 82.5 17.5

2019 157,538 130,597 26,941 82.9 17.1

Women

1968 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9

1969 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1

1970 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1

1971 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8

1972 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9

1973 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8

1974 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8

1975 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6

1976 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5

1977 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4

1978 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9

1979 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7

1980 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8

1981 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1

1982 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1

1983 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1

1984 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 112

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1985 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6

1986 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4

1987 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1

1988 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7

1989 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5

1990 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2

1991 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6

1992 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4

1993 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3

1994 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7

1995 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4

1996 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9

1997 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4

1998 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9

1999 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3

2000 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6

2001 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8

2002 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3

2003 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6

2004 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7

2005 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2

2006 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7

2007 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7

2008 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6

2009 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5

2010 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6

2011 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5

2012 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3

2013 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0

2014 68,613 50,889 17,724 74.2 25.8

2015 69,703 52,142 17,561 74.8 25.2

2016 70,868 53,194 17,674 75.1 24.9

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 113

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2017 71,936 54,396 17,539 75.6 24.4

2018 73,063 55,638 17,425 76.2 23.8

2019 74,078 56,773 17,304 76.6 23.4

Men

1968 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 114

Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major 

redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1996 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

2014 77,692 67,829 9,863 87.3 12.7

2015 79,131 69,351 9,780 87.6 12.4

2016 80,568 70,567 10,002 87.6 12.4

2017 81,402 71,571 9,831 87.9 12.1

2018 82,698 72,935 9,764 88.2 11.8

2019 83,460 73,824 9,637 88.5 11.5

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 115

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 116

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

2005 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

2015 38.6 35.9 40.9 38.5 35.9 40.8

2016 38.7 36.2 41.0 38.7 36.2 40.9

2017 38.7 36.2 40.9 38.6 36.2 40.8

2018 38.9 36.4 41.1 38.9 36.4 41.0

2019 39.0 36.5 41.1 38.9 36.6 41.0

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

Total

1970 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9

1975 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7

1980 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7

1985 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6

1990 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6

1995 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2018 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 117

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2000 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.8 19.5 9.3 10.2

2005 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7

2006 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4

2007 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3

2008 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0

2009 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4

2010 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6

2011 242,602 153,479 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2

2012 244,993 156,194 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4

2013 247,258 156,987 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1

2014 250,080 159,056 63.6 100.0 79.6 67.9 11.7 20.4 10.8 9.6

2015 252,766 162,329 64.2 100.0 79.6 68.0 11.6 20.4 10.6 9.8

2016 254,413 163,638 64.3 100.0 79.8 68.8 11.0 20.2 10.7 9.6

2017 257,097 165,163 64.2 100.0 80.4 69.5 10.9 19.6 10.6 9.0

2018 258,527 166,402 64.4 100.0 80.8 70.4 10.4 19.2 10.4 8.8

Women

1970 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1

1975 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1

1980 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4

1985 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

1990 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4

1995 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4

2000 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7

2005 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2

2006 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9

2007 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2

2008 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.9

2009 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7

2010 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9

2011 125,619 72,976 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2018 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 118

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2012 126,791 74,051 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3

2013 127,863 74,397 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0

2014 129,342 75,416 58.3 100.0 72.7 61.2 11.5 27.3 14.7 12.6

2015 130,656 76,811 58.8 100.0 73.0 61.4 11.6 27.0 14.6 12.4

2016 131,469 77,574 59.0 100.0 73.1 62.2 10.9 26.9 14.6 12.3

2017 132,766 78,016 58.8 100.0 73.5 63.1 10.4 26.5 14.9 11.6

2018 133,500 79,239 59.4 100.0 74.4 64.0 10.3 25.6 14.3 11.3

Men

1970 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0

1975 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1

1980 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4

1985 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7

1990 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4

1995 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4

2000 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.2 12.6 5.5 7.1

2005 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7

2006 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5

2007 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7

2008 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5

2009 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3

2010 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4

2011 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0

2012 118,202 82,143 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0

2013 119,395 82,590 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4

2014 120,738 83,640 69.3 100.0 85.7 73.9 11.8 14.3 7.2 7.1

2015 122,110 85,518 70.0 100.0 85.6 73.9 11.7 14.4 7.0 7.4

2016 122,944 86,063 70.0 100.0 85.8 74.7 11.1 14.2 7.1 7.0

2017 124,331 87,147 70.1 100.0 86.6 75.3 11.3 13.4 6.7 6.7

2018 125,027 87,163 69.7 100.0 86.7 76.2 10.4 13.3 6.9 6.4

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2018 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 119

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on 

income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2019.

