# Patent

## Title
Basil variety ‘eleonora’

## Abstract

New basil variety designated ‘Eleonora’ is described. ‘Eleonora’ is a basil variety exhibiting stability and uniformity.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/936,101, filed Feb. 5, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of plant breeding. In particular, this invention relates to new basil, Ocimum basilicum varieties designated ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, and ‘Eleonora’.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Basil, Ocimum basilicum, is a popular herb having cooking and medicinal uses. Ocimum basilicum is in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Basil is also known as Thai basil, sweet basil, and Saint Joseph's Wort. Basil is native to India and other tropical regions of Asia. There are many varieties of basil, as well as several related species or species hybrids also called basil. The type used in Italian food is generally known as sweet basil, while in Asia common basil varieties are known as Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora), lemon basil (O. X citriodorum) and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum). Most common varieties of basil are treated as annuals; however, some basil varieties are perennial in warm, tropical climates.
In cooking, basil is commonly used either fresh or dried to impart its distinctive flavor into various dishes, especially in Italian cuisine. The most common types of basil for cooking purposes are the Sweet Italian basil varieties. As an herbal medicine, basil is believed to have a soothing effect on the digestive system. Recently, the demand for fresh basil has mushroomed. Not only has there been a general trend in cooking to use fresh ingredients, but modern cooks are discovering the taste advantages of using fresh herbs such as basil.
Basil is an important and valuable herb. Accordingly, there is a need for new basil varieties. In particular, there is a need for improved flat basil varieties that are stable, high yielding, and agronomically sound.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In order to meet these needs, the present invention is directed to improved basil varieties.
As used herein basil variety ‘Elidia’ is the same basil variety as basil variety ‘E9311732’ having ATCC Accession Number X1 and disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/936,101. While the name has changed, basil variety ‘Elidia’ has all the defining characteristics of basil variety ‘E9311732’.
As used herein basil variety ‘Keira’ is the same basil variety as basil variety ‘E09B1002’ having ATCC Accession Number X2 and disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/936,101. While the name has changed, basil variety ‘Keira’ has all the defining characteristics of basil variety ‘E09B1002’.
As used herein basil variety ‘Eleonora’ is the same basil variety as basil variety ‘E9311540’ having ATCC Accession Number X3 and disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/936,101. While the name has changed, basil variety ‘Eleonora’ has all the defining characteristics of basil variety ‘E9311540’.
In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to basil, Ocimum basilicum, seed designated as ‘Elidia’. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum basil plant and parts isolated therefrom produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum plant and parts isolated therefrom having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a Lactuca sativa plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed. In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an F1 hybrid Ocimum basilicum basil seed, plants grown from the seed, and a head isolated therefrom having ‘Elidia’ as a parent, where ‘Elidia’ is grown from ‘Elidia’ basil seed.
Basil plant parts include basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, pollen, ovules, flowers, roots, cells, and the like. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, flowers, pollen, and ovules, roots, or cells isolated from ‘Elidia’ basil plants. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to tissue culture of ‘Elidia’ basil plants, and to basil plants regenerated from the tissue culture, where the plant has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ‘Elidia’ basil plants.
In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to packaging material containing ‘Elidia’ plant parts. Such packaging material includes but is not limited to boxes, plastic bags, etc. The ‘Elidia’ plant parts may be combined with other plant parts of other plant varieties.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of selecting basil plants, by a) growing ‘Elidia’ basil plants where the ‘Elidia’ plants are grown from basil seed and b) selecting a plant from step a). In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, plant parts and seeds produced by the basil plants where the basil plants are isolated by the selection method of the invention. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of breeding basil plants by crossing a basil plant with a plant grown from ‘Elidia’ basil. In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, basil parts from the basil plants, and seeds produced therefrom where the basil plant is isolated by the breeding method of the invention. In some embodiments, the basil plant isolated by the breeding method is a transgenic basil plant. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a basil plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic basil plant produced by those methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a male sterile basil plant by introducing a nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed, and to male sterile basil plants produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing an herbicide resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring herbicide resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed, where the gene is selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. Certain embodiments are also directed to herbicide resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a pest or insect resistant basil plan by introducing a gene conferring pest or insect resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed, and to pest or insect resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In certain embodiments, the gene conferring pest or insect resistance encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a disease resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring disease resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed, and to disease resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a basil plant with a value-added trait by introducing a gene conferring a value-added trait into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Elidia’ basil seed, where the gene encodes a protein selected from a ferritin, a nitrate reductase, and a monellin. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants having a value-added trait produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of introducing a desired trait into basil variety by: (a) crossing a ‘Elidia’ plant, with a plant of another basil variety that contains a desired trait to produce progeny plants, where the desired trait is selected from male sterility; herbicide resistance; insect or pest resistance; modified bolting; and resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease; (b) selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait; (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a ‘Elidia’ plant to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety ‘Elidia’; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) two or more times in succession to produce selected third or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants produced by such methods, where the plants have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety In certain embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide resistance and the resistance is conferred to an herbicide selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. In other embodiments, the desired trait is insect or pest resistance and the insect or pest resistance is conferred by a transgene encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides for single gene converted plants of ‘Elidia’. The single transferred gene may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. Preferably, the single transferred gene will confer such traits as male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, and industrial usage. The single gene may be a naturally occurring basil gene or a transgene introduced through genetic engineering techniques.
In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for developing basil plants in a basil plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Seeds, basil plants, and parts thereof, produced by such breeding methods are also part of the invention.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to basil, Ocimum basilicum, seed designated as ‘Keira’. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum basil plant and parts isolated therefrom produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum plant and parts isolated therefrom having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a Lactuca sativa plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed. In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an F1 hybrid Ocimum basilicum basil seed, plants grown from the seed, and a head isolated therefrom having ‘Keira’ as a parent, where ‘Keira’ is grown from ‘Keira’ basil seed.
Basil plant parts include basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, pollen, ovules, flowers, roots, cells, and the like. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, flowers, pollen, and ovules, roots, or cells isolated from ‘Keira’ basil plants. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to tissue culture of ‘Keira’ basil plants, and to basil plants regenerated from the tissue culture, where the plant has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ‘Keira’ basil plants.
