Labor Force

Characteristics

by Race and

Ethnicity, 2011

U.S. Department of Labor

Hilda L. Solis, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

John M. Galvin, Acting Commissioner

August 2012

Report 1036

BLS

Errors were found in table 2 and on page 1 of this report. The report was reissued on June 6, 2013, to correct the data.
Contents

i

Overview........................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Composition of the labor force ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Labor force participation..................................................................................................................................................... 1

Employment........................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Education ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2

Occupation and industry ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

Families and mothers.......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Unemployment and not in the labor force .......................................................................................................................... 3

Earnings .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by sex and

race, 2011 annual averages ........................................................................................................................... 5

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 

and sex, and race, 2011 annual averages....................................................................................................... 6

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, 

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages .............................................................................. 7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1972–2011 annual averages ....................................................................................................................... 10

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1972–2011 annual averages......................................................................................................................... 12

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex,

race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages.................................................................... 14

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages .................................................................................................................................. 17

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages .................................................................................................................................. 20

Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages ................................................................................................................................. 32

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages .................................................................................................. 34

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, 

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages................................................................... 35

Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 

annual averages........................................................................................................................................... 41

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 43

Page
ii

Contents—continued

Page

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 44

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 

2011 annual averages.................................................................................................................................. 45

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, 

race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages ......................................................... 47

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational 

attainment,sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ......................................... 51

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, 

race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ................................................................... 52

Technical note ............................................................................................................................................................. 55
1

Labor Force Characteristics

by Race and Ethnicity, 2011

Overview

I

n 2011, the unemployment rate for the United States averaged 8.9 percent, but varied across race and ethnicity 

groups. The rates were highest for Blacks (15.8 percent) 

and for American Indians and Alaska Natives (14.6 percent) 

and lowest for Whites (7.9 percent) and for Asians (7.0 percent). The jobless rate was 13.6 percent for persons of two or 

more races, 11.5 percent for Hispanics, and 10.4 percent for 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. 

Differences in labor force characteristics emerge when the 

race and ethnicity groups are compared. These differences 

reflect a variety of factors, not all of which are measurable. 

These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the 

groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which 

the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to 

reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics 

and earnings patterns among the major race and ethnicity 

groups—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides more detailed data through a set of supporting tables. 

These data are obtained from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich 

source of information on the labor force. For definitions of 

terms and concepts used in this report, see the Technical note. 

Additional information about the CPS can be found at http://

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

For the first time, this report also includes a limited 

amount of data for American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, and for people who are 

of two or more races. Due to their relatively small sample 

size, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables. The following bullets highlight some of the major 

findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2011. 

Composition of the labor force

• By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor 

force in 2011 (81 percent). Blacks and Asians made 

up an additional 12 percent and 5 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives composed about 1 percent of the labor force, as did persons of two or more races. Native Hawaiians and 

Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent. 

(See table 1.)

• By ethnicity, 15 percent of the labor force in 2011 

were Hispanic or Latino. The majority of Hispanics 

in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). The 

remainder consisted of Central and South Americans (20 percent), Puerto Ricans (8 percent), Cubans (4 percent), and Other Hispanics or Latinos (5 

percent). (See table 2.)

• People of Hispanic ethnicity may be of any race. In 

2011, the majority of Hispanics (93 percent) were 

White, 3 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian.

Labor force participation

• In 2011, American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.2 

percent) and Blacks (61.4 percent) had the lowest 

labor force participation rates among the race and 

ethnicity groups, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (69.4 percent) had the highest 

participation rates. The participation rates for Hispanics, Asians, and Whites, were 66.5 percent, 64.6 

percent, and 64.5 percent, respectively. The participation rate for persons of two or more races was 

64.0 percent in 2011. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.) 

• Among adult men (age 20 and over) in the major 

race and ethnicity groups, Blacks (68.4 percent) 

were less likely than other race and ethnicity groups 

to participate in the labor force. Hispanic men (81.7 

percent) were more likely to participate in the labor 

force than other men. The labor force participation 

rate was 76.6 percent for Asian men and 73.9 percent for White men. (See table 3.)

• Among adult women, the proportions of White 

women (59.4 percent), Hispanic women (59.0 percent), and Asian women (58.7 percent) in the labor 

force were lower than that of Black women (62.2 

percent). 

Employment

• In 2011, the employment-population ratio (that is, 

the proportion of the population that is employed) 

ranged from 50.5 percent for American Indians and 

Alaska Natives to 62.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employmentpopulation ratio was 51.7 percent for Blacks, 55.3 

percent for individuals of two or more races, 58.9 

percent for Hispanics, 59.4 percent for Whites, and 

60.0 percent for Asians. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 5.) 

• Among adult men (age 20 and older), Hispanics (73.3 percent) continued to have the highest 
2

employment-population ratio in 2011, followed by 

Asians (71.7 percent) and Whites (68.2 percent). 

The employment-population ratio for Black men, at 

56.9 percent, was lower than the ratios for men in 

other groups in 2011, continuing a long-term pattern. Among adult women, Whites had the highest 

employment-population ratio, at 55.3 percent, followed by Asians (54.6 percent), and Blacks (54.0 

percent). The ratio for Hispanic women (52.5 percent) continued to be lower than the ratio for other 

groups. (See table 3.)

• Among teenagers ages 16 to 19, the employmentpopulation ratio was higher for Whites than for 

Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. In 2011, the ratio for 

White teens (28.8 percent) was nearly twice that for 

Black teens (14.7 percent). The ratios for Hispanic 

and Asian teens were 19.5 percent and 16.2 percent, 

respectively. 

Education

• Among people age 25 and older, the share of the 

labor force with at least a high school diploma was 

about 90 percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians in 

2011. By contrast, 69 percent of Hispanics in the 

labor force had completed high school. Asians were 

the most likely of the groups to have graduated from 

college; 57 percent of Asians in the labor force had a 

bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent 

of Hispanics. (See table 6.) 

• For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels 

of education are generally associated with a greater 

likelihood of employment and a lower likelihood 

of unemployment. Individuals with higher levels 

of education generally have better access to higher 

paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than do individuals with less education. However, at nearly every 

level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more 

likely to be unemployed in 2011 than were Whites 

or Asians. 

Occupation and industry

• The highest paying major occupational category is 

management, professional, and related occupations. 

In 2011, 47 percent of employed Asians worked 

in this occupational group, compared with 38 percent of employed Whites, 29 percent of employed 

Blacks, and 20 percent of employed Hispanics. (See 

table 7.) 

• Among employed men, nearly half (49 percent) of 

Asians worked in management, professional, and 

related occupations in 2011, compared with 35 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black 

and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations in 2011, whereas about 1 in 10 employed 

Asian and White men worked in these occupations. 

Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more 

likely than White or Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. About one-quarter of employed Hispanic men 

(26 percent) worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, a higher share 

than for White men (18 percent), Black men (12 percent), or Asian men (7 percent). 

• In 2011, employed Asian and White women were 

more likely than other women to work in management, professional, and related occupations—44 

percent of Asian women and 42 percent of White 

women. By contrast, 34 percent of employed Black 

women and 25 percent of employed Hispanic women worked in this occupational group. Among employed women, 63 percent of Hispanics worked in 

either service occupations or sales and office occupations, compared with about 59 percent of Blacks, 

52 percent of Whites, and 48 percent of Asians. 

• In 2011, Hispanics accounted for 15 percent of 

total employment but were overrepresented by a 

substantial amount in several occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers 

(50 percent), roofers (47 percent), and packers and 

packagers (46 percent). Blacks made up 11 percent 

of all employed workers, but accounted for about 

one-quarter or more of those in several specific 

occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and 

home health aides (33 percent); security guards (27 

percent); and taxi drivers (27 percent). Asians accounted for 5 percent of all employed workers but 

made up a much larger share of workers in several 

occupational categories, including miscellaneous 

personal appearance workers (makeup artists, manicurists and pedicurists, shampooers, and skin care 

specialists; 55 percent), software developers (27 

percent), and physicians and surgeons (16 percent). 

Whites made up 82 percent of all employed persons, 

but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, 

and other agricultural managers; 95 percent of firefighters; and 94 percent of construction managers. 

(See table 8.) 

• By industry, 18 percent of employed Hispanic men 

worked in construction in 2011, a larger share than 

White (12 percent), Black (7 percent), or Asian men 

(3 percent). Twelve percent of employed Black men 

worked in transportation and utilities, compared 

with 7 percent each of Hispanic and White men and 
3

6 percent of Asian men. About 17 percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of their White 

(13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black (11 

percent) counterparts. A large share of women in 

all race and ethnicity groups worked in education 

and health services in 2011—Blacks (42 percent), 

Whites (36 percent), Asians (31 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.) 

Families and mothers

• In 2011, 88 percent of Asian families had an employed family member, compared with 84 percent 

of Hispanic families and 80 percent of White families. Black families remained the least likely to have 

an employed family member (74 percent). (See table 10.) 

• In 2011, nearly one-half (45 percent) of Black families and one-fourth (25 percent) of Hispanic families were maintained by women without a spouse 

present. About 16 percent of White families and 

12 percent of Asian families were maintained by 

women. Among families maintained by women 

with no spouse present, Asian families were most 

likely to have an employed family member (81 

percent), while Black families were the least likely 

to have an employed family member (67 percent). 

The proportion of White and Hispanic families that 

were maintained by women with an employed family member was 74 and 72 percent, respectively. In 

general, families maintained by women without a 

spouse present are less likely to have an employed 

member than other families.

• Among mothers with children under 18, Blacks 

were more likely to be in the labor force than Whites, 

Asians, or Hispanics. In 2011, 75.3 percent of Black 

mothers were labor force participants, compared 

with 70.2 percent of White mothers, 65.4 percent of 

Asian mothers, and 61.8 percent of Hispanic mothers. (See table 11.) 

Unemployment and not in the labor force

• In 2011, unemployment rates among the race and 

ethnicity groups varied considerably by race and 

ethnicity. Blacks (15.8 percent) and American Indians and Alaska Natives (14.6 percent) had the 

highest unemployment rates, while Asians (7.0 percent) and Whites (7.9 percent) had the lowest. The 

unemployment rate was 11.5 percent for Hispanics, 

10.4 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific 

Islanders, and 13.6 percent for individuals of two or 

more races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 12.) 

• Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates in 2011 for Black adult men and women 

(age 20 and older) were 16.7 and 13.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for Hispanic 

adult men was 10.3 percent, and the rate for Hispanic adult women was 11.1 percent. In comparison, 

the unemployment rate for White adult men was 7.7 

percent, and the rate for White adult women was 7.0 

percent. The jobless rates for Asian adult men and 

women were 6.4 and 7.0 percent, respectively. (See 

table 3.)

• Black teenagers had the highest unemployment rate 

among the major race and ethnicity groups—41.3 

percent in 2011. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, Asian, and White teenagers were 31.1 percent, 25.2 percent, and 21.7 percent, respectively.

• Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than other workers. 

In 2011, the median duration of unemployment for 

Asians and Blacks was 27.7 weeks and 27.0 weeks, 

respectively, compared with 19.7 weeks for Whites 

and 18.5 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

• Of the 13.7 million unemployed persons in 2011, 59 

percent (8.1 million) were job losers (that is, those 

workers who lost their jobs and those who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (25 

percent), job leavers (7 percent), and new entrants 

(9 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed 

persons. Of the total unemployed for each major 

race and ethnicity group, about 60 percent of Whites 

and Hispanics were job losers in 2011, compared 

with 55 percent of Blacks and 53 percent of Asians. 

About 13 percent of Asians and 11 percent of Blacks 

and Hispanics were new entrants to the labor force 

in 2011, compared with nearly 9 percent of Whites. 

(See table 14.)

• In 2011, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian 

labor force, but 23 percent of persons marginally 

attached to the labor force. Persons marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were 

not in the labor force, wanted and were available for 

work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding 

the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented 

among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their shares of the labor force. Whites were 

underrepresented among the marginally attached 
4

relative to their share of the labor force. Blacks also 

composed a high proportion of discouraged workers 

(about 26 percent) in 2011. Discouraged workers, a 

subset of the marginally attached, are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no 

jobs are available for them. (See table 15.) 

Earnings

• Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks had considerably lower earnings than 

Asians and Whites. In 2011, the median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 

were $549 for Hispanics, $615 for Blacks, $775 for 

Whites, and $866 for Asians. Among men, the earnings of Whites ($856), Blacks ($653), and Hispanics 

($571) were 88 percent, 67 percent, and 59 percent, 

respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($970). The 

median earnings of White women ($703), Black 

women ($595), and Hispanic women ($518) were 

94, 79, and 69 percent, respectively, of the earnings 

of Asian women ($751). (See table 16.)

• For men, the earnings disparity across the major 

race and ethnicity groups holds for nearly all major 

occupational groups. For example, in 2011, median 

usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,414) and 

White men ($1,294) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the 

highest paying major occupation group) were well 

above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,019) and 

Black men ($965) in the same occupation group. 

Among those employed in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings ratios 

of White, Hispanic, and Black men to Asian men 

were 92 percent, 72 percent, and 68 percent, respectively. In contrast, the earnings of White men employed full time in production, transportation, and 

material moving occupations were higher ($667) 

than the earnings of Black, Asian, and Hispanic men 

($595, $584, and $525, respectively).

