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October 2017 
                    Report 1070

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		


		
		
	













































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Composition of the labor force
Labor force participation
Employment
Educational attainment
Occupation
Industry
Families and parents
Unemployment
Not in the labor force
Earnings
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
                  Subscribe to BLS Reports
		
		 
		
errata
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016
 
				
				
     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016 imageIn 2016, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, the rates were higher for American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) than for Asians (3.6 percent), Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.4 percent). The jobless rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 5.8 percent, higher than the 4.7-percent rate for non-Hispanics.Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2016.**Composition of the labor force**By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up about 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up another 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).**Labor force participation**Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.7 percent) and Hispanics (65.8 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates while American Indians and Alaska Natives (61.1 percent) and Blacks (61.6 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.9 percent for Whites, 63.2 percent for Asians, and 65.0 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averagesRacePercentTotal62.8White62.9Black or African American61.6Asian63.2American Indian and Alaska Native61.1Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander68.7Two or More Races65Hispanic or Latino65.8Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups while Blacks (67.5 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.3 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (61.8 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.6 percent), and Asians (57.4 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)**Employment**The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.7 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 65.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 56.4 percent for Blacks, 60.2 percent for Whites, 60.2 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 60.9 percent for Asians, and 62.0 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.6 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (62.0 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.1 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the race and ethnicity groups: 57.3 percent for Blacks, 55.4 percent for Whites, 55.2 percent for Asians, and 55.0 percent for Hispanics (as computed from table 3).The employment–population ratio among teenagers ages 16 to 19 continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.1 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (18.8 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (21.3 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 25.9 percent.**Educational attainment**Among people ages 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 74 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of Hispanics (as computed fromtable 6 and chart 2).View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averagesRaceLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college, no degreeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degree and higherWhite826161139Black or African American731211229Asian6179761Hispanic or Latino263015920Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. However, Blacks and Hispanics generally had lower earnings than Whites and Asians at nearly all educational attainment levels. (See table 17.)**Occupation**Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoProduction, transportation, and material moving11.315.69.315.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance10.15.73.416.3Sales and office22.123.518.920.8Service16.525.116.125.4Management, professional, and related40.030.152.322.0Among employed men, 53 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 12 percent and 14 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men.Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 51 percent of Asian women, compared with 44 percent of White women, 35 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 42 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); painters, construction and maintenance (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (47 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and bus drivers (29 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (58 percent), software developers (36 percent), and physicians and surgeons (19 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 89 percent of lawyers and chief executives, respectively. (See table 8.)