U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

NOVEMBER 2015 REPORT 1057

BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 1

Labor Force Characteristics by 

Race and Ethnicity, 2014

I

n 2014, the overall unemployment rate for the United States 

was 6.2 percent; however, the rate varied across race and 

ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, the rates were 

higher for Blacks (11.3 percent), American Indians and Alaska 

Natives (11.3 percent), and people of Two or More Races (10.2 

percent) than for Asians (5.0 percent), Whites (5.3 percent), and 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (6.1 percent). The

jobless rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 7.4 

percent, higher than the rate of 5.9 percent for non-Hispanics. 

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity 

groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are 

measurable. These factors include variations across the groups 

in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in 

which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country 

in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they 

tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of 

discrimination encountered in the workplace. 

This report describes the labor force characteristics and 

earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity 

groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, 

and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also includes a limited amount 

of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two

or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic 

ethnicity. Recent editions of this report have included the 

following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, 

Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other 

Hispanic or Latino. This year, the latter two categories have 

been expanded into five additional categories—Salvadoran,

Other Central American, South American, Dominican, and 

Other Hispanic or Latino. Due to their relatively small sample 

sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables. 

The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich 

CONTENTS

Overview............................................................................ 1

Composition of the labor force .......................................... 2

Labor force participation.................................................... 2

Employment....................................................................... 3

Educational attainment....................................................... 3

Occupation and industry .................................................... 4

Families and mothers......................................................... 6

Unemployment and not in the labor force ......................... 6

Earnings ............................................................................. 7

Statistical Tables ................................................................ 8

Technical Notes................................................................ 58
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source of information on the labor force. For definitions of

terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical 

notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found 

at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 

The following sections highlight some of the major 

findings on the labor force characteristics of race and

ethnicity groups in 2014. 

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force 

(79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and 

Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less

than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 

percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest 

group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. 

Asian Indians made up 21 percent, followed by Filipinos 

(17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (9 percent), 

and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—

were classified as Other Asian, which includes individuals

who reported an Asian group not listed above—such 

as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who 

reported two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)

Sixteen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may 

be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the 

labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent 

were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of 

Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (62 percent). Central 

Americans—which includes Salvadorans and Other Central 

Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up 10 percent. 

Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were 

South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 

9 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos—

which includes Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos 

(excluding Dominicans). 

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and 

Other Pacific Islanders (67.6 percent) and Hispanics (66.1

percent) had the highest labor force participation rates, while 

American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.9 percent) and 

Blacks (61.2 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The 

participation rates were 63.6 percent for Asians, 63.1 percent 

for Whites, and 64.2 percent for people of Two or More Races. 

(See tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 and chart 1.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and 

ethnicity groups, Hispanics (81.0 percent) were more likely 

62.9 63.1 61.2 63.6 60.9

67.6

64.2 66.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total White Black or African

American

Asian American Indian

 and Alaska Native

Native Hawaiian

 and Other

 Pacific Islander

Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino

Percent

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Chart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages
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to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, 

while Blacks (67.3 percent) were the least likely. The labor 

force participation rate for Asian men (75.8 percent) was 

higher than the rate for White men (72.2 percent). Among 

adult women, Blacks (61.6 percent) were more likely than 

Hispanics (58.7 percent), Asians (58.0 percent), and Whites 

(57.9 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion 

of the population that is employed) ranged from 54.0 

percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 63.5 

percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders.

The employment–population ratio was 54.3 percent for 

Blacks, 57.6 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 

59.7 percent for Whites, 60.4 percent for Asians, and 61.2 

percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 5.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race 

and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.0 percent) continued 

to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks 

(59.7 percent) had the lowest employment–population ratio, 

continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–

population ratios for Asian men and White men were 

71.9 percent and 68.7 percent, respectively. Among adult 

women, the employment–population ratios were 55.6 

percent for Blacks, 55.4 percent for Asians, 55.1 percent for 

Whites, and 54.3 percent for Hispanics. (See table 3).

Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment–population 

ratio was higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or 

Blacks. The ratio for White teens (29.9 percent) was about 12 

percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (18.2 

percent) and Asian teens (18.1 percent) and about 6 percentage 

points higher than the ratio for Hispanic teens (23.5 percent). 

Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor 

force with at least a high school diploma was over 90 

percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 72 

percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high 

school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have 

graduated from college; 60 percent of Asians in the labor 

force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 38 

percent of Whites, 27 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of 

Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)

28

6

8

8

30

17

31

27

15

10

22

16

8

7

11

11

19

60

27

38

0 20 40 60 80 100

Hispanic or Latino

Asian

Black or African American

White

Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college, no degree

Associate's degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Chart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

Percent
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For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of 

education are generally associated with a greater likelihood 

of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. 

Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and 

Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were 

Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are typically 

more likely to be employed in higher-paying jobs—

such as those in management, professional, and related 

occupations—than are individuals with less education. 

For those age 25 and older, median earnings for all major 

race and ethnicity groups increased with educational 

attainment. However, Blacks and Hispanics generally 

had lower earnings than Whites and Asians at nearly all 

educational attainment levels. (See table 17.)

Occupation and industry

Occupational categories. Fifty-one percent of Asians 

worked in management, professional, and related 

occupations—the highest paying major occupational 

category—compared with 39 percent of employed Whites, 

30 percent of employed Blacks, and 21 percent of employed 

Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.) 

Among employed men, 53 percent of Asians worked 

in management, professional, and related occupations, 

compared with 36 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, 

and 17 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black 

and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, 

whereas about 1 in 10 employed Asian and White men 

worked in these occupations. Employed Black and 

Hispanic men were also more likely than White and Asian 

men to work in production, transportation, and material 

moving occupations. Twenty-six percent of employed 

Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, 

and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent 

of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of 

Asian men.

11

16

10

16

10

6

3

16

23 24

19

21

16

25

17

26

39

30

51

21

0

20

40

60

80

100

White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino

Percent of employed

Management, professional,

and related

Service

Sales and office

Natural resources,

construction, and

maintenance

Production, transportation,

and material moving

Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Chart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages
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Employed Asian and White women were more likely 

than other employed women to work in management, 

professional, and related occupations—49 percent of Asian 

women and 43 percent of White women, compared with 

35 percent of Black women and 26 percent of Hispanic 

women. Among employed women, 63 percent of Hispanics 

worked in two job groups—service occupations and sales 

and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of

Blacks, 51 percent of Whites, and 44 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment 

but were overrepresented by a substantial amount in several 

detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous 

agricultural workers (49 percent), maids and housekeeping 

cleaners (44 percent), and grounds maintenance workers 

(44 percent). Blacks made up 11 percent of all employed 

workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of 

those in several specific occupations, including nursing,

psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); security 

guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent), and

bus drivers (26 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent 

of all employed workers but made up a much larger share 

of workers in several occupation categories, including 

miscellaneous personal appearance workers (55 percent), 

software developers (32 percent), and physicians and 

surgeons (21 percent). Whites made up 80 percent of all 

employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, 

ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 93 percent of 

construction managers; and 91 percent of chief executives. 

(See table 8.)

Industry. Among employed men, Hispanics were more 

likely to work in the construction industry (19 percent) than 

were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 

percent). Employed Black men were more likely than other 

employed men to work in transportation and utilities (12 

percent). Eighteen percent of employed Asian men worked 

in professional and business services, higher than the shares 

of Whites (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black 

men (11 percent). A large share of employed women in all 

race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health 

services—Blacks (41 percent), Whites (35 percent), Asians 

(31 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). (See table 9.)

6.2

5.3

11.3

5.0

11.3

6.1

10.2

7.4

0

5

10

15

20

Total White Black or African

American

Asian American Indian

and Alaska Native

Native Hawaiian

and Other Pacific

Islander

Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino

Percent

Chart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages 

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Families and mothers

Among Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family 

member, compared with 86 percent of Hispanic families 

and 80 percent of White families. Black families were 

the least likely to have an employed family member (76 

percent). (See table 10.) 

Women without a spouse present maintained 44 percent of 

Black families and 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women 

without a spouse present maintained about 16 percent of 

White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among 

families maintained by women without a spouse present, 

Asian families were the most likely to have an employed 

family member (82 percent), while Black families were 

least likely to have an employed family member (71 

percent). Seventy-six percent of Hispanic and White 

families that were maintained by women had at least one 

employed family member. In general, families maintained 

by women without a spouse present are less likely to have 

an employed family member than married-couple families 

and families maintained by men. 

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers 

(75.4 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than 

White (69.8 percent), Asian (64.3 percent), or Hispanic 

(62.0 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Unemployment and not in the labor 

force

Unemployment. Jobless rates varied considerably by race 

and ethnicity. Blacks (11.3 percent), American Indians and 

Alaska Natives (11.3 percent), and individuals of Two or 

More Races (10.2 percent) had higher unemployment rates 

than Asians (5.0 percent), Whites (5.3 percent), and Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (6.1 percent). The

unemployment rate was 7.4 percent for Hispanics. (See 

tables 1, 2, 3, and 12 and charts 4 and 5.)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Percent

Black Hispanic White Asian

Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data for Asians only available since 2000.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Chart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2014 annual averages
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Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, the jobless 

rates for adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) 

were 11.3 percent and 9.8 percent, respectively. The 

unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 6.1 

percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 7.5 

percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White 

men was 4.9 percent, and the rate for adult White women 

was 4.8 percent. For adult Asian men and women, the 

unemployment rates were 5.1 percent and 4.5 percent, 

respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment 

rate—33.0 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, 

White, and Asian teenagers were 22.5 percent, 17.3 percent, 

and 14.0 percent, respectively. 

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods 

of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians 

was 19.5 weeks and 16.3 weeks, respectively, compared 

with 12.9 weeks for Whites and 12.4 weeks for Hispanics. 

(See table 13.)

Of the 9.6 million unemployed people, 51 percent (4.9 

million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their 

jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the 

labor force (29 percent), new entrants (11 percent), and job 

leavers (9 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed 

people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and 

ethnicity group, 53 percent of Whites and 50 percent of 

Hispanics were job losers, compared with 47 percent 

of Blacks and 46 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of 

unemployed Asians, 13 percent of unemployed Blacks, 

13 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 10 percent of 

unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. 

(See table 14.) 

Not in the labor force. Blacks made up 12 percent of the 

civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally 

attached to the labor force. People marginally attached to 

the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor 

force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had 

looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but 

not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and 

Asians were represented among the marginally attached 

nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. 

Whites were underrepresented among the marginally 

attached relative to their share of the labor force—79 

percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the 

marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion 

of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share 

of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, are people not currently looking for 

work because they believe no jobs are available for them. 

(See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and 

Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings 

of full-time wage and salary workers were $594 for 

Hispanics and $639 for Blacks, compared with $816 for 

Whites and $953 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for 

Whites ($897), Blacks ($680), and Hispanics ($616) were 

83 percent, 63 percent, and 57 percent, respectively, of 

the earnings of Asians ($1,080). The median earnings of 

White women ($734), Black women ($611), and Hispanic 

women ($548) were 87 percent, 73 percent, and 65 percent, 

respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($841). (See 

table 16.)

Men. The earnings disparity across the major race and 

ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major 

occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly 

earnings of Asian men ($1,516) and White men ($1,356) 

working full time in management, professional, and related 

occupations (the highest paying major occupation group) 

were well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,107) and 

Black men ($1,012) in the same occupation group. (See 

table 18.)

Women. Median weekly earnings for women by race 

and ethnicity groups were fairly close across a number 

of occupations. For example, among women in service 

occupations, the earnings were $479 for Asians, $465 

for Blacks, $458 for Whites, and $416 for Hispanics. 

