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December 2018 
                    Report 1077

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		
















































































																																							



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Selected demographic characteristics
Educational attainment
Occupation and industry
Earnings
Hours of work
Married-couple families
The working poor
Worker displacement
Employee tenure
School enrollment
Multiple jobholders and the self-employed
Foreign-born women
Women and union membership
Women veterans
Women with disabilities
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16...Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2017 annual...Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race,...Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25...Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual...Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual...Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual...Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual...Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender,...Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in...Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and...Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners,...Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners,...Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2016Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27...Table 27. Displaced workers(1), by age, gender, race, Hispanic or...Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median...Table 29. Labor force status of 2017 high school graduates and 2016–2017...Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school...Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender,...Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural...Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian...Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender...Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran...Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age,...
                          Technical Notes
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     Women in the labor force: a databook
Women in the labor force: a databook imageIn 2017, 57.0 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This was slightly above the 56.8 percent who participated in 2016, but still 3 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 69.1 percent in 2017, essentially unchanged from the previous year and 17.5 percentage points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 1948.The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. After reaching a peak in 1999, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline. This decline accelerated following the Great Recession of 2007–09 until the participation rate hit a recent low in 2015 at 56.7 percent.Women’s involvement in the labor market changed in several notable ways since the 1940s as other socioeconomic factors were also shifting. First, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree nearly quadrupled from 1970 to 2017, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree about doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full time and year round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82 percent in 2017.This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the end of this report.)Selected demographic characteristicsWomen’s labor force participation edged up to 57.0 percent in 2017 from 56.8 percent in 2016. Men’s labor force participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.1 percent in 2017, essentially unchanged from the previous year. (See table 2.)In 2017, the unemployment rate for women was 4.3 percent, down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for men was 4.4 percent in 2017, also down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.4 percent), followed by White (3.8 percent), Hispanic or Latino (5.7 percent), and Black or African American (6.9 percent) women; men’s jobless rates exhibit this same pattern. (See tables 2 and 3.)Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never married women had the highest participation rate of all women at 64.3 percent in 2017. Divorced women (61.5 percent) and separated women (61.7 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than married women (58.2 percent). By contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (72.9 percent) than never married men (67.4 percent), divorced men (65.2 percent), and separated men (70.7 percent). Among both women and men, those who were widowed were the least likely to participate in the labor force. (See table 4.)The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 71.3 percent in March 2017, up from 70.8 percent in 2016. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 76.0 percent in March 2017, was higher than for those with younger children. The rate for those with children under 6 years old was 65.1 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 63.1 percent. (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Unmarried mothers are more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2017, 76.1 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69.3 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Educational attainmentThe educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 45 years. In 2017, 43 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 2017, 6 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9Aand 9B.)Occupation and industryIn 2017, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19 percent of software developers, 28 percent of chief executives, and 40 percent of physicians and surgeons were women, whereas 90 percent of registered nurses, 79 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 60 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (50 percent and 45 percent, respectively) in 2017 than were Black (36 percent) and Hispanic women (28 percent). Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and Black women (27 percent) were more likely than Asian and White women (21 percent and 20 percent, respectively) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)In 2017, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities (53 percent), education and health services (75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and other services (52 percent). (Other services includes repair and maintenance industries; personal and laundry services; membership associations and organizations; and private households.) However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture (25 percent), mining (13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (30 percent), and transportation and utilities (24 percent). (See table 14.)EarningsIn 2017, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $770, which represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($941). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($903) and Whites ($795) than for Blacks ($657) and Hispanics ($603). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (93 percent) and Hispanics (87 percent) than for Whites (82 percent) and Asians (75 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)Women’s earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2017, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had median usual weekly earnings of $447. Women who had only a high school diploma had earnings of $610, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $727, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,131. (See table 17.)Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2017 for female chief executives ($1,920), pharmacists ($1,834), and nurse practitioners ($1,832). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,415); physicians and surgeons ($2,277); pharmacists ($2,228); and architectural and engineering managers ($2,020). (See table 18.)In 2017, 3 percent of women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 2 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 7 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)Hours of workIn 2017, 24 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage of employed women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. In comparison, 12 percent of employed men usually worked part time in 2017. This rate for men had trended up during the Great Recession before beginning a gradual decline in 2012. (See table 21.)Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2016, 62 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 75 percent in 2016. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Married-couple familiesAmong married-couple families, 54 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2016, compared with 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 18 percent of married-couple families in 2016, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)The working poorAmong people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2016, more women (4.1 million) than men (3.4 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 5.8 percent for women and 4.2 percent for men. Black and Hispanic women were about two times more likely to be among the working poor than White or Asian women. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic women were 10.5 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively, compared with 4.9 percent for White women and 4.0 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Worker displacementFrom January 2015 through December 2017, 3.0 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2018: the reemployment rate was 65 percent for women and 67 percent for men. Displaced women and men were about equally likely to be unemployed in January 2018, at 14 percent and 15 percent, respectively. About 21 percent of displaced women and 18 percent of displaced men had left the labor force in January 2018. (See table 27; data are from the January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)Employee tenureIn January 2018, median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for women was unchanged from January 2016, at 4.0 years. Tenure for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)School enrollmentOf the 2.9 million youth ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2017, about 67 percent (1.9 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For 2017 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate was 72 percent for young women and 61 percent for young men. (See table 29; data are from the October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among high school students, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.8 percent) in October 2017 than young men (20.9 percent). Labor force participation rates followed the same pattern among college students: college women had a labor force participation rate of 51.5 percent, and college men had a participation rate of 47.1 percent. (See table 30; data are from the October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among youth ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2017, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 15.1 percent for both young women and young men. In contrast, the jobless rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 5.3 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively.Multiple jobholders and the self-employedIn 2017, 7.5 million workers had more than one job. About half (3.8 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.3 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.6 percent. (See table 31.)In 2017, 5.0 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.5 percent of their male counterparts. Among the self-employed, 41 percent were women in 2017, compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)Foreign-born womenForeign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2017 (54.5 percent, compared with 57.5 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.1 percent) than were native-born men (67.3 percent). Among women, the unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 4.8 percent, was higher than that for native-born women, at 4.2 percent. At 3.6 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than that of native-born men (4.6 percent). (See table 33.)Women and union membershipIn 2017, 10.0 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.4 percent of their male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2017 was lower than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS), but the rate for men fell by much more than did the rate for women. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 34.)Women veteransThere were 1.2 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2017. Women accounted for about 12 percent of the 10.1 million veterans in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans, at 4.1 percent in 2017, was similar to that of male veterans, at 3.6 percent. (See table 35.)Women with disabilitiesOf the 16.2 million women with disabilities in 2017, 2.8 million, or 17.4 percent, participated in the labor force. About half of all women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.4 percent, compared with 30.0 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among men, 24.2 percent of those with disabilities participated in the labor force in 2017. Just under half of all men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 10.7 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.2 percent of men ages 16 to 64.Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women was 9.5 percent and that for men was 9.0 percent, more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability (4.1 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal16 years and older
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,75916 to 19 years
16,754
5,901
35.2
5,074
30.3
827
14.0
10,85316 to 17 years
9,073
2,237
24.7
1,890
20.8
347
15.5
6,83618 to 19 years
7,681
3,664
47.7
3,184
41.4
480
13.1
4,01720 to 24 years
21,396
15,259
71.3
14,132
66.0
1,127
7.4
6,13725 to 54 years
125,697
102,683
81.7
98,833
78.6
3,850
3.7
23,01425 to 34 years
43,958
36,086
82.1
34,439
78.3
1,647
4.6
7,87325 to 29 years
22,627
18,536
81.9
17,621
77.9
914
4.9
4,09230 to 34 years
21,331
17,550
82.3
16,817
78.8
733
4.2
3,78135 to 44 years
39,952
33,034
82.7
31,892
79.8
1,143
3.5
6,91735 to 39 years
20,713
17,080
82.5
16,477
79.5
604
3.5
3,63340 to 44 years
19,239
15,954
82.9
15,415
80.1
539
3.4
3,28545 to 54 years
41,787
33,563
80.3
32,503
77.8
1,060
3.2
8,22445 to 49 years
20,620
16,891
81.9
16,365
79.4
526
3.1
3,72950 to 54 years
21,167
16,672
78.8
16,138
76.2
534
3.2
4,49555 to 64 years
41,691
26,899
64.5
26,064
62.5
835
3.1
14,79255 to 59 years
21,722
15,625
71.9
15,134
69.7
490
3.1
6,09860 to 64 years
19,969
11,274
56.5
10,930
54.7
344
3.1
8,69465 years and older
49,542
9,577
19.3
9,234
18.6
343
3.6
39,96465 to 69 years
16,734
5,408
32.3
5,219
31.2
189
3.5
11,32670 to 74 years
12,655
2,487
19.7
2,388
18.9
99
4.0
10,16875 years and older
20,153
1,682
8.3
1,627
8.1
55
3.3
18,470Women16 years and older
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,62916 to 19 years
8,261
2,962
35.9
2,591
31.4
371
12.5
5,29916 to 17 years
4,486
1,180
26.3
1,008
22.5
172
14.6
3,30618 to 19 years
3,775
1,782
47.2
1,583
41.9
199
11.1
1,99420 to 24 years
10,669
7,311
68.5
6,851
64.2
460
6.3
3,35825 to 54 years
63,846
47,870
75.0
46,016
72.1
1,854
3.9
15,97525 to 34 years
22,139
16,712
75.5
15,949
72.0
763
4.6
5,42725 to 29 years
11,359
8,681
76.4
8,268
72.8
413
4.8
2,67830 to 34 years
10,780
8,031
74.5
7,681
71.2
351
4.4
2,74935 to 44 years
20,354
15,257
75.0
14,690
72.2
568
3.7
5,09735 to 39 years
10,529
7,823
74.3
7,523
71.5
300
3.8
2,70640 to 44 years
9,826
7,434
75.7
7,167
72.9
268
3.6
2,39145 to 54 years
21,352
15,901
74.5
15,377
72.0
523
3.3
5,45145 to 49 years
10,518
7,972
75.8
7,700
73.2
273
3.4
2,54650 to 54 years
10,834
7,929
73.2
7,678
70.9
251
3.2
2,90655 to 64 years
21,637
12,743
58.9
12,354
57.1
389
3.1
8,89455 to 59 years
11,212
7,423
66.2
7,187
64.1
237
3.2
3,78960 to 64 years
10,425
5,320
51.0
5,167
49.6
153
2.9
5,10465 years and older
27,390
4,288
15.7
4,124
15.1
164
3.8
23,10265 to 69 years
8,874
2,478
27.9
2,392
27.0
86
3.5
6,39570 to 74 years
6,811
1,102
16.2
1,053
15.5
50
4.5
5,70875 years and older
11,705
707
6.0
679
5.8
28
4.0
10,998Men16 years and older
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,13016 to 19 years
8,493
2,939
34.6
2,483
29.2
457
15.5
5,55316 to 17 years
4,587
1,057
23.0
882
19.2
175
16.5
3,53018 to 19 years
3,906
1,882
48.2
1,601
41.0
282
15.0
2,02320 to 24 years
10,726
7,948
74.1
7,281
67.9
667
8.4
2,77825 to 54 years
61,851
54,813
88.6
52,817
85.4
1,996
3.6
7,03825 to 34 years
21,819
19,374
88.8
18,490
84.7
884
4.6
2,44625 to 29 years
11,268
9,855
87.5
9,353
83.0
502
5.1
1,41330 to 34 years
10,551
9,519
90.2
9,136
86.6
382
4.0
1,03235 to 44 years
19,597
17,777
90.7
17,202
87.8
575
3.2
1,82035 to 39 years
10,184
9,257
90.9
8,953
87.9
304
3.3
92740 to 44 years
9,413
8,520
90.5
8,248
87.6
271
3.2
89345 to 54 years
20,435
17,662
86.4
17,125
83.8
537
3.0
2,77245 to 49 years
10,102
8,919
88.3
8,665
85.8
254
2.8
1,18350 to 54 years
10,333
8,744
84.6
8,461
81.9
283
3.2
1,58955 to 64 years
20,054
14,156
70.6
13,710
68.4
445
3.1
5,89855 to 59 years
10,510
8,201
78.0
7,948
75.6
254
3.1
2,30860 to 64 years
9,544
5,954
62.4
5,763
60.4
191
3.2
3,59065 years and older
22,151
5,289
23.9
5,111
23.1
179
3.4
16,86265 to 69 years
7,860
2,930
37.3
2,827
36.0
102
3.5
4,93070 to 74 years
5,844
1,384
23.7
1,335
22.8
49
3.6
4,46075 years and older
8,447
975
11.5
948
11.2
27
2.8
7,472Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal1948
103,068
60,621
58.8
58,343
56.6
2,276
3.8
42,4471949
103,994
61,286
58.9
57,651
55.4
3,637
5.9
42,7081950
104,995
62,208
59.2
58,918
56.1
3,288
5.3
42,7871951
104,621
62,017
59.2
59,961
57.3
2,055
3.3
42,6041952
105,231
62,138
59.0
60,250
57.3
1,883
3.0
43,0931953
107,056
63,015
58.9
61,179
57.1
1,834
2.9
44,0411954
108,321
63,643
58.8
60,109
55.5
3,532
5.5
44,6781955
109,683
65,023
59.3
62,170
56.7
2,852
4.4
44,6601956
110,954
66,552
60.0
63,799
57.5
2,750
4.1
44,4021957
112,265
66,929
59.6
64,071
57.1
2,859
4.3
45,3361958
113,727
67,639
59.5
63,036
55.4
4,602
6.8
46,0881959
115,329
68,369
59.3
64,630
56.0
3,740
5.5
46,9601960
117,245
69,628
59.4
65,778
56.1
3,852
5.5
47,6171961
118,771
70,459
59.3
65,746
55.4
4,714
6.7
48,3121962
120,153
70,614
58.8
66,702
55.5
3,911
5.5
49,5391963
122,416
71,833
58.7
67,762
55.4
4,070
5.7
50,5831964
124,485
73,091
58.7
69,305
55.7
3,786
5.2
51,3941965
126,513
74,455
58.9
71,088
56.2
3,366
4.5
52,0581966
128,058
75,770
59.2
72,895
56.9
2,875
3.8
52,2881967
129,874
77,347
59.6
74,372
57.3
2,975
3.8
52,5271968
132,028
78,737
59.6
75,920
57.5
2,817
3.6
53,2911969
134,335
80,734
60.1
77,902
58.0
2,832
3.5
53,6021970
137,085
82,771
60.4
78,678
57.4
4,093
4.9
54,3151971
140,216
84,382
60.2
79,367
56.6
5,016
5.9
55,8341972
144,126
87,034
60.4
82,153
57.0
4,882
5.6
57,0911973
147,096
89,429
60.8
85,064
57.8
4,365
4.9
57,6671974
150,120
91,949
61.3
86,794
57.8
5,156
5.6
58,1711975
153,153
93,775
61.2
85,846
56.1
7,929
8.5
59,3781976
156,150
96,158
61.6
88,752
56.8
7,406
7.7
59,9911977
159,033
99,009
62.3
92,017
57.9
6,991
7.1
60,0251978
161,910
102,251
63.2
96,048
59.3
6,202
6.1
59,6591979
164,863
104,962
63.7
98,824
59.9
6,137
5.8
59,9001980
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
59.2
7,637
7.1
60,8061981
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
59.0
8,273
7.6
61,4601982
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,0671983
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,6651984
176,383
113,544
64.4
105,005
59.5
8,539
7.5
62,8391985
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,7441986
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,7521987
182,753
119,865
65.6
112,440
61.5
7,425
6.2
62,8881988
184,613
121,669
65.9
114,968
62.3
6,701
5.5
62,9441989
186,393
123,869
66.5
117,342
63.0
6,528
5.3
62,5231990
189,164
125,840
66.5
118,793
62.8
7,047
5.6
63,3241991
190,925
126,346
66.2
117,718
61.7
8,628
6.8
64,5781992
192,805
128,105
66.4
118,492
61.5
9,613
7.5
64,7001993
194,838
129,200
66.3
120,259
61.7
8,940
6.9
65,6381994
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
62.5
7,996
6.1
65,7581995
198,584
132,304
66.6
124,900
62.9
7,404
5.6
66,2801996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,6471997
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,8371998
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,5471999
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,3852000
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,9942001
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,3592002
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,7072003
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,6582004
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,9562005
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,7622006
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,3872007
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,7432008
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,5012009
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,6592010
237,830
153,889
64.7
139,064
58.5
14,825
9.6
83,9412011
239,618
153,617
64.1
139,869
58.4
13,747
8.9
86,0012012
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,3102013
245,679
155,389
63.2
143,929
58.6
11,460
7.4
90,2902014
247,947
155,922
62.9
146,305
59.0
9,617
6.2
92,0252015
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,6712016
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,3512017
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,759Women1948
53,071
17,335
32.7
16,617
31.3
717
4.1
35,7371949
53,670
17,788
33.1
16,723
31.2
1,065
6.0
35,8831950
54,270
18,389
33.9
17,340
32.0
1,049
5.7
35,8811951
54,895
19,016
34.6
18,181
33.1
834
4.4
35,8791952
55,529
19,269
34.7
18,568
33.4
698
3.6
36,2611953
56,305
19,382
34.4
18,749
33.3
632
3.3
36,9241954
56,925
19,678
34.6
18,490
32.5
1,188
6.0
37,2471955
57,574
20,548
35.7
19,551
34.0
998
4.9
37,0261956
58,228
21,461
36.9
20,419
35.1
1,039
4.8
36,7691957
58,951
21,732
36.9
20,714
35.1
1,018
4.7
37,2181958
59,690
22,118
37.1
20,613
34.5
1,504
6.8
37,5741959
60,534
22,483
37.1
21,164
35.0
1,320
5.9
38,0531960
61,582
23,240
37.7
21,874
35.5
1,366
5.9
38,3431961
62,484
23,806
38.1
22,090
35.4
1,717
7.2
38,6791962
63,321
24,014
37.9
22,525
35.6
1,488
6.2
39,3081963
64,494
24,704
38.3
23,105
35.8
1,598
6.5
39,7911964
65,637
25,412
38.7
23,831
36.3
1,581
6.2
40,2251965
66,731
26,200
39.3
24,748
37.1
1,452
5.5
40,5311966
67,795
27,299
40.3
25,976
38.3
1,324
4.8
40,4961967
68,968
28,360
41.1
26,893
39.0
1,468
5.2
40,6081968
70,179
29,204
41.6
27,807
39.6
1,397
4.8
40,9761969
71,436
30,513
42.7
29,084
40.7
1,429
4.7
40,9241970
72,782
31,543
43.3
29,688
40.8
1,855
5.9
41,2391971
74,274
32,202
43.4
29,976
40.4
2,227
6.9
42,0721972
76,290
33,479
43.9
31,257
41.0
2,222
6.6
42,8111973
77,804
34,804
44.7
32,715
42.0
2,089
6.0
43,0001974
79,312
36,211
45.7
33,769
42.6
2,441
6.7
43,1011975
80,860
37,475
46.3
33,989
42.0
3,486
9.3
43,3851976
82,390
38,983
47.3
35,615
43.2
3,369
8.6
43,4061977
83,840
40,613
48.4
37,289
44.5
3,324
8.2
43,2271978
85,334
42,631
50.0
39,569
46.4
3,061
7.2
42,7031979
86,843
44,235
50.9
41,217
47.5
3,018
6.8
42,6081980
88,348
45,487
51.5
42,117
47.7
3,370
7.4
42,8611981
89,618
46,696
52.1
43,000
48.0
3,696
7.9
42,9221982
90,748
47,755
52.6
43,256
47.7
4,499
9.4
42,9931983
91,684
48,503
52.9
44,047
48.0
4,457
9.2
43,1811984
92,778
49,709
53.6
45,915
49.5
3,794
7.6
43,0681985
93,736
51,050
54.5
47,259
50.4
3,791
7.4
42,6861986
94,789
52,413
55.3
48,706
51.4
3,707
7.1
42,3761987
95,853
53,658
56.0
50,334
52.5
3,324
6.2
42,1951988
96,756
54,742
56.6
51,696
53.4
3,046
5.6
42,0141989
97,630
56,030
57.4
53,027
54.3
3,003
5.4
41,6011990
98,787
56,829
57.5
53,689
54.3
3,140
5.5
41,9571991
99,646
57,178
57.4