**Industry**Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (6 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (42 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (Seetable 9.)**Families and parents**Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 78 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families and 25 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 15 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 75 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member.Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White (70.0 percent), Asian (63.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.8 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18. Participation rates for fathers were 93.6 percent for Whites, 93.4 percent for Hispanics, 92.6 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.UnemploymentJobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 percent), and individuals of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) had higher unemployment rates than Asians (3.6 percent), Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.4 percent). The unemployment rate was 5.8 percent for Hispanics. (Seetables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averagesRacePercentTotal4.9White4.3Black or African American8.4Asian3.6American Indian and Alaska Native8.9Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander4.4Two or More Races7.5Hispanic or Latino5.8View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2016 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhiteAsian19739.47.54.3197410.58.15.0197514.812.27.8197614.011.57.0197714.010.16.2197812.89.15.2197912.38.35.1198014.310.16.3198115.610.46.7198218.913.88.6198319.513.78.4198415.910.76.5198515.110.56.2198614.510.66.0198713.08.85.3198811.78.24.7198911.48.04.5199011.48.24.8199112.510.06.1199214.211.66.6199313.010.86.1199411.59.95.3199510.49.34.9199610.58.94.7199710.07.74.219988.97.23.919998.06.43.720007.65.73.53.620018.66.64.24.5200210.27.55.15.9200310.87.75.26.0200410.47.04.84.4200510.06.04.44.020068.95.24.03.020078.35.64.13.2200810.17.65.24.0200914.812.18.57.3201016.012.58.77.5201115.811.57.97.0201213.810.37.25.9201313.19.16.55.2201411.37.45.35.020159.66.64.63.820168.45.84.33.6Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (ages 20 and older) were 8.2 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.9 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.8 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.0 percent, and the rate for adult White women was 3.8 percent. For adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the unemployment rates were 3.3 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, 26.7 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, White, and Asian teenagers were 17.1 percent, 14.1 percent, and 10.9 percent, respectively.Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.4 weeks and 11.4 weeks, respectively, compared with 10.0 weeks for Whites and 9.6 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)Of the 7.8 million unemployed, 48 percent (3.7 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (11 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 50 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 45 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 13 percent of unemployed Blacks, 13 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 10 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (Seetable 14.)**Not in the labor force**As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 24 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. A subset of the marginally attached, discouraged workers are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)**Earnings**Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2016 were $624 for Hispanics, $678 for Blacks, $862 for Whites, and $1,021 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($942), Blacks ($718), and Hispanics ($663) were 82 percent, 62 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,151). The median earnings of White women ($766), Black women ($641), and Hispanic women ($586) were 85 percent, 71 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($902). (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,661) and White men ($1,427) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,169) and Black men ($1,124) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $514 for Asians, $488 for Whites, $475 for Blacks, and $460 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Gender and race
Civilian noninstitutional

population
Civilian labor force
Not in

labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotal
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,351Men
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,743Women
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,608White
198,215
124,658
62.9
119,313
60.2
5,345
4.3
73,557Men
96,861
67,564
69.8
64,612
66.7
2,952
4.4
29,297Women
101,354
57,095
56.3
54,701
54.0
2,393
4.2
44,260Black
31,889
19,637
61.6
17,982
56.4
1,655
8.4
12,252Men
14,525
9,315
64.1
8,471
58.3
845
9.1
5,209Women
17,365
10,321
59.4
9,511
54.8
810
7.8
7,043Asian
15,121
9,562
63.2
9,213
60.9
349
3.6
5,559Men
7,064
5,091
72.1
4,915
69.6
176
3.5
1,973Women
8,057
4,471
55.5
4,298
53.4
172
3.9
3,586American Indian and Alaska Native
2,898
1,772
61.1
1,614
55.7
158
8.9
1,126Men
1,404
944
67.2
857
61.0
86
9.2
461Women
1,494
828
55.4
756
50.6
72
8.7
666Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
1,017
698
68.7
668
65.7
31
4.4
319Men
512
389
76.0
372
72.7
17
4.3
123Women
505
309
61.3
295
58.5
14
4.5
196Two or More Races
4,397
2,860
65.0
2,646
60.2
213
7.5
1,537Men
2,131
1,452
68.1
1,341
62.9
110
7.6
679Women
2,266
1,408
62.1
1,305
57.6
103
7.3
858Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotal
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,351Men
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,743Women
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,608Asian
15,121
9,562
63.2
9,213
60.9
349
3.6
5,559Men
7,064
5,091
72.1
4,915
69.6
176
3.5
1,973Women
8,057
4,471
55.5
4,298
53.4
172
3.9
3,586Asian Indian
3,163
2,146
67.8
2,059
65.1
86
4.0
1,017Chinese
3,518
2,055
58.4
1,996
56.8
59
2.9
1,462Filipino
2,408
1,637
68.0
1,580
65.6
57
3.5
771Japanese
836
487
58.3
477
57.1
10
2.0
349Korean
1,267
754
59.5
727
57.4
27
3.5
513Vietnamese
1,475
926
62.8
885
60.0
41
4.4
549Other Asian
2,455
1,557
63.4
1,489
60.6
69
4.4
898Hispanic or Latino
40,697
26,797
65.8
25,249
62.0
1,548
5.8
13,900Men
20,266
15,396
76.0
14,563
71.9
833
5.4
4,870Women
20,430
11,401
55.8
10,686
52.3
715
6.3
9,029Mexican
24,960
16,458
65.9
15,502
62.1
955
5.8
8,503Men
12,594
9,718
77.2
9,199
73.0
519
5.3
2,876Women
12,366
6,740
54.5
6,304
51.0
436
6.5
5,626Puerto Rican
3,835
2,305
60.1
2,146
56.0
159
6.9
1,530Men
1,833
1,196
65.3
1,114
60.8
82
6.9
636Women
2,002
1,108
55.4
1,032
51.5
77
6.9
894Cuban
1,819
1,149
63.2
1,088
59.8
61
5.3
670Men
882
632
71.6
597
67.7
35
5.5
250Women
936
517
55.2
491
52.4
26
5.1
419Central American
3,735
2,694
72.1
2,572
68.9
122
4.5
1,041Men
1,944
1,628
83.8
1,563
80.4
65
4.0
315Women
1,792
1,066
59.5
1,008
56.3
58
5.4
726Salvadoran
1,373
992
72.2
946
68.9
46
4.6
381Men
720
600
83.3
575
79.8
26
4.3
120Women
653
391
60.0
371
56.9
20
5.1
261Other Central American(1)
2,362
1,703
72.1
1,626
68.8
77
4.5
659Men
1,223
1,028
84.1
989
80.9
39
3.8
195Women
1,139
674
59.2
637
55.9
38
5.6
464South American
2,816
1,946
69.1
1,853
65.8
93
4.8
870Men
1,340
1,036
77.3
991
73.9
46
4.4
304Women
1,477
910
61.6
862
58.4
47
5.2
567Other Hispanic or Latino
3,531
2,245
63.6
2,088
59.1
157
7.0
1,286Men
1,674
1,185
70.8
1,099
65.6
86
7.3
488Women
1,857
1,060
57.1
989
53.3
71
6.7
797Dominican
1,519
986
64.9
903
59.5
83
8.4
532Men
689
491
71.3
452
65.6
39
8.0
198Women
830
495
59.7
452
54.4
44
8.8
335Other Hispanic or Latino(2)
2,012
1,259
62.6
1,185
58.9
74
5.9
753Men
985
694
70.5
647
65.7
47
6.8
291Women
1,028
565
55.0
538
52.3
27
4.8
463Hispanic or Latino
40,697
26,797
65.8
25,249
62.0
1,548
5.8
13,900Men
20,266
15,396
76.0
14,563
71.9
833
5.4
4,870Women
20,430
11,401
55.8
10,686
52.3
715
6.3
9,029White Hispanic or Latino
36,258
23,780
65.6
22,430
61.9
1,351
5.7
12,477Men
18,089
13,795
76.3
13,067
72.2
729
5.3
4,294Women
18,169
9,985
55.0
9,363
51.5
622
6.2
8,183Black Hispanic or Latino
1,775
1,183
66.6
1,091
61.4
92
7.8
592Men
804
553
68.8
508
63.2
45
8.1
251Women
971
629
64.8
582
60.0
47
7.5
342Asian Hispanic or Latino
421
307
73.0
296
70.3
11
3.6
114Men
213
176
82.6
169
79.4
7
3.9
37Women
208
131
63.1
127
61.1
4
3.2
77Non-Hispanic or Latino
212,841
132,390
62.2
126,187
59.3
6,203
4.7
80,451Men
102,231
69,359
67.8
66,005
64.6
3,353
4.8
32,872Women
110,610
63,031
57.0
60,182
54.4
2,850
4.5
47,579White non-Hispanic or Latino
161,958
100,878
62.3
96,883
59.8
3,994
4.0
61,080Men
78,772
53,769
68.3
51,545
65.4
2,223
4.1
25,004Women
83,186
47,109
56.6
45,338
54.5
1,771
3.8
36,076Black non-Hispanic or Latino
30,114
18,454
61.3
16,891
56.1
1,563
8.5
11,660Men
13,721
8,762
63.9
7,962
58.0
800
9.1
4,958Women
16,394
9,692
59.1
8,929
54.5
763
7.9
6,702Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
14,700
9,255
63.0
8,917
60.7
337
3.6
5,446Men
6,851
4,915
71.7
4,746
69.3
169
3.4
1,936Women
7,849
4,340
55.3
4,172
53.1
168
3.9
3,510Footnotes:(1) Excludes Salvadoran.

(2) Excludes Dominican.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percent of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent of population
Total
