U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

AUGUST 2014 REPORT 1050

BLS Reports │ August 2014 • www.bls.gov 1

CONTENTS

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Composition of the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Labor force participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Educational attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Occupation and industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Families and mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Unemployment and not in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

Technical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5

Labor Force Characteristics by 

Race and Ethnicity, 2013

I

n 2013, the overall unemployment rate for the United 

States was 7.4 percent; however, the rate varied across 

race and ethnicity groups. The rates were highest for 

Blacks (13.1 percent) and for American Indians and Alaska 

Natives (12.8 percent) and lowest for Asians (5.2 percent) 

and for Whites (6.5 percent). The jobless rate was 9.1 

percent for Hispanics, 10.2 percent for Native Hawaiians 

and Other Pacific Islanders, and 11.0 percent for people of

Two or More Races. 

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity 

groups are associated with many factors, not all of which 

are measurable. These factors include variations across 

the groups in educational attainment; the occupations 

and industries in which the groups work; the geographic 

areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, 

including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural 

settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in 

the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and 

earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity 

groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, 

and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set 

of supporting tables. The report also includes a limited 

amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives 

and for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders,

people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Hispanic 

ethnicity and, for the first time, detailed Asian groups. Due

to their relatively small sample size, estimates for these 

additional groups are not included in all tables. The data 

are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a 

monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source 

of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms

and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. 

Additional information about the CPS can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 
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The following sections highlight some of the major 

findings on the labor force characteristics of race and

ethnicity groups in 2013. 

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force 

(79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and 

Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less

than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 

percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest 

group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. 

Asian Indians made up another 19 percent, followed by 

Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans 

(9 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 

percent—were classified as Other Asian, which includes

individuals who reported an Asian group not listed—such 

as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who 

reported two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)

Sixteen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may 

be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the 

labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent 

were Asian. (See tables 1 and 2.) The majority of Hispanics 

in the labor force were Mexican (62 percent). The remainder 

consisted of Central and South Americans (21 percent), 

Puerto Ricans (8 percent), Cubans (4 percent) and Other 

Hispanics or Latinos (4 percent). 

Labor force participation

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders had the

highest labor force participation rates (70.0 percent) among 

the race and ethnicity groups, while American Indians and 

Alaska Natives (59.2 percent) and Blacks (61.2 percent) 

had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates 

were 66.0 percent for Hispanics, 64.6 percent for Asians, 

63.2 63.5

61.2

64.6

59.2

70.0

63.3

66.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total White Black or African

American

Asian American Indian

 and Alaska Native

Native Hawaiian

 and Other

 Pacific Islander

Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino

Percent

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).

Chart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages
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and 63.5 percent for Whites. The participation rate for 

people of Two or More Races was 63.3 percent. (See tables 

1, 2, 3, and 4 and chart 1.) 

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and 

ethnicity groups, Hispanics (81.1 percent) were more likely 

to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, 

while Blacks (67.2 percent) were the least likely. The labor 

force participation rates for Asian men and White men were 

76.6 percent and 72.9 percent, respectively. Among adult 

women, Blacks (61.8 percent) were more likely than Asians 

(59.3 percent), Hispanics (58.5 percent), and Whites (58.2 

percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment-population ratio (that is, the proportion of 

the population that is employed) ranged from 51.6 percent 

for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.9 percent 

for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The

employment-population ratio was 53.2 percent for Blacks, 

56.4 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 59.4 

percent for Whites, 60.0 percent for Hispanics, and 61.2 

percent for Asians. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 5.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race 

and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (74.7 percent) continued 

to have the highest employment-population ratio, followed 

by Asians (72.6 percent) and Whites (68.4 percent). The 

employment-population ratio for Black men, at 58.6 

percent, was lower than the ratios for men in the other 

largest race and ethnicity groups, continuing a longstanding pattern. Among adult women, the employmentpopulation ratios were 56.6 percent for Asians, 54.8 percent 

for both Blacks and Whites and 53.5 percent for Hispanics. 

(See table 3.)

Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment-population 

ratio continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, 

Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (29.4 percent) 

was about 12 percentage points higher than the ratio for 

Asian teens (17.2 percent) and Black teens (17.1 percent) 

and about 7 percentage points higher than the ratio for 

Hispanic teens (22.5 percent).

29

6

9

8

31

17

32

27

15

10

22

16

8

8

11

11

18

59

27

37

0 20 40 60 80 100

Hispanic or Latino

Asian

Black or African American

White

Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college, no degree

Associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).

Chart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

Percent
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Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, over 90 percent of Whites, 

Blacks, and Asians in the labor force had at least a high 

school diploma. In contrast, 71 percent of Hispanics in the 

labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most 

likely group to have graduated from college; 59 percent of 

Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, 

compared with 37 percent of Whites, 27 percent of Blacks, 

and 18 percent of Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)

For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of 

education are generally associated with a greater likelihood 

of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. 

Individuals with higher levels of education generally 

are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—

such as those in management, professional, and related 

occupations—than are individuals with less education. 

Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and 

Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were 

Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Occupation and industry

Occupational categories. Fifty percent of employed 

Asians worked in management, professional, and related 

occupations—the highest paying major occupational 

category—compared with 39 percent of employed 

Whites, 29 percent of employed Blacks, and 20 percent of 

employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.) 

Among employed men, 51 percent of Asians worked 

in management, professional, and related occupations, 

compared with 35 percent of Whites, 23 percent of 

Blacks, and 16 percent of Hispanics. Twenty-two percent 

of employed Black and Hispanic men worked in service 

occupations, whereas 14 percent of employed White 

men and 13 percent of employed Asian men worked 

in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic 

men were also more likely than White and Asian men to 

work in production, transportation, and material moving 

occupations. One quarter of employed Hispanic men 

worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance 

11 16 10

17

10 6

4

15

23 24

20

21

17

26

17

27

39

29

50

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino

 Percent

Management, professional,

and related

Service

Sales and office

Natural resources,

construction, and

maintenance

Production, transportation,

and material moving

Data may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).

Chart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).
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occupations, a higher share than that for White (18 

percent), Black (11 percent), or Asian men (6 percent). 

Employed Asian and White women were more likely 

than other employed women to work in management, 

professional, and related occupations—48 percent of Asian 

women and 43 percent of White women, compared with 

34 percent of Black women and 26 percent of Hispanic 

women. Among employed women, 63 percent of Hispanics 

worked in two job groups—service occupations and sales 

and office occupations—compared with 58 percent of

Blacks, 51 percent of Whites, and 45 percent of Asians. 

Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment 

but were overrepresented by a substantial amount in 

several occupation categories, including miscellaneous 

agricultural workers (50 percent), grounds maintenance 

workers (45 percent), and maids and housekeeping 

cleaners (44 percent). Blacks made up 11 percent of all 

employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or 

more of those in several specific occupations, including

nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); 

bus drivers (27 percent); and security guards and gaming 

surveillance officers (27 percent). Asians accounted for

6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much 

larger share of workers in several occupation categories, 

including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 

percent), software developers (29 percent), and physicians 

and surgeons (22 percent). Whites made up 80 percent 

of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of 

farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 93 

percent of construction managers; and 91 percent of chief 

executives. (See table 8.)

Industry. Among employed men, Hispanics were more 

likely to work in the construction industry (17 percent) 

than were Whites (12 percent), Blacks (6 percent), or 

Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more 

likely than other employed men to work in transportation 

and utilities (12 percent) and public administration (7 

percent). Seventeen percent of employed Asian men 

worked in professional and business services, higher than 

the shares of White (13 percent), Black (12 percent), and 

Hispanic men (12 percent). A large share of employed 

7.4

6.5

13.1

5.2

12.8

10.2

11.0

9.1

0

5

10

15

20

Total White Black or African

American

Asian American Indian

and Alaska Native

Native Hawaiian

and Other Pacific

Islander

Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino

Percent

Chart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).
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women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in 

education and health services—Blacks (41 percent), 

Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics 

(30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and mothers

Among Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family 

member, compared with 85 percent of Hispanic families 

and 80 percent of White families. Black families were 

the least likely to have an employed family member (76 

percent). (See table 10). 

Women without a spouse present maintained 44 percent of 

Black families and 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women 

without a spouse present maintained about 16 percent of 

White families and 13 percent of Asian families. Among 

families maintained by women with no spouse present, 

Asian families were most likely to have an employed family 

member (86 percent), while Black families were the least 

likely to have an employed family member (70 percent). 

The proportions of Hispanic and White families that were 

maintained by women and had an employed family member 

were 75 percent and 74 percent, respectively. In general, 

families maintained by women without a spouse present 

are less likely to have an employed family member than 

married-couple families and families maintained by men.

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers 

(75.6 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than 

White (69.6 percent), Asian (64.2 percent), or Hispanic 

(61.2 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Unemployment and not in the labor 

force

Unemployment. Jobless rates varied considerably by 

race and ethnicity. Blacks (13.1 percent) and American 

Indians and Alaska Natives (12.8 percent) had the highest 

unemployment rates, while Asians (5.2 percent) and 

Whites (6.5 percent) had the lowest. The unemployment 

rate was 9.1 percent for Hispanics, 10.2 percent for Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 11.0 percent for

individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 

12 and charts 4 and 5.)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Percent

Black Hispanic White Asian

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data for Asians only available since 2000.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).

Chart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2013 annual averages
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Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, the jobless 

rates for adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) 

were 12.9 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively. The 

unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 7.9 percent, 

and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 8.6 percent. 

The jobless rates for adult Asian men and women were 5.2 

percent and 4.5 percent, respectively. For adult White men 

and women, the unemployment rates were 6.2 percent and 

5.7 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment 

rate—38.8 percent. The unemployment rate for Hispanic 

teenagers was 27.5 percent; White, 20.3 percent; and Asian, 

19.7 percent. 

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods 

of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median 

duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 21.5 

weeks and 20.5 weeks, respectively, compared with 15.4 weeks 

for Whites and 14.5 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the total number of unemployed persons (11.5 million), 

53 percent (6.1 million) were job losers (that is, workers 

who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). 

Reentrants to the labor force (28 percent), new entrants (11 

percent), and job leavers (8 percent) constituted the balance 

of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each 

large race and ethnicity group, 55 percent of Whites and 

53 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 49 

percent of Blacks and 47 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent 

of unemployed Asians, 13 percent of unemployed Blacks, 

13 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 10 percent of 

unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. 

(See table 14.)

Not in the labor force. Blacks made up 12 percent of the 

civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally 

attached to the labor force. People marginally attached to 

the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor 

force, wanted to work and were available for work, and had 

looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but 

not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and 

Asians were represented among the marginally attached 

nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. 

Whites were underrepresented among the marginally 

attached relative to their share of the labor force—79 

percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the 

marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion 

of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share 

of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the

marginally attached, are people not currently looking for 

work because they believe no jobs are available for them. 

(See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics 

and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings 

than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings 

of full-time wage and salary workers were $578 for 

Hispanics and $629 for Blacks, compared with $802 for 

Whites and $942 for Asians. Among men, the earnings of 

Whites ($884), Blacks ($664), and Hispanics ($594) were 

83 percent, 63 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of 

the earnings of Asians ($1,059). The median earnings of 

White women ($722), Black women ($606), and Hispanic 

women ($541) were 88 percent, 74 percent, and 66 percent, 

respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($819). (See 

table 16.)

Men. The earnings disparity across the major race and 

ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major 

occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly 

earnings of Asian men ($1,540) and White men ($1,359) 

working full time in management, professional, and 

related occupations (the highest paying major occupation 

group) were well above the earnings of Hispanic men 

($1,082) and Black men ($1,002) in the same occupation 

group. In production, transportation, and material moving 

occupations, the earnings of White men employed full 

time ($697) were higher than the earnings of Black ($591), 

Asian ($587), and Hispanic men ($553). (See table 18.)