By contrast, in management, professional, and related 

occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than 

those for women in other race and ethnicity groups. 
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Statistical Tables
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(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total..................................................................... 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

 Men.................................................................. 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

 Women............................................................ 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

White... ................................................................. 195,498 123,327 63.1 116,788 59.7 6,540 5.3 72,170

 Men.................................................................. 95,513 66,680 69.8 63,108 66.1 3,572 5.4 28,834

 Women............................................................ 99,984 56,648 56.7 53,680 53.7 2,968 5.2 43,337

Black or African American....................................... 30,843 18,873 61.2 16,732 54.3 2,141 11.3 11,970

 Men.................................................................. 13,997 8,909 63.6 7,818 55.9 1,091 12.2 5,089

 Women............................................................ 16,846 9,964 59.2 8,915 52.9 1,050 10.5 6,881

Asian.................................................................. 13,785 8,760 63.6 8,325 60.4 436 5.0 5,024

 Men.................................................................. 6,420 4,648 72.4 4,403 68.6 246 5.3 1,771

 Women............................................................ 7,365 4,112 55.8 3,922 53.3 190 4.6 3,253

American Indian and Alaska Native........................... 2,633 1,602 60.9 1,421 54.0 181 11.3 1,031

 Men.................................................................. 1,302 874 67.2 770 59.2 104 11.9 428

 Women............................................................ 1,331 728 54.7 651 48.9 77 10.6 603

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.................. 847 572 67.6 537 63.5 35 6.1 274

 Men.................................................................. 418 308 73.8 291 69.6 17 5.7 110

 Women............................................................ 429 264 61.6 246 57.5 18 6.6 165

Two or More Races................................................ 4,342 2,787 64.2 2,502 57.6 285 10.2 1,555

 Men.................................................................. 2,098 1,463 69.7 1,303 62.1 160 10.9 635

 Women............................................................ 2,245 1,324 59.0 1,199 53.4 125 9.5 920

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2014 annual 

averages

Gender and race

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 
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(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total............................................................... 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

Men............................................................ 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

Women......................................................... 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

Asian............................................................ 13,785 8,760 63.6 8,325 60.4 436 5.0 5,024

Men............................................................ 6,420 4,648 72.4 4,403 68.6 246 5.3 1,771

Women......................................................... 7,365 4,112 55.8 3,922 53.3 190 4.6 3,253

Asian Indian................................................... 2,657 1,797 67.6 1,727 65.0 70 3.9 860

Chinese...................................................... 3,069 1,920 62.6 1,821 59.3 100 5.2 1,148

Filipino......................................................... 2,201 1,482 67.4 1,410 64.1 72 4.9 718

Japanese...................................................... 777 434 55.9 424 54.6 10 2.3 343

Korean......................................................... 1,275 770 60.4 724 56.8 46 6.0 504

Vietnamese................................................... 1,427 892 62.5 844 59.2 48 5.4 535

Other Asian................................................... 2,379 1,463 61.5 1,374 57.8 89 6.1 916

Hispanic or Latino............................................. 38,400 25,370 66.1 23,492 61.2 1,878 7.4 13,030

 Men............................................................ 19,244 14,651 76.1 13,655 71.0 996 6.8 4,593

 Women...................................................... 19,156 10,720 56.0 9,838 51.4 882 8.2 8,437

Mexican........................................................ 23,829 15,768 66.2 14,629 61.4 1,139 7.2 8,061

 Men......................................................... 12,150 9,339 76.9 8,741 71.9 598 6.4 2,811

 Women...................................................... 11,679 6,429 55.0 5,888 50.4 541 8.4 5,250

Puerto Rican................................................. 3,515 2,114 60.1 1,891 53.8 224 10.6 1,401

 Men......................................................... 1,699 1,140 67.1 1,014 59.7 126 11.0 559

 Women...................................................... 1,816 974 53.7 876 48.3 98 10.1 842

Cuban.......................................................... 1,659 1,009 60.8 950 57.3 59 5.8 650

 Men......................................................... 828 561 67.7 533 64.4 28 4.9 268

 Women...................................................... 830 448 53.9 417 50.2 31 6.9 383

Central American........................................... 3,579 2,628 73.4 2,448 68.4 180 6.9 951

 Men......................................................... 1,886 1,615 85.6 1,509 80.0 106 6.6 272

 Women...................................................... 1,693 1,014 59.9 940 55.5 74 7.3 679

Salvadoran................................................. 1,438 1,075 74.8 1,005 69.9 71 6.6 363

 Men...................................................... 712 611 85.8 571 80.2 40 6.5 101

 Women................................................... 727 465 64.0 434 59.8 31 6.6 262

Other Central American1

............................... 2,141 1,553 72.5 1,443 67.4 110 7.1 588

 Men...................................................... 1,175 1,004 85.5 938 79.8 66 6.6 171

 Women................................................... 966 549 56.8 506 52.3 44 7.9 417

South American.............................................. 2,393 1,672 69.9 1,567 65.5 106 6.3 721

 Men......................................................... 1,109 873 78.7 825 74.4 48 5.5 236

 Women...................................................... 1,284 799 62.2 741 57.7 58 7.2 485

Other Hispanic or Latino.................................. 3,425 2,179 63.6 2,008 58.6 171 7.9 1,246

 Men......................................................... 1,571 1,123 71.5 1,032 65.7 91 8.1 448

 Women...................................................... 1,854 1,056 56.9 976 52.6 80 7.6 798

Dominican................................................. 1,379 896 65.0 818 59.4 78 8.7 482

 Men...................................................... 587 420 71.5 381 65.0 39 9.2 167

 Women................................................... 792 476 60.2 437 55.2 39 8.3 315

Other Hispanic or Latino2

............................... 2,047 1,283 62.7 1,189 58.1 93 7.3 764

 Men...................................................... 984 704 71.5 651 66.1 53 7.5 281

 Women................................................... 1,062 579 54.5 539 50.7 41 7.0 483

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or 

Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2014 annual averages

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
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(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Hispanic or Latino............................................ 38,400 25,370 66.1 23,492 61.2 1,878 7.4 13,030

 Men......................................................... 19,244 14,651 76.1 13,655 71.0 996 6.8 4,593

 Women...................................................... 19,156 10,720 56.0 9,838 51.4 882 8.2 8,437

White Hispanic or Latino................................. 34,305 22,666 66.1 21,042 61.3 1,624 7.2 11,638

 Men......................................................... 17,236 13,165 76.4 12,308 71.4 857 6.5 4,072

 Women................................................... 17,068 9,501 55.7 8,734 51.2 767 8.1 7,567

Black Hispanic or Latino................................. 1,756 1,131 64.4 1,018 58.0 113 10.0 625

 Men......................................................... 789 560 71.0 503 63.8 57 10.2 230

 Women................................................... 967 571 59.0 516 53.4 56 9.8 395

Asian Hispanic or Latino................................. 317 224 70.7 206 65.0 19 8.5 92

 Men......................................................... 163 120 73.6 113 69.3 8 6.7 42

 Women................................................... 154 104 67.5 93 60.4 11 10.6 50

Non-Hispanic or Latino...................................... 209,546 130,552 62.3 122,813 58.6 7,739 5.9 78,995

 Men......................................................... 100,504 68,232 67.9 64,038 63.7 4,194 6.1 32,272

 Women...................................................... 109,042 62,320 57.2 58,775 53.9 3,545 5.7 46,723

White non-Hispanic or Latino........................... 161,193 100,661 62.4 95,746 59.4 4,916 4.9 60,532

 Men......................................................... 78,277 53,515 68.4 50,800 64.9 2,715 5.1 24,762

 Women................................................... 82,916 47,147 56.9 44,946 54.2 2,201 4.7 35,770

Black non-Hispanic or Latino........................... 29,087 17,742 61.0 15,714 54.0 2,028 11.4 11,345

 Men......................................................... 13,208 8,349 63.2 7,315 55.4 1,034 12.4 4,859

 Women................................................... 15,879 9,393 59.2 8,399 52.9 994 10.6 6,486

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino........................... 13,468 8,536 63.4 8,119 60.3 417 4.9 4,932

 Men......................................................... 6,257 4,528 72.4 4,290 68.6 238 5.3 1,729

 Women................................................... 7,211 4,008 55.6 3,829 53.1 179 4.5 3,203

1

 Excludes Salvadoran

2

 Excludes Dominican

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or 

Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2014 annual averages—Continued

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
12 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total

Total, 16 years and older.................. 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

 16 to 19 years.............................. 16,633 5,654 34.0 4,548 27.3 1,106 19.6 10,979

 20 years and older........................ 231,314 150,268 65.0 141,757 61.3 8,511 5.7 81,045

 20 to 24 years.............................. 22,079 15,641 70.8 13,894 62.9 1,747 11.2 6,438

 25 to 54 years.............................. 124,511 100,767 80.9 95,497 76.7 5,270 5.2 23,744

 55 to 64 years.............................. 39,764 25,502 64.1 24,395 61.4 1,107 4.3 14,262

 65 years and older........................ 44,959 8,358 18.6 7,971 17.7 387 4.6 36,602

Men, 16 years and older.................. 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

 16 to 19 years.............................. 8,449 2,827 33.5 2,222 26.3 605 21.4 5,622

 20 years and older........................ 111,299 80,056 71.9 75,471 67.8 4,585 5.7 31,243

 20 to 24 years.............................. 11,067 8,182 73.9 7,187 64.9 996 12.2 2,885

 25 to 54 years.............................. 61,149 53,925 88.2 51,146 83.6 2,779 5.2 7,224

 55 to 64 years.............................. 19,116 13,361 69.9 12,762 66.8 600 4.5 5,755

 65 years and older........................ 19,967 4,587 23.0 4,377 21.9 210 4.6 15,380

 Women, 16 years and older............... 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

 16 to 19 years.............................. 8,184 2,827 34.5 2,326 28.4 501 17.7 5,357

 20 years and older........................ 120,014 70,212 58.5 66,287 55.2 3,926 5.6 49,802

 20 to 24 years.............................. 11,012 7,459 67.7 6,707 60.9 751 10.1 3,554

 25 to 54 years.............................. 63,362 46,842 73.9 44,351 70.0 2,490 5.3 16,520

 55 to 64 years.............................. 20,648 12,141 58.8 11,634 56.3 507 4.2 8,507

 65 years and older........................ 24,992 3,771 15.1 3,594 14.4 177 4.7 21,221

White

Total, 16 years and older.................. 195,498 123,327 63.1 116,788 59.7 6,540 5.3 72,170

 16 to 19 years.............................. 12,377 4,476 36.2 3,701 29.9 775 17.3 7,901

 20 years and older........................ 183,121 118,851 64.9 113,087 61.8 5,764 4.9 64,269

 20 to 24 years.............................. 16,329 11,927 73.0 10,842 66.4 1,084 9.1 4,402

 25 to 54 years.............................. 95,984 78,537 81.8 74,992 78.1 3,545 4.5 17,447

 55 to 64 years.............................. 32,450 21,181 65.3 20,351 62.7 829 3.9 11,270

 65 years and older........................ 38,358 7,207 18.8 6,902 18.0 305 4.2 31,150

Men, 16 years and older.................. 95,513 66,680 69.8 63,108 66.1 3,572 5.4 28,834

 16 to 19 years.............................. 6,321 2,250 35.6 1,819 28.8 431 19.2 4,071

 20 years and older........................ 89,193 64,430 72.2 61,289 68.7 3,141 4.9 24,763

 20 to 24 years.............................. 8,250 6,309 76.5 5,681 68.9 628 9.9 1,941

 25 to 54 years.............................. 47,925 42,845 89.4 40,945 85.4 1,900 4.4 5,080

 55 to 64 years.............................. 15,794 11,266 71.3 10,817 68.5 449 4.0 4,528

 65 years and older........................ 17,224 4,011 23.3 3,847 22.3 164 4.1 13,213

 Women, 16 years and older............... 99,984 56,648 56.7 53,680 53.7 2,968 5.2 43,337

 16 to 19 years.............................. 6,056 2,226 36.8 1,882 31.1 344 15.5 3,830

 20 years and older........................ 93,928 54,421 57.9 51,798 55.1 2,623 4.8 39,507

 20 to 24 years.............................. 8,079 5,618 69.5 5,161 63.9 457 8.1 2,461

 25 to 54 years.............................. 48,059 35,692 74.3 34,047 70.8 1,645 4.6 12,367

 55 to 64 years.............................. 16,656 9,915 59.5 9,535 57.2 380 3.8 6,741

 65 years and older........................ 21,134 3,196 15.1 3,055 14.5 141 4.4 17,937

See note at end of table.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2014 annual averages

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 13

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older.................. 30,843 18,873 61.2 16,732 54.3 2,141 11.3 11,970

 16 to 19 years.............................. 2,508 681 27.2 456 18.2 225 33.0 1,827

 20 years and older........................ 28,335 18,192 64.2 16,276 57.4 1,916 10.5 10,143

 20 to 24 years.............................. 3,460 2,305 66.6 1,839 53.2 466 20.2 1,155

 25 to 54 years.............................. 16,287 12,712 78.1 11,498 70.6 1,214 9.5 3,575

 55 to 64 years.............................. 4,573 2,528 55.3 2,342 51.2 186 7.3 2,045

 65 years and older........................ 4,015 648 16.1 596 14.9 51 7.9 3,367

Men, 16 years and older.................. 13,997 8,909 63.6 7,818 55.9 1,091 12.2 5,089

 16 to 19 years.............................. 1,246 323 25.9 205 16.4 118 36.5 923

 20 years and older........................ 12,751 8,586 67.3 7,613 59.7 973 11.3 4,165

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1,675 1,138 67.9 887 52.9 251 22.1 537

 25 to 54 years.............................. 7,401 5,975 80.7 5,373 72.6 602 10.1 1,426