In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to packaging material containing ‘Keira’ plant parts. Such packaging material includes but is not limited to boxes, plastic bags, etc. The ‘Keira’ plant parts may be combined with other plant parts of other plant varieties. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of selecting basil plants, by a) growing ‘Keira’ basil plants where the ‘Keira’ plants are grown from basil seed and b) selecting a plant from step a). In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, plant parts and seeds produced by the basil plants where the basil plants are isolated by the selection method of the invention. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of breeding basil plants by crossing a basil plant with a plant grown from ‘Keira’ basil seed. In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, basil parts from the basil plants, and seeds produced therefrom where the basil plant is isolated by the breeding method of the invention. In some embodiments, the basil plant isolated by the breeding method is a transgenic basil plant. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a basil plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic basil plant produced by those methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a male sterile basil plant by introducing a nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed, and to male sterile basil plants produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing an herbicide resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring herbicide resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed, where the gene is selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. Certain embodiments are also directed to herbicide resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a pest or insect resistant basil plan by introducing a gene conferring pest or insect resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed, and to pest or insect resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In certain embodiments, the gene conferring pest or insect resistance encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a disease resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring disease resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed, and to disease resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a basil plant with a value-added trait by introducing a gene conferring a value-added trait into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Keira’ basil seed, where the gene encodes a protein selected from a ferritin, a nitrate reductase, and a monellin. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants having a value-added trait produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of introducing a desired trait into basil variety ‘Keira’, by: (a) crossing a ‘Keira’ plant, with a plant of another basil variety that contains a desired trait to produce progeny plants, where the desired trait is selected from male sterility; herbicide resistance; insect or pest resistance; modified bolting; and resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease; (b) selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait; (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a ‘Keira’ plant to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety ‘Keira’; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) two or more times in succession to produce selected third or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants produced by such methods, where the plants have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety ‘Keira’. In certain embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide resistance and the resistance is conferred to an herbicide selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. In other embodiments, the desired trait is insect or pest resistance and the insect or pest resistance is conferred by a transgene encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides for single gene converted plants of ‘Keira’. The single transferred gene may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. Preferably, the single transferred gene will confer such traits as male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, and industrial usage. The single gene may be a naturally occurring basil gene or a transgene introduced through genetic engineering techniques.
In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for developing basil plants in a basil plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Seeds, basil plants, and parts thereof, produced by such breeding methods are also part of the invention.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to basil, Ocimum basilicum, seed designated as ‘Eleonora’, representative sample of seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum basil plant and parts isolated therefrom produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an Ocimum basilicum plant and parts isolated therefrom having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a Lactuca sativa plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed having ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087. In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an F1 hybrid Ocimum basilicum basil seed, plants grown from the seed, and a head isolated therefrom having ‘Eleonora’ as a parent, where ‘Eleonora’ is grown from ‘Eleonora’ basil seed having ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087.
Basil plant parts include basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, pollen, ovules, flowers, roots, cells, and the like. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil stems, basil leaves, parts of basil leaves, flowers, pollen, and ovules, roots, or cells isolated from ‘Eleonora’ basil plants. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to tissue culture of ‘Eleonora’ basil plants, and to basil plants regenerated from the tissue culture, where the plant has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ‘Eleonora’ basil plants.
In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to packaging material containing ‘Eleonora’ plant parts. Such packaging material includes but is not limited to boxes, plastic bags, etc. The ‘Eleonora’ plant parts may be combined with other plant parts of other plant varieties. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of selecting basil plants, by a) growing ‘Eleonora’ basil plants where the ‘Eleonora’ plants are grown from basil seed having ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087 and b) selecting a plant from step a). In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, plant parts and seeds produced by the basil plants where the basil plants are isolated by the selection method of the invention. In another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of breeding basil plants by crossing a basil plant with a plant grown from ‘Eleonora’ basil seed having ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087. In still another embodiment, the present invention is further directed to basil plants, basil parts from the basil plants, and seeds produced therefrom where the basil plant is isolated by the breeding method of the invention. In some embodiments, the basil plant isolated by the breeding method is a transgenic basil plant. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a basil plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic basil plant produced by those methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for producing a male sterile basil plant by introducing a nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed, and to male sterile basil plants produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing an herbicide resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring herbicide resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed, where the gene is selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. Certain embodiments are also directed to herbicide resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a pest or insect resistant basil plan by introducing a gene conferring pest or insect resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed, and to pest or insect resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In certain embodiments, the gene conferring pest or insect resistance encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a disease resistant basil plant by introducing a gene conferring disease resistance into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed, and to disease resistant basil plants produced by such methods. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of producing a basil plant with a value-added trait by introducing a gene conferring a value-added trait into a basil plant produced by growing ‘Eleonora’ basil seed, where the gene encodes a protein selected from a ferritin, a nitrate reductase, and a monellin. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants having a value-added trait produced by such methods.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of introducing a desired trait into basil variety ‘Eleonora’, by: (a) crossing a ‘Eleonora’ plant, where a sample of ‘Eleonora’ basil seed was deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087, with a plant of another basil variety that contains a desired trait to produce progeny plants, where the desired trait is selected from male sterility; herbicide resistance; insect or pest resistance; modified bolting; and resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease; (b) selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait; (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a ‘Eleonora’ plant to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety ‘Eleonora’; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) two or more times in succession to produce selected third or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait. Certain embodiments are also directed to basil plants produced by such methods, where the plants have the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of basil variety ‘Eleonora’. In certain embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide resistance and the resistance is conferred to an herbicide selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile. In other embodiments, the desired trait is insect or pest resistance and the insect or pest resistance is conferred by a transgene encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides for single gene converted plants of ‘Eleonora’. The single transferred gene may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. Preferably, the single transferred gene will confer such traits as male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, and industrial usage. The single gene may be a naturally occurring basil gene or a transgene introduced through genetic engineering techniques.