Women. In service occupations, the median usual weekly 

earnings for White women were $453 and $442 for Black 

women, compared with $490 for Asian women and $406 

for Hispanic women. In management, professional, and 

related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were 

higher than women in other race and ethnicity groups. 
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Statistical Tables
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(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total................................................................................. 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

 Men....................................................................................... 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

 Women....................................................................................... 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

White... ................................................................................ 194,333 123,412 63.5 115,379 59.4 8,033 6.5 70,920

 Men.................................................................................... 94,865 66,842 70.5 62,322 65.7 4,520 6.8 28,024

 Women........................................................................... 99,467 56,571 56.9 53,057 53.3 3,513 6.2 42,897

Black or African American.................................................................................... 30,376 18,580 61.2 16,151 53.2 2,429 13.1 11,797

 Men........................................................................................ 13,747 8,733 63.5 7,497 54.5 1,236 14.2 5,014

 Women................................................................................................ 16,629 9,846 59.2 8,654 52.0 1,192 12.1 6,783

Asian................................................................................. 13,296 8,584 64.6 8,136 61.2 448 5.2 4,712

 Men...................................................................................................... 6,225 4,547 73.0 4,294 69.0 253 5.6 1,678

 Women................................................................................................ 7,071 4,037 57.1 3,842 54.3 195 4.8 3,034

American Indian and Alaska Native................................................................................. 2,554 1,512 59.2 1,319 51.6 193 12.8 1,042

 Men....................................................................................................... 1,246 814 65.3 706 56.6 108 13.3 432

 Women................................................................................................ 1,308 697 53.3 613 46.9 84 12.1 611

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander................................................................................. 883 618 70.0 556 62.9 63 10.2 265

 Men....................................................................................................... 425 313 73.7 278 65.5 35 11.1 112

 Women................................................................................................ 458 305 66.6 277 60.4 28 9.3 153

Two or More Races............................................................................................. 4,237 2,683 63.3 2,389 56.4 294 11.0 1,554

 Men....................................................................................................... 2,047 1,417 69.2 1,256 61.3 162 11.4 630

 Women................................................................................................ 2,190 1,266 57.8 1,133 51.7 133 10.5 924

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2013 annual averages

Gender and race

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 
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(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

Total....................................................................................... 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

Men.............................................................................................. 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

Women....................................................................................... 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

Asian................................................................................. 13,296 8,584 64.6 8,136 61.2 448 5.2 4,712

Men...................................................................................................... 6,225 4,547 73.0 4,294 69.0 253 5.6 1,678

Women................................................................................................ 7,071 4,037 57.1 3,842 54.3 195 4.8 3,034

Asian Indian................................................................................. 2,435 1,656 68.0 1,580 64.9 76 4.6 779

Chinese................................................................................. 2,976 1,867 62.8 1,786 60.0 82 4.4 1,108

Filipino................................................................................. 2,182 1,495 68.5 1,409 64.6 87 5.8 687

Japanese................................................................................. 760 442 58.2 428 56.3 15 3.3 317

Korean................................................................................. 1,260 763 60.5 722 57.3 41 5.3 498

Vietnamese................................................................................. 1,459 947 64.9 899 61.6 48 5.0 512

Other Asian................................................................................. 2,224 1,414 63.5 1,313 59.0 100 7.1 811

Hispanic or Latino....................................................................................... 37,517 24,771 66.0 22,514 60.0 2,257 9.1 12,746

 Men........................................................................................................ 18,798 14,341 76.3 13,078 69.6 1,263 8.8 4,457

 Women................................................................................................. 18,719 10,430 55.7 9,437 50.4 994 9.5 8,289

Mexican................................................................................... 23,277 15,366 66.0 13,979 60.1 1,387 9.0 7,911

 Men........................................................................................................ 11,873 9,172 77.3 8,378 70.6 794 8.7 2,701

 Women................................................................................................. 11,405 6,195 54.3 5,601 49.1 593 9.6 5,210

Puerto Rican...................................................................... 3,428 2,066 60.2 1,784 52.0 282 13.6 1,363

 Men........................................................................................................ 1,645 1,096 66.7 940 57.1 157 14.3 549

 Women................................................................................................. 1,784 969 54.3 844 47.3 125 12.9 814

Cuban............................................................................ 1,700 1,043 61.3 963 56.6 80 7.7 657

 Men.................................................................................................. 845 579 68.6 534 63.3 45 7.7 265

 Women........................................................................................... 855 464 54.2 429 50.1 35 7.6 392

Central and South American............................................................................ 7,330 5,200 70.9 4,778 65.2 421 8.1 2,130

 Men.................................................................................................. 3,618 2,943 81.3 2,717 75.1 226 7.7 676

 Women........................................................................................... 3,711 2,257 60.8 2,062 55.6 195 8.6 1,454

Other Hispanic or Latino............................................................................. 1,782 1,097 61.6 1,010 56.7 87 7.9 685

 Men.................................................................................................. 817 551 67.4 509 62.3 42 7.6 266

 Women........................................................................................... 964 546 56.6 501 51.9 45 8.3 418

Non-Hispanic or Latino.............................................................. 208,162 130,618 62.7 121,415 58.3 9,203 7.0 77,544

 Men.................................................................................................. 99,757 68,326 68.5 63,275 63.4 5,051 7.4 31,432

 Women........................................................................................... 108,404 62,292 57.5 58,140 53.6 4,152 6.7 46,113

White non-Hispanic or Latino.................................................................. 160,808 101,311 63.0 95,246 59.2 6,065 6.0 59,497

 Men.................................................................................................. 78,029 53,975 69.2 50,549 64.8 3,425 6.3 24,054

 Women........................................................................................... 82,780 47,336 57.2 44,697 54.0 2,639 5.6 35,444

Black non-Hispanic or Latino........................................................................ 28,684 17,466 60.9 15,176 52.9 2,290 13.1 11,218

 Men.................................................................................................. 12,974 8,171 63.0 7,016 54.1 1,155 14.1 4,802

 Women........................................................................................... 15,710 9,295 59.2 8,160 51.9 1,135 12.2 6,415

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino..................................................................... 12,979 8,350 64.3 7,922 61.0 428 5.1 4,629

 Men.................................................................................................. 6,048 4,404 72.8 4,165 68.9 240 5.4 1,644

 Women........................................................................................... 6,930 3,946 56.9 3,757 54.2 189 4.8 2,985

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or 

Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2013 annual averages

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

Total

Total, 16 years and older.............................. 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

 16 to 19 years................................................ 16,787 5,785 34.5 4,458 26.6 1,327 22.9 11,002

 20 years and older.................................................. 228,892 149,604 65.4 139,471 60.9 10,133 6.8 79,288

 20 to 24 years................................................. 22,052 15,595 70.7 13,599 61.7 1,997 12.8 6,456

 25 to 54 years................................................ 124,406 100,776 81.0 94,415 75.9 6,361 6.3 23,630

 55 to 64 years............................................. 39,022 25,116 64.4 23,776 60.9 1,340 5.3 13,906

 65 years and older...................................... 43,412 8,116 18.7 7,681 17.7 435 5.4 35,296

Men, 16 years and older................................... 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

 16 to 19 years................................................ 8,539 2,923 34.2 2,177 25.5 746 25.5 5,615

 20 years and older.................................................. 110,017 79,744 72.5 74,176 67.4 5,568 7.0 30,273

 20 to 24 years................................................. 11,038 8,156 73.9 7,013 63.5 1,143 14.0 2,882

 25 to 54 years................................................ 61,039 53,964 88.4 50,530 82.8 3,434 6.4 7,075

 55 to 64 years............................................. 18,751 13,117 70.0 12,376 66.0 741 5.6 5,634

 65 years and older...................................... 19,189 4,507 23.5 4,257 22.2 250 5.5 14,682

 Women, 16 years and older................................ 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

 16 to 19 years................................................ 8,249 2,862 34.7 2,281 27.7 581 20.3 5,387

 20 years and older.................................................. 118,875 69,860 58.8 65,295 54.9 4,565 6.5 49,015

 20 to 24 years................................................. 11,014 7,440 67.5 6,586 59.8 854 11.5 3,574

 25 to 54 years................................................ 63,367 46,812 73.9 43,885 69.3 2,927 6.3 16,555

 55 to 64 years............................................. 20,271 12,000 59.2 11,400 56.2 600 5.0 8,272

 65 years and older...................................... 24,222 3,609 14.9 3,424 14.1 185 5.1 20,613

White

Total, 16 years and older..................................... 194,333 123,412 63.5 115,379 59.4 8,033 6.5 70,920

 16 to 19 years................................................ 12,499 4,608 36.9 3,671 29.4 937 20.3 7,891

 20 years and older.................................................. 181,834 118,804 65.3 111,708 61.4 7,096 6.0 63,030

 20 to 24 years................................................. 16,357 11,962 73.1 10,662 65.2 1,299 10.9 4,395

 25 to 54 years................................................ 96,329 78,842 81.8 74,443 77.3 4,399 5.6 17,487

 55 to 64 years............................................. 31,954 20,945 65.5 19,913 62.3 1,032 4.9 11,009

 65 years and older...................................... 37,194 7,056 19.0 6,690 18.0 366 5.2 30,138

Men, 16 years and older.................................... 94,865 66,842 70.5 62,322 65.7 4,520 6.8 28,024

 16 to 19 years................................................ 6,391 2,337 36.6 1,811 28.3 526 22.5 4,054

 20 years and older.................................................. 88,474 64,505 72.9 60,511 68.4 3,994 6.2 23,969

 20 to 24 years................................................. 8,256 6,353 76.9 5,597 67.8 756 11.9 1,903

 25 to 54 years................................................ 48,052 43,037 89.6 40,598 84.5 2,440 5.7 5,015

 55 to 64 years............................................. 15,547 11,125 71.6 10,541 67.8 583 5.2 4,422

 65 years and older...................................... 16,619 3,990 24.0 3,775 22.7 215 5.4 12,629

 Women, 16 years and older.................................. 99,467 56,571 56.9 53,057 53.3 3,513 6.2 42,897

 16 to 19 years................................................ 6,107 2,271 37.2 1,860 30.5 411 18.1 3,836

 20 years and older.................................................. 93,360 54,299 58.2 51,198 54.8 3,102 5.7 39,060

 20 to 24 years................................................. 8,101 5,609 69.2 5,066 62.5 543 9.7 2,492

 25 to 54 years................................................ 48,276 35,804 74.2 33,845 70.1 1,959 5.5 12,472

 55 to 64 years............................................. 16,408 9,820 59.9 9,371 57.1 449 4.6 6,587

 65 years and older...................................... 20,575 3,066 14.9 2,915 14.2 151 4.9 17,509

See note at end of table.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2013 annual averages

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older................................. 30,376 18,580 61.2 16,151 53.2 2,429 13.1 11,797

 16 to 19 years................................................ 2,565 717 28.0 439 17.1 278 38.8 1,848

 20 years and older.................................................. 27,811 17,863 64.2 15,712 56.5 2,151 12.0 9,948

 20 to 24 years................................................. 3,425 2,236 65.3 1,727 50.4 509 22.8 1,189

 25 to 54 years................................................ 16,145 12,547 77.7 11,154 69.1 1,393 11.1 3,598

 55 to 64 years............................................. 4,430 2,462 55.6 2,263 51.1 199 8.1 1,967

 65 years and older...................................... 3,811 617 16.2 567 14.9 50 8.1 3,194

Men, 16 years and older....................................... 13,747 8,733 63.5 7,497 54.5 1,236 14.2 5,014

 16 to 19 years................................................ 1,276 347 27.2 192 15.1 154 44.5 929

 20 years and older.................................................. 12,471 8,386 67.2 7,304 58.6 1,082 12.9 4,084

 20 to 24 years................................................. 1,647 1,091 66.2 818 49.6 273 25.1 556

 25 to 54 years................................................ 7,309 5,882 80.5 5,195 71.1 687 11.7 1,428

 55 to 64 years............................................. 1,992 1,132 56.8 1,036 52.0 96 8.5 860

 65 years and older...................................... 1,522 281 18.5 256 16.8 26 9.1 1,240

 Women, 16 years and older.............................. 16,629 9,846 59.2 8,654 52.0 1,192 12.1 6,783

 16 to 19 years................................................ 1,289 370 28.7 246 19.1 124 33.4 919

 20 years and older.................................................. 15,340 9,476 61.8 8,408 54.8 1,069 11.3 5,864

 20 to 24 years................................................. 1,778 1,145 64.4 909 51.1 235 20.6 633

 25 to 54 years................................................ 8,836 6,665 75.4 5,959 67.4 706 10.6 2,170

 55 to 64 years............................................. 2,437 1,330 54.6 1,228 50.4 103 7.7 1,107

 65 years and older...................................... 2,289 336 14.7 311 13.6 24 7.2 1,954

Asian

Total, 16 years and older................................ 13,296 8,584 64.6 8,136 61.2 448 5.2 4,712

 16 to 19 years................................................ 817 176 21.5 141 17.2 35 19.7 642

 20 years and older.................................................. 12,479 8,408 67.4 7,995 64.1 413 4.9 4,070

 20 to 24 years................................................. 1,216 676 55.6 608 50.0 68 10.0 540

 25 to 54 years................................................ 7,734 6,171 79.8 5,898 76.3 273 4.4 1,563

 55 to 64 years............................................. 1,801 1,241 68.9 1,180 65.5 61 4.9 560

 65 years and older...................................... 1,727 320 18.6 308 17.8 12 3.8 1,406

Men, 16 years and older..................................... 6,225 4,547 73.0 4,294 69.0 253 5.6 1,678

 16 to 19 years................................................ 410 93 22.6 73 17.8 20 21.1 317

 20 years and older.................................................. 5,815 4,455 76.6 4,221 72.6 233 5.2 1,361

 20 to 24 years................................................. 618 352 57.0 309 49.9 44 12.4 266

 25 to 54 years................................................ 3,633 3,292 90.6 3,146 86.6 147 4.5 341

 55 to 64 years.............................................818 638 78.0 602 73.6 36 5.7 180

 65 years and older......................................746 172 23.0 165 22.1 7 3.8 575

 Women, 16 years and older.............................. 7,071 4,037 57.1 3,842 54.3 195 4.8 3,034

 16 to 19 years................................................ 408 83 20.4 68 16.7 15 18.1 325

 20 years and older.................................................. 6,664 3,954 59.3 3,774 56.6 180 4.5 2,710

 20 to 24 years................................................. 599 324 54.1 300 50.1 24 7.4 275

 25 to 54 years................................................ 4,101 2,879 70.2 2,753 67.1 126 4.4 1,223

 55 to 64 years.............................................984 603 61.3 578 58.8 24 4.1 381

 65 years and older......................................980 149 15.2 143 14.6 6 3.8 832

See note at end of table.