 55 to 64 years.............................. 2,062 1,176 57.0 1,081 52.4 95 8.0 886

 65 years and older........................ 1,613 297 18.4 272 16.9 25 8.5 1,316

 Women, 16 years and older............... 16,846 9,964 59.2 8,915 52.9 1,050 10.5 6,881

 16 to 19 years.............................. 1,262 358 28.4 252 19.9 106 29.7 904

 20 years and older........................ 15,584 9,606 61.6 8,663 55.6 943 9.8 5,978

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1,785 1,167 65.4 952 53.3 215 18.4 618

 25 to 54 years.............................. 8,886 6,737 75.8 6,126 68.9 611 9.1 2,149

 55 to 64 years.............................. 2,511 1,352 53.8 1,261 50.2 91 6.7 1,159

 65 years and older........................ 2,402 351 14.6 325 13.5 26 7.4 2,052

Asian

Total, 16 years and older.................. 13,785 8,760 63.6 8,325 60.4 436 5.0 5,024

 16 to 19 years.............................. 821 173 21.0 149 18.1 24 14.0 648

 20 years and older........................ 12,963 8,587 66.2 8,176 63.1 411 4.8 4,376

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1,222 664 54.3 587 48.0 76 11.5 559

 25 to 54 years.............................. 8,001 6,270 78.4 6,015 75.2 255 4.1 1,731

 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,878 1,293 68.9 1,232 65.6 61 4.7 584

 65 years and older........................ 1,862 361 19.4 342 18.4 19 5.2 1,501

Men, 16 years and older.................. 6,420 4,648 72.4 4,403 68.6 246 5.3 1,771

 16 to 19 years.............................. 397 85 21.3 70 17.6 15 17.6 312

 20 years and older........................ 6,023 4,564 75.8 4,333 71.9 231 5.1 1,459

 20 to 24 years.............................. 627 356 56.8 310 49.4 47 13.1 271

 25 to 54 years.............................. 3,744 3,342 89.3 3,208 85.7 134 4.0 401

 55 to 64 years.............................. 846 663 78.4 625 73.9 38 5.8 183

 65 years and older........................ 807 202 25.1 190 23.6 12 5.9 605

 Women, 16 years and older............... 7,365 4,112 55.8 3,922 53.3 190 4.6 3,253

 16 to 19 years.............................. 424 88 20.8 79 18.6 9 10.5 336

 20 years and older........................ 6,940 4,024 58.0 3,843 55.4 180 4.5 2,917

 20 to 24 years.............................. 595 307 51.6 277 46.6 30 9.7 288

 25 to 54 years.............................. 4,257 2,927 68.8 2,807 65.9 121 4.1 1,330

 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,032 630 61.1 607 58.8 23 3.6 402

 65 years and older........................ 1,056 159 15.0 152 14.4 7 4.4 897

See note at end of table.

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2014 annual averages—Continued
14 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older.................. 38,400 25,370 66.1 23,492 61.2 1,878 7.4 13,030

 16 to 19 years.............................. 3,662 1,109 30.3 859 23.5 250 22.5 2,553

 20 years and older........................ 34,738 24,261 69.8 22,633 65.2 1,628 6.7 10,477

 20 to 24 years.............................. 4,642 3,315 71.4 2,947 63.5 368 11.1 1,327

 25 to 54 years.............................. 22,639 17,895 79.0 16,816 74.3 1,079 6.0 4,744

 55 to 64 years.............................. 3,989 2,460 61.7 2,313 58.0 147 6.0 1,529

 65 years and older........................ 3,467 591 17.0 557 16.1 33 5.7 2,876

Men, 16 years and older.................. 19,244 14,651 76.1 13,655 71.0 996 6.8 4,593

 16 to 19 years.............................. 1,873 584 31.2 453 24.2 132 22.5 1,288

 20 years and older........................ 17,371 14,066 81.0 13,202 76.0 864 6.1 3,305

 20 to 24 years.............................. 2,389 1,862 77.9 1,655 69.3 207 11.1 527

 25 to 54 years.............................. 11,563 10,476 90.6 9,922 85.8 554 5.3 1,087

 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,920 1,399 72.9 1,317 68.6 82 5.9 521

 65 years and older........................ 1,499 329 21.9 307 20.5 22 6.6 1,170

 Women, 16 years and older............... 19,156 10,720 56.0 9,838 51.4 882 8.2 8,437

 16 to 19 years.............................. 1,790 525 29.3 407 22.7 118 22.5 1,265

 20 years and older........................ 17,367 10,195 58.7 9,431 54.3 764 7.5 7,172

 20 to 24 years.............................. 2,253 1,453 64.5 1,291 57.3 162 11.1 800

 25 to 54 years.............................. 11,076 7,418 67.0 6,893 62.2 525 7.1 3,658

 55 to 64 years.............................. 2,070 1,061 51.3 997 48.2 65 6.1 1,008

 65 years and older........................ 1,968 262 13.3 250 12.7 12 4.5 1,706

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of

population 

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2014 annual averages—Continued

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 15

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972....... 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 — — — — — —

1973......... 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 — — — 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974......... 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 — — — 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975......... 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 ——— 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976......... 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 — — — 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977......... 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 — — — 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978......... 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 — — — 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979......... 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 — — — 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980......... 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 ——— 64.0 81.4

1981......... 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 — — — 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982......... 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 — — — 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983......... 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 — — — 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984......... 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 — — — 64.9 80.6 49.7

1985......... 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 ——— 64.6 80.4 49.3

1986......... 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 — — — 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987......... 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 — — — 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988......... 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 — — — 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989......... 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 — — — 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990......... 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 ——— 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991......... 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 — — — 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992......... 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 — — — 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993......... 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 — — — 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994......... 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 — — — 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995......... 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 ——— 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996......... 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 — — — 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997......... 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 — — — 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998......... 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 — — — 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999......... 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 — — — 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000......... 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001......... 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002......... 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003......... 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004......... 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005......... 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006......... 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007......... 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008......... 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009......... 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010......... 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011......... 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012......... 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013......... 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014....... 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

See note at end of table.

Year

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual averages

47.4
16 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003............ 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004............ 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005............ 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006............ 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007............ 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008............ 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009............ 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010.......... 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011.......... 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012.......... 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013............ 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014............ 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

Year

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native 

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than

one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included 

in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, 

Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual 

averages—Continued
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 17

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 5. Employment–population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual averages 

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972....... 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 — — — — — —

1973......... 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 — — — 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974......... 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 — — — 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975......... 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 ——— 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976......... 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 — — — 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977......... 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 — — — 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978......... 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 — — — 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979......... 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 — — — 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980......... 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 ——— 57.6 73.5

1981......... 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 — — — 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982......... 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 — — — 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983......... 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 — — — 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984......... 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 — — — 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985......... 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 ——— 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986......... 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 — — — 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987......... 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 — — — 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988......... 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 — — — 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989......... 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 — — — 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990......... 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 ——— 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991......... 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 — — — 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992......... 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 — — — 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993......... 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 — — — 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994......... 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 — — — 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995......... 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 ——— 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996......... 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 — — — 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997......... 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 — — — 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998......... 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 — — — 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999......... 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 — — — 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000......... 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001......... 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002......... 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003......... 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004......... 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005......... 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006......... 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007......... 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008......... 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009......... 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010......... 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011...... 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012........ 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013......... 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014....... 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

See note at end of table.

Year

42.4
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Table 5. Employment-population ratio by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual averages 

—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003.............. 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004.............. 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005............... 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006.............. 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007............... 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008............... 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009............... 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010............... 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011............... 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012.............. 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013.............. 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014............... 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

Year

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native 

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than

one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were 

included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; 

beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 19

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years

 and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 209,234 24,143 62,060 34,856 20,839 67,337

Civilian labor force........................................ 134,627 10,828 36,033 22,518 14,802 50,446

Percent of population........................ 64.3 44.9 58.1 64.6 71.0 74.9

Employed.................................................. 127,863 9,852 33,865 21,159 14,139 48,848

Employment-population ratio............... 61.1 40.8 54.6 60.7 67.9 72.5

Unemployed.............................................. 6,764 976 2,167 1,359 663 1,599

Unemployment rate................................ 5.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 3.2

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 100,232 12,056 30,467 16,572 8,927 32,210

Civilian labor force........................................ 71,873 6,967 20,683 11,825 6,824 25,574

Percent of population........................ 71.7 57.8 67.9 71.4 76.4 79.4

Employed.................................................. 68,284 6,410 19,403 11,151 6,531 24,791

Employment-population ratio............... 68.1 53.2 63.7 67.3 73.2 77.0

Unemployed.............................................. 3,589 557 1,280 674 294 784

Unemployment rate................................ 5.0 8.0 6.2 5.7 4.3 3.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 109,002 12,087 31,592 18,284 11,911 35,127

Civilian labor force........................................ 62,754 3,861 15,349 10,693 7,978 24,872

Percent of population........................ 57.6 31.9 48.6 58.5 67.0 70.8

Employed.................................................. 59,579 3,442 14,462 10,009 7,609 24,057

Employment-population ratio............... 54.7 28.5 45.8 54.7 63.9 68.5

Unemployed.............................................. 3,174 419 887 685 369 815

Unemployment rate................................ 5.1 10.8 5.8 6.4 4.6 3.3

White

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 166,792 18,527 49,627 27,457 17,025 54,157

Civilian labor force........................................ 106,925 8,565 28,599 17,454 12,048 40,258

Percent of population........................ 64.1 46.2 57.6 63.6 70.8 74.3

Employed.................................................. 102,245 7,895 27,132 16,556 11,556 39,106

Employment-population ratio............... 61.3 42.6 54.7 60.3 67.9 72.2

Unemployed.............................................. 4,680 670 1,467 898 493 1,152

Unemployment rate................................ 4.4 7.8 5.1 5.1 4.1 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 80,943 9,488 24,503 13,222 7,377 26,353

Civilian labor force........................................ 58,121 5,681 16,711 9,399 5,644 20,686

Percent of population........................ 71.8 59.9 68.2 71.1 76.5 78.5

Employed.................................................. 55,608 5,299 15,830 8,942 5,424 20,113

Employment-population ratio............... 68.7 55.9 64.6 67.6 73.5 76.3

Unemployed.............................................. 2,513 382 880 457 221 573

Unemployment rate................................ 4.3 6.7 5.3 4.9 3.9 2.8

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 85,849 9,039 25,124 14,235 9,648 27,803

Civilian labor force........................................ 48,804 2,884 11,889 8,056 6,404 19,572

Percent of population........................ 56.8 31.9 47.3 56.6 66.4 70.4

Employed.................................................. 46,637 2,596 11,302 7,614 6,132 18,993

Employment-population ratio............... 54.3 28.7 45.0 53.5 63.6 68.3

Unemployed.............................................. 2,167 288 587 441 272 579

Unemployment rate................................ 4.4 10.0 4.9 5.5 4.2 3.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages
20 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 24,875 3,461 8,382 5,029 2,482 5,522

Civilian labor force........................................ 15,887 1,308 4,976 3,464 1,797 4,341

Percent of population........................ 63.9 37.8 59.4 68.9 72.4 78.6

Employed.................................................. 14,437 1,084 4,442 3,119 1,674 4,117

Employment-population ratio............... 58.0 31.3 53.0 62.0 67.5 74.6

Unemployed.............................................. 1,450 225 534 345 122 224

Unemployment rate................................ 9.1 17.2 10.7 10.0 6.8 5.2

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 11,076 1,626 4,064 2,219 951 2,215

Civilian labor force........................................ 7,448 722 2,614 1,592 707 1,812

Percent of population........................ 67.2 44.4 64.3 71.7 74.4 81.8

Employed.................................................. 6,726 592 2,319 1,433 662 1,720

Employment-population ratio............... 60.7 36.4 57.1 64.6 69.6 77.6

Unemployed.............................................. 722 130 295 159 45 93

Unemployment rate................................ 9.7 18.0 11.3 10.0 6.4 5.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 13,799 1,834 4,318 2,810 1,531 3,306

Civilian labor force........................................ 8,439 586 2,362 1,872 1,089 2,529

Percent of population........................ 61.2 32.0 54.7 66.6 71.2 76.5

Employed.................................................. 7,711 492 2,123 1,686 1,012 2,398

Employment-population ratio............... 55.9 26.8 49.2 60.0 66.1 72.5

Unemployed.............................................. 728 95 239 186 77 131

Unemployment rate................................ 8.6 16.1 10.1 10.0 7.1 5.2

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 11,741 1,213 2,280 1,174 749 6,325

Civilian labor force........................................ 7,924 493 1,350 774 542 4,765

Percent of population........................ 67.5 40.6 59.2 66.0 72.4 75.3

Employed.................................................. 7,589 459 1,289 732 521 4,589