• Among the race and ethnicity groups, the earnings 

disparity was similar for women to that for men 

across the major occupational groups. For example, 

in production, transportation, and material moving 

occupations, the weekly earnings of White ($486) 

and Black ($490) women were about the same in 

2011; the earnings of Asian and Hispanic women 

were $461 and $405 per week, respectively. In management, professional, and related occupations, the 

earnings of Asian women were higher than women 

of other race and ethnicity groups. In 2011, the earnings of White, Black, and Hispanic women were 84 

percent, 74 percent, and 73 percent, respectively, of 

the earnings of Asian women. 
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by sex and race, 

2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total

 Percent

of

population 

Total

 Percent

of labor

force 

Total, both sexes .......................................... 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

Men ......................................................... 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

Women ................................................... 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

White, both sexes .......................................... 193,077 124,579 64.5 114,690 59.4 9,889 7.9 68,498

Men ......................................................... 94,801 67,551 71.3 61,920 65.3 5,631 8.3 27,249

Women ................................................... 98,276 57,028 58.0 52,770 53.7 4,257 7.5 41,248

Black or African American, both sexes ............... 29,114 17,881 61.4 15,051 51.7 2,831 15.8 11,233

Men ......................................................... 13,164 8,454 64.2 6,953 52.8 1,502 17.8 4,710

Women ................................................... 15,950 9,427 59.1 8,098 50.8 1,329 14.1 6,523

Asian, both sexes .......................................... 11,439 7,386 64.6 6,867 60.0 518 7.0 4,054

Men ......................................................... 5,429 3,972 73.2 3,703 68.2 269 6.8 1,457

Women ................................................... 6,011 3,414 56.8 3,165 52.6 250 7.3 2,596

American Indian and Alaska Native, both 

 sexes ...................................................... 1,999 1,182 59.2 1,010 50.5 172 14.6 816

Men ......................................................... 989 645 65.2 546 55.2 99 15.4 344

Women ................................................... 1,009 537 53.2 464 45.9 73 13.7 472

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 

 both sexes ................................................ 633 439 69.4 393 62.2 46 10.4 193

Men ......................................................... 308 232 75.6 206 67.0 26 11.4 75

Women ................................................... 325 207 63.6 187 57.7 19 9.3 118

Two or more races, both sexes ........................ 3,356 2,149 64.0 1,857 55.3 292 13.6 1,207

Men ......................................................... 1,627 1,120 68.9 963 59.2 157 14.0 507

Women ................................................... 1,730 1,029 59.5 895 51.7 135 13.1 701

Sex and race

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in

labor

force Total 

 Percent

of

population 

5
This table was reissued on June 6, 2013, to correct errors in the data.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, sex, and race,

2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total

 Percent

of

population 

Total

 Percent

of labor

force 

Total, both sexes .......................................... 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

Men ......................................................... 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

Women ................................................... 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ........................ 34,438 22,898 66.5 20,269 58.9 2,629 11.5 11,540

Men ......................................................... 17,753 13,576 76.5 12,049 67.9 1,527 11.2 4,177

Women ................................................... 16,685 9,322 55.9 8,220 49.3 1,102 11.8 7,363

Mexican, both sexes .................................... 21,519 14,360 66.7 12,697 59.0 1,663 11.6 7,159

Men ...................................................... 11,321 8,841 78.1 7,850 69.3 991 11.2 2,480

Women ................................................ 10,198 5,519 54.1 4,848 47.5 672 12.2 4,679

Puerto Rican, both sexes .............................. 3,201 1,893 59.2 1,627 50.8 266 14.1 1,307

Men ...................................................... 1,533 964 62.9 822 53.7 141 14.7 569

Women ................................................ 1,668 930 55.7 805 48.2 125 13.5 738

Cuban, both sexes .................................... 1,533 976 63.6 867 56.5 109 11.2 558

Men ...................................................... 772 551 71.4 484 62.7 67 12.2 221

Women ................................................ 761 424 55.8 383 50.3 42 9.8 337

Central and South American, both sexes ......... 6,508 4,611 70.8 4,117 63.3 494 10.7 1,897

Men ...................................................... 3,320 2,644 79.7 2,367 71.3 277 10.5 675

Women ................................................ 3,189 1,966 61.7 1,750 54.9 217 11.0 1,222

Other Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ............... 1,677 1,057 63.1 961 57.3 97 9.1 619

Men ...................................................... 807 576 71.3 526 65.1 50 8.7 232

Women ................................................ 869 482 55.4 435 50.0 47 9.7 387

Non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes .................. 205,180 130,719 63.7 119,600 58.3 11,119 8.5 74,461

Men ......................................................... 98,564 68,399 69.4 62,241 63.1 6,158 9.0 30,165

Women ................................................... 106,616 62,320 58.5 57,359 53.8 4,961 8.0 44,295

White non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ...... 161,158 103,334 64.1 95,846 59.5 7,488 7.2 57,824

Men ...................................................... 78,300 54,911 70.1 50,682 64.7 4,229 7.7 23,388

Women ................................................ 82,858 48,423 58.4 45,164 54.5 3,259 6.7 34,435

Black non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ......... 27,913 17,110 61.3 14,395 51.6 2,714 15.9 10,803

Men ...................................................... 12,606 8,051 63.9 6,609 52.4 1,442 17.9 4,555

Women ................................................ 15,307 9,059 59.2 7,787 50.9 1,273 14.0 6,248

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ......... 11,223 7,242 64.5 6,733 60.0 509 7.0 3,980

Men ...................................................... 5,320 3,892 73.2 3,629 68.2 264 6.8 1,427

Women ................................................ 5,903 3,350 56.7 3,105 52.6 245 7.3 2,553

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

sex, and race

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in

labor

force Total 

 Percent

of

population 

6
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total

 Percent

of

population 

Total

 Percent

of labor

force 

Total

Total, 16 years and over ............... 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

16 to 19 years ........................ 16,774 5,727 34.1 4,327 25.8 1,400 24.4 11,048

20 years and over ..................... 222,843 147,890 66.4 135,542 60.8 12,348 8.3 74,953

20 to 24 years ..................... 21,423 15,270 71.3 13,036 60.8 2,234 14.6 6,153

25 to 54 years ..................... 124,704 101,744 81.6 93,674 75.1 8,069 7.9 22,961

55 to 64 years ..................... 36,987 23,765 64.3 22,186 60.0 1,579 6.6 13,222

65 years and over .................. 39,729 7,112 17.9 6,647 16.7 465 6.5 32,617

Men, 16 years and over ............... 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

16 to 19 years ........................ 8,582 2,895 33.7 2,108 24.6 786 27.2 5,687

20 years and over ..................... 107,736 79,080 73.4 72,182 67.0 6,898 8.7 28,656

20 to 24 years ..................... 10,844 8,101 74.7 6,826 63.0 1,275 15.7 2,743

25 to 54 years ..................... 61,608 54,638 88.7 50,157 81.4 4,481 8.2 6,970

55 to 64 years ..................... 17,810 12,350 69.3 11,469 64.4 882 7.1 5,460

65 years and over .................. 17,474 3,990 22.8 3,730 21.3 261 6.5 13,484

 Women, 16 years and over ......... 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

16 to 19 years ........................ 8,193 2,832 34.6 2,219 27.1 613 21.7 5,361

20 years and over ..................... 115,107 68,810 59.8 63,360 55.0 5,450 7.9 46,297

20 to 24 years ..................... 10,579 7,169 67.8 6,209 58.7 960 13.4 3,410

25 to 54 years ..................... 63,096 47,105 74.7 43,517 69.0 3,588 7.6 15,991

55 to 64 years ..................... 19,177 11,414 59.5 10,717 55.9 697 6.1 7,763

65 years and over .................. 22,255 3,121 14.0 2,917 13.1 204 6.5 19,133

White

Total, 16 years and over ............... 193,077 124,579 64.5 114,690 59.4 9,889 7.9 68,498

16 to 19 years ........................ 12,818 4,714 36.8 3,691 28.8 1,024 21.7 8,103

20 years and over ..................... 180,259 119,865 66.5 111,000 61.6 8,865 7.4 60,394

20 to 24 years ..................... 16,562 12,120 73.2 10,574 63.8 1,546 12.8 4,442

25 to 54 years ..................... 98,692 81,381 82.5 75,708 76.7 5,673 7.0 17,311

55 to 64 years ..................... 30,799 20,188 65.5 18,937 61.5 1,251 6.2 10,610

65 years and over .................. 34,206 6,175 18.1 5,780 16.9 395 6.4 28,031

Men, 16 years and over ............... 94,801 67,551 71.3 61,920 65.3 5,631 8.3 27,249

16 to 19 years ........................ 6,610 2,386 36.1 1,802 27.3 585 24.5 4,223

20 years and over ..................... 88,191 65,165 73.9 60,118 68.2 5,046 7.7 23,026

20 to 24 years ..................... 8,485 6,539 77.1 5,630 66.4 909 13.9 1,946

25 to 54 years ..................... 49,474 44,502 90.0 41,285 83.4 3,217 7.2 4,972

55 to 64 years ..................... 15,018 10,629 70.8 9,932 66.1 697 6.6 4,389

65 years and over .................. 15,213 3,494 23.0 3,271 21.5 223 6.4 11,719

 Women, 16 years and over ......... 98,276 57,028 58.0 52,770 53.7 4,257 7.5 41,248

16 to 19 years ........................ 6,208 2,328 37.5 1,889 30.4 439 18.9 3,880

20 years and over ..................... 92,068 54,700 59.4 50,881 55.3 3,818 7.0 37,368

20 to 24 years ..................... 8,077 5,581 69.1 4,943 61.2 637 11.4 2,496

25 to 54 years ..................... 49,218 36,879 74.9 34,423 69.9 2,456 6.7 12,339

55 to 64 years ..................... 15,781 9,559 60.6 9,005 57.1 554 5.8 6,221

65 years and over .................. 18,992 2,681 14.1 2,509 13.2 171 6.4 16,312

See note at end of table. 

Age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in

labor

force Total 

 Percent

of

population 

7
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total

 Percent

of

population 

Total

 Percent

of labor

force 

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and over ............... 29,114 17,881 61.4 15,051 51.7 2,831 15.8 11,233

16 to 19 years ........................ 2,594 647 24.9 380 14.7 267 41.3 1,947

20 years and over ..................... 26,520 17,234 65.0 14,671 55.3 2,564 14.9 9,286

20 to 24 years ..................... 3,168 2,105 66.5 1,574 49.7 531 25.2 1,063

25 to 54 years ..................... 15,958 12,420 77.8 10,645 66.7 1,775 14.3 3,539

55 to 64 years ..................... 3,955 2,155 54.5 1,943 49.1 212 9.8 1,800

65 years and over .................. 3,440 555 16.1 508 14.8 47 8.4 2,885

Men, 16 years and over ............... 13,164 8,454 64.2 6,953 52.8 1,502 17.8 4,710

16 to 19 years ........................ 1,282 329 25.7 187 14.6 142 43.1 953

20 years and over ..................... 11,882 8,125 68.4 6,765 56.9 1,360 16.7 3,757

20 to 24 years ..................... 1,510 1,012 67.0 734 48.6 278 27.4 498

25 to 54 years ..................... 7,269 5,872 80.8 4,937 67.9 935 15.9 1,397

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,759 983 55.9 858 48.8 125 12.7 775

65 years and over .................. 1,344 257 19.1 236 17.5 21 8.2 1,087

 Women, 16 years and over ......... 15,950 9,427 59.1 8,098 50.8 1,329 14.1 6,523

16 to 19 years ........................ 1,312 318 24.2 193 14.7 125 39.4 994

20 years and over ..................... 14,638 9,110 62.2 7,906 54.0 1,204 13.2 5,529

20 to 24 years ..................... 1,657 1,093 65.9 840 50.7 253 23.1 565

25 to 54 years ..................... 8,689 6,547 75.4 5,708 65.7 839 12.8 2,142

55 to 64 years ..................... 2,196 1,172 53.4 1,086 49.4 86 7.4 1,024

65 years and over .................. 2,096 298 14.2 272 13.0 25 8.5 1,798

Asian

Total, 16 years and over ............... 11,439 7,386 64.6 6,867 60.0 518 7.0 4,054

16 to 19 years ........................ 652 141 21.7 106 16.2 36 25.2 510

20 years and over ..................... 10,788 7,244 67.2 6,762 62.7 483 6.7 3,543

20 to 24 years ..................... 940 518 55.1 461 49.1 57 11.0 421

25 to 54 years ..................... 6,789 5,428 80.0 5,097 75.1 332 6.1 1,360

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,555 1,032 66.3 953 61.3 78 7.6 524

65 years and over .................. 1,504 266 17.7 250 16.6 16 6.0 1,238

Men, 16 years and over ............... 5,429 3,972 73.2 3,703 68.2 269 6.8 1,457

16 to 19 years ........................ 331 66 20.1 46 13.9 20 30.5 265

20 years and over ..................... 5,098 3,905 76.6 3,657 71.7 249 6.4 1,193

20 to 24 years ..................... 472 269 57.1 238 50.4 32 11.7 203

25 to 54 years ..................... 3,255 2,936 90.2 2,768 85.1 168 5.7 319

55 to 64 years ..................... 707 531 75.0 492 69.6 39 7.3 177

65 years and over .................. 663 169 25.5 158 23.9 11 6.4 494

 Women, 16 years and over ......... 6,011 3,414 56.8 3,165 52.6 250 7.3 2,596

16 to 19 years ........................ 321 75 23.4 60 18.6 15 20.5 246

20 years and over ..................... 5,690 3,339 58.7 3,105 54.6 234 7.0 2,351

20 to 24 years ..................... 467 249 53.2 223 47.8 25 10.1 219

25 to 54 years ..................... 3,534 2,493 70.5 2,329 65.9 164 6.6 1,041

55 to 64 years ..................... 848 501 59.1 461 54.4 40 7.9 347

65 years and over .................. 841 97 11.6 92 10.9 5 5.3 744

See note at end of table. 