Year

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total

Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total

Husband and 

wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 120

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total

Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total

Husband and 

wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1992 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 189

1993 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

1996 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123

2005 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121

2006 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142

2007 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149

2008 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158

2009 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160

2010 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172

2011 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163

2012 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170

2013 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169

2014 60,091 9,434 15,627 11,240 3,767 620 35,030 32,000 2,082 764 183

2015 60,338 9,379 15,640 11,178 3,733 729 35,320 32,333 2,028 756 203

2016 60,912 9,814 15,490 11,054 3,742 695 35,608 32,647 2,054 752 155

2017 61,348 9,944 15,887 11,386 3,841 660 35,517 32,430 2,092 781 214

2018 61,505 10,022 15,575 10,960 3,916 699 35,908 32,839 2,019 783 268

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 121

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2019.

Year

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 0.8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 0.8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 0.7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 0.7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 0.9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 0.9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 0.8 0.3

1990 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 0.9 0.3

1991 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 0.4

1992 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 0.4

1993 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 0.3

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 122

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1994 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 0.3

1995 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 0.2

1996 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 0.2

1997 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 0.3

1998 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 0.3

1999 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 0.9 0.3

2000 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 0.2

2001 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 0.9 0.2

2002 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 0.2

2003 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 0.9 0.2

2004 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 0.9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.1 0.2

2005 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 0.2

2006 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 0.2

2007 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 0.3

2008 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 0.3

2009 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 0.3

2010 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 0.3

2011 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 0.3

2012 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 0.3

2013 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 0.3

2014 100.0 15.7 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 58.3 53.3 3.5 1.3 0.3

2015 100.0 15.5 25.9 18.5 6.2 1.2 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.3 0.3

2016 100.0 16.1 25.4 18.1 6.1 1.1 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.2 0.3

2017 100.0 16.2 25.9 18.6 6.3 1.1 57.9 52.9 3.4 1.3 0.3

2018 100.0 16.3 25.3 17.8 6.4 1.1 58.4 53.4 3.3 1.3 0.4

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 123

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2019.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

1970 26.6

1971 27.5

1972 26.7

1973 26.0

1974 25.4

1975 26.3

1976 26.4

1977 26.1

1978 26.1

1979 26.0

1980 26.7

1981 27.3

1982 28.4

1983 28.8

1984 28.4

1985 28.3

1986 29.0

1987 29.5

1988 29.6

1989 29.9

1990 30.7

1991 31.3

1992 32.4

1993 32.2

1994 31.9

1995 31.9

1996 32.6

1997 32.7

1998 32.8

1999 32.8

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2018

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 124

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2019.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

2000 33.5

2001 34.4

2002 34.8

2003 35.2

2004 34.9

2005 35.1

2006 35.6

2007 36.0

2008 36.0

2009 37.1

2010 37.6

2011 37.0

2012 37.3

2013 37.3

2014 36.0

2015 37.1

2016 37.1

2017 37.1

2018 37.5

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2018

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

TotalWhite Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total, 16 years and older 156,454 121,723 19,521 10,003 27,278 6,964 4,758 1,531 321 2,147 4.5 3.9 7.8 3.2 7.9

16 to 19 years 3,598 2,824 378 145 811 335 248 47 6 108 9.3 8.8 12.4 3.8 13.3

20 to 24 years 13,209 10,139 1,809 597 3,103 1,014 736 166 46 268 7.7 7.3 9.2 7.7 8.6

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 125

(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

TotalWhite Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

25 to 34 years 35,957 26,764 5,150 2,519 7,229 1,948 1,174 593 77 555 5.4 4.4 11.5 3.1 7.7

35 to 44 years 33,013 25,031 4,305 2,546 6,629 1,683 1,141 364 93 629 5.1 4.6 8.5 3.7 9.5

45 to 54 years 32,524 25,355 4,047 2,204 5,443 1,071 789 199 51 391 3.3 3.1 4.9 2.3 7.2

55 to 64 years 27,352 22,452 2,900 1,470 3,220 696 498 139 35 147 2.5 2.2 4.8 2.4 4.6