In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for developing basil plants in a basil plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Seeds, basil plants, and parts thereof, produced by such breeding methods are also part of the invention.
In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference by study of the following description.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
There are numerous steps in the development of novel, desirable basil germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis of problems and weaknesses of current basil germplasms, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include increased head size and weight, higher seed yield, improved color, resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to drought and heat, and better agronomic quality.
Choice of breeding or selection methods can depend on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of variety used commercially (e.g., F1 hybrid variety, pureline variety, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection.
The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable variety. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant varieties. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Each breeding program may include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, and can include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, the overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and the number of successful varieties produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).
Promising advanced breeding lines may be thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for at least three years. The best lines can then be candidates for new commercial varieties. Those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection. These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, may take from ten to twenty years from the time the first cross or selection is made.
One goal of basil plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and genetically superior basil varieties. A breeder can initially select and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. Moreover, a breeder can generate multiple different genetic combinations by crossing, selfing, and mutations. A plant breeder can then select which germplasms to advance to the next generation. These germplasms may then be grown under different geographical, climatic, and soil conditions, and further selections can be made during, and at the end of, the growing season.
The development of commercial basil varieties thus requires the development of parental basil varieties, the crossing of these varieties, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods may be used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Breeding programs can be used to combine desirable traits from two or more varieties or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new varieties are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new varieties are crossed with other varieties and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding is generally used for the improvement of self-pollinating crops or inbred lines of cross-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F1. An F2 population is produced by selfing one or several F1's or by intercrossing two F1's (sib mating). Selection of the best individuals is usually begun in the F2 population. Then, beginning in the F3, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families, or hybrid combinations involving individuals of these families, often follows in the F4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F6 and F7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new varieties.
Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued.
Backcross breeding may be used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or line that is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.
The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2 individuals. The number of plants in a population declines with each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F2 plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.
In addition to phenotypic observations, the genotype of a plant can also be examined. There are many laboratory-based techniques known in the art that are available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype. Such techniques include, without limitation, Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs, which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select toward the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This procedure attempts to minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection or marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses.
Mutation breeding may also be used to introduce new traits into basil varieties. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation (such as X-rays, Gamma rays, neutrons, Beta radiation, or ultraviolet radiation), chemical mutagens (such as base analogs like 5-bromo-uracil), antibiotics, alkylating agents (such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyleneamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, or lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Principles of Cultivar Development by Fehr, Macmillan Publishing Company (1993).
The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of homozygous varieties in a breeding program. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 77:889-892 (1989).
Additional non-limiting examples of breeding methods that may be used include, without limitation, those found in Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley and Son, pp. 115-161 (1960); Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep, et al. (1979); Fehr (1987); and “Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae,” Rubatzky, V. E., et al. (1999).
Definitions
In the description that follows, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
Allele. The allele is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Backcrossing. Backcrossing is a process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid F1 with one of the parental genotype of the F1 hybrid.
Bolting. The premature development of a flowering stalk, and subsequent seed, before a plant produces a food crop. Bolting is typically caused by late planting when temperatures are low enough to cause vernalization of the plants.
Bremia lactucae. An oomycete that causes downy mildew in leafy vegetables, such as lettuce and basil, in cooler growing regions.
Cotyledon. One of the first leaves of the embryo of a seed plant; typically one or more in monocotyledons, two in dicotyledons, and two or more in gymnosperms.
Essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics. A plant having essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics means a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent, except for the characteristics derived from the converted gene.
First water date. The date the seed first receives adequate moisture to germinate. This can and often does equal the planting date.
Fusarium. Any of several fungi of the genus, Fusarium, which are causal agents of stem and root rot, such as Fusarium wilt. Fusarium wilt is characterized by damping-off, collapse of the plant, wilting, and a brown dry rot.
Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a segment of nucleic acid. A gene can be introduced into a genome of a species, whether from a different species or from the same species, using transformation or various breeding methods.
Maturity date. Maturity refers to the stage when the plants are of full size or optimum weight, in marketable form or shape to be of commercial or economic value.
Quantitative Trait Loci. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) refers to genetic loci that control to some degree, numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.
Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture.
RHS. RHS refers to the Royal Horticultural Society of England which publishes an official botanical color chart quantitatively identifying colors according to a defined numbering system. The chart may be purchased from Royal Horticulture Society Enterprise Ltd., RHS Garden; Wisley, Woking; Surrey GU236QB, UK.
Single gene converted. Single gene converted or conversion plant refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or via genetic engineering where essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a line are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the line via the backcrossing technique or via genetic engineering.
Overview of the Variety ‘Elidia’
Basil variety ‘Elidia’ is a basil variety suitable for greenhouse, open field, and tunnel production. It is the result of numerous generations of plant selections chosen for its yield, medium leaf blade glossiness, and intermediate resistance to Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Basilicum).
The variety has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in variety ‘Elidia’.
Objective Description of the Variety ‘Elidia’
Basil variety ‘Elidia’ has the following morphologic and other characteristics:
Plant:

    
    
        Habit: Erect; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’, ‘Grand vert’, and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Total height: Medium; similar to variety ‘Lemon’
        Density: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Lemon’ and ‘Keskenylevelü’
    
    


Stem:

    
    
        Anthocyanin coloration: Absent; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Hairiness: Absent; similar to variety ‘A feuille de laitue’
        Number of flowering shoots (at full flowering): More than three; similar to variety ‘True Thai’
    
    


Leaves:

    
    
        Blade shape: Ovate; similar to variety ‘Fin vert’
        Blade length: Long; similar to variety ‘Géant Mammouth’
        Blade width: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Blade anthocyanin coloration of upper side: Absent; similar to varieties ‘Grand vert’ and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Blade green color: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Fin vert nain’ and ‘Lemon’
        Blade glossiness: Medium; similar to variety ‘Osmin’
        Blade blistering: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Blade profile in cross section: Convex; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Blade serration of margin: Present; similar to variety ‘Purple Ruffles’
        Blade depth of serration: Shallow; similar to ‘Italian Large Leaf’
        Blade undulation of margin: Absent or very weak; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
    
    


Petioles:

    
    
        Length: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
    
    


Flowering Stems:

    
    
        Average length of internodes (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Total length (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Hairiness of bracts: Present; similar to variety ‘Lemon’
    
    


Flowers:

    
    
        Color of corolla: White; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Color of style: White; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Time of flowering (10% of plants flowering): Medium; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
    
    


Disease/Pest Resistance:

    
    
        Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f sp. Basilicum): Intermediate resistance

Comparison of ‘Elidia’ to Commercial Basil Variety

    
    


Table 1 below compares some of the characteristics of basil variety ‘Elidia’ with the basil variety ‘Eowyn’. Column 1 lists the characteristic, column 2 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Elidia’, and column 3 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Eowyn’.