53,496
53.7
3,683
6.4
42,4681992
100,535
58,141
57.8
54,052
53.8
4,090
7.0
42,3941993
101,506
58,795
57.9
54,910
54.1
3,885
6.6
42,7111994
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
55.3
3,629
6.0
42,2211995
103,406
60,944
58.9
57,523
55.6
3,421
5.6
42,4621996
104,385
61,857
59.3
58,501
56.0
3,356
5.4
42,5281997
105,418
63,036
59.8
59,873
56.8
3,162
5.0
42,3821998
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
57.1
2,944
4.6
42,7481999
108,031
64,855
60.0
62,042
57.4
2,814
4.3
43,1752000
110,613
66,303
59.9
63,586
57.5
2,717
4.1
44,3102001
111,811
66,848
59.8
63,737
57.0
3,111
4.7
44,9622002
112,985
67,363
59.6
63,582
56.3
3,781
5.6
45,6212003
114,733
68,272
59.5
64,404
56.1
3,868
5.7
46,4612004
115,647
68,421
59.2
64,728
56.0
3,694
5.4
47,2252005
116,931
69,288
59.3
65,757
56.2
3,531
5.1
47,6432006
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,0372007
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
3,196
4.5
48,7072008
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
3,891
5.4
48,9082009
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,6462010
122,656
71,904
58.6
65,705
53.6
6,199
8.6
50,7522011
123,300
71,642
58.1
65,579
53.2
6,063
8.5
51,6582012
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
53.1
5,734
7.9
53,2932013
127,124
72,722
57.2
67,577
53.2
5,146
7.1
54,4012014
128,199
73,039
57.0
68,613
53.5
4,426
6.1
55,1592015
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,1902016
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,6082017
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,629Men1948
49,996
43,286
86.6
41,725
83.5
1,559
3.6
6,7101949
50,321
43,498
86.4
40,925
81.3
2,572
5.9
6,8251950
50,725
43,819
86.4
41,578
82.0
2,239
5.1
6,9061951
49,727
43,001
86.5
41,780
84.0
1,221
2.8
6,7251952
49,700
42,869
86.3
41,682
83.9
1,185
2.8
6,8321953
50,750
43,633
86.0
42,430
83.6
1,202
2.8
7,1171954
51,395
43,965
85.5
41,619
81.0
2,344
5.3
7,4311955
52,109
44,475
85.4
42,621
81.8
1,854
4.2
7,6341956
52,723
45,091
85.5
43,379
82.3
1,711
3.8
7,6331957
53,315
45,197
84.8
43,357
81.3
1,841
4.1
8,1181958
54,033
45,521
84.2
42,423
78.5
3,098
6.8
8,5141959
54,793
45,886
83.7
43,466
79.3
2,420
5.2
8,9071960
55,662
46,388
83.3
43,904
78.9
2,486
5.4
9,2741961
56,286
46,653
82.9
43,656
77.6
2,997
6.4
9,6331962
56,831
46,600
82.0
44,177
77.7
2,423
5.2
10,2311963
57,921
47,129
81.4
44,657
77.1
2,472
5.2
10,7921964
58,847
47,679
81.0
45,474
77.3
2,205
4.6
11,1691965
59,782
48,255
80.7
46,340
77.5
1,914
4.0
11,5271966
60,262
48,471
80.4
46,919
77.9
1,551
3.2
11,7921967
60,905
48,987
80.4
47,479
78.0
1,508
3.1
11,9191968
61,847
49,533
80.1
48,114
77.8
1,419
2.9
12,3151969
62,898
50,221
79.8
48,818
77.6
1,403
2.8
12,6771970
64,304
51,228
79.7
48,990
76.2
2,238
4.4
13,0761971
65,942
52,180
79.1
49,390
74.9
2,789
5.3
13,7621972
67,835
53,555
78.9
50,896
75.0
2,659
5.0
14,2801973
69,292
54,624
78.8
52,349
75.5
2,275
4.2
14,6671974
70,808
55,739
78.7
53,024
74.9
2,714
4.9
15,0691975
72,291
56,299
77.9
51,857
71.7
4,442
7.9
15,9921976
73,759
57,174
77.5
53,138
72.0
4,036
7.1
16,5851977
75,193
58,396
77.7
54,728
72.8
3,667
6.3
16,7971978
76,576
59,620
77.9
56,479
73.8
3,142
5.3
16,9561979
78,020
60,726
77.8
57,607
73.8
3,120
5.1
17,2931980
79,398
61,453
77.4
57,186
72.0
4,267
6.9
17,9451981
80,511
61,974
77.0
57,397
71.3
4,577
7.4
18,5371982
81,523
62,450
76.6
56,271
69.0
6,179
9.9
19,0731983
82,531
63,047
76.4
56,787
68.8
6,260
9.9
19,4841984
83,605
63,835
76.4
59,091
70.7
4,744
7.4
19,7711985
84,469
64,411
76.3
59,891
70.9
4,521
7.0
20,0581986
85,798
65,422
76.3
60,892
71.0
4,530
6.9
20,3761987
86,899
66,207
76.2
62,107
71.5
4,101
6.2
20,6921988
87,857
66,927
76.2
63,273
72.0
3,655
5.5
20,9301989
88,762
67,840
76.4
64,315
72.5
3,525
5.2
20,9231990
90,377
69,011
76.4
65,104
72.0
3,906
5.7
21,3671991
91,278
69,168
75.8
64,223
70.4
4,946
7.2
22,1101992
92,270
69,964
75.8
64,440
69.8
5,523
7.9
22,3061993
93,332
70,404
75.4
65,349
70.0
5,055
7.2
22,9271994
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
70.4
4,367
6.2
23,5381995
95,178
71,360
75.0
67,377
70.8
3,983
5.6
23,8181996
96,206
72,087
74.9
68,207
70.9
3,880
5.4
24,1191997
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
71.3
3,577
4.9
24,4541998
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
71.6
3,266
4.4
24,7991999
99,722
74,512
74.7
71,446
71.6
3,066
4.1
25,2102000
101,964
76,280
74.8
73,305
71.9
2,975
3.9
25,6842001
103,282
76,886
74.4
73,196
70.9
3,690
4.8
26,3962002
104,585
77,500
74.1
72,903
69.7
4,597
5.9
27,0852003
106,435
78,238
73.5
73,332
68.9
4,906
6.3
28,1972004
107,710
78,980
73.3
74,524
69.2
4,456
5.6
28,7302005
109,151
80,033
73.3
75,973
69.6
4,059
5.1
29,1192006
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,3502007
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
69.8
3,882
4.7
30,0362008
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
68.5
5,033
6.1
30,5932009
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,0132010
115,174
81,985
71.2
73,359
63.7
8,626
10.5
33,1892011
116,317
81,975
70.5
74,290
63.9
7,684
9.4
34,3432012
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
64.4
6,771
8.2
35,0172013
118,555
82,667
69.7
76,353
64.4
6,314
7.6
35,8892014
119,748
82,882
69.2
77,692
64.9
5,190
6.3
36,8652015
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,4812016
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,7432017
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,130Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceWhiteTotal, 16 years and older
198,942
124,941
62.8
120,176
60.4
4,765
3.8
74,00116 to 19 years
12,339
4,542
36.8
3,989
32.3
554
12.2
7,79720 to 24 years
15,701
11,481
73.1
10,738
68.4
743
6.5
4,22025 to 54 years
95,391
78,569
82.4
76,006
79.7
2,564
3.3
16,82155 to 64 years
33,709
22,209
65.9
21,581
64.0
628
2.8
11,50065 years and older
41,803
8,139
19.5
7,863
18.8
277
3.4
33,663Women, 16 years and older
101,717
57,349
56.4
55,176
54.2
2,173
3.8
44,36816 to 19 years
6,055
2,247
37.1
1,997
33.0
249
11.1
3,80920 to 24 years
7,776
5,419
69.7
5,126
65.9
293
5.4
2,35625 to 54 years
47,709
35,777
75.0
34,576
72.5
1,201
3.4
11,93355 to 64 years
17,296
10,346
59.8
10,050
58.1
297
2.9
6,94965 years and older
22,881
3,560
15.6
3,428
15.0
132
3.7
19,321Men, 16 years and older
97,225
67,592
69.5
65,000
66.9
2,592
3.8
29,63316 to 19 years
6,284
2,296
36.5
1,991
31.7
304
13.3
3,98820 to 24 years
7,925
6,062
76.5
5,613
70.8
449
7.4
1,86325 to 54 years
47,681
42,793
89.7
41,430
86.9
1,363
3.2
4,88955 to 64 years
16,413
11,863
72.3
11,531
70.3
331
2.8
4,55065 years and older
18,922
4,579
24.2
4,434
23.4
144
3.2
14,343Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
32,247
20,088
62.3
18,587
57.6
1,501
7.5
12,15916 to 19 years
2,511
754
30.0
573
22.8
181
24.0
1,75820 to 24 years
3,239
2,241
69.2
1,984
61.3
258
11.5
99725 to 54 years
16,953
13,530
79.8
12,639
74.6
891
6.6
3,42355 to 64 years
4,934
2,741
55.6
2,606
52.8
135
4.9
2,19365 years and older
4,610
822
17.8
786
17.0
36
4.4
3,789Women, 16 years and older
17,535
10,580
60.3
9,845
56.1
735
6.9
6,95516 to 19 years
1,263
409
32.4
331
26.2
77
18.9
85420 to 24 years
1,667
1,151
69.0
1,038
62.2
113
9.8
51625 to 54 years
9,159
7,143
78.0
6,682
73.0
461
6.5
2,01655 to 64 years
2,700
1,437
53.2
1,375
50.9
62
4.3
1,26365 years and older
2,747
441
16.1
421
15.3
21
4.7
2,305Men, 16 years and older
14,712
9,508
64.6
8,742
59.4
766
8.1
5,20416 to 19 years
1,249
345
27.6
241
19.3
104
30.0
90320 to 24 years
1,571
1,091
69.4
946
60.2
144
13.2
48125 to 54 years
7,795
6,388
81.9
5,958
76.4
430
6.7
1,40755 to 64 years
2,234
1,304
58.4
1,231
55.1
73
5.6
93065 years and older
1,864
380
20.4
365
19.6
15
4.0
1,483AsianTotal, 16 years and older
15,368
9,781
63.6
9,448
61.5
333
3.4
5,58716 to 19 years
878
207
23.5
183
20.8
24
11.5
67220 to 24 years
1,359
727
53.5
675
49.6
52
7.2
63225 to 54 years
8,816
7,005
79.5
6,819
77.3
187
2.7
1,81155 to 64 years
2,050
1,401
68.3
1,350
65.9
51
3.6
64965 years and older
2,265
441
19.5
422
18.6
20
4.4
1,824Women, 16 years and older
8,187
4,615
56.4
4,458
54.5
156
3.4
3,57216 to 19 years
444
101
22.9
90
20.3
11
11.0
34220 to 24 years
681
363
53.3
341
50.2
21
5.8
31825 to 54 years
4,650
3,258
70.1
3,164
68.1
93
2.9
1,39255 to 64 years
1,119
690
61.7
667
59.6
24
3.4
42865 years and older
1,293
202
15.6
195
15.1
7
3.4
1,091Men, 16 years and older
7,181
5,166
71.9
4,989
69.5
177
3.4
2,01516 to 19 years
434
105
24.2
93
21.3
13
12.1
32920 to 24 years
678
364
53.7
333
49.1
31
8.6
31425 to 54 years
4,166
3,748
90.0
3,654
87.7
93
2.5
41955 to 64 years
931
710
76.3
683
73.4
27
3.8
22165 years and older
971
239
24.6
226
23.3
13
5.3
733Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
41,371
27,339
66.1
25,938
62.7
1,401
5.1
14,03216 to 19 years
3,844
1,225
31.9
1,041
27.1
184
15.0
2,61920 to 24 years
4,686
3,326
71.0
3,073
65.6
253
7.6
1,36125 to 54 years
24,051
19,072
79.3
18,259
75.9
813
4.3
4,97855 to 64 years
4,662
2,939
63.0
2,825
60.6
113
3.9
1,72365 years and older
4,129
778
18.8
740
17.9
38
4.9
3,351Women, 16 years and older
20,794
11,735
56.4
11,064
53.2
671
5.7
9,05816 to 19 years
1,893
608
32.1
522
27.6
86
14.1
1,28520 to 24 years
2,312
1,497
64.7
1,381
59.7
116
7.7
81525 to 54 years
11,847
8,018
67.7
7,620
64.3
398
5.0
3,82955 to 64 years
2,406
1,281
53.2
1,224
50.9
56
4.4
1,12565 years and older
2,335
332
14.2
317
13.6
15
4.6
2,003Men, 16 years and older
20,578
15,604
75.8
14,874
72.3
730
4.7
4,97416 to 19 years
1,951
617
31.6
519
26.6
98
15.9
1,33320 to 24 years
2,374
1,829
77.0
1,692
71.3
137
7.5
54525 to 54 years
12,204
11,054
90.6
10,639
87.2
415
3.8
1,15055 to 64 years
2,256
1,658
73.5
1,601
71.0
57
3.4
59865 years and older
1,794
446
24.9
423
23.6
23
5.1
1,348Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal16 years and older
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,759Married, spouse present(1)
127,362
83,594
65.6
81,487
64.0
2,107
2.5
43,768Other marital status(2)
127,717
76,726
60.1
71,850
56.3
4,875
6.4
50,991Never married
78,378
51,685
65.9
47,995
61.2
3,690
7.1
26,693Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
49,339
25,041
50.8
23,856
48.4
1,185
4.7
24,298Widowed
14,918
3,096
20.8
2,961
19.8
136
4.4
11,821Divorced
25,555
16,113
63.1
15,394
60.2
718
4.5
9,443Separated(3)
8,866
5,832
65.8
5,501
62.0
331
5.7
3,035Women16 years and older
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,629Married, spouse present(1)
63,178
36,776
58.2
35,782
56.6
994
2.7
26,402Other marital status(2)
68,626
38,398
56.0
36,154
52.7
2,245
5.8
30,228Never married
37,318
23,993
64.3
22,442
60.1
1,552
6.5
13,325Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
31,308
14,405
46.0
13,712
43.8
693
4.8
16,902Widowed
11,597
2,278
19.6
2,178
18.8
99
4.4
9,319Divorced
14,863
9,138
61.5
8,738
58.8
400
4.4
5,725Separated(3)
4,848
2,989
61.7
2,796
57.7
193
6.5
1,858Men16 years and older
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,130Married, spouse present(1)
64,184
46,818
72.9
45,705
71.2
1,113
2.4
17,366Other marital status(2)
59,091
38,327
64.9
35,696
60.4
2,631
6.9
20,764Never married
41,059
27,691
67.4
25,553
62.2
2,138
7.7
13,368Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
18,032
10,636
59.0
10,144
56.3
492
4.6
7,396Widowed
3,321
819
24.7
782
23.6
37
4.5
2,502Divorced
10,692
6,974
65.2
6,656
62.3
318
4.6
3,718Separated(3)
4,019
2,843
70.7
2,705
67.3
138
4.8
1,176Footnotes:(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages.
(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total**Women, 16 years and older
131,469
75,537
57.5
72,289
55.0
3,248
4.3
55,932With children under 18 years old
34,871
24,863
71.3
23,748
68.1
1,114
4.5
10,008With children 6 to 17, none younger
19,833
15,080
76.0
14,481
73.0
599
4.0
4,753With children under 6 years old
15,038
9,783
65.1
9,268
61.6
515
5.3
5,255With children under 3 years old
8,638
5,449
63.1
5,153
59.7
296
5.4
3,189With no children under 18 years old
96,598
50,675
52.5
48,541
50.3
2,134
4.2
45,924Men, 16 years and older
122,944
84,355
68.6
80,267
65.3
4,088
4.8
38,590With children under 18 years old
27,026
25,077
92.8
24,254
89.7
822
3.3
1,949With children 6 to 17, none younger
15,313
14,015
91.5
13,617
88.9
398
2.8
1,298With children under 6 years old
11,713
11,062
94.4
10,638
90.8
424
3.8
651With children under 3 years old
6,809
6,475
95.1
6,231
91.5
244
3.8
334With no children under 18 years old
95,919
59,278
61.8
56,012
58.4
3,266
5.5
36,641**White**Women, 16 years and older
101,554
57,764
56.9
55,605
54.8
2,159
3.7
43,789With children under 18 years old
26,123
18,545
71.0
17,850
68.3
695
3.7
7,578With children 6 to 17, none younger
14,898
11,315
75.9
10,938
73.4
377
3.3
3,583With children under 6 years old
11,225
7,230
64.4
6,912
61.6
318
4.4
3,995With children under 3 years old
6,507
4,084
62.8
3,888
59.7
196
4.8
2,423With no children under 18 years old
75,431
39,220
52.0
37,755
50.1
1,465
3.7
36,211Men, 16 years and older
97,043
67,119
69.2
64,251
66.2
2,868
4.3
29,924With children under 18 years old
21,511
20,163
93.7
19,544
90.9
618
3.1
1,349With children 6 to 17, none younger
12,172
11,284
92.7
10,977
90.2
306
2.7
888With children under 6 years old
9,339
8,879
95.1
8,567
91.7
312
3.5
461With children under 3 years old
5,493
5,240
95.4
5,057
92.1
183
3.5
253With no children under 18 years old
75,532
46,957
62.2
44,707
59.2
2,250
4.8
28,575**Black or African American**Women, 16 years and older
17,475
10,600
60.7
9,834
56.3
766
7.2
6,875With children under 18 years old
4,931
3,816
77.4
3,500
71.0
316
8.3
1,114With children 6 to 17, none younger
2,813
2,259
80.3
2,092
74.4
167
7.4
554With children under 6 years old
2,117
1,557
73.5
1,408
66.5
149
9.6
561With children under 3 years old
1,189
834
70.1
752
63.3
82
9.8
355With no children under 18 years old
12,544
6,784
54.1
6,334
50.5
449
6.6
5,761Men, 16 years and older
14,652
9,314
63.6
8,514
58.1
799
8.6
5,338With children under 18 years old
2,494
2,148
86.1
2,035
81.6
113
5.3
346With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,402
1,159
82.6
1,110
79.2
49
4.2
243With children under 6 years old
1,092
989
90.6
925
84.7
65
6.6
103With children under 3 years old
639
600
93.8
569
89.0
31
5.1
40With no children under 18 years old
12,157
7,165
58.9
6,480
53.3
686
9.6
4,992**Asian**Women, 16 years and older
8,146
4,605
56.5
4,440
54.5
165
3.6
3,542With children under 18 years old
2,547
1,658
65.1
1,616
63.4
42
2.5
889With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,514
1,080
71.4
1,051
69.4
30
2.7
433With children under 6 years old
1,033
577
55.9
565
54.7
12
2.2
456With children under 3 years old
545
296
54.3
296
54.3
0
0.1
249With no children under 18 years old
5,600
2,947
52.6
2,824
50.4
123
4.2
2,653Men, 16 years and older
7,253
5,208
71.8
5,015
69.1
193
3.7
2,045With children under 18 years old
2,159
2,013
93.2
1,974
91.4
39
1.9
146With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,280
1,185
92.6
1,156
90.3
29
2.4
95With children under 6 years old
879
828
94.2
818
93.0
10
1.2
51With children under 3 years old
453
426
94.2
420
92.8
6
1.4
26With no children under 18 years old
5,094
3,194
62.7
3,040
59.7
154
4.8
1,899**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**Women, 16 years and older
20,645
11,783
57.1
11,160
54.1
623
5.3
8,862With children under 18 years old
7,643
4,742
62.0
4,478
58.6
263
5.6
2,902With children 6 to 17, none younger
4,191
2,857
68.2
2,705
64.5
152
5.3
1,335With children under 6 years old
3,452
1,885
54.6
1,773
51.4
112
5.9
1,567With children under 3 years old
1,871
946
50.6
886
47.3
61
6.4
925With no children under 18 years old
13,002
7,042
54.2
6,682
51.4
360
5.1
5,960Men, 16 years and older
20,435
15,279
74.8
14,457
70.7
823
5.4
5,156With children under 18 years old
5,671
5,290
93.3
5,068
89.4
222
4.2
381With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,100
2,871
92.6
2,759
89.0
112
3.9
229With children under 6 years old
2,571
2,419
94.1
2,309
89.8
110
4.6
152With children under 3 years old
1,403
1,334
95.1
1,276
90.9
58
4.4
69With no children under 18 years old
14,764
9,989
67.7
9,389
63.6
601
6.0
4,775Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor force**Total, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
131,469
75,537
57.5
72,289
55.0
3,248
4.3
55,932With children under 18 years old
34,871
24,863
71.3
23,748
68.1
1,114
4.5
10,008With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
19,833
15,080
76.0
14,481
73.0
599
4.0
4,753With children under 6 years old
15,038
9,783
65.1
9,268
61.6
515
5.3
5,255With children under 3 years old
8,638
5,449
63.1
5,153
59.7
296
5.4
3,189With no children under 18 years old
96,598
50,675
52.5
48,541
50.3
2,134
4.2
45,924**Total, married, spouse present(1)**Total women, 16 years and older
63,295
37,414
59.1
36,383
57.5
1,031
2.8
25,880With children under 18 years old
24,443
16,931
69.3
16,406
67.1
525
3.1
7,512With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
13,733
10,199
74.3
9,883
72.0
316
3.1
3,534With children under 6 years old
10,710
6,732
62.9
6,523
60.9
209
3.1
3,977With children under 3 years old
6,275
3,882
61.9
3,762
60.0
120
3.1
2,393With no children under 18 years old
38,852
20,483
52.7
19,978
51.4
505
2.5
18,369**Total, other marital statuses(2)**Total women, 16 years and older
68,174
38,123
55.9
35,906
52.7
2,217
5.8
30,051With children under 18 years old
10,428
7,932
76.1
7,343
70.4
589
7.4
2,496With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
6,100
4,881
80.0
4,598
75.4
283
5.8
1,219With children under 6 years old
4,328
3,051
70.5
2,744
63.4
306
10.0
1,277With children under 3 years old
2,362
1,567
66.3
1,391
58.9
176
11.2
796With no children under 18 years old
57,746
30,191
52.3
28,563
49.5
1,628
5.4
27,555**White, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
101,554
57,764
56.9
55,605
54.8
2,159
3.7
43,789With children under 18 years old
26,123
18,545
71.0
17,850
68.3
695
3.7
7,578With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
14,898
11,315
75.9
10,938
73.4
377
3.3
3,583With children under 6 years old
11,225
7,230
64.4
6,912
61.6
318
4.4
3,995With children under 3 years old
6,507
4,084
62.8
3,888
59.7
196
4.8
2,423With no children under 18 years old
75,431
39,220
52.0
37,755
50.1
1,465
3.7
36,211**White, married, spouse present(1)**Total women, 16 years and older
52,260
30,611
58.6
29,837
57.1
774
2.5
21,649With children under 18 years old
19,499
13,546
69.5
13,149
67.4
396
2.9
5,953With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
10,944
8,160
74.6
7,924
72.4
235
2.9
2,784With children under 6 years old
8,555
5,386
63.0
5,225
61.1
161
3.0
3,169With children under 3 years old
5,080
3,165
62.3
3,064
60.3
101
3.2
1,915With no children under 18 years old
32,761
17,065
52.1
16,688
50.9
377
2.2
15,696**White, other marital statuses(2)**Total women, 16 years and older
49,294
27,154
55.1
25,768
52.3
1,386
5.1
22,140With children under 18 years old
6,624
4,999
75.5
4,701
71.0
298
6.0
1,625With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
3,955
3,155
79.8
3,014
76.2
142
4.5
799With children under 6 years old
2,669
1,843
69.1
1,687
63.2
157
8.5
826With children under 3 years old
1,427
919
64.4
823
57.7
95
10.4
508With no children under 18 years old
42,670
22,155
51.9
21,068
49.4
1,087
4.9
20,515**Black or African American, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
17,475
10,600
60.7
9,834
56.3
766
7.2
6,875With children under 18 years old
4,931
3,816
77.4
3,500
71.0
316
8.3
1,114With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,813
2,259
80.3
2,092
74.4
167
7.4
554With children under 6 years old
2,117
1,557
73.5
1,408
66.5
149
9.6
561With children under 3 years old
1,189
834
70.1
752
63.3
82
9.8
355With no children under 18 years old
12,544
6,784
54.1
6,334
50.5
449
6.6
5,761**Black or African American, married, spouse present(1)**Total women, 16 years and older
4,710
3,037
64.5
2,898
61.5
139
4.6
1,672With children under 18 years old
1,891
1,440
76.2
1,372
72.6
68
4.7
451With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,080
858
79.4
816
75.6
41
4.8
223With children under 6 years old
811
583
71.9
556
68.6
27
4.6
228With children under 3 years old
480
331
69.0
318
66.3
13
4.0
149With no children under 18 years old
2,819
1,597
56.7
1,526
54.1
71
4.5
1,222**Black or African American, other marital statuses(2)**Total women, 16 years and older
12,765
7,562
59.2
6,936
54.3
626
8.3
5,202With children under 18 years old
3,040
2,376
78.2
2,127
70.0
248
10.5
664With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,733
1,402
80.9
1,276
73.6
126
9.0
331With children under 6 years old
1,307
974
74.5
852
65.2
123
12.6
333With children under 3 years old
709
502
70.9
434
61.2
68
13.6
206With no children under 18 years old
9,725
5,186
53.3
4,808
49.4
378
7.3
4,539**Asian, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
8,146
4,605
56.5
4,440
54.5
165
3.6
3,542With children under 18 years old
2,547
1,658
65.1
1,616
63.4
42
2.5
889With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,514
1,080
71.4
1,051
69.4
30
2.7
433With children under 6 years old
1,033
577
55.9
565
54.7
12
2.2
456With children under 3 years old
545
296
54.3
296
54.3
0
0.1
249With no children under 18 years old
5,600
2,947
52.6
2,824
50.4
123
4.2
2,653**Asian, married, spouse present(1)**Total women, 16 years and older
4,755
2,810
59.1
2,731
57.4
78
2.8
1,946With children under 18 years old
2,297
1,462
63.6
1,425
62.0
37
2.5
835With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,342
943
70.3
918
68.4
25
2.6
399With children under 6 years old
956
519
54.3
507
53.1
12
2.3
436With children under 3 years old
496
261
52.6
261
52.6
-
-
235With no children under 18 years old
2,458
1,347
54.8
1,306
53.1
41
3.1
1,110**Asian, other marital statuses(2)**Total women, 16 years and older
3,391
1,795
52.9
1,708
50.4
87
4.8
1,596With children under 18 years old
249
196
78.4
190
76.4
5
2.6
54With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
172
138
79.9
133
77.0
5
3.6
35With children under 6 years old
77
58
75.2
58
74.9
0
–
19With children under 3 years old
50
36
71.8
35
71.3
0
–
14With no children under 18 years old
3,142
1,600
50.9
1,518
48.3
81
5.1
1,542**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses**Total women, 16 years and older
20,645
11,783
57.1
11,160
54.1
623
5.3
8,862With children under 18 years old
7,643
4,742
62.0
4,478
58.6
263
5.6
2,902With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
4,191
2,857
68.2
2,705
64.5
152
5.3
1,335With children under 6 years old
3,452
1,885
54.6
1,773
51.4
112
5.9
1,567With children under 3 years old
1,871
946
50.6
886
47.3
61
6.4
925With no children under 18 years old
13,002
7,042
54.2
6,682
51.4
360
5.1
5,960**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present****(1**)Total women, 16 years and older
9,397
5,144
54.7
4,933
52.5
211
4.1
4,253With children under 18 years old
5,142
2,892
56.3
2,760
53.7
133
4.6
2,249With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,807
1,755
62.5
1,677
59.7
78
4.5
1,052With children under 6 years old
2,335
1,137
48.7
1,083
46.4
54
4.8
1,197With children under 3 years old
1,279
586
45.8
556
43.4
30
5.2
694With no children under 18 years old
4,255
2,252
52.9
2,174
51.1
78
3.5
2,003**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses(2)**Total women, 16 years and older
11,248
6,639
59.0
6,227
55.4
412
6.2
4,609With children under 18 years old
2,502
1,849
73.9
1,719
68.7
130
7.1
652With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,385
1,102
79.6
1,028
74.3
73
6.6
283With children under 6 years old
1,117
748
66.9
690
61.8
57
7.7
370With children under 3 years old
591
360
60.9
330
55.8
30
8.4
231With no children under 18 years old
8,747
4,790
54.8
4,508
51.5
281
5.9
3,957Footnotes:(1) Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian labor force
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceWith children under age 181975
14,616
47.4
13,069
1,548
11.01976
15,073
48.8
13,725
1,346
8.91977
15,669
50.8
14,276
1,393
8.91978
16,385
53.0
15,142
1,242
7.61979
16,883
54.5
15,624
1,259
7.71980
17,790
56.6
16,526
1,264
7.11981
18,422
58.1
16,952
1,471
8.01982
18,744
58.5
16,854
1,890
10.11983
18,924
58.9
16,792
2,131
11.31984
19,555
60.5
17,782
1,773
9.11985
20,041
62.1
18,306
1,735
8.71986