Employment-population ratio............... 64.6 37.8 56.5 62.3 69.5 72.6

Unemployed.............................................. 335 34 61 43 21 176

Unemployment rate................................ 4.2 6.9 4.5 5.5 3.9 3.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 5,396 450 973 570 338 3,064

Civilian labor force........................................ 4,207 249 693 411 270 2,585

Percent of population........................ 78.0 55.4 71.2 72.1 79.8 84.3

Employed.................................................. 4,023 232 656 388 256 2,491

Employment-population ratio............... 74.6 51.5 67.4 68.0 75.8 81.3

Unemployed.............................................. 184 17 37 23 14 93

Unemployment rate................................ 4.4 6.9 5.3 5.6 5.1 3.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 6,345 763 1,307 604 411 3,261

Civilian labor force........................................ 3,716 243 657 363 272 2,180

Percent of population........................ 58.6 31.9 50.3 60.2 66.2 66.9

Employed.................................................. 3,566 227 633 344 265 2,098

Employment-population ratio............... 56.2 29.7 48.4 56.9 64.4 64.3

Unemployed.............................................. 151 17 24 19 8 83

Unemployment rate................................ 4.1 6.9 3.7 5.4 2.8 3.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 21

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college1

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 30,096 9,683 9,098 4,236 2,227 4,851

Civilian labor force........................................ 20,946 5,792 6,349 3,187 1,725 3,893

Percent of population........................ 69.6 59.8 69.8 75.2 77.5 80.2

Employed.................................................. 19,686 5,365 5,954 2,990 1,636 3,741

Employment-population ratio............... 65.4 55.4 65.4 70.6 73.5 77.1

Unemployed.............................................. 1,260 428 395 197 89 151

Unemployment rate................................ 6.0 7.4 6.2 6.2 5.2 3.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 14,982 4,991 4,677 2,094 958 2,263

Civilian labor force........................................ 12,204 3,876 3,806 1,740 826 1,957

Percent of population........................ 81.5 77.6 81.4 83.1 86.2 86.5

Employed.................................................. 11,546 3,651 3,584 1,637 791 1,883

Employment-population ratio............... 77.1 73.2 76.6 78.2 82.6 83.2

Unemployed.............................................. 658 224 222 102 35 74

Unemployment rate................................ 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.9 4.3 3.8

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............... 15,114 4,692 4,421 2,142 1,270 2,589

Civilian labor force........................................ 8,742 1,917 2,543 1,447 899 1,936

Percent of population........................ 57.8 40.8 57.5 67.6 70.8 74.8

Employed.................................................. 8,140 1,713 2,370 1,353 845 1,859

Employment-population ratio............... 53.9 36.5 53.6 63.2 66.6 71.8

Unemployed.............................................. 602 203 173 94 54 78

Unemployment rate................................ 6.9 10.6 6.8 6.5 6.0 4.0

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)....................................................... 146,305 116,788 16,732 8,325 23,492

Percent............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................. 38.3 39.0 29.5 50.7 20.8

Management, business, and financial operations.................................... 15.8 16.7 10.4 16.9 8.8

Management occupations............................................................... 11.1 11.9 6.5 10.5 6.3

Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 4.8 4.8 3.9 6.4 2.5

Professional and related occupations................................................... 22.5 22.3 19.1 33.8 12.0

Computer and mathematical occupations.......................................... 2.9 2.6 2.1 9.9 1.2

Architecture and engineering occupations.......................................... 1.9 1.9 0.9 3.9 1.0

Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................... 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.0 0.4

Community and social services occupations....................................... 1.7 1.6 2.6 1.0 1.2

Legal occupations........................................................................ 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.6

Education, training, and library occupations....................................... 5.9 6.2 5.4 4.6 3.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................. 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.8 1.2

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................. 5.8 5.6 5.7 9.6 2.8

Service occupations........................................................................... 17.7 16.5 25.0 16.7 25.7

Healthcare support occupations......................................................... 2.4 1.9 5.3 2.1 2.4

Protective service occupations............................................................ 2.1 2.0 3.7 0.9 1.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations................................. 5.5 5.3 6.1 5.9 8.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................. 4.0 3.9 5.1 2.4 9.1

Personal care and service occupations................................................ 3.6 3.3 4.8 5.4 3.8

Sales and office occupations............................................................... 22.8 22.9 23.9 19.4 21.2

Sales and related occupations............................................................ 10.7 10.9 10.0 10.0 9.8

Office and administrative support occupations....................................... 12.1 12.0 13.9 9.3 11.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................. 9.3 10.1 5.9 3.3 15.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................... 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.9

Construction and extraction occupations............................................. 5.2 5.7 3.1 1.2 10.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................. 3.3 3.6 2.4 1.9 3.5

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations..................... 11.9 11.5 15.7 9.9 16.3

Production occupations..................................................................... 5.8 5.6 6.3 6.3 7.9

Transportation and material-moving occupations.................................... 6.2 5.8 9.3 3.7 8.5

See note at end of table.

1
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L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older (thousands)...................................................... 77,692 63,108 7,818 4,403 13,655

Percent............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................. 34.9 35.5 23.6 52.5 17.0

Management, business, and financial operations.................................... 16.8 17.9 9.6 17.2 8.4

Management occupations............................................................... 12.8 13.8 6.9 11.8 6.5

Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 4.0 4.1 2.6 5.4 1.9

Professional and related occupations................................................... 18.1 17.6 14.1 35.2 8.6

Computer and mathematical occupations.......................................... 4.1 3.6 3.0 14.2 1.7

Architecture and engineering occupations.......................................... 3.0 3.1 1.5 5.9 1.5

Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................... 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 0.4

Community and social services occupations....................................... 1.1 1.1 1.9 1.0 0.7

Legal occupations........................................................................ 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations....................................... 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 1.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................. 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.2

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................. 2.8 2.7 2.4 6.4 1.4

Service occupations........................................................................... 14.4 13.4 21.6 13.0 21.2

Healthcare support occupations......................................................... 0.6 0.4 1.4 1.0 0.5

Protective service occupations............................................................ 3.2 3.0 5.4 1.3 2.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations................................. 4.7 4.3 6.2 5.9 7.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................. 4.5 4.4 6.0 2.4 8.8

Personal care and service occupations................................................ 1.6 1.3 2.7 2.4 1.3

Sales and office occupations............................................................... 16.4 16.3 17.5 15.9 14.3

Sales and related occupations............................................................ 10.2 10.5 8.7 9.9 7.6

Office and administrative support occupations....................................... 6.2 5.8 8.8 6.0 6.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................. 16.7 17.9 11.9 6.0 26.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................... 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.2 2.4

Construction and extraction occupations............................................. 9.6 10.4 6.4 2.3 17.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................. 6.1 6.4 4.9 3.5 5.8

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations..................... 17.6 16.9 25.3 12.7 21.6

Production occupations..................................................................... 7.8 7.8 8.8 6.6 9.4

Transportation and material-moving occupations.................................... 9.8 9.1 16.4 6.1 12.2

See note at end of table.

2
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Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands)................................................... 68,613 53,680 8,915 3,922 9,838

Percent............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations................................. 42.2 43.2 34.7 48.7 26.1

Management, business, and financial operations.................................... 14.8 15.3 11.2 16.5 9.4

Management occupations............................................................... 9.1 9.7 6.1 9.1 6.0

Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 5.7 5.7 5.1 7.4 3.4

Professional and related occupations................................................... 27.4 27.9 23.5 32.2 16.7

Computer and mathematical occupations.......................................... 1.6 1.4 1.4 5.1 0.6

Architecture and engineering occupations.......................................... 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.7 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations.................................... 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.9 0.5

Community and social services occupations....................................... 2.3 2.3 3.3 1.0 2.0

Legal occupations........................................................................ 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0

Education, training, and library occupations....................................... 9.4 10.0 7.6 6.2 6.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................. 2.0 2.2 0.8 1.9 1.3

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................. 9.2 9.1 8.6 13.2 4.8

Service occupations........................................................................... 21.4 20.1 27.9 20.9 32.0

Healthcare support occupations......................................................... 4.4 3.8 8.8 3.5 5.0

Protective service occupations............................................................ 1.0 0.8 2.2 0.5 0.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations................................. 6.5 6.6 6.1 5.8 9.5

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................. 3.4 3.3 4.3 2.4 9.5

Personal care and service occupations................................................ 6.0 5.7 6.6 8.7 7.2

Sales and office occupations............................................................... 30.1 30.6 29.5 23.2 30.9

Sales and related occupations............................................................ 11.2 11.3 11.1 10.2 12.8

Office and administrative support occupations....................................... 18.9 19.3 18.4 13.0 18.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................. 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.4 1.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................... 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations............................................. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................. 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations..................... 5.5 5.1 7.2 6.9 9.1

Production occupations..................................................................... 3.4 3.1 4.2 5.9 5.8

Transportation and material-moving occupations.................................... 2.1 2.0 3.1 1.0 3.4

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

3
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 25

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,305 79.8 11.4 5.7 16.1

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,050 81.3 8.8 7.5 8.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,171 84.2 7.5 6.1 8.9

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,199 85.8 6.7 5.4 9.1

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,603 90.6 3.0 4.7 4.7

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 87.9 6.2 3.9 11.5

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 86.3 6.7 4.9 4.6

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 88.1 3.9 5.9 8.3

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 80.8 7.7 7.9 12.9

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 87.1 8.1 2.7 9.0

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 79.4 6.3 11.6 4.9

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,194 83.8 7.8 6.9 10.5

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 83.0 11.8 3.3 10.0

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 – – – –

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 89.4 4.2 3.6 8.4

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 79.8 7.6 8.9 11.6

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 85.1 7.0 6.1 12.4

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 96.3 0.9 0.8 4.2

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 92.6 3.7 2.3 10.2

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 81.7 13.3 2.1 9.1

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 86.9 2.7 9.9 8.4

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113 77.7 9.8 10.0 16.4

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 71.1 8.1 15.5 7.1

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 81.4 11.0 5.5 8.1

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 87.0 7.5 3.1 12.9

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 77.1 14.6 5.3 7.6

Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,075 85.8 6.6 5.5 9.2

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,972 80.7 9.5 7.6 8.4

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . 52 82.1 9.7 5.7 8.3

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 84.4 6.1 7.0 8.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . 271 83.6 10.8 3.5 9.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 80.1 15.2 3.3 9.7

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 82.0 10.4 5.3 9.3

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 93.4 2.4 3.8 5.6

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 79.7 13.3 4.0 12.1

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 72.7 16.3 8.6 9.1

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 77.5 11.0 2.1 7.6

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 79.8 12.0 4.2 15.6

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 80.9 7.7 9.6 5.8

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 78.9 12.8 3.3 6.8

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 88.3 4.4 2.3 3.5

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 80.6 5.6 12.1 7.3

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 78.0 10.7 7.4 11.0

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,724 79.4 8.2 10.7 7.8

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 90.2 5.4 1.6 4.2

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 75.9 4.9 15.8 7.2

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 84.8 8.1 5.7 7.1

Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 85.1 12.3 2.4 7.6

Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 – – – –

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 81.3 10.3 6.3 11.0

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 74.4 18.3 7.3 6.4

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 73.4 16.5 5.7 13.1

See note at end of table.
26 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 79.6 11.1 8.1 11.2

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,879 79.3 9.7 8.6 8.6

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,303 70.0 8.3 19.2 6.6

Computer and information research scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 68.1 9.7 20.9 4.8

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 80.0 9.7 5.7 6.1

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 72.7 5.7 19.7 6.4

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,235 60.7 5.3 31.9 5.2

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 81.7 6.3 5.7 8.6

Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 74.3 14.3 8.1 9.4

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 73.4 11.7 13.3 4.6

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 79.0 9.5 8.4 7.9

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 73.5 7.4 17.3 6.3

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 75.7 9.7 12.5 8.5

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 73.6 11.0 11.9 10.5

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 64.2 5.8 24.5 4.1

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,798 80.8 5.2 11.7 8.2

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 85.3 4.1 10.0 7.2

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 78.1 6.2 10.7 11.4

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 81.9 3.0 12.6 3.6

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 82.8 6.1 9.7 8.8

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 68.2 7.4 22.8 9.5

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 72.8 3.9 21.4 5.3

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 – – – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 83.8 5.5 9.7 8.6

Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 84.5 3.3 9.9 5.6

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers. . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 – – – –

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 75.4 4.4 18.2 8.0

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 89.6 5.3 4.3 6.5

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 79.2 8.2 8.7 13.2

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 87.4 6.8 0.8 9.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355 78.7 6.4 12.3 7.5

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 81.3 5.3 10.5 6.0

Conservation scientists and foresters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 58.2 5.1 33.8 7.9