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2013 annual averages—Continued

2
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older................................ 37,517 24,771 66.0 22,514 60.0 2,257 9.1 12,746

 16 to 19 years................................................ 3,651 1,133 31.0 821 22.5 312 27.5 2,518

 20 years and older.................................................. 33,867 23,639 69.8 21,693 64.1 1,945 8.2 10,228

 20 to 24 years................................................. 4,572 3,276 71.7 2,857 62.5 418 12.8 1,296

 25 to 54 years................................................ 22,236 17,495 78.7 16,182 72.8 1,312 7.5 4,742

 55 to 64 years............................................. 3,791 2,311 61.0 2,140 56.4 172 7.4 1,480

 65 years and older...................................... 3,267 557 17.0 514 15.7 43 7.7 2,711

Men, 16 years and older.................................... 18,798 14,341 76.3 13,078 69.6 1,263 8.8 4,457

 16 to 19 years................................................ 1,870 613 32.8 440 23.5 173 28.2 1,257

 20 years and older.................................................. 16,928 13,728 81.1 12,638 74.7 1,090 7.9 3,200

 20 to 24 years................................................. 2,364 1,857 78.6 1,609 68.1 248 13.4 507

 25 to 54 years................................................ 11,345 10,261 90.4 9,551 84.2 710 6.9 1,084

 55 to 64 years............................................. 1,818 1,286 70.7 1,181 65.0 105 8.2 532

 65 years and older...................................... 1,402 324 23.1 296 21.1 28 8.5 1,078

 Women, 16 years and older.............................. 18,719 10,430 55.7 9,437 50.4 994 9.5 8,289

 16 to 19 years................................................ 1,781 520 29.2 381 21.4 139 26.7 1,261

 20 years and older.................................................. 16,938 9,911 58.5 9,056 53.5 855 8.6 7,028

 20 to 24 years................................................. 2,208 1,419 64.3 1,249 56.5 170 12.0 789

 25 to 54 years................................................ 10,891 7,234 66.4 6,631 60.9 602 8.3 3,658

 55 to 64 years............................................. 1,973 1,025 52.0 959 48.6 67 6.5 948

 65 years and older...................................... 1,866 233 12.5 217 11.7 15 6.7 1,633

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of

population 

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2013 annual averages—Continued

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

3
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972.................. 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 — — — — — —

1973.......................... 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 — — — 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974..................... 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 — — — 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975................ 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 — — — 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976.................... 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 — — — 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977.................... 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 — — — 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978.................. 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 — — — 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979.................. 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 — — — 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980................... 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 — — — 64.0 81.4

1981..................... 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 — — — 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982................ 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 — — — 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983................. 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 — — — 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984................ 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 — — — 64.9 80.6 49.7

1985.................. 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 — — — 64.6 80.4 49.3

1986.................. 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 — — — 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987................... 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 — — — 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988...................... 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 — — — 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989.................... 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 — — — 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990......................... 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 — — — 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991.................. 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 — — — 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992...................... 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 — — — 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993................. 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 — — — 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994........................ 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 — — — 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995........................ 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 — — — 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996............................. 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 — — — 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997...................... 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 — — — 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998....................... 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 — — — 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999......................... 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 — — — 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000........................ 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001...............66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002............. 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003.............. 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004.............. 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005.................. 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006.............. 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007.................... 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008......................... 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009......................... 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010.................................... 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011............................... 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012........................... 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013....................... 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

See note at end of table.

Year

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual averages 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003.............. 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004.............. 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005..................63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006.............. 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007....................63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008......................... 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009......................... 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010.................................... 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011............. 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012............ 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013..................59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native 

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than 

one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included 

in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, 

Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual 

averages—Continued 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual averages 

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972.................. 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 — — — — — —

1973..................... 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 — — — 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974..................... 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 — — — 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975................ 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 — — — 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976.................... 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 — — — 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977.................... 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 — — — 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978.................. 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 — — — 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979.................. 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 — — — 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980................... 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 — — — 57.6 73.5

1981..................... 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 — — — 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982................ 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 — — — 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983................. 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 — — — 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984................ 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 — — — 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985.................. 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 — — — 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986.................. 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 — — — 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987................... 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 — — — 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988...................... 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 — — — 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989.................... 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 — — — 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990......................... 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 — — — 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991.................. 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 — — — 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992...................... 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 — — — 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993................. 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 — — — 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994........................ 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 — — — 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995........................ 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 — — — 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996............................. 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 — — — 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997...................... 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 — — — 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998....................... 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 — — — 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999......................... 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 — — — 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000........................ 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001...............63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002............. 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003.............. 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004.............. 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005.................. 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006.............. 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007.................... 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008......................... 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009......................... 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010...........58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011...... 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012...... 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013.......... 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

See note at end of table.

Year

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Table 5. Employment-population ratio by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual averages 

—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003.............. 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004.............. 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005.................. 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006.............. 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007.................... 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008......................... 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009......................... 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010.................................... 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011.................. 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012.................. 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013.............. 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

Year

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native 

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than 

one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were 

included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning 

in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander

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(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years

 and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 206,840 24,424 61,949 34,532 20,506 65,430

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 134,008 11,005 36,359 22,488 14,806 49,351

Percent of population...................................................................... 64.8 45.1 58.7 65.1 72.2 75.4

Employed............................................................................................... 125,872 9,798 33,619 20,914 14,011 47,531

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 60.9 40.1 54.3 60.6 68.3 72.6

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 8,136 1,207 2,740 1,574 795 1,820

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 6.1 11.0 7.5 7.0 5.4 3.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 98,979 12,151 30,172 16,309 8,776 31,572

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 71,588 7,040 20,744 11,765 6,797 25,242

Percent of population...................................................................... 72.3 57.9 68.8 72.1 77.5 80.0

Employed............................................................................................... 67,163 6,335 19,103 10,946 6,446 24,333

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 67.9 52.1 63.3 67.1 73.4 77.1

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 4,425 705 1,641 819 351 909

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 6.2 10.0 7.9 7.0 5.2 3.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 107,861 12,274 31,777 18,222 11,730 33,858

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 62,421 3,965 15,615 10,723 8,009 24,109

Percent of population...................................................................... 57.9 32.3 49.1 58.8 68.3 71.2

Employed............................................................................................... 58,710 3,463 14,516 9,968 7,565 23,198

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 54.4 28.2 45.7 54.7 64.5 68.5

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 3,711 501 1,099 755 444 911

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 5.9 12.6 7.0 7.0 5.5 3.8

White

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 165,477 18,850 49,702 27,351 16,765 52,809

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 106,843 8,729 28,970 17,501 12,046 39,597

Percent of population...................................................................... 64.6 46.3 58.3 64.0 71.9 75.0

Employed............................................................................................... 101,046 7,885 27,049 16,425 11,460 38,228

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 61.1 41.8 54.4 60.1 68.4 72.4

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 5,797 844 1,921 1,076 586 1,369

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 5.4 97 6.6 6.1 4.9 3.5

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 80,218 9,620 24,331 13,053 7,261 25,954

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 58,152 5,791 16,851 9,356 5,611 20,542

Percent of population...................................................................... 72.5 60.2 69.3 71.7 77.3 79.1

Employed............................................................................................... 54,914 5,286 15,672 8,776 5,349 19,832

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 68.5 55.0 64.4 67.2 73.7 76.4

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 3,238 505 1,180 580 263 710

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 5.6 87 7.0 6.2 4.7 3.5

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 85,259 9,230 25,371 14,298 9,505 26,856

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 48,691 2,938 12,119 8,145 6,435 19,054

Percent of population...................................................................... 57.1 31.8 47.8 57.0 67.7 71.0

Employed............................................................................................... 46,132 2,598 11,377 7,649 6,111 18,396

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 54.1 28.2 44.8 53.5 64.3 68.5

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 2,559 340 742 496 324 659

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 5.3 11.6 6.1 6.1 5.0 3.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

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(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 24,386 3,502 8,339 4,856 2,351 5,338

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 15,627 1,338 4,970 3,390 1,731 4,198

Percent of population...................................................................... 64.1 38.2 59.6 69.8 73.6 78.6

Employed............................................................................................... 13,985 1,064 4,343 3,034 1,583 3,961

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 57.3 30.4 52.1 62.5 67.4 74.2

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 1,642 275 626 356 148 237

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 10.5 20.5 12.6 10.5 8.5 5.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 10,824 1,643 3,998 2,147 890 2,146

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 7,295 718 2,570 1,566 678 1,763

Percent of population...................................................................... 67.4 43.7 64.3 72.9 76.2 82.1

Employed............................................................................................... 6,487 569 2,222 1,400 623 1,673

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 59.9 34.6 55.6 65.2 70.0 77.9

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 809 149 348 166 55 90

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 11.1 20.8 13.5 10.6 8.1 5.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 13,562 1,859 4,341 2,709 1,461 3,192

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 8,331 620 2,400 1,824 1,053 2,435

Percent of population...................................................................... 61.4 33.3 55.3 67.3 72.1 76.3

Employed............................................................................................... 7,498 495 2,121 1,634 961 2,288

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 55.3 26.6 48.9 60.3 65.7 71.7

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 833 125 278 190 93 147

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 10.0 20.2 11.6 10.4 8.8 6.0

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 11,262 1,154 2,172 1,144 783 6,010

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 7,732 492 1,336 779 581 4,544

Percent of population...................................................................... 68.7 42.6 61.5 68.1 74.2 75.6

Employed............................................................................................... 7,387 458 1,264 725 556 4,383

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 65.6 39.7 58.2 63.4 71.1 72.9

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 346 34 72 53 25 161

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 4.5 69 5.4 6.9 4.3 3.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 5,197 425 966 539 350 2,918

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 4,102 234 706 404 290 2,468

Percent of population...................................................................... 78.9 55.1 73.1 75.0 82.9 84.6

Employed............................................................................................... 3,913 215 665 373 275 2,385

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 75.3 50.6 68.8 69.3 78.7 81.7

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 190 19 41 31 15 83

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 4.6 82 5.9 7.7 5.1 3.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 6,065 729 1,206 605 433 3,092

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 3,630 258 630 374 291 2,077

Percent of population...................................................................... 59.9 35.4 52.3 61.9 67.2 67.2

Employed............................................................................................... 3,474 243 600 352 281 1,998

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 57.3 33.3 49.7 58.2 64.9 64.6

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 156 15 31 22 10 78

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 4.3 57 4.8 5.9 3.5 3.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

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(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 29,295 9,608 8,954 4,041 2,140 4,552

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 20,363 5,825 6,247 3,008 1,639 3,644

Percent of population...................................................................... 69.5 60.6 69.8 74.4 76.6 80.1

Employed............................................................................................... 18,836 5,297 5,754 2,781 1,543 3,460

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 64.3 55.1 64.3 68.8 72.1 76.0

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 1,527 527 493 227 96 183

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 7.5 91 7.9 7.6 5.9 5.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 14,564 4,977 4,616 1,946 889 2,136

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 11,871 3,895 3,774 1,604 757 1,841

Percent of population...................................................................... 81.5 78.3 81.8 82.4 85.1 86.2

Employed............................................................................................... 11,029 3,599 3,475 1,486 718 1,751

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 75.7 72.3 75.3 76.3 80.7 82.0

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 842 296 299 118 39 90

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 7.1 76 7.9 7.3 5.2 4.9

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................................................. 14,730 4,631 4,338 2,095 1,250 2,416

Civilian labor force...................................................................................... 8,492 1,929 2,473 1,404 882 1,802

Percent of population...................................................................... 57.6 41.7 57.0 67.0 70.6 74.6