20,620
62.8
18,922
1,698
8.21987
21,422
64.7
19,798
1,624
7.61988
21,545
65.1
20,141
1,404
6.51989
21,936
65.7
20,647
1,289
5.91990
22,196
66.7
20,865
1,331
6.01991
22,327
66.6
20,774
1,552
7.01992
22,756
67.2
21,052
1,704
7.51993
23,063
66.9
21,521
1,541
6.71994
24,191
68.4
22,467
1,724
7.11995
24,695
69.7
23,195
1,500
6.11996
24,720
70.2
23,386
1,334
5.41997
25,604
72.1
24,082
1,522
5.91998
25,647
72.3
24,209
1,438
5.61999
25,472
72.1
24,307
1,165
4.62000
25,795
72.9
24,693
1,102
4.32001
26,269
72.7
25,030
1,239
4.72002
26,140
72.2
24,612
1,529
5.82003
26,202
71.7
24,598
1,603
6.12004
25,913
70.7
24,413
1,501
5.82005
25,941
70.5
24,564
1,377
5.32006
26,009
70.6
24,728
1,281
4.92007
26,834
71.3
25,646
1,188
4.42008
25,930
71.2
24,637
1,294
5.02009
26,122
71.6
24,079
2,043
7.82010
25,783
71.3
23,510
2,273
8.82011
25,376
70.9
23,109
2,266
8.92012
25,384
70.9
23,366
2,018
7.92013
25,112
70.3
23,121
1,991
7.92014
25,209
70.8
23,542
1,667
6.62015
25,107
69.9
23,841
1,265
5.02016
25,070
70.8
23,877
1,193
4.82017
24,863
71.3
23,748
1,114
4.5With children ages 6 to 17, none younger1975
8,917
54.9
8,218
700
7.91976
9,388
56.2
8,769
621
6.61977
10,040
58.3
9,389
650
6.51978
10,401
60.0
9,845
556
5.31979
10,646
61.6
10,030
615
5.81980
11,252
64.3
10,640
612
5.41981
11,490
65.5
10,725
765
6.71982
11,377
65.8
10,440
936
8.21983
11,340
66.3
10,303
1,037
9.11984
11,538
68.1
10,739
799
6.91985
11,826
69.9
10,984
842
7.11986
12,075
70.4
11,320
756
6.31987
12,438
72.0
11,661
778
6.31988
12,683
73.3
12,042
641
5.11989
12,800
74.2
12,168
632
4.91990
12,799
74.7
12,133
666
5.21991
12,691
74.4
12,017
674
5.31992
13,183
75.9
12,391
793
6.01993
13,441
75.4
12,757
684
5.11994
13,863
76.0
13,074
789
5.71995
14,300
76.4
13,608
691
4.81996
14,427
77.2
13,794
633
4.41997
14,993
78.1
14,282
711
4.71998
15,028
78.4
14,370
658
4.41999
15,150
78.5
14,633
516
3.42000
15,479
79.0
14,931
549
3.52001
15,839
79.4
15,220
619
3.92002
15,948
78.6
15,171
777
4.92003
15,993
78.7
15,166
828
5.22004
15,782
77.5
15,006
776
4.92005
15,594
76.9
14,930
663
4.32006
15,579
76.9
14,949
630
4.02007
15,940
77.7
15,341
599
3.82008
15,479
77.5
14,842
636
4.12009
15,625
78.2
14,562
1,063
6.82010
15,247
77.2
14,058
1,189
7.82011
14,973
76.5
13,842
1,131
7.62012
14,922
76.0
13,908
1,014
6.82013
14,941
74.8
13,909
1,032
6.92014
15,227
75.8
14,389
838
5.52015
15,059
74.6
14,437
622
4.12016
15,135
75.0
14,519
616
4.12017
15,080
76.0
14,481
599
4.0With children under age 61975
5,699
39.0
4,851
848
14.91976
5,684
40.1
4,957
727
12.81977
5,629
41.2
4,887
742
13.21978
5,983
44.0
5,297
687
11.51979
6,238
45.7
5,594
644
10.31980
6,538
46.8
5,886
652
10.01981
6,933
48.9
6,227
706
10.21982
7,367
49.9
6,414
953
12.91983
7,583
50.5
6,489
1,094
14.41984
8,017
52.1
7,043
974
12.11985
8,215
53.5
7,322
893
10.91986
8,545
54.4
7,602
943
11.01987
8,983
56.7
8,137
846
9.41988
8,862
56.1
8,099
763
8.61989
9,136
56.7
8,478
657
7.21990
9,397
58.2
8,732
664
7.11991
9,636
58.4
8,758
878
9.11992
9,573
58.0
8,662
911
9.51993
9,621
57.9
8,764
857
8.91994
10,328
60.3
9,394
935
9.01995
10,395
62.3
9,587
809
7.81996
10,293
62.3
9,592
701
6.81997
10,610
65.0
9,800
810
7.61998
10,619
65.2
9,839
780
7.31999
10,322
64.4
9,674
648
6.32000
10,316
65.3
9,763
553
5.42001
10,430
64.4
9,810
620
5.92002
10,193
64.1
9,441
752
7.42003
10,209
62.9
9,433
776
7.62004
10,131
62.2
9,407
724
7.12005
10,347
62.6
9,634
714
6.92006
10,430
63.0
9,779
651
6.22007
10,894
63.5
10,305
589
5.42008
10,452
63.6
9,794
657
6.32009
10,497
63.6
9,517
980
9.32010
10,536
64.2
9,452
1,085
10.32011
10,403
64.2
9,268
1,135
10.92012
10,462
64.7
9,458
1,004
9.62013
10,171
64.7
9,212
958
9.42014
9,982
64.3
9,153
829
8.32015
10,048
63.9
9,405
643
6.42016
9,934
65.3
9,358
576
5.82017
9,783
65.1
9,268
515
5.3With children under age 31975
2,824
34.3
2,326
500
17.71976
2,702
34.1
2,285
418
15.51977
2,795
35.4
2,371
424
15.21978
3,179
39.4
2,768
411
12.91979
3,380
41.1
2,979
401
11.91980
3,565
41.9
3,167
398
11.21981
3,826
44.3
3,380
446
11.71982
4,133
45.6
3,542
591
14.31983
4,233
46.0
3,551
682
16.11984
4,401
47.6
3,839
562
12.81985
4,601
49.5
4,089
513
11.11986
4,786
50.8
4,227
559
11.71987
5,064
52.9
4,570
494
9.81988
4,947
52.4
4,477
470
9.51989
5,053
52.4
4,671
381
7.51990
5,216
53.6
4,823
393
7.51991
5,417
54.5
4,868
550
10.11992
5,329
54.5
4,776
553
10.41993
5,349
53.9
4,857
492
9.21994
5,724
57.1
5,165
559
9.81995
5,650
58.7
5,172
478
8.51996
5,619
59.0
5,222
397
7.11997
5,839
61.8
5,366
473
8.11998
5,882
62.2
5,454
428
7.31999
5,645
60.7
5,285
359
6.42000
5,670
61.0
5,350
320
5.62001
5,743
60.7
5,350
393
6.82002
5,600
60.5
5,160
440
7.92003
5,568
58.7
5,112
456
8.22004
5,401
57.3
4,983
417
7.72005
5,704
58.9
5,299
405
7.12006
5,842
59.9
5,458
384
6.62007
6,006
60.1
5,679
327
5.52008
5,754
59.6
5,380
374
6.52009
5,960
61.1
5,401
559
9.42010
5,878
61.1
5,240
638
10.92011
5,639
60.9
5,006
633
11.22012
5,529
60.7
4,960
569
10.32013
5,448
62.1
4,937
511
9.42014
5,358
61.8
4,870
487
9.12015
5,494
61.4
5,119
375
6.82016
5,486
63.1
5,165
322
5.92017
5,449
63.1
5,153
296
5.4With no children under age 181975
22,365
45.1
20,381
1,984
8.91976
23,327
45.7
21,389
1,938
8.31977
24,385
46.4
22,348
2,037
8.41978
25,362
47.0
23,631
1,731
6.81979
26,962
48.6
25,285
1,677
6.21980
27,144
48.1
25,375
1,769
6.51981
27,992
48.7
25,934
2,059
7.41982
28,351
48.6
26,041
2,311
8.21983
28,856
48.7
26,373
2,483
8.61984
29,684
49.3
27,652
2,032
6.81985
30,850
50.4
28,814
2,036
6.61986
31,112
50.5
29,107
2,005
6.41987
31,538
50.5
29,688
1,850
5.91988
32,490
51.2
30,911
1,580
4.91989
33,255
51.9
31,761
1,495
4.51990
33,942
52.3
32,391
1,551
4.61991
34,047
52.0
32,167
1,880
5.51992
34,487
52.3
32,481
2,006
5.81993
34,495
52.1
32,476
2,020
5.91994
35,455
53.1
33,345
2,110
6.01995
35,843
52.9
34,054
1,789
5.01996
36,509
53.0
34,698
1,811
5.01997
37,295
53.6
35,572
1,723
4.61998
38,253
54.1
36,680
1,573
4.11999
39,314
54.3
37,587
1,727
4.42000
40,142
54.8
38,408
1,733
4.32001
40,996
54.4
39,363
1,633
4.02002
41,278
54.0
39,038
2,241
5.42003
42,039
54.1
39,667
2,372
5.62004
42,289
53.8
40,000
2,289
5.42005
42,677
53.5
40,570
2,107
4.92006
43,392
53.6
41,440
1,952
4.52007
44,039
53.9
42,279
1,760
4.02008
45,585
54.3
43,417
2,168
4.82009
45,649
53.8
42,343
3,306
7.22010
46,098
53.5
42,256
3,842
8.32011
46,198
53.0
42,569
3,629
7.92012
47,222
52.6
43,494
3,728
7.92013
47,607
52.3
44,294
3,313
7.02014
48,076
52.1
44,980
3,096
6.42015
48,273
51.7
45,794
2,479
5.12016
49,663
52.1
47,180
2,484
5.02017
50,675
52.5
48,541
2,134
4.2Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotalTotal, 25 to 64 years
167,388
129,582
77.4
124,898
74.6
4,685
3.6
37,806Less than a high school diploma
15,833
9,632
60.8
8,994
56.8
638
6.6
6,201High school graduates, no college
46,214
33,464
72.4
31,888
69.0
1,576
4.7
12,749Some college or associate's degree
45,258
35,266
77.9
33,952
75.0
1,314
3.7
9,992Bachelor's degree and higher
60,084
51,220
85.2
50,064
83.3
1,156
2.3
8,864Bachelor's degree
38,555
32,371
84.0
31,579
81.9
791
2.4
6,184Advanced degree
21,529
18,849
87.6
18,484
85.9
365
1.9
2,680Master's degree
16,041
13,894
86.6
13,598
84.8
296
2.1
2,148Professional degree
2,393
2,120
88.6
2,089
87.3
32
1.5
273Doctoral degree
3,095
2,835
91.6
2,798
90.4
38
1.3
259WomenTotal, 25 to 64 years
85,483
60,614
70.9
58,370
68.3
2,244
3.7
24,869Less than a high school diploma
7,519
3,506
46.6
3,244
43.1
262
7.5
4,013High school graduates, no college
21,571
13,732
63.7
13,043
60.5
690
5.0
7,839Some college or associate's degree
24,168
17,518
72.5
16,838
69.7
680
3.9
6,650Bachelor's degree and higher
32,224
25,857
80.2
25,244
78.3
612
2.4
6,368Bachelor's degree
20,555
16,075
78.2
15,655
76.2
419
2.6
4,480Advanced degree
11,669
9,782
83.8
9,589
82.2
193
2.0
1,887Master's degree
9,094
7,538
82.9
7,383
81.2
155
2.1
1,556Professional degree
1,156
977
84.5
961
83.1
16
1.6
179Doctoral degree
1,419
1,267
89.3
1,245
87.7
22
1.7
152MenTotal, 25 to 64 years
81,905
68,968
84.2
66,528
81.2
2,441
3.5
12,936Less than a high school diploma
8,313
6,126
73.7
5,750
69.2
376
6.1
2,188High school graduates, no college
24,643
19,732
80.1
18,845
76.5
887
4.5
4,911Some college or associate's degree
21,090
17,748
84.2
17,113
81.1
634
3.6
3,342Bachelor's degree and higher
27,859
25,363
91.0
24,819
89.1
544
2.1
2,496Bachelor's degree
18,000
16,296
90.5
15,924
88.5
372
2.3
1,704Advanced degree
9,859
9,067
92.0
8,895
90.2
172
1.9
792Master's degree
6,947
6,356
91.5
6,215
89.5
140
2.2
591Professional degree
1,237
1,143
92.4
1,127
91.2
16
1.4
93Doctoral degree
1,675
1,568
93.6
1,552
92.7
16
1.0
107Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
High school
CollegeLess than 4 years
4 years, no college
1 to 3 years
4 years or moreTotal1970
61,765
100.0
36.1
38.1
11.8
14.11971
62,344
100.0
34.5
38.4
12.3
14.81972
63,704
100.0
33.3
38.8
12.4
15.51973
64,775
100.0
30.9
39.7
13.0
16.41974
66,527
100.0
29.3
39.5
13.7
17.51975
67,774
100.0
27.5
39.7
14.4
18.31976
69,243
100.0
25.8
39.6
15.2
19.41977
71,324
100.0
24.9
39.2
15.7
20.21978
73,504
100.0
23.7
39.2
16.5
20.61979
75,781
100.0
21.8
39.5
17.3
21.31980
78,010
100.0
20.6
39.8
17.6
22.01981
80,273
100.0
19.7
40.6
17.7
22.01982
81,516
100.0
18.8
40.8
17.3
23.11983
83,615
100.0
17.8
39.9
18.1
24.21984
86,001
100.0
16.7
40.2
18.4
24.71985
88,424
100.0
15.9
40.2
19.0
24.91986
90,500
100.0
15.5
40.2
19.5
24.81987
92,966
100.0
14.9
40.2
19.7
25.31988
94,870
100.0
14.7
39.9
19.7
25.71989
97,318
100.0
14.0
39.6
20.0
26.41990
99,175
100.0
13.4
39.5
20.7
26.41991
100,480
100.0
13.0
39.4
21.1
26.5Women1970
22,462
100.0
33.5
44.3
10.9
11.21971
22,804
100.0
32.2
44.2
11.9
11.81972
23,606
100.0
30.7
45.1
11.8
12.41973
24,158
100.0
28.4
45.9
12.4
13.31974
25,203
100.0
26.7
45.3
13.4
14.61975
26,146
100.0
26.5
45.5
13.9
14.11976
27,166
100.0
24.0
45.1
14.7
16.21977
28,369
100.0
22.8
45.1
15.2
16.91978
29,738
100.0
22.0
44.9
16.1
17.01979
31,151
100.0
20.1
45.0
17.1
17.81980
32,593
100.0
18.4
45.4
17.4
18.71981
33,910
100.0
17.4
46.1
17.9
18.61982
34,870
100.0
16.6
45.6
18.3
19.51983
35,712
100.0
15.6
44.8
18.8
20.91984
37,234
100.0
14.5
44.9
18.9
21.71985
38,779
100.0
13.7
44.4
19.9
22.01986
39,767
100.0
13.2
44.3
20.3
22.21987
41,105
100.0
12.5
44.0
20.7
22.81988
42,254
100.0
12.4
43.3
21.2
23.11989
43,650
100.0
11.9
42.9
20.9
24.31990
44,699
100.0
11.3
42.4
21.9
24.51991
45,315
100.0
10.9
41.6
22.2
25.2Men1970
39,303
100.0
37.5
34.5
12.2
15.71971
39,539
100.0
35.9
35.1
12.5
16.51972
40,098
100.0
34.8
35.1
12.8
17.31973
40,617
100.0
32.4
36.0
13.4
18.21974
41,344
100.0
30.8
36.0
13.9
19.31975
41,628
100.0
28.9
36.1
14.8
20.21976
42,077
100.0
27.0
36.0
15.5
21.51977
42,954
100.0
26.3
35.3
16.1
22.31978
43,766
100.0
24.8
35.3
16.9
23.01979
44,630
100.0
23.0
35.7
17.5
23.81980
45,417
100.0
22.2
35.7
17.7
24.31981
46,363
100.0
21.5
36.5
17.4
24.61982
47,144
100.0
20.3
36.8
17.5
25.51983
47,903
100.0
19.4
36.3
17.7
26.61984
48,767
100.0
18.4
36.7
18.0
26.91985
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
27.11986
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
26.91987
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
27.21988
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
27.81989
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
28.21990
54,476
100.0
15.1
37.2
19.7
28.01991
55,165
100.0
14.7
37.5
20.2
27.6Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2017
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college(1)
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)Total1992
103,018
100.0
12.1
35.7
25.6
26.61993
104,237
100.0
11.3
35.1
26.6
27.01994
105,610
100.0
10.8
33.9
27.7
27.61995
107,032
100.0
10.4
33.2
28.1
28.31996
108,932
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.8
28.71997
110,945
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.5
29.01998
111,932
100.0
10.5
32.4
27.4
29.81999
113,095
100.0
10.0
31.8
27.6
30.52000
115,750
100.0
10.1
31.4
27.8
30.72001
116,893
100.0
10.1
30.9
28.0
31.02002
118,028
100.0
10.0
30.7
27.7
31.62003
119,621
100.0
9.9
30.3
27.6
32.12004
120,135
100.0
9.7
30.1
27.7
32.42005
121,752
100.0
9.8
29.9
27.8
32.52006
123,550
100.0
9.7
29.6
27.7
33.02007
125,104
100.0
9.3
29.2
27.7
33.82008
126,011
100.0
9.0
28.8
28.0
34.22009
126,247
100.0
9.0
28.6
28.0
34.42010
126,237
100.0
8.9
28.6
27.9
34.62011
125,508
100.0
8.7
28.0
28.0
35.32012
125,963
100.0
8.4
27.4
28.2
36.02013
125,892
100.0
8.2
27.1
28.0
36.72014
126,269
100.0
8.0
26.7
27.9
37.32015
127,106
100.0
8.1
25.9
27.7
38.22016
128,713
100.0
7.8
25.9
27.6
38.72017
129,582
100.0
7.4
25.8
27.2
39.5Women1992
46,589
100.0
10.3
37.4
27.3
25.01993
47,245
100.0
9.3
36.6
28.4
25.71994
48,405
100.0
9.0
35.0
29.8
26.21995
49,247
100.0
8.8
34.1
30.2
26.91996
50,240
100.0
8.8
33.6
29.9
27.81997
51,261
100.0
8.7
33.5
29.4
28.41998
51,678
100.0
8.8
32.7
29.4
29.21999
52,525
100.0
8.5
32.1
29.5
29.92000
53,749
100.0
8.5
31.6
29.8
30.12001
54,229
100.0
8.4
31.0
30.2
30.42002
54,710
100.0
8.1
30.6
29.9
31.32003
55,596
100.0
7.9
30.0
29.9
32.22004
55,616
100.0
7.7
29.4
30.2
32.62005
56,322
100.0
7.7
28.7
30.2
33.32006
57,201
100.0
7.6
28.3
30.2
33.92007
57,791
100.0
7.1
27.9
30.1
34.92008
58,465
100.0
6.9
27.2
30.4
35.62009
58,787
100.0
7.0
26.7
30.3
36.02010
58,808
100.0
6.8
26.4
30.3
36.42011
58,520
100.0
6.7
25.8
30.4
37.12012
59,031
100.0
6.5
25.0
30.4
38.12013
58,812
100.0
6.3
24.6
30.1
39.02014
58,983
100.0
6.1
24.1
29.8
40.02015
59,252
100.0
6.1
23.2
29.6
41.12016
60,049
100.0
6.0
22.9
29.6
41.62017
60,614
100.0
5.8
22.7
28.9
42.7Men1992
56,428
100.0
13.7
34.2
24.3
27.81993
56,992
100.0
12.9
33.9
25.1
28.11994
57,205
100.0
12.4
33.0
25.9
28.81995
57,784
100.0
11.8
32.4
26.3
29.41996
58,692
100.0
12.2
32.3
26.1
29.41997
59,684
100.0
12.2
32.4
25.9
29.61998
60,255
100.0
12.0
32.1
25.6
30.31999
60,570
100.0
11.4
31.6
26.0
31.02000
62,001
100.0
11.5
31.2
26.1
31.22001
62,664
100.0
11.5
30.9
26.2
31.42002
63,318
100.0
11.6
30.8
25.8
31.82003
64,025
100.0
11.7
30.6
25.6
32.12004
64,519
100.0
11.5
30.7
25.6
32.32005
65,430
100.0
11.5
30.9
25.7
31.92006
66,350
100.0
11.5
30.6
25.5
32.32007
67,313
100.0
11.2
30.4
25.6
32.92008
67,546
100.0
10.9
30.2
25.9
33.02009
67,460
100.0
10.8
30.3
25.9
33.02010
67,429
100.0
10.6
30.6
25.8
33.02011
66,989
100.0
10.4
30.0
26.0
33.72012
66,932
100.0
10.0
29.6
26.2
34.12013
67,081
100.0
9.8
29.2
26.2
34.72014
67,287
100.0
9.8
29.1
26.2
35.02015
67,853
100.0
9.9
28.4
26.0
35.72016
68,664
100.0
9.3
28.6
25.9
36.22017
68,968
100.0
8.9
28.6
25.7
36.8Footnotes:(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Data from 1970–1991 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender
Year2016
2017Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
151,436
100.0
153,337
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
59,438
39.2
60,901
39.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
24,941
16.5
25,379
16.6Professional and related occupations
34,498
22.8
35,522
23.2Service occupations
26,811
17.7
26,751
17.4Sales and office occupations
33,539
22.1
33,566
21.9Sales and related occupations
15,848
10.5
15,815
10.3Office and administrative support occupations
17,691
11.7
17,751
11.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,904
9.2
14,193
9.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,096
0.7
1,184
0.8Construction and extraction occupations
7,929
5.2
8,031
5.2Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,879
3.2
4,977
3.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,743
11.7
17,927
11.7Production occupations
8,459
5.6
8,482
5.5Transportation and material moving occupations
9,284
6.1
9,445
6.2WomenTotal, 16 years and older
70,868
100.0
71,936
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
30,593
43.2
31,413
43.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
10,922
15.4
11,171
15.5Professional and related occupations
19,671
27.8
20,241
28.1Service occupations
15,186
21.4
15,130
21.0Sales and office occupations
20,516
28.9
20,593
28.6Sales and related occupations
7,761
11.0
7,770
10.8Office and administrative support occupations
12,755
18.0
12,823
17.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
657
0.9
720
1.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
244
0.3
278
0.4Construction and extraction occupations
236
0.3
243
0.3Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
177
0.2
200
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
3,916
5.5
4,080
5.7Production occupations
2,385
3.4
2,450
3.4Transportation and material moving occupations
1,531
2.2
1,630
2.3MenTotal, 16 years and older
80,568
100.0
81,402
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
28,846
35.8
29,488
36.2Management, business, and financial operations occupations
14,019
17.4
14,207
17.5Professional and related occupations
14,827
18.4
15,281
18.8Service occupations
11,625
14.4
11,621
14.3Sales and office occupations
13,023
16.2
12,973
15.9Sales and related occupations
8,088
10.0
8,045
9.9Office and administrative support occupations
4,936
6.1
4,929
6.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,247
16.4
13,473
16.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
852
1.1
907
1.1Construction and extraction occupations
7,693
9.5
7,788
9.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,703
5.8
4,778
5.9Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
13,826
17.2
13,846
17.0Production occupations
6,073
7.5
6,031
7.4Transportation and material moving occupations
7,753
9.6
7,815
9.6Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
153,337
46.9Management, professional, and related occupations
60,901
51.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,379
44.0Management occupations
17,804
39.8Chief executives
1,639
28.0General and operations managers
1,005
34.1Legislators
18
-Advertising and promotions managers
61
52.7Marketing and sales managers
1,078
45.3Public relations and fundraising managers
73
63.5Administrative services managers
151
40.1Computer and information systems managers
630
28.6Financial managers
1,167
55.7Compensation and benefits managers
16
-Human resources managers
327
70.8Training and development managers
63
59.8Industrial production managers
280
25.7Purchasing managers
205
52.3Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
291
19.2Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
1,018
25.2Construction managers
1,081
7.4Education administrators
918
64.2Architectural and engineering managers
129
8.7Food service managers
1,210
46.3Funeral service managers
15
-Gaming managers
19
-Lodging managers
156
48.8Medical and health services managers
671
69.8Natural sciences managers
16
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
27
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
743
48.6Social and community service managers
390
70.2Emergency management directors
11
-Managers, all other
4,398
35.8Business and financial operations occupations
7,574
54.0Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
50
44.4Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
11
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
194
55.8Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
270
44.1Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
350
61.7Compliance officers
260
57.6Cost estimators
118
12.9Human resources workers
736
72.1Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
59
72.3Training and development specialists
133
47.1Logisticians
112
34.8Management analysts
937
42.3Meeting, convention, and event planners
137
85.1Fundraisers
84
77.3Market research analysts and marketing specialists
344
60.8Business operations specialists, all other
273
52.5Accountants and auditors
1,804
60.3Appraisers and assessors of real estate
97
37.4Budget analysts
53
46.8Credit analysts
29
-Financial analysts
309
36.5Personal financial advisors
525
32.0Insurance underwriters
104
63.8Financial examiners
15
-Credit counselors and loan officers
353
56.5Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
65
58.4Tax preparers
107
63.1Financial specialists, all other
45
-Professional and related occupations
35,522
57.0Computer and mathematical occupations
4,804
25.5Computer and information research scientists
24
-Computer systems analysts
554
38.9Information security analysts
105
20.2Computer programmers
473
21.2Software developers, applications and systems software
1,536
18.7Web developers
204
32.3Computer support specialists
532
27.1Database administrators
96
40.6Network and computer systems administrators
210
23.5Computer network architects
106
4.2Computer occupations, all other
693
22.6Actuaries
29
-Mathematicians
3
-Operations research analysts
147
51.5Statisticians
87
48.8Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
3
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,224
16.2Architects, except naval
253
28.6Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
43
-Aerospace engineers
148
8.9Agricultural engineers
2
-Biomedical engineers
17
-Chemical engineers
77
16.9Civil engineers
461
14.4Computer hardware engineers
80
17.2Electrical and electronics engineers
284
12.3Environmental engineers
38
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
221
22.6Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-Materials engineers
32
-Mechanical engineers
344
9.2Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
11
-Nuclear engineers
8
-Petroleum engineers
24
-Engineers, all other
582
14.1Drafters
137
20.8Engineering technicians, except drafters
375
20.0Surveying and mapping technicians
73
4.6Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,431
47.4Agricultural and food scientists
32
-Biological scientists
98
54.4Conservation scientists and foresters
29
-Medical scientists
161
52.1Life scientists, all other
3
-Astronomers and physicists
18
-Atmospheric and space scientists
7
-Chemists and materials scientists
105
38.3Environmental scientists and geoscientists
84
35.8Physical scientists, all other
301
47.3Economists
28
-Survey researchers
3
-Psychologists
187
68.9Sociologists
2
-Urban and regional planners
32
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
41
-Agricultural and food science technicians
32
-Biological technicians
23
-Chemical technicians
57
27.4Geological and petroleum technicians
13
-Nuclear technicians
7
-Social science research assistants
4
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
164
47.7Community and social service occupations
2,635
66.1Counselors
853
72.3Social workers
802
82.5Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
99
63.5Social and human service assistants
232
75.3Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
76
74.8Clergy
406
17.0Directors, religious activities and education
81
54.1Religious workers, all other
85
65.3Legal occupations
1,827
52.8Lawyers
1,137
37.4Judicial law clerks
14
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
66
28.1Paralegals and legal assistants
424
86.3Miscellaneous legal support workers
186
80.2Education, training, and library occupations
9,215
73.0Postsecondary teachers
1,423
47.0Preschool and kindergarten teachers
712
97.7Elementary and middle school teachers
3,268
79.3Secondary school teachers
1,039
58.5Special education teachers
422
85.6Other teachers and instructors
907
65.4Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
59
61.4Librarians
194
79.5Library technicians
40
-Teacher assistants
989
88.5Other education, training, and library workers
161
67.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,246
46.9Artists and related workers
236
51.9Designers
908
52.8Actors
40
-Producers and directors
180
29.8Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
345
36.4Dancers and choreographers
21
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
188
37.7Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
67
48.1Announcers
50
23.1News analysts, reporters and correspondents
84
55.3Public relations specialists
118
60.9Editors
174
54.1Technical writers
76
60.2Writers and authors
226
60.9Miscellaneous media and communication workers
112
64.2Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
119
14.4Photographers
214
46.0Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
82
12.2Media and communication equipment workers, all other
5
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,141
75.0Chiropractors
51
21.1Dentists
159
35.8Dietitians and nutritionists