TABLE 1







Characteristic
‘Elidia’
‘Eowyn’









Leaf blade glossiness
Medium
Strong










Overview of the Variety ‘Keira’

Basil variety ‘Keira’ is a basil variety suitable for greenhouse, open field, and tunnel production. It is the result of numerous generations of plant selections chosen for its yield, medium leaf blade blistering, medium leaf blade glossiness, and ability to grow well under cooler cultivation conditions.
The variety has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in variety ‘Keira’.
Objective Description of the Variety ‘Keira’
Basil variety ‘Keira’ has the following morphologic and other characteristics:
Plant:

    
    
        Habit: Erect; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’, ‘Grand vert’, and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Total height: Tall; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Density: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Lemon’ and ‘Keskenylevelü’
    
    


Stem:

    
    
        Anthocyanin coloration: Absent; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Hairiness: Absent; similar to variety ‘A feuille de laitue’
        Number of flowering shoots (at full flowering): More than three; similar to variety ‘True Thai’
    
    


Leaves:

    
    
        Blade shape: Ovate; similar to variety ‘Fin vert’
        Blade length: Medium; similar to variety ‘Osmin’
        Blade width: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Blade anthocyanin coloration of upper side: Absent; similar to varieties ‘Grand vert’ and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Blade green color: Dark; similar to variety ‘Sweet Thai’
        Blade glossiness: Medium; similar to variety ‘Osmin’
        Blade blistering: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Blade profile in cross section: Convex; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Blade serration of margin: Present; similar to variety ‘Purple Ruffles’
        Blade depth of serration: Shallow; similar to ‘Italian Large Leaf’
        Blade undulation of margin: Absent or very weak; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
    
    


Petioles:

    
    
        Length: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
    
    


Flowering Stems:

    
    
        Average length of internodes (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Total length (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Hairiness of bracts: Present; similar to variety ‘Lemon’
    
    


Flowers:

    
    
        Color of corolla: White; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Color of style: White; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Time of flowering (10% of plants flowering): Medium; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’

Comparison of ‘Keira’ to Commercial Basil Variety

    
    


Table 2 below compares some of the characteristics of basil variety ‘Keira’ with the basil variety ‘Eowyn’. Column 1 lists the characteristics, column 2 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Keira’, and column 3 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Eowyn’.











TABLE 2







Characteristic
‘Keira’
‘Eowyn’









Leaf blade blistering
Medium
Strong



Leaf blade glossiness
Medium
Strong










Overview of the Variety ‘Eleonora’

Basil variety ‘Eleonora’ is a basil variety suitable for greenhouse, open field, and tunnel production. It is the result of numerous generations of plant selections chosen for its yield, medium leaf blade green color, weak leaf blade blistering, and intermediate resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii).
The variety has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in variety ‘Eleonora’.
Objective Description of the Variety ‘Eleonora’
Basil variety ‘Eleonora’ has the following morphologic and other characteristics:
Plant:

    
    
        Habit: Erect; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’, ‘Grand vert’, and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Total height: Tall; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Density: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Lemon’ and ‘Keskenylevelü’
    
    


Stem:

    
    
        Anthocyanin coloration: Absent; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Hairiness: Absent; similar to variety ‘A feuille de laitue’
        Number of flowering shoots (at full flowering): More than three; similar to variety ‘True Thai’
    
    


Leaves:

    
    
        Blade shape: Ovate; similar to variety ‘Fin vert’
        Blade length: Medium; similar to variety ‘Osmin’
        Blade width: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Blade anthocyanin coloration of upper side: Absent; similar to varieties ‘Grand vert’ and ‘Zöldgömb’
        Blade green color: Medium; similar to varieties ‘Fin vert nain’ and ‘Lemon’
        Blade glossiness: Medium; similar to variety ‘Osmin’
        Blade blistering: Weak; similar to varieties ‘Dark Opal’ and ‘Keskenylevelü’
        Blade profile in cross section: Convex; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Blade serration of margin: Present; similar to variety ‘Purple Ruffles’
        Blade depth of serration: Shallow; similar to ‘Italian Large Leaf’
        Blade undulation of margin: Absent or very weak; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
    
    


Petioles:

    
    
        Length: Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
    
    


Flowering Stems:

    
    
        Average length of internodes (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Grand vert’
        Total length (at end of flowering): Medium; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Hairiness of bracts: Present; similar to variety ‘Lemon’
    
    


Flowers:

    
    
        Color of corolla: White; similar to varieties ‘Genovese’ and ‘Grand vert’
        Color of style: White; similar to variety ‘Genovese’
        Time of flowering (10% of plants flowering): Early; similar to variety ‘Keskenylevelü’
    
    


Disease/Pest Resistance:

    
    
        Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Intermediate resistance

Comparison of ‘Eleonora’ to Commercial Basil Variety

    
    


Table 3 below compares some of the characteristics of basil variety ‘Eleonora’ with the basil variety ‘Edwina’. Column 1 lists the characteristics, column 2 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Eleonora’, and column 3 shows the characteristics for basil variety ‘Edwina’.











