1

Highlights of Women’s

Earnings in 2003

U.S. Department of Labor

Bureau of Labor Statistics

September 2004

Report 978

Introduction

Median weekly earnings for women who were fulltime wage and salary workers were $552 in 2003.This amount equaled 80 percent of men’s $695

weekly median, up from 78 percent in 2002. In 1979, the first

year of comparable earnings data, women earned 63 percent

as much as men. (See chart 1.)

The women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio varied significantly

by demographic group. The ratio was about 88 percent for

both blacks and Hispanics or Latinos in 2003; for whites it

was 79 percent; and for Asians it was 78 percent. Young

women (16 to 24 years old) earned almost as much as young

men, while women aged 35 years and older earned about

three-fourths as much as their male peers.

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey

of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S.

Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPS

sample each month. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do

not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of

the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts

and definitions used, see the Technical Note.

Highlights

Following are some highlights of women’s and men’s earnings in 2003:

Full-time workers

• Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had the highest

median weekly earnings ($609), followed closely by 55- to

64-year-olds ($601) and 35- to 44-year-olds ($590). Men’s

earnings were highest among 45- to 54-year-olds ($834) and

55- to 64-year-olds ($827). The difference between women’s

and men’s earnings was much larger among middle-aged

and older workers than it was among younger workers. For

instance, among workers aged 45 to 54, women earned 73

percent as much as men. By comparison, among 16- to 24-

year-olds, women earned 93 percent as much as men. (See

table 1.)

• Between 1979 and 2003, the earnings gap between

women and men narrowed for most major age groups. The

women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio among 35- to 44-year-olds,

for example, was 76 percent in 2003 compared with 58 percent

in 1979, and that for 45- to 54-year-olds was 73 percent in

2003 compared with 57 percent in 1979. The earnings ratios

for teenagers and for workers aged 65 and older, however,

showed no consistent movement over the period. (See table

12.)

• Asian workers of both sexes earned more than their

white, black, and Hispanic or Latino counterparts, although

the differences among women were smaller than those among

men. Asian women’s median weekly earnings ($598) were 5

percent higher than white women’s earnings ($567), 22 percent greater than black women’s earnings ($491), and 46 percent higher than the earnings of Hispanic or Latino women

($410). In comparison, Asian men’s earnings ($772) were 8

percent higher than the earnings of white men ($715), 39

percent greater than the earnings of black men ($555), and 66

percent higher than those of Hispanic or Latino men ($464).

(See tables 1 and 13 and chart 2.)

• Earnings differences between women and men were

widest for whites and Asians. White women earned 79 percent as much as white men in 2003, and Asian women earned

78 percent as much as Asian men. Both black and Hispanic

women’s earnings were about 88 percent of their male counterparts’ earnings. (See table 1.)

• Growth in the earnings of white women has outpaced

that of their black and Hispanic or Latino counterparts. Between 1979 and 2003, inflation-adjusted earnings for white

women grew fairly steadily, rising by 31 percent. Earnings

growth over the period was 24 percent among black women

and 11 percent among Hispanic or Latino women. In contrast, real earnings for white and black men rose only slightly,

while those for Hispanic or Latino men fell by 10 percent.

(See table 13.)

• Median weekly earnings varied considerably by educational level in 2003. Among women, those with less than a

high school diploma earned $329 per week, compared with

$832 for those with a college degree. Among men, high school
2

dropouts had earnings of $429 a week, compared with $1,131

for college graduates. (See table 6.)

• At all levels of education, women have fared better

than men with respect to earnings growth. Although both

women and men with less than a high school diploma experienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings from 1979 to

2003, the drop for women was significantly less than that for

men—8 percent compared with 28 percent. Earnings of

women with college degrees increased by 34 percent on an

inflation-adjusted basis, while earnings of male college graduates rose by 22 percent. (See table 14 and chart 3.)

• Women working full time in management, business,

and financial operations occupations earned $799 per week

in 2003. This was more than women earned in any other

major occupational category. The second highest paying

job group was professional and related occupations, in which

women earned $739 per week. Within management and business fields, the highest paying occupations for women were

chief executives, computer and information systems managers, management analysts, and general and operations managers. Within professional occupations, women working as

computer software engineers, computer programmers, physicians and surgeons, pharmacists, and lawyers had the highest median weekly earnings. (See table 2.)

• In both managerial and professional occupational

groups, women and men tend to work in different specific

occupations. In professional and related occupations, for

example, women were much less likely than men to be employed in some of the highest paying fields, such as engineering and computer and mathematical occupations. Instead, women were more likely to work in lower paying

professions, such as education, training, and library occupations. (See table 2.)

• The ratio of women’s to men’s earnings varied by place

of residence, from a high of 95 percent in the District of

Columbia to a low of 65 percent in Wyoming. The differences among the States reflect, in part, variations in the occupational, industrial, and age composition of each State’s

labor force. In addition, sampling error for the State estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national data;

thus, comparisons of State estimates should be made with

particular care. (See table 3.)

• Just 5 percent of women earned $1,500 or more per

week, compared with 12 percent of men. Not surprisingly,

given their higher earnings overall, Asian women were more

likely to earn at least $1,500 per week than were white, black,

or Hispanic or Latino women. (See table 7.)

• Among parents of children under the age of 18, married mothers’ earnings were 22 percent higher than the earnings of unmarried mothers. The difference was even greater

for men: married fathers earned 34 percent more than unmarried fathers. (See table 8.)

Part-time workers

• Women who worked part time—that is, fewer than 35

hours per week—made up 25 percent of all female wage and

salary workers in 2003. In contrast, just 11 percent of men in

wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

• Median weekly earnings of female part-time workers

were $197, compared with $180 for male part-time workers.

The men had lower earnings than the women because male

part-time workers tend to be highly concentrated in the

youngest age groups, which typically have low earnings.

One-half of male part-time workers were 16 to 24 years old,

compared with about 30 percent of female part-timers. (See

table 4.)

Workers paid by the hour

• About 63 percent of women and 57 percent of men

employed in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour in

2003. Women in this category had median hourly earnings

of $10.08. This was 85 percent of the median for men ($11.89).

(See tables 9, 10, 15, and 16.)

• About 4 percent of women who were paid hourly rates

in 2003 reported earnings equal to or less than the prevailing

Federal minimum wage of $5.15 an hour. The corresponding

share of men was 2 percent. (See tables 11 and 17 and chart

4. Also see the Technical Note for information about workers with earnings below the Federal minimum wage.)

• As would be expected, 16- to 19-year-old women and

men who are paid hourly rates are the most likely to have

earnings at or below the minimum wage. Relatively few workers aged 25 and older earn the minimum wage or less, although for women the incidence of minimum wage work rises

again at age 65. (See table 11.)
3

$ 3 5 0 .0 0

$ 4 0 0 .0 0

$ 4 5 0 .0 0

$ 5 0 0 .0 0

$ 5 5 0 .0 0

$ 6 0 0 .0 0

$ 6 5 0 .0 0

$ 7 0 0 .0 0

1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

100

Women’s earnings as a percent of men’s

Chart 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003)

dollars by sex, 1979-2003 annual averages

Earnings

1979

$700

$600

$350

$500

Men’s earnings

Women’s earnings

1983 1987 1991 1999 1995 2003

Women

Men

Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003 annual averages

Earnings

Total

Hispanic

or

Latino

Asian

Black or

African

American

White

$552

$695

$567

$715

$491

$555

$598

$410

$464

$772 $800

$700

$500

$600

$400

$300

$200

$100

$0

$800

$700

$500

$600

$400

$300

$200

$100

$0

123

123

$650

$550

$450

$400

100

80

40

60

20

0

90

70

50

30

10
4

Total,

16 years

and older

20

16 to 19

years

20 to 24

years

25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and older

15

10

5

0 0

20

15

10

5 3.8

11.7

6.4

1.6 1.5 2.0

3.2

7.6

Percent Percent

NOTE: Data relate to female wage and salary workers paid hourly rates.

Chart 4. Women with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by age, 2003 annual averages

Chart 3. Change in median usual weekly earnings from 1979 to 2003 by educational

attainment and sex

Highest educational level

Bachelor’s degree

and higher

Some college or

associate degree

High school graduate,

no college

Less than a high school

diploma

NOTE: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years old and older. Changes are calculated

from constant-dollar annual averages.

Percent change

Women

123

123

123 Men

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 40 20 30
5

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current

Population Survey (CPS), which provides a wide range of

information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of

Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a

national sample of about 60,000 households, with coverage

in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The earnings

data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with

appropriate credit, may be used without permission. This

information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon

request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:

1-800-877-8339.

Recent survey changes

Beginning in January 2003, several major changes were introduced into the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years.

Among these changes:

• Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially regarding estimates of net international migration. Employment

and earnings estimates prior to 2003 were not revised to

reflect the new population controls.

• Survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were

modified to comply with new standards on race and ethnicity

data from Federal agencies. In accordance with the new

standards, individuals now are asked whether they are of

Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about their race. Also,

individuals now are asked directly if they are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a general question

on country of origin. With respect to race, the response

category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two

categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. Population controls were developed for Asians; as

a result, data for Asians are presented in this report for the

first time. Also in accordance with the new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more than one race category.

Prior to 2003, individuals who considered themselves to belong to more than one race were required to select a single

primary race. In this report, data by race for 2003 include

only those who chose a single race category.

• New occupational and industrial classification systems were introduced. These systems were derived from

the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and

the 2002 North American Industry Classification System

(NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems.

In addition, the introduction of the new occupational and

industrial classification systems effectively created a break

in series from 2000 forward for data disaggregated by class

of worker status—that is, the classification of workers as

either self-employed or wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower estimate of the number of wage and

salary workers (those featured in this publication) and minor

revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002. Users

therefore will note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for those years in

this publication. For more information about these and other

recent changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current

Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet

at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes

and Estimates of Error” section of the February 2003 and

subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in connection

with the earnings data in this report are described below.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and

salaries before taxes and other deductions, and include any

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their

businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly,

twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they

usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a

basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If

the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers

are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks

worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Medians (and quantiles) of weekly earnings. Most of the

earnings estimates shown in this report are medians. The

median (or upper limit of the second quartile) is the amount

that divides a given earnings distribution into two equal

groups, one having earnings above the median, and the other

having earnings below the median. Ten percent of workers

in a given distribution have earnings below the upper limit of

the first decile (90 percent have higher earnings); 25 percent

have earnings below the upper limit of the first quartile (75

percent have higher earnings); 75 percent have earnings below

the upper limit of the third quartile (25 percent have higher

earnings); and 90 percent have earnings below the upper

limit of the ninth decile (10 percent have higher earnings).
6

The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is

centered on a multiple of $50. The actual value of the median

is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in

which the median lies.

Over-the-year changes in the medians (and quantile

boundaries) for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall quantile

boundary. The most common reasons for this possible

anomaly are:

• There could be a change in the relative weights of the

subgroups. For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-yearolds and those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower

earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased

share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.

• There could be a large change in the shape of the

distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a quantile

boundary. This could be caused by survey observations

that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,

or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval

containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more

slowly than one in other intervals. For example, medians

measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution

that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median

does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the

median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of

such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next

frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for

estimating medians (and other quantile boundaries) mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however,

users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating

short-term changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the

medians.

Constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index research series

using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current

dollars to constant dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the past

quarter-century. While these improvements make the present

and future CPI more accurate, historical price index series are

not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many

researchers need a historical series that measures price

change consistently over the entire period, the CPI-U-RS

provides an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the

methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see “CPI research series

using current methods, 1978-98” by Kenneth J. Stewart and

Stephen B. Reed, Monthly Labor Review, June 1999, pp. 29-

38; and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods” on the Internet at

www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS

available at the time of production. Users should note, however, that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a

result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the constantdollar earnings estimates in this report may differ from that

used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece

rates. The group includes employees in both the private and

public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or

more per week at their sole or principal job are defined as

working full time for estimates of earnings.

Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35

hours per week at their sole or principal job are defined as

working part time for estimates of earnings.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage

make up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary

workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included

in the full- and part-time worker tables in this report, along

with salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour.

(Data for workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately in tables 9 to 11 and 15 to 17.)

Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage. The

estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings

at or below the Federal minimum wage in tables 11 and 17

pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried

workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are

not included, even though some have earnings that, when

converted to hourly rates, are at or below the minimum wage.

Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely

understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. Research has shown,

however, that the degree of understatement is small. BLS

does not routinely estimate hourly earnings for workers not

paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.

The prevailing Federal minimum wage was: $2.90 effective January 1979; $3.10 effective January 1980; $3.35 effective January 1981; $3.80 effective April 1990; $4.25 effective

April 1991; $4.75 effective October 1996; and $5.15 effective

September 1997. Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 in table 17

reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place during

those years.

The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the

minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of

the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exemptions to the

minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings to the nearest

dollar in response to survey questions. As a result, some
7

might have been reported with hourly earnings below the

minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage

or higher. This may be more likely to occur in years during

which the minimum wage level is just above a whole dollar

value, as has been the case since September 1997 ($5.15).

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more

than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value

because of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Estimates of

earnings and their standard errors can be used to construct

approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that

include the true population value with known probabilities.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in data collection or processing.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS

and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings.
[Page intentionally blank]

8
9

Statistical tables

1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 11

2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 12

3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 19

4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 20

5. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours

usually worked and sex, 2003 annual averages ................................................................................................. 21

6. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected

 characteristics, 2003 annual averages ............................................................................................................... 22

7. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 23

8. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and presence

and age of own children under 18 years old, 2003 annual averages.................................................................. 24

9. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 25

10. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,

2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 26

11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages ............................................................................................ 27

12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars

by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 28

13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars

by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................... 30

14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant

(2003) dollars by sex and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages ................................................. 33

15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars

by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 35

16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars

by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................... 37

17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum

wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual averages ........................................................................................................... 40
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10
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages

Characteristic

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

AGE

 Total, 16 years and over ................. 100,302 $620 $1 44,076 $552 $2 56,227 $695 $2 79.5

16 to 24 years ....................................... 10,790 387 2 4,632 371 3 6,158 398 2 93.3

 16 to 19 years .................................... 1,602 311 3 666 299 4 936 321 4 93.2

 20 to 24 years .................................... 9,187 402 2 3,965 387 3 5,222 412 3 94.0

25 years and over ................................. 89,513 662 2 39,444 584 2 50,069 744 2 78.5

 25 to 34 years .................................... 24,776 594 2 10,475 546 4 14,301 628 4 87.0

 35 to 44 years .................................... 27,095 687 3 11,646 590 3 15,449 775 5 76.2

 45 to 54 years .................................... 24,446 723 4 11,296 609 3 13,150 834 6 73.0

 55 to 64 years .................................... 11,439 708 6 5,286 601 5 6,154 827 9 72.6

 65 years and over .............................. 1,756 516 11 742 435 15 1,015 612 13 71.2

RACE AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY

White .................................................... 81,916 636 2 34,916 567 3 47,001 715 3 79.4

Black or African American .................... 11,887 514 3 6,301 491 4 5,585 555 7 88.4

Asian ..................................................... 4,314 693 9 1,872 598 8 2,442 772 13 77.5

Hispanic or Latino ................................. 13,634 440 4 4,957 410 4 8,677 464 5 88.3

MARITAL STATUS

Never married ....................................... 25,210 502 2 10,941 488 3 14,269 514 3 95.0

Married, spouse present ....................... 58,228 697 2 23,230 588 2 34,997 786 4 74.9

Other marital status .............................. 16,865 588 3 9,904 545 5 6,960 647 7 84.3

 Divorced ............................................ 11,520 616 3 6,788 579 4 4,731 692 8 83.6

 Separated .......................................... 3,793 496 5 1,939 464 8 1,854 528 14 87.8

 Widowed ............................................ 1,552 535 13 1,177 510 8 375 622 22 82.0

UNION AFFILIATION2

Members of unions3 ............................. 14,263 760 4 5,687 696 6 8,576 805 5 86.4

Represented by unions4 ....................... 15,732 755 4 6,421 691 6 9,311 802 5 86.1

Not represented by a union .................. 84,571 599 1 37,655 523 2 46,916 667 3 78.5

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total, 25 years and over ....................... 89,513 662 2 39,444 584 2 50,069 744 2 78.5

 Less than a high school diploma ........ 8,594 396 2 2,839 329 4 5,755 429 4 76.7

 High school graduates, no college ..... 27,082 554 3 11,810 474 2 15,272 628 3 75.6

 Some college or associate degree ..... 24,610 639 3 11,719 560 3 12,891 740 4 75.7

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............. 29,226 964 4 13,075 832 4 16,151 1,131 5 73.6

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table. 2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union

affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective

bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female

employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. 3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union.