114
94.1Optometrists
51
50.2Pharmacists
342
57.5Physicians and surgeons
1,079
40.0Physician assistants
116
70.9Podiatrists
12
-Audiologists
15
-Occupational therapists
122
87.6Physical therapists
258
68.2Radiation therapists
10
-Recreational therapists
7
-Respiratory therapists
100
72.4Speech-language pathologists
141
98.0Exercise physiologists
5
-Therapists, all other
221
83.3Veterinarians
89
62.5Registered nurses
3,159
89.9Nurse anesthetists
35
-Nurse midwives
7
-Nurse practitioners
175
92.2Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
39
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
376
69.3Dental hygienists
168
94.9Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
319
70.8Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
223
30.6Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
632
79.4Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
630
89.5Medical records and health information technicians
167
91.7Opticians, dispensing
48
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
160
66.0Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
110
46.5Service occupations
26,751
56.6Healthcare support occupations
3,506
87.1Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,936
88.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
27
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
83
67.2Massage therapists
172
82.7Dental assistants
299
95.9Medical assistants
539
91.6Medical transcriptionists
36
-Pharmacy aides
39
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
61
84.2Phlebotomists
112
83.8Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
200
70.5Protective service occupations
3,113
22.3First-line supervisors of correctional officers
52
29.9First-line supervisors of police and detectives
95
12.5First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
44
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
72
22.0Firefighters
283
3.5Fire inspectors
27
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
408
28.5Detectives and criminal investigators
136
23.2Fish and game wardens
4
-Parking enforcement workers
6
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
704
13.6Transit and railroad police
7
-Animal control workers
15
-Private detectives and investigators
94
48.8Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
920
24.3Crossing guards
63
52.2Transportation security screeners
46
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
136
49.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,305
53.8Chefs and head cooks
465
19.7First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
519
54.8Cooks
2,079
39.3Food preparation workers
1,068
58.9Bartenders
417
57.3Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
372
60.0Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
225
62.1Waiters and waitresses
2,016
69.9Food servers, nonrestaurant
207
69.9Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
334
45.9Dishwashers
274
19.5Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
324
85.9Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
4
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,888
40.7First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
326
41.1First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
255
8.0Janitors and building cleaners
2,307
35.2Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,527
88.0Pest control workers
108
6.5Grounds maintenance workers
1,365
5.9Personal care and service occupations
5,939
76.1First-line supervisors of gaming workers
208
44.3First-line supervisors of personal service workers
232
66.2Animal trainers
49
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
263
78.4Gaming services workers
90
46.7Motion picture projectionists
1
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
37
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
224
42.9Embalmers and funeral attendants
17
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
42
-Barbers
135
15.6Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
806
92.6Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
397
81.8Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
89
31.1Tour and travel guides
68
46.4Childcare workers
1,225
93.7Personal care aides
1,365
83.7Recreation and fitness workers
480
62.3Residential advisors
44
-Personal care and service workers, all other
167
60.1Sales and office occupations
33,566
61.3Sales and related occupations
15,815
49.1First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,272
43.4First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,220
30.0Cashiers
3,253
72.7Counter and rental clerks
109
48.9Parts salespersons
130
7.2Retail salespersons
3,235
48.2Advertising sales agents
241
50.4Insurance sales agents
624
51.8Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
262
34.0Travel agents
89
82.7Sales representatives, services, all other
525
27.1Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,264
28.0Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
61
78.4Real estate brokers and sales agents
997
57.1Sales engineers
35
-Telemarketers
58
69.4Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
166
58.4Sales and related workers, all other
276
50.3Office and administrative support occupations
17,751
72.2First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,425
70.1Switchboard operators, including answering service
23
-Telephone operators
47
-Communications equipment operators, all other
9
-Bill and account collectors
139
71.3Billing and posting clerks
473
85.9Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,089
88.7Gaming cage workers
14
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
129
89.5Procurement clerks
30
-Tellers
306
85.2Financial clerks, all other
82
60.8Brokerage clerks
7
-Correspondence clerks
7
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
90
75.2Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
55
63.8Customer service representatives
2,494
65.1Eligibility interviewers, government programs
62
76.7File clerks
182
81.4Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
125
60.9Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
142
85.0Library assistants, clerical
96
80.1Loan interviewers and clerks
120
80.4New accounts clerks
32
-Order clerks
107
54.9Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
45
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,267
91.0Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
127
58.0Information and record clerks, all other
110
78.1Cargo and freight agents
16
-Couriers and messengers
239
19.4Dispatchers
292
57.4Meter readers, utilities
18
-Postal service clerks
111
55.3Postal service mail carriers
306
40.8Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
50
56.7Production, planning, and expediting clerks
270
53.9Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
623
31.3Stock clerks and order fillers
1,525
37.9Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
52
46.8Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,769
95.0Computer operators
73
60.2Data entry keyers
267
79.6Word processors and typists
94
89.8Desktop publishers
2
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
237
84.3Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
61
36.8Office clerks, general
1,271
83.1Office machine operators, except computer
33
-Proofreaders and copy markers
10
-Statistical assistants
21
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
576
75.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,193
5.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,184
23.4First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
62
8.7Agricultural inspectors
18
-Animal breeders
2
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
110
67.1Miscellaneous agricultural workers
854
21.5Fishers and related fishing workers
44
-Hunters and trappers
1
-Forest and conservation workers
27
-Logging workers
66
2.0Construction and extraction occupations
8,031
3.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
639
3.0Boilermakers
15
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
166
.7Carpenters
1,351
2.2Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
183
2.4Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
54
1.0Construction laborers
1,946
3.3Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
15
-Pile-driver operators
2
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
358
1.5Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
156
2.7Electricians
857
2.5Glaziers
44
-Insulation workers
58
3.1Painters, construction and maintenance
540
6.6Paperhangers
4
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
600
2.2Plasterers and stucco masons
27
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
12
-Roofers
220
.6Sheet metal workers
137
2.6Structural iron and steel workers
43
-Solar photovoltaic installers
11
-Helpers, construction trades
69
9.4Construction and building inspectors
89
10.2Elevator installers and repairers
40
-Fence erectors
34
-Hazardous materials removal workers
30
-Highway maintenance workers
101
2.7Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
17
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
10
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
24
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
30
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
23
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
10
-Mining machine operators
51
1.1Roof bolters, mining
2
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
4
-Helpers--extraction workers
4
-Other extraction workers
54
2.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,977
4.0First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
253
8.4Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
212
11.3Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
134
8.1Avionics technicians
9
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
28
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
12
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
11
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
50
2.8Security and fire alarm systems installers
77
2.6Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
150
5.2Automotive body and related repairers
140
1.1Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
902
2.4Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
401
1.8Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
201
2.6Small engine mechanics
44
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
83
1.8Control and valve installers and repairers
26
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
448
2.0Home appliance repairers
41
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
424
3.9Maintenance and repair workers, general
528
4.5Maintenance workers, machinery
27
-Millwrights
40
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
129
.6Telecommunications line installers and repairers
189
2.7Precision instrument and equipment repairers
63
14.6Wind turbine service technicians
5
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
34
-Commercial divers
0
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
35
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
4
-Riggers
14
-Signal and track switch repairers
9
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
18
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
215
5.9Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,927
22.8Production occupations
8,482
28.9First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
768
19.1Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
1
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
128
42.1Engine and other machine assemblers
13
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
30
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,033
37.7Bakers
215
60.1Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
269
24.3Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
12
-Food batchmakers
89
58.1Food cooking machine operators and tenders
15
-Food processing workers, all other
175
32.5Computer control programmers and operators
99
9.8Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
19
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
80
11.0Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
38
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-Machinists
366
5.0Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
19
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
45
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-Tool and die makers
62
3.2Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
600
4.5Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
12
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
6
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
388
20.5Prepress technicians and workers
24
-Printing press operators
173
17.7Print binding and finishing workers
11
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
151
68.0Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
30
-Sewing machine operators
197
73.2Shoe and leather workers and repairers
5
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
5
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
77
75.9Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
1
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
8
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
19
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-Upholsterers
31
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
18
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
49
-Furniture finishers
15
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
1
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
27
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
19
-Woodworkers, all other
28
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
38
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
76
3.3Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
107
3.8Miscellaneous plant and system operators
42
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
55
5.7Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
72
14.0Cutting workers
62
25.3Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
21
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
10
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
793
37.9Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
43
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
70
63.1Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
292
52.8Painting workers
157
12.6Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
31
-Semiconductor processors
3
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
6
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
11
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
3
-Etchers and engravers
11
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
35
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
29
-Tire builders
10
-Helpers--production workers
50
37.1Production workers, all other
995
29.5Transportation and material moving occupations
9,445
17.3Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
205
19.5Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
120
6.2Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
17
-Flight attendants
98
72.9Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
11
-Bus drivers
578
47.8Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,506
6.2Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
674
18.9Motor vehicle operators, all other
76
17.5Locomotive engineers and operators
42
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
4
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
50
5.2Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-Ship and boat captains and operators
35
-Ship engineers
2
-Bridge and lock tenders
5
-Parking lot attendants
95
16.7Automotive and watercraft service attendants
94
8.8Transportation inspectors
41
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
35
-Other transportation workers
24
-Conveyor operators and tenders
1
-Crane and tower operators
53
4.1Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
30
-Hoist and winch operators
7
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
611
8.2Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
331
14.0Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,930
19.9Machine feeders and offbearers
31
-Packers and packagers, hand
539
52.7Pumping station operators
21
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
94
11.7Mine shuttle car operators
0
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-Material moving workers, all other
40
-Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
55,176
9,845
4,458
11,064Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
45.1
35.6
49.7
27.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.3
11.4
16.3
10.5Professional and related occupations
28.8
24.1
33.5
17.1Service occupations
19.7
27.0
21.1
31.9Sales and office occupations
29.0
29.0
21.5
29.1Sales and related occupations
10.9
10.5
9.6
11.9Office and administrative support occupations
18.2
18.5
11.9
17.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.1
0.6
0.7
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.5
0.1
0.2
1.4Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.1
7.9
6.9
9.2Production occupations
3.1
4.2
5.2
5.9Transportation and material moving occupations
2.0
3.7
1.7
3.3Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender
Year2016
2017Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
151,436
100.0
153,337
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,460
1.6
2,454
1.6Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
792
0.5
748
0.5Construction
10,328
6.8
10,692
7.0Manufacturing
15,408
10.2
15,408
10.0Durable goods manufacturing
9,704
6.4
9,698
6.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,704
3.8
5,710
3.7Wholesale and retail trade
20,218
13.4
20,314
13.2Wholesale trade
3,641
2.4
3,594
2.3Retail trade
16,577
10.9
16,720
10.9Transportation and utilities
8,012
5.3
8,159
5.3Transportation and warehousing
6,693
4.4
6,810
4.4Utilities
1,319
0.9
1,349
0.9Information
2,855
1.9
2,903
1.9Financial activities
10,404
6.9
10,482
6.8Finance and insurance
7,241
4.8
7,288
4.8Real estate and rental and leasing
3,163
2.1
3,194
2.1Professional and business services
18,325
12.1
18,835
12.3Professional and technical services
11,228
7.4
11,764
7.7Management, administrative, and waste services
7,097
4.7
7,072
4.6Education and health services
34,263
22.6
34,483
22.5Educational services
13,674
9.0
13,763
9.0Health care and social assistance
20,589
13.6
20,720
13.5Hospitals
6,990
4.6
7,042
4.6Health services, except hospitals
10,220
6.7
10,359
6.8Social assistance
3,379
2.2
3,319
2.2Leisure and hospitality
14,193
9.4
14,291
9.3Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,241
2.1
3,399
2.2Accommodation and food services
10,952
7.2
10,891
7.1Other services
7,320
4.8
7,485
4.9Other services, except private households
6,596
4.4
6,828
4.5Private households
724
0.5
657
0.4Public administration
6,857
4.5
7,083
4.6WomenTotal, 16 years and older
70,868
100.0
71,936
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
621
0.9
611
0.8Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
106
0.1
94
0.1Construction
939
1.3
971
1.3Manufacturing
4,460
6.3
4,551
6.3Durable goods manufacturing
2,418
3.4
2,463
3.4Nondurable goods manufacturing
2,042
2.9
2,088
2.9Wholesale and retail trade
9,005
12.7
9,137
12.7Wholesale trade
1,074
1.5
1,073
1.5Retail trade
7,932
11.2
8,064
11.2Transportation and utilities
1,883
2.7
1,955
2.7Transportation and warehousing
1,593
2.2
1,681
2.3Utilities
290
0.4
274
0.4Information
1,160
1.6
1,132
1.6Financial activities
5,437
7.7
5,542
7.7Finance and insurance
3,993
5.6
4,049
5.6Real estate and rental and leasing
1,444
2.0
1,494
2.1Professional and business services
7,581
10.7
7,954
11.1Professional and technical services
4,743
6.7
5,007
7.0Management, administrative, and waste services
2,839
4.0
2,946
4.1Education and health services
25,572
36.1
25,679
35.7Educational services
9,360
13.2
9,408
13.1Health care and social assistance
16,212
22.9
16,271
22.6Hospitals
5,359
7.6
5,355
7.4Health services, except hospitals
8,011
11.3
8,135
11.3Social assistance
2,842
4.0
2,780
3.9Leisure and hospitality
7,189
10.1
7,294
10.1Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,465
2.1
1,566
2.2Accommodation and food services
5,724
8.1
5,728
8.0Other services
3,820
5.4
3,868
5.4Other services, except private households
3,157
4.5
3,265
4.5Private households
664
0.9
602
0.8Public administration
3,095
4.4
3,148
4.4MenTotal, 16 years and older
80,568
100.0
81,402
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
1,839
2.3
1,843
2.3Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
686
0.9
654
0.8Construction
9,389
11.7
9,722
11.9Manufacturing
10,948
13.6
10,857
13.3Durable goods manufacturing
7,286
9.0
7,235
8.9Nondurable goods manufacturing
3,662
4.5
3,622
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
11,213
13.9
11,176
13.7Wholesale trade
2,567
3.2
2,521
3.1Retail trade
8,645
10.7
8,656
10.6Transportation and utilities
6,129
7.6
6,204
7.6Transportation and warehousing
5,100
6.3
5,129
6.3Utilities
1,029
1.3
1,075
1.3Information
1,695
2.1
1,771
2.2Financial activities
4,967
6.2
4,940
6.1Finance and insurance
3,248
4.0
3,239
4.0Real estate and rental and leasing
1,719
2.1
1,700
2.1Professional and business services
10,743
13.3
10,882
13.4Professional and technical services
6,485
8.0
6,756
8.3Management, administrative, and waste services
4,258
5.3
4,125
5.1Education and health services
8,691
10.8
8,804
10.8Educational services
4,315
5.4
4,355
5.3Health care and social assistance
4,377
5.4
4,449
5.5Hospitals
1,630
2.0
1,687
2.1Health services, except hospitals
2,209
2.7
2,223
2.7Social assistance
537
0.7
539
0.7Leisure and hospitality
7,005
8.7
6,996
8.6Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,776
2.2
1,833
2.3Accommodation and food services
5,229
6.5
5,163
6.3Other services
3,500
4.3
3,617
4.4Other services, except private households
3,440
4.3
3,562
4.4Private households
60
0.1
55
0.1Public administration
3,762
4.7
3,935
4.8Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
153,337
46.9Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,454
24.9Crop production
1,202
25.3Animal production and aquaculture
848
25.4Forestry, except logging
61
22.7Logging
103
2.9Fishing, hunting, and trapping
59
14.4Support activities for agriculture and forestry
181
36.7Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
748
12.5Oil and gas extraction
87
12.8Coal mining
49
-Metal ore mining
35
-Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
95
10.7Not specified type of mining
4
-Support activities for mining
478
14.4Construction
10,692
9.1Manufacturing
15,408
29.5Durable goods manufacturing
9,698
25.4Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing
447
22.5Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing
23
-Clay building material and refractories manufacturing
29
-Glass and glass product manufacturing
149
26.5Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing
153
12.5Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
94
29.0Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing
1,593
17.6Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing
255
12.8Aluminum production and processing
61
26.5Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing
42
-Foundries
85
16.2Metal forgings and stampings
56
20.2Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing
53
34.7Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
315
15.0Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
297
14.3Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities
71
21.9Ordnance
59
20.6Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing
276
21.8Not specified metal industries
21
-Machinery manufacturing
1,216
21.8Agricultural implement manufacturing
104
20.0Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
138
13.8Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
69
38.0Metalworking machinery manufacturing
158
13.2Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
52
24.7Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.