Employed............................................................................................... 7,807 1,698 2,280 1,295 826 1,709

Employment-population ratio............................................................. 53.0 36.7 52.5 61.8 66.0 70.8

Unemployed.................................................................................................... 685 231 194 110 57 93

Unemployment rate................................................................................ 8.1 12.0 7.8 7.8 6.4 5.2

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

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Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)..................................................................... 143,929 115,379 16,151 8,136 22,514

Percent....................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................................................ 38.0 38.8 28.7 49.6 20.2

Management, business, and financial operations............................................................ 15.8 16.7 10.4 17.0 8.5

Management occupations............................................................................................................ 11.1 11.9 6.5 10.6 6.1

Business and financial operations occupations.............................................................. 4.7 4.7 3.9 6.4 2.5

Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 22.2 22.1 18.3 32.6 11.6

Computer and mathematical occupations........................................................................ 2.8 2.4 2.0 9.0 1.1

Architecture and engineering occupations........................................................... 1.9 2.0 0.9 3.9 0.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.9 0.5

Community and social services occupations.............................................................. 1.6 1.5 2.7 0.8 1.0

Legal occupations.......................................................................................................... 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.1 0.7

Education, training, and library occupations........................................................................ 6.0 6.3 5.0 4.8 3.7

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................... 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.8 1.1

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................................................. 5.7 5.5 5.3 9.3 2.7

Service occupations......................................................................................................................... 18.0 16.8 25.6 17.1 26.6

Healthcare support occupations............................................................................................................ 2.5 2.0 5.8 2.1 2.5

Protective service occupations............................................................................................ 2.2 2.0 3.6 0.9 2.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................................................... 5.7 5.5 6.2 5.8 8.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................ 3.9 3.8 5.1 2.4 9.0

Personal care and service occupations................................................................................ 3.7 3.4 4.9 5.9 4.0

Sales and office occupations............................................................................................. 23.1 23.2 24.3 19.9 21.3

Sales and related occupations................................................................................................. 10.7 10.9 9.9 10.6 9.9

Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................ 12.4 12.3 14.4 9.4 11.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................................................ 9.1 9.9 5.7 3.6 15.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.8

Construction and extraction occupations...................................................................................... 5.0 5.5 2.7 1.4 9.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................ 3.4 3.7 2.6 2.0 3.7

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations.................................................. 11.8 11.4 15.7 9.7 16.5

Production occupations........................................................................................................... 5.7 5.6 6.3 6.4 8.3

Transportation and material-moving occupations.............................................................. 6.1 5.8 9.4 3.3 8.3

See note at end of table.

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Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older (thousands).....................................................................76,353 62,322 7,497 4,294 13,078

Percent....................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................................................ 34.8 35.4 23.2 51.1 16.3

Management, business, and financial operations............................................................ 16.9 17.9 9.5 17.9 8.1

Management occupations............................................................................................................ 13.0 13.9 6.7 12.2 6.3

Business and financial operations occupations.............................................................. 3.9 4.0 2.8 5.7 1.8

Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 17.9 17.5 13.8 33.3 8.2

Computer and mathematical occupations........................................................................ 3.9 3.4 2.8 12.4 1.5

Architecture and engineering occupations........................................................... 3.2 3.2 1.6 6.3 1.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.9 0.4

Community and social services occupations.............................................................. 1.2 1.1 1.9 0.8 0.6

Legal occupations.......................................................................................................... 1.2 1.3 0.5 1.0 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations........................................................................ 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 1.5

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................... 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.0

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................................................. 2.7 2.6 2.4 6.1 1.4

Service occupations......................................................................................................................... 14.7 13.7 22.3 13.3 22.2

Healthcare support occupations............................................................................................................ 0.5 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.5

Protective service occupations............................................................................................ 3.2 3.1 5.3 1.4 2.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................................................... 4.9 4.5 6.5 5.9 8.5

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................ 4.5 4.4 6.4 2.3 8.9

Personal care and service occupations................................................................................ 1.6 1.3 2.7 3.0 1.4

Sales and office occupations............................................................................................. 16.6 16.5 17.8 16.7 14.5

Sales and related occupations................................................................................................. 10.4 10.7 8.6 10.8 8.2

Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................ 6.2 5.8 9.2 5.9 6.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................................................ 16.3 17.5 11.4 6.2 25.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................................. 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.3 2.4

Construction and extraction occupations...................................................................................... 9.1 9.9 5.7 2.5 16.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................ 6.2 6.6 5.3 3.5 6.3

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations.................................................. 17.5 16.9 25.2 12.6 21.7

Production occupations........................................................................................................... 7.8 7.8 8.6 7.1 9.8

Transportation and material-moving occupations.............................................................. 9.6 9.1 16.6 5.4 11.9

See note at end of table.

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Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands)..................................................................... 67,577 53,057 8,654 3,842 9,437

Percent....................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................................................ 41.6 42.7 33.5 48.0 25.6

Management, business, and financial operations............................................................ 14.6 15.2 11.3 16.0 9.2

Management occupations............................................................................................................ 9.1 9.6 6.3 8.7 5.7

Business and financial operations occupations.............................................................. 5.6 5.6 5.0 7.3 3.5

Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 27.0 27.5 22.3 32.0 16.5

Computer and mathematical occupations........................................................................ 1.5 1.3 1.4 5.3 0.7

Architecture and engineering occupations........................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.4 1.9 0.5

Community and social services occupations.............................................................. 2.2 2.0 3.4 0.9 1.7

Legal occupations.......................................................................................................... 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.0

Education, training, and library occupations........................................................................ 9.4 10.1 7.0 6.5 6.6

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................... 2.0 2.2 1.0 1.9 1.1

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................................................. 9.0 9.0 7.9 13.0 4.5

Service occupations......................................................................................................................... 21.7 20.4 28.4 21.4 32.6

Healthcare support occupations............................................................................................................ 4.7 3.9 9.6 3.6 5.3

Protective service occupations............................................................................................ 1.0 0.8 2.1 0.4 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................................................... 6.6 6.7 5.9 5.6 9.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................ 3.2 3.2 4.0 2.4 9.3

Personal care and service occupations................................................................................ 6.2 5.8 6.7 9.3 7.6

Sales and office occupations............................................................................................. 30.4 31.0 30.0 23.6 30.7

Sales and related occupations................................................................................................. 11.1 11.1 11.0 10.4 12.3

Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................ 19.3 19.9 19.0 13.2 18.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations...................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations.................................................. 5.4 5.0 7.3 6.6 9.3

Production occupations........................................................................................................... 3.4 3.1 4.3 5.6 6.1

Transportation and material-moving occupations.............................................................. 2.0 1.9 3.1 0.9 3.2

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,929 80.2 11.2 5.7 15.6

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,712 81.8 8.5 7.4 8.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,794 84.3 7.4 6.1 8.4

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,037 85.9 6.5 5.4 8.5

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,520 91.4 2.9 4.8 4.3

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075 87.5 5.1 5.0 8.7

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 93.3 0.1 3.5 16.1

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 88.5 5.0 4.7 6.6

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 84.9 3.6 6.5 13.8

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 85.2 9.4 2.6 8.2

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 78.5 5.0 14.1 4.3

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 82.0 8.8 6.8 10.5

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 79.0 12.0 4.2 11.6

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 – – – –

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 91.0 4.4 3.0 10.4

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 80.1 10.9 7.0 6.5

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 82.3 9.6 4.7 13.7

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 95.6 0.7 1.5 3.4

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 92.6 3.1 2.5 10.1

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 82.0 13.4 2.6 6.8

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 89.8 3.2 6.2 5.5

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,077 77.0 8.6 11.5 14.6

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12– – – –

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 71.7 9.7 16.9 6.8

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 82.0 10.6 4.7 9.6

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14– – – –

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 84.0 8.1 4.5 11.0

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 80.6 13.2 3.3 6.9

Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,969 87.0 6.2 4.8 9.1

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,757 80.6 9.4 7.7 8.3

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . 59 85.3 2.6 7.8 10.5

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 83.4 6.0 6.4 9.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . 271 82.9 9.6 3.0 11.2

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 80.5 13.9 4.3 7.7

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 79.8 11.7 7.1 7.8

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 91.9 2.2 3.8 10.1

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 80.0 12.3 4.1 11.7

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 83.1 11.0 3.6 12.6

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 81.4 12.4 2.9 13.8

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 78.5 12.8 6.5 17.2

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 81.6 7.1 8.5 5.7

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 80.3 10.2 6.1 6.1

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 93.3 3.4 0.4 5.4

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 81.2 7.1 10.4 5.1

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 79.5 11.3 6.2 8.2

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,814 77.8 8.6 11.9 7.3

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 89.3 5.5 3.0 5.5

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 82.8 14.2 2.8 11.0

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 75.5 8.5 13.7 5.5

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 84.5 6.5 8.0 5.2

Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 83.4 13.7 2.1 8.7

Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 81.6 10.6 6.0 9.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 68.3 20.9 9.1 7.1

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 65.8 21.4 9.6 17.9

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 79.4 12.5 6.4 10.8

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,917 80.0 9.3 8.3 8.2

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 70.9 8.3 18.5 6.3

Computer and information research scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 68.4 9.5 20.5 5.9

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ––––

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 71.1 8.1 18.8 5.6

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103 65.3 4.1 28.8 5.3

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 80.6 8.0 8.7 6.5

Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 77.0 13.2 7.6 7.6

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 70.6 14.2 10.8 6.8

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 73.2 9.3 11.3 7.4

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 73.5 9.4 14.5 5.1

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 70.6 9.9 16.5 8.1

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 1 – – – –

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 79.3 7.8 8.3 11.2

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 61.6 11.4 25.4 3.0

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,806 81.3 5.5 11.3 7.5

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 90.5 1.6 5.8 7.9

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 79.5 4.9 10.9 4.7

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 84.0 5.9 7.5 6.0

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 82.5 6.4 10.4 4.9

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 67.7 6.3 25.6 10.4

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 76.2 4.2 18.5 7.6

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33– – – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 81.6 5.9 10.5 8.8

Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 – – – –

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 81.6 3.3 12.6 6.8

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers. . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 79.3 5.8 12.6 6.7

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 86.3 2.1 8.7 7.1

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 82.9 8.3 6.7 13.0

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 91.3 4.1 4.3 3.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,307 79.5 5.6 11.8 7.9

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – –––

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 78.7 2.6 17.0 4.8

Conservation scientists and foresters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – – – –

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 63.7 6.5 26.3 6.9

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 – – – –

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14– – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 77.5 7.3 10.4 12.3

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 87.5 4.0 6.3 3.8

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158 69.7 6.8 22.5 3.9

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 – – – –

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 92.0 3.6 2.5 8.6

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20– – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 80.2 11.3 3.8 7.0

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 77.2 16.3 6.3 9.7

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 – – – –

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 78.4 4.0 11.1 10.0

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,332 75.4 18.6 2.9 10.0

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 74.4 20.4 1.9 9.1

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 72.1 21.9 3.1 13.3

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 73.4 21.8 1.3 12.3

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 67.4 27.7 0.8 14.2

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health

educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 72.8 19.8 1.1 6.8

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 82.5 9.1 6.5 6.4

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 89.0 3.7 1.0 1.1

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74 87.2 9.3 1.4 6.7

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,809 86.8 6.2 4.9 8.2

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092 89.3 4.2 5.1 5.1

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 89.9 7.8 0.1 6.3

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 83.7 9.5 4.5 15.2

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 80.2 9.5 5.6 11.4

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,623 83.7 9.4 4.5 9.6

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313 78.1 6.8 13.0 5.9

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 80.2 12.1 4.5 12.9

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,038 86.5 9.4 2.0 9.8

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,063 88.8 6.6 2.8 7.1

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 85.9 9.9 2.8 8.9

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 83.0 8.6 5.5 9.1

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 87.7 7.7 2.1 5.1

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 78.6 14.5 3.7 16.6

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 82.0 14.3 2.8 8.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,879 85.1 6.5 5.0 8.4

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 88.9 1.8 5.6 5.1

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 85.4 5.4 6.9 9.9

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 – – – –

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 88.6 6.3 1.9 7.3

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 84.9 7.4 2.1 5.5

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – –––

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 81.4 12.2 3.3 5.9

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 87.6 7.8 1.0 6.3

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 86.8 7.1 4.2 5.7

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 88.4 2.8 4.3 4.9

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 86.7 9.6 3.7 3.4

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 88.9 4.8 3.9 4.9

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 77.0 6.4 12.0 31.5

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. . . . . . . . . 99 83.5 8.2 5.1 15.3

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 86.1 6.4 4.6 8.3

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors. . . . . . . . 76 79.9 8.7 6.5 10.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,182 78.0 10.5 9.3 7.4