4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose

jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;

persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates

for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for

all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be

of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

11
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Total, 16 years and over ............................. 100,302 $620 $1 44,076 $552 $2 56,227 $695 $2 79.5

Management, professional, and related

occupations .................................... 35,680 887 4 17,962 758 3 17,718 1,059 6 71.6

 Management, business, and financial

operations occupations ................... 14,493 961 5 6,446 799 7 8,047 1,143 7 69.9

 Management occupations ........................ 10,115 1,023 9 3,973 849 9 6,143 1,172 13 72.4

 Chief executives ................................... 1,040 1,558 24 244 1,243 46 796 1,736 37 71.6

 General and operations managers ....... 662 1,136 19 173 966 93 490 1,170 30 82.6

 Advertising and promotions managers 57 800 159 34 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Marketing and sales managers ............ 800 1,127 30 302 904 51 498 1,271 85 71.2

 Administrative services managers ........ 75 910 29 24 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 51 997 27 3 ( )

 Computer and information systems

managers ........................................ 331 1,401 37 99 1,280 89 233 1,437 61 89.1

 Financial managers .............................. 952 1,004 22 491 823 21 461 1,314 39 62.6

 Human resources managers ................ 246 971 38 161 872 36 85 1,242 40 70.2

 Industrial production managers ............ 269 1,046 52 45 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 224 1,135 40 3 ( )

 Purchasing managers ........................... 168 1,108 48 65 844 33 102 1,297 166 65.1

 Transportation, storage, and

distribution managers ..................... 215 776 45 29 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 187 797 45 3 ( )

 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural

managers ........................................ 92 631 44 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 81 655 41 3 ( )

 Construction managers ........................ 352 1,014 34 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 329 1,016 32 3 ( )

 Education administrators ...................... 646 981 26 411 878 31 235 1,172 56 74.9

 Engineering managers ......................... 77 1,484 129 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 68 1,476 106 3 ( )

 Food service managers ........................ 506 648 20 217 584 25 289 706 31 82.7

 Lodging managers ................................ 97 687 76 54 609 45 43 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Medical and health services managers 416 986 36 285 954 31 132 1,149 160 83.0

 Property, real estate, and community

association managers ..................... 316 722 26 176 638 36 140 849 76 75.1

 Social and community service

managers ........................................ 258 788 45 163 770 28 94 848 54 90.8

 Business and financial operations

occupations .................................... 4,378 842 8 2,474 744 7 1,904 1,014 22 73.3

 Wholesale and retail buyers, except

farm products .................................. 163 737 35 73 670 39 90 812 90 82.5

 Purchasing agents, except wholesale,

retail, and farm products ................. 207 784 55 108 718 51 99 873 55 82.2

 Claims adjusters, appraisers,

examiners, and investigators .......... 258 735 33 161 648 24 97 868 42 74.6

 Compliance officers, except agriculture,

construction, health and safety, and

transportation .................................. 126 887 59 63 783 38 63 1,062 94 73.7

 Cost estimators ..................................... 89 875 46 15 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 74 882 41 3 ( )

 Human resources, training, and labor

relations specialists ........................ 602 819 21 421 774 19 181 961 39 80.6

 Management analysts .......................... 302 1,115 42 135 977 47 166 1,267 77 77.1

 Accountants and auditors ..................... 1,344 862 11 784 756 12 561 1,041 28 72.6

 Appraisers and assessors of real

estate .............................................. 54 765 56 19 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 36 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Personal financial advisors ................... 212 1,094 76 64 800 115 148 1,242 65 64.4

 Insurance underwriters ......................... 102 752 55 72 683 76 29 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Loan counselors and officers ................ 385 786 46 227 668 21 158 1,115 94 59.9

 Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue

agents ............................................. 73 711 36 48 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Professional and related occupations ........... 21,186 845 4 11,516 739 4 9,671 1,005 7 73.6

 Computer and mathematical occupations 2,790 1,049 11 777 906 21 2,013 1,130 12 80.2

 Computer scientists and systems

analysts .......................................... 614 1,001 24 186 869 44 428 1,073 41 81.0

 Computer programmers ....................... 492 1,065 22 131 973 37 362 1,115 40 87.3

 Computer software engineers .............. 701 1,242 25 156 1,005 32 545 1,336 31 75.2

 Computer support specialists ............... 307 748 23 109 727 37 198 769 46 94.6

 Database administrators ....................... 71 1,073 181 30 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 41 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Network and computer systems

administrators ................................. 166 979 23 41 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 126 1,007 22 3 ( )

 Network systems and data

communications analysts ............... 291 1,045 33 62 817 130 229 1,113 49 73.4

See footnotes at end of table.

12
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Operations research analysts ............... 104 $1,022 $65 50 $955 $32 54 $1,145 $77 83.3

 Architecture and engineering occupations 2,487 1,053 13 345 827 21 2,142 1,094 16 75.6

 Architects, except naval ........................ 118 1,013 41 30 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 87 1,131 54 3 ( )

 Aerospace engineers ............................ 74 1,362 38 7 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 66 1,353 36 3 ( )

 Chemical engineers .............................. 76 1,250 62 15 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 62 1,289 152 3 ( )

 Civil engineers ...................................... 264 1,150 19 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 238 1,164 21 3 ( )

 Computer hardware engineers ............. 97 1,083 145 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 86 1,137 145 3 ( )

 Electrical and electronics engineers ..... 337 1,332 41 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 312 1,348 34 3 ( )

 Industrial engineers, including health

and safety ....................................... 180 1,080 65 39 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 140 1,144 29 3 ( )

 Mechanical engineers ........................... 268 1,168 43 12 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 256 1,174 45 3 ( )

 Drafters ................................................. 197 757 20 38 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 158 776 22 3 ( )

 Engineering technicians, except

drafters ........................................... 382 792 19 81 569 49 301 821 23 69.3

 Surveying and mapping technicians ..... 62 651 46 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 51 632 74 3 ( )

 Life, physical, and social science

occupations .................................... 1,085 891 16 447 773 21 638 970 25 79.8

 Biological scientists .............................. 91 874 46 41 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 50 876 58 3 ( )

 Medical scientists ................................. 90 864 25 47 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 43 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Chemists and materials scientists ........ 126 948 62 44 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 82 997 73 3 ( )

 Environmental scientists and

geoscientists ................................... 71 1,018 56 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 49 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Market and survey researchers ............ 105 838 46 65 739 29 40 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Psychologists ........................................ 86 996 57 58 938 69 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Chemical technicians ............................ 73 818 53 19 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 55 859 69 3 ( )

 Community and social services

occupations .................................... 1,814 686 11 1,063 655 10 751 746 13 87.7

 Counselors ........................................... 514 666 19 339 657 19 175 690 38 95.3

 Social workers ...................................... 576 692 16 444 685 15 132 735 32 93.2

 Miscellaneous community and social

service specialists ........................... 265 647 16 174 611 27 90 761 38 80.3

 Clergy ................................................... 350 761 19 46 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 303 767 19 3 ( )

 Directors, religious activities and

education ........................................ 53 662 88 33 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Religious workers, all other .................. 56 603 34 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 29 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Legal occupations ..................................... 1,024 1,051 45 533 796 28 491 1,480 82 53.8

 Lawyers ................................................ 584 1,560 31 184 1,413 112 400 1,619 74 87.3

 Judges, magistrates, and other judicial

workers ........................................... 50 1,110 80 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Paralegals and legal assistants ............ 238 696 20 206 685 21 32 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Miscellaneous legal support workers .... 152 657 37 116 653 53 36 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Education, training, and library

occupations .................................... 5,884 754 5 4,258 708 8 1,625 904 14 78.2

 Postsecondary teachers ....................... 748 982 24 305 878 28 443 1,111 47 79.0

 Preschool and kindergarten teachers ... 484 494 22 476 493 21 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Elementary and middle school teachers 2,208 767 6 1,780 757 6 428 843 23 89.8

 Secondary school teachers .................. 1,009 856 12 540 824 20 469 903 27 91.2

 Special education teachers .................. 332 799 22 269 785 25 63 870 67 90.2

 Other teachers and instructors ............. 292 681 29 181 627 32 111 831 55 75.5

 Librarians .............................................. 142 797 45 122 789 45 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Teacher assistants ............................... 580 351 11 527 344 11 53 422 48 81.4

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and

media occupations .......................... 1,473 745 11 637 648 18 836 837 15 77.5

 Artists and related workers ................... 80 860 37 24 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 56 929 61 3 ( )

 Designers ............................................. 479 727 21 227 619 14 252 818 34 75.7

 Producers and directors ....................... 94 929 93 34 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 60 1,139 141 3 ( )

 Athletes, coaches, umpires, and

related workers ............................... 90 661 52 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 66 733 52 3 ( )

 News analysts, reporters and

correspondents ............................... 70 733 33 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 43 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Public relations specialists .................... 105 897 34 70 805 80 35 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Editors .................................................. 122 762 42 62 690 45 61 864 64 79.9

 Writers and authors .............................. 72 815 82 42 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 30 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Broadcast and sound engineering

technicians and radio operators ..... 72 845 67 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 70 853 66 3 ( )

 Photographers ...................................... 61 622 41 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 38 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Healthcare practitioner and technical

occupations .................................... 4,630 816 9 3,454 770 7 1,176 1,002 25 76.8

 Dietitians and nutritionists ..................... 54 631 54 49 2 ( ) 2 () 6 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.

13
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Pharmacists .......................................... 156 $1,477 $43 74 $1,364 $48 82 $1,533 $111 89.0

 Physicians and surgeons ...................... 531 1,405 53 167 989 69 364 1,677 189 59.0

 Physician assistants ............................. 55 1,003 83 37 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 18 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Registered nurses ................................ 1,829 899 10 1,650 887 10 179 1,006 40 88.2

 Physical therapists ................................ 120 892 26 78 837 33 42 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Respiratory therapists ........................... 72 737 50 37 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 35 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Speech-language pathologists ............. 67 867 48 64 868 45 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Clinical laboratory technologists and

technicians ...................................... 233 751 21 168 738 23 65 810 97 91.1

 Diagnostic related technologists and

technicians ...................................... 204 759 30 137 718 41 67 869 65 82.6

 Emergency medical technicians and

paramedics ..................................... 109 662 26 31 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 78 683 38 3 ( )

 Health diagnosing and treating

practitioner support technicians ...... 288 497 14 229 497 15 59 495 29 100.5

 Licensed practical and licensed

vocational nurses ............................ 401 587 10 380 584 10 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Medical records and health information

technicians ...................................... 85 505 25 83 502 24 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

Service occupations ......................................... 13,333 403 2 6,625 366 3 6,708 463 5 79.0

 Healthcare support occupations ................... 2,023 400 4 1,802 396 4 221 469 33 84.5

 Nursing, psychiatric, and home health

aides ............................................... 1,285 377 5 1,144 372 5 141 438 35 85.0

 Dental assistants .................................. 169 492 15 157 490 15 12 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Protective service occupations ..................... 2,405 630 11 441 505 12 1,964 666 12 75.9

 First-line supervisors/managers of

police and detectives ...................... 123 904 31 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 98 920 38 3 ( )

 Fire fighters ........................................... 235 816 35 7 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 229 819 39 3 ( )

 Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 373 629 21 95 521 18 278 671 25 77.7

 Detectives and criminal investigators ... 116 941 77 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 91 1,017 84 3 ( )

 Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ......... 596 764 18 69 731 38 527 770 26 94.9

 Private detectives and investigators ..... 50 637 72 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 29 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Security guards and gaming

surveillance officers ........................ 652 445 13 151 387 15 500 468 14 82.6

 Food preparation and serving related

occupations .................................... 3,819 349 4 1,886 326 4 1,933 373 5 87.2

 Chefs and head cooks .......................... 241 463 22 42 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 199 490 21 3 ( )

 First-line supervisors/managers of food

preparation and serving workers .... 509 413 8 283 391 9 226 485 19 80.6

 Cooks ................................................... 1,149 334 5 452 317 5 697 348 7 90.9

 Food preparation workers ..................... 305 320 8 152 310 10 152 334 16 92.7

 Bartenders ............................................ 183 408 18 89 361 23 93 466 55 77.4

 Combined food preparation and

serving workers, including fast food 125 316 13 96 319 15 29 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Counter attendants, cafeteria, food

concession, and coffee shop .......... 80 276 12 51 271 12 28 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Waiters and waitresses ........................ 775 335 10 528 318 6 247 385 11 82.6

 Food servers, nonrestaurant ................ 90 382 18 53 368 13 37 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Dining room and cafeteria attendants

and bartender helpers .................... 152 331 15 66 306 18 87 353 20 86.6

 Dishwashers ......................................... 154 288 8 28 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 126 290 9 3 ( )

 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant,

lounge, and coffee shop ................. 55 321 17 43 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 12 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Building and grounds cleaning and

maintenance occupations ............... 3,280 390 4 1,157 329 6 2,123 421 5 78.2

 First-line supervisors/managers of

housekeeping and janitorial work ... 151 469 19 65 411 15 86 516 17 79.7

 First-line supervisors/managers of

landscaping, lawn service, and

groundskeeping workers ................ 111 626 18 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 108 628 18 3 ( )

 Janitors and building cleaners .............. 1,405 402 6 364 349 11 1,041 420 7 83.1

 Maids and housekeeping cleaners ....... 806 323 4 682 317 4 124 371 12 85.7

 Pest control workers ............................. 58 528 62 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 53 542 97 3 ( )

 Grounds maintenance workers ............. 749 395 7 38 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 711 397 7 3 ( )

 Personal care and service occupations ........ 1,806 391 5 1,339 370 6 467 476 17 77.8

 First-line supervisors/managers of

gaming workers .............................. 87 590 26 36 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 51 685 30 3 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.