Age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in

labor

force Total 

 Percent

of

population 

8
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total

 Percent

of

population 

Total

 Percent

of labor

force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over ............... 34,438 22,898 66.5 20,269 58.9 2,629 11.5 11,540

16 to 19 years ........................ 3,407 965 28.3 665 19.5 300 31.1 2,442

20 years and over ..................... 31,031 21,933 70.7 19,604 63.2 2,329 10.6 9,098

20 to 24 years ..................... 4,193 3,017 72.0 2,544 60.7 473 15.7 1,175

25 to 54 years ..................... 20,624 16,390 79.5 14,774 71.6 1,616 9.9 4,234

55 to 64 years ..................... 3,311 2,015 60.8 1,820 55.0 195 9.7 1,296

65 years and over .................. 2,903 511 17.6 465 16.0 45 8.8 2,393

Men, 16 years and over ............... 17,753 13,576 76.5 12,049 67.9 1,527 11.2 4,177

16 to 19 years ........................ 1,812 545 30.1 364 20.1 182 33.3 1,266

20 years and over ..................... 15,941 13,030 81.7 11,685 73.3 1,345 10.3 2,911

20 to 24 years ..................... 2,278 1,811 79.5 1,535 67.4 277 15.3 467

25 to 54 years ..................... 10,799 9,803 90.8 8,880 82.2 924 9.4 996

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,604 1,122 69.9 1,006 62.7 116 10.4 482

65 years and over .................. 1,260 293 23.3 266 21.1 28 9.5 966

 Women, 16 years and over ......... 16,685 9,322 55.9 8,220 49.3 1,102 11.8 7,363

16 to 19 years ........................ 1,595 419 26.3 301 18.9 118 28.1 1,176

20 years and over ..................... 15,090 8,902 59.0 7,918 52.5 984 11.1 6,187

20 to 24 years ..................... 1,915 1,206 63.0 1,010 52.7 196 16.3 709

25 to 54 years ..................... 9,825 6,587 67.0 5,894 60.0 692 10.5 3,238

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,707 893 52.3 814 47.7 78 8.8 814

65 years and over .................. 1,643 217 13.2 200 12.1 17 8.0 1,426

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in

labor

force Total 

 Percent

of

population 

9
Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages 

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 ...... 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 ——————

1973 ...... 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 ——— 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 ...... 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 ——— 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 ...... 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 ——— 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 ...... 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 ——— 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 ...... 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 ——— 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 ...... 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 ——— 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 ...... 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 ——— 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 ...... 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 ——— 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 ...... 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 ——— 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 ...... 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 ——— 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 ...... 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 ——— 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984 ...... 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 ——— 64.9 80.6 49.7

1985 ...... 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 ——— 64.6 80.4 49.3

1986 ...... 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 ——— 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 ...... 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 ——— 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 ...... 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 ——— 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 ...... 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 ——— 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 ...... 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 ——— 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 ...... 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 ——— 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 ...... 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 ——— 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 ...... 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 ——— 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 ...... 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 ——— 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 ...... 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 ——— 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 ...... 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 ——— 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 ...... 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 ——— 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998 ...... 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 ——— 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 ...... 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 ——— 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 ...... 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 ...... 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 ...... 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 ...... 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 ...... 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 ...... 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 ...... 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 ...... 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 ...... 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 ...... 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 ...... 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 ...... 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

See note at end of table.

Year

10
Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander Two or more races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 ............ 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 ............ 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 ............ 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 ............ 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 ............ 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 ............ 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 ............ 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 ............ 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 ............ 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

Year

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian 

and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are 

included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as 

their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available. 

11
Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 ...... 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 ——————

1973 ...... 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 ——— 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 ...... 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 ——— 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 ...... 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 ——— 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 ...... 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 ——— 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 ...... 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 ——— 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 ...... 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 ——— 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 ...... 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 ——— 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 ...... 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 ——— 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 ...... 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 ——— 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 ...... 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 ——— 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 ...... 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 ——— 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 ...... 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 ——— 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 ...... 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 ——— 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 ...... 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 ——— 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 ...... 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 ——— 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 ...... 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 ——— 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 ...... 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 ——— 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 ...... 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 ——— 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 ...... 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 ——— 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 ...... 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 ——— 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 ...... 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 ——— 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 ...... 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 ——— 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 ...... 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 ——— 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 ...... 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 ——— 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997 ...... 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 ——— 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 ...... 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 ——— 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 ...... 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 ——— 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 ...... 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 ...... 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 ...... 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 ...... 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 ...... 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 ...... 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 ...... 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 ...... 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 ...... 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 ...... 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 ...... 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 ...... 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

See note at end of table.

Year

12
Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander Two or more races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 ............ 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 ............ 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 ............ 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 ............ 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 ............ 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 ............ 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 ............ 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 ............ 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 ............ 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

Year

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian 

and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are 

included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as 

their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available. 

13
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 201,420 25,122 61,932 33,898 19,191 61,277

Civilian labor force ................................. 132,620 11,599 37,344 22,686 14,145 46,846

Percent of population ........................ 65.8 46.2 60.3 66.9 73.7 76.4

Employed .......................................... 122,507 9,967 33,823 20,712 13,182 44,822

Employment-population ratio ............... 60.8 39.7 54.6 61.1 68.7 73.1

Unemployed ....................................... 10,113 1,632 3,521 1,974 963 2,024

Unemployment rate ........................... 7.6 14.1 9.4 8.7 6.8 4.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 96,892 12,563 30,264 16,078 8,229 29,758

Civilian labor force ................................. 70,979 7,398 21,169 11,760 6,469 24,183

Percent of population ........................ 73.3 58.9 69.9 73.1 78.6 81.3

Employed .......................................... 65,356 6,388 19,059 10,741 6,029 23,138

Employment-population ratio ............... 67.5 50.9 63.0 66.8 73.3 77.8

Unemployed ....................................... 5,623 1,009 2,110 1,018 440 1,045

Unemployment rate ........................... 7.9 13.6 10.0 8.7 6.8 4.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 104,528 12,559 31,668 17,820 10,962 31,519

Civilian labor force ................................. 61,641 4,201 16,175 10,926 7,676 22,663

Percent of population ........................ 59.0 33.5 51.1 61.3 70.0 71.9

Employed .......................................... 57,151 3,579 14,764 9,971 7,153 21,684

Employment-population ratio ............... 54.7 28.5 46.6 56.0 65.3 68.8

Unemployed ....................................... 4,490 623 1,411 955 523 978

Unemployment rate ........................... 7.3 14.8 8.7 8.7 6.8 4.3

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 163,696 19,765 50,280 27,370 15,765 50,516

Civilian labor force ................................. 107,745 9,443 30,093 18,109 11,609 38,492

Percent of population ........................ 65.8 47.8 59.8 66.2 73.6 76.2

Employed .......................................... 100,426 8,248 27,568 16,713 10,922 36,975

Employment-population ratio ............... 61.3 41.7 54.8 61.1 69.3 73.2

Unemployed ....................................... 7,318 1,195 2,524 1,396 687 1,516

Unemployment rate ........................... 6.8 12.7 8.4 7.7 5.9 3.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 79,706 10,110 24,704 13,141 6,865 24,885

Civilian labor force ................................. 58,625 6,211 17,317 9,590 5,399 20,108

Percent of population ........................ 73.6 61.4 70.1 73.0 78.7 80.8

Employed .......................................... 54,488 5,450 15,776 8,878 5,082 19,303

Employment-population ratio ............... 68.4 53.9 63.9 67.6 74.0 77.6

Unemployed ....................................... 4,137 762 1,541 712 318 805

Unemployment rate ........................... 7.1 12.3 8.9 7.4 5.9 4.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 83,991 9,655 25,576 14,229 8,900 25,630

Civilian labor force ................................. 49,119 3,232 12,776 8,518 6,210 18,384

Percent of population ........................ 58.5 33.5 50.0 59.9 69.8 71.7

Employed .......................................... 45,938 2,798 11,792 7,835 5,840 17,672

Employment-population ratio ............... 54.7 29.0 46.1 55.1 65.6 69.0

Unemployed ....................................... 3,181 433 984 683 369 711

Unemployment rate ........................... 6.5 13.4 7.7 8.0 5.9 3.9

See footnotes at end of table. 

14
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 23,353 3,545 8,176 4,563 2,314 4,755

Civilian labor force ................................. 15,129 1,343 5,088 3,233 1,727 3,738

Percent of population ........................ 64.8 37.9 62.2 70.8 74.6 78.6

Employed .......................................... 13,097 1,013 4,298 2,792 1,519 3,474

Employment-population ratio ............... 56.1 28.6 52.6 61.2 65.6 73.1

Unemployed ....................................... 2,033 330 790 440 208 264

Unemployment rate ........................... 13.4 24.6 15.5 13.6 12.1 7.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 10,372 1,638 3,953 1,973 880 1,929

Civilian labor force ................................. 7,112 717 2,676 1,462 684 1,573

Percent of population ........................ 68.6 43.8 67.7 74.1 77.8 81.6

Employed .......................................... 6,031 532 2,225 1,235 591 1,449

Employment-population ratio ............... 58.1 32.5 56.3 62.6 67.2 75.1

Unemployed ....................................... 1,082 185 451 228 93 124

Unemployment rate ........................... 15.2 25.9 16.9 15.6 13.6 7.9

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 12,981 1,907 4,223 2,590 1,435 2,826

Civilian labor force ................................. 8,017 626 2,412 1,770 1,043 2,165

Percent of population ........................ 61.8 32.8 57.1 68.3 72.7 76.6

Employed .......................................... 7,066 481 2,073 1,558 928 2,026

Employment-population ratio ............... 54.4 25.2 49.1 60.1 64.7 71.7

Unemployed ....................................... 951 145 339 212 115 140

Unemployment rate ........................... 11.9 23.1 14.0 12.0 11.1 6.4

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 9,848 1,097 2,072 1,015 637 5,027

Civilian labor force ................................. 6,726 463 1,265 707 460 3,831

Percent of population ........................ 68.3 42.2 61.1 69.6 72.2 76.2

Employed .......................................... 6,300 419 1,169 650 430 3,632

Employment-population ratio ............... 64.0 38.2 56.4 64.0 67.6 72.2

Unemployed ....................................... 426 44 96 57 30 199

Unemployment rate ........................... 6.3 9.5 7.6 8.0 6.5 5.2

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 4,626 441 880 517 281 2,506

Civilian labor force ................................. 3,636 249 647 382 228 2,129

Percent of population ........................ 78.6 56.6 73.5 73.9 81.0 85.0

Employed .......................................... 3,419 226 596 346 215 2,035

Employment-population ratio ............... 73.9 51.2 67.8 67.0 76.6 81.2

Unemployed ....................................... 217 24 51 36 12 94

Unemployment rate ........................... 6.0 9.5 7.8 9.3 5.4 4.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 5,223 656 1,192 498 355 2,521

Civilian labor force ................................. 3,091 214 618 325 232 1,702

Percent of population ........................ 59.2 32.6 51.9 65.2 65.3 67.5

Employed .......................................... 2,882 193 573 304 215 1,597

Employment-population ratio ............... 55.2 29.5 48.0 60.9 60.4 63.4

Unemployed ....................................... 209 20 45 21 17 105

Unemployment rate ........................... 6.8 9.6 7.3 6.5 7.5 6.2

See footnotes at end of table. 

15
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 26,838 9,612 8,000 3,622 1,844 3,761

Civilian labor force ................................. 18,915 5,859 5,813 2,770 1,444 3,030

Percent of population ........................ 70.5 61.0 72.7 76.5 78.3 80.6

Employed .......................................... 17,059 5,156 5,216 2,513 1,317 2,857

Employment-population ratio ............... 63.6 53.6 65.2 69.4 71.4 76.0

Unemployed ....................................... 1,856 703 597 257 127 173

Unemployment rate ........................... 9.8 12.0 10.3 9.3 8.8 5.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 13,663 5,021 4,213 1,798 810 1,821

Civilian labor force ................................. 11,219 3,919 3,519 1,512 689 1,580

Percent of population ........................ 82.1 78.1 83.5 84.1 85.1 86.8

Employed .......................................... 10,151 3,487 3,158 1,377 636 1,492

Employment-population ratio ............... 74.3 69.5 74.9 76.6 78.6 81.9

Unemployed ....................................... 1,068 432 361 134 53 88

Unemployment rate ........................... 9.5 11.0 10.3 8.9 7.7 5.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population ............... 13,175 4,591 3,787 1,824 1,034 1,939

Civilian labor force ................................. 7,696 1,939 2,294 1,258 754 1,450

Percent of population ........................ 58.4 42.2 60.6 69.0 73.0 74.8

Employed .......................................... 6,908 1,669 2,058 1,136 681 1,365

Employment-population ratio ............... 52.4 36.3 54.4 62.3 65.8 70.4

Unemployed ....................................... 788 271 235 123 74 86

Unemployment rate ........................... 10.2 14.0 10.3 9.7 9.8 5.9

 1 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. 

 2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

16
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) ................................................... 139,869 114,690 15,051 6,867 20,269

Percent .......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 37.6 38.3 29.2 46.9 19.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 15.4 16.1 10.5 16.2 8.2

Management occupations ......................................................... 10.9 11.6 6.4 10.1 5.8

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 4.5 4.5 4.1 6.1 2.4

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 22.1 22.2 18.7 30.8 11.3

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 2.6 2.3 1.7 8.7 1.0

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 2.0 2.1 1.0 3.6 0.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.4

Community and social service occupations ................................. 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.0 1.2

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.5

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 6.2 6.4 5.5 4.4 3.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.2

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 5.5 5.4 5.1 8.7 2.6

Service occupations ..................................................................... 17.7 16.6 25.4 17.7 25.7

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 2.4 2.0 5.5 2.1 2.3

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 2.3 2.2 3.7 1.0 2.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 5.5 5.3 6.5 6.6 8.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 3.9 3.9 5.0 2.4 9.4

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 3.6 3.3 4.7 5.5 3.6

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 23.6 23.6 24.9 21.3 21.6

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 11.0 11.1 10.0 10.8 9.5

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 12.7 12.5 14.9 10.5 12.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 9.3 10.1 5.6 3.8 16.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 2.1

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 5.1 5.6 2.8 1.5 10.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 3.5 3.7 2.6 2.0 3.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 11.8 11.4 14.9 10.2 17.0

Production occupations ............................................................... 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.9 8.7

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 5.9 5.7 9.0 3.3 8.3

See note at end of table.

17
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) ................................................... 74,290 61,920 6,953 3,703 12,049

Percent .......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 34.4 34.9 23.5 49.1 15.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 16.5 17.4 9.7 16.9 7.7

Management occupations ......................................................... 12.7 13.5 6.7 11.8 6.0

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 3.8 3.9 3.0 5.0 1.7

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 17.9 17.6 13.8 32.3 7.9

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 3.6 3.3 2.2 12.4 1.4

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 3.2 3.3 1.7 5.6 1.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.7 0.4

Community and social service occupations ................................. 1.1 1.0 2.2 0.7 0.7

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.3

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 3.1 3.1 2.6 3.5 1.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.2

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 2.7 2.5 2.3 5.9 1.3

Service occupations ..................................................................... 14.7 13.8 22.3 14.2 21.9

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 0.6 0.4 1.6 0.8 0.5

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 3.4 3.3 5.5 1.6 2.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 4.8 4.4 6.7 6.7 8.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 4.5 4.4 6.2 2.6 9.3

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 1.4 1.3 2.4 2.6 1.3

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 16.8 16.6 18.0 17.1 14.6

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 10.4 10.7 8.2 10.4 7.8

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 6.3 5.9 9.8 6.7 6.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 16.8 17.9 11.6 6.5 26.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.2 2.8

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 9.4 10.1 5.9 2.8 17.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 6.3 6.6 5.3 3.5 6.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 17.4 16.8 24.6 13.0 21.8

Production occupations ............................................................... 7.8 7.8 8.1 7.8 9.8

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 9.5 9.0 16.5 5.3 12.0

See note at end of table.