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 95.8 0.0 2.3 2.3

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 81.8 4.7 13.1 7.2

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 79.6 14.6 5.3 8.1

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 71.3 5.4 22.0 4.4

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 70.1 6.4 21.6 3.8

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 86.5 4.9 4.3 10.4

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 – – – –

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 92.1 2.5 5.4 4.8

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 83.9 6.5 8.7 6.5

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 – – – –

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 79.5 11.6 8.2 6.3

Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 91.0 3.2 3.5 6.7

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 – – – –

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 83.6 10.5 3.4 12.7

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 97.3 1.5 0.6 7.7

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,892 79.3 10.5 8.0 6.5

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 86.9 5.8 5.9 7.1

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 – – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 67.5 17.6 12.3 11.3

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 88.9 4.8 5.3 5.9

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 86.2 8.3 3.7 8.5

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 90.5 5.5 2.2 9.2

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 75.1 14.6 6.6 12.7

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 67.0 25.2 5.1 10.6

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 71.2 22.4 4.4 14.6

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 – – – –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 64.3 21.2 12.1 11.2

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 83.8 6.9 3.5 9.3

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,929 74.7 15.9 5.4 23.1

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,537 65.0 26.4 4.7 16.0

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,134 54.9 36.4 4.7 14.9

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 85.9 6.2 5.7 9.1

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 82.0 4.3 9.3 9.2

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 85.7 5.7 5.4 22.9

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 78.9 13.1 4.0 24.8

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 92.5 4.6 0.0 8.0

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 – – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 64.9 29.1 3.7 14.3

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment

preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 73.2 17.6 4.8 7.6

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,130 74.7 18.6 2.4 15.1

First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 – – – –

First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 87.5 8.6 1.5 10.5

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 95.1 4.5 0.2 3.5

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 66.2 29.4 1.5 11.6

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 84.9 11.4 0.7 8.5

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 71.5 23.6 1.1 20.9

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 81.1 13.8 1.0 14.9

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9– – – –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 79.4 14.2 2.4 15.3

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 86.5 6.6 4.4 15.9

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 63.7 26.5 4.0 17.1

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 60.6 28.3 3.3 9.1

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . 175 83.2 10.4 2.2 9.2

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,209 77.6 12.2 5.7 24.4

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 69.9 13.7 13.6 19.1

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 78.6 13.1 4.6 18.5

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 74.6 15.3 5.5 34.0

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 76.2 12.7 5.9 29.3

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 87.7 5.5 2.4 13.5

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food. . . . . . . . . 377 75.2 16.4 3.2 16.1

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 80.9 12.2 3.0 15.4

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124 81.1 8.1 6.5 19.4

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229 69.2 18.5 6.3 17.4

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 79.6 11.0 4.3 31.4

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 73.1 15.6 5.8 37.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 81.0 12.5 3.0 16.0

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,661 78.4 14.6 3.4 35.9

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 79.5 14.6 2.8 20.0

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping

workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 87.1 7.2 2.0 19.3

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,275 74.1 18.4 3.9 30.3

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,401 74.9 16.8 5.2 44.3

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 81.1 11.8 1.5 19.3

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327 87.1 7.4 1.3 44.8

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,392 72.7 14.6 9.0 16.9

First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 83.3 3.6 11.0 6.9

First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 67.6 11.7 17.6 13.2

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 – – – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 91.1 4.1 1.3 12.0

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 56.8 10.3 26.1 15.1

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 – – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 82.0 9.9 4.3 18.3

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 – – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 58.4 34.5 3.4 30.0

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 79.7 12.8 5.2 14.6

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 34.4 6.1 56.7 7.8

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 67.2 22.7 7.6 25.7

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230 79.7 13.2 3.4 22.4

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,242 66.7 22.1 6.5 19.7

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 77.0 14.2 5.5 10.1

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 81.6 5.6 6.3 11.9

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,246 80.4 11.8 4.9 14.4

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,444 81.2 10.4 5.6 14.5

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,223 81.9 8.5 6.9 11.9

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,188 86.2 6.5 6.0 11.6

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,254 71.1 18.0 6.8 21.3

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 81.3 11.2 5.2 11.2

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 87.4 4.6 3.2 18.7

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,230 80.0 11.7 4.8 15.7

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 84.2 8.2 5.0 13.4

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 85.1 7.3 5.8 11.3

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 87.0 5.3 5.7 8.1

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 78.8 7.5 8.8 8.0

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 88.3 6.4 3.4 11.5

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,319 91.1 4.2 3.1 10.5

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 77.9 13.4 5.0 8.2

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 89.3 4.2 4.6 11.2

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 – – – –

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 69.4 26.1 1.4 15.4

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.. . 191 87.4 6.6 3.9 18.8

Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 86.5 8.9 3.5 9.4

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,802 79.6 13.1 4.3 14.4

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363 83.1 10.4 3.7 12.6

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – – – –

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

5
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 74.6 20.3 2.0 12.0

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 79.8 13.2 4.0 11.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,241 85.9 6.4 5.7 8.5

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 81.0 14.4 3.9 12.2

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 80.6 11.3 4.9 21.1

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 72.1 19.7 7.9 10.0

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 74.1 19.7 3.0 13.9

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,069 75.3 17.0 4.7 16.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 67.0 20.2 4.3 21.6

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 81.8 10.6 5.5 18.3

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 73.3 17.1 6.1 20.7

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 66.7 24.9 6.4 15.3

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 83.0 9.6 5.0 13.2

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 86.4 10.2 2.7 16.6

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 – – – –

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 76.8 11.9 6.9 23.9

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 78.6 15.6 4.2 11.2

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326 80.8 11.0 4.7 18.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 69.4 17.6 9.1 15.8

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 79.2 14.1 3.3 11.4

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 79.0 14.2 3.2 18.5

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 80.0 15.0 1.3 12.7

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 70.5 21.6 7.2 13.6

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 72.0 14.6 6.7 12.9

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators.. . 74 53.3 31.0 12.6 6.4

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 81.3 11.9 4.4 10.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 75.4 16.6 3.0 24.5

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,508 74.9 17.9 3.7 18.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 82.2 10.8 0.5 18.3

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,922 84.9 9.3 3.3 10.5

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 78.6 11.0 6.3 13.1

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 77.2 15.1 5.7 11.6

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 78.6 16.3 2.1 10.8

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 1 – – – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 78.2 17.3 2.7 10.2

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 74.7 17.9 7.1 16.7

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,184 78.8 13.5 5.1 17.1

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ––––

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 82.2 10.8 3.5 10.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,058 87.5 7.0 2.2 26.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 88.6 5.6 1.8 42.8

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 4 – – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 77.0 15.5 4.4 47.0

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 90.3 4.0 1.3 50.0

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – –––

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 90.9 8.6 0.0 6.9

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,130 88.5 6.2 1.6 31.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . 631 92.5 3.5 1.2 15.7

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

6
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 92.2 2.5 0.3 41.0

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,164 89.5 5.4 1.4 27.3

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 89.8 4.3 1.5 46.3

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 91.2 5.2 0.0 52.5

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,536 87.5 6.8 1.9 44.3

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 – – – –

Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 1 – – – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . 352 89.8 5.8 0.6 16.5

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 92.9 2.7 0.0 55.1

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 88.4 7.5 2.0 17.3

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 – – – –

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 83.5 15.6 0.1 37.7

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 84.8 7.0 1.3 47.3

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 85.8 7.9 3.2 20.8

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 85.1 4.2 1.1 51.2

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 92.6 2.2 1.8 19.2

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 – –– –

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 – – – –

Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 85.1 14.0 0.1 43.9

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 87.7 6.2 4.3 5.2

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – –– –

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – – – –

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 88.1 8.6 0.8 9.9

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 94.1 4.4 0.4 21.3

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Helpers--extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 – – – –

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 83.0 4.3 1.4 39.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,964 85.8 8.5 3.2 17.0

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 87.7 7.8 2.5 10.4

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 76.6 13.0 8.6 10.1

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . 129 81.7 9.5 3.3 12.9

Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.. . 7 – – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . 54 85.7 2.5 4.6 19.9

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 86.6 10.0 1.9 20.3

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 81.3 7.9 9.0 9.0

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 93.8 3.3 2.2 32.9

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 81.8 11.4 4.0 21.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 90.4 6.2 0.6 15.9

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . 218 89.3 7.5 1.4 15.7

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and

repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 83.6 11.6 0.9 31.6

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . 384 88.7 7.4 2.5 16.9

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 79.4 12.5 2.1 20.1

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 90.3 4.6 3.3 12.8

7
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 84.3 10.4 2.7 19.3

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 94.1 3.6 0.8 8.7

Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 88.9 5.7 1.7 12.6

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 78.6 13.5 3.0 15.5

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 83.9 6.9 8.2 6.1

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – –––

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29– – – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ––––

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 – – – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 90.0 7.3 1.0 22.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,984 77.3 14.9 4.7 21.9

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,275 78.2 12.3 6.3 22.5

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 82.8 9.5 4.9 14.4

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 66.7 11.4 18.2 21.3

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 – – – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 72.1 16.5 7.7 19.6

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 80.9 9.0 7.1 25.9

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 69.3 14.8 11.2 34.7

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and

tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 84.7 8.4 4.4 28.2

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 77.9 11.5 7.7 33.8

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 92.2 3.6 2.3 12.6

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal

and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 86.6 8.9 2.8 24.7

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and

tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 85.5 9.1 5.1 25.8

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 86.8 4.4 6.3 15.1

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 87.1 3.6 1.1 23.5

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . 4 – – – –

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 94.3 0.9 1.1 4.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 85.4 8.1 3.3 22.9

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . 9 – – – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – –––

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 74.1 17.2 6.1 25.3

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 85.7 7.4 4.2 18.1

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 – – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 70.8 20.6 6.1 42.5

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 62.9 27.6 4.7 52.6

8
32 BLS Reports │ August 2014 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 69.9 12.1 17.3 41.4

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 66.1 9.7 21.8 24.6

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and

tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 – – – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic

and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 – – – –

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 – – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 79.5 11.2 4.7 26.1

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 84.5 9.1 3.1 15.2

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 – – – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 88.3 5.2 2.5 11.7

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 76.5 13.3 5.3 22.1

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 81.3 10.8 3.9 36.5

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators,

and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 – – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 77.3 12.9 6.8 15.7

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 75.6 9.2 11.7 16.7

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 85.8 4.9 6.3 15.7

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 66.3 19.7 9.6 37.4

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 83.5 8.8 3.1 31.8

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 – – – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . . . . 4 – – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 7 – – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Helpers--production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39– – – –

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 76.0 15.7 5.2 22.5

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,709 76.5 17.4 3.1 21.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 80.1 14.5 1.6 18.9

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 92.4 3.4 3.7 4.5

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 76.5 12.4 4.9 10.1

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians.. . 17 – – – –

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 68.2 27.3 2.1 13.9

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,252 79.6 15.3 2.3 18.9

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 60.7 24.7 11.7 14.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 83.0 11.4 2.8 20.7

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 79.6 10.3 2.4 12.2

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 78.2 17.7 1.5 9.3

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 5 – – – –

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 68.4 22.0 4.3 37.9

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 78.2 11.4 7.7 19.7

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 – – – –

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – –– –

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 84.3 12.3 1.9 16.0

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 74.1 20.7 1.9 30.9

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 73.0 21.2 2.8 33.1

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,752 75.4 18.0 3.1 23.1

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 493 74.2 18.0 4.6 37.7

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 80.3 15.3 1.8 24.7

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – –– –

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 75.9 20.8 0.8 22.3

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less

than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)......................................................................... 143,929 115,379 16,151 8,136 22,514

Percent.......................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................................................. 1.5 1.7 0.4 0.4 2.2

Mining .................................................................................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.0

Construction............................................................................................................. 6.4 7.2 2.9 2.4 10.5

Manufacturing......................................................................................................... 10.3 10.5 8.8 12.5 10.4

Durable goods.................................................................................................................. 6.5 6.7 4.9 8.3 5.6

Nondurable goods.................................................................................................................... 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.7

 Wholesale and retail trade........................................................................................................... 13.7 13.8 13.1 12.8 13.6

Wholesale trade........................................................................................................................ 2.5 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.6

Retail trade................................................................................................................................ 11.1 11.1 11.2 10.6 11.1

Transportation and utilities....................................................................................................................... 5.2 4.8 7.8 4.0 5.3

Information............................................................................................................................................ 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.4

Financial activities.................................................................................................................. 6.8 7.0 5.9 7.5 5.1

Professional and business services........................................................................................... 11.7 11.7 9.8 14.9 11.7

Education and health services................................................................................................. 22.6 21.9 28.3 22.4 16.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................................................................. 9.4 9.1 9.4 11.2 13.1

Other services.................................................................................................................... 5.0 5.0 4.4 6.1 5.8

Other services, except private households...................................................................................... 4.4 4.4 4.0 5.8 4.7

Private households............................................................................................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.2

Public administration........................................................................................................... 4.7 4.4 6.8 3.5 3.5

Men, 16 years and older (thousands)......................................................................... 76,353 62,322 7,497 4,294 13,078

Percent.......................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................................................. 2.1 2.4 0.6 0.4 3.0

Mining .................................................................................................................. 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.5

Construction............................................................................................................. 11.0 12.1 5.8 3.8 17.3

Manufacturing......................................................................................................... 13.9 14.0 12.4 15.9 12.2

Durable goods.................................................................................................................. 9.3 9.4 7.3 11.6 7.2

Nondurable goods.................................................................................................................... 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.2 4.9

 Wholesale and retail trade........................................................................................................... 14.3 14.3 14.6 13.4 13.5

Wholesale trade........................................................................................................................ 3.4 3.6 2.8 2.4 3.2

Retail trade................................................................................................................................ 10.8 10.7 11.8 10.9 10.2

Transportation and utilities....................................................................................................................... 7.4 6.9 12.2 5.7 7.1

Information............................................................................................................................................ 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 1.6

Financial activities.................................................................................................................. 6.1 6.2 4.9 7.8 4.1

Professional and business services........................................................................................... 12.8 12.7 11.6 17.0 12.1

Education and health services................................................................................................. 10.8 10.3 13.8 14.3 6.7

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................................................................. 8.7 8.3 9.7 10.8 12.3

Other services.................................................................................................................... 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 5.3

Other services, except private households...................................................................................... 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 5.1

Private households............................................................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Public administration........................................................................................................... 4.9 4.7 6.8 3.4 3.4

See note at end of table.