14
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 First-line supervisors/managers of

personal service workers ................ 58 $472 $62 45 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 13 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Gaming services workers ..................... 75 446 37 38 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 37 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Hairdressers, hairstylists, and

cosmetologists ................................ 307 390 13 286 $381 $13 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Baggage porters, bellhops, and

concierges ...................................... 57 432 36 7 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 49 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Transportation attendants ..................... 75 587 44 57 510 37 18 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Child care workers ................................ 377 330 12 359 326 11 18 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Personal and home care aides ............. 270 351 10 237 342 11 33 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Recreation and fitness workers ............ 150 453 38 104 408 23 46 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

Sales and office occupations ............................ 25,108 545 3 15,652 502 2 9,456 $658 $5 76.3

 Sales and related occupations ..................... 9,924 598 4 4,367 452 6 5,557 731 7 61.9

 First-line supervisors/managers of retail

sales workers .................................. 2,259 611 7 938 496 8 1,321 705 12 70.4

 First-line supervisors/managers of

non-retail sales workers .................. 880 828 24 263 732 28 618 887 27 82.5

 Cashiers ............................................... 1,378 319 3 1,040 315 3 338 339 16 93.0

 Counter and rental clerks ..................... 110 450 37 56 411 38 54 527 100 78.0

 Parts salespersons ............................... 131 488 46 13 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 118 527 53 3 ( )

 Retail salespersons .............................. 1,840 488 8 765 382 9 1,075 599 10 63.7

 Advertising sales agents ....................... 162 670 40 99 594 28 63 880 64 67.5

 Insurance sales agents ......................... 380 743 18 183 609 16 197 981 40 62.1

 Securities, commodities, and financial

services sales agents ..................... 315 1,010 39 103 699 35 211 1,255 234 55.7

 Travel agents ........................................ 60 589 26 50 588 23 10 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Sales representatives, services, all

other ............................................... 418 826 30 141 760 36 277 861 26 88.3

 Sales representatives, wholesale and

manufacturing ................................. 1,163 885 24 279 675 38 884 947 20 71.3

 Real estate brokers and sales agents .. 410 695 58 251 608 18 159 953 30 63.7

 Telemarketers ....................................... 114 375 15 68 346 14 46 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Door-to-door sales workers, news and

street vendors, and related workers 68 409 25 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 45 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Office and administrative support

occupations .................................... 15,184 523 2 11,286 513 2 3,899 584 6 87.9

 First-line supervisors/managers of

office and administrative support .... 1,450 650 10 984 609 7 467 766 16 79.4

 Bill and account collectors .................... 195 498 13 137 491 15 58 518 25 94.7

 Billing and posting clerks and machine

operators ........................................ 379 508 8 339 505 9 40 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing

clerks .............................................. 978 515 7 894 512 7 84 595 27 86.0

 Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............. 143 549 21 129 540 22 14 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Tellers ................................................... 275 395 8 250 393 9 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Court, municipal, and license clerks ..... 77 563 34 62 551 37 16 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Customer service representatives ........ 1,503 514 7 1,038 503 7 465 560 22 89.9

 Eligibility interviewers, government

programs ........................................ 78 581 22 59 571 20 19 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 File clerks ............................................. 254 482 13 215 478 14 40 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ..... 75 397 29 53 392 50 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 89 504 21 68 505 20 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Library assistants, clerical .................... 50 449 17 46 2 ( ) 2 () 5 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Loan interviewers and clerks ................ 179 572 29 153 554 28 26 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Order clerks .......................................... 88 517 24 61 485 24 26 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Human resources assistants, except

payroll and timekeeping .................. 57 580 21 51 585 19 6 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Receptionists and information clerks .... 892 449 9 831 446 9 61 500 20 89.2

 Reservation and transportation ticket

agents and travel clerks .................. 142 542 32 97 502 16 45 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Couriers and messengers .................... 166 594 24 28 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 138 599 32 3 ( )

 Dispatchers ........................................... 224 551 25 121 527 22 103 588 21 89.5

 Postal service clerks ............................. 175 753 23 71 721 44 104 784 17 92.0

 Postal service mail carriers ................... 296 777 17 95 765 38 201 782 23 97.8

 Postal service mail sorters, processors,

and processing machine operators 109 776 28 48 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 61 822 35 3 ( )

 Production, planning, and expediting

clerks .............................................. 236 634 28 125 601 16 111 722 41 83.3

See footnotes at end of table.

15
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ... 494 $476 $11 134 $452 $21 361 $485 $13 93.1

 Stock clerks and order fillers ................ 967 414 6 375 403 8 592 425 13 94.8

 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and

samplers, recordkeeping ................ 66 513 31 31 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 35 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Secretaries and administrative

assistants ........................................ 2,794 532 6 2,692 531 6 101 573 50 92.7

 Computer operators .............................. 168 604 30 83 515 15 85 685 24 75.3

 Data entry keyers ................................. 464 494 10 377 488 10 88 529 19 92.2

 Word processors and typists ................ 270 518 11 246 515 10 24 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Insurance claims and policy processing

clerks .............................................. 238 549 16 203 546 15 35 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Mail clerks and mail machine

operators, except postal service ..... 124 451 17 65 425 20 59 475 22 89.4

 Office clerks, general ............................ 610 502 10 511 502 10 100 502 30 99.9

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance occupations ............... 11,082 608 3 469 449 22 10,612 613 3 73.2

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ... 778 369 7 152 318 9 626 384 8 82.7

 Graders and sorters, agricultural

products .......................................... 62 387 18 38 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 24 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Construction and extraction occupations ...... 5,973 599 5 141 497 16 5,831 602 5 82.6

 First-line supervisors/managers of

construction trades and extraction

workers ........................................... 569 810 22 13 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 555 815 23 3 ( )

 Brickmasons, blockmasons, and

stonemasons .................................. 148 597 23 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 147 598 24 3 ( )

 Carpenters ............................................ 1,048 551 14 13 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1,036 552 14 3 ( )

 Carpet, floor, and tile installers and

finishers .......................................... 160 472 32 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 158 478 34 3 ( )

 Cement masons, concrete finishers,

and terrazzo workers ...................... 102 591 33 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 100 596 34 3 ( )

 Construction laborers ........................... 871 494 8 28 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 843 496 8 3 ( )

 Operating engineers and other

construction equipment operators .. 354 646 25 7 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 347 649 25 3 ( )

 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers,

and tapers ....................................... 138 477 18 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 136 475 25 3 ( )

 Electricians ........................................... 671 748 20 14 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 657 748 20 3 ( )

 Painters, construction and

maintenance ................................... 420 480 9 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 398 485 10 3 ( )

 Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and

steamfitters ..................................... 470 678 20 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 466 678 19 3 ( )

 Roofers ................................................. 157 487 15 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 155 486 16 3 ( )

 Sheet metal workers ............................. 130 703 33 5 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 125 717 34 3 ( )

 Structural iron and steel workers .......... 57 782 35 - - - 57 782 35 3 ( )

 Helpers, construction trades ................. 101 420 12 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 98 418 12 3 ( )

 Construction and building inspectors .... 82 778 43 7 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 75 795 33 3 ( )

 Highway maintenance workers ............. 64 546 42 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 60 557 41 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations .................................... 4,331 673 7 176 629 27 4,155 675 7 93.1

 First-line supervisors/managers of

mechanics, installers, and repairers 316 832 18 26 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 290 832 20 3 ( )

 Computer, automated teller, and office

machine repairers ........................... 233 672 27 33 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 199 707 37 3 ( )

 Radio and telecommunications

equipment installers and repairers 235 786 34 36 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 199 815 33 3 ( )

 Security and fire alarm systems

installers ......................................... 53 669 24 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 51 676 48 3 ( )

 Aircraft mechanics and service

technicians ...................................... 122 821 39 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 119 834 67 3 ( )

 Automotive body and related repairers 148 531 50 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 146 541 62 3 ( )

 Automotive service technicians and

mechanics ...................................... 663 606 14 5 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 658 605 14 3 ( )

 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel

engine specialists ........................... 317 681 15 - - - 317 680 16 3 ( )

 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment

service technicians and mechanics 186 692 38 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 184 688 38 3 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.

16
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Heating, air conditioning, and

refrigeration mechanics and

installers ......................................... 302 $621 $21 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 299 $621 $20 3 ( )

 Industrial and refractory machinery

mechanics ...................................... 461 686 19 9 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 452 690 19 3 ( )

 Maintenance and repair workers,

general ............................................ 264 607 18 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 256 608 18 3 ( )

 Millwrights ............................................. 69 809 48 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 67 821 55 3 ( )

 Electrical power-line installers and

repairers ......................................... 111 800 29 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 110 801 29 3 ( )

 Telecommunications line installers and

repairers ......................................... 152 713 43 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 141 699 41 3 ( )

Production, transportation, and material

moving occupations ........................ 15,100 519 2 3,367 $407 $3 11,733 570 4 71.4

 Production occupations ................................ 8,599 519 3 2,530 406 4 6,069 583 4 69.6

 First-line supervisors/managers of

production and operating workers .. 867 693 16 166 516 15 701 737 18 69.9

 Electrical, electronics, and

electromechanical assemblers ....... 244 440 29 147 404 14 97 510 19 79.1

 Bakers .................................................. 125 418 29 48 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 78 483 20 3 ( )

 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and

fish processing workers .................. 275 421 11 73 335 37 202 472 23 71.0

 Food batchmakers ................................ 86 472 28 25 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 61 450 30 3 ( )

 Computer control programmers and

operators ........................................ 51 616 44 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 47 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Cutting, punching, and press machine

setters, operators, and tenders ....... 147 507 16 40 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 108 535 24 3 ( )

 Grinding, lapping, polishing, and

buffing machine tool setters,

operators ........................................ 77 504 17 13 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 64 512 20 3 ( )

 Machinists ............................................. 438 616 13 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 414 626 16 3 ( )

 Molders and molding machine setters,

operators, and tenders, metal ......... 66 443 48 18 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 48 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Tool and die makers ............................. 77 776 46 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 74 772 40 3 ( )

 Welding, soldering, and brazing

workers ........................................... 484 577 16 36 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 448 597 15 3 ( )

 Job printers ........................................... 72 597 19 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 64 608 20 3 ( )

 Printing machine operators ................... 167 594 18 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 144 606 16 3 ( )

 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ....... 116 348 14 73 328 18 44 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Pressers, textile, garment, and related

materials ......................................... 56 323 13 42 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 14 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Sewing machine operators ................... 277 344 13 210 326 13 68 389 29 83.9

 Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ........ 62 472 33 39 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Sawing machine setters, operators,

and tenders, wood .......................... 62 452 56 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 51 481 23 3 ( )

 Stationary engineers and boiler

operators ........................................ 106 711 41 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 104 711 40 3 ( )

 Water and liquid waste treatment plant

and system operators ..................... 58 688 32 3 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 55 695 31 3 ( )

 Chemical processing machine setters,

operators, and tenders ................... 67 848 54 9 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 58 881 35 3 ( )

 Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing,

and blending workers ..................... 105 582 22 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 96 586 25 3 ( )

 Cutting workers ..................................... 84 460 67 15 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 69 504 36 3 ( )

 Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers,

and weighers .................................. 645 571 15 259 448 16 386 657 20 68.2

 Medical, dental, and ophthalmic

laboratory technicians ..................... 82 527 32 43 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 39 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Packaging and filling machine

operators and tenders .................... 272 390 10 148 362 13 123 430 25 84.0

 Painting workers ................................... 142 509 20 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 121 530 30 3 ( )

 Paper goods machine setters,

operators, and tenders ................... 63 435 67 22 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 40 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Helpers--production workers ................ 61 412 23 20 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 41 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Transportation and material moving

occupations .................................... 6,501 520 4 837 410 8 5,664 547 7 75.0

See footnotes at end of table.

17
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Supervisors, transportation and

material moving workers ................. 185 $705 $31 27 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 158 $705 $35 3 ( )

 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ........ 90 1,350 183 4 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 86 1,360 146 3 ( )

 Bus drivers ............................................ 334 501 15 137 $470 $15 197 536 49 87.6

 Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,611 603 6 101 474 29 2,510 606 6 78.1

 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs .................. 188 481 16 21 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 166 497 16 3 ( )

 Railroad conductors and yardmasters .. 54 884 32 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 52 892 31 3 ( )

 Service station attendants .................... 68 369 30 8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 60 371 42 3 ( )

 Crane and tower operators ................... 60 589 33 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 58 598 33 3 ( )

 Dredge, excavating, and loading

machine operators .......................... 62 653 30 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 61 656 30 3 ( )

 Industrial truck and tractor operators .... 502 488 9 39 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 463 488 9 3 ( )

 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment .... 217 373 14 32 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 186 375 13 3 ( )

 Laborers and freight, stock, and

material movers, hand .................... 1,261 464 9 191 415 16 1,069 475 9 87.4

 Machine feeders and offbearers ........... 53 437 26 23 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 30 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )

 Packers and packagers, hand .............. 350 348 10 217 350 12 133 345 16 101.4

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table.

2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is

less than 50,000.

18
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State, 2003 annual averages

State

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 UNITED STATES ..................... 100,302 $620 $1 44,076 $552 $2 56,227 $695 $2 79.5

Alabama ....................................... 1,547 588 10 677 482 19 869 663 18 72.7

Alaska ........................................... 219 725 12 99 629 20 120 802 22 78.4

Arizona ......................................... 1,771 623 11 720 558 15 1,051 682 18 81.9

Arkansas ....................................... 870 515 10 387 445 13 483 587 10 75.8

California ...................................... 11,816 664 7 4,939 615 5 6,877 706 8 87.1

Colorado ....................................... 1,631 670 13 682 611 10 949 725 18 84.2

Connecticut ................................... 1,163 783 18 525 666 18 638 900 23 74.1

Delaware ...................................... 309 646 12 144 583 16 165 713 20 81.8

District of Columbia ...................... 244 729 14 124 708 23 120 745 17 95.1

Florida ........................................... 5,641 568 7 2,608 502 5 3,033 623 8 80.7

Georgia ......................................... 3,222 598 7 1,453 561 14 1,769 639 15 87.7

Hawaii ........................................... 422 610 9 191 544 24 231 683 23 79.6

Idaho ............................................. 421 535 14 172 476 11 249 601 11 79.2

Illinois ............................................ 4,466 645 8 1,951 571 10 2,516 725 12 78.7

Indiana .......................................... 2,269 612 8 954 520 11 1,315 696 19 74.7

Iowa .............................................. 1,060 604 8 468 520 11 593 668 17 77.9

Kansas .......................................... 944 601 10 428 528 16 516 673 19 78.4

Kentucky ....................................... 1,364 568 11 617 498 12 747 632 20 78.7

Louisiana ...................................... 1,431 543 14 672 454 13 758 636 17 71.4

Maine ............................................ 429 591 12 189 505 14 240 657 16 76.9

Maryland ....................................... 2,089 738 11 971 666 16 1,118 791 26 84.3

Massachusetts .............................. 2,322 755 10 1,000 665 13 1,322 853 17 78.0

Michigan ....................................... 3,329 674 10 1,445 579 10 1,883 778 13 74.3

Minnesota ..................................... 1,875 730 12 818 615 12 1,057 834 20 73.8

Mississippi .................................... 958 517 8 444 454 17 515 580 17 78.3

Missouri ........................................ 2,104 613 10 944 525 16 1,160 684 17 76.7

Montana ........................................ 273 518 8 120 449 12 153 603 15 74.5

Nebraska ...................................... 644 569 14 286 484 10 357 652 17 74.3

Nevada ......................................... 823 561 14 351 505 8 472 606 10 83.3

New Hampshire ............................ 478 690 17 201 572 17 278 794 26 72.1

New Jersey ................................... 3,136 750 9 1,379 655 15 1,757 821 15 79.8

New Mexico .................................. 583 548 16 262 483 16 321 606 18 79.7

New York ...................................... 6,456 650 7 2,921 590 6 3,535 723 9 81.7

North Carolina .............................. 2,958 579 6 1,318 509 7 1,640 634 13 80.3

North Dakota ................................ 218 520 9 97 451 11 121 607 14 74.2

Ohio .............................................. 4,007 624 8 1,744 524 9 2,263 697 11 75.2

Oklahoma ..................................... 1,167 550 15 526 485 9 641 620 12 78.2

Oregon .......................................... 1,155 621 11 480 536 16 675 715 16 74.9

Pennsylvania ................................ 4,230 626 8 1,833 539 13 2,398 716 11 75.3

Rhode Island ................................ 378 642 15 171 579 14 207 723 22 80.0

South Carolina .............................. 1,398 579 11 656 503 12 743 649 19 77.5

South Dakota ................................ 278 518 6 127 468 10 150 582 13 80.3

Tennessee .................................... 2,024 561 13 927 497 8 1,097 640 18 77.7

Texas ............................................ 7,715 550 8 3,356 501 6 4,358 600 7 83.5

Utah .............................................. 748 606 9 297 507 12 451 672 15 75.4

Vermont ........................................ 213 613 8 96 555 14 117 674 18 82.4

Virginia .......................................... 2,738 667 15 1,264 581 13 1,474 761 15 76.4

Washington ................................... 1,998 691 15 837 579 17 1,161 797 24 72.6

West Virginia ................................ 558 552 14 236 457 14 323 621 15 73.6

Wisconsin ..................................... 2,028 631 10 890 547 14 1,138 713 16 76.8

Wyoming ....................................... 180 594 11 77 467 15 103 715 13 65.3

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table.

NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and over.

19
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages

Characteristic

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

 median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

 median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

 median

AGE

 Total, 16 years and over ................. 21,809 $192 $1 14,941 $197 $1 6,868 $180 $2 109.3

16 to 24 years ....................................... 8,078 142 1 4,570 140 2 3,508 144 2 97.4

 16 to 19 years .................................... 4,187 115 1 2,289 114 2 1,898 117 2 97.1

 20 to 24 years .................................... 3,891 177 2 2,281 173 3 1,610 182 3 95.1

25 years and over ................................. 13,731 231 2 10,370 230 2 3,361 235 4 97.9

 25 to 34 years .................................... 3,348 236 4 2,416 233 4 932 245 7 94.9

 35 to 44 years .................................... 3,566 251 4 2,969 247 4 598 270 9 91.3

 45 to 54 years .................................... 3,065 253 4 2,523 252 5 542 255 9 98.9

 55 to 64 years .................................... 2,159 217 4 1,558 214 5 601 222 6 96.2

 65 years and over .............................. 1,593 175 4 905 161 6 688 193 6 83.5

RACE AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY

White .................................................... 18,450 192 1 12,748 199 2 5,702 178 2 111.3

Black or African American .................... 2,023 182 3 1,319 180 4 704 185 5 97.0

Asian ..................................................... 781 212 6 524 219 8 257 199 11 110.2

Hispanic or Latino ................................. 2,419 190 3 1,540 183 4 880 204 5 89.7

MARITAL STATUS

Never married ....................................... 9,648 152 1 5,320 150 2 4,328 155 2 96.9

Married, spouse present ....................... 9,373 240 2 7,440 238 3 1,933 244 5 97.5

Other marital status .............................. 2,788 206 3 2,180 204 3 608 216 7 94.7

 Divorced ............................................ 1,500 223 4 1,155 221 5 344 228 11 96.9

 Separated .......................................... 607 196 7 433 193 8 174 203 13 94.7

 Widowed ............................................ 681 182 6 592 181 6 89 189 20 96.0

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;

persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates

for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for

all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be

of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

20
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours usually worked and sex, 2003 annual

averages

Hours of work

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

 Total, 16 years and over ........ 122,358 $541 $2 59,122 $461 $2 63,236 $633 $2 72.8

1 to 34 hours ................................. 19,222 196 1 13,288 201 1 5,933 185 2 109.0

 1 to 4 hours ................................. 478 51 3 333 48 4 144 59 6 81.7

 5 to 9 hours ................................. 1,150 64 1 779 66 2 371 60 2 109.8

 10 to 14 hours ............................. 1,735 96 2 1,186 98 2 549 92 3 106.5

 15 to 19 hours ............................. 2,539 126 2 1,791 132 3 749 120 2 110.0

 20 to 24 hours ............................. 5,820 187 2 4,052 196 2 1,767 170 2 115.4

 25 to 29 hours ............................. 2,543 228 3 1,766 230 4 777 224 4 102.9

 30 to 34 hours ............................. 4,958 298 3 3,381 307 3 1,576 279 5 109.9

35 hours and over ......................... 94,517 622 1 41,872 559 2 52,645 696 3 80.2

 35 to 39 hours ............................. 7,287 418 4 5,048 430 6 2,239 395 6 108.8

 40 hours ...................................... 67,040 583 1 30,795 529 2 36,245 621 2 85.3

 41 hours and over ....................... 20,191 938 5 6,029 831 7 14,161 989 6 84.0

 41 to 44 hours ........................... 1,336 721 13 575 657 18 761 770 19 85.4

 45 to 48 hours ........................... 5,832 817 8 2,010 759 9 3,821 853 10 88.9

 49 to 59 hours ........................... 8,773 1,015 7 2,486 909 12 6,286 1,066 11 85.3

 60 hours and over ..................... 4,251 1,060 20 958 896 17 3,293 1,134 13 79.0

Hours vary .................................... 8,619 384 6 3,962 271 5 4,657 520 11 52.1

 Usually less than 35 hours ......... 2,587 158 3 1,652 162 4 935 151 5 107.2

 Usually 35 hours or more ........... 5,785 569 11 2,204 415 9 3,581 666 13 62.3

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table.

 NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.

Detail for the above "hours vary" groups will not sum to totals because data

are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual

number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.

21
Table 6. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected

characteristics, 2003 annual averages

Characteristic

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Upper limit of:

First

decile

First

quartile

Second

quartile

(median)

Third

quartile

Ninth

decile

SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Total, 16 years and over ........................................................... 100,302 $301 $413 $620 $948 $1,419 

 Women ................................................................................... 44,076 284 380 552 806 1,155

 Men ......................................................................................... 56,227 320 456 695 1,066 1,577

White ........................................................................................ 81,916 306 422 636 972 1,453

 Women ................................................................................... 34,916 287 386 567 819 1,170

 Men ......................................................................................... 47,001 326 472 715 1,099 1,628

Black or African American ........................................................ 11,887 281 369 514 757 1,069

 Women ................................................................................... 6,301 268 349 491 724 1,010

 Men ......................................................................................... 5,585 294 390 555 799 1,140

Asian ......................................................................................... 4,314 305 431 693 1,106 1,654

 Women ................................................................................... 1,872 286 398 598 908 1,321

 Men ......................................................................................... 2,442 324 479 772 1,247 1,860

Hispanic or Latino ..................................................................... 13,634 260 318 440 656 964

 Women ................................................................................... 4,957 243 302 410 607 873

 Men ......................................................................................... 8,677 275 331 464 687 1,016

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total, 25 years and over ........................................................... 89,513 318 447 662 994 1,470

 Less than a high school diploma ............................................ 8,594 243 302 396 535 753

 High school graduates, no college ......................................... 27,082 301 399 554 772 1,049

 Some college or associate degree ......................................... 24,610 339 462 639 907 1,235

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ................................................. 29,226 477 671 964 1,430 1,976

Women, 25 years and over ...................................................... 39,444 295 400 584 843 1,195

 Less than a high school diploma ............................................ 2,839 217 273 329 430 575

 High school graduates, no college ......................................... 11,810 277 351 474 631 847

 Some college or associate degree ......................................... 11,719 310 409 560 759 1,012

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ................................................. 13,075 439 608 832 1,157 1,580

Men, 25 years and over ............................................................ 50,069 352 498 744 1,131 1,655

 Less than a high school diploma ............................................ 5,755 269 324 429 599 827

 High school graduates, no college ......................................... 15,272 339 458 628 875 1,163

 Some college or associate degree ......................................... 12,891 385 524 740 1,023 1,406

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ................................................. 16,151 516 755 1,131 1,636 2,293

 NOTE: Ten percent of all full-time wage and salary workers

earn less than the upper limit of the first decile; 25 percent earn

less than the upper limit of the first quartile; 50 percent earn less

than the upper limit of the second quartile, or median; 75 percent

earn less than the upper limit of the third quartile; and 90 percent

earn less than the upper limit of the ninth decile. Estimates for the

above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian)

include persons who selected this race group only; persons who

selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates

for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are

classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

22
Table 7. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages

(In thousands)

Characteristic Total

employed

Usual weekly earnings distribution

Under

$150.00

$150.00

to

$249.99

$250.00

to

$349.99

$350.00

to

$499.99

$500.00

to

$749.99

$750.00

to

$999.99

$1000.00

to

$1499.99

$1500.00

or

more

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over ..................................... 100,302 979 3,381 11,252 19,951 25,450 16,130 14,402 8,757

16 to 24 years ............................................................... 10,790 222 963 3,028 3,495 2,202 610 219 50

 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 1,602 73 284 643 422 142 20 15 3

 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 9,187 149 679 2,385 3,073 2,060 589 204 47

25 years and over ......................................................... 89,513 756 2,418 8,224 16,456 23,248 15,521 14,183 8,707

 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 24,776 206 809 2,800 5,396 7,299 3,997 2,992 1,278

 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 27,095 203 681 2,308 4,830 6,801 4,790 4,488 2,994

 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 24,446 191 534 1,864 3,982 6,016 4,460 4,530 2,869

 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 11,439 104 284 945 1,880 2,800 2,057 1,966 1,403

 65 years and over ...................................................... 1,756 52 110 306 367 332 217 208 164

Women, 16 years and over ................................ 44,076 552 2,016 6,189 10,133 11,857 6,607 4,653 2,068

16 to 24 years ............................................................... 4,632 117 497 1,377 1,466 892 210 61 11

 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 666 31 139 289 158 44 1 3 1

 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 3,965 86 357 1,088 1,308 848 209 59 10

25 years and over ......................................................... 39,444 435 1,520 4,811 8,667 10,966 6,397 4,592 2,057

 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 10,475 114 454 1,422 2,519 3,170 1,603 879 313

 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 11,646 121 455 1,405 2,559 3,120 1,891 1,418 678

 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 11,296 114 360 1,208 2,338 3,068 1,928 1,567 714

 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 5,286 67 190 601 1,070 1,469 895 664 331

 65 years and over ...................................................... 742 19 61 175 182 139 80 64 22

Men, 16 years and over ...................................... 56,227 426 1,364 5,063 9,818 13,593 9,523 9,749 6,689

16 to 24 years ............................................................... 6,158 105 466 1,651 2,029 1,310 400 157 39

 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 936 42 144 354 264 98 19 12 3

 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 5,222 63 322 1,297 1,765 1,213 381 146 36

25 years and over ......................................................... 50,069 322 898 3,412 7,789 12,283 9,124 9,591 6,650

 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 14,301 92 354 1,377 2,877 4,129 2,393 2,113 965

 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 15,449 82 226 903 2,271 3,681 2,899 3,070 2,316

 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 13,150 77 174 656 1,644 2,948 2,533 2,964 2,155

 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 6,154 38 94 344 811 1,331 1,162 1,302 1,072

 65 years and over ...................................................... 1,015 33 49 131 186 193 137 144 142

RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY

White, 16 years and over .................................... 81,916 770 2,547 8,710 15,608 20,809 13,517 12,271 7,684

Women ......................................................................... 34,916 429 1,495 4,690 7,833 9,555 5,371 3,791 1,752

Men ............................................................................... 47,001 342 1,052 4,020 7,775 11,253 8,146 8,480 5,932

Black or African American, 16 years and over ... 11,887 144 600 1,780 3,079 3,128 1,613 1,138 405

Women ......................................................................... 6,301 89 379 1,086 1,670 1,588 806 523 161

Men ............................................................................... 5,585 55 221 694 1,408 1,540 807 616 244

Asian, 16 years and over .................................... 4,314 46 151 432 743 950 680 748 565

Women ......................................................................... 1,872 24 85 228 363 483 296 262 131

Men ............................................................................... 2,442 22 66 204 380 467 383 486 434

Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ................ 13,634 189 892 3,019 3,851 3,017 1,374 920 372

Women ......................................................................... 4,957 84 447 1,258 1,348 1,014 463 265 80

Men ............................................................................... 8,677 105 445 1,761 2,503 2,003 911 655 293

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;

persons who selected more than one race group are not included. 

Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or

Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well

as by race.

23
Table 8. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and 

presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2003 annual averages 

Characteristic

Number of

workers

(in thousands)

 Median

weekly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

WOMEN

Total, all marital statuses ............................................ 44,076 $552 $2

With children under 18 years old ............................ 16,772 539 4

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 10,663 554 5

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 6,109 515 5

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 27,304 561 3

Total, married, spouse present ................................... 23,230 588 2

With children under 18 years old ............................ 11,238 582 3

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 7,009 581 4

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 4,230 583 5

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 11,992 594 3

Total, other marital statuses1 ..................................... 20,845 512 2

With children under 18 years old ............................ 5,534 476 4

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 3,655 511 5

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 1,879 404 5

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 15,312 526 4

MEN

Total, all marital statuses ............................................ 56,227 695 2

With children under 18 years old ............................ 22,021 767 4

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 11,732 806 7

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 10,289 727 6

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 34,206 646 3

Total, married, spouse present ................................... 34,997 786 4

With children under 18 years old ............................ 20,344 786 5

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 10,764 823 7

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 9,580 750 6

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 14,653 786 5

Total, other marital statuses1 ..................................... 21,229 561 4

With children under 18 years old ............................ 1,676 587 9

 With children 6 to 17, none younger .................... 968 669 17

 With children under 6 years old ........................... 709 497 10

With no children under 18 years old ....................... 19,553 558 4

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated,

and widowed persons.

 NOTE: Children refer to "own" children and

include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted

children. Excluded are other related children such as

grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and

unrelated children.