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 – – – –

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 76.8 8.1 12.7 6.0

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 93.7 1.3 3.9 6.6

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 69.5 3.0 25.4 5.7

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 91.2 5.7 1.3 8.0

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 – – – –

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 – – – –

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 75.2 16.4 4.6 8.9

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 – – – –

See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 27

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 77.9 7.4 11.6 7.7

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495 75.6 17.5 3.4 11.6

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 74.4 18.7 2.8 10.6

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 72.8 21.3 2.4 13.2

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 73.5 21.0 3.2 16.4

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 69.0 25.5 2.2 16.5

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health

educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 79.3 14.6 1.7 17.4

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 81.6 8.3 6.9 7.5

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 87.7 4.1 1.1 7.1

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 84.9 7.3 6.3 6.1

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,814 85.9 7.5 4.5 7.9

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,132 88.6 5.7 4.4 5.6

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 80.8 10.9 3.2 4.8

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 83.1 9.5 4.3 14.2

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 78.6 12.8 5.1 8.9

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,686 83.0 10.3 4.4 9.5

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259 79.6 6.1 12.2 6.1

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 78.1 15.8 3.4 13.9

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,102 85.3 10.2 2.5 8.7

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099 85.8 10.0 2.2 7.6

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 87.4 8.9 1.5 6.8

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 79.8 11.5 6.0 11.1

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 – – – –

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 90.5 3.6 4.0 5.7

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 – – – –

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 80.0 14.4 3.0 17.1

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 83.4 10.9 2.9 8.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,935 85.5 6.3 5.0 9.8

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 89.1 2.1 5.7 9.1

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 86.2 4.1 7.1 11.1

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 88.0 4.6 4.0 11.7

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 88.0 6.5 2.5 8.8

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 80.3 12.6 3.0 6.1

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . 38 – – – –

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 71.0 17.1 5.1 10.5

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 83.3 7.5 6.3 13.8

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 82.8 9.0 4.0 9.2

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 90.2 2.8 5.5 7.1

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 90.7 5.7 3.6 2.6

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 88.1 6.2 3.2 5.6

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 78.6 4.8 11.6 33.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. . . . . . . . . 108 76.6 15.2 4.8 10.5

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 88.6 4.3 3.7 10.1

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors. . . . . . . . 72 92.2 4.4 0.0 5.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 – – – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,493 77.3 11.2 9.4 7.7

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 93.0 0.0 7.0 2.9

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 78.1 5.6 15.5 6.8

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 76.9 10.6 10.2 5.1

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 70.3 8.1 18.9 5.6

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014 71.4 5.5 21.0 6.3

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 80.6 6.4 11.3 5.9

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 – – – –

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 90.7 5.7 3.0 5.2

See note at end of table.
28 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 80.7 6.7 12.5 4.6

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 75.1 13.7 9.8 4.9

Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 87.4 7.2 3.2 8.4

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 83.2 9.7 2.4 13.1

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 95.2 3.1 1.1 4.9

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 78.3 11.8 8.2 6.7

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 86.6 7.7 5.2 3.9

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 67.0 18.2 12.8 10.9

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 90.0 4.3 5.5 9.9

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 86.9 6.5 5.3 8.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 86.3 7.7 1.2 8.4

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 76.1 13.2 6.8 13.2

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 63.9 27.9 5.0 9.9

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 73.0 19.8 4.4 12.7

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 – – – –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 73.2 18.0 6.5 11.6

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 86.1 8.7 4.0 9.1

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,854 74.5 16.2 5.4 23.4

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,461 65.8 25.7 5.2 16.2

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980 56.7 35.9 4.5 15.4

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 79.5 7.8 8.8 5.5

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 81.0 4.3 10.6 8.4

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 86.0 5.1 5.4 23.5

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 74.5 14.3 5.0 21.9

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 93.4 3.9 0.4 4.7

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 75.5 17.9 3.8 18.0

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment

preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 64.6 26.9 6.6 11.4

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,140 74.3 19.7 2.3 14.4

First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 – – – –

First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 80.4 14.4 0.7 7.0

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 91.3 6.2 1.6 9.3

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 81.6 10.9 1.6 10.3

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 86.7 10.2 0.7 9.6

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 73.9 20.6 1.7 16.0

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 80.8 14.6 1.6 13.2

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 79.5 15.6 1.8 13.2

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 82.4 14.5 3.0 13.5

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 60.6 30.3 3.7 19.0

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 70.3 21.6 6.2 6.1

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . 141 83.6 12.6 1.8 11.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,112 76.9 12.6 6.0 24.9

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 63.2 15.3 16.4 18.3

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 76.9 13.7 4.7 19.1

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,992 73.8 16.5 4.9 34.0

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 75.6 13.4 6.9 27.2

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 88.0 6.0 1.9 15.5

See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 29

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food. . . . . . . . . 428 71.2 20.5 3.3 18.7

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 77.8 13.9 4.3 21.6

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,054 82.3 7.5 6.6 19.4

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 65.0 23.5 6.1 20.8

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 82.0 7.6 5.5 34.1

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 73.9 12.3 5.7 40.2

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 79.5 10.9 6.5 18.2

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,803 78.1 14.6 3.4 36.7

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 79.0 14.7 2.8 24.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping

workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 89.4 8.3 1.4 22.7

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 74.9 17.5 3.4 31.5

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514 73.5 16.8 5.5 43.8

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 86.4 10.9 0.5 17.0

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,389 85.9 8.3 1.7 43.6

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,337 72.7 15.0 8.4 16.6

First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 83.0 4.4 6.4 7.3

First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 68.0 11.5 18.2 13.7

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 92.8 2.8 0.9 12.2

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 65.9 8.0 19.4 12.5

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 68.8 24.3 3.6 13.1

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 76.0 13.3 3.3 17.3

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 55.4 36.3 5.4 23.7

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 81.4 12.4 4.8 15.3

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 36.2 5.9 55.3 10.3

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 69.2 17.2 6.0 24.8

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 86.4 5.9 5.8 11.3

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 77.0 15.9 3.5 21.6

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,254 63.9 23.0 7.9 18.2

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 84.4 9.2 2.9 11.6

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 81.7 8.2 3.1 15.3

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,416 80.0 12.0 4.8 14.9

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,646 81.1 10.7 5.3 14.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,285 82.8 8.8 6.1 12.1

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 87.7 5.6 4.8 11.2

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,242 70.5 18.3 6.9 22.0

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 82.0 11.8 4.5 22.5

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 91.1 4.8 0.5 12.2

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,316 79.4 12.3 4.6 16.2

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 85.4 7.9 4.5 12.7

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 86.0 8.3 4.9 13.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 88.2 4.9 4.6 9.5

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 77.9 7.9 13.2 9.9

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 86.6 6.6 4.3 11.0

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,309 89.0 5.3 3.8 9.3

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 84.0 5.5 4.0 15.9

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 88.8 5.4 4.2 10.5

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 75.1 19.6 3.6 18.5

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.. . 175 80.4 10.6 3.5 21.7

Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 80.8 10.6 6.2 5.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,771 79.1 13.1 4.4 15.1

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,351 82.6 11.1 3.6 12.2

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

See note at end of table.
30 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 75.4 20.3 1.5 13.9

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 78.4 13.3 5.2 12.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 83.7 8.0 4.8 10.9

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 78.1 15.1 3.9 12.1

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 79.4 10.5 7.1 16.8

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 79.2 11.8 6.4 7.8

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 82.7 12.7 0.8 14.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – – – –

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,086 74.1 17.0 4.5 16.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 67.9 26.3 3.2 20.6

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 76.8 15.6 3.8 18.3

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 73.2 12.4 9.3 25.1

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 68.7 23.9 4.8 11.3

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 85.3 7.3 3.2 10.2

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 81.7 11.4 3.9 9.6

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 82.9 9.5 5.8 19.1

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 76.9 17.1 1.9 15.1

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,301 81.9 10.5 4.1 18.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 69.5 16.0 9.9 18.5

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 80.0 9.7 6.5 15.0

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 79.1 14.4 3.2 20.4

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 82.4 14.0 1.8 14.9

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 59.2 30.8 8.7 7.9

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 71.7 19.2 5.3 12.9

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators.. . 61 61.8 27.5 5.7 9.5

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 82.8 11.4 4.5 13.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 80.0 13.3 3.2 23.2

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483 75.4 16.0 4.2 22.3

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 83.2 14.7 1.5 22.2

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,995 84.2 9.8 3.3 12.7

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 79.8 12.5 4.3 8.5

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 73.5 16.1 8.4 12.9

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 75.3 18.4 5.3 10.7

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 80.4 15.2 2.9 10.1

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 67.2 20.0 10.3 13.8

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230 76.6 13.3 6.1 15.5

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 – – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 79.6 12.9 3.9 12.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,537 87.1 7.3 2.1 27.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,022 89.2 6.0 1.6 43.4

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – – – –

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 82.1 13.4 2.1 54.0

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 90.5 5.1 1.5 49.2

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – – – –

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 – – – –

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 87.6 8.4 1.5 11.8

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,637 87.8 6.9 1.3 32.3

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . 696 89.7 5.7 1.1 18.9

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 31

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 87.2 8.1 0.3 43.9

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282 89.6 5.0 1.4 31.9

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 86.0 4.8 3.6 44.2

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 83.5 9.5 0.0 48.7

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686 84.2 9.4 1.8 42.1

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . 336 87.6 6.8 0.1 16.9

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 92.4 1.8 0.3 61.5

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 88.8 6.5 1.8 18.2

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – – – –

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 86.8 7.3 1.4 48.2

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 89.0 6.9 1.6 21.4

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 92.0 4.3 0.5 58.1

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 91.8 5.2 0.8 10.2

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 87.4 10.8 0.0 23.4

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 83.7 12.1 0.0 45.6

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 92.3 3.3 2.3 5.3

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 – – – –

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – – –

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 88.5 9.3 0.0 17.1

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 – – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . 54 92.3 3.9 0.0 32.1

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 96.0 2.3 0.0 22.4

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 – – – –

Helpers--extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 86.7 5.7 0.0 29.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,879 85.5 8.4 3.3 16.8

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 86.1 8.4 3.3 11.2

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 76.4 12.2 7.9 12.3

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . 134 76.4 12.5 6.3 8.7

Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 – – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 – – – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.. . 5 – – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . 34 – – – –

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 87.8 9.0 1.7 26.2

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 81.1 9.0 6.9 12.5

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 90.5 5.9 1.7 18.3

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 84.0 9.0 4.5 24.1

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 88.5 7.8 0.6 15.6

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . 211 92.9 3.8 0.6 15.5

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 91.1 5.3 3.2 9.5

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and

repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 81.1 10.1 2.4 28.0

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . 378 86.3 8.5 2.4 16.4

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 84.0 13.4 1.9 19.2

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 89.4 6.3 1.7 13.3

See note at end of table.
32 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 84.0 9.9 3.6 17.2

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 – – – –

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 92.2 5.2 0.9 7.8

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 79.5 12.1 4.7 17.3

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 85.3 7.2 4.7 11.6

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – – – –

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 – – – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 88.9 5.1 2.7 23.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,448 76.8 15.0 4.7 22.0

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,438 78.0 12.5 6.2 21.9

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 83.4 11.0 3.4 17.0

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 – – – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 65.1 15.3 16.8 22.9

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 – – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 70.9 17.0 8.7 21.0

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 77.3 10.1 7.5 22.9

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 67.0 20.2 8.0 35.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and

tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 80.0 13.1 6.1 25.3

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 – – – –

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 69.5 18.1 7.6 31.7

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 94.0 2.3 2.2 14.7

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal

and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 80.4 14.0 0.9 15.9

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 – – – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and

tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 88.8 3.9 4.1 15.4

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 – – – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 – – – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . 4 – – – –

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 99.3 0.7 0.0 3.8

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 85.6 8.8 2.0 22.4

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . 4 – – – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 78.5 13.5 5.9 23.0

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 – – – –

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 77.5 13.2 5.7 21.7

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 – – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 67.3 16.1 11.5 38.0

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 – – – –

See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 33

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 63.1 15.0 21.1 34.6

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 72.3 9.5 16.7 30.4

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 – – – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and

tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic

and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 – – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 – – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 91.1 5.6 2.4 27.8

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – – – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 – – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 86.1 7.0 4.3 15.2

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 82.0 10.7 2.3 14.7

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 86.1 10.7 0.5 10.3

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 78.4 14.1 3.5 22.4

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 82.6 10.3 4.7 22.0

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators,

and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 – – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 77.4 12.7 6.8 16.8

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – – – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 81.0 3.0 14.3 12.3

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 66.4 19.0 8.9 36.0

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 83.0 8.1 4.3 27.0

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . . . . 6 – – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 – – – –

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 – – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – – – –

Helpers--production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 63.9 10.9 9.6 32.9