18
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ............................................. 65,579 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220

Percent .......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 41.2 42.3 34.1 44.4 25.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 14.2 14.7 11.2 15.4 8.9

Management occupations ......................................................... 8.9 9.4 6.1 8.1 5.4

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 5.3 5.3 5.1 7.2 3.5

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 27.0 27.6 22.9 29.0 16.3

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 1.4 1.2 1.2 4.4 0.5

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 0.9 0.9 0.6 2.1 0.4

Community and social service occupations ................................. 2.3 2.2 3.4 1.2 2.0

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 9.7 10.2 8.0 5.6 6.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 2.0 2.2 0.8 1.4 1.3

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 8.8 8.8 7.6 12.1 4.4

Service occupations ..................................................................... 21.1 19.9 28.0 21.8 31.2

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 4.5 3.8 8.8 3.7 4.9

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 1.0 0.9 2.2 0.3 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.6 8.7

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 3.3 3.2 4.0 2.3 9.6

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 6.0 5.6 6.6 8.9 7.0

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 31.4 31.8 30.8 26.3 31.8

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 11.6 11.6 11.5 11.4 12.2

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 19.9 20.2 19.3 14.9 19.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 5.4 5.1 6.7 6.9 10.1

Production occupations ............................................................... 3.5 3.3 4.1 6.0 7.1

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 1.9 1.8 2.6 0.9 3.0

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Effective with January 2011 data, 

occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational 

Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information 

about the change in classification is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi. 

19
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over ..................................................................... 139,869 82.0 10.8 4.9 14.5

Management, professional, and related occupations ................................. 52,547 83.6 8.4 6.1 7.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations .................. 21,589 85.7 7.3 5.1 7.7

Management occupations ............................................................... 15,250 87.3 6.3 4.6 7.7

Chief executives ........................................................................ 1,515 92.7 2.7 3.0 4.1

General and operations managers ................................................ 978 89.7 6.6 2.7 7.6

Legislators .............................................................................. 16 – – – –

Advertising and promotions managers .......................................... 87 94.3 1.6 1.5 5.6

Marketing and sales managers ................................................... 1,009 87.1 5.6 5.6 6.6

Public relations and fundraising managers ....................................... 63 95.2 2.8 0.4 3.1

Administrative services managers ................................................ 128 87.5 6.9 2.2 7.3

Computer and information systems managers ................................. 553 79.4 5.7 12.9 3.8

Financial managers .................................................................. 1,107 86.3 6.5 5.8 8.7

Compensation and benefits managers .......................................... 21 – – – –

Human resources managers ......................................................... 243 85.6 11.3 2.1 9.5

Training and development managers ............................................. 38– – – –

Industrial production managers ................................................... 259 89.6 3.9 5.1 8.9

Purchasing managers ............................................................... 204 85.3 8.8 2.1 8.8

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................... 254 87.4 8.7 3.0 8.9

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers ........................ 978 96.2 0.9 0.8 4.1

Construction managers ............................................................... 926 94.1 3.0 1.5 9.7

Education administrators ............................................................ 853 81.7 13.3 2.9 6.5

Architectural and engineering managers ....................................... 106 91.5 1.3 5.9 4.7

Food service managers ............................................................... 1,051 79.2 9.2 9.2 13.9

Funeral service managers ............................................................ 13– – – –

Gaming managers ..................................................................... 23– – – –

Lodging managers ..................................................................... 148 77.7 7.0 13.4 8.1

Medical and health services managers .......................................... 529 80.9 11.2 5.0 8.4

Natural sciences managers ......................................................... 16– – – –

Postmasters and mail superintendents .......................................... 40– – – –

Property, real estate, and community association managers ............... 587 85.5 8.8 3.1 8.8

Social and community service managers ....................................... 329 84.5 11.3 2.6 6.9

Emergency management directors ................................................ 5– – – –

Managers, all other ..................................................................... 3,173 86.7 5.9 5.4 8.6

Business and financial operations occupations .................................... 6,339 81.8 9.8 6.6 7.8

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes ...... 48– – – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products ................................. 12– – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ........................... 170 89.4 4.2 4.7 11.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ......... 259 85.3 8.7 3.5 5.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ............... 296 79.1 16.5 2.3 9.5

Compliance officers .................................................................. 198 82.3 10.9 3.8 9.4

Cost estimators ........................................................................ 119 93.3 2.7 2.3 6.0

Human resources workers ......................................................... 595 78.5 15.1 4.4 10.5

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ........................ 65 84.6 10.7 2.3 5.2

Training and development specialists ............................................. 130 79.2 13.6 4.4 8.5

Logisticians .............................................................................. 88 88.6 7.3 1.7 12.3

Management analysts ............................................................... 707 83.0 6.8 8.5 4.5

Meeting, convention, and event planners ....................................... 109 84.4 11.6 2.0 12.4

Fundraisers .............................................................................. 78 91.0 3.9 3.0 3.7

Market research analysts and marketing specialists ........................ 205 85.9 5.2 7.3 6.3

Business operations specialists, all other ....................................... 281 82.2 12.2 4.5 8.7

Accountants and auditors ............................................................ 1,653 79.5 8.5 10.3 7.6

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

20
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Appraisers and assessors of real estate .......................................... 88 90.9 3.7 1.6 0.0

Budget analysts ........................................................................ 53 69.8 20.1 8.9 3.6

Credit analysts ........................................................................... 24– – – –

Financial analysts ..................................................................... 84 79.8 6.0 13.4 2.7

Personal financial advisors ......................................................... 371 86.5 6.8 5.6 6.7

Insurance underwriters ............................................................... 117 84.6 10.7 3.0 3.0

Financial examiners .................................................................. 8 – – – –

Credit counselors and loan officers ................................................ 326 81.0 12.1 5.5 11.4

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents ........................... 70 67.1 24.2 8.6 10.8

Tax preparers ........................................................................... 110 81.8 9.8 5.8 11.9

Financial specialists, all other ...................................................... 77 68.8 16.4 11.2 7.5

Professional and related occupations ................................................... 30,957 82.1 9.1 6.8 7.4

Computer and mathematical occupations .......................................... 3,608 74.7 6.9 16.6 5.7

Computer and information research scientists ................................. 20– – – –

Computer systems analysts ......................................................... 447 76.7 7.1 14.9 4.4

Information security analysts ...................................................... 44 – – – –

Computer programmers ............................................................... 459 78.0 4.3 15.4 5.8

Software developers, applications and systems software .................. 1,044 66.9 4.8 27.1 4.6

Web developers ........................................................................ 182 80.8 5.9 11.1 6.9

Computer support specialists ...................................................... 461 77.0 11.8 8.7 7.5

Database administrators ............................................................ 134 76.9 9.2 11.8 9.0

Network and computer systems administrators ................................. 233 82.0 6.2 10.0 7.2

Computer network architects ...................................................... 98 81.6 3.1 13.9 7.0

Computer occupations, all other ................................................... 306 77.8 8.8 11.9 6.5

Actuaries ................................................................................. 18– – – –

Mathematicians ........................................................................ 2– – – –

Operations research analysts ...................................................... 116 76.7 14.5 6.5 4.1

Statisticians .............................................................................. 37– – – –

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations ........................... 6 – – – –

Architecture and engineering occupations .......................................... 2,785 84.5 5.2 8.8 6.4

Architects, except naval ............................................................... 181 90.6 1.6 5.5 4.1

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ........................... 42– – – –

Aerospace engineers .................................................................. 144 85.4 5.7 8.0 8.2

Agricultural engineers ............................................................... 1 – – – –

Biomedical engineers .................................................................. 12– – – –

Chemical engineers .................................................................. 74 81.1 5.5 13.8 5.1

Civil engineers ........................................................................... 383 86.9 4.3 7.8 4.7

Computer hardware engineers ...................................................... 77 76.6 3.1 19.1 5.2

Electrical and electronics engineers ............................................. 309 80.3 4.8 12.0 7.4

Environmental engineers ............................................................ 45– – – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety .............................. 174 87.9 2.3 7.0 8.6

Marine engineers and naval architects .......................................... 9 – – – –

Materials engineers .................................................................. 32 – – – –

Mechanical engineers ............................................................... 322 81.7 5.7 12.0 3.9

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers ... 11 – – – –

Nuclear engineers ..................................................................... 20– – – –

Petroleum engineers .................................................................. 25– – – –

Engineers, all other ..................................................................... 337 82.8 5.7 10.5 4.7

Drafters .................................................................................... 147 93.2 2.1 3.9 8.4

Engineering technicians, except drafters ....................................... 376 80.9 11.3 6.7 9.4

Surveying and mapping technicians ............................................. 62 95.2 1.7 1.9 10.0

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

21
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Life, physical, and social science occupations .................................... 1,303 81.3 7.3 9.8 5.9

Agricultural and food scientists ...................................................... 39– – – –

Biological scientists .................................................................. 114 77.2 7.7 13.5 6.8

Conservation scientists and foresters ............................................. 28– – – –

Medical scientists ..................................................................... 156 68.6 5.2 25.1 7.0

Life scientists, all other ............................................................... 0– – – –

Astronomers and physicists ......................................................... 20– – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists ................................................ 7 – – – –

Chemists and materials scientists ................................................ 88 77.3 9.5 11.5 4.6

Environmental scientists and geoscientists .................................... 98 89.8 4.9 0.6 3.0

Physical scientists, all other ......................................................... 152 71.1 6.7 19.9 2.9

Economists .............................................................................. 23– – – –

Survey researchers .................................................................. 3 – – – –

Psychologists ........................................................................... 197 91.4 5.1 2.9 5.9

Sociologists .............................................................................. 4– – – –

Urban and regional planners ......................................................... 26– – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers ........................... 60 85.0 10.7 4.4 9.4

Agricultural and food science technicians ....................................... 24– – – –

Biological technicians .................................................................. 21– – – –

Chemical technicians .................................................................. 77 85.7 9.1 5.1 14.3

Geological and petroleum technicians .......................................... 10 – – – –

Nuclear technicians .................................................................. 3 – – – –

Social science research assistants ................................................ 3– – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians ............... 151 76.2 11.1 9.4 6.5

Community and social service occupations ....................................... 2,352 76.3 18.1 2.8 10.7

Counselors .............................................................................. 732 75.7 18.7 2.8 11.2

Social workers ........................................................................... 769 72.6 22.8 2.4 11.2

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ..................... 94 69.1 22.5 0.6 13.5

Social and human service assistants ............................................. 131 73.3 18.0 2.6 19.0

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

 including health educators and community health workers ............... 83 75.9 17.6 2.9 10.9

Clergy .................................................................................... 414 82.4 11.3 4.1 6.8

Directors, religious activities and education .................................... 44– – – –

Religious workers, all other ......................................................... 85 88.2 8.5 3.0 8.6

Legal occupations ........................................................................ 1,770 87.0 7.3 3.9 5.4

Lawyers ................................................................................. 1,085 88.9 5.3 4.2 3.2

Judicial law clerks ..................................................................... 5– – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers .............................. 67 85.1 11.5 1.1 8.3

Paralegals and legal assistants ................................................... 404 83.9 11.0 3.0 8.3

Miscellaneous legal support workers ............................................. 209 83.7 9.3 4.3 10.5

Education, training, and library occupations ....................................... 8,619 84.9 9.7 3.5 8.3

Postsecondary teachers ............................................................ 1,355 81.3 7.3 10.1 4.8

Preschool and kindergarten teachers ............................................. 707 80.6 14.5 2.8 12.7

Elementary and middle school teachers .......................................... 2,848 87.0 9.8 1.6 8.0

Secondary school teachers ......................................................... 1,136 88.6 7.4 2.1 6.9

Special education teachers ......................................................... 388 87.6 8.0 1.8 6.8

Other teachers and instructors ...................................................... 812 85.5 8.0 3.9 7.3

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians ................................. 48– – – –

Librarians ................................................................................. 198 85.4 10.1 2.6 3.9

Library technicians ..................................................................... 37– – – –

Teacher assistants ..................................................................... 950 80.4 14.3 2.6 14.9

Other education, training, and library workers ................................. 140 87.1 7.7 3.4 9.2

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

22
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .................. 2,779 87.9 6.0 3.6 9.1

Artists and related workers ......................................................... 180 91.1 3.8 3.8 2.8

Designers ................................................................................. 766 90.6 3.6 3.2 10.5

Actors .................................................................................... 28 – – – –

Producers and directors ............................................................... 149 87.2 8.2 3.2 7.3

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers .............................. 272 89.3 5.4 2.6 9.7

Dancers and choreographers ...................................................... 20– – – –

Musicians, singers, and related workers .......................................... 191 80.6 15.1 1.2 6.6

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other ...... 44– – – –

Announcers .............................................................................. 53 86.8 8.5 1.1 24.8

News analysts, reporters and correspondents ................................. 70 82.9 9.3 5.0 11.4

Public relations specialists ......................................................... 158 88.0 6.3 2.7 9.8

Editors .................................................................................... 166 90.4 4.6 3.8 3.4

Technical writers ........................................................................ 60 88.3 4.2 4.6 4.1

Writers and authors .................................................................. 218 90.4 4.5 3.1 3.7

Miscellaneous media and communication workers ........................... 89 77.5 7.9 12.5 30.6

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators ...... 106 84.0 9.1 6.0 10.2

Photographers ........................................................................... 148 89.9 3.5 2.8 9.6

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors ...... 57 82.5 8.6 5.7 4.5

Media and communication equipment workers, all other ..................... 3– – – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations .............................. 7,740 80.5 10.0 7.8 6.7

Chiropractors ........................................................................... 56 89.3 1.1 7.9 1.3