65 years and older 10,801 9,159 933 523 843 215 173 24 14 49 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 5.8

Women, 16 years and 

older 73,382 55,752 10,423 4,653 11,764 3,865 2,508 1,012 143 1,028 5.3 4.5 9.7 3.1 8.7

16 to 19 years 1,906 1,452 228 76 403 179 126 25 4 57 9.4 8.7 11.0 5.7 14.1

20 to 24 years 6,460 4,890 966 284 1,419 594 411 115 19 147 9.2 8.4 11.9 6.8 10.4

25 to 34 years 16,475 12,023 2,610 1,098 3,021 1,165 640 430 27 281 7.1 5.3 16.5 2.4 9.3

35 to 44 years 15,169 11,112 2,330 1,184 2,767 870 559 239 43 281 5.7 5.0 10.3 3.6 10.2

45 to 54 years 15,431 11,799 2,145 1,056 2,408 568 415 110 26 166 3.7 3.5 5.1 2.5 6.9

55 to 64 years 13,050 10,465 1,605 709 1,379 364 258 74 17 72 2.8 2.5 4.6 2.4 5.2

65 years and older 4,891 4,012 539 247 366 124 99 17 7 23 2.5 2.5 3.2 2.7 6.3

Men, 16 years and older 83,072 65,970 9,097 5,350 15,514 3,099 2,250 519 179 1,119 3.7 3.4 5.7 3.3 7.2

16 to 19 years 1,693 1,372 149 69 408 156 121 22 1 51 9.2 8.8 14.6 - 12.5

20 to 24 years 6,749 5,249 843 314 1,684 420 325 51 27 121 6.2 6.2 6.1 8.5 7.2

25 to 34 years 19,482 14,742 2,540 1,421 4,208 783 534 163 50 274 4.0 3.6 6.4 3.6 6.5

35 to 44 years 17,843 13,919 1,974 1,362 3,862 813 581 125 50 348 4.6 4.2 6.3 3.7 9.0

45 to 54 years 17,094 13,555 1,902 1,148 3,035 503 374 89 25 225 2.9 2.8 4.7 2.2 7.4

55 to 64 years 14,302 11,987 1,294 761 1,841 332 240 64 18 75 2.3 2.0 5.0 2.4 4.1

65 years and older 5,910 5,147 395 276 477 92 74 6 7 26 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.5 5.4

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity

Total (in

thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the

labor force

Total, 20 years and older 2,672 100.0 70.1 12.4 17.5

20 to 24 years 63 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 1,676 100.0 75.1 13.9 11.0

55 to 64 years 702 100.0 66.5 10.7 22.8

65 years and older 232 100.0 44.1 7.4 48.5

Women, 20 years and older 1,206 100.0 67.8 12.5 19.7

20 to 24 years 42 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 729 100.0 75.9 12.9 11.2

55 to 64 years 321 100.0 60.3 13.4 26.3

65 years and older 115 100.0 35.4 5.6 59.1

Men, 20 years and older 1,466 100.0 71.9 12.3 15.7

20 to 24 years 20 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 947 100.0 74.5 14.6 10.9

55 to 64 years 382 100.0 71.7 8.3 20.0

65 years and older 117 100.0 52.6 9.3 38.2

White

Total, 20 years and older 2,162 100.0 70.9 10.5 18.6

Women 951 100.0 67.7 9.7 22.6

Men 1,211 100.0 73.5 11.0 15.5

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older 335 100.0 61.8 22.2 16.0

Women 183 100.0 64.6 22.6 12.9

Men 152 100.0 58.5 21.8 19.7

Asian

Total, 20 years and older 110 100.0 73.5 25.6 0.9

Women 48 100.0 - - -

Men 62 100.0 - - -

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Note: Displayed workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2017 and December 2019 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the 

abolishment of their positions or shifts.

Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity

Total (in

thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the

labor force

Total, 20 years and older 461 100.0 67.6 8.5 23.9

Women 199 100.0 61.2 10.5 28.3

Men 262 100.0 72.6 7.0 20.5

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018 January 2020

Total, 16 years and older 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3

25 years and older 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.9

25 to 34 years 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8

35 to 44 years 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9

45 to 54 years 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.5

55 to 64 years 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.1 9.9

65 years and older 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.3

Women, 16 years and older 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.9

16 to 17 years 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

25 years and older 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.8

25 to 34 years 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7

35 to 44 years 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6

45 to 54 years 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.1 6.8

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–20 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018 January 2020

55 to 64 years 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.8

65 years and older 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.1 10.4

Men, 16 years and older 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4

25 years and older 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.1

25 to 34 years 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9

35 to 44 years 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.1

45 to 54 years 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.2

55 to 64 years 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.0

65 years and older 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2 10.2 10.3

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Total, 2019 high school graduates(1) 3,178 1,572 49.5 1,343 42.3 229 14.6 1,606

Women 1,693 844 49.8 744 44.0 99 11.8 849

Men 1,486 728 49.0 598 40.3 130 17.8 758

Enrolled in college 2,103 795 37.8 707 33.6 88 11.0 1,308

Percentage of total 2019 graduates 66.2 50.6 - 52.7 - 38.3 - 81.4

Women 1,182 467 39.5 412 34.9 55 11.7 715

Percentage of female 2019 graduates 69.8 55.3 - 55.3 - 55.2 - 84.2

Men 921 328 35.6 296 32.1 33 10.0 593

Percentage of male 2019 graduates 62.0 45.1 - 49.4 - 25.3 - 78.3

Not enrolled in college 1,075 777 72.2 635 59.1 141 18.2 299

Table 29. Labor force status of 2019 high school graduates and 2018–19 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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(1) Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2019.

(2) Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2018 and October 2019.

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Percentage of total 2019 graduates 33.8 49.4 - 47.3 - 61.7 - 18.6

Women 511 377 73.8 333 65.1 44 11.8 134

Percentage of female 2019 graduates 30.2 44.7 - 44.7 - 44.8 - 15.8

Men 564 400 70.8 303 53.7 97 24.2 165

Percentage of male 2019 graduates 38.0 54.9 - 50.6 - 74.7 - 21.7

Total, 2018-2019 high school dropouts(2) 490 187 38.2 160 32.6 28 14.8 303

Women 245 97 39.5 89 36.2 8 8.2 148

Men 245 91 37.0 71 28.9 20 21.9 154

Table 29. Labor force status of 2019 high school graduates and 2018–19 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2019 (Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Enrolled in school 21,542 8,189 38.0 7,691 35.7 498 6.1 13,353

Women 11,090 4,605 41.5 4,382 39.5 223 4.8 6,485

Men 10,452 3,584 34.3 3,309 31.7 274 7.7 6,868

Enrolled in high school(1) 9,392 2,096 22.3 1,859 19.8 237 11.3 7,296

Women 4,470 1,060 23.7 955 21.4 105 9.9 3,410

Men 4,922 1,036 21.0 904 18.4 132 12.7 3,886

Enrolled in college 12,150 6,093 50.2 5,833 48.0 261 4.3 6,057

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 130

(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Women 6,620 3,545 53.6 3,427 51.8 118 3.3 3,075

Men 5,530 2,548 46.1 2,405 43.5 143 5.6 2,982

Not enrolled in school 16,192 13,142 81.2 12,011 74.2 1,131 8.6 3,050

Women 7,680 6,000 78.1 5,562 72.4 438 7.3 1,680

Less than a high school diploma 855 449 52.6 394 46.1 56 12.4 405

High school graduates, no college(2) 3,268 2,399 73.4 2,186 66.9 214 8.9 869

Some college or associate's degree 1,971 1,668 84.6 1,570 79.7 97 5.8 304

Bachelor's degree and higher 1,586 1,484 93.5 1,413 89.0 71 4.8 102

Men 8,512 7,142 83.9 6,449 75.8 693 9.7 1,370

Less than a high school diploma 1,116 712 63.9 598 53.6 115 16.1 403

High school graduates, no college(2) 4,369 3,740 85.6 3,320 76.0 420 11.2 629

Some college or associate's degree 1,990 1,743 87.6 1,640 82.4 103 5.9 247

Bachelor's degree and higher 1,037 946 91.2 891 85.9 55 5.8 91

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2019 (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men