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 76.8 15.1 5.5 23.1

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,010 75.8 17.3 3.4 22.1

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 82.3 9.0 2.0 22.1

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 96.6 1.9 0.5 2.7

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 – – – –

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 83.2 10.2 2.5 7.9

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians.. . 19 – – – –

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 67.7 25.9 2.5 12.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 78.9 15.6 2.5 20.5

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 55.4 28.8 13.9 16.5

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 80.0 16.1 2.3 16.1

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 86.0 14.0 0.0 5.6

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 – – – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 – – – –

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 – – – –

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

See note at end of table.
34 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

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Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 61.5 26.3 9.9 28.7

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 63.6 13.7 15.7 21.9

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 – – – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 – – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 89.3 8.4 1.0 11.2

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 – – – –

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – – – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 70.1 24.4 2.2 29.3

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 71.4 22.5 1.9 33.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,867 77.1 15.6 3.2 23.8

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 – – – –

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 72.1 18.2 5.9 43.3

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – – – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 74.5 19.0 0.8 36.8

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 – – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – –

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 – – – –

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less

than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 35

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)........................... 146,305 116,788 16,732 8,325 23,492

Percent..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. 1.5 1.8 0.4 0.3 2.2

Mining .................................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9

Construction............................................................ 6.7 7.5 3.5 2.1 11.4

Manufacturing......................................................... 10.3 10.5 8.7 12.0 10.2

Durable goods................................................... 6.5 6.7 5.0 7.9 5.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.5

 Wholesale and retail trade....................................... 13.8 13.9 13.6 13.3 14.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 2.5 2.6 1.9 2.1 2.5

Retail trade...................................................... 11.4 11.3 11.7 11.2 11.7

Transportation and utilities.......................................... 5.2 4.9 7.5 3.9 5.5

Information............................................................ 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.6 1.4

Financial activities................................................... 6.7 7.0 5.3 7.5 4.8

Professional and business services.............................. 11.6 11.7 9.6 15.3 11.6

Education and health services.................................... 22.4 21.7 28.5 22.2 16.0

Leisure and hospitality............................................. 9.2 8.9 9.4 10.7 12.8

Other services......................................................... 4.9 4.9 4.4 6.0 5.8

Other services, except private households............... 4.3 4.3 3.9 5.5 4.5

Private households............................................. 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.3

Public administration................................................ 4.6 4.3 6.8 3.9 3.3

Men, 16 years and older (thousands).............................. 77,692 63,108 7,818 4,403 13,655

Percent..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. 2.2 2.5 0.7 0.3 3.0

Mining .................................................................. 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.3 1.4

Construction............................................................ 11.5 12.6 6.9 3.5 18.7

Manufacturing......................................................... 13.7 13.9 12.7 14.3 11.9

Durable goods................................................... 9.2 9.4 7.5 10.3 7.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 4.6 4.5 5.2 4.0 4.8

 Wholesale and retail trade....................................... 14.3 14.3 15.0 14.0 13.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 3.3 3.4 2.7 2.5 3.0

Retail trade...................................................... 11.1 10.8 12.2 11.4 10.7

Transportation and utilities.......................................... 7.5 7.1 11.7 5.9 7.5

Information............................................................ 2.5 2.4 2.4 3.3 1.4

Financial activities................................................... 5.9 6.2 4.2 7.0 3.9

Professional and business services.............................. 12.9 12.7 11.3 18.4 12.3

Education and health services.................................... 10.7 10.1 13.9 14.6 6.6

Leisure and hospitality............................................. 8.4 8.0 9.7 10.4 11.6

Other services......................................................... 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.2 4.9

Other services, except private households............... 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.7

Private households............................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Public administration................................................ 4.8 4.6 6.4 3.7 3.1

See note at end of table.
36 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

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Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older (thousands)........................ 68,613 53,680 8,915 3,922 9,838

Percent..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.2

Mining .................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Construction............................................................ 1.3 1.5 0.5 0.6 1.2

Manufacturing......................................................... 6.4 6.4 5.3 9.5 7.8

Durable goods................................................... 3.5 3.5 2.9 5.3 3.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 2.9 3.0 2.4 4.2 4.2

 Wholesale and retail trade....................................... 13.3 13.5 12.3 12.5 14.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 1.6 1.7 1.1 1.6 1.7

Retail trade...................................................... 11.7 11.8 11.2 10.9 13.1

Transportation and utilities.......................................... 2.5 2.4 3.8 1.7 2.8

Information............................................................ 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4

Financial activities................................................... 7.7 7.9 6.4 8.0 5.9

Professional and business services.............................. 10.2 10.5 8.2 11.8 10.6

Education and health services.................................... 35.7 35.3 41.4 30.7 29.1

Leisure and hospitality............................................. 10.1 10.0 9.1 11.0 14.5

Other services......................................................... 5.5 5.6 4.2 8.1 7.1

Other services, except private households............... 4.4 4.4 3.5 7.2 4.3

Private households............................................. 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.8

Public administration................................................ 4.5 3.9 7.1 4.1 3.5

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 37

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Numbers in thousands)

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total families ...................................................................................... 80,889 64,476 9,793 4,374 12,178

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 64,832 51,661 7,481 3,872 10,456

As a percent of total families ............................................................. 80.1 80.1 76.4 88.5 85.9

With at least one family member unemployed ........................................ 6,486 4,499 1,376 328 1,311

As a percent of total families ......................................................... 8.0 7.0 14.1 7.5 10.8

Some family member(s) employed ................................................... 4,419 3,195 780 262 933

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ......... 68.1 71.0 56.7 79.9 71.2

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 3,819 2,767 666 232 798

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............ 58.9 61.5 48.4 70.7 60.9

Married-couple families ........................................................................ 58,806 49,622 4,361 3,512 7,430

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 47,852 40,033 3,556 3,138 6,637

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 81.4 80.7 81.5 89.4 89.3

With at least one family member unemployed ....................................... 3,765 2,915 462 242 725

As a percent of total families ......................................................... 6.4 5.9 10.6 6.9 9.8

Some family member(s) employed ................................................... 3,028 2,356 354 203 601

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ......... 80.4 80.8 76.6 83.9 82.9

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 2,689 2,087 320 185 530

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............ 71.4 71.6 69.3 76.4 73.1

Families maintained by women ............................................................... 15,581 10,118 4,278 525 3,223

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 11,585 7,650 3,031 429 2,459

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 74.4 75.6 70.9 81.7 76.3

With at least one family member unemployed ....................................... 1,933 1,064 724 48 409

As a percent of total families ......................................................... 12.4 10.5 16.9 9.1 12.7

Some family member(s) employed ................................................... 936 541 319 30 214

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ......... 48.4 50.8 44.1 62.5 52.3

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 742 427 255 23 166

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............ 38.4 40.1 35.2 47.9 40.6

Families maintained by men .................................................................. 6,502 4,736 1,153 338 1,525

With at least one family member employed ............................................. 5,394 3,979 895 305 1,360

As a percent of total families ............................................................ 83.0 84.0 77.6 90.2 89.2

With at least one family member unemployed ....................................... 789 519 190 38 177

As a percent of total families ......................................................... 12.1 11.0 16.5 11.2 11.6

Some family member(s) employed ................................................... 455 297 107 28 117

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed ......... 57.7 57.2 56.3 73.7 66.1

Some family member(s) employed full time ....................................... 388 253 91 25 101

 As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed............ 49.2 48.7 47.9 65.8 57.1

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2014 annual averages 

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the 

housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to 

totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
38 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

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(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994............ 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4

1995............ 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7

1996............ 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3

1997............ 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5

1998............ 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2

1999............ 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6

2000............ 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5

2001............ 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4

2002............ 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7

2003............ 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2

2004............ 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5

2005............ 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9

2006............ 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9

2007............ 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0

2008............ 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6

2009............ 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7

2010............ 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9

2011............ 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8

2012............ 57.7 62.9 52.6 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8

2013............ 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0

2014............ 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1

With children under 18 years

1994............ 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4

1995............ 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3

1996............ 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3

1997............ 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0

1998............ 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7

1999............ 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5

2000............ 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2

2001............ 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9

2002............ 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7

2003............ 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5

2004............ 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5

2005............ 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3

2006............ 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9

2007............ 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6

2008............ 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7

2009............ 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3

2010............ 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9

2011............ 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3

2012............ 80.5 93.3 70.5 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4

2013............ 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6

2014............ 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages

Year
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 39

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994............ 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5

1995............ 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4

1996............ 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1

1997............ 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7

1998............ 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6

1999............ 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4

2000............ 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0

2001............ 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1

2002............ 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8

2003............ 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1

2004............ 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9

2005............ 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2

2006............ 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8

2007............ 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5

2008............ 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6

2009............ 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3

2010............ 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2

2011............ 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8

2012............ 82.7 92.3 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1

2013............ 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6

2014............ 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0

With children under 6 years

1994............ 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2

1995............ 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9

1996............ 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2

1997............ 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8

1998............ 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0

1999............ 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9

2000............ 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9

2001............ 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9

2002............ 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5

2003............ 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8

2004............ 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8

2005............ 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4

2006............ 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8

2007............ 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4

2008............ 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7

2009............ 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4

2010............ 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8

2011............ 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1

2012............ 77.7 94.6 64.8 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0

2013............ 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1

2014............ 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued

Year
40 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994............ 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6

1995............ 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0

1996............ 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1

1997............ 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1

1998............ 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5

1999............ 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0

2000............ 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8

2001............ 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7

2002............ 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6

2003............ 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0

2004............ 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4

2005............ 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0

2006............ 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2

2007............ 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7

2008............ 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7

2009............ 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6

2010............ 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6

2011............ 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5

2012............ 76.0 95.0 61.4 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0

2013............ 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8

2014............ 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6

See note at end of table.

Year

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994............ 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6

1995............ 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0

1996............ 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1

1997............ 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1

1998............ 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5

1999............ 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0

2000............ 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8

2001............ 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7

2002............ 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6

2003............ 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0

2004............ 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4

2005............ 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0

2006............ 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2

2007............ 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7

2008............ 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7

2009............ 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6

2010............ 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6

2011............ 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5

2012............ 76.0 95.0 61.4 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0

2013............ 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8

2014............ 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6

See note at end of table.

Year

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 41

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994............ — — — 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995............ — — — 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996............ — — — 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997............ — — — 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998............ — — — 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999............ — — — 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000............ — — — 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001............ — — — 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002............ 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003............ 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004............ 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005............ 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006............ 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007............ 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008............ 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009............ 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010............ 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011............ 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012............ 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013............ 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014............ 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

With children under 18 years

1994............ — — — 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995............ — — — 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996............ — — — 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997............ — — — 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998............ — — — 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999............ — — — 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000............ — — — 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001............ — — — 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002............ 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003............ 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004............ 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005............ 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006............ 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007............ 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008............ 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009............ 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010............ 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011............ 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012............ 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013............ 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014............ 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued

Year
42 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994............ — — — 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995............ — — — 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996............ — — — 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997............ — — — 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998............ — — — 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999............ — — — 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000............ — — — 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001............ — — — 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002............ 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003............ 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004............ 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005............ 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006............ 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007............ 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008............ 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009............ 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010............ 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011............ 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012............ 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013............ 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014............ 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

With children under 6 years

1994............ — — — 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995............ — — — 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996............ — — — 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997............ — — — 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998............ — — — 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999............ — — — 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000............ — — — 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001............ — — — 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002............ 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003............ 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004............ 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005............ 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006............ 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007............ 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008............ 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009............ 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010............ 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011............ 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012............ 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013............ 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014............ 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

See note at end of table.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued

Year
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 43

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

(Percent)

Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 3 years

1994............ — — — 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995............ — — — 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996............ — — — 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997............ — — — 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998............ — — — 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999............ — — — 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000............ — — — 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001............ — — — 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002............ 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003............ 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004............ 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005............ 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006............ 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007............ 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008............ 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009............ 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010............ 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011............ 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012............ 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013............ 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014............ 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that 

race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who 

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for 

Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not 

included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, 1994–2014 annual averages—Continued

Year
44 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual averages

(Percent)

White Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972............. 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 — — — — — —

1973............ 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 —— — 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974............ 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 —— — 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975............ 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 —— — 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976............ 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 —— — 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977............ 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 —— — 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978............ 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 —— — 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979............ 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 —— — 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980............ 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 —— — 10.1 9.7

1981............ 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 —— — 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982............ 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 —— — 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983............ 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 —— — 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984............ 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 —— — 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985............ 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 —— — 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986............ 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 —— — 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987............ 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 —— — 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988............ 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 —— — 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989............ 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 —— — 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990............ 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 —— — 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991............ 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 —— — 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992............ 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 —— — 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993............ 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 —— — 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994............ 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 —— — 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995............ 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 —— — 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996............ 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 —— — 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997............ 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 —— — 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998............ 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 — — — 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999............ 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 —— — 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000............ 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001............ 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002............ 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003............ 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004............ 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005............ 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006............ 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007............ 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008............ 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009............ 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010............ 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011............ 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012............ 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013............ 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014............ 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

See note at end of table.