24
Table 9. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages

Characteristic

Both sexes Women Men

Women’s

earnings

as

percent

of men’s1

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

hourly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

hourly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

Number

of

workers

(in

thousands)

Median

hourly

earnings

Standard

error

of

median

AGE

Total, 16 years and over ............. 72,946 $10.85 $0.02 37,093 $10.08 $0.02 35,853 $11.89 $0.03 84.8

16 to 24 years ....................................... 15,871 7.90 .02 7,841 7.59 .04 8,031 8.14 .03 93.2

 16 to 19 years .................................... 5,412 6.93 .02 2,804 6.85 .03 2,608 7.02 .03 97.6

 20 to 24 years .................................... 10,460 8.66 .05 5,037 8.19 .03 5,423 9.00 .04 91.1

25 years and over ................................. 57,075 12.05 .02 29,252 11.01 .03 27,823 13.25 .06 83.1

 25 to 34 years .................................... 16,499 11.25 .06 7,734 10.51 .09 8,765 12.01 .05 87.6

 35 to 44 years .................................... 16,827 12.46 .10 8,604 11.17 .06 8,224 14.13 .10 79.0

 45 to 54 years .................................... 14,544 12.97 .06 7,852 11.79 .07 6,691 14.93 .06 79.0

 55 to 64 years .................................... 7,130 12.19 .08 3,928 11.05 .08 3,202 14.09 .14 78.4

 65 years and over .............................. 2,075 9.19 .10 1,134 8.84 .12 941 9.79 .08 90.4

RACE AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY

White .................................................... 59,109 10.97 .03 29,668 10.11 .02 29,441 12.03 .03 84.1

Black or African American .................... 9,419 10.15 .03 5,173 9.91 .04 4,246 10.81 .10 91.6

Asian ..................................................... 2,528 11.12 .13 1,320 10.68 .24 1,208 11.89 .14 89.8

Hispanic or Latino ................................. 11,462 9.76 .05 4,687 8.88 .06 6,775 10.03 .03 88.5

MARITAL STATUS

Never married ....................................... 24,737 8.93 .03 11,633 8.37 .05 13,104 9.42 .09 88.9

Married, spouse present ....................... 35,963 12.33 .05 17,802 11.09 .04 18,162 13.97 .05 79.4

Other marital status .............................. 12,246 11.12 .05 7,658 10.46 .09 4,587 12.32 .14 84.9

 Divorced ............................................ 7,840 11.91 .05 4,858 11.06 .08 2,983 13.23 .18 83.6

 Separated .......................................... 2,881 10.07 .05 1,576 9.82 .07 1,305 10.59 .31 92.7

 Widowed ............................................ 1,524 9.99 .09 1,224 9.71 .16 300 11.83 .30 82.1

UNION AFFILIATION2

Members of unions3 ............................. 9,906 15.73 .14 3,638 13.58 .19 6,267 17.16 .14 79.1

Represented by unions4 ....................... 10,802 15.32 .14 4,091 13.45 .19 6,711 16.98 .10 79.2

Not represented by a union .................. 62,145 10.18 .01 33,002 9.89 .02 29,143 10.95 .04 90.3

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total, 25 years and over ....................... 57,075 12.05 .02 29,252 11.01 .03 27,823 13.25 .06 83.1

 Less than a high school diploma ........ 8,014 9.16 .04 3,213 8.05 .04 4,801 10.02 .03 80.3

 High school graduates, no college ..... 22,114 11.77 .05 10,854 10.19 .03 11,260 13.42 .11 75.9

 Some college or associate degree ..... 17,838 12.90 .05 9,872 11.87 .04 7,967 14.77 .11 80.4

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............. 9,109 16.20 .17 5,314 16.14 .17 3,795 16.38 .31 98.5

1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table. 2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union

affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective

bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female

employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. 3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose

jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all

wage and salary workers. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black

or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group

only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. 

Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or

Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as

by race.

25
Table 10. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages

(In thousands)

Characteristic Total

employed

Hourly earnings distribution

Under

$4.00

$4.00

to

$4.99

$5.00

to

$5.99

$6.00

to

$7.99

$8.00

to

$9.99

$10.00

to

$11.99

$12.00

to

$14.99

$15.00

to

$19.99

$20.00

or

more

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over ....................................................... 72,946 1,053 136 2,596 12,289 12,969 11,772 11,469 10,434 10,228

16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 15,871 524 75 1,491 5,544 3,818 2,295 1,288 599 236

16 to 19 years ............................................................................... 5,412 178 41 957 2,631 1,023 380 128 55 19

20 to 24 years ............................................................................... 10,460 346 34 534 2,913 2,796 1,915 1,160 544 218

25 years and over ........................................................................... 57,075 529 61 1,105 6,745 9,150 9,477 10,181 9,835 9,992

25 to 34 years ............................................................................... 16,499 237 23 342 2,270 2,880 3,024 3,111 2,611 2,001

35 to 44 years ............................................................................... 16,827 128 19 311 1,733 2,583 2,696 2,918 3,112 3,328

45 to 54 years ............................................................................... 14,544 98 10 243 1,390 2,038 2,234 2,687 2,720 3,124

55 to 64 years ............................................................................... 7,130 28 7 118 850 1,137 1,173 1,238 1,220 1,358

65 years and over ......................................................................... 2,075 38 1 91 503 512 350 226 173 181

Women, 16 years and over .................................................. 37,093 759 87 1,529 7,373 7,339 6,153 5,558 4,298 3,997

16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 7,841 390 47 787 2,992 1,800 992 545 206 82

16 to 19 years ............................................................................... 2,804 136 29 482 1,429 475 182 47 22 4

20 to 24 years ............................................................................... 5,037 254 19 306 1,562 1,325 810 498 185 79

25 years and over ........................................................................... 29,252 369 39 742 4,381 5,539 5,161 5,013 4,092 3,915

25 to 34 years ............................................................................... 7,734 155 11 197 1,304 1,534 1,412 1,341 1,006 774

35 to 44 years ............................................................................... 8,604 86 15 223 1,202 1,598 1,519 1,401 1,265 1,296

45 to 54 years ............................................................................... 7,852 69 7 179 976 1,364 1,374 1,462 1,196 1,225

55 to 64 years ............................................................................... 3,928 23 6 80 608 762 677 688 544 542

65 years and over ......................................................................... 1,134 37 – 63 291 281 180 122 81 79

Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 35,853 294 49 1,066 4,916 5,629 5,620 5,911 6,136 6,231

16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 8,031 135 28 704 2,552 2,018 1,303 744 393 154

16 to 19 years ............................................................................... 2,608 42 12 475 1,202 548 198 82 33 15

20 to 24 years ............................................................................... 5,423 92 16 229 1,350 1,470 1,105 662 359 139

25 years and over ........................................................................... 27,823 160 22 363 2,364 3,611 4,316 5,167 5,743 6,077

25 to 34 years ............................................................................... 8,765 82 12 145 966 1,346 1,612 1,770 1,604 1,227

35 to 44 years ............................................................................... 8,224 42 4 87 531 984 1,177 1,517 1,848 2,033

45 to 54 years ............................................................................... 6,691 28 3 64 413 674 860 1,225 1,525 1,899

55 to 64 years ............................................................................... 3,202 5 1 38 242 375 497 550 676 816

65 years and over ......................................................................... 941 1 1 28 211 231 170 104 91 102

RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

White, 16 years and over ...................................................... 59,109 914 115 1,999 9,901 10,230 9,284 9,368 8,682 8,615

Women ........................................................................................... 29,668 676 77 1,161 5,885 5,776 4,833 4,506 3,520 3,235

Men ................................................................................................. 29,441 238 39 838 4,016 4,454 4,451 4,862 5,163 5,380

Black or African American, 16 years and over ..................... 9,419 79 17 473 1,606 1,928 1,759 1,448 1,134 974

Women ........................................................................................... 5,173 45 7 291 1,043 1,117 930 735 524 482

Men ................................................................................................. 4,246 34 10 181 563 811 829 714 611 493

Asian, 16 years and over ...................................................... 2,528 32 2 49 423 426 410 383 368 432

Women ........................................................................................... 1,320 17 2 30 249 232 224 200 163 203

Men ................................................................................................. 1,208 15 – 20 175 194 186 184 205 230

Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over .................................. 11,462 125 21 449 2,703 2,505 2,030 1,541 1,241 847

Women ........................................................................................... 4,687 73 11 248 1,365 1,078 775 532 369 237

Men ................................................................................................. 6,775 52 10 201 1,338 1,427 1,255 1,009 872 610

 NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all

wage and salary workers. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black

or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race

group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not

included. Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data

are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as by race.

26
Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2003

annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At 

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over ............................................................................................. 72,946 1,555 545 2,100 2.9

16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................... 15,871 776 330 1,105 7.0

 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................................... 5,412 322 212 534 9.9

 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................................... 10,460 453 117 571 5.5

25 years and over ................................................................................................................. 57,075 780 215 995 1.7

 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................................... 16,499 329 71 401 2.4

 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................................... 16,827 193 52 246 1.5

 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................................... 14,544 145 38 183 1.3

 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................................... 7,130 61 23 83 1.2

 65 years and over .............................................................................................................. 2,075 51 31 82 4.0

Women, 16 years and over ........................................................................................ 37,093 1,062 332 1,394 3.8

16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................... 7,841 538 175 713 9.1

 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................................... 2,804 226 103 329 11.7

 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................................... 5,037 313 72 385 7.6

25 years and over ................................................................................................................. 29,252 524 157 681 2.3

 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................................... 7,734 197 51 248 3.2

 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................................... 8,604 135 38 173 2.0

 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................................... 7,852 101 25 126 1.6

 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................................... 3,928 44 17 61 1.5

 65 years and over .............................................................................................................. 1,134 47 26 73 6.4

Men, 16 years and over .............................................................................................. 35,853 493 213 706 2.0

16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................... 8,031 237 154 392 4.9

 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................................... 2,608 96 109 206 7.9

 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................................... 5,423 141 45 186 3.4

25 years and over ................................................................................................................. 27,823 256 58 315 1.1

 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................................... 8,765 132 20 152 1.7

 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................................... 8,224 59 14 73 .9

 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................................... 6,691 44 13 57 .9

 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................................... 3,202 17 6 23 .7

 65 years and over .............................................................................................................. 941 4 5 9 1.0

RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

White, 16 years and over ............................................................................................ 59,109 1,325 421 1,746 3.0

Women ................................................................................................................................. 29,668 935 257 1,193 4.0

Men ....................................................................................................................................... 29,441 390 163 553 1.9

Black or African American, 16 years and over ........................................................... 9,419 145 105 249 2.6

Women ................................................................................................................................. 5,173 74 64 138 2.7

Men ....................................................................................................................................... 4,246 71 41 112 2.6

Asian, 16 years and over ............................................................................................ 2,528 46 5 51 2.0

Women ................................................................................................................................. 1,320 26 3 29 2.2

Men ....................................................................................................................................... 1,208 20 2 22 1.8

Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ........................................................................ 11,462 214 94 308 2.7

Women ................................................................................................................................. 4,687 125 55 180 3.8

Men ....................................................................................................................................... 6,775 89 39 128 1.9

FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS

AND SEX1

Full-time workers .................................................................................................................. 54,887 639 156 796 1.4

 Women ............................................................................................................................... 24,745 396 97 493 2.0

 Men ..................................................................................................................................... 30,141 243 60 303 1.0

Part-time workers ................................................................................................................. 17,932 910 388 1,299 7.2

 Women ............................................................................................................................... 12,282 661 235 896 7.3

 Men ..................................................................................................................................... 5,651 249 153 402 7.1

1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours

usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time

status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple

jobholders.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;

persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates

for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of

any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

27
Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual

averages

Year and sex

Total, 16

years and

over

16 to 24 years 25 years and over

Total 16 to 19

years

20 to 24

years

Total 25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

BOTH SEXES

1979 .............................................................. $566 $404 $338 $437 $623 $600 $658 $649 $614 $465

1980 .............................................................. 554 396 326 423 605 583 638 629 602 430

1981 .............................................................. 549 388 312 412 597 573 630 620 597 430

1982 .............................................................. 552 380 300 402 597 568 646 630 594 462

1983 .............................................................. 548 369 286 390 601 562 647 642 606 456

1984 .............................................................. 549 365 284 388 609 565 655 648 615 458

1985 .............................................................. 561 365 284 392 617 570 662 653 621 484

19861 ............................................................ 575 372 286 398 627 577 671 666 635 478

1987 .............................................................. 579 375 288 400 624 578 674 664 628 480

1988 .............................................................. 576 372 293 397 619 573 673 677 627 483

1989 .............................................................. 571 371 292 396 612 564 677 676 617 478

19901 ............................................................ 562 367 286 389 612 555 664 666 623 468

1991 .............................................................. 561 365 280 384 615 547 656 667 618 502

1992 .............................................................. 566 355 273 373 615 542 646 672 621 486

1993 .............................................................. 575 353 268 372 616 547 648 679 616 492

19941 ............................................................ 574 352 271 368 614 539 659 695 615 472

1995 .............................................................. 574 350 277 366 612 541 659 698 616 466

1996 .............................................................. 572 347 280 364 607 540 652 693 624 448

19971 ............................................................ 575 350 288 367 617 550 661 694 638 450

19981 ............................................................ 589 360 302 382 645 566 673 700 668 457

19991 ............................................................ 606 377 311 400 653 571 674 720 667 446

20001 ............................................................ 615 386 317 409 650 586 668 715 662 495

2001 .............................................................. 619 390 317 410 655 599 683 721 663 508

2002 .............................................................. 622 389 312 408 661 604 683 722 689 513

20031 ............................................................ 620 387 311 402 662 594 687 723 708 516

WOMEN

1979 .............................................................. 428 362 309 379 458 467 459 451 443 400

1980 .............................................................. 425 353 307 369 450 461 453 441 433 370

1981 .............................................................. 424 349 298 370 451 462 460 436 430 366

1982 .............................................................. 436 350 288 368 464 470 471 459 446 385

1983 .............................................................. 441 346 277 363 469 476 476 462 451 371

1984 .............................................................. 446 342 272 359 476 479 491 470 454 368

1985 .............................................................. 453 344 271 361 483 482 501 476 464 395

19861 ............................................................ 466 351 272 371 494 490 512 494 474 410

1987 .............................................................. 469 351 266 374 497 489 522 502 477 404

1988 .............................................................. 471 352 275 376 501 488 529 507 474 418

1989 .............................................................. 470 352 282 373 502 487 529 511 477 418

19901 ............................................................ 472 346 270 367 504 486 532 515 474 409

1991 .............................................................. 483 351 270 370 510 488 537 524 478 420

1992 .............................................................. 488 343 263 360 514 491 537 536 483 422

1993 .............................................................. 493 343 257 363 520 495 545 551 495 419

19941 ............................................................ 490 339 260 356 518 488 550 553 489 413

1995 .............................................................. 486 330 257 349 513 484 544 556 483 423

1996 .............................................................. 488 331 260 348 518 484 540 561 491 390

19971 ............................................................ 493 334 274 350 528 488 551 565 495 398

19981 ............................................................ 514 344 281 360 547 509 561 581 537 395

19991 ............................................................ 522 357 294 379 548 519 556 590 543 408

20001 ............................................................ 527 368 302 391 551 527 556 603 543 419

2001 .............................................................. 532 367 300 390 564 532 569 611 557 406

2002 .............................................................. 541 375 301 393 581 541 584 615 586 440

20031 ............................................................ 552 371 299 387 584 546 590 609 601 435

See footnotes at end of table.