1994 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 131

1

 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men

1998 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

2015 148,834 7,262 3,692 50.8 3,571 4.9 5.3 4.5

2016 151,436 7,531 3,887 51.6 3,645 5.0 5.5 4.5

2017 153,337 7,545 3,798 50.3 3,748 4.9 5.3 4.6

2018 155,761 7,769 3,934 50.6 3,835 5.0 5.4 4.6

2019 157,538 8,050 4,141 51.4 3,908 5.1 5.6 4.7

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 132

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men

Self-employed women as a 

percentage of total selfemployedTotal 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1976 85,421 5,783 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977 88,734 6,114 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978 92,661 6,429 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979 95,477 6,791 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980 95,938 7,000 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982 96,125 7,262 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985 103,971 7,811 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986 106,434 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989 114,142 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992 115,245 8,575 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995 121,460 8,902 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 133

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men

Self-employed women as a 

percentage of total selfemployedTotal 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

2004 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5

2006 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0

2007 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1

2008 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8

2009 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6

2010 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2

2011 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8

2012 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8

2013 141,799 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7

2014 144,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0

2015 146,411 8,665 5.9 69,106 3,396 4.9 77,305 5,269 6.8 39.2

2016 148,976 8,751 5.9 70,247 3,385 4.8 78,729 5,366 6.8 38.7

2017 150,883 8,736 5.8 71,324 3,544 5.0 79,559 5,191 6.5 40.6

2018 153,336 8,941 5.8 72,435 3,518 4.9 80,902 5,423 6.7 39.3

2019 155,113 8,799 5.7 73,443 3,532 4.8 81,670 5,266 6.4 40.1

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Total

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 216,185 135,148 62.5 130,036 60.2 5,112 3.8 81,037

16 to 24 years 34,418 19,358 56.2 17,703 51.4 1,654 8.5 15,061

25 to 34 years 37,211 31,274 84.0 30,081 80.8 1,193 3.8 5,937

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 134

Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

35 to 44 years 31,599 26,598 84.2 25,854 81.8 743 2.8 5,001

45 to 54 years 31,566 25,713 81.5 25,024 79.3 689 2.7 5,853

55 to 64 years 35,542 23,018 64.8 22,443 63.1 575 2.5 12,524

65 years and older 45,848 9,188 20.0 8,931 19.5 257 2.8 36,660

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 42,990 28,390 66.0 27,502 64.0 888 3.1 14,600

16 to 24 years 3,330 1,735 52.1 1,619 48.6 116 6.7 1,595

25 to 34 years 7,665 5,917 77.2 5,726 74.7 191 3.2 1,749

35 to 44 years 9,361 7,459 79.7 7,273 77.7 187 2.5 1,901

45 to 54 years 8,878 7,219 81.3 7,018 79.0 201 2.8 1,660

55 to 64 years 6,699 4,585 68.5 4,450 66.4 135 3.0 2,113

65 years and older 7,057 1,475 20.9 1,416 20.1 59 4.0 5,581

Women

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 111,645 64,696 57.9 62,367 55.9 2,328 3.6 46,949

16 to 24 years 17,147 9,578 55.9 8,880 51.8 698 7.3 7,569

25 to 34 years 18,723 14,835 79.2 14,293 76.3 542 3.7 3,889

35 to 44 years 16,077 12,646 78.7 12,292 76.5 354 2.8 3,432

45 to 54 years 16,180 12,459 77.0 12,132 75.0 327 2.6 3,721

55 to 64 years 18,419 11,026 59.9 10,742 58.3 284 2.6 7,393

65 years and older 25,099 4,152 16.5 4,029 16.1 124 3.0 20,947

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 22,176 12,156 54.8 11,711 52.8 446 3.7 10,020

16 to 24 years 1,626 775 47.6 713 43.8 62 8.0 852

25 to 34 years 3,767 2,409 63.9 2,307 61.2 102 4.2 1,359

35 to 44 years 4,739 3,115 65.7 3,013 63.6 102 3.3 1,624

45 to 54 years 4,490 3,185 70.9 3,094 68.9 91 2.9 1,305

55 to 64 years 3,488 2,030 58.2 1,965 56.3 66 3.2 1,457

65 years and older 4,066 643 15.8 619 15.2 23 3.6 3,423

Men

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 104,540 70,453 67.4 67,669 64.7 2,784 4.0 34,087