Percent of labor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,35116 to 19 years
16,714
5,889
35.2
4,965
29.7
925
15.7
10,82420 years and older
236,824
153,298
64.7
146,471
61.8
6,826
4.5
83,52620 to 24 years
21,721
15,313
70.5
14,027
64.6
1,286
8.4
6,40825 to 54 years
125,761
102,248
81.3
98,004
77.9
4,244
4.2
23,51355 to 64 years
41,308
26,465
64.1
25,524
61.8
941
3.6
14,84365 years and older
48,035
9,272
19.3
8,916
18.6
355
3.8
38,763Men, 16 years and older
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,74316 to 19 years
8,475
2,995
35.3
2,484
29.3
512
17.1
5,47920 years and older
114,023
81,759
71.7
78,084
68.5
3,675
4.5
32,26320 to 24 years
10,897
7,954
73.0
7,212
66.2
742
9.3
2,94325 to 54 years
61,811
54,726
88.5
52,514
85.0
2,212
4.0
7,08555 to 64 years
19,867
13,938
70.2
13,410
67.5
528
3.8
5,92965 years and older
21,448
5,141
24.0
4,948
23.1
193
3.8
16,306Women, 16 years and older
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,60816 to 19 years
8,239
2,894
35.1
2,481
30.1
413
14.3
5,34520 years and older
122,801
71,538
58.3
68,387
55.7
3,151
4.4
51,26320 to 24 years
10,823
7,359
68.0
6,815
63.0
545
7.4
3,46425 to 54 years
63,950
47,522
74.3
45,490
71.1
2,032
4.3
16,42855 to 64 years
21,441
12,527
58.4
12,114
56.5
413
3.3
8,91465 years and older
26,587
4,130
15.5
3,968
14.9
162
3.9
22,457WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
198,215
124,658
62.9
119,313
60.2
5,345
4.3
73,55716 to 19 years
12,342
4,618
37.4
3,967
32.1
651
14.1
7,72420 years and older
185,873
120,040
64.6
115,346
62.1
4,694
3.9
65,83320 to 24 years
15,947
11,553
72.4
10,722
67.2
831
7.2
4,39525 to 54 years
95,786
78,650
82.1
75,797
79.1
2,853
3.6
17,13655 to 64 years
33,478
21,889
65.4
21,169
63.2
720
3.3
11,58965 years and older
40,662
7,948
19.5
7,658
18.8
290
3.7
32,714Men, 16 years and older
96,861
67,564
69.8
64,612
66.7
2,952
4.4
29,29716 to 19 years
6,289
2,395
38.1
2,037
32.4
358
14.9
3,89520 years and older
90,572
65,169
72.0
62,575
69.1
2,594
4.0
25,40320 to 24 years
8,057
6,082
75.5
5,598
69.5
484
8.0
1,97525 to 54 years
47,842
42,929
89.7
41,385
86.5
1,544
3.6
4,91255 to 64 years
16,300
11,694
71.7
11,284
69.2
410
3.5
4,60665 years and older
18,373
4,464
24.3
4,308
23.4
156
3.5
13,909Women, 16 years and older
101,354
57,095
56.3
54,701
54.0
2,393
4.2
44,26016 to 19 years
6,053
2,224
36.7
1,931
31.9
293
13.2
3,82920 years and older
95,301
54,871
57.6
52,771
55.4
2,100
3.8
40,43020 to 24 years
7,890
5,471
69.3
5,124
64.9
347
6.3
2,41925 to 54 years
47,944
35,721
74.5
34,412
71.8
1,309
3.7
12,22355 to 64 years
17,178
10,195
59.3
9,885
57.5
310
3.0
6,98365 years and older
22,289
3,484
15.6
3,350
15.0
134
3.9
18,805Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
31,889
19,637
61.6
17,982
56.4
1,655
8.4
12,25216 to 19 years
2,510
729
29.0
535
21.3
194
26.7
1,78120 years and older
29,380
18,908
64.4
17,447
59.4
1,460
7.7
10,47220 to 24 years
3,338
2,259
67.7
1,930
57.8
329
14.5
1,07925 to 54 years
16,792
13,248
78.9
12,302
73.3
946
7.1
3,54355 to 64 years
4,840
2,669
55.1
2,526
52.2
143
5.4
2,17165 years and older
4,409
732
16.6
689
15.6
43
5.8
3,678Men, 16 years and older
14,525
9,315
64.1
8,471
58.3
845
9.1
5,20916 to 19 years
1,247
350
28.1
242
19.4
108
30.9
89620 years and older
13,278
8,965
67.5
8,228
62.0
737
8.2
4,31320 to 24 years
1,621
1,091
67.3
906
55.9
186
17.0
53025 to 54 years
7,686
6,255
81.4
5,800
75.5
455
7.3
1,43155 to 64 years
2,189
1,270
58.0
1,195
54.6
75
5.9
91865 years and older
1,782
349
19.6
327
18.3
22
6.2
1,434Women, 16 years and older
17,365
10,321
59.4
9,511
54.8
810
7.8
7,04316 to 19 years
1,263
379
30.0
292
23.1
86
22.8
88420 years and older
16,102
9,943
61.8
9,219
57.3
724
7.3
6,15920 to 24 years
1,717
1,168
68.0
1,025
59.7
143
12.3
54925 to 54 years
9,106
6,994
76.8
6,502
71.4
492
7.0
2,11255 to 64 years
2,652
1,399
52.7
1,330
50.2
68
4.9
1,25365 years and older
2,627
383
14.6
362
13.8
21
5.4
2,244AsianTotal, 16 years and older
15,121
9,562
63.2
9,213
60.9
349
3.6
5,55916 to 19 years
846
179
21.2
159
18.8
20
10.9
66720 years and older
14,275
9,383
65.7
9,054
63.4
329
3.5
4,89220 to 24 years
1,352
717
53.0
668
49.4
49
6.9
63525 to 54 years
8,710
6,851
78.7
6,633
76.2
219
3.2
1,85855 to 64 years
2,050
1,382
67.4
1,335
65.1
47
3.4
66865 years and older
2,163
432
20.0
418
19.3
14
3.2
1,731Men, 16 years and older
7,064
5,091
72.1
4,915
69.6
176
3.5
1,97316 to 19 years
424
91
21.4
79
18.6
12
13.5
33320 years and older
6,640
5,000
75.3
4,836
72.8
164
3.3
1,64020 to 24 years
676
375
55.5
348
51.4
27
7.3
30125 to 54 years
4,108
3,683
89.7
3,578
87.1
105
2.9
42455 to 64 years
924
702
76.0
680
73.5
23
3.2
22265 years and older
932
240
25.7
231
24.7
9
3.8
692Women, 16 years and older
8,057
4,471
55.5
4,298
53.4
172
3.9
3,58616 to 19 years
422
88
20.9
81
19.1
7
8.2
33420 years and older
7,635
4,383
57.4
4,218
55.2
165
3.8
3,25220 to 24 years
676
342
50.6
321
47.4
22
6.4