Year

Total Black or African American

10.7
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 45

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Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2014 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

American Indian and Alaska Native Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003................. 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9 

2004................. 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 

2005.................. 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2 

2006................. 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0 

2007.................. 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8 

2008.................. 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7 

2009.................. 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9 

2010.................. 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0 

2011.................. 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1 

2012.................. 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5 

2013.................. 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5 

2014................ 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5 

Year

Native Hawaiian and 

Other Pacific Islander

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian 

and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group 

are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they 

identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
46 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2014 annual averages

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)........................................... 9,617 6,540 2,141 436 1,878

Percent....................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks....................................................................... 25.7 27.5 20.4 23.3 28.9

5 to 14 weeks................................................................................ 25.3 25.9 22.8 24.3 25.7

15 to 26 weeks................................................................................ 15.6 15.1 17.3 14.6 15.5

27 weeks and over....................................................................... 33.5 31.5 39.6 37.7 29.9

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1................................................ 33.7 32.3 37.9 38.3 30.4

Median duration, in weeks............................................................ 14.0 12.9 19.5 16.3 12.4

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands).............................................. 5,190 3,572 1,091 246 996

Percent....................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks....................................................................... 25.7 27.4 20.3 22.4 30.5

5 to 14 weeks................................................................................ 24.6 25.2 22.0 24.0 24.8

15 to 26 weeks................................................................................ 15.7 15.3 17.1 15.3 15.2

27 weeks and over....................................................................... 34.0 32.2 40.6 38.3 29.5

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1................................................ 34.3 33.2 38.5 39.7 29.8

Median duration, in weeks............................................................ 14.4 13.3 20.4 17.3 12.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)......................................... 4,426 2,968 1,050 190 882

Percent....................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks....................................................................... 25.7 27.6 20.5 24.6 27.2

5 to 14 weeks................................................................................ 26.0 26.8 23.6 24.8 26.7

15 to 26 weeks................................................................................ 15.4 14.9 17.4 13.8 15.8

27 weeks and over....................................................................... 32.8 30.7 38.5 36.9 30.3

Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1............................................... 33.0 31.3 37.4 36.4 31.1

Median duration, in weeks............................................................ 13.7 12.4 18.5 15.0 12.8

1 Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, 

see http://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 47

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)......................................... 9,617 6,540 2,141 436 1,878

Percent.................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 50.7 52.8 46.9 46.0 50.0

On temporary layoff................................................................ 10.5 12.4 6.0 5.2 10.9

Not on temporary layoff................................................................ 40.3 40.4 41.0 40.8 39.1

Permanent job losers............................................................. 29.2 29.8 28.3 32.4 26.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs..................................... 11.0 10.6 12.7 8.4 12.8

Job leavers.................................................................................... 8.6 9.1 6.6 9.2 7.2

Reentrants.................................................................................. 29.4 28.1 33.0 29.5 29.9

New entrants............................................................................... 11.3 10.1 13.4 15.3 13.0

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)......................................... 5,190 3,572 1,091 246 996

Percent.................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 56.4 58.9 50.9 50.8 59.3

 On temporary layoff................................................................ 11.9 14.0 6.6 4.1 12.8

 Not on temporary layoff................................................................ 44.5 44.8 44.4 46.7 46.6

 Permanent job losers............................................................. 31.7 32.4 29.8 37.8 30.7

 Persons who completed temporary jobs..................................... 12.7 12.4 14.6 8.9 15.9

Job leavers................................................................................... 8.0 8.5 5.7 8.9 6.5

Reentrants.................................................................................. 24.7 23.0 29.5 24.8 22.5

New entrants............................................................................... 11.0 9.6 13.9 15.9 11.6

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) ..................................... 4,426 2,968 1,050 190 882

Percent.................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 44.1 45.4 42.9 40.0 39.5

On temporary layoff................................................................ 8.8 10.3 5.3 6.8 8.8

Not on temporary layoff................................................................ 35.3 35.1 37.5 33.2 30.6

Permanent job losers............................................................. 26.3 26.5 26.8 25.3 21.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs..................................... 9.0 8.5 10.8 7.9 9.3

Job leavers.................................................................................. 9.2 9.7 7.6 9.5 7.9

Reentrants.................................................................................. 35.0 34.2 36.7 35.8 38.2

New entrants................................................................................. 11.7 10.7 13.0 14.7 14.4

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages
48 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2014 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Total, 16 years and older.................. 155,922 92,025 6,323 2,875 2,207 739 1,468 85,702

 16 to 24 years................................. 21,295 17,418 2,041 969 666 184 482 15,377

 25 to 54 years................................. 100,767 23,744 2,669 1,332 1,048 350 697 21,075

 55 years and older........................ 33,860 50,863 1,614 574 493 205 289 49,250

Men, 16 years and older................... 82,882 36,865 2,934 1,409 1,139 443 696 33,932

 16 to 24 years................................. 11,009 8,507 1,060 520 373 116 257 7,447

 25 to 54 years................................. 53,925 7,224 1,108 609 515 213 302 6,116

 55 years and older........................ 17,948 21,135 767 281 251 114 137 20,368

Women, 16 years and older.............. 73,039 55,159 3,389 1,465 1,068 296 772 51,770

 16 to 24 years................................. 10,286 8,911 981 449 294 68 226 7,930

 25 to 54 years................................. 46,842 16,520 1,561 723 532 137 395 14,959

 55 years and older........................ 15,912 29,729 847 293 242 91 152 28,882

White

Total, 16 years and older.................. 123,327 72,170 4,391 1,925 1,472 478 994 67,779

 16 to 24 years................................. 16,402 12,303 1,388 632 431 116 314 10,916

 25 to 54 years................................. 78,537 17,447 1,781 861 671 215 457 15,666

 55 years and older........................ 28,388 42,420 1,222 431 370 147 223 41,198

Men, 16 years and older................... 66,680 28,834 2,055 945 761 288 474 26,779

 16 to 24 years................................. 8,558 6,012 730 341 239 73 166 5,282

 25 to 54 years................................. 42,845 5,080 731 392 333 131 203 4,349

 55 years and older....................... 15,276 17,741 594 212 189 84 105 17,148

Women, 16 years and older.............. 56,648 43,337 2,337 980 711 190 521 41,000

 16 to 24 years................................. 7,844 6,291 658 292 191 43 148 5,634

 25 to 54 years................................. 35,692 12,367 1,050 469 338 84 254 11,316

 55 years and older........................ 13,111 24,679 629 220 182 63 118 24,050

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older.................. 18,873 11,970 1,234 619 504 194 310 10,736

 16 to 24 years................................. 2,986 2,982 431 230 170 54 115 2,551

 25 to 54 years................................. 12,712 3,575 538 299 255 105 150 3,037

 55 years and older....................... 3,175 5,413 266 90 80 35 44 5,147

Men, 16 years and older................... 8,909 5,089 563 299 256 115 141 4,525

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,461 1,460 217 120 95 35 60 1,243

 25 to 54 years................................. 5,975 1,426 236 136 124 63 61 1,190

 55 years and older........................ 1,473 2,202 110 42 38 18 20 2,092

Women, 16 years and older.............. 9,964 6,881 671 320 248 79 169 6,210

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,525 1,522 214 110 75 19 55 1,308

 25 to 54 years................................. 6,737 2,149 302 163 131 42 90 1,847

 55 years and older........................ 1,702 3,211 155 47 42 18 24 3,056

See footnotes at end of table.

Total

Searched for work in previous year, 

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached 

(available to work now)2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4

Age, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor 

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not 

want a 

job now
BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov 49

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Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2014 annual averages

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Asian

Total, 16 years and older.................. 8,760 5,024 373 177 116 40 76 4,652

 16 to 24 years................................. 836 1,207 95 44 22 5 17 1,112

 25 to 54 years................................. 6,270 1,731 204 99 66 20 46 1,527

 55 years and older....................... 1,654 2,086 74 34 27 14 13 2,012

Men, 16 years and older................... 4,648 1,771 168 91 62 23 39 1,603

 16 to 24 years................................. 441 583 50 28 15 4 11 532

 25 to 54 years................................. 3,342 401 80 47 32 13 19 321

 55 years and older........................ 865 787 38 17 16 7 9 749

Women, 16 years and older.............. 4,112 3,253 204 86 53 16 37 3,049

 16 to 24 years................................. 395 624 44 17 8 2 6 580

 25 to 54 years................................. 2,927 1,330 124 52 34 7 27 1,206

 55 years and older....................... 789 1,299 36 17 12 7 5 1,263

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older.................. 25,370 13,030 1,177 498 384 120 264 11,853

 16 to 24 years................................. 4,424 3,880 437 188 132 36 96 3,443

 25 to 54 years................................. 17,895 4,744 564 249 198 59 139 4,181

 55 years and older....................... 3,051 4,406 176 60 53 25 28 4,229

Men, 16 years and older................... 14,651 4,593 507 231 189 71 118 4,087

 16 to 24 years................................. 2,446 1,816 218 99 74 22 51 1,597

 25 to 54 years................................. 10,476 1,087 204 102 88 35 54 883

 55 years and older....................... 1,728 1,691 85 31 27 14 13 1,607

Women, 16 years and older.............. 10,720 8,437 670 267 194 49 145 7,767

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,978 2,065 219 90 59 14 45 1,846

 25 to 54 years................................. 7,418 3,658 360 147 110 24 85 3,298

 55 years and older....................... 1,323 2,714 92 30 26 11 15 2,623

1

 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. 

2

 People "marginally attached to the labor force" are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were 

available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. 3

 Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such 

as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4

 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a 

small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Total

Searched for work in previous year, Age, gender, race, and but not in past 4 weeks

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor 

force1

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not 

want a 

job now

Total

Marginally attached 

(available to work now)2

Total Discouraged 

workers3 Other4
50 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total

1979.............................. $241 $248 $199 — $194

1980.............................. 262 269 212 — 209

1981.............................. 284 291 235 — 223

1982.............................. 302 310 245 — 240

1983.............................. 313 320 261 — 250

1984.............................. 326 336 269 — 259

1985.............................. 344 356 277 — 270

1986.............................. 359 371 291 — 277

1987.............................. 374 384 301 — 285

1988.............................. 385 395 314 — 290

1989.............................. 399 409 319 — 298

1990.............................. 412 424 329 — 304

1991.............................. 426 442 348 — 312

1992.............................. 440 458 357 — 321

1993.............................. 459 475 369 — 331

1994.............................. 467 484 371 — 324

 479 494 383 — 329

 490 506 387 — 339

 503 519 400 — 351

 523 545 426 — 370

1995.............................. 

1996..............................

1997..............................

1998..............................

1999.............................. 549 573 445 — 385

 576 590 474 $615 399

 596 610 491 639 417

 608 623 498 658 424

 620 636 514 693 440

2000..............................

2001.............................. 

2002.............................. 

2003..............................

2004.............................. 638 657 525 708 456

2005.............................. 651 672 520 753 471

2006.............................. 671 690 554 784 486

2007.............................. 695 716 569 830 503

2008.............................. 722 742 589 861 529

2009.............................. 739 757 601 880 541

 747 765 611 855 535

 756 775 615 866 549

 768 792 621 920 568

 776 802 629 942 578

2010..............................

2011...............................

2012...............................

2013..............................

2014.............................. 791 816 639 953 594

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2014 annual averages

Years
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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men

1979.............................. $292 $298 $227 — $219

1980.............................. 313 320 244 — 234

1981.............................. 340 350 268 — 251

1982.............................. 364 375 278 — 269

1983.............................. 379 387 294 — 274

1984.............................. 392 401 303 — 287

1985.............................. 407 418 305 — 296

1986.............................. 419 433 319 — 299

1987.............................. 434 450 327 — 306

1988.............................. 449 465 348 — 308

1989.............................. 468 482 348 — 315

1990.............................. 481 494 361 — 318

1991.............................. 493 506 375 — 323

1992.............................. 501 514 380 — 339

1993.............................. 510 524 392 — 346

1994.............................. 522 547 400 — 343

 538 566 411 — 350

 557 580 412 — 356

 579 595 432 — 371

 598 615 468 — 390

1995.............................. 

1996..............................

1997..............................

1998..............................

1999.............................. 618 638 488 — 406

 641 662 510 $685 417

 670 689 529 732 440

 679 702 524 756 451

 695 715 555 772 464

2000..............................

2001.............................. 

2002.............................. 

2003..............................