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these 

categories.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

16 to 24 years 17,272 9,780 56.6 8,824 51.1 956 9.8 7,492

25 to 34 years 18,488 16,439 88.9 15,788 85.4 652 4.0 2,049

35 to 44 years 15,521 13,952 89.9 13,562 87.4 390 2.8 1,569

45 to 54 years 15,387 13,254 86.1 12,892 83.8 362 2.7 2,133

55 to 64 years 17,123 11,992 70.0 11,701 68.3 291 2.4 5,131

65 years and older 20,749 5,036 24.3 4,902 23.6 134 2.7 15,713

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 20,814 16,234 78.0 15,791 75.9 443 2.7 4,580

16 to 24 years 1,704 960 56.4 906 53.2 54 5.6 744

25 to 34 years 3,898 3,508 90.0 3,419 87.7 89 2.5 390

35 to 44 years 4,622 4,344 94.0 4,260 92.2 85 2.0 277

45 to 54 years 4,388 4,033 91.9 3,924 89.4 109 2.7 354

55 to 64 years 3,211 2,555 79.6 2,485 77.4 70 2.7 656

65 years and older 2,991 833 27.8 797 26.6 36 4.3 2,158

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Year

Total

Total employed Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3

1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6

1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year

Total

Total employed Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9

1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2

1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0

1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6

1990 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2

1991 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1

1992 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7

1993 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6

1994 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5

1995 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7

1996 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2

1997 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6

1998 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4

1999 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3

2000 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9

2001 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7

2002 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5

2003 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3

2004 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8

2005 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7

2006 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1

2007 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3

2008 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7

2009 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6

2010 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1

2011 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0

2012 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5

2013 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4

2014 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3

2015 133,743 14,795 11.1 16,441 12.3

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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(1) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced 

annually with the release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total

Total employed Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2016 136,101 14,555 10.7 16,271 12.0

2017 137,890 14,817 10.7 16,444 11.9

2018 140,099 14,744 10.5 16,380 11.7

2019 141,737 14,574 10.3 16,383 11.6

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a

percentage of

total

Total veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 18,822 1,884 16,938 10.0

Civilian labor force 9,270 1,101 8,169 11.9

Participation rate 49.2 58.4 48.2 -

Employed 8,986 1,060 7,926 11.8

Employment-population ratio 47.7 56.2 46.8 -

Unemployed 284 41 243 14.4

Unemployment rate 3.1 3.7 3.0 -

Not in labor force 9,552 784 8,769 8.2

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,328 726 3,602 16.8

Civilian labor force 3,468 495 2,974 14.3

Participation rate 80.1 68.1 82.6 -

Employed 3,345 471 2,874 14.1

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a

percentage of

total

Employment-population ratio 77.3 64.9 79.8 -

Unemployed 123 23 100 18.9

Unemployment rate 3.5 4.7 3.4 -

Not in labor force 860 232 628 26.9

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,070 502 2,568 16.4

Civilian labor force 2,339 345 1,994 14.8

Participation rate 76.2 68.7 77.6 -

Employed 2,279 338 1,941 14.8

Employment-population ratio 74.2 67.4 75.6 -

Unemployed 60 7 53 11.3

Unemployment rate 2.6 2.0 2.7 -

Not in labor force 731 157 574 21.5

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 7,213 249 6,964 3.4

Civilian labor force 1,479 54 1,425 3.6

Participation rate 20.5 21.6 20.5 -

Employed 1,437 51 1,386 3.5

Employment-population ratio 19.9 20.4 19.9 -

Unemployed 42 3 39 7.0

Unemployment rate 2.8 5.4 2.7 -

Not in labor force 5,735 195 5,539 3.4

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,210 407 3,803 9.7

Civilian labor force 1,983 207 1,776 10.5

Participation rate 47.1 50.9 46.7 -

Employed 1,925 199 1,726 10.4

Employment-population ratio 45.7 49.0 45.4 -

Unemployed 59 8 51 13.7

Unemployment rate 3.0 3.9 2.8 -

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could 

have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 

1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a 

wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a

percentage of

total

Not in labor force 2,227 200 2,027 9.0

Nonveterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 231,555 127,595 103,960 55.1

Civilian labor force 152,188 74,697 77,491 49.1

Participation rate 65.7 58.5 74.5 -

Employed 146,763 72,107 74,655 49.1

Employment-population ratio 63.4 56.5 71.8 -

Unemployed 5,425 2,590 2,835 47.7

Unemployment rate 3.6 3.5 3.7 -

Not in labor force 79,367 52,898 26,469 66.6

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Total people with a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 30,392 16,208 14,184