682
23.9Not specified machinery manufacturing
12
-Computers and electronic products manufacturing
1,118
30.4Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
157
28.3Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing
111
30.9Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing
210
30.9Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.
639
30.6Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing
431
30.4Household appliance manufacturing
90
39.0Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.
341
28.1Transportation equipment manufacturing
2,442
24.0Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing
1,385
26.7Aircraft and parts manufacturing
753
21.6Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
52
19.5Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
32
-Ship and boat building
172
16.8Other transportation equipment manufacturing
50
-Wood products manufacturing
425
16.2Sawmills and wood preservation
137
12.9Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products
27
-Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes
47
-Miscellaneous wood products
214
18.8Furniture and related product manufacturing
467
24.1Miscellaneous manufacturing
1,559
37.2Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
596
40.5Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing
115
39.0Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.
532
34.6Not specified manufacturing industries
316
34.6Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,710
36.6Food manufacturing
1,819
41.9Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling
157
28.3Sugar and confectionery products
79
49.5Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing
152
39.0Dairy product manufacturing
160
20.9Animal slaughtering and processing
468
41.2Retail bakeries
291
69.6Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries
210
40.9Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.
206
35.0Not specified food industries
95
34.8Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing
316
22.8Beverage manufacturing
298
22.0Tobacco manufacturing
19
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
640
56.1Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
17
-Fabric mills, except knitting mills
115
36.9Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills
11
-Carpet and rug mills
98
36.8Textile product mills, except carpet and rug
78
62.6Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills
23
-Cut and sew apparel manufacturing
239
69.0Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing
7
-Footwear manufacturing
36
-Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing
17
-Paper manufacturing and printing
901
29.8Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
228
21.4Paperboard container manufacturing
95
30.0Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
88
31.7Printing and related support activities
490
33.4Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
183
16.9Petroleum refining
172
17.6Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products
11
-Chemicals manufacturing
1,323
34.6Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing
171
23.4Agricultural chemical manufacturing
36
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
518
42.2Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
58
20.3Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing
133
51.4Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
407
26.5Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
529
25.8Plastics product manufacturing
393
26.0Tire manufacturing
68
16.1Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing
68
34.7Wholesale and retail trade
20,314
45.0Wholesale trade
3,594
29.9Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers
180
23.7Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers
52
39.6Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers
152
18.8Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers
323
36.2Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers
42
-Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers
174
26.5Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
130
18.6Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
339
24.7Recyclable material merchant wholesalers
112
17.5Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers
89
36.0Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers
51
45.1Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
239
46.8Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers
91
55.9Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers
878
26.7Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
68
19.5Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
116
22.1Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers
146
19.3Farm supplies merchant wholesalers
54
31.8Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
193
41.2Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
87
43.9Not specified wholesale trade
80
35.8Retail trade
16,720
48.2Automobile dealers
1,447
21.8Other motor vehicle dealers
135
21.2Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
497
17.3Furniture and home furnishings stores
551
44.4Household appliance stores
69
32.7Electronics stores
540
27.9Building material and supplies dealers
1,089
32.3Hardware stores
190
34.6Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
241
30.0Grocery stores
2,771
48.5Specialty food stores
250
50.9Beer, wine, and liquor stores
140
40.8Pharmacies and drug stores
959
64.6Health and personal care, except drug, stores
429
68.6Gasoline stations
488
51.4Clothing stores
988
73.2Shoe stores
156
54.7Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
201
66.7Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores
450
41.5Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores
41
-Musical instrument and supplies stores
43
-Book stores and news dealers
103
61.8Department stores and discount stores
2,069
59.3Miscellaneous general merchandise stores
578
57.8Retail florists
92
73.8Office supplies and stationery stores
131
34.0Used merchandise stores
250
64.5Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
129
69.5Miscellaneous retail stores
512
55.8Electronic shopping
351
47.7Electronic auctions
15
-Mail-order houses
73
47.2Vending machine operators
42
-Fuel dealers
76
25.6Other direct selling establishments
189
65.2Not specified retail trade
435
52.9Transportation and utilities
8,159
24.0Transportation and warehousing
6,810
24.7Air transportation
595
40.0Rail transportation
242
11.6Water transportation
80
22.2Truck transportation
1,965
12.5Bus service and urban transit
535
37.1Taxi and limousine service
564
17.9Pipeline transportation
52
11.0Scenic and sightseeing transportation
35
-Services incidental to transportation
786
26.5Postal Service
612
43.0Couriers and messengers
748
22.7Warehousing and storage
597
31.6Utilities
1,349
20.3Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
706
20.5Natural gas distribution
116
19.2Electric and gas, and other combinations
139
26.0Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems
266
18.2Sewage treatment facilities
98
9.8Not specified utilities
23
-Information
2,903
39.0Newspaper publishers
182
47.9Periodical, book, and directory publishers
211
61.3Software publishers
105
26.9Motion pictures and video industries
473
32.9Sound recording industries
38
-Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming
549
36.6Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
118
38.7Wired telecommunications carriers
505
27.4Other telecommunications services
380
31.3Data processing, hosting, and related services
91
42.0Libraries and archives
221
76.5Other information services
30
-Financial activities
10,482
52.9Finance and insurance
7,288
55.6Banking and related activities
2,002
58.5Savings institutions, including credit unions
269
70.7Nondepository credit and related activities
957
51.0Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments
1,227
37.7Insurance carriers and related activities
2,833
61.3Real estate and rental and leasing
3,194
46.8Real estate
2,795
49.1Rental and leasing services
400
30.6Automotive equipment rental and leasing
178
35.1Video tape and disk rental
11
-Other consumer goods rental
100
30.5Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing
111
20.2Professional and business services
18,835
42.2Professional and technical services
11,764
42.6Legal services
1,621
56.6Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
1,153
60.1Architectural, engineering, and related services
1,779
24.4Specialized design services
366
58.7Computer systems design and related services
3,057
27.4Management, scientific, and technical consulting services
1,706
42.5Scientific research and development services
644
49.6Advertising, public relations, and related services
559
49.2Veterinary services
380
82.2Other professional, scientific, and technical services
497
55.5Management, administrative, and waste services
7,072
41.7Management of companies and enterprises
185
45.8Employment services
995
56.8Business support services
695
63.4Travel arrangements and reservation services
323
63.5Investigation and security services
821
27.7Services to buildings and dwellings
1,783
57.3Landscaping services
1,404
9.9Other administrative and other support services
331
50.3Waste management and remediation services
535
17.8Education and health services
34,483
74.5Educational services
13,763
68.4Elementary and secondary schools
9,049
74.9Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges
3,843
53.7Business, technical, and trade schools and training
98
54.8Other schools and instruction, and educational support services
774
66.7Health care and social assistance
20,720
78.5Hospitals
7,042
76.0Health services, except hospitals
10,359
78.5Offices of physicians
1,602
76.0Offices of dentists
879
83.6Offices of chiropractors
134
64.1Offices of optometrists
150
76.7Offices of other health practitioners
300
78.4Outpatient care centers
1,722
75.1Home health care services
1,465
88.3Other health care services
1,576
70.3Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)
1,658
84.1Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities
871
75.5Social assistance
3,319
83.8Individual and family services
1,549
76.7Community food and housing, and emergency services
113
67.3Vocational rehabilitation services
106
55.8Child day care services
1,551
94.0Leisure and hospitality
14,291
51.0Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,399
46.1Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries
917
41.6Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions
362
50.1Bowling centers
38
-Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
2,082
47.2Accommodation and food services
10,891
52.6Accommodation
1,482
57.7Traveler accommodation
1,380
58.0Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses
102
53.9Food services and drinking places
9,409
51.8Restaurants and other food services
9,150
51.8Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
259
50.6Other services
7,485
51.7Other services, except private households
6,828
47.8Repair and maintenance
2,139
11.9Automotive repair and maintenance
1,244
9.6Car washes
198
11.5Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
148
19.4Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
322
7.5Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
223
26.6Footwear and leather goods repair
4
-Personal and laundry services
2,644
71.3Barber shops
148
19.3Beauty salons
1,026
90.5Nail salons and other personal care services
581
73.9Drycleaning and laundry services
271
53.6Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories
148
39.8Other personal services
471
63.0Membership associations and organizations
2,045
55.0Religious organizations
1,048
46.6Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services
763
66.0Labor unions
75
41.0Business, professional, political, and similar organizations
159
63.5Private households
657
91.6Public administration
7,083
44.4Executive offices and legislative bodies
1,202
51.0Public finance activities
320
61.4Other general government and support
107
38.4Justice, public order, and safety activities
2,761
34.0Administration of human resource programs
985
71.9Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
263
40.8Administration of economic programs and space research
540
43.7National security and international affairs
904
34.0n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Note: Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Industry
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
55,176
9,845
4,458
11,064Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture and related
1.0
0.1
0.3
1.4Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1Construction
1.6
0.5
0.6
1.5Manufacturing
6.3
5.3
9.3
7.6Durable goods manufacturing
3.4
2.9
5.4
3.4Nondurable goods manufacturing
2.9
2.4
3.9
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
12.9
11.7
11.7
14.2Wholesale trade
1.6
0.8
1.9
1.8Retail trade
11.3
10.9
9.8
12.4Transportation and utilities
2.5
4.5
1.9
3.0Transportation and warehousing
2.1
4.2
1.7
2.7Utilities
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3Information
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.1Financial activities
7.9
6.7
8.0
6.4Finance and insurance
5.7
5.2
6.4
4.6Real estate and rental and leasing
2.2
1.6
1.6
1.8Professional and business services
11.4
8.8
12.7
11.4Professional and technical services
7.4
3.5
10.5
4.1Management, administrative, and waste services
4.0
5.3
2.2
7.3Education and health services
35.5
39.9
31.5
29.9Educational services
14.0
10.7
9.1
10.0Health care and social assistance
21.5
29.3
22.4
19.9Hospitals
7.2
8.6
9.0
5.0Health services, except hospitals
10.7
15.2
10.3
10.3Social assistance
3.6
5.5
3.1
4.6Leisure and hospitality
9.9
9.7
10.4
14.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.8Accommodation and food services
7.6
8.3
8.5
12.4Other services
5.4
4.2
8.2
5.9Other services, except private households
4.5
3.6
7.7
3.8Private households
0.9
0.6
0.5
2.1Public administration
3.9
6.8
3.4
3.3Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2017 annual averages
Year and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
655Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
603Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
690Women's earnings as a percentage of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.4Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.
Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed (in thousands)
Median weekly earningsTotalTotal
102,991
$907Less than high school diploma
7,038
520High school graduate or more
95,953
944High school graduate, no college
26,011
712Some college or associate's degree
27,387
798Some college, no degree
16,008
774Associate's degree
11,379
836Occupational program
4,737
829Academic program
6,642
840Bachelor's degree and higher
42,555
1,279Bachelor's degree
26,456
1,173Master's degree
11,946
1,401Professional degree
1,738
1,836Doctoral degree
2,415
1,743WomenTotal
45,801
$810Less than high school diploma
2,257
447High school graduate or more
43,545
838High school graduate, no college
10,031
610Some college or associate's degree
12,846
700Some college, no degree
7,176
680Associate's degree
5,670
727Occupational program
2,123
707Academic program
3,546
743Bachelor's degree and higher
20,668
1,131Bachelor's degree
12,548
1,013Master's degree
6,260
1,241Professional degree
831
1,573Doctoral degree
1,028
1,543MenTotal
57,190
$996Less than high school diploma
4,781
584High school graduate or more
52,409
1,048High school graduate, no college
15,980
797Some college or associate's degree
14,541
917Some college, no degree
8,832
886Associate's degree
5,709
978Occupational program
2,613
976Academic program
3,096
979Bachelor's degree and higher
21,887
1,481Bachelor's degree
13,908
1,378Master's degree
5,685
1,633Professional degree
908
2,012Doctoral degree
1,387
1,886Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women's earnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earningsTotal, full-time wage and salary workers
113,272
$860
50,291
$770
62,980
$941
81.8Management, professional, and related occupations
47,207
1,224
24,393
1,052
22,815
1,442
73.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19,414
1,327
8,999
1,134
10,415
1,526
74.3Management occupations
13,169
1,392
5,600
1,173
7,568
1,573
74.6Chief executives
1,136
2,296
313
1,920
823
2,415
79.5General and operations managers
920
1,328
321
1,134
598
1,488
76.2Legislators
14
-
9
-
5
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
53
1,330
29
-
24
-
-Marketing and sales managers
994
1,509
428
1,288
566
1,747
73.7Public relations and fundraising managers
71
1,318
47
-
24
-
-Administrative services managers
147
1,233
57
1,013
89
1,629
62.2Computer and information systems managers
594
1,843
165
1,629
428
1,897
85.9Financial managers
1,111
1,412
611
1,222
500
1,719
71.1Compensation and benefits managers
16
-
11
-
5
-
-Human resources managers
304
1,448
211
1,280
92
1,748
73.2Training and development managers
58
1,396
35
-
23
-
-Industrial production managers
265
1,486
63
1,312
202
1,526
86.0Purchasing managers
194
1,271
104
1,138
90
1,420
80.1Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
274
1,039
49
-
225
1,061
-Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
121
1,001
21
-
100
963
-Construction managers
582
1,428
56
1,243
526
1,439
86.4Education administrators
801
1,367
497
1,243
304
1,561
79.6Architectural and engineering managers
128
1,999
10
-
119
2,020
-Food service managers
816
753
394
674
421
894
75.4Funeral service managers
9
-
5
-
4
-
-Gaming managers
23
-
6
-
17
-
-Lodging managers
116
882
62
844
54
982
85.9Medical and health services managers
610
1,319
433
1,177
177
1,490
79.0Natural sciences managers
17
-
7
-
10
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
23
-
10
-
13
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
421
957
241
873
181
1,163
75.1Social and community service managers
337
1,136
236
1,052
101
1,281
82.1Emergency management directors
10
-
7
-
4
-
-Managers, all other
3,004
1,488
1,163
1,251
1,841
1,629
76.8Business and financial operations occupations
6,245
1,174
3,398
1,055
2,847
1,390
75.9Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
23
-
15
-
8
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
-
4
-
6
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
154
886
87
888
67
882
100.7Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
240
1,132
96
1,085
143
1,144
94.8Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
346
1,002
218
925
128
1,108
83.5Compliance officers
240
1,391
134
1,296
106
1,501
86.3Cost estimators
113
1,139
13
-
100
1,157
-Human resources workers
664
1,086
482
1,035
182
1,236
83.7Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
60
1,042
39
-
21
-
-Training and development specialists
114
1,099
55
937
59
1,255
74.7Logisticians
101
1,230
33
-
67
1,358
-Management analysts
606
1,499
255
1,315
351
1,651
79.6Meeting, convention, and event planners
102
1,080
89
1,064
14
-
-Fundraisers
72
1,152
55
1,152
17
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
258
1,174
149
1,061
110
1,357
78.2Business operations specialists, all other
250
1,136
132
1,013
118
1,361
74.4Accountants and auditors
1,512
1,173
890
1,065
622
1,389
76.7Appraisers and assessors of real estate
55
1,074
20
-
35
-
-Budget analysts
54
1,377
26
-
29
-
-Credit analysts
27
-
15
-
13
-
-Financial analysts
264
1,530
108
1,369
156
1,590
86.1Personal financial advisors
398
1,425
131
979
267
1,662
58.9Insurance underwriters
92
1,153
57
1,115
35
-
-Financial examiners
15
-
7
-
8
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
320
1,070
193
958
127
1,332
71.9Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
62
1,078
33
-
28
-
-Tax preparers
56
791
39
-
18
-
-Financial specialists, all other
36
-
24
-
11
-
-Professional and related occupations
27,794
1,160
15,394
1,014
12,400
1,391
72.9Computer and mathematical occupations
4,350
1,465
1,110
1,235
3,240
1,552
79.6Computer and information research scientists
23
-
9
-
13
-
-Computer systems analysts
522
1,409
211
1,270
311
1,495
84.9Information security analysts
94
1,725
20
-
74
1,773
-Computer programmers
423
1,483
89
1,363
333
1,539
88.6Software developers, applications and systems software
1,439
1,792
265
1,543
1,174
1,863
82.8Web developers
144
1,235
46
-
98
1,342
-Computer support specialists
443
1,068
124
919
319
1,134
81.0Database administrators
93
1,381
37
-
56
1,745
-Network and computer systems administrators
193
1,395
38
-
155
1,396
-Computer network architects
100
1,636
3
-
97
1,659
-Computer occupations, all other
627
1,194
142
1,059
484
1,250
84.7Actuaries
23
-
7
-
16
-
-Mathematicians
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Operations research analysts
146
1,396
74
1,205
71
1,570
76.8Statisticians
77
1,433
41
-
36
-
-Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
2,936
1,478
442
1,307
2,494
1,518
86.1Architects, except naval
196
1,453
46
-
150
1,650
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
30
-
5
-
25
-
-Aerospace engineers
137
1,892
9
-
128
1,891
-Agricultural engineers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Biomedical engineers
16
-
4
-
11
-
-Chemical engineers
78
1,626
12
-
66
1,631
-Civil engineers
393
1,494
61
1,343
332
1,524
88.1Computer hardware engineers
73
1,771
13
-
60
1,793
-Electrical and electronics engineers
276
1,803
30
-
245
1,772
-Environmental engineers
32
-
11
-
21
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
213
1,496
46
-
168
1,520
-Marine engineers and naval architects
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Materials engineers
32
-
5
-
28
-
-Mechanical engineers
337
1,534
26
-
311
1,533
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
12
-
1
-
10
-
-Nuclear engineers
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Petroleum engineers
23
-
6
-
17
-
-Engineers, all other
546
1,561
73
1,436
473
1,571
91.4Drafters
122
1,126
21
-
100
1,149
-Engineering technicians, except drafters
339
1,053
70
884
269
1,102
80.2Surveying and mapping technicians
63
1,109
2
-
61
1,114
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,238
1,286
564
1,183
674
1,361
86.9Agricultural and food scientists
25
-
10
-
14
-
-Biological scientists
82
1,140
41
-
41
-
-Conservation scientists and foresters
26
-
11
-
15
-
-Medical scientists
162
1,378
80
1,270
82
1,383
91.8Life scientists, all other
4
-
3
-
1
-
-Astronomers and physicists
16
-
1
-
15
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
98
1,425
41
-
56
1,451
-Environmental scientists and geoscientists
80
1,639
30
-
51
1,746
-Physical scientists, all other
270
1,529
122
1,409
147
1,565
90.0Economists
29
-
12
-
18
-
-Survey researchers
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Psychologists
106
1,454
71
1,437
35
-
-Sociologists
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Urban and regional planners
34
-
16
-
18
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
27
-
9
-
18
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
30
-
10
-
20
-
-Biological technicians
23
-
15
-
8
-
-Chemical technicians
62
1,013
16
-
45
-
-Geological and petroleum technicians
13
-
4
-
9
-
-Nuclear technicians
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Social science research assistants
4
-
4
-
0
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
132
826
63
766
70
970
79.0Community and social service occupations
2,165
900
1,418
857
747
976
87.8Counselors
650
897
472
894
178
901
99.2Social workers
714
906
591
900
122
935
96.3Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
90
881
55
858
36
-
-Social and human service assistants
189
739
141
701
48
-
-Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
68
829