33425 to 54 years
4,602
3,168
68.8
3,054
66.4
114
3.6
1,43455 to 64 years
1,126
680
60.4
655
58.2
25
3.6
44665 years and older
1,231
192
15.6
187
15.2
5
2.4
1,039Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
40,697
26,797
65.8
25,249
62.0
1,548
5.8
13,90016 to 19 years
3,777
1,178
31.2
977
25.9
201
17.1
2,59920 years and older
36,919
25,619
69.4
24,272
65.7
1,347
5.3
11,30120 to 24 years
4,711
3,384
71.8
3,086
65.5
298
8.8
1,32725 to 54 years
23,780
18,754
78.9
17,878
75.2
877
4.7
5,02655 to 64 years
4,483
2,765
61.7
2,627
58.6
137
5.0
1,71865 years and older
3,946
715
18.1
681
17.3
34
4.8
3,230Men, 16 years and older
20,266
15,396
76.0
14,563
71.9
833
5.4
4,87016 to 19 years
1,920
621
32.3
508
26.4
113
18.3
1,29920 years and older
18,346
14,775
80.5
14,055
76.6
720
4.9
3,57120 to 24 years
2,396
1,848
77.1
1,677
70.0
171
9.3
54825 to 54 years
12,077
10,951
90.7
10,504
87.0
447
4.1
1,12655 to 64 years
2,166
1,569
72.4
1,490
68.8
78
5.0
59765 years and older
1,708
407
23.8
384
22.5
23
5.6
1,300Women, 16 years and older
20,430
11,401
55.8
10,686
52.3
715
6.3
9,02916 to 19 years
1,857
557
30.0
470
25.3
88
15.8
1,30020 years and older
18,573
10,844
58.4
10,217
55.0
627
5.8
7,72920 to 24 years
2,315
1,536
66.4
1,409
60.9
127
8.3
77925 to 54 years
11,703
7,803
66.7
7,374
63.0
429
5.5
3,90055 to 64 years
2,317
1,196
51.6
1,137
49.1
59
4.9
1,12165 years and older
2,238
308
13.8
297
13.3
12
3.7
1,930Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
–
–
–
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
–
–
–
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
–
–
–
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
–
–
–
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
–
–
–
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
–
–
–
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
–
–
–
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
–
–
–
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
–
–
–
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
–
–
–
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
–
–
–
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
–
–
–
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
–
–
–
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
–
–
–
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
–
–
–
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
–
–
–
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
–
–
–
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
–
–
–
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
–
–
–
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
–
–
–
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
–
–
–
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
–
–
–
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
–
–
–
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
–
–
–
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
–
–
–
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
–
–
–
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
–
–
–
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.8Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.1Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
–
–
–
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
–
–
–
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
–
–
–
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
–
–
–
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
–
–
–
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
–
–
–
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
–
–
–
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
–
–
–
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
–
–
–
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
–
–
–
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
–
–
–
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
–
–
–
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
–
–
–
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
–
–
–
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
–
–
–
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
–
–
–
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
–
–
–
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
–
–
–
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
–
–
–
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
–
–
–
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
–
–
–
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
–
–
–
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
–
–
–
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
–
–
–
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
–
–
–
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
–
–
–
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
–
–
–
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.3Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (in thousands)