Civilian labor force 6,321 2,879 3,442

Participation rate 20.8 17.8 24.3

Employed 5,858 2,669 3,189

Employment-population ratio 19.3 16.5 22.5

Unemployed 463 210 254

Unemployment rate 7.3 7.3 7.4

Not in labor force 24,070 13,329 10,741

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,231 7,718 7,513

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Civilian labor force 5,117 2,393 2,724

Participation rate 33.6 31.0 36.3

Employed 4,706 2,208 2,498

Employment-population ratio 30.9 28.6 33.3

Unemployed 411 185 226

Unemployment rate 8.0 7.7 8.3

Not in labor force 10,113 5,325 4,788

65 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,161 8,490 6,671

Civilian labor force 1,204 485 718

Participation rate 7.9 5.7 10.8

Employed 1,152 461 691

Employment-population ratio 7.6 5.4 10.4

Unemployed 52 24 28

Unemployment rate 4.3 5.0 3.9

Not in labor force 13,957 8,004 5,953

Total people without a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 228,783 117,614 111,170

Civilian labor force 157,218 73,973 83,244

Participation rate 68.7 62.9 74.9

Employed 151,680 71,409 80,272

Employment-population ratio 66.3 60.7 72.2

Unemployed 5,537 2,564 2,973

Unemployment rate 3.5 3.5 3.6

Not in labor force 71,566 43,641 27,925

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 191,039 96,938 94,101

Civilian labor force 147,758 69,664 78,094

Participation rate 77.3 71.9 83.0

Employed 142,485 67,222 75,263

Employment-population ratio 74.6 69.3 80.0

Unemployed 5,273 2,442 2,831

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, 

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a 

doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Unemployment rate 3.6 3.5 3.6

Not in labor force 43,282 27,274 16,007

65 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population 37,744 20,676 17,068

Civilian labor force 9,460 4,309 5,150

Participation rate 25.1 20.8 30.2

Employed 9,195 4,187 5,008

Employment-population ratio 24.4 20.3 29.3

Unemployed 265 123 142

Unemployment rate 2.8 2.8 2.8

Not in labor force 28,284 16,366 11,918

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, 

using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200. Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be 

reproduced without permission.

Concepts and definitions

Children refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, 

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all 

unrelated children living in the household.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.

The civilian labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of 

the civilian noninstitutional population.

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or 

the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on 

Active Duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or 

emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she 

is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if 

there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. More information, including the wording of the six questions used 

to identify people with a disability, is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsdisability_faq.htm.

Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or 

company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are 

presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time 

of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The employed people are those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th 

day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their 

own farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are 

counted as employed.

The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.
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•

The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born 

outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. 

citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as 

students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in 

these categories, however.

The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one 

parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, 

Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in 

estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Hours at work reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is 

generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but 

were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for 

the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)

Married-couple families refers to opposite-sex married spouses (one of whom is the householder) residing together and 

any of their family members residing in the household.

The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, 

therefore, is the family reference person.

Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried 

workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if 

converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the 

federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include 

overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly 

earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or 

below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or 

state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with 

hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor 

Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on 

whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage 

laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below 

the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there 

are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.
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Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and 

industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 

Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and 

the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. Additional information about these 

classifications is available online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.

Poverty classification statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security 

Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally 

were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption 

requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 

years of age.

The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2018, the weighted average poverty 

threshold for a family of four was $25,701; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $51,393; and for one 

person (unrelated individual), it was $12,784. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the 

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, 

see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018,” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/

p60-266.html.)

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, 

White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in 

these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized 

as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. More information on the 

2003 changes to questions on race is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—

American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or 

More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents 

is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.

Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates 

of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people 

whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.

Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of 

the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure 

and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are 

excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected 

through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except 

if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period 

ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid 

off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
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Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are 

tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed 

workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.

Usual full- or part-time status is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number 

of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all 

jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, 

or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been 

asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, 

or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly 

are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the 

term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half 

the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is 

the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.

Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and 

who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside 

the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served 

on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, 

or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes 

paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the 

incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, 

earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)

Work experience data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given 

month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.

Workers paid hourly rates are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. 

Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but 

whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor 

force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.
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Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because 

samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is 

about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 

standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 

90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at https://

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.