51
791
17
-
-Clergy
342
1,058
46
-
297
1,073
-Directors, religious activities and education
61
844
25
-
36
-
-Religious workers, all other
50
831
37
-
13
-
-Legal occupations
1,379
1,443
811
1,192
568
1,896
62.9Lawyers
781
1,901
337
1,753
444
2,105
83.3Judicial law clerks
13
-
6
-
7
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
59
1,742
17
-
42
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
370
945
321
934
49
-
-Miscellaneous legal support workers
156
957
130
904
26
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
6,978
1,002
5,039
935
1,939
1,202
77.8Postsecondary teachers
985
1,312
434
1,208
551
1,414
85.4Preschool and kindergarten teachers
530
657
518
654
12
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
2,838
1,023
2,224
987
614
1,139
86.7Secondary school teachers
917
1,139
524
1,091
392
1,226
89.0Special education teachers
386
1,024
332
1,017
54
1,051
96.8Other teachers and instructors
419
897
265
820
155
1,128
72.7Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
42
-
24
-
18
-
-Librarians
135
1,009
104
972
31
-
-Library technicians
16
-
14
-
2
-
-Teacher assistants
590
550
523
537
67
642
83.6Other education, training, and library workers
120
1,049
77
956
44
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,778
1,066
765
943
1,013
1,161
81.2Artists and related workers
70
1,209
27
-
43
-
-Designers
600
1,012
273
857
327
1,172
73.1Actors
17
-
6
-
11
-
-Producers and directors
131
1,489
43
-
89
1,708
-Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
149
898
45
-
104
1,031
-Dancers and choreographers
9
-
5
-
4
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
41
-
12
-
29
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
24
-
13
-
10
-
-Announcers
24
-
7
-
18
-
-News analysts, reporters and correspondents
72
945
42
-
30
-
-Public relations specialists
92
1,339
57
1,203
35
-
-Editors
124
1,084
68
992
56
1,123
88.3Technical writers
67
1,222
37
-
30
-
-Writers and authors
106
1,137
57
1,045
50
1,171
89.2Miscellaneous media and communication workers
53
809
28
-
25
-
-Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
81
1,150
10
-
71
1,160
-Photographers
66
931
25
-
40
-
-Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
46
-
8
-
38
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
5
-
2
-
3
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6,970
1,124
5,246
1,068
1,724
1,341
79.6Chiropractors
11
-
2
-
9
-
-Dentists
41
-
25
-
16
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
88
991
80
996
8
-
-Optometrists
19
-
13
-
6
-
-Pharmacists
254
1,923
147
1,834
107
2,228
82.3Physicians and surgeons
815
1,918
352
1,759
463
2,277
77.3Physician assistants
97
1,747
66
1,640
31
-
-Podiatrists
7
-
4
-
3
-
-Audiologists
13
-
12
-
1
-
-Occupational therapists
74
1,301
62
1,273
12
-
-Physical therapists
182
1,317
118
1,297
64
1,341
96.7Radiation therapists
11
-
8
-
3
-
-Recreational therapists
5
-
3
-
1
-
-Respiratory therapists
83
961
56
904
27
-
-Speech-language pathologists
106
1,213
102
1,214
4
-
-Exercise physiologists
5
-
3
-
1
-
-Therapists, all other
142
983
114
947
29
-
-Veterinarians
60
1,840
40
-
20
-
-Registered nurses
2,536
1,150
2,253
1,143
283
1,260
90.7Nurse anesthetists
30
-
17
-
13
-
-Nurse midwives
5
-
5
-
0
-
-Nurse practitioners
141
1,841
129
1,832
12
-
-Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
15
-
12
-
3
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
297
890
203
845
94
1,061
79.6Dental hygienists
78
1,033
73
1,028
5
-
-Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
271
1,162
186
1,041
85
1,404
74.1Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
203
984
58
733
145
1,119
65.5Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
469
710
371
678
98
858
79.0Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
501
815
438
814
62
817
99.6Medical records and health information technicians
151
763
140
761
11
-
-Opticians, dispensing
43
-
30
-
13
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
143
811
95
746
48
-
-Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
77
1,183
28
-
49
-
-Service occupations
16,044
544
8,059
501
7,985
608
82.4Healthcare support occupations
2,500
542
2,180
533
320
597
89.3Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,387
500
1,223
493
164
583
84.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
13
-
11
-
1
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
47
-
33
-
15
-
-Massage therapists
51
632
36
-
15
-
-Dental assistants
215
608
203
602
12
-
-Medical assistants
457
594
418
597
39
-
-Medical transcriptionists
21
-
18
-
3
-
-Pharmacy aides
25
-
14
-
11
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
37
-
33
-
4
-
-Phlebotomists
97
635
82
639
16
-
-Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
150
587
110
603
40
-
-Protective service occupations
2,739
852
535
690
2,204
894
77.2First-line supervisors of correctional officers
50
899
12
-
38
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
94
1,348
13
-
81
1,347
-First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
43
-
2
-
42
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
69
953
11
-
58
938
-Firefighters
272
1,123
8
-
264
1,136
-Fire inspectors
22
-
0
-
22
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
390
771
106
669
284
825
81.1Detectives and criminal investigators
142
1,256
32
-
110
1,291
-Fish and game wardens
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-
2
-
2
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
688
1,015
94
985
595
1,024
96.2Transit and railroad police
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Animal control workers
12
-
4
-
8
-
-Private detectives and investigators
86
963
44
-
42
-
-Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
740
596
170
548
570
616
89.0Crossing guards
23
-
6
-
17
-
-Transportation security screeners
43
-
11
-
32
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
49
-
19
-
30
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
4,465
484
2,106
459
2,359
502
91.4Chefs and head cooks
382
634
72
514
310
655
78.5First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
427
537
227
500
200
613
81.6Cooks
1,365
466
506
436
859
481
90.6Food preparation workers
510
425
269
410
242
449
91.3Bartenders
210
554
112
515
98
600
85.8Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
175
407
100
401
75
415
96.6Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
65
460
36
-
29
-
-Waiters and waitresses
911
493
592
475
319
533
89.1Food servers, nonrestaurant
88
473
59
468
28
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
134
458
55
481
79
444
108.3Dishwashers
131
401
19
-
111
408
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
67
401
58
400
9
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
1
-
1
-
1
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,641
522
1,268
463
2,373
573
80.8First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
190
661
77
515
113
749
68.8First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
111
723
9
-
102
760
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,595
539
459
481
1,136
574
83.8Maids and housekeeping cleaners
815
450
687
439
128
508
86.4Pest control workers
94
616
5
-
89
617
-Grounds maintenance workers
837
525
31
-
805
526
-Personal care and service occupations
2,699
520
1,971
503
728
612
82.2First-line supervisors of gaming workers
126
797
53
763
73
837
91.2First-line supervisors of personal service workers
76
619
45
-
31
-
-Animal trainers
23
-
7
-
16
-
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
99
506
78
504
21
-
-Gaming services workers
66
692
28
-
37
-
-Motion picture projectionists
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
74
517
36
-
39
-
-Embalmers and funeral attendants
15
-
7
-
8
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
22
-
3
-
19
-
-Barbers
54
590
8
-
47
-
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
324
528
302
521
22
-
-Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
235
567
187
538
48
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
70
547
14
-
56
543
-Tour and travel guides
21
-
6
-
14
-
-Childcare workers
448
482
413
474
35
-
-Personal care aides
735
486
608
479
127
520
92.1Recreation and fitness workers
200
616
118
565
82
726
77.8Residential advisors
27
-
17
-
10
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
76
570
40
-
37
-
-Sales and office occupations
23,686
718
14,205
672
9,481
834
80.6Sales and related occupations
9,953
763
4,355
609
5,598
934
65.2First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,388
764
1,013
639
1,376
891
71.7First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
815
1,062
274
965
541
1,151
83.8Cashiers
1,360
438
982
422
378
493
85.6Counter and rental clerks
78
607
31
-
48
-
-Parts salespersons
115
786
7
-
108
800
-Retail salespersons
1,896
615
736
523
1,160
704
74.3Advertising sales agents
193
887
106
882
87
895
98.5Insurance sales agents
440
897
242
795
198
1,058
75.1Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
231
1,332
77
911
154
1,416
64.3Travel agents
57
665
47
-
10
-
-Sales representatives, services, all other
458
1,147
120
902
339
1,332
67.7Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,105
1,157
308
956
796
1,222
78.2Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
16
-
12
-
4
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
488
953
269
818
219
1,159
70.6Sales engineers
39
-
3
-
36
-
-Telemarketers
37
-
27
-
11
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
41
-
15
-
27
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
195
971
89
799
107
1,147
69.7Office and administrative support occupations
13,733
701
9,850
691
3,884
735
94.0First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,261
867
854
819
408
987
83.0Switchboard operators, including answering service
16
-
12
-
3
-
-Telephone operators
35
-
27
-
9
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
5
-
2
-
4
-
-Bill and account collectors
130
674
92
655
38
-
-Billing and posting clerks
405
696
347
691
58
718
96.2Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
718
719
625
716
92
743
96.4Gaming cage workers
11
-
11
-
0
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
103
765
89
767
13
-
-Procurement clerks
29
-
15
-
14
-
-Tellers
209
572
184
562
25
-
-Financial clerks, all other
74
902
48
-
26
-
-Brokerage clerks
5
-
3
-
2
-
-Correspondence clerks
6
-
5
-
0
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
79
738
62
718
17
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
50
807
31
-
20
-
-Customer service representatives
1,881
654
1,234
637
646
712
89.5Eligibility interviewers, government programs
66
849
50
779
16
-
-File clerks
135
704
109
706
26
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
84
486
49
-
35
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
106
671
89
683
16
-
-Library assistants, clerical
45
-
37
-
8
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
114
742
95
725
19
-
-New accounts clerks
36
-
28
-
8
-
-Order clerks
80
629
42
-
38
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
45
-
37
-
8
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
892
602
826
599
66
652
91.9Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
99
739
56
691
43
-
-Information and record clerks, all other
92
691
74
683
19
-
-Cargo and freight agents
14
-
4
-
10
-
-Couriers and messengers
155
725
24
-
131
751
-Dispatchers
255
710
145
691
110
753
91.8Meter readers, utilities
14
-
2
-
12
-
-Postal service clerks
104
940
56
925
48
-
-Postal service mail carriers
266
944
108
856
158
965
88.7Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
49
-
23
-
26
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
238
911
120
798
118
1,043
76.5Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
544
611
165
596
379
616
96.8Stock clerks and order fillers
982
559
339
538
643
571
94.2Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
43
-
21
-
22
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,165
739
2,046
735
119
852
86.3Computer operators
63
809
35
-
27
-
-Data entry keyers
224
650
176
640
48
-
-Word processors and typists
80
683
72
667
8
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
223
714
189
711
34
-
-Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
46
-
16
-
30
-
-Office clerks, general
935
682
793
670
142
780
85.9Office machine operators, except computer
27
-
17
-
10
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
6
-
4
-
2
-
-Statistical assistants
17
-
10
-
7
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
473
758
352
756
122
768
98.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
11,509
801
515
579
10,994
809
71.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
962
539
206
471
756
585
80.5First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
51
711
4
-
47
-
-Agricultural inspectors
14
-
4
-
10
-
-Animal breeders
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
99
500
67
487
32
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
701
517
127
453
574
553
81.9Fishers and related fishing workers
21
-
0
-
21
-
-Hunters and trappers
2
-
1
-
0
-
-Forest and conservation workers
25
-
2
-
23
-
-Logging workers
47
-
1
-
46
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
6,147
796
160
802
5,987
796
100.8First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
520
1,158
14
-
506
1,166
-Boilermakers
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
121
787
0
-
121
787
-Carpenters
870
789
19
-
851
789
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
115
631
1
-
114
628
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
47
-
2
-
45
-
-Construction laborers
1,443
670
43
-
1,400
667
-Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Pile-driver operators
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
324
868
6
-
318
868
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
114
634
1
-
112
628
-Electricians
726
979
15
-
711
974
-Glaziers
39
-
0
-
39
-
-Insulation workers
52
768
3
-
49
-
-Painters, construction and maintenance
347
683
20
-
328
689
-Paperhangers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
497
866
8
-
489
865
-Plasterers and stucco masons
24
-
0
-
24
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Roofers
174
621
0
-
174
621
-Sheet metal workers
136
865
3
-
132
866
-Structural iron and steel workers
43
-
2
-
41
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Helpers, construction trades
57
621
4
-
53
627
-Construction and building inspectors
63
974
4
-
60
1,068
-Elevator installers and repairers
38
-
0
-
38
-
-Fence erectors
26
-
1
-
25
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
27
-
6
-
20
-
-Highway maintenance workers
91
761
4
-
88
770
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
10
-
0
-
10
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
15
-
1
-
14
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
27
-
0
-
27
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Mining machine operators
49
-
0
-
49
-
-Roof bolters, mining
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
5
-
1
-
5
-
-Other extraction workers
54
900
2
-
52
907
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,400
878
149
736
4,251
883
83.4First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
244
1,092
19
-
225
1,089
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
173
819
17
-
156
833
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
121
1,010
8
-
113
1,069
-Avionics technicians
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
30
-
0
-
30
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
38
-
0
-
38
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
71
945
3
-
68
943
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
153
1,169
6
-
146
1,175
-Automotive body and related repairers
124
821
1
-
122
832
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
21
-
0
-
21
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
752
761
15
-
737
764
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
367
887
4
-
362
887
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
177
993
4
-
173
1,005
-Small engine mechanics
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
64
613
0
-
64
613
-Control and valve installers and repairers
25
-
0
-
25
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
376
830
7
-
369
832
-Home appliance repairers
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
395
923
16
-
379
932
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
511
828
20
-
490
834
-Maintenance workers, machinery
25
-
0
-
25
-
-Millwrights
40
-
1
-
39
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
132
1,191
0
-
132
1,191
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
187
879
5
-
181
876
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
44
-
10
-
34
-
-Wind turbine service technicians
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
24
-
1
-
23
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
20
-
2
-
18
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Riggers
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
15
-
2
-
14
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
156
774
6
-
150
772
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14,825
692
3,119
545
11,705
736
74.0Production occupations
7,589
701
2,044
564
5,545
769
73.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
722
966
133
716
588
1,007
71.1Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
123
624
50
587
73
682
86.1Engine and other machine assemblers
14
-
2
-
11
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
25
-
1
-
24
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
957
630
362
559
595
700
79.9Bakers
135
472
68
464
67
488
95.1Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
259
587
63
487
196
621
78.4Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
7
-
3
-
4
-
-Food batchmakers
70
575
38
-
32
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
8
-
5
-
3
-
-Food processing workers, all other
171
676
52
545
119
701
77.7Computer control programmers and operators
100
868
12
-
88
912
-Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
18
-
1
-
17
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
-
1
-
8
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
-
2
-
6
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
84
665
9
-
74
688
-Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
40
-
4
-
35
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
-
1
-
13
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
2
-
3
-
-Machinists
343
831
16
-
326
834
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
23
-
3
-
20
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
3
-
3
-
1
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
43
-
5
-
38
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Tool and die makers
59
1,007
3
-
56
1,021
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
541
812
24
-
517
821
-Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
16
-
2
-
14
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
381
654
78
574
303
679
84.5Prepress technicians and workers
13
-
4
-
8
-
-Printing press operators
151
758
26
-
126
789
-Print binding and finishing workers
8
-
4
-
4
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
106
450
79
443
27
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
19
-
9
-
10
-
-Sewing machine operators
157
519
108
521
49
-
-Shoe and leather workers and repairers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
31
-
21
-
10
-
-Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
6
-
4
-
2
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
17
-
9
-
8
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
12
-
8
-
4
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Upholsterers
22
-
4
-
18
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
19
-
9
-
10
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
38
-
2
-
36
-
-Furniture finishers
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
16
-
4
-
12
-
-Woodworkers, all other
19
-
4
-
15
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
47
-
2
-
45
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
76
1,088
4
-
72
1,142
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
107
907
5
-
102
910
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
41
-
6
-
34
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
58
877
3
-
55
879
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
70
771
8
-
62
795
-Cutting workers
51
521
12
-
40
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
13
-
3
-
10
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
717
765
275
637
443
853
74.7Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
24
-
5
-
20
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
57
598
40
-
16
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
275
553
147
516
128
598
86.3Painting workers
131
693
14
-
117
705
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
23
-
7
-
16
-
-Semiconductor processors
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Etchers and engravers
5
-
2
-
3
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
25
-
4
-
21
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
28
-
5
-
23
-
-Tire builders
10
-
0
-
10
-
-Helpers--production workers
30
-
11
-
19
-
-Production workers, all other
890
663
238
570
653
716
79.6Transportation and material moving occupations
7,236
681
1,075
514
6,160
710
72.4Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
192
881
31
-
160
919
-Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
112
1,736
7
-
105
1,750
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
16
-
5
-
11
-
-Flight attendants
71
860
51
873
20
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Bus drivers
356
605
148
517
209
671
77.0Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,828
797
139
589
2,689
807
73.0Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
362
604
54
453
308
623
72.7Motor vehicle operators, all other
33
-
5
-
28
-
-Locomotive engineers and operators
43
-
7
-
36
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
42
-
2
-
39
-
-Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
9
-
2
-
7
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
29
-
0
-
29
-
-Ship engineers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
5
-
2
-
3
-
-Parking lot attendants
65
560
16
-
49
-
-Automotive and watercraft service attendants
80
514
7
-
73
535
-Transportation inspectors
41
-
8
-
33
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
21
-
10
-
11
-
-Other transportation workers
20
-
1
-
19
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Crane and tower operators
52
902
1
-
51
898
-Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
29
-
1
-
28
-
-Hoist and winch operators
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
584
624
46
-
538
632
-Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
237
530
40
-
197
531
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,450
578
254
500
1,196
595
84.0Machine feeders and offbearers
29
-
15
-
14
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
368
480
210
462
158
500
92.4Pumping station operators
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
56
522
7
-
49
-
-Mine shuttle car operators
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Material moving workers, all other
41
-
6
-
34
-
-Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total
Women
Men
Women's earnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Number of workers
Median weekly earningsTotal, 16 years and older
113,272
$860
50,291
$770
62,980
$941
81.8Agriculture and related industries
1,235
611
247
515
988
640
80.5Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
720
1,256
88
1,124
632
1,272
88.4Construction
7,619
843
639
873
6,980
841
103.8Manufacturing
14,059
885
3,931
729
10,128
954
76.4Durable goods manufacturing