TABLE 3







Characteristic
‘Eleonora’
‘Edwina’









Leaf blade green color
Medium
Dark



Leaf blade blistering
Weak
Medium










Further Embodiments

Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformed plants obtained with the protoplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
With the advent of molecular biological techniques that have allowed the isolation and characterization of genes that encode specific protein products, scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genes, or additional, or modified versions of native, or endogenous, genes (perhaps driven by different promoters) in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods, are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” Over the last fifteen to twenty years, several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed line.
Nucleic acids or polynucleotides refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. These terms also encompass untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least about 1000 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least about 200 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. Less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine, and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA, and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The antisense polynucleotides and ribozymes can consist entirely of ribonucleotides, or can contain mixed ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. The polynucleotides of the invention may be produced by any means, including genomic preparations, cDNA preparations, in vitro synthesis, RT-PCR, and in vitro or in vivo transcription.
Plant transformation involves the construction of an expression vector that will function in plant cells. Such a vector contains DNA that contains a gene under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations. The vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid, and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids, to provide transformed basil plants using transformation methods as described below to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the basil plant(s).
Expression Vectors for Basil Transformation: Marker Genes
Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker, operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art.
One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene, isolated from transposon Tn5, which when placed under the control of plant regulatory signals confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley, et al., PNAS, 80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:299 (1985).
Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant. Hayford, et al., Plant Physiol., 86:1216 (1988); Jones, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 210:86 (1987); Svab, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 14:197 (1990); Hille, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 7:171 (1986). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil. Comai, et al., Nature, 317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm, et al., Plant Cell, 2:603-618 (1990); and Stalker, et al., Science, 242:419-423 (1988).
Selectable marker genes for plant transformation that are not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase. Eichholtz, et al., Somatic Cell Mol. Genet., 13:67 (1987); Shah, et al., Science, 233:478 (1986); and Charest, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 8:643 (1990).
Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include α-glucuronidase (GUS), α-galactosidase, luciferase, chloramphenicol, and acetyltransferase. Jefferson, R. A., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:387 (1987); Teeri, et al., EMBO J., 8:343 (1989); Koncz, et al., PNAS, 84:131 (1987); and DeBlock, et al., EMBO J., 3:1681 (1984).
In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissues are available. Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993) and Naleway, et al., J. Cell Biol., 115:151a (1991). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of GUS genes as selectable markers.
More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Chalfie, et al., Science, 263:802 (1994). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers.
Expression Vectors for Basil Transformation: Promoters
Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence containing a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are now well known in the transformation arts, as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters.
As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred,” Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter which is active under most environmental conditions.
A. Inducible Promoters:
An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil. With an inducible promoter, the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent.
Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See Ward, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Meft, et al., PNAS, 90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 243:32-38 (1994)) or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Schena, et al., PNAS, 88:0421 (1991).
B. Constitutive Promoters:
A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil.
Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell, et al., Nature, 313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy, et al., Plant Cell, 2:163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten, et al., EMBO 1, 3:2723-2730 (1984)) and maize H3 histone (Lepetit, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 231:276-285 (1992) and Atanassova, et al., Plant J., 2 (3):291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, XbaI/NcoI fragment 5′ to the Brassica napus ALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said XbaI/NcoI fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application No. WO 96/30530.
C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters:
A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in basil. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue.
Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter, such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai, et al., Science, 23:476-482 (1983) and Sengupta-Gopalan, et al., PNAS, 82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson, et al., EMBO J., 4(11):2723-2729 (1985) and Timko, et al., Nature, 318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 244:161-168 (1993)) or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell, et al., Sex. Plant Reprod., 6:217-224 (1993)).
Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments
Transport of protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine, during protein synthesis and processing, where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized.
The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20:49 (1992); Close, P. S., Master's Thesis, Iowa State University (1993); Knox, C., et al., “Structure and Organization of Two Divergent Alpha-Amylase Genes from Barley,” Plant Mol. Biol., 9:3-17 (1987); Lerner, et al., Plant Physiol., 91:124-129 (1989); Fontes, et al., Plant Cell, 3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka, et al., PNAS, 88:834 (1991); Gould, et al., J. Cell. Biol., 108:1657 (1989); Creissen, et al., Plant 2:129 (1991); Kalderon, et al., A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location, Cell, 39:499-509 (1984); and Steifel, et al., Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation, Plant Cell, 2:785-793 (1990).
Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes
With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem., 114:92-6 (1981).
According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is basil. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., 269:284, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques.
Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary genes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below:
A. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode:
1. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones, et al., Science, 266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin, et al., Science, 262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); and Mindrinos, et al., Cell, 78:1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae).
2. A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof, or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser, et al., Gene, 48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998.
3. A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes.
4. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT Application No. US 93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
5. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor, or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe, et al., J Biol. Chem., 262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); and Sumitani, et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor).
6. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock, et al., Nature, 344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.
7. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem., 269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor) and Pratt, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski, et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.