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college(1)
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
215,103
23,368
62,022
35,489
21,696
72,528Civilian labor force
137,985
10,679
35,649
22,667
15,267
53,723Percent of population
64.1
45.7
57.5
63.9
70.4
74.1Employed
132,444
9,884
33,801
21,668
14,718
52,374Employment-population ratio
61.6
42.3
54.5
61.1
67.8
72.2Unemployed
5,540
795
1,847
1,000
549
1,349Unemployment rate
4.0
7.4
5.2
4.4
3.6
2.5MenCivilian noninstitutional population
103,125
11,713
30,692
16,678
9,394
34,648Civilian labor force
73,806
6,803
20,760
11,803
7,191
27,249Percent of population
71.6
58.1
67.6
70.8
76.5
78.6Employed
70,872
6,354
19,691
11,311
6,928
26,588Employment-population ratio
68.7
54.2
64.2
67.8
73.7
76.7Unemployed
2,934
448
1,069
491
263
661Unemployment rate
4.0
6.6
5.1
4.2
3.7
2.4WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
111,978
11,655
31,329
18,811
12,302
37,880Civilian labor force
64,179
3,876
14,888
10,865
8,076
26,474Percent of population
57.3
33.3
47.5
57.8
65.6
69.9Employed
61,572
3,530
14,110
10,357
7,790
25,786Employment-population ratio
55.0
30.3
45.0
55.1
63.3
68.1Unemployed
2,607
346
778
508
286
688Unemployment rate
4.1
8.9
5.2
4.7
3.5
2.6WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
169,926
17,853
49,010
27,787
17,577
57,700Civilian labor force
108,487
8,429
27,874
17,462
12,284
42,439Percent of population
63.8
47.2
56.9
62.8
69.9
73.6Employed
104,624
7,879
26,623
16,786
11,881
41,454Employment-population ratio
61.6
44.1
54.3
60.4
67.6
71.8Unemployed
3,863
549
1,251
675
402
985Unemployment rate
3.6
6.5
4.5
3.9
3.3
2.3MenCivilian noninstitutional population
82,515
9,193
24,431
13,240
7,731
27,919Civilian labor force
59,087
5,586
16,582
9,314
5,903
21,703Percent of population
71.6
60.8
67.9
70.3
76.4
77.7Employed
56,977
5,258
15,844
8,970
5,705
21,199Employment-population ratio
69.1
57.2
64.9
67.8
73.8
75.9Unemployed
2,110
328
737
343
198
504Unemployment rate
3.6
5.9
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
87,411
8,660
24,578
14,547
9,845
29,781Civilian labor force
49,400
2,843
11,293
8,148
6,380
20,736Percent of population
56.5
32.8
45.9
56.0
64.8
69.6Employed
47,647
2,621
10,779
7,816
6,176
20,255Employment-population ratio
54.5
30.3
43.9
53.7
62.7
68.0Unemployed
1,753
222
514
332
204
481Unemployment rate
3.5
7.8
4.5
4.1
3.2
2.3Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
26,041
3,292
8,763
5,209
2,615
6,161Civilian labor force
16,649
1,244
5,185
3,511
1,920
4,788Percent of population
63.9
37.8
59.2
67.4
73.4
77.7Employed
15,517
1,069
4,737
3,282
1,817
4,612Employment-population ratio
59.6
32.5
54.1
63.0
69.5
74.9Unemployed
1,132
175
448
230
103
176Unemployment rate
6.8
14.1
8.6
6.5
5.3
3.7MenCivilian noninstitutional population
11,657
1,536
4,257
2,224
1,035
2,605Civilian labor force
7,874
649
2,751
1,584
796
2,093Percent of population
67.5
42.3
64.6
71.2
76.9
80.3Employed
7,323
562
2,504
1,482
751
2,023Employment-population ratio
62.8
36.6
58.8
66.7
72.6
77.6Unemployed
551
87
247
102
45
70Unemployment rate
7.0
13.4
9.0
6.4
5.6
3.4WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
14,385
1,757
4,506
2,986
1,580
3,556Civilian labor force
8,775
595
2,434
1,927
1,124
2,695Percent of population
61.0
33.9
54.0
64.5
71.1
75.8Employed
8,194
507
2,233
1,799
1,066
2,589Employment-population ratio
57.0
28.9
49.6
60.3
67.5
72.8Unemployed
581
88
201
128
58
106Unemployment rate
6.6
14.8
8.2
6.6
5.1
3.9AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
12,923
1,282
2,428
1,227
839
7,147Civilian labor force
8,665
520
1,459
821
594
5,272Percent of population
67.1
40.6
60.1
66.9
70.7
73.8Employed
8,386
500
1,400
788
571
5,127Employment-population ratio
64.9
39.0
57.7
64.3
68.0
71.7Unemployed
280
20
59
33
23
145Unemployment rate
3.2
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.8
2.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
5,964
500
1,067
622
344
3,431Civilian labor force
4,625
260
764
456
274
2,872Percent of population
77.6
52.1
71.5
73.3
79.6
83.7Employed
4,489
251
732
437
262
2,806Employment-population ratio
75.3
50.3
68.6
70.2
76.2
81.8Unemployed
137
9
31
19
12
66Unemployment rate
3.0
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
2.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,958
783
1,361
605
495
3,715Civilian labor force
4,040
260
695
365
320
2,400Percent of population
58.1
33.2
51.1
60.4
64.5
64.6Employed
3,897
249
668
352
309
2,321Employment-population ratio
56.0
31.8
49.1
58.1
62.3
62.5Unemployed
143
12
28
13
11
80Unemployment rate
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.7
3.4
3.3Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
32,208
9,855
9,791
4,569
2,482
5,510Civilian labor force
22,234
5,815
6,743
3,376
1,902
4,398Percent of population
69.0
59.0
68.9
73.9
76.6
79.8Employed
21,186
5,472
6,398
3,227
1,826
4,263Employment-population ratio
65.8
55.5