Dentists .................................................................................... 181 86.2 1.0 11.0 5.8

Dietitians and nutritionists ............................................................ 102 80.4 15.2 4.5 8.4

Optometrists ........................................................................... 28 – – – –

Pharmacists .............................................................................. 274 76.3 7.1 15.3 4.4

Physicians and surgeons ............................................................ 822 77.0 5.3 16.1 6.6

Physician assistants .................................................................. 82 87.8 9.6 2.7 10.1

Podiatrists .............................................................................. 6 – – – –

Audiologists .............................................................................. 19– – – –

Occupational therapists ............................................................... 112 88.4 2.7 7.6 4.6

Physical therapists ..................................................................... 222 85.1 5.2 8.9 5.0

Radiation therapists .................................................................. 14 – – – –

Recreational therapists ............................................................... 14– – – –

Respiratory therapists ............................................................... 134 82.8 8.1 5.6 8.5

Speech-language pathologists ...................................................... 125 94.4 1.5 1.5 6.4

Exercise physiologists ............................................................... 2 – – – –

Therapists, all other .................................................................. 138 87.0 8.0 3.2 6.0

Veterinarians ........................................................................... 71 94.4 1.6 4.0 5.0

Registered nurses ..................................................................... 2,706 80.4 10.4 7.3 5.1

Nurse anesthetists ..................................................................... 33– – – –

Nurse midwives ........................................................................ 5– – – –

Nurse practitioners ..................................................................... 100 90.0 7.3 2.4 8.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ........................ 26– – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .............................. 321 74.1 15.3 8.9 9.4

Dental hygienists ........................................................................ 148 93.2 0.5 5.5 7.2

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians .............................. 342 86.0 9.0 4.0 7.2

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics .............................. 185 92.4 4.5 0.9 6.4

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians .................. 511 76.7 15.1 5.6 11.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ........................... 560 69.5 23.7 3.9 8.3

Medical records and health information technicians ........................... 116 77.6 10.6 9.5 19.6

Opticians, dispensing .................................................................. 51 88.2 9.4 1.8 4.8

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

23
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians ........................ 167 70.1 16.7 11.8 9.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations .................. 70 84.3 9.4 5.1 5.6

Service occupations ........................................................................... 24,787 76.8 15.4 4.9 21.0

Healthcare support occupations ......................................................... 3,359 68.2 24.6 4.3 13.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides ....................................... 1,981 59.9 33.1 4.3 13.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides ....................................... 17 – – – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides ............................................. 75 82.7 10.4 3.5 9.7

Massage therapists ..................................................................... 146 87.7 5.5 5.5 7.0

Dental assistants ........................................................................ 307 83.4 8.3 5.1 16.3

Medical assistants ........................................................................ 395 79.0 14.3 5.2 20.2

Medical transcriptionists ............................................................... 74 97.3 0.3 0.0 2.1

Pharmacy aides ........................................................................... 48– – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ........................ 38– – – –

Phlebotomists .............................................................................. 119 64.7 26.7 4.9 13.7

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical 

 equipment preparers .................................................................. 158 67.1 24.3 2.8 13.3

Protective service occupations ............................................................ 3,210 77.2 17.4 2.1 12.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers ....................................... 42– – – –

First-line supervisors of police and detectives .................................... 107 85.0 9.3 4.0 6.7

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers .................. 44– – – –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other .................. 111 80.2 17.6 1.1 11.5

Firefighters ................................................................................. 305 95.1 2.9 0.6 10.0

Fire inspectors .............................................................................. 20– – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ............................................. 446 71.5 25.1 1.9 13.0

Detectives and criminal investigators ................................................ 151 87.4 8.9 1.2 14.9

Fish and game wardens ............................................................... 6 – – – –

Parking enforcement workers ......................................................... 7– – – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers ................................................... 668 83.8 11.5 2.0 12.7

Transit and railroad police ............................................................... 8– – – –

Animal control workers .................................................................. 6– – – –

Private detectives and investigators ................................................ 92 89.1 8.3 1.2 11.5

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ................................. 963 64.1 27.2 3.6 15.4

Crossing guards ........................................................................... 59 76.3 19.7 0.0 5.5

Transportation security screeners ................................................... 27– – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective 

 service workers ........................................................................ 146 89.7 6.2 0.3 6.3

Food preparation and serving related occupations ................................. 7,747 78.6 12.6 5.9 21.8

Chefs and head cooks .................................................................. 347 71.2 9.1 15.3 18.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ............... 505 76.2 18.2 3.2 15.1

Cooks ....................................................................................... 1,990 73.5 17.9 5.9 30.4

Food preparation workers ............................................................... 784 76.5 14.4 5.7 23.0

Bartenders ................................................................................. 392 90.6 5.1 2.1 10.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ...... 326 77.6 16.3 3.7 15.4

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ............ 255 84.3 9.1 3.5 16.9

Waiters and waitresses .................................................................. 2,059 82.7 7.8 6.6 17.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant ............................................................ 181 70.2 21.0 6.1 17.1

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers .................. 347 81.3 9.8 4.9 31.5

Dishwashers .............................................................................. 273 76.2 11.9 7.4 34.4

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ..................... 286 85.7 6.9 3.3 16.4

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other ........................ 4– – – –

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

24
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations .................. 5,492 80.5 13.7 3.1 34.8

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers .................. 292 76.7 17.3 3.5 16.0

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and 

 groundskeeping workers ............................................................ 274 92.3 4.9 1.4 19.1

Janitors and building cleaners ......................................................... 2,186 77.4 16.6 3.1 30.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners ................................................... 1,419 76.4 16.5 4.5 39.9

Pest control workers ..................................................................... 75 89.3 7.0 0.0 20.3

Grounds maintenance workers ...................................................... 1,247 88.5 7.1 1.8 45.2

Personal care and service occupations ................................................ 4,979 75.3 14.1 7.6 14.7

First-line supervisors of gaming workers .......................................... 120 80.0 3.7 9.1 8.4

First-line supervisors of personal service workers .............................. 192 74.0 9.9 13.8 11.0

Animal trainers ........................................................................... 49 – – – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers ............................................................ 179 95.0 2.7 1.4 11.0

Gaming services workers ............................................................... 113 66.4 5.6 23.3 16.4

Motion picture projectionists ............................................................ 8– – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ....................................... 46– – – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers ............... 182 78.0 13.9 3.8 11.3

Embalmers and funeral attendants ................................................... 8– – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors .................................... 23– – – –

Barbers ....................................................................................... 89 68.5 27.7 2.6 17.6

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................... 758 82.1 11.6 4.1 12.8

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers .................................... 251 35.5 5.9 55.1 5.3

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ....................................... 81 66.7 20.7 9.1 28.4

Tour and travel guides .................................................................. 38– – – –

Childcare workers ........................................................................ 1,231 79.1 15.0 3.4 18.1

Personal care aides ..................................................................... 1,057 68.0 21.9 5.8 19.3

Recreation and fitness workers ...................................................... 390 84.4 10.5 3.4 7.2

Residential advisors ..................................................................... 59 69.5 22.4 5.1 5.4

Personal care and service workers, all other ....................................... 105 87.6 8.1 2.3 11.5

Sales and office occupations ............................................................... 33,066 81.9 11.3 4.4 13.2

Sales and related occupations ............................................................ 15,330 83.2 9.8 4.9 12.6

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers ....................................... 3,217 83.7 8.8 5.4 10.9

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers ................................. 1,088 88.1 5.8 4.9 10.1

Cashiers .................................................................................... 3,158 75.0 15.6 6.5 18.1

Counter and rental clerks ............................................................... 139 77.0 10.2 8.6 13.0

Parts salespersons ........................................................................ 131 91.6 6.5 0.3 10.3

Retail salespersons ..................................................................... 3,224 81.9 11.5 4.4 14.3

Advertising sales agents ............................................................... 254 85.8 10.8 1.6 8.8

Insurance sales agents .................................................................. 531 86.8 8.2 3.2 9.1

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents .................. 267 87.3 4.7 6.5 5.6

Travel agents .............................................................................. 69 88.4 5.9 5.3 9.5

Sales representatives, services, all other .......................................... 503 85.7 7.6 4.6 10.9

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ........................... 1,297 92.2 2.9 3.4 7.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ................................. 78 82.1 13.0 0.2 14.6

Real estate brokers and sales agents ................................................ 811 90.0 4.6 4.2 8.8

Sales engineers ........................................................................... 30– – – –

Telemarketers .............................................................................. 108 78.7 14.9 1.2 17.4

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and 

 related workers ........................................................................ 201 82.1 12.6 3.0 17.8

Sales and related workers, all other ................................................ 226 84.5 8.5 3.3 10.0

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

25
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Office and administrative support occupations ....................................... 17,736 80.8 12.6 4.1 13.7

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers ......... 1,423 85.0 9.6 3.7 11.7

Switchboard operators, including answering service ........................... 39 – – – –

Telephone operators ..................................................................... 40– – – –

Communications equipment operators, all other ................................. 7– – – –

Bill and account collectors ............................................................... 211 74.4 17.3 3.8 18.4

Billing and posting clerks ............................................................... 471 80.5 12.3 4.5 15.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .................................... 1,300 86.3 7.7 4.1 8.4

Gaming cage workers .................................................................. 5 – – – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ......................................................... 168 80.4 14.2 3.7 12.0

Procurement clerks ..................................................................... 26 – – – –

Tellers ....................................................................................... 413 85.2 8.7 3.9 14.8

Financial clerks, all other ............................................................... 64 75.0 10.4 14.1 14.9

Brokerage clerks ........................................................................... 11– – – –

Correspondence clerks .................................................................. 12– – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................ 86 79.1 16.6 3.5 7.3

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ............................................. 45– – – –

Customer service representatives ................................................... 1,916 77.3 15.7 4.5 16.9

Eligibility interviewers, government programs .................................... 85 67.1 22.4 3.3 19.7

File clerks .................................................................................... 334 76.6 13.7 6.4 15.3

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ................................................ 135 67.4 19.6 7.8 16.9

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ............................................. 153 75.2 17.2 4.5 18.3

Library assistants, clerical ............................................................... 113 84.1 8.6 5.2 8.5

Loan interviewers and clerks ......................................................... 117 82.9 11.9 4.2 10.4

New accounts clerks ..................................................................... 33– – – –

Order clerks ................................................................................. 113 87.6 5.9 5.4 11.5

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ............... 40– – – –

Receptionists and information clerks ................................................ 1,259 82.1 11.3 3.9 17.0

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ............... 99 67.7 23.2 5.8 8.8

Information and record clerks, all other ............................................. 118 79.7 15.2 2.1 11.5

Cargo and freight agents ............................................................... 8– – – –

Couriers and messengers ............................................................... 249 78.3 16.7 2.5 14.4

Dispatchers ................................................................................. 239 78.2 17.8 1.9 12.0

Meter readers, utilities .................................................................. 28 – – – –

Postal service clerks ..................................................................... 146 60.3 26.4 10.9 10.1

Postal service mail carriers ............................................................ 348 76.7 13.7 6.9 10.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

 machine operators ..................................................................... 60 60.0 30.5 8.9 16.2

Production, planning, and expediting clerks ....................................... 236 85.6 8.9 2.9 9.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ................................................ 559 78.9 14.2 3.7 24.3

Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................ 1,503 78.2 15.5 3.4 18.8

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ............... 70 77.1 17.6 5.0 22.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants .......................................... 2,871 86.8 8.2 2.6 9.7

Computer operators ..................................................................... 126 81.0 11.1 5.9 11.1

Data entry keyers ........................................................................ 334 76.0 16.0 4.9 12.6

Word processors and typists ......................................................... 136 73.5 18.8 6.2 10.0

Desktop publishers ........................................................................ 2– – – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks .................................... 246 78.0 17.4 2.1 10.1

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ............... 93 76.3 18.0 3.3 15.0

Office clerks, general ..................................................................... 1,061 78.1 13.5 5.0 15.5

Office machine operators, except computer ....................................... 45– – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers ...................................................... 7– – – –

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

26
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Statistical assistants ..................................................................... 18– – – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other .............................. 513 79.5 14.2 4.0 12.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .................. 13,009 88.9 6.5 2.0 25.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .......................................... 1,001 91.8 4.3 1.4 43.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ............... 52 96.2 1.0 0.0 23.2

Agricultural inspectors .................................................................. 22 – – – –

Animal breeders ........................................................................... 10– – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products .......................................... 95 83.2 12.6 3.6 51.5

Miscellaneous agricultural workers ................................................... 708 93.6 2.8 1.3 49.6

Fishers and related fishing workers ................................................... 37– – – –

Hunters and trappers ..................................................................... 2– – – –

Forest and conservation workers ...................................................... 14– – – –

Logging workers ........................................................................... 61 90.2 7.0 0.0 9.1

Construction and extraction occupations ............................................. 7,125 90.1 5.9 1.5 29.4

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ......... 634 93.2 5.2 0.7 16.5

Boilermakers .............................................................................. 19 – – – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons .................................... 146 89.0 5.0 1.9 39.3

Carpenters ................................................................................. 1,330 90.6 5.3 1.6 26.7

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers ....................................... 189 88.9 6.3 2.4 43.2

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ..................... 70 88.6 9.3 0.6 47.8

Construction laborers ..................................................................... 1,253 88.4 7.3 1.8 42.9

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ........................... 21– – – –

Pile-driver operators ..................................................................... 1– – – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators ......... 369 90.8 5.0 0.2 16.6

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers .............................. 150 90.7 2.0 0.6 59.7

Electricians ................................................................................. 682 89.6 6.1 2.4 14.0

Glaziers .................................................................................... 48 – – – –

Insulation workers ........................................................................ 47– – – –

Painters, construction and maintenance ............................................. 528 88.4 6.5 2.5 41.8

Paperhangers .............................................................................. 8– – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................. 519 89.8 6.4 1.4 22.5

Plasterers and stucco masons ......................................................... 24– – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers ................................................... 7– – – –

Roofers ....................................................................................... 222 92.3 4.9 0.8 47.3

Sheet metal workers ..................................................................... 126 93.7 2.2 0.6 18.9

Structural iron and steel workers ...................................................... 66 93.9 4.1 0.0 19.5

Solar photovoltaic installers ............................................................ 5– – – –