8. An insect-specific venom produced in nature, by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang, et al., Gene, 116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.
9. An enzyme responsible for a hyper-accumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
10. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application No. WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer, et al., Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the lettuce ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.
11. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess, et al., Plant Physiol., 104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.
12. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT Application No. WO 95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT Application No. WO 95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
13. A membrane permease, a channel former, or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes, et al., Plant Sci., 89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β, lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum. 
14. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy, et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
15. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See Taylor, et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland (1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).
16. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki, et al., Nature, 366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.
17. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1, 4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient released by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb, et al., Bio/technology, 10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart, et al., Plant J, 2:367 (1992).
18. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann, et al., Bio/technology, 10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.
Any of the above listed disease or pest resistance genes (1-19) can be introduced into the claimed basil variety through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing.
B. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide:
1. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee, et al., EMBO J., 7:1241 (1988) and Miki, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 80:449 (1990), respectively.
2. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), dicamba and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase PAT bar genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. See also, Umaballava-Mobapathie in Transgenic Research, 8:1, 33-44 (1999) that discloses Lactuca sativa resistant to glufosinate. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman, et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides, such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Application No. 0 242 246 to Leemans, et al. DeGreef, et al., Bio/technology, 7:61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:435 (1992).
3. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla, et al., Plant Cell, 3:169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes, et al., Biochem. J., 285:173 (1992).
4. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See Hattori, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota, et al., Plant Physiol., 106:17 (1994)), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono, et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 36:1687 (1995)), and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20:619 (1992)).
5. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825.
Any of the above listed herbicide genes (1-5) can be introduced into the claimed basil variety through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing.
C. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as:
1. Increased iron content of the basil, for example, by introducing into a plant a soybean ferritin gene as described in Goto, et al., Acta Horticulturae., 521, 101-109 (2000).
2. Decreased nitrate content of leaves, for example, by introducing into a basil plant a gene coding for a nitrate reductase. See, for example, Curtis, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 18:11, 889-896 (1999).
3. Increased sweetness of the basil by introducing a gene coding for monellin that elicits a flavor 100,000 times sweeter than sugar on a molar basis. See Penarrubia, et al., Bio/technology, 10:561-564 (1992).
4. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by introducing into a plant an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon, et al., PNAS, 89:2625 (1992).
5. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by introducing into plants a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza, et al., J. Bacteriol., 170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutants fructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 20:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene); Pen, et al., Bio/technology, 10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus lichenifonnis α-amylase); Elliot, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Søgaard, et al., J Biol. Chem., 268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene); and Fisher, et al., Plant Physiol., 102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).
D. Genes that Control Male-Sterility:
1. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See International Publication WO 01/29237.
2. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957.
3. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See Paul, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 19:611-622 (1992).
Methods for Basil Transformation
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical, plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Mild, et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber, et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993).
A. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation:
One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch, et al., Science, 227:1229 (1985); Curtis, et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, 45:279, 1441-1449 (1994); Torres, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 34:3, 279-285 (1993); and Dinant, et al., Molecular Breeding, 3:1, 75-86 (1997). A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 10:1 (1991). Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber, et al., supra, Miki, et al., supra, and Moloney, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 issued Jan. 7, 1997.
B. Direct Gene Transfer:
Several methods of plant transformation collectively referred to as direct gene transfer have been developed as an alternative to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 μm to 4 μm. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 m/s to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Russell, D. R., et al., Plant Cell Rep., 12 (3, January), 165-169 (1993); Aragao, F. J. L., et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20 (2, October), 357-359 (1992); Aragao, F. J. L., et al., Plant Cell Rep., 12 (9, July), 483-490 (1993); Aragao, Theor. Appl. Genet., 93:142-150 (1996); Kim, J., Minamikawa, T., Plant Sci., 117:131-138 (1996); Sanford, et al., Part. Sci. Technol., 5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C., Trends Biotech., 6:299 (1988); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C., Physiol. Plant, 7:206 (1990); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 10:268 (1992).
Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang, et al., Bio/technology, 9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes, et al., EMBO J., 4:2731 (1985) and Christou, et al., PNAS, 84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2 precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol, or poly-L-ornithine has also been reported. Hain, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:161 (1985) and Draper, et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described. Saker, M., Kuhne, T., Biologia Plantarum, 40(4):507-514 (1997/98); Donn, et al., In Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin, et al., Plant Cell, 4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:51-61 (1994). See also Chupean, et al., Bio/technology, 7:5, 503-508 (1989).
Following transformation of basil target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods now well known in the art.
The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic line. The transgenic line could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) line in order to produce a new transgenic basil line. Alternatively, a genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular basil variety using the foregoing transformation techniques could be introduced into another line using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite inbred line into an elite inbred line, or from an inbred line containing a foreign gene in its genome into an inbred line or lines which do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context.
Gene Conversions