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Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands)......................................................................... 67,577 53,057 8,654 3,842 9,437

Percent.......................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.1

Mining .................................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2

Construction............................................................................................................. 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.8 1.1

Manufacturing......................................................................................................... 6.3 6.3 5.6 8.7 7.9

Durable goods.................................................................................................................. 3.4 3.4 2.8 4.6 3.5

Nondurable goods.................................................................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.8 4.1 4.5

 Wholesale and retail trade........................................................................................................... 13.0 13.2 11.8 12.2 13.9

Wholesale trade........................................................................................................................ 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.7

Retail trade................................................................................................................................ 11.4 11.6 10.8 10.3 12.2

Transportation and utilities....................................................................................................................... 2.6 2.4 3.9 2.0 2.8

Information............................................................................................................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.2

Financial activities.................................................................................................................. 7.7 8.0 6.7 7.2 6.4

Professional and business services........................................................................................... 10.4 10.7 8.3 12.6 11.2

Education and health services................................................................................................. 35.9 35.6 40.8 31.5 29.7

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................................................................. 10.2 10.1 9.2 11.6 14.3

Other services.................................................................................................................... 5.5 5.5 4.4 8.0 6.6

Other services, except private households...................................................................................... 4.5 4.4 3.8 7.4 4.0

Private households............................................................................................................................. 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.6 2.6

Public administration........................................................................................................... 4.4 4.0 6.9 3.5 3.8

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

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(Numbers in thousands)

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total families ................................................................................................ 80,445 64,294 9,737 4,156 12,023 

With at least one family member employed ............................................................................................ 64,318 51,471 7,373 3,692 10,231 

As a percent of total families ........................................................................................... 80.0 80.1 75.7 88.8 85.1 

With at least one family member unemployed .................................................................................... 7,685 5,471 1,555 323 1,547 

As a percent of total families .................................................................................. 9.6 8.5 16.0 7.8 12.9 

Some family member(s) employed ............................................................................................ 5,192 3,845 880 262 1,078 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ........................................................................... 67.6 70.3 56.6 81.1 69.7 

Some family member(s) employed full time ........................................................................................................ 4,453 3,310 733 232 919 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed...................................................................... 57.9 60.5 47.1 71.8 59.4 

Married-couple families .................................................................................................... 58,529 49,551 4,403 3,284 7,440 

With at least one family member employed .............................................................................................. 47,722 40,090 3,598 2,928 6,601 

As a percent of total families ............................................................................................. 81.5 80.9 81.7 89.2 88.7 

With at least one family member unemployed ...................................................................................... 4,586 3,617 559 233 879 

As a percent of total families ..................................................................................................... 7.8 7.3 12.7 7.1 11.8 

Some family member(s) employed ............................................................................................. 3,639 2,876 432 196 696 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ................................................................................... 79.4 79.5 77.3 84.1 79.2 

Some family member(s) employed full time ........................................................................................................... 3,201 2,517 385 178 606 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............................................................................. 69.8 69.6 68.9 76.4 68.9 

Families maintained by women ................................................................................. 15,507 10,025 4,252 534 3,099 

With at least one family member employed ................................................................................................... 11,360 7,459 2,981 460 2,318 

As a percent of total families ........................................................................................... 73.3 74.4 70.1 86.1 74.8 

With at least one family member unemployed ............................................................................................. 2,165 1,210 794 53 431 

As a percent of total families ............................................................................................ 14.0 12.1 18.7 9.9 13.9 

Some family member(s) employed .............................................................................................. 1,026 590 358 40 220 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ............................................................................ 47.4 48.8 45.1 75.5 51.0 

Some family member(s) employed full time ......................................................................................................... 800 468 271 32 176 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............................................................................... 37.0 38.7 34.1 60.4 40.8 

Families maintained by men ........................................................................................ 6,410 4,717 1,081 339 1,484 

With at least one family member employed ....................................................................................................... 5,236 3,922 794 304 1,312 

As a percent of total families .................................................................................................................... 81.7 83.1 73.5 89.7 88.4 

With at least one family member unemployed ............................................................................................ 934 645 202 36 236 

As a percent of total families .............................................................................................. 14.6 13.7 18.7 10.6 15.9 

Some family member(s) employed .......................................................................................................... 527 379 90 25 162 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ................................................................................ 56.4 58.8 44.6 69.4 68.6 

Some family member(s) employed full time .............................................................................................................. 453 325 77 22 137 

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............................................................................................. 48.5 50.4 38.1 61.1 58.1 

 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2013 annual averages 

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

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(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994........................... 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4

1995........................60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7

1996........................... 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3

1997........................60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5

1998.....................60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2

1999....................... 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6

2000.....................60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5

2001.....................60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4

2002...................60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7

2003......................... 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2

2004...................... 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5

2005........................59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9

2006.......................... 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9

2007........................59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0

2008....................... 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6

2009....................... 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7

2010....................... 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9

2011....................58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8

2012....................57.7 62.9 52.6 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8

2013.....................57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0

With children under 18 years

1994........................... 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4

1995........................... 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3

1996........................... 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3

1997........................81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0

1998.....................81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7

1999....................... 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5

2000.....................82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2

2001.....................81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9

2002...................81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7

2003......................... 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5

2004...................... 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5

2005........................80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3

2006.......................... 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9

2007........................81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6

2008....................... 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7

2009....................... 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3

2010....................... 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9

2011...................80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3

2012...................80.5 93.3 70.5 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4

2013....................80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages 

Year

1
38 BLS Reports │ August 2014 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994........................... 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5

1995........................83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4

1996........................... 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1

1997........................84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7

1998.....................84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6

1999....................... 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4

2000.....................85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0

2001.....................85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1

2002...................84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8

2003......................... 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1

2004...................... 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9

2005........................83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2

2006.......................... 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8

2007........................84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5

2008....................... 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6

2009....................... 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3

2010....................... 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2

2011................ 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8

2012................ 82.7 92.3 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1

2013....................82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6

With children under 6 years

1994........................... 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2

1995........................76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9

1996........................... 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2

1997........................78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8

1998.....................78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0

1999....................... 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9

2000.....................78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9

2001.....................78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9

2002...................77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5

2003......................... 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8

2004...................... 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8

2005........................77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4

2006.......................... 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8

2007........................77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4

2008....................... 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7

2009....................... 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4

2010....................... 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8

2011................ 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1

2012................ 77.7 94.6 64.8 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0

2013.................. 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages—Continued 

Year

2
BLS Reports │ August 2014 • www.bls.gov 39

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994........................... 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6

1995........................74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0

1996........................... 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1

1997........................76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1

1998.....................77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5

1999....................... 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0

2000.....................76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8

2001.....................76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7

2002...................76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6

2003......................... 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0

2004...................... 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4

2005........................74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0

2006.......................... 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2

2007........................75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7

2008....................... 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7

2009....................... 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6

2010....................... 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6

2011................ 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5

2012................ 76.0 95.0 61.4 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0

2013...................75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8

See note at end of table.

Year

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages—Continued 

3
40 BLS Reports │ August 2014 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994................................................. — — — 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995............................................................. — — — 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996................................................. — — — 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997............................................................. — — — 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998.............................................................. — — — 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999.................................................................. — — — 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000............................................. — — — 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001............................................... — — — 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002...................................................... 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003............................................... 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004.............................................. 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005......................................................... 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006....................................................... 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007..................................................... 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008................................................................... 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009................................................................... 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010................................................................... 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011..................... 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012..................... 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013...................... 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

With children under 18 years

1994................................................. — — — 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995........................................... — — — 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996................................................. — — — 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997........................................... — — — 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998........................................... — — — 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999............................................. — — — 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000............................................. — — — 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001............................................... — — — 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002...................................................... 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003............................................... 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004.............................................. 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005......................................................... 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006....................................................... 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007..................................................... 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008................................................................... 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009................................................................... 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010................................................................... 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011..................... 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012..................... 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013...................... 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages—Continued

Year

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Percent Total women, 16 Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Char

Chara

Char

Chara

Total women, 16 Percent Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994........................................... — — — 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995............................................. — — — 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996................................................. — — — 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997........................................... — — — 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998........................................... — — — 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999............................................. — — — 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000............................................. — — — 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001............................................... — — — 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002...................................................... 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003............................................... 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004.............................................. 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005......................................................... 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006....................................................... 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007..................................................... 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008................................................................... 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009................................................................... 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010................................................................... 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011..................... 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012..................... 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013..................... 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

With children under 6 years

1994........................................... — — — 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995............................................. — — — 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996................................................. — — — 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997........................................... — — — 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998........................................... — — — 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999............................................. — — — 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000............................................. — — — 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001............................................... — — — 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002...................................................... 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003............................................... 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004.............................................. 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005......................................................... 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006....................................................... 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007..................................................... 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008................................................................... 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009................................................................... 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010................................................................... 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011..................... 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012..................... 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013...................... 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages—Continued 

Year

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent 

Chara

Total women, 16 Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Total women, 16 Percent Percent Total women, 16 Percent 

Chara

2
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994........................................... — — — 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995............................................. — — — 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996................................................. — — — 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997........................................... — — — 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998........................................... — — — 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999............................................. — — — 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000............................................. — — — 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001............................................... — — — 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002...................................................... 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003............................................... 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004.............................................. 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005......................................................... 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006....................................................... 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007..................................................... 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008................................................................... 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009................................................................... 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010................................................................... 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011..................... 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012..................... 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013...................... 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that 

race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who 

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for 

Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not 

included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2013 annual averages—Continued 

Year

Percent Total women, 16 Percent Total women, 16 Percent Chara

Chara

3
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual averages 

(Percent)

White Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972.................. 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 — — — — — —

1973.................... 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 — — — 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974..................... 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 — — — 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975................ 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 — — — 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976.................... 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 — — — 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977.................... 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 — — — 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978.................. 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 — — — 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979.................. 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 — — — 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980................... 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 — — — 10.1 9.7

1981..................... 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 — — — 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982................ 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 — — — 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983................. 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 — — — 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984................ 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 — — — 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985.................. 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 — — — 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986.................. 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 — — — 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987................... 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 — — — 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988...................... 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 — — — 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989.................... 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 — — — 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990......................... 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 — — — 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991..................6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 — — — 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992...................... 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 — — — 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993.................6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 — — — 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994........................ 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 — — — 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995........................ 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 — — — 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996............................. 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 — — — 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997...................... 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 — — — 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998....................... 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 — — — 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999......................... 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 — — — 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000........................ 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001............... 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002............. 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003.............. 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004.............. 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005..................5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006.............. 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007.................... 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008......................... 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009......................... 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010......................... 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011.....................8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012...................... 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013...................... 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

See note at end of table.