Helpers, construction trades ............................................................ 63 82.5 10.5 2.4 41.1

Construction and building inspectors ................................................ 75 90.7 5.0 0.2 11.6

Elevator installers and repairers ...................................................... 30– – – –

Fence erectors ........................................................................... 45 – – – –

Hazardous materials removal workers ............................................. 32 – – – –

Highway maintenance workers ...................................................... 105 86.7 11.0 0.5 13.2

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators ........................ 7– – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners .................................... 11– – – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers ................................. 36– – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ......... 46– – – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas ...................................................... 23– – – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ............... 9– – – –

Mining machine operators ............................................................... 78 93.6 3.0 0.0 15.5

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

27
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Roof bolters, mining ..................................................................... 10– – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas ............................................................... 17– – – –

Helpers--extraction workers ............................................................ 8– – – –

Other extraction workers ............................................................... 68 95.6 1.1 1.9 36.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................. 4,883 86.7 7.9 2.9 15.8

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers .................. 313 90.4 6.4 0.9 9.7

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ..................... 305 81.3 11.0 6.3 9.9

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers ......... 150 83.3 10.1 3.2 10.6

Avionics technicians ..................................................................... 16– – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ................................. 35– – – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, 

 transportation equipment ............................................................ 6– – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility ........................ 14– – – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ............... 20 – – – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers ......... 38– – – –

Security and fire alarm systems installers .......................................... 53 88.7 6.3 1.0 17.8

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ....................................... 164 85.4 8.9 3.1 17.2

Automotive body and related repairers ............................................. 140 90.0 6.9 2.9 18.1

Automotive glass installers and repairers .......................................... 17– – – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................. 855 84.9 7.8 4.2 19.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ........................ 312 90.4 4.0 2.5 15.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

 and mechanics ........................................................................... 199 92.0 5.0 1.2 11.1

Small engine mechanics ............................................................... 52 90.4 6.4 0.1 8.6

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, 

 installers, and repairers ............................................................... 95 90.5 6.3 0.1 21.0

Control and valve installers and repairers .......................................... 24– – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ...... 338 90.8 5.8 1.9 16.9

Home appliance repairers ............................................................... 43– – – –

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics .................................... 433 86.6 7.1 3.8 15.2

Maintenance and repair workers, general .......................................... 422 83.6 12.2 1.9 17.4

Maintenance workers, machinery ................................................... 38 – – – –

Millwrights ................................................................................. 58 93.1 4.7 0.8 3.0

Electrical power-line installers and repairers ....................................... 124 89.5 8.6 0.4 11.5

Telecommunications line installers and repairers ................................. 201 83.1 12.2 1.1 17.3

Precision instrument and equipment repairers .................................... 76 90.8 5.0 2.7 21.6

Wind turbine service technicians ...................................................... 2– – – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ............ 46– – – –

Commercial divers ........................................................................ 0– – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers ......................................................... 28– – – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers .............................. 7– – – –

Riggers ....................................................................................... 14– – – –

Signal and track switch repairers ...................................................... 5– – – –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers ........................ 24– – – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers ........................... 215 85.6 9.2 3.0 23.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..................... 16,461 79.5 13.7 4.3 21.0

Production occupations ..................................................................... 8,142 80.8 11.0 5.9 21.6

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers ..................... 727 85.1 7.7 5.6 12.7

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............... 20 – – – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ..................... 156 64.7 13.5 21.5 20.4

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

28
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Engine and other machine assemblers ............................................. 34– – – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters ............................................. 32 – – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators ....................................... 860 73.7 16.3 7.5 20.3

Bakers ....................................................................................... 207 80.7 13.3 5.0 32.9

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers ............... 342 70.5 17.2 10.6 38.0

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

 operators and tenders ............................................................... 12 – – – –

Food batchmakers ........................................................................ 90 78.9 15.3 4.3 29.3

Food cooking machine operators and tenders .................................... 24– – – –

Food processing workers, all other ................................................... 115 79.1 14.2 2.5 39.8

Computer control programmers and operators .................................... 72 88.9 4.5 6.0 12.9

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 13– – – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......... 6– – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......... 8– – – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................ 100 83.0 10.7 3.3 18.2

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................ 5– – – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ....................................... 65 86.2 10.0 0.2 29.6

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 15– – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 4– – – –

Machinists ................................................................................. 419 89.5 3.7 4.2 14.1

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters ........................ 16– – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic ........................... 7– – – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 45– – – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 5– – – –

Tool and die makers ..................................................................... 66 93.9 3.7 0.6 9.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers .......................................... 505 86.7 7.6 3.8 20.9

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 4– – – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic ................................................... 6– – – –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic ........................................................................ 15– – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners ................................................ 7– – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other ....................................... 368 79.6 10.3 7.2 24.3

Prepress technicians and workers ................................................... 41– – – –

Printing press operators ............................................................... 217 83.4 12.0 2.2 16.9

Print binding and finishing workers ................................................... 16– – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ................................................... 174 70.7 15.2 10.4 33.8

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................. 48– – – –

Sewing machine operators ............................................................ 169 76.9 9.7 12.0 36.9

Shoe and leather workers and repairers ............................................. 11– – – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders ................................................ 8– – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ................................................... 94 81.9 4.2 10.7 27.5

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ............... 1 – – – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................ 5– – – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ...... 14– – – –

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

29
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters,

 operators, and tenders ............................................................... 16– – – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 synthetic and glass fibers ............................................................ 1– – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers ................................................... 5– – – –

Upholsterers .............................................................................. 47 – – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other .............................. 22– – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ............................................. 66 95.5 0.3 1.5 8.0

Furniture finishers ........................................................................ 17– – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood .......................................... 1– – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ........................ 32– – – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing ... 20– – – –

Woodworkers, all other .................................................................. 21– – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers ........................... 50 88.0 5.9 2.0 6.5

Stationary engineers and boiler operators .......................................... 95 83.2 13.5 3.4 17.4

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators ............... 71 83.1 11.1 0.8 10.8

Miscellaneous plant and system operators ....................................... 39 – – – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ............... 65 86.2 9.8 2.4 11.3

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers .................. 94 86.2 8.1 3.9 21.0

Cutting workers ........................................................................... 84 85.7 9.8 1.2 28.5

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters,

 operators, and tenders ............................................................... 34– – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders .................. 11– – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ........................... 647 82.7 8.1 6.0 16.4

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ................................. 41– – – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians ........................ 87 81.6 7.3 9.8 13.0

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ........................... 288 78.1 13.3 5.6 40.9

Painting workers ........................................................................... 120 83.3 10.8 3.1 23.1

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators ......... 43– – – –

Semiconductor processors ............................................................ 3– – – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders .............................. 9– – – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment

 operators and tenders ............................................................... 11 – – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ........................ 3– – – –

Etchers and engravers .................................................................. 10– – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ..................... 37 – – – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................ 37 – – – –

Tire builders ................................................................................. 20– – – –

Helpers--production workers ............................................................ 54 85.2 11.2 3.4 30.6

Production workers, all other ......................................................... 777 77.7 14.7 5.3 21.5

Transportation and material moving occupations .................................... 8,318 78.3 16.3 2.7 20.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers .................. 228 78.1 16.5 2.3 13.7

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ................................................... 121 94.2 2.9 2.4 3.9

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists ........................ 43– – – –

Flight attendants ........................................................................... 88 86.4 9.3 3.2 10.4

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency

 medical technicians ..................................................................... 13– – – –

Bus drivers ................................................................................. 573 70.5 24.6 1.6 12.7

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ............................................. 3,059 82.7 13.7 1.6 17.6

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ............................................................ 342 54.4 26.7 15.6 16.0

Motor vehicle operators, all other ...................................................... 62 82.3 13.5 3.4 21.2

Locomotive engineers and operators ................................................ 45– – – –

See note at end of table. 

Occupation Total 

employed

30
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Levels in thousands)

Percent of total employed

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ....................................... 5– – – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters ............................................. 52 67.3 27.2 2.7 4.7

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers ........................ 11– – – –

Sailors and marine oilers ............................................................... 22– – – –

Ship and boat captains and operators ............................................. 37 – – – –

Ship engineers ........................................................................... 8 – – – –

Bridge and lock tenders .................................................................. 6– – – –

Parking lot attendants .................................................................. 73 61.6 26.6 4.1 28.7

Automotive and watercraft service attendants .................................... 76 84.2 7.1 2.3 17.1

Transportation inspectors ............................................................... 32– – – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants .............................. 32– – – –

Other transportation workers ......................................................... 16 – – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders ...................................................... 5– – – –

Crane and tower operators ............................................................ 63 82.5 13.7 1.9 21.8

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators ........................... 51 94.1 0.0 0.0 17.2

Hoist and winch operators ............................................................... 4– – – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators ................................................ 528 73.7 22.7 1.3 27.9

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ................................................ 331 80.7 14.2 1.3 33.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ........................ 1,787 76.7 17.4 3.1 21.8

Machine feeders and offbearers ...................................................... 36– – – –

Packers and packagers, hand ......................................................... 393 78.6 14.1 3.6 45.8

Pumping station operators ............................................................ 21 – – – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors .......................................... 92 75.0 17.1 0.7 30.0

Mine shuttle car operators ............................................................... 1– – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ...................................................... 3– – – –

Material moving workers, all other ................................................... 62 80.6 16.4 0.4 24.0

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet 

publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 

2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been 

revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information about the change in classification is available online 

at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi. 

Occupation Total 

employed

31
Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages 

Industry and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) ........................... 139,869 114,690 15,051 6,867 20,269

Percent .................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries .............................. 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.3 2.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............... 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.6

Construction ......................................................... 6.5 7.2 3.3 2.0 10.9

Manufacturing ...................................................... 10.2 10.4 8.3 12.6 10.6

Durable goods ................................................... 6.4 6.6 4.3 8.6 5.6

Nondurable goods ............................................. 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 5.0

Wholesale and retail trade ....................................... 14.1 14.3 13.3 13.0 14.4

Wholesale trade ................................................ 2.7 2.8 1.9 2.5 2.9

Retail trade ...................................................... 11.4 11.4 11.4 10.5 11.5

Transportation and utilities ....................................... 5.1 4.9 7.5 4.1 5.4

Information ......................................................... 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.6 1.5

Financial activities ................................................ 6.7 6.8 5.9 7.6 4.9

Professional and business services ........................... 11.3 11.5 9.1 14.1 11.5

Education and health services ................................. 22.8 22.0 29.3 22.2 16.5

Leisure and hospitality .......................................... 9.1 8.8 9.5 11.8 12.3

Other services ...................................................... 4.8 4.8 4.1 6.4 5.5

Other services, except private households ............... 4.3 4.3 3.7 6.0 4.2

Private households ............................................. 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.3

Public administration ............................................. 4.9 4.7 7.0 3.2 3.4

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) ........................... 74,290 61,920 6,953 3,703 12,049

Percent .................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries .............................. 2.3 2.6 0.7 0.4 3.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............... 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.3 1.0

Construction ......................................................... 11.1 12.0 6.6 3.3 17.5

Manufacturing ...................................................... 13.8 14.0 11.8 15.2 12.4

Durable goods ................................................... 9.1 9.4 6.4 10.8 7.1

Nondurable goods ............................................. 4.6 4.6 5.4 4.4 5.4

Wholesale and retail trade ....................................... 14.7 14.7 15.0 13.3 14.0

Wholesale trade ................................................ 3.7 3.8 3.1 2.9 3.6

Retail trade ...................................................... 11.0 11.0 11.9 10.3 10.4

Transportation and utilities ....................................... 7.5 7.1 11.8 5.7 7.4

Information ......................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.3 1.6

Financial activities ................................................ 5.7 5.8 4.8 7.0 3.7

Professional and business services ........................... 12.6 12.5 10.6 17.3 12.2

Education and health services ................................. 11.0 10.3 14.8 14.3 7.0

Leisure and hospitality .......................................... 8.5 8.0 10.1 12.1 11.7

Other services ...................................................... 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.9 4.7

Other services, except private households ............... 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.8 4.5

Private households ............................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Public administration ............................................. 5.1 5.0 6.4 3.0 3.2

See note at end of table.