8,905
912
2,150
758
6,755
973
77.9Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,154
836
1,781
701
3,373
917
76.4Wholesale and retail trade
13,988
705
5,519
613
8,469
778
78.8Wholesale trade
3,079
902
874
790
2,205
956
82.6Retail trade
10,909
657
4,645
591
6,264
731
80.8Transportation and utilities
6,708
904
1,497
733
5,211
957
76.6Transportation and warehousing
5,391
842
1,238
700
4,153
898
78.0Utilities
1,318
1,211
259
953
1,058
1,290
73.9Information
2,304
1,147
839
950
1,465
1,302
73.0Financial activities
8,437
1,008
4,540
886
3,898
1,236
71.7Finance and insurance
6,410
1,075
3,628
910
2,782
1,450
62.8Real estate and rental and leasing
2,027
842
911
803
1,116
883
90.9Professional and business services
13,362
1,037
5,408
883
7,954
1,186
74.5Professional and technical services
8,659
1,347
3,592
1,063
5,067
1,536
69.2Management, administrative, and waste services
4,703
632
1,816
618
2,887
646
95.7Education and health services
26,052
889
19,183
832
6,869
1,080
77.0Educational services
10,516
976
7,100
928
3,415
1,108
83.8Health care and social assistance
15,537
816
12,083
767
3,454
1,047
73.3Leisure and hospitality
7,791
552
3,575
510
4,216
596
85.6Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,721
715
675
639
1,046
768
83.2Accommodation and food services
6,071
513
2,900
490
3,170
548
89.4Other services
4,370
704
1,948
613
2,421
782
78.4Other services, except private households
4,077
722
1,682
644
2,395
781
82.5Private households
292
497
266
490
26
-
-Public administration
6,625
1,041
2,877
924
3,748
1,160
79.7Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wageTotal
Percentage of hourly paid workers
At prevailing federal minimum wage
Below prevailing federal minimum wageAge and genderTotal, 16 years and older
80,439
1,824
2.3
542
1,28216 to 24 years
15,974
891
5.6
321
56925 years and older
64,465
933
1.4
221
712Women, 16 years and older
40,658
1,146
2.8
316
82916 to 24 years
7,965
562
7.1
190
37125 years and older
32,693
584
1.8
126
458Men, 16 years and older
39,781
678
1.7
226
45216 to 24 years
8,009
329
4.1
131
19825 years and older
31,772
349
1.1
95
254Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity(1)White
61,258
1,375
2.2
359
1,016Women
30,398
885
2.9
205
680Men
30,861
490
1.6
154
336Black or African American
11,829
301
2.5
146
155Women
6,445
166
2.6
88
79Men
5,385
135
2.5
58
76Asian
4,001
70
1.7
14
56Women
2,160
47
2.2
10
37Men
1,841
23
1.3
4
19Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
16,604
301
1.8
101
200Women
7,473
176
2.4
53
123Men
9,131
124
1.4
48
77Full- and part-time status(2)Full-time workers
60,205
640
1.1
130
510Women
27,397
375
1.4
71
303Men
32,808
265
0.8
59
207Part-time workers
20,139
1,181
5.9
412
769Women
13,219
769
5.8
245
524Men
6,921
412
5.9
167
245Footnotes:(1) Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and gender
Total employed
Usually full time
Usually part time
Percentage usually full time
Percentage usually part timeTotal1968
75,920
65,277
10,644
86.0
14.01969
77,902
66,596
11,306
85.5
14.51970
78,678
66,753
11,925
84.8
15.21971
79,367
66,973
12,393
84.4
15.61972
82,153
69,214
12,939
84.3
15.71973
85,064
71,803
13,262
84.4
15.61974
86,794
73,093
13,701
84.2
15.81975
85,846
71,586
14,260
83.4
16.61976
88,752
73,964
14,788
83.3
16.71977
92,017
76,625
15,391
83.3
16.71978
96,048
80,193
15,855
83.5
16.51979
98,824
82,654
16,171
83.6
16.41980
99,303
82,562
16,740
83.1
16.91981
100,397
83,243
17,154
82.9
17.11982
99,526
81,421
18,106
81.8
18.21983
100,834
82,322
18,511
81.6
18.41984
105,005
86,544
18,462
82.4
17.61985
107,150
88,534
18,615
82.6
17.41986
109,597
90,529
19,069
82.6
17.41987
112,440
92,957
19,483
82.7
17.31988
114,968
95,214
19,754
82.8
17.21989
117,342
97,369
19,973
83.0
17.01990
118,793
98,666
20,128
83.1
16.91991
117,718
97,190
20,528
82.6
17.41992
118,492
97,664
20,828
82.4
17.61993
120,259
99,114
21,145
82.4
17.61994
123,060
99,772
23,288
81.1
18.91995
124,900
101,679
23,220
81.4
18.61996
126,708
103,537
23,170
81.7
18.31997
129,558
106,334
23,224
82.1
17.91998
131,463
108,202
23,261
82.3
17.71999
133,488
110,302
23,186
82.6
17.42000
136,891
113,846
23,044
83.2
16.82001
136,933
113,573
23,361
82.9
17.12002
136,485
112,700
23,785
82.6
17.42003
137,736
113,324
24,412
82.3
17.72004
139,252
114,518
24,734
82.2
17.82005
141,730
117,016
24,714
82.6
17.42006
144,427
119,688
24,739
82.9
17.12007
146,047
121,091
24,956
82.9
17.12008
145,362
120,030
25,332
82.6
17.42009
139,877
112,634
27,244
80.5
19.52010
139,064
111,714
27,350
80.3
19.72011
139,869
112,556
27,313
80.5
19.52012
142,469
114,809
27,661
80.6
19.42013
143,929
116,314
27,615
80.8
19.22014
146,305
118,718
27,587
81.1
18.92015
148,834
121,492
27,341
81.6
18.42016
151,436
123,761
27,675
81.7
18.32017
153,337
125,967
27,370
82.2
17.8Women1968
27,807
20,893
6,914
75.1
24.91969
29,084
21,781
7,303
74.9
25.11970
29,688
21,929
7,758
73.9
26.11971
29,976
21,950
8,026
73.2
26.81972
31,257
22,842
8,416
73.1
26.91973
32,715
23,960
8,756
73.2
26.81974
33,769
24,714
9,055
73.2
26.81975
33,989
24,598
9,391
72.4
27.61976
35,615
25,814
9,799
72.5
27.51977
37,289
27,076
10,213
72.6
27.41978
39,569
28,912
10,658
73.1
26.91979
41,217
30,227
10,990
73.3
26.71980
42,117
30,845
11,270
73.2
26.81981
43,000
31,337
11,664
72.9
27.11982
43,256
31,086
12,170
71.9
28.11983
44,047
31,679
12,367
71.9
28.11984
45,915
33,473
12,441
72.9
27.11985
47,259
34,672
12,587
73.4
26.61986
48,706
35,845
12,862
73.6
26.41987
50,334
37,210
13,124
73.9
26.11988
51,696
38,398
13,298
74.3
25.71989
53,027
39,484
13,544
74.5
25.51990
53,689
40,165
13,524
74.8
25.21991
53,496
39,783
13,713
74.4
25.61992
54,052
40,301
13,751
74.6
25.41993
54,910
40,991
13,919
74.7
25.31994
56,610
40,940
15,670
72.3
27.71995
57,523
41,743
15,779
72.6
27.41996
58,501
42,776
15,725
73.1
26.91997
59,873
44,076
15,797
73.6
26.41998
60,771
45,014
15,757
74.1
25.91999
62,042
46,372
15,670
74.7
25.32000
63,586
47,916
15,670
75.4
24.62001
63,737
47,950
15,788
75.2
24.82002
63,582
47,494
16,088
74.7
25.32003
64,404
47,946
16,459
74.4
25.62004
64,728
48,073
16,654
74.3
25.72005
65,757
49,158
16,598
74.8
25.22006
66,925
50,380
16,545
75.3
24.72007
67,792
51,056
16,736
75.3
24.72008
67,876
51,178
16,698
75.4
24.62009
66,208
48,683
17,525
73.5
26.52010
65,705
48,214
17,491
73.4
26.62011
65,579
48,224
17,355
73.5
26.52012
66,914
49,331
17,583
73.7
26.32013
67,577
49,979
17,598
74.0
26.02014
68,613
50,889
17,724
74.2
25.82015
69,703
52,142
17,561
74.8
25.22016
70,868
53,194
17,674
75.1
24.92017
71,936
54,396
17,539
75.6
24.4Men1968
48,114
44,384
3,730
92.2
7.81969
48,818
44,815
4,003
91.8
8.21970
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.51971
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.81972
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.91973
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.61974
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.81975
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.41976
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.41977
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.51978
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.21979
57,607
52,427
5,180
91.0
9.01980
57,186
51,717
5,471
90.4
9.61981
57,397
51,906
5,492
90.4
9.61982
56,271
50,334
5,937
89.4
10.61983
56,787
50,643
6,145
89.2
10.81984
59,091
53,070
6,020
89.8
10.21985
59,891
53,862
6,028
89.9
10.11986
60,892
54,685
6,207
89.8
10.21987
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.21988
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.21989
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.01990
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.11991
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.61992
64,440
57,363
7,077
89.0
11.01993
65,349
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.11994
66,450
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.51995
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.01996
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.91997
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.71998
70,693
63,189
7,504
89.4
10.61999
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.52000
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.12001
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.32002
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.62003
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.82004
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.82005
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.72006
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.62007
78,254
70,035
8,220
89.5
10.52008
77,486
68,853
8,634
88.9
11.12009
73,670
63,951
9,719
86.8
13.22010
73,359
63,501
9,858
86.6
13.42011
74,290
64,333
9,957
86.6
13.42012
75,555
65,477
10,078
86.7
13.32013
76,353
66,335
10,017
86.9
13.12014
77,692
67,829
9,863
87.3
12.72015
79,131
69,351
9,780
87.6
12.42016
80,568
70,567
10,002
87.6
12.42017
81,402
71,571
9,831
87.9
12.1Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industriesTotal
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men1976
38.7
34.1
41.7
38.4
34.1
41.41977
38.8
34.2
41.9
38.5
34.2
41.61978
39.0
34.5
42.1
38.7
34.4
41.81979
38.9
34.5
42.0
38.6
34.4
41.71980
38.5
34.5
41.5
38.3
34.4
41.21981
38.1
34.1
41.1
37.9
34.1
40.71982
38.0
34.1
40.9
37.7
34.0
40.61983
38.3
34.5
41.2
38.1
34.4
41.01984
38.8
34.9
41.8
38.6
34.9
41.51985
39.0
35.2
42.0
38.9
35.2
41.81986
39.1
35.4
42.1
38.9
35.3
41.91987
39.0
35.3
42.0
38.8
35.3
41.81988
39.4
35.7
42.4
39.3
35.7
42.21989
39.6
35.8
42.6
39.4
35.8
42.41990
39.4
35.8
42.3
39.3
35.8
42.11991
39.2
35.8
42.0
39.1
35.8
41.91992
38.9
35.6
41.7
38.8
35.6
41.61993
39.4
36.0
42.2
39.3
36.0
42.11994
39.2
35.5
42.2
39.1
35.6
42.11995
39.3
35.6
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21996
39.3
35.7
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21997
39.5
36.0
42.4
39.4
36.0
42.31998
39.3
35.8
42.2
39.2
35.9
42.21999
39.6
36.2
42.4
39.5
36.2
42.42000
39.7
36.4
42.5
39.6
36.4
42.42001
39.2
36.1
41.9
39.2
36.1
41.82002
39.2
36.0
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72003
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62004
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62005
39.2
36.1
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72006
39.2
36.2
41.8
39.2
36.2
41.72007
39.2
36.1
41.7
39.1
36.1
41.62008
38.9
36.1
41.3
38.8
36.1
41.22009
37.9
35.3
40.2
37.8
35.3
40.12010
38.2
35.5
40.5
38.1
35.6
40.42011
38.3
35.6
40.6
38.2
35.6
40.62012
38.5
35.8
40.8
38.4
35.8
40.72013
38.6
36.0
40.9
38.5
36.0
40.82014
38.6
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.9
40.92015
38.6
35.9
40.9
38.5
35.9
40.82016
38.7
36.2
41.0
38.7
36.2
40.92017
38.7
36.2
40.9
38.6
36.2
40.8Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2016 (Percent distribution)
Year and gender
Population (in thousands)
Worked during the year
Percent distribution by work experienceTotal (in thousands)
Percentage of population
Total
Usually work full time
Usually work part timeTotal
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeksTotal1970
138,953
93,850
67.5
100.0
79.4
55.6
23.8
20.6
6.7
13.91975
153,180
102,603
67.0
100.0
78.9
54.3
24.6
21.2
7.5
13.71980
169,452
115,752
68.3
100.0
78.5
56.1
22.4
21.4
7.7
13.71985
179,944
123,466
68.6
100.0
78.2
58.7
19.5
21.9
8.3
13.61990
189,238
132,562
70.1
100.0
78.8
60.4
18.4
21.3
8.7
12.61995
199,925
138,971
69.5
100.0
78.6
62.9
15.7
21.3
9.1
12.22000
214,292
150,787
70.4
100.0
80.4
66.7
13.8
19.5
9.3
10.22005
227,975
154,322
67.7
100.0
80.3
67.5
12.8
19.7
10.0
9.72006
231,033
156,658
67.8
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.7
9.42007
232,995
157,653
67.7
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.8
9.32008
235,086
157,472
67.0
100.0
79.5
65.6
13.9
20.5
10.5
10.02009
237,158
153,929
64.9
100.0
78.3
64.0
14.3
21.7
11.3
10.42010
238,999
152,320
63.7
100.0
78.2
64.7
13.5
21.8
11.2
10.62011
242,602
153,479
63.3
100.0
78.6
65.8
12.8
21.4
11.2
10.22012
244,993
156,194
63.8
100.0
78.4
65.5
12.9
21.6
11.2
10.42013
247,258
156,987
63.5
100.0
79.0
66.9
12.1
21.0
10.9
10.12014
250,080
159,056
63.6
100.0
79.6
67.9
11.7
20.4
10.8
9.62015
252,766
162,329
64.2
100.0
79.6
68.0
11.6
20.4
10.6
9.82016
254,413
163,638
64.3
100.0
79.8
68.8
11.0
20.2
10.7
9.6Women1970
73,657
38,809
52.7
100.0
67.9
40.7
27.2
32.2
10.1
22.11975
80,834
43,511
53.8
100.0
67.1
41.4
25.7
32.8
11.7
21.11980
89,259
51,492
57.7
100.0
67.7
44.7
23.0
32.3
11.9
20.41985
94,490
56,165
59.4
100.0
68.1
48.9
19.2
31.8
12.3
19.51990
98,970
61,494
62.1
100.0
69.8
51.5
18.3
30.2
12.8
17.41995
104,058
65,304
62.8
100.0
70.2
54.3
15.9
29.7
13.3
16.42000
111,440
71,341
64.0
100.0
72.9
58.4
14.5
27.1
13.4
13.72005
117,814
72,309
61.4
100.0
72.7
59.9
12.8
27.3
14.1
13.22006
119,300
73,527
61.6
100.0
73.0
60.7
12.3
27.0
14.1
12.92007
120,300
74,115
61.6
100.0
73.6
61.5
12.1
26.4
14.2
12.22008
121,328
74,363
61.3
100.0
72.2
59.3
12.9
27.8
15.0
12.92009
122,339
72,855
59.6
100.0
71.5
59.3
12.2
28.5
15.8
12.72010
123,012
71,980
58.5
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.6
12.92011
125,619
72,976
58.1
100.0
71.7
59.8
11.9
28.3
15.7
12.62012
126,791
74,051
58.4
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.2
13.32013
127,863
74,397
58.2
100.0
71.8
60.5
11.3
28.2
15.2
13.02014
129,342
75,416
58.3
100.0
72.7
61.2
11.5
27.3
14.7
12.62015
130,656
76,811
58.8
100.0
73.0
61.4
11.6
27.0
14.6
12.62016
131,469
77,574
59.0
100.0
73.1
62.2
10.9
26.9
14.6
12.3Men1970
65,296
55,041
84.3
100.0
87.6
66.1
21.5
12.4
4.4
8.01975
72,346
59,091
81.7
100.0
87.5
63.8
23.7
12.5
4.4
8.11980
80,193
64,260
80.1
100.0
87.2
65.2
22.0
12.8
4.4
8.41985
85,454
67,301
78.8
100.0
86.5
66.8
19.7
13.5
4.8
8.71990
90,269
71,068
78.7
100.0
86.4
68.0
18.4
13.5
5.1
8.41995
95,867
73,667
76.8
100.0
86.2
70.6
15.6
13.9
5.5
8.42000
102,853
79,446
77.2
100.0
87.5
74.2
13.2
12.6
5.5
7.12005
110,161
82,013
74.4
100.0
87.0
74.2
12.8
13.0
6.3
6.72006
111,733
83,131
74.4
100.0
87.8
75.2
12.6
12.2
5.7
6.52007
112,695
83,538
74.1
100.0
87.4
74.6
12.8
12.6
5.9
6.72008
113,758
83,109
73.1
100.0
86.0
71.2
14.8
14.0
6.5
7.52009
114,820
81,073
70.6
100.0
84.4
68.3
16.1
15.6
7.3
8.32010
115,986
80,341
69.3
100.0
84.3
69.4
14.9
15.7
7.3
8.42011
116,984
80,503
68.8
100.0
84.8
71.2
13.6
15.2
7.2
8.02012
118,202
82,143
69.5
100.0
84.5
71.0
13.5
15.5
7.5
8.02013
119,395
82,590
69.2
100.0
85.5
72.7
12.8
14.5
7.1
7.42014
120,738
83,640
69.3
100.0
85.7
73.9
11.8
14.3
7.2
7.12015
122,110
85,518
70.0
100.0
85.6
73.9
11.7
14.4
7.0
7.42016
122,944
86,063
70.0
100.0
85.8
74.7
11.1
14.2
7.1
7.0Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.
The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2017.

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
-
-1968
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
-
-1969
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
-
-1970
44,832
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
-
-1971
45,939
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
-
-1972
46,594
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
-
-1973
47,185
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
-
-1974
47,438
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
-
-1975
47,878
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
-
-1976
48,150
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
-
-1977
48,131
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
-
-1978
48,532
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
-
-1979
49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
-
-1980
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
-
-1981
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
-
-1982
49,947
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
-
-1983
50,134
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
-
-1984
50,395
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
-
-1985
50,978
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
-
-1986
51,574
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
-
-1987
51,847
6,741
12,435
9,787
1,946
702
32,671
29,369
2,576
-
-1988
52,149
6,754
11,876
9,463
1,777
636
33,519
30,536
2,303
532
1481989
52,385
6,812
11,748
9,212
1,840
695
33,825
30,879
2,373
435
1381990
52,241
6,770
11,630
9,107
1,826
698
33,841
30,829
2,369
479
1641991
52,549
7,091
11,523
8,873
1,993
657
33,935
31,049
2,161
527
1971992
53,254
7,256
11,977
9,114
2,145
718
34,021
31,268
1,940
624
1891993
53,248
7,282
11,842
8,745
2,411
687
34,123
31,302
2,051
614
1561994
53,929
7,227
11,774
8,719
2,374
681
34,928
32,125
2,048
603
1511995
53,621
7,278
11,739
8,821
2,253
664
34,604
32,061
1,878
539
1271996
53,654
7,148
11,556
8,671
2,214
671
34,950
32,406
1,899
522
1231997
54,362
7,289
11,728
8,792
2,302
634
35,345
32,764
1,853
569
1581998
54,829
7,257
12,279
9,198
2,419
662
35,293
32,810
1,726
616
1411999
55,352
7,163
12,328
9,093
2,595
640
35,861
33,360
1,815
519
1672000
56,643
7,463
12,717
9,515
2,601
600
36,463
33,892
1,865
566
1392001
56,798
7,666
12,907
9,621
2,698
588
36,224
33,696
1,898
501
1292002
57,362
7,803
13,487
10,109
2,818
560
36,071
33,547
1,845
558
1212003
57,767
8,043
14,051
10,469
3,026
557
35,673
33,220
1,789
548
1172004
58,045
7,996
14,352
10,821
2,991
540
35,696
33,131
1,832
610
1232005
58,225
8,017
14,292
10,603
3,096
593
35,915
33,380
1,818
597
1212006
59,050
8,091
14,545
10,693
3,261
591
36,414
33,880
1,752
639
1422007
58,490
7,914
14,264
10,392
3,265
608
36,312
33,718
1,847
597
1492008
59,183
8,083
14,622
10,567
3,435
620
36,477
33,930
1,739
650
1582009
58,516
8,466
15,035
10,565
3,849
621
35,015
32,327
1,789
739
1602010
58,135
8,626
15,406
10,880
3,935
591
34,103
31,425
1,783
722
1722011
59,071
9,152
15,972
11,301
4,015
656
33,947
31,212
1,833
739
1632012
59,327
9,101
15,831
11,271
3,891
669
34,395
31,594
1,881
750
1702013
59,795
9,556
15,825
11,368
3,788
669
34,414
31,685
1,849
711
1692014
60,091
9,434
15,627
11,240
3,767
620
35,030
32,000
2,082
764
1832015
60,338
9,379
15,640
11,178
3,733
729
35,320
32,333
2,028
756
2032016
60,912
9,814
15,490
11,054
3,742
695
35,608
32,647
2,054
752
155Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2017.

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Percent distribution)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
100.0
6.8
38.1
35.6
1.7
0.8
55.1
43.6
10.7
-
-1968
100.0
6.6
37.4
34.9
1.7
0.8
56.1
45.0
10.3
-
-1969
100.0
6.8
36.6
34.1
1.8
0.8
56.6
45.7
10.2
-
-1970
100.0
7.3
35.9
33.3
1.9
0.7
56.8
45.7
10.3
-
-1971
100.0
7.6
36.7
33.7
2.2
0.7
55.8
44.9
10.1
-
-1972
100.0
7.8
36.0
33.0
2.2
0.9
56.2
45.7
9.8
-
-1973
100.0
8.5
34.1
30.8
2.4
0.9
57.4
46.9
9.6
-
-1974
100.0
9.1
33.3
29.8
2.6
1.0
57.6
47.3
9.4
-
-1975
100.0
10.3
33.9
30.0
2.9
1.0
55.8
46.7
8.1
-
-1976
100.0
10.3
32.5
28.4
3.0
1.1
57.2
48.0
8.0
-
-1977
100.0
10.8
31.4
27.3
3.0
1.1
57.8
48.8
7.9
-
-1978
100.0
10.8
29.8
25.6
3.1
1.1
59.4
50.8
7.4
-
-1979
100.0
11.3
28.3
24.3
3.1
1.0
60.4
52.1
7.1
-
-1980
100.0
12.0
28.2
23.6
3.5
1.2
59.8
51.8
6.9
-
-1981
100.0
12.5
27.8
23.2
3.4
1.3
59.6
51.8
6.5
-
-1982
100.0
12.9
28.5
23.2
4.1
1.2
58.6
50.8
6.3
-
-1983
100.0
13.1
27.3
22.1
3.9
1.3
59.6
52.1
6.0
-
-1984
100.0
13.2
25.7
20.8
3.7
1.2
61.1
53.6
5.7
-
-1985
100.0
13.1
25.4
20.4
3.7
1.3
61.4
54.5
5.4
-
-1986
100.0
13.1
24.4
19.4
3.7
1.3
62.6
55.9
5.3
-
-1987
100.0
13.0
24.0
18.9
3.8
1.4
63.0
56.6
5.0
-
-1988
100.0
13.0
22.8
18.1
3.4
1.2
64.3
58.6
4.4
1.0
0.31989
100.0
13.0
22.4
17.6
3.5
1.3
64.6
58.9
4.5
0.8
0.31990
100.0
13.0
22.3
17.4
3.5
1.3
64.8
59.0
4.5
0.9
0.31991
100.0
13.5
21.9
16.9
3.8
1.3
64.6
59.1
4.1
1.0
0.41992
100.0
13.6
22.5
17.1
4.0
1.3
63.9
58.7
3.6
1.2
0.41993
100.0
13.7
22.2
16.4
4.5
1.3
64.1
58.8
3.9
1.2
0.31994
100.0
13.4
21.8
16.2
4.4
1.3
64.8
59.6
3.8
1.1
0.31995
100.0
13.6
21.9
16.5
4.2
1.2
64.5
59.8
3.5
1.0
0.21996
100.0
13.3
21.5
16.2
4.1
1.3
65.1
60.4
3.5
1.0
0.21997
100.0
13.4
21.6
16.2
4.2
1.2
65.0
60.3
3.4
1.0
0.31998
100.0
13.2
22.4
16.8
4.4
1.2
64.4
59.8
3.1
1.1
0.31999
100.0
12.9
22.3
16.4
4.7
1.2
64.8
60.3
3.3
0.9
0.32000
100.0
13.2
22.5
16.8
4.6
1.1
64.4
59.8
3.3
1.0
0.22001
100.0
13.5
22.7
16.9
4.8
1.0
63.8
59.3
3.3
0.9
0.22002
100.0
13.6
23.5
17.6
4.9
1.0
62.9
58.5
3.2
1.0
0.22003
100.0
13.9
24.3
18.1
5.2
1.0
61.8
57.5
3.1
0.9
0.22004
100.0
13.8
24.7
18.6
5.2
0.9
61.5
57.1
3.2
1.1
0.22005
100.0
13.8
24.5
18.2
5.3
1.0
61.7
57.3
3.1
1.0
0.22006
100.0
13.7
24.6
18.1
5.5
1.0
61.7
57.4
3.0
1.1
0.22007
100.0
13.5
24.4
17.8
5.6
1.0
62.1
57.6
3.2
1.0
0.32008
100.0
13.7
24.7
17.9
5.8
1.0
61.6
57.3
2.9
1.1
0.32009
100.0
14.5
25.7
18.1
6.6
1.1
59.8
55.2
3.1
1.3
0.32010
100.0
14.8
26.5
18.7
6.8
1.0
58.7
54.1
3.1
1.2
0.32011
100.0
15.5
27.0
19.1
6.8
1.1
57.5
52.8
3.1
1.3
0.32012
100.0
15.3
26.7
19.0
6.6
1.1
58.0
53.3
3.2
1.3
0.32013
100.0
16.0
26.5
19.0
6.3
1.1
57.6
53.0
3.1
1.2
0.32014
100.0
15.7
26.0
18.7
6.3
1.0
58.3
53.3
3.5
1.3
0.32015
100.0
15.5
25.9
18.5
6.2
1.2
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.3
0.32016
100.0
16.1
25.4
18.1
6.1
1.1
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.2
0.3Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2017.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2016
Year
Contribution to family income (median percentage)1970
26.61971
27.51972
26.71973
26.01974
25.41975
26.31976
26.41977
26.11978
26.11979
26.01980
26.71981
27.31982
28.41983
28.81984
28.41985
28.31986
29.01987
29.51988
29.61989
29.91990
30.71991
31.31992
32.41993
32.21994
31.91995
31.91996
32.61997
32.71998
32.81999
32.82000
33.52001
34.42002
34.82003
35.22004
34.92005
35.12006
35.62007
36.02008
36.02009
37.12010
37.62011
37.02012
37.32013
37.32014
36.02015
37.12016
37.1Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2017.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino**Total, 16 years and older**
153,364
120,202
18,864
9,418
25,673
7,572
5,222
1,649
330
2,192
4.9
4.3
8.7
3.5
8.516 to 19 years
3,471
2,704
431
108
673
355
249
76
10
98
10.2
9.2
17.6
9.1
14.520 to 24 years
13,310
10,145
1,901
582
2,989
1,156
779
247
43
272
8.7
7.7
13.0
7.5
9.125 to 34 years
34,828
26,280
4,779
2,374
6,907
2,204
1,441
540
91
669
6.3
5.5
11.3
3.8
9.735 to 44 years
31,930
24,345
4,136
2,373
6,290
1,783
1,257
391
62
651
5.6
5.2
9.4
2.6
10.445 to 54 years
33,012
26,115
3,967
2,128
5,126
1,180
847
207
85
334
3.6
3.2
5.2
4.0
6.555 to 64 years
26,862
22,125
2,757
1,445
2,895
745
547
152
31
137
2.8
2.5
5.5
2.1
4.765 years and older
9,951
8,488
894
407
791
149
102
37
9
30
1.5
1.2
4.1
2.3
3.8**Women, 16 years and older**
71,685
54,962
9,971
4,400
10,991
4,140
2,707
1,050
175
1,053
5.8
4.9
10.5
4.0
9.616 to 19 years
1,812
1,400
229
59
336
187
127
37
6
47
10.3
9.1
16.3
-
14.020 to 24 years
6,394
4,789
991
302
1,360
698
449
165
30
139
10.9
9.4
16.7
9.9
10.225 to 34 years
16,062
11,932
2,427
1,049
2,862
1,206
743
353
41
324
7.5
6.2
14.5
3.9
11.335 to 44 years
14,581
10,743
2,242
1,085
2,575
943
636
237
28
307
6.5
5.9
10.6
2.6
11.945 to 54 years
15,585
11,983
2,158
1,026
2,219
636
427
137
49
156
4.1
3.6
6.4
4.8
7.055 to 64 years
12,917
10,511
1,454
693
1,289
404
288
95
16
69
3.1
2.7
6.6
2.3
5.365 years and older
4,334
3,602
469
185
349
66
37
24
4
11
1.5
1.0
5.1
2.3
3.2**Men, 16 years and older**
81,679
65,240
8,893
5,018
14,682
3,431
2,516
599
156
1,139
4.2
3.9
6.7
3.1
7.816 to 19 years
1,659
1,303
201
49
337
168
121
38
4
51
10.1
9.3
19.1
-
15.120 to 24 years
6,916
5,356
910
280
1,630
458
331
81
13
133
6.6
6.2
8.9
4.8
8.225 to 34 years
18,766
14,347
2,352
1,326
4,046
998
698
187
50
345
5.3
4.9
7.9
3.7
8.535 to 44 years
17,349
13,602
1,894
1,288
3,715
839
621
153
33
344
4.8
4.6
8.1
2.6
9.345 to 54 years
17,427
14,132
1,809
1,102
2,907
544
420
70
36
178
3.1
3.0
3.8
3.2
6.155 to 64 years
13,945
11,613
1,303
752
1,606
341
260
56
15
69
2.4
2.2
4.3
2.0
4.365 years and older
5,617
4,886
425
222
442
83
65
13
5
19
1.5
1.3
3.0
2.3
4.2Footnotes:(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.
Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Displaced workers(1), by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2018
Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total (in thousands)
Percentage distribution by employment statusTotal
Employed
Unemployed
Not in the labor forceTotal, 20 years and older
2,981
100.0
66.4
14.4
19.320 to 24 years
73
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,759
100.0
75.6
14.9
9.455 to 64 years
798
100.0
60.2
14.9
24.865 years and older
351
100.0
30.7
12.2
57.2Women, 20 years and older
1,301
100.0
65.0
13.8
21.320 to 24 years
40
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
771
100.0
76.3
12.0
11.755 to 64 years
315
100.0
58.2
19.3
22.465 years and older
175
100.0
24.3
14.9
60.8Men, 20 years and older
1,681
100.0
67.4
14.8
17.720 to 24 years
33
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
988
100.0
75.1
17.2
7.755 to 64 years
483
100.0
61.5
12.0
26.465 years and older
176
100.0
37.0
9.4
53.5WhiteTotal, 20 years and older
2,435
100.0
65.3
14.3
20.4Women
1,045
100.0
64.4
13.6
22.0Men
1,390
100.0
66.0
14.7
19.3Black or African AmericanTotal, 20 years and older
285
100.0
65.9
21.2
12.9Women
146
100.0
63.7
20.7
15.6Men
139
100.0
68.3
21.8
10.0AsianTotal, 20 years and older
157
100.0
69.9
7.5
22.5Women
74
100.0
-
-
-Men
83
100.0
78.2
5.8
16.0Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 20 years and older
404
100.0
68.6
21.8
9.6Women
167
100.0
63.7
27.1
9.2Men
238
100.0
72.1
18.1
9.9Footnotes:(1) Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2015 and December 2017 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–2018
Age and gender
January 2004
January 2006
January 2008
January 2010
January 2012
January 2014
January 2016
January 2018Total, 16 years and older
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.216 to 17 years
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.618 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.225 years and older
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.025 to 34 years
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.835 to 44 years
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.945 to 54 years
7.7
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.655 to 64 years
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.4
10.1
10.165 years and older
9.0
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.2Women, 16 years and older
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.016 to 17 years
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.225 years and older
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.925 to 34 years
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.735 to 44 years
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.745 to 54 years
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.155 to 64 years
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.0
10.165 years and older
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.1Men, 16 years and older
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.316 to 17 years
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.518 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.325 years and older
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.125 to 34 years
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.935 to 44 years
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.045 to 54 years
9.6
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.155 to 64 years
9.8
9.5
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.7
10.2
10.265 years and older
8.2
8.3
10.4
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.2Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2017 high school graduates and 2016–2017 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal, 2017 high school graduates(1)
2,870
1,407
49.0
1,221
42.5
186
13.2
1,463Women
1,525
695
45.6
617
40.5
78
11.2
830Men
1,345
712
52.9
604
44.9
108
15.2
633Enrolled in college
1,915
763
39.8
685
35.8
78
10.2
1,152Percentage of total 2017 graduates
66.7
54.2
-
56.1
-
41.9
-
78.7Women
1,093
424
38.8
382
35.0
42
9.9
669Percentage of female 2017 graduates
71.7
61.0
-
61.9
-
53.8
-
80.6Men
822
339
41.2
303
36.8
36
10.6
483Percentage of male 2017 graduates
61.1
47.6
-
50.2
-
33.3
-
76.3Not enrolled in college
955
644
67.4
536
56.1
108
16.8
311Percentage of total 2017 graduates
33.3
45.8
-
43.9
-
58.1
-
21.3Women
432
271
62.7
235
54.4
36
13.3
161Percentage of female 2017 graduates
28.3
39.0
-
38.1
-
46.2
-
19.4Men
523
373
71.3
301
57.6
72
19.3
150Percentage of male 2017 graduates
38.9
52.4
-
49.8
-
66.7
-
23.7Total, 2016–2017 high school dropouts(2)
530
222
41.8
180
33.9
42
18.9
308Women
217
69
31.9
53
24.5
16
-
148Men
313
152
48.7
127
40.4
26
17.0
161Footnotes:(1) Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2017.
(2) Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2016 and October 2017.
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2017 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceEnrolled in school
21,805
8,207
37.6
7,548
34.6
659
8.0
13,597Women
11,219
4,545
40.5
4,230
37.7
315
6.9
6,674Men
10,586
3,662
34.6
3,318
31.3
344
9.4
6,923Enrolled in high school(1)
9,667
2,202
22.8
1,884
19.5
318
14.4
7,466Women
4,605
1,141
24.8
1,010
21.9
132
11.5
3,463Men
5,063
1,060
20.9
874
17.3
186
17.5
4,002Enrolled in college
12,137
6,006
49.5
5,664
46.7
342
5.7
6,131Women
6,614
3,404
51.5
3,221
48.7
183
5.4
3,211Men
5,523
2,602
47.1
2,444
44.2
158
6.1
2,921Not enrolled in school
16,274
12,943
79.5
11,749
72.2
1,194
9.2
3,331Women
7,683
5,781
75.2
5,306
69.1
475
8.2
1,902Less than a high school diploma
936
428
45.7
363
38.8
65
15.1
508High school graduates, no college(2)
3,197
2,246
70.2
2,010
62.9
236
10.5
951Some college or associate's degree
2,014
1,689
83.9
1,591
79.0
98
5.8
325Bachelor’s degree and higher
1,536
1,418
92.3
1,342
87.4
76
5.3
118Men
8,591
7,162
83.4
6,443
75.0
719
10.0
1,429Less than a high school diploma
1,262
782
62.0
664
52.6
118
15.1
480High school graduates, no college(2)
4,150
3,461
83.4
3,099
74.7
362
10.5
689Some college or associate's degree
1,951
1,766
90.5
1,628
83.5
138
7.8
185Bachelor’s degree and higher
1,228
1,153
93.9
1,052
85.6
101
8.8
75Footnotes:(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.
(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Multiple jobholders
Multiple-jobholding rate(1)Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
MenNumber
Percentage of all multiple jobholders1994
123,060
7,260
3,336
46.0
3,924
5.9
5.9
5.91995
124,900
7,693
3,554
46.2
4,139
6.2
6.2
6.11996
126,708
7,832
3,640
46.5
4,192
6.2
6.2
6.11997
129,558
7,955
3,718
46.7
4,237
6.1
6.2
6.11998
131,463
7,926
3,748
47.3
4,178
6.0
6.2
5.91999
133,488
7,802
3,698
47.4
4,104
5.8
6.0
5.72000
136,891
7,604
3,608
47.4
3,996
5.6
5.7
5.52001
136,933
7,357
3,523
47.9
3,834
5.4
5.5
5.22002
136,485
7,291
3,557
48.8
3,734
5.3
5.6
5.12003
137,736
7,315
3,599
49.2
3,716
5.3
5.6
5.12004
139,252
7,473
3,638
48.7
3,835
5.4
5.6
5.12005
141,730
7,546
3,691
48.9
3,855
5.3
5.6
5.12006
144,427
7,576
3,753
49.5
3,822
5.2
5.6
4.92007
146,047
7,655
3,822
49.9
3,833
5.2
5.6
4.92008
145,362
7,620
3,783
49.6
3,837
5.2
5.6
5.02009
139,877
7,271
3,741
51.5
3,530
5.2
5.6
4.82010
139,064
6,878
3,552
51.6
3,326
4.9
5.4
4.52011
139,869
6,880
3,496
50.8
3,384
4.9
5.3
4.62012
142,469
6,943
3,495
50.3
3,448
4.9
5.2
4.62013
143,929
7,002
3,517
50.2
3,486
4.9
5.2
4.62014
146,305
7,146
3,636
50.9
3,511
4.9
5.3
4.52015
148,834
7,262
3,692
50.8
3,571
4.9
5.3
4.52016
151,436
7,531
3,887
51.6
3,645
5.0
5.5
4.52017
153,337
7,545
3,798
50.3
3,748
4.9
5.3
4.6Footnotes:(1) Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total
Women
Men
Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employedTotal employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total1976
85,421
5,783
6.8
35,027
1,549
4.4
50,394
4,233
8.4
26.81977
88,734
6,114
6.9
36,677
1,692
4.6
52,057
4,423
8.5
27.71978
92,661
6,429
6.9
38,900
1,814
4.7
53,761
4,614
8.6
28.21979
95,477
6,791
7.1
40,556
1,982
4.9
54,921
4,810
8.8
29.21980
95,938
7,000
7.3
41,461
2,097
5.1
54,477
4,904
9.0
30.01981
97,030
7,097
7.3
42,333
2,192
5.2
54,697
4,905
9.0
30.91982
96,125
7,262
7.6
42,591
2,309
5.4
53,534
4,954
9.3
31.81983
97,450
7,575
7.8
43,367
2,439
5.6
54,083
5,136
9.5
32.21984
101,685
7,785
7.7
45,262
2,566
5.7
56,423
5,219
9.2
33.01985
103,971
7,811
7.5
46,615
2,603
5.6
57,356
5,207
9.1
33.31986
106,434
7,881
7.4
48,054
2,610
5.4
58,381
5,271
9.0
33.11987
109,232
8,201
7.5
49,668
2,778
5.6
59,564
5,423
9.1
33.91988
111,800
8,519
7.6
51,020
2,955
5.8
60,780
5,564
9.2
34.71989
114,142
8,605
7.5
52,341
3,043
5.8
61,802
5,562
9.0
35.41990
115,570
8,719
7.5
53,011
3,122
5.9
62,559
5,597
8.9
35.81991
114,449
8,851
7.7
52,815
3,150
6.0
61,634
5,700
9.2
35.61992
115,245
8,575
7.4
53,380
2,963
5.6
61,866
5,613
9.1
34.51993
117,144
8,959
7.6
54,273
3,065
5.6
62,871
5,894
9.4
34.21994
119,651
9,003
7.5
55,755
3,443
6.2
63,896
5,560
8.7
38.21995
121,460
8,902
7.3
56,642
3,440
6.1
64,818
5,461
8.4
38.61996
123,264
8,971
7.3
57,630
3,506
6.1
65,634
5,465
8.3
39.11997
126,159
9,056
7.2
59,026
3,550
6.0
67,133
5,506
8.2
39.21998
128,085
8,962
7.0
59,945
3,482
5.8
68,140
5,480
8.0
38.91999
130,207
8,790
6.8
61,193
3,424
5.6
69,014
5,366
7.8
39.02000
134,427
9,205
6.8
62,983
3,631
5.8
71,444
5,573
7.8
39.42001
134,635
9,121
6.8
63,147
3,594
5.7
71,488
5,527
7.7
39.42002
134,174
8,923
6.7
62,995
3,499
5.6
71,179
5,425
7.6
39.22003
135,461
9,344
6.9
63,824
3,609
5.7
71,636
5,736
8.0
38.62004
137,020
9,467
6.9
64,182
3,607
5.6
72,838
5,860
8.0
38.12005
139,532
9,509
6.8
65,213
3,565
5.5
74,319
5,944
8.0
37.52006
142,221
9,685
6.8
66,382
3,681
5.5
75,838
6,004
7.9
38.02007
143,952
9,557
6.6
67,302
3,637
5.4
76,650
5,920
7.7
38.12008
143,194
9,219
6.4
67,358
3,483
5.2
75,836
5,736
7.6
37.82009
137,775
8,995
6.5
65,712
3,468
5.3
72,062
5,527
7.7
38.62010
136,858
8,860
6.5
65,164
3,388
5.2
71,694
5,472
7.6
38.22011
137,615
8,603
6.3
65,023
3,341
5.1
72,592
5,262
7.2
38.82012
140,283
8,749
6.2
66,353
3,483
5.2
73,930
5,266
7.1
39.82013
141,799
8,619
6.1
67,058
3,508
5.2
74,742
5,111
6.8
40.72014
144,068
8,602
6.0
68,061
3,444
5.1
76,007
5,158
6.8
40.02015
146,411
8,665
5.9
69,106
3,396
4.9
77,305
5,269
6.8
39.22016
148,976
8,751
5.9
70,247
3,385
4.8
78,729
5,366
6.8
38.72017
150,883
8,736
5.8
71,324
3,544
5.0
79,559
5,191
6.5
40.6Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotalNative born, 16 years and older(1)
213,579
132,946
62.2
127,083
59.5
5,863
4.4
80,63316 to 24 years
34,603
19,275
55.7
17,479
50.5
1,796
9.3
15,32825 to 34 years
36,138
30,187
83.5
28,782
79.6
1,405
4.7
5,95135 to 44 years
30,763
25,735
83.7
24,849
80.8
886
3.4
5,02745 to 54 years
33,306
26,737
80.3
25,911
77.8
827
3.1
6,56855 to 64 years
35,544
22,690
63.8
22,024
62.0
666
2.9
12,85465 years and older
43,225
8,321
19.3
8,038
18.6
283
3.4
34,904Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
41,500
27,373
66.0
26,254
63.3
1,119
4.1
14,12716 to 24 years
3,547
1,886
53.2
1,727
48.7
159
8.4
1,66125 to 34 years
7,820
5,898
75.4
5,656
72.3
242
4.1
1,92235 to 44 years
9,189
7,299
79.4
7,043
76.6
256
3.5
1,89045 to 54 years
8,481
6,826
80.5
6,592
77.7
234
3.4
1,65555 to 64 years
6,146
4,209
68.5
4,040
65.7
169
4.0
1,93865 years and older
6,317
1,256
19.9
1,196
18.9
60
4.8
5,061WomenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
110,439
63,536
57.5
60,852
55.1
2,684
4.2
46,90216 to 24 years
17,223
9,472
55.0
8,712
50.6
760
8.0
7,75125 to 34 years
18,292
14,402
78.7
13,761
75.2
641
4.5
3,89035 to 44 years
15,674
12,196
77.8
11,760
75.0
436
3.6
3,47845 to 54 years
16,991
12,847
75.6
12,450
73.3
397
3.1
4,14455 to 64 years
18,478
10,887
58.9
10,578
57.3
309
2.8
7,59165 years and older
23,781
3,733
15.7
3,592
15.1
141
3.8
20,049Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
21,365
11,638
54.5
11,083
51.9
555
4.8
9,72716 to 24 years
1,708
801
46.9
730
42.8
71
8.8
90725 to 34 years
3,847
2,311
60.1
2,188
56.9
122
5.3
1,53735 to 44 years
4,680
3,061
65.4
2,930
62.6
131
4.3
1,61945 to 54 years
4,361
3,054
70.0
2,927
67.1
127
4.1
1,30755 to 64 years
3,159
1,856
58.8
1,776
56.2
81
4.4
1,30365 years and older
3,609
555
15.4
532
14.7
23
4.2
3,054MenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
103,140
69,410
67.3
66,231
64.2
3,179
4.6
33,73016 to 24 years
17,380
9,803
56.4
8,767
50.4
1,036
10.6
7,57825 to 34 years
17,846
15,786
88.5
15,022
84.2
764
4.8
2,06135 to 44 years
15,088
13,539
89.7
13,089
86.7
450
3.3
1,54945 to 54 years
16,315
13,891
85.1
13,461
82.5
430
3.1
2,42455 to 64 years
17,067
11,803
69.2
11,446
67.1
357
3.0
5,26365 years and older
19,444
4,589
23.6
4,446
22.9
142
3.1
14,855Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
20,135
15,735
78.1
15,171
75.3
564
3.6
4,40016 to 24 years
1,839
1,085
59.0
997
54.2
88
8.1
75425 to 34 years
3,973
3,588
90.3
3,468
87.3
120
3.3
38535 to 44 years
4,509
4,238
94.0
4,113
91.2
125
2.9
27145 to 54 years
4,120
3,772
91.5
3,665
89.0
107
2.8
34855 to 64 years
2,987
2,352
78.8
2,264
75.8
88
3.7
63565 years and older
2,708
701
25.9
664
24.5
36
5.2
2,007Footnotes:(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Members of unions(1)
Represented by unions(2)Total
Percentage of employed
Total
Percentage of employed**Total**1983
88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.31984
92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.61985
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.51986
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.91987
99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.21988
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.01989
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.61990
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.21991
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.11992
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.71993
106,101
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.61994
107,989
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.51995
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.71996
111,960
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.21997
114,533
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.61998
116,730
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.41999
118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.32000
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.92001
122,229
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.72002
121,826
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.52003
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.32004
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.82005
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.72006
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.12007
129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.32008
129,377
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.72009
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.62010
124,073
14,715
11.9
16,290
13.12011
125,187
14,764
11.8
16,290
13.02012
127,577
14,366
11.3
15,922
12.52013
129,110
14,528
11.3
16,028
12.42014
131,431
14,576
11.1
16,152
12.32015
133,743
14,795
11.1
16,441
12.32016
136,101
14,555
10.7
16,271
12.02017
137,890
14,817
10.7
16,444
11.9**Women**1983
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.01984
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.81985
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.91986
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.51987
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.91988
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.01989
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.91990
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.91991
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.81992
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.91993
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.01994
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.11995
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.31996
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.81997
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.41998
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.11999
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.02000
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.12001
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.12002
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.02003
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.92004
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.52005
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.62006
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.22007
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.42008
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.92009
60,951
6,887
11.3
7,727
12.72010
60,542
6,722
11.1
7,528
12.42011
60,502
6,758
11.2
7,558
12.52012
61,679
6,470
10.5
7,311
11.92013
62,316
6,573
10.5
7,340
11.82014
63,383
6,638
10.5
7,434
11.72015
64,445
6,833
10.6
7,681
11.92016
65,512
6,667
10.2
7,567
11.62017
66,421
6,651
10.0
7,514
11.3**Men**1983
47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.71984
50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.71985
51,015
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.41986
51,942
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.71987
52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.91988
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.51989
54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.81990
55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.21991
54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.11992
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.41993
55,475
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.01994
56,570
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.61995
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.81996
58,473
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.41997
59,825
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.71998
60,973
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.41999
61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.42000
63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.52001
63,647
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.32002
63,272
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.92003
63,236
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.62004
64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.02005
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.72006
66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.02007
67,468
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.12008
66,846
8,938
13.4
9,724
14.52009
63,539
8,441
13.3
9,176
14.42010
63,531
7,994
12.6
8,761
13.82011
64,686
8,006
12.4
8,731
13.52012
65,898
7,895
12.0
8,611
13.12013
66,794
7,955
11.9
8,688
13.02014
68,048
7,939
11.7
8,717
12.82015
69,298
7,963
11.5
8,760
12.62016
70,589
7,888
11.2
8,704
12.32017
71,469
8,166
11.4
8,930
12.5Footnotes:(1) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as a percentage of totalTotal veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
20,387
2,000
18,387
9.8Civilian labor force
10,125
1,191
8,934
11.8Participation rate
49.7
59.6
48.6
-Employed
9,755
1,142
8,613
11.7Employment-population ratio
47.8
57.1
46.8
-Unemployed
370
49
321
13.3Unemployment rate
3.7
4.1
3.6
-Not in labor force
10,262
808
9,454
7.9Gulf War-era II veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
4,116
716
3,400
17.4Civilian labor force
3,318
498
2,819
15.0Participation rate
80.6
69.6
82.9
-Employed
3,169
471
2,698
14.9Employment-population ratio
77.0
65.7
79.4
-Unemployed
149
28
121
18.5Unemployment rate
4.5
5.5
4.3
-Not in labor force
798
218
580
27.3Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
3,279
504
2,775
15.4Civilian labor force
2,585
370
2,216
14.3Participation rate
78.9
73.4
79.9
-Employed
2,507
357
2,150
14.2Employment-population ratio
76.4
70.9
77.5
-Unemployed
79
13
66
16.1Unemployment rate
3.1
3.4
3.0
-Not in labor force
693
134
559
19.3World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
8,052
288
7,764
3.6Civilian labor force
1,818
60
1,758
3.3Participation rate
22.6
20.8
22.6
-Employed
1,751
58
1,693
3.3Employment-population ratio
21.7
20.2
21.8
-Unemployed
67
2
66
2.5Unemployment rate
3.7
2.8
3.7
-Not in labor force
6,234
228
6,006
3.7Veterans of other service periodsCivilian noninstitutional population
4,941
492
4,449
10.0Civilian labor force
2,404
264
2,140
11.0Participation rate
48.7
53.6
48.1
-Employed
2,329
256
2,073
11.0Employment-population ratio
47.1
52.1
46.6
-Unemployed
75
7
68
9.6Unemployment rate
3.1
2.7
3.2
-Not in labor force
2,537
228
2,309
9.0NonveteransCivilian noninstitutional population
225,619
125,318
100,301
55.5Civilian labor force
147,957
72,803
75,154
49.2Participation rate
65.6
58.1
74.9
-Employed
141,692
69,785
71,907
49.3Employment-population ratio
62.8
55.7
71.7
-Unemployed
6,265
3,018
3,248
48.2Unemployment rate
4.2
4.1
4.3
-Not in labor force
77,662
52,515
25,147
67.6Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age
Total
Women
MenTotal people with a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
30,351
16,211
14,140Civilian labor force
6,245
2,825
3,420Participation rate
20.6
17.4
24.2Employed
5,670
2,558
3,111Employment-population ratio
18.7
15.8
22.0Unemployed
576
267
309Unemployment rate
9.2
9.5
9.0Not in labor force
24,106
13,386
10,72016 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
15,697
7,935
7,762Civilian labor force
5,117
2,381
2,736Participation rate
32.6
30.0
35.2Employed
4,603
2,141
2,462Employment-population ratio
29.3
27.0
31.7Unemployed
514
240
273Unemployment rate
10.0
10.1
10.0Not in labor force
10,580
5,554
5,02665 years and olderCivilian noninstitutional population
14,654
8,276
6,378Civilian labor force
1,129
444
685Participation rate
7.7
5.4
10.7Employed
1,066
417
649Employment-population ratio
7.3
5.0
10.2Unemployed
62
27
35Unemployment rate
5.5
6.0
5.2Not in labor force
13,526
7,832
5,694Total people without a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
224,728
115,592
109,135Civilian labor force
154,074
72,349
81,725Participation rate
68.6
62.6
74.9Employed
147,668
69,377
78,290Employment-population ratio
65.7
60.0
71.7Unemployed
6,407
2,972
3,435Unemployment rate
4.2
4.1
4.2Not in labor force
70,653
43,243
27,41016 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
189,840
96,478
93,362Civilian labor force
145,626
68,505
77,120Participation rate
76.7
71.0
82.6Employed
139,500
65,671
73,829Employment-population ratio
73.5
68.1
79.1Unemployed
6,126
2,834
3,291Unemployment rate
4.2
4.1
4.3Not in labor force
44,215
27,973
16,24265 years and olderCivilian noninstitutional population
34,887
19,114
15,773Civilian labor force
8,449
3,844
4,605Participation rate
24.2
20.1
29.2Employed
8,168
3,706
4,461Employment-population ratio
23.4
19.4
28.3Unemployed
281
138
143Unemployment rate
3.3
3.6
3.1Not in labor force
26,439
15,270
11,168Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Upon request, this information is available to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Children*. Children are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children living in the household who are under age 18. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children not living in the household.
*Civilian labor force*. This group is made up of all people classified as employed or unemployed.
*Civilian labor force participation rate*. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
*Civilian noninstitutional population*. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
*Disability*. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.
*Displaced workers*. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
*Employed people*. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
*Employment-population ratio*. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
*Family*. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such individuals are considered members of one family. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Subfamilies are excluded from the count of families. A subfamily is a family that does not maintain their own household, such as a married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. In this example, the report would include only one family (the householder’s or primary family), not two. Families include those with and without children under 18 years. Families are further categorized as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
*Families maintained by women or men*are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner of either sex.*Foreign born*. The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam) to parents who were not U.S. citizens. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity*. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
*Hours at work.*These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week containing the 12th of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)
*Householder.*The householder is the family reference person. This is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Other household members are defined as family members based on their relationship to the householder.
*Minimum wage*. The estimates of the number of workers with earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the federal minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.
A number of states have established minimum wage rates that exceed the federal level. (Information on state minimum wage laws is available at www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm.) Users should be cautious about comparing state estimates in this report because of differing statutory minimum wages. It also should be noted that the CPS sample is based on residence, that is, where workers live, which may or may not be located in the same state in which they work. In addition, the degree of sampling error may be quite large for some state estimates.
*Not in the labor force*. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed.
*Occupation and industry*. Occupation refers to the type of job or work that a person does, and industry refers to the business activity of a person’s employer or company. People with two or more jobs are classified as being in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census Occupational Classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the 2012 census industry classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
*Poverty classification.*Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2016, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $24,563; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $49,721; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $12,228. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf.)
*Race*. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or more races. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.
*Self-employed workers*. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
*Tenure*. Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
*Unemployed*. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People on temporary layoff do not need to look for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Unemployment rate*. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Union membership*. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.
*Usual full- or part-time status*. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey reference week, BLS classifies people as either full- or part-time workers based on the number of hours they usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).
*Usual weekly earnings*. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.
Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.
*Veterans*. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”
*Wage and salary workers*. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed, because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
*Work experience*. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
*Workers paid by the hour*. These are wage and salary workers paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
*Working poor*. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.
**Reliability of the estimates**
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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