2004.............................. 713 732 569 802 480

2005.............................. 722 743 559 825 489

2006.............................. 743 761 591 882 505

2007.............................. 766 788 600 936 520

2008.............................. 798 825 620 966 559

2009.............................. 819 845 621 952 569

2010.............................. 824 850 633 936 560

2011................................. 832 856 653 970 571

2012............................... 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013.............................. 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014.............................. 871 897 680 1,080 616

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2014 annual averages—Continued

Years
52 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women

1979.............................. $182 $184 $169 — $157

1980.............................. 201 203 185 — 172

1981.............................. 219 221 206 — 190

1982.............................. 239 242 217 — 203

1983.............................. 252 254 232 — 215

1984.............................. 265 268 241 — 223

1985.............................. 277 281 252 — 230

1986.............................. 291 294 264 — 241

1987.............................. 303 307 276 — 251

1988.............................. 315 318 288 — 260

1989.............................. 328 334 301 — 269

1990.............................. 346 353 308 — 278

1991.............................. 366 373 323 — 292

1992.............................. 380 387 335 — 302

1993.............................. 393 401 348 — 313

1994.............................. 399 408 346 — 305

 406 415 355 — 305

 418 428 362 — 316

 431 444 375 — 318

 456 468 400 — 337

1995............................... 

1996..............................

1997..............................

1998..............................

1999.............................. 473 483 409 — 348

 493 502 429 $547 366

 512 522 454 563 388

 529 547 473 566 397

 552 567 491 598 410

2000..............................

2001..............................

2002.............................. 

2003..............................

2004.............................. 573 584 505 613 419

2005.............................. 585 596 499 665 429

2006.............................. 600 609 519 699 440

2007.............................. 614 626 533 731 473

2008.............................. 638 654 554 753 501

2009.............................. 657 669 582 779 509

2010.............................. 669 684 592 773 508

2011............................... 684 703 595 751 518

2012.............................. 691 710 599 770 521

2013.............................. 706 722 606 819 541

2014.............................. 719 734 611 841 548

See note at end of table.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2014 annual averages—Continued

Years
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Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women's earnings as a percent of men's

1979.............................. 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7

1980.............................. 64.2 63.4 75.8 — 73.5

1981.............................. 64.4 63.1 76.9 — 75.7

1982.............................. 65.7 64.5 78.1 — 75.5

1983.............................. 66.5 65.6 78.9 — 78.5

1984.............................. 67.6 66.8 79.5 — 77.7

1985.............................. 68.1 67.2 82.6 — 77.7

1986.............................. 69.5 67.9 82.8 — 80.6

1987.............................. 69.8 68.2 84.4 — 82.0

1988.............................. 70.2 68.4 82.8 — 84.4

1989.............................. 70.1 69.3 86.5 — 85.4

1990.............................. 71.9 71.5 85.3 — 87.4

1991.............................. 74.2 73.7 86.1 — 90.4

1992.............................. 75.8 75.3 88.2 — 89.1

1993.............................. 77.1 76.5 88.8 — 90.5

1994.............................. 76.4 74.6 86.5 — 88.9

75.5 73.3 86.4 — 87.1

75.0 73.8 87.9 — 88.8

74.4 74.6 86.8 — 85.7

76.3 76.1 85.5 — 86.4

1995............................... 

1996..............................

1997..............................

1998..............................

1999.............................. 76.5 75.7 83.8 — 85.7

76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2000..............................

2001............................... 

2002............................... 

2003..............................

2004............................... 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005.............................. 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006.............................. 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007.............................. 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008.............................. 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009.............................. 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010.............................. 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011................................ 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012................................. 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013.............................. 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014.............................. 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race 

group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more 

than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific 

Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

1979–2014 annual averages—Continued

Years
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Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older.................................................. $839 $864 $674 $991 $619 

Less than a high school diploma....................................... 488 493 440 477 466

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 668 696 579 604 595

Some college, no degree................................................... 741 771 620 717 675

Associate's degree........................................................... 792 817 677 798 714

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 1,193 1,219 970 1,328 1,007

Men, 25 years and older.................................................. 922 950 719 1,128 652

Less than a high school diploma....................................... 517 522 476 493 497

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 751 777 630 664 637

Some college, no degree................................................... 846 891 680 743 756

Associate's degree........................................................... 911 938 743 857 825

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 1,385 1,416 1,027 1,472 1,161

Women, 25 years and older............................................... 752 767 633 877 581

Less than a high school diploma....................................... 409 406 413 450 390

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 578 591 509 543 517

Some college, no degree................................................... 631 651 584 670 598

Associate's degree........................................................... 701 717 629 749 617

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 1,049 1,059 942 1,140 907

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 annual averages

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 
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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older........................................................................ $791 $816 $639 $953 $594

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 1,137 1,146 903 1,365 937

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,227 1,244 973 1,402 943

 Management occupations............................................................... 1,295 1,324 1,026 1,539 978

 Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 1,107 1,125 922 1,219 870

 Professional and related occupations..................................................... 1,078 1,085 868 1,351 933

 Computer and mathematical occupations............................................. 1,368 1,352 1,000 1,556 1,173

 Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... 1,377 1,374 1,199 1,454 1,228

 Life, physical, and social science occupations....................................... 1,168 1,165 931 1,337 1,019

 Community and social services occupations....................................... 858 887 749 867 807

 Legal occupations........................................................................... 1,271 1,330 1,029 1,557 1,039

 Education, training, and library occupations.......................................... 953 966 851 1,042 860

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations..................... 956 965 938 940 928

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................. 1,033 1,050 824 1,239 926

Service occupations........................................................................... 505 512 483 511 454

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................ 498 504 480 517 489

 Protective service occupations............................................................ 833 889 672 748 769

 Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................... 439 438 416 503 417

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................... 480 486 446 486 419

 Personal care and service occupations................................................. 487 485 484 502 476

Sales and office occupations.................................................................. 666 680 593 731 580

 Sales and related occupations............................................................ 705 742 543 702 548

 Office and administrative support occupations......................................... 651 653 613 743 590

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................... 756 765 658 857 584

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................ 429 427 456 498 394

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................... 756 764 632 856 599

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 821 830 720 877 679

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations........................ 642 663 597 594 540

 Production occupations..................................................................... 646 668 593 585 528

 Transportation and material-moving occupations..................................... 637 657 601 617 550

See note at end of table.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages
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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Men, 16 years and older........................................................................ $871 $897 $680 $1,080 $616

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 1,346 1,356 1,012 1,516 1,107

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,416 1,438 1,029 1,609 1,063

 Management occupations............................................................... 1,454 1,472 1,099 1,746 1,102

 Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 1,310 1,337 966 1,427 1,003

 Professional and related occupations..................................................... 1,286 1,292 1,001 1,481 1,129

 Computer and mathematical occupations............................................. 1,435 1,412 1,148 1,651 1,216

 Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... 1,413 1,416 1,233 1,469 1,266

 Life, physical, and social science occupations....................................... 1,247 1,245 1,079 1,415 1,091

 Community and social services occupations....................................... 934 962 754 946 830

 Legal occupations........................................................................... 1,765 1,751 1,666 1,983 1,530

 Education, training, and library occupations.......................................... 1,141 1,159 948 1,250 1,066

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations..................... 1,024 1,045 899 979 1,015

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................. 1,256 1,281 981 1,347 1,049

Service occupations........................................................................... 583 594 528 592 489

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................ 560 590 497 591 504

 Protective service occupations............................................................ 886 940 732 828 821

 Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................... 463 467 413 544 441

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................... 517 523 473 511 458

 Personal care and service occupations................................................. 607 605 562 726 577

Sales and office occupations.................................................................. 766 802 602 754 620

 Sales and related occupations............................................................ 841 887 607 742 660

 Office and administrative support occupations......................................... 701 718 595 763 594

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................... 764 772 671 860 594

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................ 457 459 474 622 408

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................... 757 766 633 858 600

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 824 833 727 873 682

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations........................ 689 707 624 627 589

 Production occupations..................................................................... 711 730 648 617 599

 Transportation and material moving occupations..................................... 664 684 614 641 580

See note at end of table.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued
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Occupation and gender Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older..................................................................... $719 $734 $611 $841 $548

Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 981 989 852 1,165 843

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................... 1,056 1,063 940 1,168 851

 Management occupations............................................................... 1,127 1,132 991 1,268 874

 Business and financial operations occupations.................................... 982 987 866 1,118 832

 Professional and related occupations..................................................... 948 955 820 1,164 839

 Computer and mathematical occupations............................................. 1,165 1,158 895 1,364 1,001

 Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... 1,158 1,153 917 1,411 992

 Life, physical, and social science occupations....................................... 1,062 1,058 742 1,165 997

 Community and social services occupations....................................... 824 847 746 838 799

 Legal occupations........................................................................... 1,001 1,004 972 1,176 861

 Education, training, and library occupations.......................................... 897 909 824 910 808

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations..................... 870 863 954 874 687

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................. 983 997 809 1,168 875

Service occupations........................................................................... 461 458 465 479 416

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................ 492 496 478 507 488

 Protective service occupations............................................................ 617 660 566 585 578

 Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................... 419 418 418 466 393

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................... 413 410 412 449 387

 Personal care and service occupations................................................. 455 454 469 446 441

Sales and office occupations.................................................................. 620 623 589 694 550

 Sales and related occupations............................................................ 570 584 482 646 463

 Office and administrative support occupations......................................... 637 637 619 727 588

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................... 509 511 502 524 392

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................ 375 377 373 369 363

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................... 691 701 630 800 485

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 725 744 524 922 538

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations........................ 504 505 495 520 417

 Production occupations..................................................................... 502 499 499 526 425

 Transportation and material-moving occupations..................................... 510 525 472 474 397

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2014 annual averages—Continued

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Technical Notes

L A B O R F O R C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B Y R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y, 2 0 1 4

58 BLS Reports │ November 2015 • www.bls.gov

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample 

survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that 

provides a wide range of information on the labor force, 

employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are 

collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The 

survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically

selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and 

the District of Columbia. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and may 

be reproduced without permission. This information is 

available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. 

Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339. 

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions,

such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on 

active duty in the Armed Forces. 

Employed. Employed people are all those who, during 

the survey reference week (which is generally the week 

including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at 

all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or 

profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or 

more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or 

businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or 

another reason also are counted as employed. 

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available 

for work (except for temporary illness), and had made 

specific efforts to find employment sometime during the

4-week period ending with the reference week. People who 

were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had 

been laid off need not have been looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of 

time (through the reference week) that people classified

as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on 

layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number 

of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration 

is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks 

of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a 

distribution of weeks of unemployment. 

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is 

categorized according to the status of individuals at 

the time they began to look for work. The reasons for 

unemployment are divided into four major groups: 

1. Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, 

who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need 

not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), 

(b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended 

involuntarily and who began looking for work, and 

(c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began 

looking for work after the jobs ended. 

2. Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated 

their employment voluntarily and immediately began 

looking for work. 

3. Reentrants, people who previously worked but who 

were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job 

search. 

4. New entrants, people who had never worked. 

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people 

classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with

the criteria described above. 

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as 

a percent of the civilian labor force. 

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force 

as a percent of the population.
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Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of 

employed as a percentage of the population. 

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached 

to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the 

labor force who wanted and were available for work and 

had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or 

since the end of their last job if they held one within the 

past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks 

preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, were not looking for work because 

they believed no jobs were available for them. 

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the 

job held during the reference week. People with two or 

more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry

in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The 

occupational and industry classification of CPS data is

based on the 2010 Census occupational classification

system and the 2012 Census industrial classification

system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard 

Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North

American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional

information about these classifications is available online at

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. 

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian 

and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and

Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race 

of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories 

are those who selected that race group only. Those who 

identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of 

Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group

as their main race.) People who identified themselves

as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese,

Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. 

The Other Asian category includes individuals of group 

not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—

and those who reported two or more Asian groups. 

Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of

Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables 

because the number of survey respondents is too small to 

develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration

process, race is determined by the household respondent. 

More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race 

and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being

of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals 

are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity.

Previous versions of this report presented data for the 

following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, 

Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or 

Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were 

expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central 

American, which includes the two subcategories of 

Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding 

Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or 

Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican 

and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino

may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes 

in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available 

online at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before 

taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in 

the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or 

hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as 

perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a 

definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the

term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 

or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage 

and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, 

regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated). 

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that

divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one 

part having values above the median and the other having 
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values below the median. The medians shown in this 

publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 

centered interval within which each median falls. 

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more

people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, 

or adoption; all such people are considered as members of 

one family. Families are classified either as married-couple

families or as families maintained by women or men 

without spouses. 

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children 

under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included 

are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population 

values they represent. The component of this difference 

that occurs because samples differ by chance is known 

as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90 percent 

chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90 percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in 

the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide correct information, and errors made in the 

collection or processing of data. 

A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from 

the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is 

available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.