Year

Total Black or African American

1
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Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2013 annual averages—Continued 

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003.............. 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9 

2004.............. 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 

2005.................. 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2 

2006.............. 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0 

2007.................... 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8 

2008......................... 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7 

2009......................... 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9 

2010.................................... 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0 

2011......................... 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1 

2012.............................12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5 

2013............................12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5 

Year

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are 

included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified 

as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is 

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2013 annual averages

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)........................................................................................ 11,460 8,033 2,429 448 2,257

Percent.............................................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks............................................................................................................... 22.5 24.2 17.5 20.6 24.9

5 to 14 weeks................................................................................................................................ 24.1 24.5 22.6 21.2 25.2

15 to 26 weeks................................................................................................................... 15.8 15.5 16.6 16.2 15.3

27 weeks and over................................................................................................................................ 37.6 35.8 43.3 42.0 34.6

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1....................................................................... 36.5 35.1 40.5 42.0 32.9

Median duration, in weeks................................................................................. 17.0 15.4 21.5 20.5 14.5

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)....................................................... 6,314 4,520 1,236 253 1,263

Percent....................................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks................................................................................................................. 22.2 23.8 17.1 20.0 25.1

5 to 14 weeks.............................................................................................................................. 24.1 24.4 22.7 22.3 24.3

15 to 26 weeks.................................................................................................................... 15.7 15.4 16.4 17.9 15.8

27 weeks and over................................................................................................................................... 38.1 36.4 43.8 39.8 34.8

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1...................................................................... 37.3 36.1 41.0 40.5 32.8

Median duration, in weeks............................................................................ 17.2 15.8 21.9 19.6 14.9

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)........................................................5,146 3,513 1,192 195 994

Percent........................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks................................................................................................................. 23.0 24.7 18.0 21.4 24.6

5 to 14 weeks.......................................................................................................................... 24.1 24.7 22.5 19.8 26.3

15 to 26 weeks.................................................................................................................... 53.0 15.5 16.8 14.0 14.8

27 weeks and over...................................................................................................................... 37.1 35.1 42.7 44.8 34.4

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1.................................................................................... 35.6 33.9 39.9 43.9 33.0

Median duration, in weeks............................................................................................ 16.7 15.0 21.1 21.8 14.1

 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1 Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, 

see http://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

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Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)................................................ 11,460 8,033 2,429 448 2,257

Percent.............................................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.......................................................... 53.0 54.9 49.0 46.8 53.4

On temporary layoff.......................................................................................... 9.9 11.5 5.9 5.3 10.8

Not on temporary layoff.......................................................................................... 43.1 43.4 43.0 41.5 42.6

Permanent job losers....................................................................................... 32.5 33.1 30.8 33.4 30.2

Persons who completed temporary jobs.................................................... 10.6 10.3 12.2 8.0 12.4

Job leavers.......................................................................................................... 8.1 8.7 6.2 6.8 6.6

Reentrants.............................................................................................................. 28.0 26.4 31.8 31.6 27.0

New entrants...................................................................................................... 10.9 9.9 13.0 14.8 13.1

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands).................................................. 6,314 4,520 1,236 253 1,263

Percent....................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.......................................................... 58.4 60.7 53.7 51.8 60.1

 On temporary layoff................................................................................................. 11.5 13.4 6.4 5.5 13.0

 Not on temporary layoff......................................................................................... 46.9 47.3 47.3 46.2 47.1

 Permanent job losers............................................................................................. 34.6 35.4 33.5 36.0 32.3

 Persons who completed temporary jobs........................................................... 12.3 11.9 13.9 10.3 14.8

Job leavers............................................................................................................ 7.4 7.9 5.1 7.1 6.2

Reentrants.............................................................................................................. 23.6 22.1 27.3 27.3 21.9

New entrants...................................................................................................... 10.6 9.3 10.8 13.8 11.8

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) ...................................................5,146 3,513 1,192 195 994

Percent....................................................................................................100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................................................. 46.3 47.5 44.0 40.0 44.9

On temporary layoff.................................................................................................... 8.0 9.1 5.5 5.1 7.9

Not on temporary layoff........................................................................................ 38.4 38.5 38.6 34.9 36.9

Permanent job losers........................................................................................... 29.8 30.3 28.1 29.7 27.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs........................................................... 8.6 8.2 10.5 5.1 9.5

Job leavers............................................................................................................... 9.1 9.8 7.4 6.2 7.0

Reentrants.............................................................................................................. 33.3 32.0 36.4 37.4 33.4

New entrants........................................................................................................... 11.3 10.7 12.2 15.9 14.7

 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

1
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Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Total, 16 years and older................................................................... 155,389 90,290 6,389 2,988 2,360 861 1,498 83,901

 16 to 24 years.................................................................... 21,381 17,458 2,096 1,017 731 213 518 15,362

 25 to 54 years............................................................................... 100,776 23,630 2,733 1,406 1,134 431 703 20,898

 55 years and older............................................................................. . 33,232 49,201 1,561 565 495 218 277 47,641

Men, 16 years and older....................................................................................................... 82,667 35,889 2,941 1,463 1,224 510 714 32,947

 16 to 24 years........................................................................................................................................ 11,079 8,497 1,080 543 417 138 279 7,417

 25 to 54 years.................................... 53,964 7,075 1,136 639 552 249 303 5,939

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 17,624 20,316 725 280 255 123 133 19,591

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 72,722 54,401 3,448 1,525 1,135 351 784 50,953

 16 to 24 years.............................................................................................................................. 10,302 8,961 1,016 474 314 75 239 7,945

 25 to 54 years............................................................................................................................... 46,812 16,555 1,597 767 582 181 401 14,958

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 15,609 28,885 835 284 239 95 145 28,050

White

Total, 16 years and older............................... 123,412 70,920 4,464 2,029 1,572 552 1,019 66,456

 16 to 24 years................................................ 16,569 12,286 1,398 667 456 129 327 10,887

 25 to 54 years.................................... 78,842 17,487 1,849 924 732 256 476 15,638

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 28,001 41,148 1,217 438 384 167 216 39,931

Men, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 66,842 28,024 2,066 1,002 824 332 493 25,957

 16 to 24 years................................... 8,690 5,957 721 355 262 83 178 5,237

 25 to 54 years.................................... 43,037 5,015 764 423 360 152 208 4,251

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 15,115 17,051 582 223 203 97 106 16,470

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 56,571 42,897 2,398 1,027 747 221 527 40,499

 16 to 24 years.............................................................................................................................. 7,880 6,328 678 312 194 46 149 5,651

 25 to 54 years............................................................................................................................... 35,804 12,472 1,085 501 372 104 268 11,387

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 12,887 24,096 635 214 181 70 110 23,461

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older............................... 18,580 11,797 1,255 649 551 232 319 10,542

 16 to 24 years...................................................................................................................................... 2,953 3,037 462 235 193 64 129 2,575

 25 to 54 years.................................... 12,547 3,598 562 323 279 132 148 3,035

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 3,079 5,161 230 90 79 36 43 4,931

Men, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 8,733 5,014 578 312 277 133 144 4,435

 16 to 24 years........................................................................................................................................ 1,438 1,485 238 127 109 43 66 1,247

 25 to 54 years......................................................................................................................................... 5,882 1,428 248 146 133 73 60 1,180

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 1,413 2,101 92 39 35 17 18 2,008

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 9,846 6,783 677 337 274 98 175 6,106

 16 to 24 years......................................................................... 1,515 1,552 224 108 84 21 63 1,328

 25 to 54 years............................................................................................................................... 6,665 2,170 315 177 146 59 88 1,855

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 1,666 3,061 138 52 43 19 25 2,923

See footnotes at end of table.

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor 

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not 

want a 

job now Total

Searched for work in previous year, 

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached 

(available to work now)2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4

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Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2013 annual averages

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Asian

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................................................................... 8,584 4,712 334 152 108 37 71 4,378

 16 to 24 years...................................................................................................................................... 852 1,182 92 46 28 6 21 1,090

 25 to 54 years......................................................................................................................................... 6,171 1,563 170 81 58 20 38 1,394

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 1,561 1,967 72 26 23 11 12 1,895

Men, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 4,547 1,678 145 73 55 22 34 1,533

 16 to 24 years........................................................................................................................................ 445 583 52 28 18 5 13 531

 25 to 54 years......................................................................................................................................... 3,292 341 59 31 25 10 15 282

 55 years and older........................................................................................... 810 754 34 14 13 7 6 720

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 4,037 3,034 189 80 53 16 37 2,845

 16 to 24 years.............................................................................................................................. 407 599 40 18 10 2 8 559

 25 to 54 years............................................................................................................................... 2,879 1,223 110 50 33 10 23 1,112

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 752 1,212 38 12 10 4 6 1,174

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................................................................... 24,771 12,746 1,188 536 428 156 272 11,558

 16 to 24 years...................................................................................................................................... 4,409 3,814 450 205 152 46 106 3,364

 25 to 54 years......................................................................................................................................... 17,495 4,742 569 269 222 84 138 4,173

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 2,868 4,190 168 62 54 26 28 4,022

Men, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 14,341 4,457 500 255 217 91 126 3,957

 16 to 24 years........................................................................................................................................ 2,470 1,764 226 109 87 27 60 1,538

 25 to 54 years......................................................................................................................................... 10,261 1,084 201 114 101 49 52 883

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 1,610 1,609 74 32 28 15 13 1,536

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... 10,430 8,289 687 281 211 65 146 7,602

 16 to 24 years.............................................................................................................................. 1,939 2,050 225 95 65 19 46 1,826

 25 to 54 years............................................................................................................................... 7,234 3,658 368 155 121 35 86 3,290

 55 years and older......................................................................................................................... 1,258 2,581 95 31 25 11 14 2,486

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor 

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not 

want a 

job now

Total

Marginally attached 

(available to work now)2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4

1

 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. 

2

 People "marginally attached to the labor force" are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were 

available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

3

 Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such 

as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

4

 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a 

small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Total

Searched for work in previous year, 

but not in past 4 weeks

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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total

1979.............................................$241 $248 $199 — $194

1980..................................... 262 269 212 — 209

1981................................... 284 291 235 — 223

1982..................................... 302 310 245 — 240

1983................................... 313 320 261 — 250

1984.................................... 326 336 269 — 259

1985...................................... 344 356 277 — 270

1986...................................... 359 371 291 — 277

1987....................................... 374 384 301 — 285

1988........................................ 385 395 314 — 290

1989.......................................... 399 409 319 — 298

1990.................................. 412 424 329 — 304

1991..................................... 426 442 348 — 312

1992......................................... 440 458 357 — 321

1993..................................... 459 475 369 — 331

1994.................................... 467 484 371 — 324

1995............................. 479 494 383 — 329

1996................................................ 490 506 387 — 339

1997.................................. 503 519 400 — 351

1998.............................. 523 545 426 — 370

1999.............................. 549 573 445 — 385

2000............................... 576 590 474 $615 399

2001............................. 596 610 491 639 417

2002............................. 608 623 498 658 424

2003................................. 620 636 514 693 440

2004..................................... 638 657 525 708 456

2005.................................. 651 672 520 753 471

2006.............................. 671 690 554 784 486

2007.............................. 695 716 569 830 503

2008.............................. 722 742 589 861 529

2009.............................. 739 757 601 880 541

2010.............................. 747 765 611 855 535

2011............................... 756 775 615 866 549

2012.............................. 768 792 621 920 568

2013............................... 776 802 629 942 578

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2013 annual averages 

Years

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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men

1979.............................................$292 $298 $227 — $219

1980..................................... 313 320 244 — 234

1981................................... 340 350 268 — 251

1982..................................... 364 375 278 — 269

1983................................... 379 387 294 — 274

1984.................................... 392 401 303 — 287

1985...................................... 407 418 305 — 296

1986...................................... 419 433 319 — 299

1987....................................... 434 450 327 — 306

1988........................................ 449 465 348 — 308

1989.......................................... 468 482 348 — 315

1990.................................. 481 494 361 — 318

1991..................................... 493 506 375 — 323

1992......................................... 501 514 380 — 339

1993..................................... 510 524 392 — 346

1994.................................... 522 547 400 — 343

1995............................. 538 566 411 — 350

1996................................................ 557 580 412 — 356

1997.................................. 579 595 432 — 371

1998.............................. 598 615 468 — 390

1999.............................. 618 638 488 — 406

2000............................... 641 662 510 $685 417

2001............................. 670 689 529 732 440

2002............................. 679 702 524 756 451

2003................................. 695 715 555 772 464

2004................................... 713 732 569 802 480

2005.................................. 722 743 559 825 489

2006.............................. 743 761 591 882 505

2007.............................. 766 788 600 936 520

2008.............................. 798 825 620 966 559

2009.............................. 819 845 621 952 569

2010.............................. 824 850 633 936 560

2011.................................... 832 856 653 970 571

2012............................... 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013.............................. 860 884 664 1,059 594

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2013 annual averages—Continued 

Years

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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women