28
Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual

averages — Continued

Year and sex

Total, 16

years and

over

16 to 24 years 25 years and over

Total 16 to 19

years

20 to 24

years

Total 25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

MEN

1979 .............................................................. $685 $460 $363 $495 $737 $693 $788 $793 $733 $514 

1980 .............................................................. 661 441 343 473 718 665 776 775 729 483

1981 .............................................................. 657 423 325 459 719 657 768 767 730 515

1982 .............................................................. 665 410 310 446 718 653 770 764 728 548

1983 .............................................................. 663 391 294 423 712 649 774 777 729 540

1984 .............................................................. 660 390 294 421 711 643 793 791 740 552

1985 .............................................................. 663 392 298 422 723 642 794 797 762 599

19861 ............................................................ 672 394 298 423 741 644 799 810 776 574

1987 .............................................................. 671 398 303 426 739 638 790 805 767 588

1988 .............................................................. 672 391 306 417 729 629 773 821 760 590

1989 .............................................................. 670 389 300 416 716 621 777 815 746 564

19901 ............................................................ 657 384 297 407 699 613 764 806 744 549

1991 .............................................................. 650 376 288 395 689 604 759 807 742 615

1992 .............................................................. 644 365 280 382 689 599 747 814 744 541

1993 .............................................................. 640 361 277 379 696 596 747 819 734 566

19941 ............................................................ 641 361 280 377 708 589 758 824 741 542

1995 .............................................................. 645 363 293 378 705 587 748 821 746 529

1996 .............................................................. 650 358 293 375 699 582 738 814 750 557

19971 ............................................................ 661 363 300 386 703 589 744 814 764 516

19981 ............................................................ 674 376 317 402 720 613 763 825 788 544

19991 ............................................................ 682 393 322 419 737 637 775 842 801 519

20001 ............................................................ 684 400 327 422 740 639 778 824 785 558

2001 .............................................................. 697 407 332 424 749 641 784 831 790 588

2002 .............................................................. 694 400 319 419 749 642 777 825 820 596

20031 ............................................................ 695 398 321 412 744 628 775 834 827 612

WOMEN’S EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2

1979 .............................................................. 62.5 78.5 85.2 76.5 62.1 67.4 58.3 56.9 60.5 77.8 

1980 .............................................................. 64.3 80.1 89.5 78.0 62.7 69.4 58.4 56.9 59.4 76.5 

1981 .............................................................. 64.5 82.6 91.8 80.7 62.7 70.4 59.9 56.8 58.9 70.9 

1982 .............................................................. 65.5 85.3 92.8 82.5 64.7 72.1 61.2 60.1 61.3 70.4 

1983 .............................................................. 66.6 88.6 94.1 85.9 65.8 73.3 61.5 59.5 61.8 68.7 

1984 .............................................................. 67.6 87.9 92.7 85.3 67.0 74.5 61.9 59.4 61.4 66.8 

1985 .............................................................. 68.2 87.5 90.8 85.5 66.9 75.1 63.1 59.7 60.9 66.0 

19861 ............................................................ 69.3 88.9 91.5 87.7 66.7 76.2 64.0 61.0 61.0 71.4 

1987 .............................................................. 69.9 88.1 87.8 88.0 67.3 76.8 66.1 62.3 62.2 68.7 

1988 .............................................................. 70.1 90.0 89.8 90.1 68.7 77.7 68.4 61.8 62.4 70.8 

1989 .............................................................. 70.1 90.7 94.0 89.8 70.2 78.4 68.1 62.7 63.9 74.2 

19901 ............................................................ 71.9 90.1 91.0 90.2 72.1 79.2 69.7 63.8 63.7 74.5 

1991 .............................................................. 74.3 93.3 93.5 93.5 74.0 80.9 70.8 64.9 64.4 68.4 

1992 .............................................................. 75.8 94.0 93.8 94.2 74.6 82.0 71.9 65.8 64.9 78.1 

1993 .............................................................. 77.1 94.8 93.0 95.6 74.7 82.9 73.0 67.3 67.4 74.1 

19941 ............................................................ 76.4 93.7 92.7 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.5 67.1 66.1 76.3 

1995 .............................................................. 75.4 90.8 87.9 92.2 72.7 82.4 72.7 67.8 64.8 79.9 

1996 .............................................................. 75.0 92.4 88.9 92.8 74.1 83.2 73.2 68.9 65.4 70.0 

19971 ............................................................ 74.5 92.1 91.4 90.6 75.1 82.9 74.0 69.4 64.7 77.1 

19981 ............................................................ 76.3 91.3 88.5 89.4 75.9 83.0 73.5 70.5 68.2 72.6 

19991 ............................................................ 76.5 91.0 91.3 90.5 74.4 81.5 71.7 70.1 67.8 78.7 

20001 ............................................................ 77.0 92.0 92.3 92.8 74.5 82.5 71.5 73.2 69.2 75.1 

2001 .............................................................. 76.4 90.2 90.3 91.9 75.3 83.0 72.6 73.5 70.5 69.1 

2002 .............................................................. 77.9 93.7 94.5 93.9 77.6 84.4 75.2 74.5 71.5 73.8 

20031 ............................................................ 79.5 93.3 93.2 94.0 78.5 87.0 76.2 73.0 72.6 71.2 

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at

various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and

subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS

periodical.

2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may

differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians

displayed in this table.

 NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current

methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant

dollars. See Technical Note. 

29
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages

Year and sex Total, 16 years

and over White Black or AfricanAmerican Asian Hispanic orLatino

BOTH SEXES

1979 ............................................................................ $566 $581 $467 – $454

1980 ............................................................................ 554 568 449 – 442

1981 ............................................................................ 549 562 454 – 431

1982 ............................................................................ 552 565 448 – 438

1983 ............................................................................ 548 560 457 – 437

1984 ............................................................................ 549 566 453 – 437

1985 ............................................................................ 561 580 452 – 440

19861 .......................................................................... 575 594 467 – 444

1987 ............................................................................ 579 594 466 – 441

1988 ............................................................................ 576 590 470 – 434

1989 ............................................................................ 571 586 458 – 427

19901 .......................................................................... 562 578 449 – 415

1991 ............................................................................ 561 583 459 – 412

1992 ............................................................................ 566 589 458 – 413

1993 ............................................................................ 575 595 463 – 414

19941 .......................................................................... 574 594 456 – 398

1995 ............................................................................ 574 593 459 – 394

1996 ............................................................................ 572 590 452 – 395

19971 .......................................................................... 575 593 457 – 402

19981 .......................................................................... 589 614 480 – 418

19991 .......................................................................... 606 632 491 – 425

20001 .......................................................................... 615 630 507 $657 426

2001 ............................................................................ 619 634 510 665 433

2002 ............................................................................ 622 637 509 673 433

20031 .......................................................................... 620 636 514 693 440

WOMEN

1979 ............................................................................ 428 432 397 – 369

1980 ............................................................................ 425 429 392 – 365

1981 ............................................................................ 424 427 398 – 368

1982 ............................................................................ 436 441 396 – 371

1983 ............................................................................ 441 446 406 – 376

1984 ............................................................................ 446 452 406 – 376

1985 ............................................................................ 453 459 412 – 374

19861 .......................................................................... 466 472 423 – 387

1987 ............................................................................ 469 476 427 – 389

1988 ............................................................................ 471 476 431 – 389

1989 ............................................................................ 470 478 432 – 386

19901 .......................................................................... 472 482 421 – 380

1991 ............................................................................ 483 491 425 – 385

1992 ............................................................................ 488 497 431 – 388

1993 ............................................................................ 493 502 436 – 392

19941 .......................................................................... 490 501 425 – 374

1995 ............................................................................ 486 497 425 – 366

1996 ............................................................................ 488 499 423 – 369

19971 .......................................................................... 493 508 428 – 363

19981 .......................................................................... 514 527 450 – 380

19991 .......................................................................... 522 534 451 – 384

20001 .......................................................................... 527 536 458 584 392

2001 ............................................................................ 532 542 472 585 404

2002 ............................................................................ 541 560 484 579 406

20031 .......................................................................... 552 567 491 598 410

See footnotes on page 32.

30
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued

Year and sex Total, 16 years

and over White Black or AfricanAmerican Asian Hispanic orLatino

MEN

1979 ............................................................................ $685 $700 $534 – $515 

1980 ............................................................................ 661 676 517 – 495

1981 ............................................................................ 657 677 519 – 486

1982 ............................................................................ 665 685 508 – 490

1983 ............................................................................ 663 678 514 – 480

1984 ............................................................................ 660 675 510 – 483

1985 ............................................................................ 663 681 497 – 482

19861 .......................................................................... 672 695 511 – 479

1987 ............................................................................ 671 697 506 – 474

1988 ............................................................................ 672 695 520 – 460

1989 ............................................................................ 670 690 499 – 451

19901 .......................................................................... 657 674 492 – 434

1991 ............................................................................ 650 666 494 – 426

1992 ............................................................................ 644 661 489 – 436

1993 ............................................................................ 640 656 491 – 433

19941 .......................................................................... 641 672 492 – 422

1995 ............................................................................ 645 679 493 – 419

1996 ............................................................................ 650 677 480 – 415

19971 .......................................................................... 661 680 494 – 424

19981 .......................................................................... 674 693 527 – 439

19991 .......................................................................... 682 705 539 – 448

20001 .......................................................................... 684 707 545 $731 445

2001 ............................................................................ 697 717 550 761 458

2002 ............................................................................ 694 718 535 773 461

20031 .......................................................................... 695 715 555 772 464

WOMEN’S EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2

1979 ............................................................................ 62.5 61.7 74.3 – 71.7 

1980 ............................................................................ 64.3 63.5 75.8 – 73.6 

1981 ............................................................................ 64.5 63.1 76.7 – 75.6 

1982 ............................................................................ 65.5 64.4 78.0 – 75.7 

1983 ............................................................................ 66.6 65.7 78.9 – 78.3 

1984 ............................................................................ 67.6 67.0 79.6 – 77.8 

1985 ............................................................................ 68.2 67.4 82.8 – 77.7 

19861 .......................................................................... 69.3 67.9 82.7 – 80.7 

1987 ............................................................................ 69.9 68.2 84.4 – 82.1 

1988 ............................................................................ 70.1 68.5 83.0 – 84.6 

1989 ............................................................................ 70.1 69.2 86.5 – 85.6 

19901 .......................................................................... 71.9 71.5 85.5 – 87.6 

1991 ............................................................................ 74.3 73.7 86.1 – 90.5 

1992 ............................................................................ 75.8 75.2 88.1 – 89.1 

1993 ............................................................................ 77.1 76.5 88.8 – 90.4 

19941 .......................................................................... 76.4 74.5 86.5 – 88.8 

1995 ............................................................................ 75.4 73.2 86.3 – 87.3 

1996 ............................................................................ 75.0 73.8 88.1 – 89.0 

19971 .......................................................................... 74.5 74.6 86.8 – 85.6 

19981 .......................................................................... 76.3 76.1 85.4 – 86.5 

19991 .......................................................................... 76.5 75.7 83.7 – 85.7 

20001 .......................................................................... 77.0 75.8 84.2 79.9 88.0 

2001 ............................................................................ 76.4 75.6 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002 ............................................................................ 77.9 78.0 90.4 74.9 88.1 

20031 .......................................................................... 79.5 79.4 88.4 77.5 88.3 

See footnotes on page 32.

31
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at

various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and

subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS

periodical. 2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may

differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians

displayed in this table.

- Data not available

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who

selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race

group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than

one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. 

Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as by race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a

separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory Notes

and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings. Data for

Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. The Consumer Price Index

research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert

current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.

32
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2003) dollars by sex

and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages

Year and sex

Total,

25 years and

over

 Less than a

high school

diploma

 High school

graduates, no

college

 Some college or

associate degree

 Bachelor’s

degree and

higher

BOTH SEXES

1979 ........................................................ $623 $493 $584 $662 $808

1980 ........................................................ 605 470 563 642 796

1981 ........................................................ 597 463 554 627 787

1982 ........................................................ 597 452 551 640 798

1983 ........................................................ 601 448 545 635 808

1984 ........................................................ 609 443 543 643 818

1985 ........................................................ 617 441 544 650 825

19861 ...................................................... 627 445 551 656 841

1987 ........................................................ 624 439 552 651 872

1988 ........................................................ 619 431 550 643 875

1989 ........................................................ 612 426 537 648 873

19901 ...................................................... 612 414 526 649 870

1991 ........................................................ 615 405 523 645 877

1992 ........................................................ 615 399 518 623 894

1993 ........................................................ 616 394 520 619 896

19941 ...................................................... 614 377 517 612 901

1995 ........................................................ 612 371 518 609 895

1996 ........................................................ 607 370 517 604 885

19971 ...................................................... 617 366 526 612 890

19981 ...................................................... 645 380 540 629 925

19991 ...................................................... 653 382 541 640 949

20001 ...................................................... 650 386 540 637 952

2001 ........................................................ 655 397 541 642 957

2002 ........................................................ 661 397 547 643 962

20031 ...................................................... 662 396 554 639 964

WOMEN

1979 ........................................................ 458 356 434 495 619

1980 ........................................................ 450 346 424 488 613

1981 ........................................................ 451 338 420 493 615

1982 ........................................................ 464 336 431 501 632

1983 ........................................................ 469 341 431 504 646

1984 ........................................................ 476 336 436 513 657

1985 ........................................................ 483 330 437 517 676

19861 ...................................................... 494 333 444 528 699

1987 ........................................................ 497 332 445 538 721

1988 ........................................................ 501 330 446 538 725

1989 ........................................................ 502 332 436 543 727

19901 ...................................................... 504 328 429 538 730

1991 ........................................................ 510 329 433 538 740

1992 ........................................................ 514 329 433 523 763

1993 ........................................................ 520 330 435 529 765

19941 ...................................................... 518 315 431 519 779

1995 ........................................................ 513 314 427 512 772

1996 ........................................................ 518 313 426 515 767

19971 ...................................................... 528 314 432 524 768

19981 ...................................................... 547 319 446 537 797

19991 ...................................................... 548 320 447 539 817

20001 ...................................................... 551 325 449 540 807

2001 ........................................................ 564 328 460 541 817

2002 ........................................................ 581 332 468 556 827

20031 ...................................................... 584 329 474 560 832

See footnotes at end of table.