32
Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

Industry and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ..................... 65,579 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220

Percent .................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries .............................. 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction ......................................................... 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.4 1.1

Manufacturing ...................................................... 6.3 6.2 5.2 9.5 7.9

Durable goods ................................................... 3.4 3.4 2.6 5.9 3.5

Nondurable goods ............................................. 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.6 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade ....................................... 13.5 13.8 11.9 12.7 14.9

Wholesale trade ................................................ 1.7 1.8 0.9 2.1 1.9

Retail trade ...................................................... 11.8 12.0 11.0 10.6 13.0

Transportation and utilities ....................................... 2.5 2.3 3.8 2.1 2.5

Information ......................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.3

Financial activities ................................................ 7.8 8.0 6.7 8.2 6.7

Professional and business services ........................... 9.9 10.2 7.8 10.5 10.3

Education and health services ................................. 36.1 35.6 41.7 31.4 30.4

Leisure and hospitality .......................................... 9.8 9.7 8.9 11.5 13.2

Other services ...................................................... 5.3 5.4 3.8 8.2 6.7

Other services, except private households ............... 4.3 4.3 3.2 7.5 3.8

Private households ............................................. 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 2.8

Public administration ............................................. 4.7 4.3 7.4 3.3 3.7

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are 

not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

33
Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total families ....................................................................................... 78,362 63,635 9,370 3,559 10,902 

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 62,529 51,030 6,954 3,131 9,178 

As a percent of total families ............................................................... 79.8 80.2 74.2 88.0 84.2 

With at least one family member unemployed .......................................... 9,043 6,608 1,767 389 1,781 

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 11.5 10.4 18.9 10.9 16.3 

Some family member(s) employed ...................................................... 6,079 4,627 985 298 1,226 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 67.2 70.0 55.7 76.4 68.8 

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 5,211 3,964 835 270 1,030 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 57.6 60.0 47.3 69.4 57.8 

Married-couple families ........................................................................... 57,920 49,164 4,193 2,861 6,805 

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 46,910 39,997 3,444 2,557 6,043 

As a percent of total families ............................................................... 81.9 81.4 82.1 89.4 88.8 

With at least one family member unemployed .......................................... 5,576 4,448 691 294 1,071 

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 9.6 9.0 16.5 10.3 15.7 

Some family member(s) employed ...................................................... 4,413 3,529 533 242 852 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 79.2 79.3 77.2 82.3 79.5 

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 3,861 3,070 473 222 722 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 69.2 69.0 68.5 75.5 67.4 

Families maintained by women ............................................................... 15,147 9,973 4,219 438 2,723 

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 10,867 7,344 2,824 352 1,955 

As a percent of total families ............................................................... 71.7 73.6 66.9 80.5 71.8 

With at least one family member unemployed .......................................... 2,498 1,470 875 55 478 

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 16.5 14.7 20.7 12.6 17.6 

Some family member(s) employed ...................................................... 1,146 716 356 32 236 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 45.9 48.7 40.6 57.8 49.4 

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 908 571 279 27 188 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 36.3 38.8 31.9 49.1 39.3 

Families maintained by men ..................................................................... 5,926 4,498 958 260 1,374 

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 4,752 3,689 685 222 1,180 

As a percent of total families ............................................................... 80.2 82.0 71.6 85.4 85.9 

With at least one family member unemployed .......................................... 970 690 201 41 232 

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 16.4 15.3 21.0 15.8 16.9 

Some family member(s) employed ...................................................... 520 382 96 24 139 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 53.6 55.3 47.9 59.1 59.8 

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 443 324 83 21 120 

As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............ 45.7 47.0 41.3 51.2 51.7 

 

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

34
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994............ 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4

1995............ 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7

1996............ 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3

1997............ 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5

1998............ 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2

1999............ 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6

2000............ 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5

2001............ 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4

2002............ 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7

2003............ 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2

2004............ 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5

2005............ 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9

2006............ 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9

2007............ 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0

2008............ 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6

2009............ 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7

2010............ 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9

2011............ 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8

With children under 18 years

1994............ 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4

1995............ 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3

1996............ 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3

1997............ 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0

1998............ 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7

1999............ 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5

2000............ 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2

2001............ 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9

2002............ 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7

2003............ 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5

2004............ 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5

2005............ 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3

2006............ 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9

2007............ 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6

2008............ 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7

2009............ 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3

2010............ 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9

2011............ 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3

See note at end of table.

Year

35
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994............ 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5

1995............ 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4

1996............ 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1

1997............ 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7

1998............ 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6

1999............ 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4

2000............ 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0

2001............ 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1

2002............ 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8

2003............ 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1

2004............ 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9

2005............ 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2

2006............ 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8

2007............ 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5

2008............ 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6

2009............ 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3

2010............ 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2

2011............ 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8

With children under 6 years

1994............ 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2

1995............ 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9

1996............ 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2

1997............ 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8

1998............ 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0

1999............ 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9

2000............ 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9

2001............ 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9

2002............ 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5

2003............ 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8

2004............ 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8

2005............ 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4

2006............ 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8

2007............ 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4

2008............ 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7

2009............ 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4

2010............ 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8

2011............ 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1

See note at end of table.

Year

36
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994............ 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6

1995............ 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0

1996............ 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1

1997............ 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1

1998............ 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5

1999............ 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0

2000............ 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8

2001............ 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7

2002............ 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6

2003............ 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0

2004............ 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4

2005............ 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0

2006............ 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2

2007............ 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7

2008............ 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7

2009............ 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6

2010............ 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6

2011............ 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5

See note at end of table.

Year

37
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994............ — — — 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995............ — — — 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996............ — — — 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997............ — — — 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998............ — — — 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999............ — — — 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000............ — — — 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001............ — — — 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002............ 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003............ 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004............ 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005............ 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006............ 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007............ 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008............ 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009............ 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010............ 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011............ 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

With children under 18 years

1994............ — — — 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995............ — — — 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996............ — — — 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997............ — — — 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998............ — — — 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999............ — — — 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000............ — — — 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001............ — — — 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002............ 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003............ 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004............ 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005............ 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006............ 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007............ 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008............ 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009............ 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010............ 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011............ 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

See note at end of table.

Year

38
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994............ — — — 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995............ — — — 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996............ — — — 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997............ — — — 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998............ — — — 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999............ — — — 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000............ — — — 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001............ — — — 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002............ 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003............ 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004............ 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005............ 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006............ 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007............ 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008............ 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009............ 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010............ 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011............ 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

With children under 6 years

1994............ — — — 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995............ — — — 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996............ — — — 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997............ — — — 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998............ — — — 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999............ — — — 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000............ — — — 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001............ — — — 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002............ 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003............ 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004............ 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005............ 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006............ 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007............ 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008............ 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009............ 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010............ 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011............ 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

See note at end of table.

Year

39
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994............ — — — 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995............ — — — 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996............ — — — 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997............ — — — 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998............ — — — 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999............ — — — 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000............ — — — 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001............ — — — 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002............ 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003............ 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004............ 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005............ 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006............ 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007............ 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008............ 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009............ 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010............ 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011............ 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who 

selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, 

people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 

2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, 

and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash 

indicates data not available.

Year

40
Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages

(Percent)

White Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 ...... 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 ——————

1973 ...... 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 ——— 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 ...... 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 ——— 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 ...... 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 ——— 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 ...... 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 ——— 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 ...... 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 ——— 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 ...... 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 ——— 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 ...... 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 ——— 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 ...... 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 ——— 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 ...... 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 ——— 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 ...... 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 ——— 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 ...... 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 ——— 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 ...... 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 ——— 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 ...... 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 ——— 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 ...... 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 ——— 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 ...... 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 ——— 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 ...... 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 ——— 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 ...... 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 ——— 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 ...... 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 ——— 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 ...... 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 ——— 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 ...... 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 ——— 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 ...... 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 ——— 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 ...... 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 ——— 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 ...... 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 ——— 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 ...... 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 ——— 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997 ...... 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 ——— 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 ...... 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 ——— 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 ...... 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 ——— 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 ...... 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 ...... 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 ...... 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 ...... 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 ...... 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 ...... 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 ...... 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 ...... 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 ...... 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 ...... 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 ...... 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 ...... 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

See note at end of table.

Total Black or African American

Year

41
Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander Two or more races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 ............ 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9 

2004 ............ 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 

2005 ............ 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2 

2006 ............ 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0 

2007 ............ 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8 

2008 ............ 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7 

2009 ............ 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9 

2010 ............ 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0 

2011 ............ 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1 

Year

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian 

and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are 

included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as 

their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available. 

42
Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages 

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) .............................. 13,747 9,889 2,831 518 2,629

Percent ..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks ................................................... 19.5 21.1 14.6 16.7 21.2

5 to 14 weeks ......................................................... 21.8 22.4 20.2 19.1 23.5

15 to 26 weeks ......................................................... 15.0 14.8 15.7 14.4 15.4

27 weeks and over ................................................... 43.8 41.7 49.5 49.9 39.9

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1

.............................. 39.3 37.8 43.3 47.6 36.4

Median duration, in weeks .......................................... 21.4 19.7 27.0 27.7 18.5

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) .............................. 7,684 5,631 1,502 269 1,527

Percent ..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks ................................................... 19.4 21.0 14.4 15.9 21.9

5 to 14 weeks ......................................................... 21.4 22.0 19.9 19.9 23.7

15 to 26 weeks ......................................................... 15.1 14.9 16.1 14.3 15.5

27 weeks and over ................................................... 44.1 42.1 49.6 49.9 38.9

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1

.............................. 40.0 38.6 43.1 49.8 35.4

Median duration, in weeks .......................................... 21.7 20.1 27.1 27.7 17.8

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ........................... 6,063 4,257 1,329 250 1,102

Percent ..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks ................................................... 19.6 21.2 14.8 17.5 20.3

5 to 14 weeks ......................................................... 22.2 22.9 20.5 18.1 23.3

15 to 26 weeks ......................................................... 14.8 14.7 15.2 14.5 15.2

27 weeks and over ................................................... 43.3 41.2 49.5 49.8 41.3

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1

.............................. 38.5 36.7 43.6 45.3 37.7

Median duration, in weeks .......................................... 21.1 19.2 27.0 27.7 19.6

 

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

 1

 Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see 

http://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

43
Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2011 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) .................................... 13,747 9,889 2,831 518 2,629

Percent ........................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ............ 59.0 60.7 55.2 53.1 59.7

On temporary layoff ...................................................... 8.9 10.3 5.1 6.3 9.9

Not on temporary layoff ................................................... 50.0 50.5 50.1 46.8 49.8

Permanent job losers ................................................... 39.9 40.6 38.7 40.2 37.4

Persons who completed temporary jobs ........................... 10.1 9.9 11.4 6.5 12.5

Job leavers ..................................................................... 7.0 7.4 5.4 7.4 5.4

Reentrants ..................................................................... 24.7 23.4 28.3 26.8 24.2

New entrants .................................................................. 9.3 8.5 11.1 12.7 10.8

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) ....................................... 7,684 5,631 1,502 269 1,527

Percent ........................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ............ 64.6 66.6 60.4 54.3 67.3

On temporary layoff ...................................................... 10.5 12.1 5.6 5.9 12.1

Not on temporary layoff ................................................... 54.1 54.4 54.9 48.3 55.1

Permanent job losers ................................................... 42.3 42.8 41.7 41.3 40.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs ........................... 11.8 11.6 13.2 7.4 14.7

Job leavers ..................................................................... 6.4 6.7 4.5 9.3 4.9

Reentrants ..................................................................... 20.1 18.7 23.8 23.8 17.9

New entrants .................................................................. 8.8 7.9 11.3 12.6 9.9

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ................................. 6,063 4,257 1,329 250 1,102

Percent ........................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ............ 51.8 52.9 49.4 51.6 49.2

On temporary layoff ...................................................... 6.9 7.8 4.6 6.4 6.7

Not on temporary layoff ................................................... 44.8 45.2 44.8 44.8 42.5

Permanent job losers ................................................... 36.9 37.6 35.3 39.2 33.0

Persons who completed temporary jobs ........................... 7.9 7.6 9.5 5.6 9.4

Job leavers ..................................................................... 7.6 8.2 6.3 5.6 6.1

Reentrants ..................................................................... 30.6 29.6 33.3 30.0 32.8

New entrants .................................................................. 10.0 9.3 11.0 12.8 12.1

 

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

44
Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Not in the labor force

Want a job

Searched for work in previous year, but

not in past 4 weeks

Marginally attached

(available to work now) 2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4

Total

Total, 16 years and over ............... 153,617 86,001 6,437 3,169 2,573 989 1,584 79,564

16 to 24 years ........................... 20,997 17,201 2,023 1,014 752 222 530 15,177

25 to 54 years ........................... 101,744 22,961 2,854 1,551 1,289 519 770 20,107

55 years and over ..................... 30,876 45,839 1,560 605 532 248 284 44,280

Men, 16 years and over .................. 81,975 34,343 3,045 1,582 1,346 579 767 31,298

16 to 24 years ........................... 10,996 8,430 1,069 543 424 136 288 7,360

25 to 54 years ........................... 54,638 6,970 1,235 736 651 303 348 5,734

55 years and over ..................... 16,341 18,943 740 302 271 140 131 18,203

Women, 16 years and over ............ 71,642 51,658 3,392 1,587 1,227 410 817 48,266

16 to 24 years ........................... 10,001 8,771 954 471 328 86 242 7,817

25 to 54 years ........................... 47,105 15,991 1,618 814 638 216 422 14,373

55 years and over ..................... 14,536 26,896 819 303 261 108 152 26,077

White

Total, 16 years and over ............... 124,579 68,498 4,624 2,201 1,768 652 1,116 63,874

16 to 24 years ........................... 16,834 12,546 1,427 692 501 144 357 11,119

25 to 54 years ........................... 81,381 17,311 1,979 1,048 861 329 532 15,332

55 years and over ..................... 26,363 38,641 1,218 461 406 179 227 37,423

Men, 16 years and over .................. 67,551 27,249 2,209 1,118 935 385 550 25,041

16 to 24 years ........................... 8,926 6,169 764 378 288 89 200 5,405

25 to 54 years ........................... 44,502 4,972 856 504 436 194 242 4,116

55 years and over ..................... 14,123 16,108 589 236 210 102 108 15,519

Women, 16 years and over ............ 57,028 41,248 2,415 1,083 833 267 566 38,833

16 to 24 years ........................... 7,909 6,377 663 314 213 56 157 5,714

25 to 54 years ........................... 36,879 12,339 1,123 544 425 135 290 11,216

55 years and over ..................... 12,240 22,533 629 226 195 77 119 21,903

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and over ............... 17,881 11,233 1,243 681 585 261 324 9,989

16 to 24 years ........................... 2,752 3,009 425 240 194 66 127 2,584

25 to 54 years ........................... 12,420 3,539 595 348 309 148 161 2,944

55 years and over ..................... 2,710 4,685 223 92 83 47 36 4,461

Men, 16 years and over .................. 8,454 4,710 574 331 302 153 149 4,136

16 to 24 years ........................... 1,342 1,451 214 123 104 40 64 1,237

25 to 54 years ........................... 5,872 1,397 264 165 157 86 71 1,133

55 years and over ..................... 1,240 1,862 96 44 41 26 15 1,766

Women, 16 years and over ............ 9,427 6,523 669 350 284 108 175 5,853

16 to 24 years ........................... 1,410 1,559 211 117 90 26 64 1,347

25 to 54 years ........................... 6,547 2,142 331 184 152 61 90 1,811

55 years and over ..................... 1,470 2,822 127 49 42 21 21 2,695

See notes at end of table. 