65.3
70.6
73.6
77.4Unemployed
1,049
344
346
149
76
135Unemployment rate
4.7
5.9
5.1
4.4
4.0
3.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,951
5,043
5,088
2,141
1,101
2,578Civilian labor force
12,927
3,859
4,156
1,763
930
2,220Percent of population
81.0
76.5
81.7
82.4
84.5
86.1Employed
12,378
3,669
3,960
1,697
896
2,156Employment-population ratio
77.6
72.8
77.8
79.3
81.4
83.7Unemployed
549
190
196
66
34
63Unemployment rate
4.2
4.9
4.7
3.7
3.6
2.9WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
16,258
4,813
4,703
2,428
1,381
2,932Civilian labor force
9,307
1,957
2,588
1,612
972
2,178Percent of population
57.2
40.7
55.0
66.4
70.4
74.3Employed
8,807
1,803
2,438
1,530
930
2,107Employment-population ratio
54.2
37.5
51.8
63.0
67.3
71.9Unemployed
500
154
150
83
42
71Unemployment rate
5.4
7.9
5.8
5.1
4.3
3.3Footnotes:(1)Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
151,436
119,313
17,982
9,213
25,249Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
39.2
40.0
30.1
52.3
22.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.5
17.3
11.3
17.9
9.7Management occupations
11.5
12.3
7.2
11.6
6.8Business and financial operations occupations
5.0
5.0
4.1
6.3
2.9Professional and related occupations
22.8
22.7
18.8
34.4
12.3Computer and mathematical occupations
3.0
2.6
2.0
10.6
1.2Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.0
3.9
1.1Life, physical, and social science occupations
.9
.9
.5
2.4
.4Community and social service occupations
1.7
1.6
2.7
1.0
1.3Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
.6
.8
.6Education, training, and library occupations
5.9
6.2
5.0
4.6
3.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.0
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
5.9
5.7
5.9
9.3
2.8Service occupations
17.7
16.5
25.1
16.1
25.4Healthcare support occupations
2.3
1.9
5.4
2.1
2.4Protective service occupations
2.1
1.9
3.3
1.0
1.7Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.6
5.4
6.5
5.4
8.7Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.8
3.8
4.7
1.8
8.8Personal care and service occupations
3.8
3.4
5.1
5.8
3.7Sales and office occupations
22.1
22.1
23.5
18.9
20.8Sales and related occupations
10.5
10.6
9.7
9.8
9.8Office and administrative support occupations
11.7
11.5
13.8
9.1
10.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.2
10.1
5.7
3.4
16.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
.7
.8
.3
.2
2.0Construction and extraction occupations
5.2
5.9
3.0
1.5
10.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.2
3.5
2.4
1.7
3.7Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
11.7
11.3
15.6
9.3
15.6Production occupations
5.6
5.5
6.1
5.4
7.5Transportation and material moving occupations
6.1
5.7
9.5
3.9
8.1Men, 16 years and older (thousands)
80568
64612
8471
4915
14563Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
35.8
36.3
24.9
53.4
18.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.4
18.4
11.0
18.0
9.5Management occupations
13.2
14.1
7.9
12.9
7.2Business and financial operations occupations
4.2
4.4
3.1
5.1
2.3Professional and related occupations
18.4
17.9
13.9
35.4
8.8Computer and mathematical occupations
4.3
3.7
2.8
14.8
1.6Architecture and engineering occupations
3.3
3.4
1.7
5.9
1.6Life, physical, and social science occupations
.9
.9
.5
2.4
.4Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.1
1.8
.8
.6Legal occupations
1.1
1.2
.4
.6
.3Education, training, and library occupations
3.0
3.0
2.6
3.2
1.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.0
2.1
1.5
1.7
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.7
2.5
2.7
6.0
1.4Service occupations
14.4
13.5
20.9
12.4
20.3Healthcare support occupations
.5
.4
1.1
.8
.5Protective service occupations
3.0
2.9
4.7
1.5
2.3Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.9
4.5
6.9
5.6
7.9Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.3
4.3
5.7
1.8
8.2Personal care and service occupations
1.6
1.4
2.5
2.8
1.3Sales and office occupations
16.2
15.9
18.2
16.1
14.3Sales and related occupations
10.0
10.3
8.5
10.0
8.2Office and administrative support occupations
6.1
5.6
9.7
6.1
6.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.4
17.9
11.2
5.7
26.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.1
1.2
.5
.2
2.6Construction and extraction occupations
9.5
10.5
6.1
2.5
18.0Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.8
6.2
4.7
3.0
6.2Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
17.2
16.4
24.8
12.3
20.3Production occupations
7.5
7.5
8.4
6.2
8.7Transportation and material moving occupations
9.6
8.9
16.4
6.2
11.6Women, 16 years and older (thousands)
70868
54701
9511
4298
10686Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
43.2
44.4
34.8
51.0
27.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15.4
16.0
11.6
17.8
10.0Management occupations
9.6
10.1
6.7
10.1
6.3Business and financial operations occupations
5.8
5.9
4.9
7.7