33
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2003) dollars by sex

and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued

Year and sex

Total,

25 years and

over

 Less than a

high school

diploma

 High school

graduates, no

college

 Some college or

associate degree

 Bachelor’s

degree and

higher

MEN

1979 ........................................................ $737 $592 $724 $773 $929 

1980 ........................................................ 718 565 692 757 904

1981 ........................................................ 719 553 689 752 919

1982 ........................................................ 718 535 682 751 918

1983 ........................................................ 712 528 679 740 908

1984 ........................................................ 711 519 671 750 946

1985 ........................................................ 723 512 665 770 963

19861 ...................................................... 741 514 666 778 990

1987 ........................................................ 739 501 655 769 1,011

1988 ........................................................ 729 497 653 752 1,015

1989 ........................................................ 716 496 645 741 1,011

19901 ...................................................... 699 477 626 740 1,011

1991 ........................................................ 689 460 619 742 1,007

1992 ........................................................ 689 452 615 713 1,017

1993 ........................................................ 696 446 610 717 1,010

19941 ...................................................... 708 421 610 721 1,015

1995 ........................................................ 705 416 608 715 1,013

1996 ........................................................ 699 416 603 705 1,020

19971 ...................................................... 703 418 611 710 1,024

19981 ...................................................... 720 432 630 725 1,058

19991 ...................................................... 737 435 640 733 1,078

20001 ...................................................... 740 434 631 738 1,090

2001 ........................................................ 749 435 633 752 1,109

2002 ........................................................ 749 431 631 748 1,115

20031 ...................................................... 744 429 628 740 1,131

WOMEN’S EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2

1979 ........................................................ 62.1 60.2 60.0 64.0 66.6 

1980 ........................................................ 62.7 61.3 61.3 64.5 67.8 

1981 ........................................................ 62.7 61.1 61.0 65.6 66.9 

1982 ........................................................ 64.7 62.8 63.1 66.7 68.9 

1983 ........................................................ 65.8 64.6 63.5 68.1 71.1 

1984 ........................................................ 67.0 64.8 64.9 68.4 69.5 

1985 ........................................................ 66.9 64.4 65.7 67.2 70.2 

19861 ...................................................... 66.7 64.7 66.6 67.9 70.6 

1987 ........................................................ 67.3 66.1 68.0 69.9 71.3 

1988 ........................................................ 68.7 66.4 68.3 71.5 71.4 

1989 ........................................................ 70.2 66.8 67.6 73.3 71.9 

19901 ...................................................... 72.1 68.8 68.6 72.8 72.2 

1991 ........................................................ 74.0 71.5 69.9 72.6 73.5 

1992 ........................................................ 74.6 72.8 70.3 73.4 75.0 

1993 ........................................................ 74.7 73.8 71.3 73.7 75.8 

19941 ...................................................... 73.1 74.9 70.8 72.0 76.7 

1995 ........................................................ 72.7 75.4 70.2 71.6 76.2 

1996 ........................................................ 74.1 75.2 70.7 73.1 75.2 

19971 ...................................................... 75.1 75.2 70.8 73.8 75.0 

19981 ...................................................... 75.9 73.7 70.9 74.0 75.3 

19991 ...................................................... 74.4 73.5 69.8 73.5 75.7 

20001 ...................................................... 74.5 74.9 71.2 73.1 74.1 

2001 ........................................................ 75.3 75.4 72.7 71.9 73.7 

2002 ........................................................ 77.6 77.1 74.3 74.3 74.2 

20031 ...................................................... 78.5 76.7 75.6 75.7 73.6 

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an

explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of

Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and

may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded

medians displayed in this table.

 NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using

current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to

constant dollars. See Technical Note.

34
Table 15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages

Year and sex

Total, 16

years and

over

16 to 24 years 25 years and over

Total 16 to 19

years

20 to 24

years

Total 25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

BOTH SEXES

1979 .................................................... $10.44 $8.21 $7.31 $9.47 $12.02 $12.23 $12.45 $12.14 $11.69 $7.60

1980 .................................................... 10.22 7.87 6.84 9.09 11.75 11.98 12.20 11.97 11.42 7.55

1981 .................................................... 9.98 7.70 6.94 8.93 11.61 11.80 12.02 11.65 11.26 7.60

1982 .................................................... 9.87 7.41 6.59 8.53 11.48 11.60 12.09 11.73 11.17 7.54

1983 .................................................... 9.81 7.16 6.34 8.23 11.48 11.40 12.12 11.80 11.24 7.72

1984 .................................................... 9.83 7.05 6.16 8.13 11.53 11.41 12.09 11.94 11.16 7.81

1985 .................................................... 9.85 6.97 6.01 8.08 11.52 11.30 12.24 12.05 11.29 7.74

19861 .................................................. 9.96 7.08 5.96 8.13 11.60 11.25 12.50 12.41 11.50 7.97

1987 .................................................... 10.03 7.12 5.91 8.08 11.56 11.15 12.30 12.19 11.49 7.88

1988 .................................................... 10.07 7.17 6.03 8.06 11.59 11.13 12.23 12.21 11.19 7.84

1989 .................................................... 10.03 7.10 6.06 8.11 11.40 10.96 12.28 12.08 11.22 7.77

19901 .................................................. 9.88 7.05 6.14 8.08 11.15 10.80 12.04 12.01 10.96 7.86

1991 .................................................... 9.90 6.95 6.19 7.92 11.19 10.61 12.09 12.01 10.80 7.83

1992 .................................................... 9.93 6.91 6.09 7.77 11.24 10.51 12.07 12.24 10.92 7.91

1993 .................................................... 9.87 6.91 6.02 7.72 11.22 10.38 12.06 12.37 11.17 8.02

19941 .................................................. 9.86 6.92 6.04 7.66 11.22 10.31 12.20 12.32 11.10 7.86

1995 .................................................... 9.81 6.97 6.05 7.71 11.23 10.46 12.03 12.16 11.04 7.99

1996 .................................................... 9.81 6.94 6.04 7.82 11.23 10.30 11.85 11.96 10.96 7.91

19971 .................................................. 10.01 7.04 6.30 7.90 11.29 10.35 11.85 12.13 11.14 7.89

19981 .................................................. 10.27 7.43 6.64 8.17 11.43 10.89 12.26 12.37 11.37 8.36

19991 .................................................. 10.53 7.60 6.72 8.56 11.57 11.02 12.17 12.52 11.46 8.51

20001 .................................................. 10.58 7.73 6.85 8.62 11.62 10.87 12.12 12.63 11.56 8.60

2001 .................................................... 10.59 8.00 7.03 8.71 11.85 11.09 12.45 12.65 11.82 8.87

2002 .................................................... 10.71 7.98 7.06 8.66 12.10 11.23 12.46 12.74 12.12 9.27

20031 .................................................. 10.85 7.90 6.93 8.66 12.05 11.25 12.46 12.97 12.19 9.19

WOMEN

1979 .................................................... 8.51 7.50 7.13 8.28 9.17 9.50 9.34 9.04 8.83 7.35

1980 .................................................... 8.38 7.31 6.66 8.04 8.99 9.41 9.08 8.96 8.64 7.17

1981 .................................................... 8.29 7.19 6.83 7.94 9.09 9.48 9.25 8.90 8.58 7.20

1982 .................................................... 8.42 6.92 6.50 7.67 9.19 9.50 9.29 9.06 8.78 7.19

1983 .................................................... 8.43 6.70 6.24 7.47 9.18 9.54 9.31 9.11 8.90 7.31

1984 .................................................... 8.38 6.63 6.06 7.36 9.25 9.45 9.46 9.29 8.90 7.38

1985 .................................................... 8.39 6.55 5.90 7.46 9.37 9.45 9.65 9.41 8.92 7.25

19861 .................................................. 8.56 6.60 5.86 7.57 9.54 9.55 9.84 9.62 9.23 7.60

1987 .................................................... 8.68 6.55 5.75 7.59 9.55 9.52 9.85 9.73 9.35 7.52

1988 .................................................... 8.75 6.71 5.86 7.57 9.64 9.53 10.12 9.86 9.11 7.66

1989 .................................................... 8.77 6.74 5.89 7.51 9.73 9.59 10.18 9.91 9.15 7.38

19901 .................................................. 8.80 6.76 5.95 7.61 9.66 9.58 10.06 9.78 9.19 7.44

1991 .................................................... 8.91 6.71 6.12 7.53 9.69 9.49 10.20 10.03 9.17 7.60

1992 .................................................... 8.95 6.65 6.04 7.43 9.85 9.59 10.28 10.21 9.27 7.68

1993 .................................................... 8.93 6.61 5.94 7.48 9.87 9.55 10.23 10.26 9.49 7.76

19941 .................................................. 8.92 6.55 5.95 7.36 9.90 9.57 10.38 10.40 9.61 7.68

1995 .................................................... 8.95 6.59 5.93 7.32 9.81 9.51 10.36 10.47 9.53 7.74

1996 .................................................... 9.03 6.64 5.95 7.32 9.85 9.42 10.39 10.44 9.43 7.54

19971 .................................................. 9.08 6.81 6.20 7.50 10.02 9.38 10.46 10.60 9.50 7.81

19981 .................................................. 9.29 7.04 6.52 7.82 10.31 9.93 10.90 11.03 9.98 8.13

19991 .................................................. 9.55 7.30 6.61 7.98 10.53 10.06 10.86 11.00 10.31 8.29

20001 .................................................. 9.68 7.48 6.66 8.33 10.57 10.35 10.71 10.87 10.52 8.40

2001 .................................................... 10.02 7.53 6.87 8.31 10.61 10.34 10.85 11.28 10.80 8.46

2002 .................................................... 10.12 7.61 6.95 8.30 10.95 10.35 11.22 11.43 11.05 8.92

20031 .................................................. 10.08 7.59 6.85 8.19 11.01 10.51 11.17 11.79 11.05 8.84

See footnotes at end of table.

35
Table 15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages —

Continued

Year and sex

Total, 16

years and

over

16 to 24 years 25 years and over

Total 16 to 19

years

20 to 24

years

Total 25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

MEN

1979 .................................................... $13.29 $9.18 $7.51 $10.92 $15.73 $14.99 $16.74 $16.69 $15.48 $8.39

1980 .................................................... 12.91 8.70 7.16 10.42 15.28 14.66 16.53 16.48 15.33 8.04

1981 .................................................... 12.72 8.36 7.06 9.90 15.07 14.20 16.07 16.45 15.26 8.17

1982 .................................................... 12.52 8.00 6.70 9.37 14.77 14.01 16.23 16.23 14.88 8.16

1983 .................................................... 12.14 7.69 6.44 8.86 14.57 13.58 16.16 16.06 15.33 8.34

1984 .................................................... 12.01 7.71 6.27 8.71 14.50 13.29 16.03 16.33 14.94 8.28

1985 .................................................... 11.98 7.65 6.14 8.56 14.45 13.06 16.01 16.29 14.77 8.15

19861 .................................................. 12.18 7.69 6.14 8.71 14.47 12.89 16.03 16.27 15.30 8.32

1987 .................................................... 12.05 7.61 6.14 8.80 14.20 12.80 15.64 15.86 15.05 8.25

1988 .................................................... 11.84 7.53 6.20 8.67 14.03 12.58 15.30 16.00 14.58 8.27

1989 .................................................... 11.62 7.42 6.30 8.64 13.92 12.28 15.19 15.60 14.34 8.46

19901 .................................................. 11.29 7.43 6.34 8.44 13.44 12.07 14.65 15.20 13.89 8.31

1991 .................................................... 11.33 7.36 6.26 8.22 13.16 11.80 14.49 15.44 13.29 8.20

1992 .................................................... 11.16 7.27 6.18 8.04 12.94 11.61 14.06 15.47 13.36 8.31

1993 .................................................... 11.12 7.21 6.11 7.95 12.77 11.41 14.00 15.24 13.75 8.42

19941 .................................................. 11.07 7.23 6.14 8.08 12.65 11.20 14.14 14.88 13.60 8.17

1995 .................................................... 11.08 7.25 6.18 8.19 12.87 11.36 14.26 14.78 13.33 8.23

1996 .................................................... 11.13 7.21 6.14 8.17 12.59 11.33 13.90 14.48 13.02 8.22

19971 .................................................. 11.25 7.38 6.43 8.21 12.70 11.35 13.81 14.64 13.49 7.97

19981 .................................................. 11.35 7.80 6.75 8.78 13.23 11.54 14.08 14.71 13.79 8.74

19991 .................................................. 11.39 7.87 6.83 8.88 13.26 11.97 14.12 15.11 13.49 8.69

20001 .................................................. 11.55 8.15 7.10 8.97 13.08 11.72 14.04 14.85 13.69 8.88

2001 .................................................... 11.77 8.32 7.18 9.27 13.39 12.03 14.47 14.81 13.46 9.36

2002 .................................................... 11.90 8.23 7.18 9.08 13.34 12.16 14.27 14.72 13.68 10.00

20031 .................................................. 11.89 8.14 7.02 9.00 13.25 12.01 14.13 14.93 14.09 9.79

WOMEN’S EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2

1979 .................................................... 64.0 81.7 94.9 75.8 58.3 63.4 55.8 54.1 57.0 87.7

1980 .................................................... 64.9 84.1 93.1 77.2 58.8 64.2 54.9 54.4 56.4 89.3

1981 .................................................... 65.2 86.0 96.6 80.2 60.3 66.7 57.6 54.1 56.2 88.1

1982 .................................................... 67.3 86.5 97.1 81.8 62.2 67.8 57.2 55.8 59.0 88.1

1983 .................................................... 69.5 87.1 96.9 84.4 63.0 70.3 57.6 56.7 58.0 87.6

1984 .................................................... 69.8 86.0 96.6 84.5 63.8 71.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.1

1985 .................................................... 70.1 85.7 96.1 87.2 64.8 72.4 60.3 57.8 60.4 88.9

19861 .................................................. 70.3 85.8 95.5 86.9 66.0 74.1 61.4 59.1 60.3 91.3

1987 .................................................... 72.0 86.0 93.7 86.2 67.3 74.4 62.9 61.4 62.1 91.2

1988 .................................................... 73.9 89.1 94.4 87.3 68.7 75.7 66.2 61.6 62.5 92.6

1989 .................................................... 75.5 90.8 93.4 86.9 69.9 78.1 67.0 63.5 63.8 87.2

19901 .................................................. 77.9 91.0 93.8 90.2 71.9 79.4 68.7 64.3 66.2 89.6

1991 .................................................... 78.6 91.2 97.8 91.6 73.6 80.4 70.4 65.0 69.0 92.6

1992 .................................................... 80.2 91.4 97.7 92.5 76.1 82.6 73.1 66.0 69.4 92.5

1993 .................................................... 80.4 91.6 97.2 94.1 77.3 83.7 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.2

19941 .................................................. 80.6 90.6 97.0 91.1 78.2 85.5 73.4 69.9 70.7 94.0

1995 .................................................... 80.8 90.9 96.0 89.4 76.2 83.7 72.6 70.9 71.4 94.1

1996 .................................................... 81.2 92.0 96.9 89.5 78.3 83.1 74.7 72.1 72.4 91.7

19971 .................................................. 80.8 92.3 96.6 91.3 78.9 82.7 75.8 72.4 70.5 98.1

19981 .................................................. 81.8 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.4 75.0 72.4 93.1

19991 .................................................. 83.8 92.7 96.7 89.8 79.4 84.0 76.9 72.8 76.4 95.4

20001 .................................................. 83.9 91.8 93.8 92.9 80.8 88.3 76.3 73.2 76.8 94.6

2001 .................................................... 85.1 90.5 95.8 89.6 79.2 85.9 75.0 76.2 80.2 90.4

2002 .................................................... 85.0 92.5 96.8 91.4 82.1 85.1 78.6 77.6 80.8 89.2

20031 .................................................. 84.8 93.2 97.6 91.1 83.1 87.6 79.0 79.0 78.4 90.4

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at

various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of

Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. 2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ

slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this

table.

 NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods

(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See

Technical Note.