When the term “basil plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any gene conversions of that variety. The term “gene converted plant” as used herein refers to those basil plants which are developed by backcrossing, genetic engineering, or mutation, where essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the one or more genes transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique, genetic engineering, or mutation. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the variety. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental basil plant which contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the “nonrecurrent” or “donor parent.” This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental basil plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. Poehlman & Sleper (1994) and Fehr (1993). In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a basil plant is obtained where essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent.
The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a trait or characteristic in the original line. To accomplish this, a gene of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological, constitution of the original line. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross. One of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.
Many gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected in the development of a new line but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,777,196, 5,948,957, and 5,969,212, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference.
Tissue Culture
Further reproduction of the variety can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of basil and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Teng, et al., HortScience, 27:9, 1030-1032 (1992); Teng, et al., HortScience, 28:6, 669-1671 (1993); Zhang, et al., Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 46:3, 287-290 (1992); Webb, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 38:1, 77-79 (1994); Curtis, et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, 45:279, 1441-1449 (1994); Nagata, et al., Journal for the American Society for Horticultural Science, 125:6, 669-672 (2000); and Ibrahim, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 28(2), 139-145 (1992). It is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are routinely used and have a very high rate of success. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce basil plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of varieties ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, and ‘Eleonora’.
As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition containing isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, meristematic cells, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, petioles, suckers, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture containing organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Additional Breeding Methods
The invention is also directed to methods for producing a basil plant by crossing a first parent basil plant with a second parent basil plant where the first or second parent basil plant is a basil plant of variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. Further, both first and second parent basil plants can come from basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. Thus, any such methods using basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ are part of the invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention, including those developed from varieties derived from basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. Advantageously, this basil variety could be used in crosses with other, different, basil plants to produce the first generation (F1) basil hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics. The variety of the invention can also be used for transformation where exogenous genes are introduced and expressed by the variety of the invention. Genetic variants created either through traditional breeding methods using basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ or through transformation of variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ by any of a number of protocols known to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
The following describes breeding methods that may be used with basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ in the development of further basil plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ progeny basil plants in a basil plant breeding program, by: obtaining the basil plant, or a part thereof, of variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’, utilizing said plant or plant part as a source of breeding material, and selecting a basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ progeny plant with molecular markers in common with variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in the section entitled “Objective description of the variety ‘Elidia’,” “Objective description of the variety ‘Keira’”, or “Objective description of the variety ‘Eleonora’”. Breeding steps that may be used in the basil plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized.
Another method involves producing a population of basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ progeny basil plants, by crossing variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ with another basil plant, thereby producing a population of basil plants, which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a basil variety resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the basil variety produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr and Walt, Principles of Variety Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ progeny basil plants containing a combination of at least two variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ traits selected from those listed in the section entitled “Objective description of the variety ‘Elidia’,” “Objective description of the variety ‘Keira’”, or “Objective description of the variety ‘Eleonora’”; or the variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Invention, so that said progeny basil plant is not significantly different for said traits than basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a variety is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions.
Progeny of basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ may also be characterized through their filial relationship with basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between basil variety ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’ and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of basil variety ‘Elidia’, ‘Keira’, or ‘Eleonora’.
As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which basil plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyl, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, ovules, seeds, stems, and the like.
The use of the terms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.
DEPOSIT INFORMATION
A deposit of the basil variety ‘Eleonora’ is maintained by Enza Zaden USA, Inc., having an address at 7 Harris Place, Salinas, Calif. 93901, United States. Access to these deposits will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, all restrictions on the availability to the public of variety ‘Eleonora’ will be irrevocably removed by affording access to a deposit of at least 2,500 seeds of each variety with the American Type Culture Collection, (ATCC), ATCC Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., 20110, USA.
Basil Variety ‘Eleonora’
At least 2500 seeds of basil variety ‘Eleonora’ were deposited on Apr. 2, 2015 according to the Budapest Treaty in the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), ATCC Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., 20110, USA. The deposit has been assigned ATCC Number PTA-122087. Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the variety will be irrevocably removed.
The deposit will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of at least 30 years, or at least 5 years after the most recent request for a sample of the deposit, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if a deposit becomes nonviable during that period.

## Claims

1. Basil seed designated as ‘Eleonora’, representative sample of seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087.

2. A basil plant produced by growing the seed of claim 1.

3. A plant part from the plant of claim 2.

4. The plant part of claim 3 wherein said part is a stem, a leaf, or a portion thereof.

5. A basil plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the basil plant of claim 2.

6. A plant part from the plant of claim 5.

7. The plant part of claim 6, wherein said part is a stem, a leaf, or a portion thereof.

8. An F1 hybrid basil plant having ‘Eleonora’ as a parent where ‘Eleonora’ is grown from the seed of claim 1.

9. Pollen or an ovule of the plant of claim 2.

10. A tissue culture of the plant of claim 2.

11. A basil plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 10, wherein the plant has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a basil plant produced by growing seed designated as ‘Eleonora’, representative sample of seed having been deposited under having ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087.

12. A method of making basil seeds, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 with another basil plant and harvesting seed therefrom.

13. A method of making basil variety ‘Eleonora’, said method comprising selecting seeds from the cross of one ‘Eleonora’ plant with another ‘Eleonora’ plant, a sample of ‘Eleonora’ basil seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-122087.