1979.............................................$182 $184 $169 — $157

1980..................................... 201 203 185 — 172

1981................................... 219 221 206 — 190

1982..................................... 239 242 217 — 203

1983................................... 252 254 232 — 215

1984.................................... 265 268 241 — 223

1985...................................... 277 281 252 — 230

1986...................................... 291 294 264 — 241

1987....................................... 303 307 276 — 251

1988........................................ 315 318 288 — 260

1989.......................................... 328 334 301 — 269

1990.................................. 346 353 308 — 278

1991..................................... 366 373 323 — 292

1992......................................... 380 387 335 — 302

1993..................................... 393 401 348 — 313

1994.................................... 399 408 346 — 305

1995............................. 406 415 355 — 305

1996................................................ 418 428 362 — 316

1997.................................. 431 444 375 — 318

1998.............................. 456 468 400 — 337

1999.............................. 473 483 409 — 348

2000............................... 493 502 429 $547 366

2001............................... 512 522 454 563 388

2002............................ 529 547 473 566 397

2003................................. 552 567 491 598 410

2004...................................... 573 584 505 613 419

2005.................................. 585 596 499 665 429

2006.............................. 600 609 519 699 440

2007.............................. 614 626 533 731 473

2008.............................. 638 654 554 753 501

2009.............................. 657 669 582 779 509

2010.............................. 669 684 592 773 508

2011.................................. 684 703 595 751 518

2012...................................... 691 710 599 770 521

2013.................................... 706 722 606 819 541

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2013 annual averages—Continued 

Years

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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women's earnings as a percent of men's

1979.............................................62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7

1980..................................... 64.2 63.4 75.8 — 73.5

1981................................... 64.4 63.1 76.9 — 75.7

1982..................................... 65.7 64.5 78.1 — 75.5

1983................................... 66.5 65.6 78.9 — 78.5

1984.................................... 67.6 66.8 79.5 — 77.7

1985...................................... 68.1 67.2 82.6 — 77.7

1986...................................... 69.5 67.9 82.8 — 80.6

1987....................................... 69.8 68.2 84.4 — 82.0

1988........................................ 70.2 68.4 82.8 — 84.4

1989.......................................... 70.1 69.3 86.5 — 85.4

1990.................................. 71.9 71.5 85.3 — 87.4

1991..................................... 74.2 73.7 86.1 — 90.4

1992......................................... 75.8 75.3 88.2 — 89.1

1993..................................... 77.1 76.5 88.8 — 90.5

1994.................................... 76.4 74.6 86.5 — 88.9

1995............................. 75.5 73.3 86.4 — 87.1

1996................................................75.0 73.8 87.9 — 88.8

1997.................................. 74.4 74.6 86.8 — 85.7

1998.............................. 76.3 76.1 85.5 — 86.4

1999.............................. 76.5 75.7 83.8 — 85.7

2000............................... 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001............................. 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002............................. 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003................................. 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004..................................... 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005.................................. 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006.............................. 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007.............................. 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008.............................. 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009.............................. 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010.............................. 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011................................ 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012.................................... 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013................................... 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Years

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race 

group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than 

one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; 

beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash 

indicates data not available. 

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2013 annual averages—Continued 

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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older.............................................................................................. $827 $853 $662 $976 $604 

Less than a high school diploma.................................................................................. 472 479 423 433 438

High school graduates, no college1......................................................................... 651 680 551 596 591

Some college, no degree............................................................................................................. 727 757 621 700 658

Associate degree.............................................................................................................. 777 803 645 791 717

Bachelor's degree and higher2......................................................................................... 1,194 1,215 997 1,333 1,004

Men, 25 years and older........................................................................................... 912 935 700 1,117 621

Less than a high school diploma.................................................................................. 500 505 456 463 480

High school graduates, no college1......................................................................... 732 763 601 629 629

Some college, no degree............................................................................................................. 831 876 669 820 719

Associate degree.............................................................................................................. 895 920 709 846 826

Bachelor's degree and higher2......................................................................................... 1,395 1,416 1,045 1,491 1,184

Women, 25 years and older........................................................................................ 740 755 631 856 578

Less than a high school diploma.................................................................................. 400 401 391 405 378

High school graduates, no college1......................................................................... 573 587 508 551 513

Some college, no degree............................................................................................................. 632 652 582 613 605

Associate degree.............................................................................................................. 693 709 613 733 632

Bachelor's degree and higher2......................................................................................... 1,043 1,045 964 1,138 908

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older..................................................................................................................... $776 $802 $629 $942 $578

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 1,132 1,136 937 1,361 941

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,208 1,227 991 1,386 948

 Management occupations........................................................................................ 1,285 1,320 1,033 1,479 961

 Business and financial operations occupations................................................................ 1,091 1,088 943 1,241 925

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................................... 1,071 1,071 912 1,353 937

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................................................... 1,365 1,357 1,043 1,552 1,143

 Architecture and engineering occupations.................................................................... 1,365 1,360 1,155 1,535 1,284

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................................................. 1,152 1,156 1,111 1,226 975

 Community and social services occupations.................................................................... 847 862 788 980 796

 Legal occupations....................................................................................................... 1,253 1,265 983 1,451 956

 Education, training, and library occupations...................................................................... 937 946 852 957 876

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................. 988 988 879 1,137 955

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 1,048 1,049 915 1,262 934

Service occupations............................................................................................................................ 493 498 473 515 422

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................................... 491 500 470 522 475

 Protective service occupations................................................................................ 783 825 658 807 768

 Food preparation and serving related occupations...................................................................... 416 418 398 479 396

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................................ 475 476 471 500 411

 Personal care and service occupations........................................................................................ 481 484 431 521 444

Sales and office occupations....................................................................................... 659 674 592 699 574

 Sales and related occupations................................................................................................... 708 735 506 690 547

 Office and administrative support occupations..................................................................... 638 644 608 702 583

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................................................... 747 761 661 780 579

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................... 448 451 417 390 409

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................................. 732 751 621 768 589

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. 821 831 719 886 671

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations........................................................... 621 651 563 523 512

 Production occupations................................................................................................................... 623 661 548 514 508

 Transportation and material-moving occupations................................................................ 619 638 580 587 516

See note at end of table.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages 

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older......................................................................................$860 $884 $664 $1,059 $594

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 1,349 1,359 1,002 1,540 1,082

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,412 1,429 998 1,539 1,043

 Management occupations........................................................................................ 1,456 1,466 1,049 1,647 1,018

 Business and financial operations occupations................................................................ 1,263 1,315 926 1,256 1,117

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................................... 1,295 1,301 1,004 1,540 1,129

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................................................... 1,452 1,436 1,108 1,663 1,210

 Architecture and engineering occupations.................................................................... 1,403 1,394 1,144 1,567 1,298

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................................................. 1,271 1,299 1,068 1,306 985

 Community and social services occupations.................................................................... 930 939 875 1,196 816

 Legal occupations....................................................................................................... 1,764 1,772 1,360 1,923 1,327

 Education, training, and library occupations...................................................................... 1,091 1,124 982 1,113 1,025

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................. 1,118 1,117 966 1,198 1,157

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 1,312 1,368 994 1,396 1,004

Service occupations............................................................................................................................ 555 565 520 571 448

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................................... 546 568 493 574 535

 Protective service occupations................................................................................ 824 874 672 889 800

 Food preparation and serving related occupations...................................................................... 437 447 409 494 411

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................................ 505 505 506 588 423

 Personal care and service occupations........................................................................................ 549 557 463 607 424

Sales and office occupations....................................................................................... 756 784 621 751 598

 Sales and related occupations................................................................................................... 835 867 666 795 628

 Office and administrative support occupations..................................................................... 673 694 603 737 566

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................................................... 757 771 668 794 586

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................... 472 475 480 408 431

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................................. 736 756 621 767 590

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. 824 836 716 892 673

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations........................................................... 674 697 591 587 553

 Production occupations................................................................................................................... 697 723 592 559 568

 Transportation and material moving occupations................................................................ 645 671 591 617 538

See note at end of table.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

2
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older............................................................................................... $706 $722 $606 $819 $541

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 973 973 889 1,163 851

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,049 1,041 982 1,225 868

 Management occupations........................................................................................ 1,103 1,105 1,025 1,223 907

 Business and financial operations occupations................................................................ 979 962 957 1,226 832

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................................... 944 946 837 1,136 842

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................................................... 1,174 1,168 958 1,255 896

 Architecture and engineering occupations.................................................................... 1,143 1,127 1,240 1,203 984

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................................................. 1,030 1,034 1,133 1,146 940

 Community and social services occupations.................................................................... 808 820 772 929 792

 Legal occupations....................................................................................................... 1,010 1,022 967 1,167 849

 Education, training, and library occupations...................................................................... 888 900 793 902 807

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................. 884 886 766 1,036 761

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 994 991 888 1,215 884

Service occupations............................................................................................................................ 452 453 442 490 406

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................................... 486 495 467 479 469

 Protective service occupations................................................................................ 643 682 604 589 619

 Food preparation and serving related occupations...................................................................... 400 401 386 465 371

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................................ 417 415 420 442 384

 Personal care and service occupations........................................................................................ 464 468 419 507 451

Sales and office occupations....................................................................................... 615 620 580 666 554

 Sales and related occupations................................................................................................... 566 587 420 610 475

 Office and administrative support occupations..................................................................... 628 632 609 687 589

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................................................... 578 567 587 585 404

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................... 368 367 371 363 352

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................................. 654 644 626 769 516

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. 710 700 819 593 622

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations........................................................... 498 501 500 488 410

 Production occupations................................................................................................................... 498 502 498 489 411

 Transportation and material-moving occupations................................................................ 497 499 504 484 407

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2013 annual averages—Continued 

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all

3
Technical Notes

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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample 

survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that 

provides a wide range of information on the labor force, 

employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are 

collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The 

survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically

selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and 

the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may 

be reproduced without permission. This information is 

available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. 

Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339. 

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions,

such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on 

active duty in the Armed Forces. 

Employed. Employed people are all those who, during 

the survey reference week (which is generally the week 

including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at 

all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, 

profession, or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or 

more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or 

businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or 

another reason also are counted as employed. 

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available 

for work (except for temporary illness), and had made 

specific efforts to find employment sometime during the

4-week period ending with the reference week. People who 

were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had 

been laid off need not have been looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of 

time (through the reference week) that people classified

as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on 

layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number 

of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration 

is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks 

of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a 

distribution of weeks of unemployment. 

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is 

categorized according to the status of individuals at 

the time they began to look for work. The reasons for 

unemployment are divided into four major groups: 

1. Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary 

layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or 

who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff 

need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), 

(b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended 

involuntarily and who began looking for work, and 

(c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began 

looking for work after the jobs ended. 

2. Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated 

their employment voluntarily and immediately began 

looking for work. 

3. Reentrants, people who previously worked but who 

were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job 

search. 

4. New entrants, people who had never worked. 

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people 

classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with

the criteria described above. 

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed 

as a percentage of the civilian labor force. 

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force 

as a percentage of the population.
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Employment-population ratio. This ratio is the number of 

employed as a percentage of the population. 

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached 

to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the 

labor force who wanted and were available for work and 

had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or 

since the end of their last job if they held one within the 

past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks 

preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, were not looking for work because 

they believed no jobs were available for them. 

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the 

job held during the reference week. People with two or 

more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry

in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The 

occupational and industry classification of CPS data is

based on the 2010 Census occupational classification

system and the 2012 Census industrial classification

system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard 

Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North

American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional

information about these classifications is available online at

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. 

White, Black or African American, Asian, American 

Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with the Office of

Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used 

to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people 

in these categories are those who selected that race group 

only. People who identify themselves as belonging to 

multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or 

More Races. (Previously, people of multiple race groups 

identified themselves with one group as their main race.)

People who identified themselves as Asian are further

classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese,

Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian 

category includes individuals of group not listed—such 

as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who 

reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American 

Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other 

Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are

not shown separately in all tables because the number 

of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates 

of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is

determined by the household respondent. More information 

on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic 

ethnicity is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/

cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being

of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals are 

further classified as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central

and South American, or Other Hispanic or Latino. People 

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may

be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in 

questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online 

at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before

taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in 

the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or 

hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as 

perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a 

definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the

term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 

or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage

and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people 

regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated). 

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that

divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one 

part having values above the median and the other having 

values below the median. The medians shown in this report 

are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered 

interval within which each median falls. 

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more

people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, 

or adoption; all such people are considered as members of 
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 3

one family. Families are classified either as married-couple

families or as families maintained by women or men 

without spouses. 

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children

under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included 

are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population 

values they represent. The component of this difference 

that occurs because samples differ by chance is known 

as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90- percent 

chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90- percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in 

the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide correct information, and errors made in the 

collection or processing of data. 

A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from 

the CPS and information on estimating standard errors 

is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.

htm#reliability.