36
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages

Year and sex Total, 16 years

and over White Black or AfricanAmerican Asian Hispanic orLatino

BOTH SEXES

1979 ................................................................................ $10.44 $10.60 $9.66 – $9.59

1980 ................................................................................ 10.22 10.33 9.42 – 9.40

1981 ................................................................................ 9.98 10.05 9.51 – 9.32

1982 ................................................................................ 9.87 10.00 9.26 – 9.16

1983 ................................................................................ 9.81 9.94 9.03 – 8.93

1984 ................................................................................ 9.83 9.95 9.05 – 8.89

1985 ................................................................................ 9.85 9.97 8.99 – 8.94

19861 .............................................................................. 9.96 10.08 9.32 – 9.07

1987 ................................................................................ 10.03 10.17 9.29 – 9.03

1988 ................................................................................ 10.07 10.19 9.21 – 8.91

1989 ................................................................................ 10.03 10.16 9.22 – 8.72

19901 .............................................................................. 9.88 10.02 9.30 – 8.58

1991 ................................................................................ 9.90 10.04 9.23 – 8.53

1992 ................................................................................ 9.93 10.06 9.09 – 8.56

1993 ................................................................................ 9.87 10.00 9.01 – 8.57

19941 .............................................................................. 9.86 9.97 8.97 – 8.52

1995 ................................................................................ 9.81 9.98 9.20 – 8.41

1996 ................................................................................ 9.81 10.01 9.06 – 8.38

19971 .............................................................................. 10.01 10.16 9.17 – 8.46

19981 .............................................................................. 10.27 10.40 9.47 – 8.94

19991 .............................................................................. 10.53 10.76 9.78 – 8.92

20001 .............................................................................. 10.58 10.64 9.98 $10.76 9.12

2001 ................................................................................ 10.59 10.66 10.17 11.17 9.42

2002 ................................................................................ 10.71 10.96 10.16 10.59 9.43

20031 .............................................................................. 10.85 10.97 10.15 11.12 9.76

WOMEN

1979 ................................................................................ 8.51 8.52 8.35 – 8.09

1980 ................................................................................ 8.38 8.39 8.23 – 8.01

1981 ................................................................................ 8.29 8.31 8.13 – 7.95

1982 ................................................................................ 8.42 8.44 8.22 – 7.93

1983 ................................................................................ 8.43 8.44 8.28 – 7.76

1984 ................................................................................ 8.38 8.39 8.22 – 7.85

1985 ................................................................................ 8.39 8.40 8.24 – 7.89

19861 .............................................................................. 8.56 8.59 8.30 – 8.03

1987 ................................................................................ 8.68 8.71 8.38 – 7.92

1988 ................................................................................ 8.75 8.78 8.41 – 7.91

1989 ................................................................................ 8.77 8.80 8.44 – 7.94

19901 .............................................................................. 8.80 8.83 8.51 – 7.93

1991 ................................................................................ 8.91 8.93 8.64 – 7.90

1992 ................................................................................ 8.95 9.00 8.55 – 7.95

1993 ................................................................................ 8.93 8.98 8.62 – 7.92

19941 .............................................................................. 8.92 9.03 8.53 – 7.88

1995 ................................................................................ 8.95 9.06 8.54 – 7.93

1996 ................................................................................ 9.03 9.10 8.41 – 7.91

19971 .............................................................................. 9.08 9.15 8.68 – 7.80

19981 .............................................................................. 9.29 9.41 8.91 – 8.15

19991 .............................................................................. 9.55 9.65 8.99 – 8.25

20001 .............................................................................. 9.68 9.71 9.46 10.44 8.43

2001 ................................................................................ 10.02 10.12 9.52 10.46 8.61

2002 ................................................................................ 10.12 10.16 9.66 10.33 8.73

20031 .............................................................................. 10.08 10.11 9.91 10.68 8.88

See footnotes on page 39.

37
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued

Year and sex Total, 16 years

and over White Black or AfricanAmerican Asian Hispanic orLatino

MEN

1979 ................................................................................ $13.29 $13.62 $11.49 – $11.27 

1980 ................................................................................ 12.91 13.18 10.97 – 10.65

1981 ................................................................................ 12.72 13.00 11.25 – 10.40

1982 ................................................................................ 12.52 12.76 10.92 – 10.48

1983 ................................................................................ 12.14 12.40 10.45 – 10.19

1984 ................................................................................ 12.01 12.24 10.38 – 10.18

1985 ................................................................................ 11.98 12.39 10.04 – 9.92

19861 .............................................................................. 12.18 12.49 10.54 – 9.94

1987 ................................................................................ 12.05 12.29 10.45 – 9.87

1988 ................................................................................ 11.84 12.06 10.39 – 9.74

1989 ................................................................................ 11.62 11.88 10.15 – 9.55

19901 .............................................................................. 11.29 11.68 10.07 – 9.22

1991 ................................................................................ 11.33 11.64 9.99 – 9.08

1992 ................................................................................ 11.16 11.44 9.81 – 9.00

1993 ................................................................................ 11.12 11.38 9.62 – 8.94

19941 .............................................................................. 11.07 11.32 9.74 – 8.82

1995 ................................................................................ 11.08 11.55 9.79 – 8.72

1996 ................................................................................ 11.13 11.43 9.56 – 8.90

19971 .............................................................................. 11.25 11.39 9.92 – 9.04

19981 .............................................................................. 11.35 11.48 10.26 – 9.31

19991 .............................................................................. 11.39 11.73 10.80 – 9.52

20001 .............................................................................. 11.55 11.70 10.66 $11.53 9.66

2001 ................................................................................ 11.77 12.07 10.58 12.31 10.05

2002 ................................................................................ 11.90 12.13 10.47 11.27 10.14

20031 .............................................................................. 11.89 12.03 10.81 11.89 10.03

WOMEN’S EARNINGS

AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2

1979 ................................................................................ 64.0 62.6 72.6 – 71.8

1980 ................................................................................ 64.9 63.6 75.0 – 75.2

1981 ................................................................................ 65.2 63.9 72.2 – 76.4

1982 ................................................................................ 67.3 66.1 75.3 – 75.7

1983 ................................................................................ 69.5 68.1 79.3 – 76.1

1984 ................................................................................ 69.8 68.6 79.2 – 77.1

1985 ................................................................................ 70.1 67.8 82.0 – 79.5

19861 .............................................................................. 70.3 68.8 78.8 – 80.8

1987 ................................................................................ 72.0 70.8 80.2 – 80.3

1988 ................................................................................ 73.9 72.8 80.9 – 81.2

1989 ................................................................................ 75.5 74.1 83.2 – 83.1

19901 .............................................................................. 77.9 75.6 84.5 – 86.1

1991 ................................................................................ 78.6 76.7 86.6 – 86.9

1992 ................................................................................ 80.2 78.7 87.2 – 88.4

1993 ................................................................................ 80.4 78.9 89.6 – 88.7

19941 .............................................................................. 80.6 79.7 87.5 – 89.3

1995 ................................................................................ 80.8 78.4 87.3 – 90.9

1996 ................................................................................ 81.2 79.6 88.0 – 88.9

19971 .............................................................................. 80.8 80.3 87.5 – 86.3

19981 .............................................................................. 81.8 81.9 86.9 – 87.5

19991 .............................................................................. 83.8 82.3 83.2 – 86.7

20001 .............................................................................. 83.9 83.0 88.7 90.6 87.4

2001 ................................................................................ 85.1 83.9 89.9 85.0 85.7

2002 ................................................................................ 85.0 83.8 92.3 91.7 86.1

20031 .............................................................................. 84.8 84.1 91.6 89.8 88.5

See footnotes on page 39.

38
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at

various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and

subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS

periodical. 2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may

differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians

displayed in this table. – Data not available.

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who

selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race

group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than

one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. 

Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as by race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a

separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory Notes

and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings. Data for

Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. The Consumer Price Index

research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert

current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.

39
Table 17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual

averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Year and sex

Total

wage and

salary

 workers

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Percent of

total wage

and salary

workers

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below

prevailing Federal

minimum wage

Number

Percent

of hourly

paid 

workers

BOTH SEXES

1979 ................................................................................ 87,529 51,721 59.1 2,916 3,997 6,912 13.4 

1980 ................................................................................ 87,644 51,335 58.6 3,087 4,686 7,773 15.1 

1981 ................................................................................ 88,516 51,869 58.6 3,513 4,311 7,824 15.1 

1982 ................................................................................ 87,368 50,846 58.2 2,348 4,148 6,496 12.8 

1983 ................................................................................ 88,290 51,820 58.7 2,077 4,261 6,338 12.2 

1984 ................................................................................ 92,194 54,143 58.7 1,838 4,125 5,963 11.0 

1985 ................................................................................ 94,521 55,762 59.0 1,639 3,899 5,538 9.9 

19861 .............................................................................. 96,903 57,529 59.4 1,599 3,461 5,060 8.8 

1987 ................................................................................ 99,303 59,552 60.0 1,468 3,229 4,698 7.9 

1988 ................................................................................ 101,407 60,878 60.0 1,319 2,608 3,927 6.5 

1989 ................................................................................ 103,480 62,389 60.3 1,372 1,790 3,162 5.1 

19901 .............................................................................. 104,876 63,172 60.2 22,132 21,096 23,228 25.1 

1991 ................................................................................ 103,723 62,627 60.4 22,377 22,906 25,283 28.4 

1992 ................................................................................ 104,668 63,610 60.8 1,939 2,982 4,921 7.7 

1993 ................................................................................ 106,101 64,274 60.6 1,707 2,625 4,332 6.7 

19941 .............................................................................. 107,989 66,549 61.6 1,995 2,132 4,128 6.2 

1995 ................................................................................ 110,038 68,354 62.1 1,699 1,956 3,656 5.3 

1996 ................................................................................ 111,960 69,255 61.9 21,863 21,861 23,724 25.4 

19971 .............................................................................. 114,533 70,735 61.8 22,990 21,764 24,754 26.7 

19981 .............................................................................. 116,730 71,440 61.2 2,834 1,593 4,427 6.2 

19991 .............................................................................. 118,963 72,306 60.8 2,194 1,146 3,340 4.6 

20001 .............................................................................. 122,089 73,496 60.2 1,752 898 2,650 3.6 

2001 ................................................................................ 122,229 73,392 60.0 1,518 656 2,174 3.0 

2002 ................................................................................ 121,826 72,508 59.5 1,579 567 2,146 3.0 

20031 .............................................................................. 122,358 72,946 59.6 1,555 545 2,100 2.9 

WOMEN

1979 ................................................................................ 38,129 23,329 61.2 2,070 2,644 4,714 20.2 

1980 ................................................................................ 38,944 23,626 60.7 2,104 2,990 5,095 21.6 

1981 ................................................................................ 39,672 24,294 61.2 2,394 2,778 5,172 21.3 

1982 ................................................................................ 39,777 24,365 61.3 1,651 2,561 4,212 17.3 

1983 ................................................................................ 40,433 24,989 61.8 1,492 2,603 4,095 16.4 

1984 ................................................................................ 42,172 26,003 61.7 1,348 2,499 3,847 14.8 

1985 ................................................................................ 43,506 26,869 61.8 1,198 2,356 3,554 13.2 

19861 .............................................................................. 44,961 27,863 62.0 1,192 2,125 3,317 11.9 

1987 ................................................................................ 46,365 29,078 62.7 1,105 1,946 3,051 10.5 

1988 ................................................................................ 47,495 29,820 62.8 1,008 1,542 2,550 8.6 

1989 ................................................................................ 48,691 30,702 63.1 994 1,056 2,050 6.7 

19901 .............................................................................. 49,323 31,069 63.0 21,420 2711 22,131 26.9 

1991 ................................................................................ 49,105 30,988 63.1 21,582 21,792 23,374 210.9 

1992 ................................................................................ 49,842 31,454 63.1 1,286 1,751 3,036 9.7 

1993 ................................................................................ 50,626 31,937 63.1 1,133 1,534 2,667 8.4 

19941 .............................................................................. 51,419 33,021 64.2 1,322 1,241 2,563 7.8 

1995 ................................................................................ 52,369 33,934 64.8 1,157 1,161 2,318 6.8 

1996 ................................................................................ 53,488 34,418 64.3 21,244 21,106 22,350 26.8 

19971 .............................................................................. 54,708 35,214 64.4 21,843 21,092 22,935 28.3 

19981 .............................................................................. 55,757 35,680 64.0 1,794 965 2,760 7.7 

19991 .............................................................................. 57,050 36,233 63.5 1,426 700 2,126 5.9 

20001 .............................................................................. 58,427 36,777 62.9 1,170 579 1,748 4.8 

2001 ................................................................................ 58,582 36,848 62.9 1,021 409 1,430 3.9 

2002 ................................................................................ 58,555 36,508 62.3 997 350 1,347 3.7 

20031 .............................................................................. 59,122 37,093 62.7 1,062 332 1,394 3.8 

See footnotes at end of table.

40
Table 17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual

averages — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Year and sex

Total

wage and

salary

 workers

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Percent of

total wage

and salary

workers

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below

prevailing Federal

minimum wage

Number

Percent

of hourly

paid 

workers

MEN

1979 ................................................................................ 49,400 28,392 57.5 846 1,353 2,199 7.7 

1980 ................................................................................ 48,700 27,709 56.9 983 1,696 2,678 9.7 

1981 ................................................................................ 48,844 27,576 56.5 1,119 1,533 2,652 9.6 

1982 ................................................................................ 47,591 26,481 55.6 697 1,587 2,284 8.6 

1983 ................................................................................ 47,856 26,831 56.1 585 1,658 2,243 8.4 

1984 ................................................................................ 50,022 28,140 56.3 490 1,626 2,116 7.5 

1985 ................................................................................ 51,015 28,893 56.6 440 1,544 1,984 6.9 

19861 .............................................................................. 51,942 29,666 57.1 408 1,336 1,743 5.9 

1987 ................................................................................ 52,938 30,474 57.6 364 1,283 1,647 5.4 

1988 ................................................................................ 53,912 31,058 57.6 311 1,066 1,377 4.4 

1989 ................................................................................ 54,789 31,687 57.8 379 733 1,112 3.5 

19901 .............................................................................. 55,553 32,104 57.8 2712 2385 21,097 23.4 

1991 ................................................................................ 54,618 31,639 57.9 2795 21,114 21,909 26.0 

1992 ................................................................................ 54,826 32,155 58.6 653 1,231 1,885 5.9 

1993 ................................................................................ 55,475 32,337 58.3 573 1,091 1,664 5.1 

19941 .............................................................................. 56,570 33,528 59.3 674 891 1,565 4.7 

1995 ................................................................................ 57,669 34,420 59.7 542 796 1,338 3.9 

1996 ................................................................................ 58,473 34,838 59.6 2619 2755 21,374 23.9 

19971 .............................................................................. 59,825 35,521 59.4 21,147 2673 21,820 25.1 

19981 .............................................................................. 60,973 35,761 58.7 1,039 628 1,667 4.7 

19991 .............................................................................. 61,914 36,073 58.3 768 446 1,214 3.4 

20001 .............................................................................. 63,662 36,720 57.7 582 319 901 2.5 

2001 ................................................................................ 63,647 36,544 57.4 497 247 745 2.0 

2002 ................................................................................ 63,272 36,000 56.9 582 217 799 2.2 

20031 .............................................................................. 63,236 35,853 56.7 493 213 706 2.0 

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at

various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of

Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. 2 Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 reflect changes in the minimum wage that

took place in those years.

 NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in

1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April 1990,

to $4.25 in April 1991, to $4.75 in October 1996, and to $5.15 in September

1997. See Technical Note for more information about minimum wage

workers.

41