Age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian 

labor force1

Total

Do not

want a

job now

Total

Total

45
Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2011 annual 

averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Not in the labor force

Want a job

Searched for work in previous year, but

not in past 4 weeks

Marginally attached

(available to work now) 2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4

Asian

Total, 16 years and over ............... 7,386 4,054 320 159 118 48 71 3,734

16 to 24 years ........................... 659 932 70 33 22 5 17 862

25 to 54 years ........................... 5,428 1,360 172 90 66 26 41 1,188

55 years and over ..................... 1,298 1,761 78 35 30 17 13 1,684

Men, 16 years and over .................. 3,972 1,457 144 72 57 26 32 1,314

16 to 24 years ........................... 336 467 41 17 12 3 9 427

25 to 54 years ........................... 2,936 319 68 39 32 13 18 251

55 years and over ..................... 700 671 35 15 14 9 5 636

Women, 16 years and over ............ 3,414 2,596 176 87 61 22 39 2,420

16 to 24 years ........................... 323 465 30 15 10 2 8 435

25 to 54 years ........................... 2,493 1,041 104 51 35 12 23 937

55 years and over ..................... 598 1,090 43 20 16 8 8 1,048

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over ............... 22,898 11,540 1,101 528 426 180 246 10,439

16 to 24 years ........................... 3,982 3,617 410 186 140 48 93 3,208

25 to 54 years ........................... 16,390 4,234 539 277 229 102 127 3,695

55 years and over ..................... 2,525 3,689 153 65 57 30 27 3,536

Men, 16 years and over .................. 13,576 4,177 481 251 214 101 112 3,696

16 to 24 years ........................... 2,357 1,733 209 93 75 29 46 1,524

25 to 54 years ........................... 9,803 996 206 124 109 54 54 790

55 years and over ..................... 1,416 1,449 67 34 30 18 12 1,382

Women, 16 years and over ............ 9,322 7,363 620 277 212 78 134 6,743

16 to 24 years ........................... 1,625 1,884 201 93 65 19 47 1,683

25 to 54 years ........................... 6,587 3,238 333 153 120 47 72 2,905

55 years and over ..................... 1,110 2,241 86 30 27 12 15 2,154

 1 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. 

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

 2 People "marginally attached to the labor force" are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were 

available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. 

 3 Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such 

as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 

 4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a 

small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. 

Age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian 

labor force1

Total

Do not

want a

job now

Total

Total

46
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total, both sexes

1979..................... $241 $248 $199 — $194

1980..................... 262 269 212 — 209

1981..................... 284 291 235 — 223

1982..................... 302 310 245 — 240

1983..................... 313 320 261 — 250

1984..................... 326 336 269 — 259

1985..................... 344 356 277 — 270

1986..................... 359 371 291 — 277

1987..................... 374 384 301 — 285

1988..................... 385 395 314 — 290

1989..................... 399 409 319 — 298

1990..................... 412 424 329 — 304

1991..................... 426 442 348 — 312

1992..................... 440 458 357 — 321

1993..................... 459 475 369 — 331

1994..................... 467 484 371 — 324

1995..................... 479 494 383 — 329

1996..................... 490 506 387 — 339

1997..................... 503 519 400 — 351

1998..................... 523 545 426 — 370

1999..................... 549 573 445 — 385

2000..................... 576 590 474 $615 399

2001..................... 596 610 491 639 417

2002..................... 608 623 498 658 424

2003..................... 620 636 514 693 440

2004..................... 638 657 525 708 456

2005..................... 651 672 520 753 471

2006..................... 671 690 554 784 486

2007..................... 695 716 569 830 503

2008..................... 722 742 589 861 529

2009..................... 739 757 601 880 541

2010..................... 747 765 611 855 535

2011..................... 756 775 615 866 549

See note at end of table.

47
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Men

1979..................... $292 $298 $227 — $219

1980..................... 313 320 244 — 234

1981..................... 340 350 268 — 251

1982..................... 364 375 278 — 269

1983..................... 379 387 294 — 274

1984..................... 392 401 303 — 287

1985..................... 407 418 305 — 296

1986..................... 419 433 319 — 299

1987..................... 434 450 327 — 306

1988..................... 449 465 348 — 308

1989..................... 468 482 348 — 315

1990..................... 481 494 361 — 318

1991..................... 493 506 375 — 323

1992..................... 501 514 380 — 339

1993..................... 510 524 392 — 346

1994..................... 522 547 400 — 343

1995..................... 538 566 411 — 350

1996..................... 557 580 412 — 356

1997..................... 579 595 432 — 371

1998..................... 598 615 468 — 390

1999..................... 618 638 488 — 406

2000..................... 641 662 510 $685 417

2001..................... 670 689 529 732 440

2002..................... 679 702 524 756 451

2003..................... 695 715 555 772 464

2004..................... 713 732 569 802 480

2005..................... 722 743 559 825 489

2006..................... 743 761 591 882 505

2007..................... 766 788 600 936 520

2008..................... 798 825 620 966 559

2009..................... 819 845 621 952 569

2010..................... 824 850 633 936 560

2011..................... 832 856 653 970 571

See note at end of table.

48
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Women

1979..................... $182 $184 $169 — $157

1980..................... 201 203 185 — 172

1981..................... 219 221 206 — 190

1982..................... 239 242 217 — 203

1983..................... 252 254 232 — 215

1984..................... 265 268 241 — 223

1985..................... 277 281 252 — 230

1986..................... 291 294 264 — 241

1987..................... 303 307 276 — 251

1988..................... 315 318 288 — 260

1989..................... 328 334 301 — 269

1990..................... 346 353 308 — 278

1991..................... 366 373 323 — 292

1992..................... 380 387 335 — 302

1993..................... 393 401 348 — 313

1994..................... 399 408 346 — 305

1995..................... 406 415 355 — 305

1996..................... 418 428 362 — 316

1997..................... 431 444 375 — 318

1998..................... 456 468 400 — 337

1999..................... 473 483 409 — 348

2000..................... 493 502 429 $547 366

2001..................... 512 522 454 563 388

2002..................... 529 547 473 566 397

2003..................... 552 567 491 598 410

2004..................... 573 584 505 613 419

2005..................... 585 596 499 665 429

2006..................... 600 609 519 699 440

2007..................... 614 626 533 731 473

2008..................... 638 654 554 753 501

2009..................... 657 669 582 779 509

2010..................... 669 684 592 773 508

2011..................... 684 703 595 751 518

See note at end of table.

49
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

1979..................... 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7

1980..................... 64.2 63.4 75.8 — 73.5

1981..................... 64.4 63.1 76.9 — 75.7

1982..................... 65.7 64.5 78.1 — 75.5

1983..................... 66.5 65.6 78.9 — 78.5

1984..................... 67.6 66.8 79.5 — 77.7

1985..................... 68.1 67.2 82.6 — 77.7

1986..................... 69.5 67.9 82.8 — 80.6

1987..................... 69.8 68.2 84.4 — 82.0

1988..................... 70.2 68.4 82.8 — 84.4

1989..................... 70.1 69.3 86.5 — 85.4

1990..................... 71.9 71.5 85.3 — 87.4

1991..................... 74.2 73.7 86.1 — 90.4

1992..................... 75.8 75.3 88.2 — 89.1

1993..................... 77.1 76.5 88.8 — 90.5

1994..................... 76.4 74.6 86.5 — 88.9

1995..................... 75.5 73.3 86.4 — 87.1

1996..................... 75.0 73.8 87.9 — 88.8

1997..................... 74.4 74.6 86.8 — 85.7

1998..................... 76.3 76.1 85.5 — 86.4

1999..................... 76.5 75.7 83.8 — 85.7

2000..................... 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001..................... 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002..................... 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003..................... 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004..................... 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005..................... 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006..................... 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007..................... 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008..................... 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009..................... 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010..................... 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011..................... 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who 

selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people 

who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 

include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. 

50
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational 

attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

Educational attainment and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older .......................................... $797 $825 $643 $901 $582 

Less than a high school diploma .............................. 451 458 416 448 419

High school graduates, no college1

 ........................... 638 663 538 564 568

Some college, no degree ....................................... 719 743 611 710 643

Associate degree ................................................... 768 795 624 713 706

Bachelor's degree and higher 2 ................................. 1,150 1,165 958 1,224 1,000

Men, 25 years and older .......................................... 886 909 689 1,006 600

Less than a high school diploma .............................. 488 494 447 472 450

High school graduates, no college1

 ........................... 720 745 598 615 606

Some college, no degree ....................................... 818 848 681 772 709

Associate degree ................................................... 880 909 705 773 784

Bachelor's degree and higher 2 ................................. 1,332 1,353 1,027 1,367 1,114

Women, 25 years and older ....................................... 718 736 613 769 543

Less than a high school diploma .............................. 395 394 385 417 377

High school graduates, no college1

 ........................... 554 572 493 519 501

Some college, no degree ....................................... 622 641 578 618 589

Associate degree ................................................... 682 704 603 656 618

Bachelor's degree and higher 2 ................................. 998 1,011 915 1,037 922

 

 

 1 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. 

 2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 

 NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

51
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older .................................................................. $756 $775 $615 $866 $549

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 1,082 1,103 876 1,268 908

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 1,160 1,175 945 1,261 937

Management occupations ......................................................... 1,237 1,256 968 1,345 953

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 1,038 1,047 912 1,194 906

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 1,029 1,041 824 1,272 887

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 1,305 1,298 934 1,474 1,129

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 1,315 1,326 1,051 1,372 1,108

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 1,108 1,121 998 1,150 943

Community and social service occupations ................................. 813 828 766 921 778

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1,277 1,331 1,006 1,533 924

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 919 932 807 1,000 836

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 929 928 859 1,161 802

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 995 1,011 777 1,120 892

Service occupations ..................................................................... 486 491 459 501 421

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 487 494 467 511 484

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 757 806 603 790 726

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 409 409 388 485 391

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 465 465 447 544 403

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 453 455 436 474 417

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 638 651 571 689 559

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 670 703 507 621 515

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 623 627 589 712 578

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 732 738 659 743 524

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 430 430 476 408 398

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 717 723 628 773 524

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 806 813 718 750 671

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 609 622 569 527 499

Production occupations ............................................................... 605 624 522 526 491

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 614 619 604 533 509

See note at end of table. 

52
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older .................................................................. $832 $856 $653 $970 $571

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 1,269 1,294 965 1,414 1,019

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 1,370 1,393 1,044 1,434 1,026

Management occupations ......................................................... 1,427 1,447 1,136 1,451 1,002

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 1,225 1,240 990 1,373 1,127

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 1,211 1,225 912 1,403 1,012

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 1,369 1,362 861 1,550 1,190

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 1,343 1,350 1,047 1,407 1,111

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 1,156 1,151 1,104 1,248 904

Community and social service occupations ................................. 906 939 760 979 893

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1,758 1,791 1,427 1,470 1,294

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 1,109 1,129 915 1,167 981

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 995 987 967 1,350 897

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 1,129 1,162 775 1,135 963

Service occupations ..................................................................... 551 568 501 535 444

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 521 537 492 611 565

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 797 840 632 817 725

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 429 424 413 494 402

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 502 504 489 544 416

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 562 575 509 588 557

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 738 760 593 751 596

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 804 839 603 772 619

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 668 679 579 741 583

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 740 746 663 756 533

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 445 444 496 513 410

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 718 726 625 755 524

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 807 814 718 762 676

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 651 667 595 584 525

Production occupations ............................................................... 667 685 556 593 522

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 634 643 619 540 531

See note at end of table. 

53
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older ............................................................... $684 $703 $595 $751 $518

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 941 948 825 1,122 818

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............ 977 985 889 1,131 847

Management occupations ......................................................... 1,018 1,032 916 1,179 880

Business and financial operations occupations .............................. 937 937 854 1,100 819

Professional and related occupations ............................................. 919 928 796 1,115 806

Computer and mathematical occupations .................................... 1,126 1,121 1,002 1,232 858

Architecture and engineering occupations .................................... 1,140 1,114 1,136 1,228 1,071

Life, physical, and social science occupations .............................. 1,038 1,078 772 1,036 1,170

Community and social service occupations ................................. 772 769 768 906 704

Legal occupations .................................................................. 1,003 1,017 919 1,542 847

Education, training, and library occupations ................................. 869 881 785 907 772

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ............ 856 857 775 956 727

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........................... 965 977 777 1,116 869

Service occupations ..................................................................... 433 432 432 480 402

Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 483 490 462 499 479

Protective service occupations ...................................................... 602 631 583 556 729

Food preparation and serving related occupations ........................... 390 393 363 467 367

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............ 406 399 420 544 382

Personal care and service occupations .......................................... 422 422 423 426 390

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 602 608 561 637 527

Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 549 578 442 538 437

Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 615 618 590 694 576

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............... 515 513 552 503 379

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... 371 366 432 324 348

Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 612 585 669 974 487

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................. 751 770 664 588 607

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 485 486 490 461 405

Production occupations ............................................................... 483 488 473 459 413

Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 490 478 517 526 377

 NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the 

introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No 

historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information about the change in 

classification is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi. 

54
55

Technical note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a 

wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from onefourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. 

Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with 

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. 

This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals 

upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16 

years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such 

as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty 

in the Armed Forces.

Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference 

week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, or on their 

own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in 

an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all 

those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses 

from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or 

paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or 

other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were 

paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.

Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment 

during the reference week, were available for work (except 

for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled 

to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been 

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of 

time (through the reference week) that persons classified as 

unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full 

weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; 

median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of 

unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are 

divided into four major groups:

(1) Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need 

not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) 

permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) persons 

who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for 

work after the jobs ended.

(2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began 

looking for work.

(3) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who 

were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job 

search.

(4) New entrants, persons who had never worked.

Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as 

employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This represents the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force.

Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.

Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion 

of the population that is employed.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to 

the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had 

looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since 
56

the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They were not counted as unemployed because 

they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no 

jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified in the occupation and industry in which they 

worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and 

industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census Occupational Classification system and the 2007 Census 

Industrial Classification system, which are derived from the 

2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007 

North American Industry Classification (NAICS). More information about these classifications are available online at 

the following website http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian 

and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and 

Budget guidelines, these are terms used to describe the race 

of persons. Beginning in 2003, persons in these categories 

are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as persons of two 

or more races. (Previously, persons identified a group as 

their main race.) Estimates for Asians, American Indians and 

Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and persons of two or more races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents 

is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the 

enumeration process, race is determined by the household 

respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://

www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information 

on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of 

multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than 

weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted 

to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the 

weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the 

sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all 

self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses 

were incorporated).

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part 

having values above the median and the other having values 

below the median. The medians shown in this publication are 

calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval 

within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons 

residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families 

or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and 

include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is 

about a 90- percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 

estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 

standard errors from the “true” population value because of 

sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 

90- percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to 

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability 

or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.

More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and 

estimating standard errors is available at http://www.bls.

gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.