3.7Professional and related occupations
27.8
28.4
23.2
33.2
17.0Computer and mathematical occupations
1.7
1.4
1.3
5.8
.7Architecture and engineering occupations
.6
.6
.3
1.6
.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
.8
.8
.5
2.3
.5Community and social service occupations
2.4
2.3
3.5
1.2
2.1Legal occupations
1.3
1.5
.8
1.0
1.0Education, training, and library occupations
9.2
10.0
7.1
6.2
6.3Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.4
.8
2.0
1.4Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9.6
9.5
8.8
13.1
4.6Service occupations
21.4
20.0
28.8
20.3
32.2Healthcare support occupations
4.4
3.6
9.2
3.7
4.9Protective service occupations
1.0
.8
2.1
.3
.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
6.5
6.5
6.2
5.1
9.8Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.3
3.3
3.8
1.8
9.5Personal care and service occupations
6.3
5.8
7.5
9.4
7.1Sales and office occupations
28.9
29.5
28.3
22.1
29.6Sales and related occupations
11.0
11.0
10.8
9.6
12.1Office and administrative support occupations
18.0
18.5
17.5
12.5
17.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
.9
1.0
.7
.7
2.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
.3
.4
.2
.2
1.1Construction and extraction occupations
.3
.4
.2
.2
.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.5
5.1
7.4
5.9
9.1Production occupations
3.4
3.1
4.0
4.6
5.7Transportation and material moving occupations
2.2
2.0
3.4
1.2
3.4Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Occupation
Total employed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
151,436
78.8
11.9
6.1
16.7Management, professional, and related occupations
59,438
80.3
9.1
8.1
9.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
24,941
82.9
8.2
6.6
9.8Management occupations
17,418
84.1
7.5
6.1
9.9Chief executives
1,649
88.8
3.4
6.0
5.6General and operations managers
949
85.0
7.1
5.6
11.3Legislators
20
–
–
–
–Advertising and promotions managers
67
88.4
7.1
1.3
4.8Marketing and sales managers
1,066
87.1
5.3
6.0
9.9Public relations and fundraising managers
62
81.6
10.3
5.4
3.3Administrative services managers
181
82.6
13.2
3.4
10.0Computer and information systems managers
597
77.4
6.2
15.2
6.7Financial managers
1,197
82.2
6.9
8.3
10.3Compensation and benefits managers
20
–
–
–
–Human resources managers
287
78.9
13.5
4.9
11.2Training and development managers
58
83.9
8.3
2.1
8.5Industrial production managers
275
84.9
4.9
9.2
7.4Purchasing managers
203
86.8
9.1
2.9
10.6Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
299
81.1
11.4
4.8
18.4Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
1,042
96.8
1.0
1.0
4.7Construction managers
812
91.9
3.8
2.0
11.0Education administrators
954
81.3
14.3
2.2
8.8Architectural and engineering managers
136
80.7
4.2
10.6
3.8Food service managers
1,157
73.8
10.2
12.0
17.7Funeral service managers
15
–
–
–
–Gaming managers
16
–
–
–
–Lodging managers
166
69.7
9.7
15.8
9.0Medical and health services managers
593
78.9
13.2
5.4
10.2Natural sciences managers
14
–
–
–
–Postmasters and mail superintendents
25
–
–
–
–Property, real estate, and community association managers
709
84.6
9.0
3.6
11.3Social and community service managers
421
76.0
15.4
4.8
11.0Emergency management directors
10
–
–
–
–Managers, all other
4,420
84.3
7.2
6.3
10.2Business and financial operations occupations
7,523
80.0
9.7
7.8
9.8Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
38
–
–
–
–Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
11
–
–
–
–Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
207
86.3
6.4
4.4
11.8Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
272
81.7
9.9
6.2
11.6Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
349
81.4
15.1
1.6
12.7Compliance officers
270
77.6
12.4
7.9
10.0Cost estimators
113
90.5
2.9
3.2
8.3Human resources workers
693
78.8
12.8
5.2
11.3Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
77
72.0
17.8
7.2
8.5Training and development specialists
156
82.9
12.0
3.0
10.3Logisticians
115
74.5
17.0
6.9
12.0Management analysts
902
78.5
9.0
10.7
7.9Meeting, convention, and event planners
162
82.1
8.6
4.5
11.1Fundraisers
86
91.5
4.3
1.9
4.8Market research analysts and marketing specialists
302
83.9
5.0
8.8
8.3Business operations specialists, all other
290
77.9
13.7
4.7
13.5Accountants and auditors
1,777
78.4
8.5
10.9
9.0Appraisers and assessors of real estate
73
91.8
5.5
2.2
9.5Budget analysts
53
72.2
16.8
8.6
5.6Credit analysts
27
–
–
–
–Financial analysts
307
78.6
6.5
12.8
10.9Personal financial advisors
513
83.9
6.0
7.7
7.1Insurance underwriters
104
82.6
9.6
6.3
4.9Financial examiners
14
–
–
–
–Credit counselors and loan officers
367
77.3
11.5
5.6
10.9Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
68
75.6
15.8
8.1
13.3Tax preparers
108
83.0
8.5
5.3
14.9Financial specialists, all other
68
75.0
16.8
5.4
13.6Professional and related occupations
34,498
78.5
9.8
9.2
9.0Computer and mathematical occupations
4,601
67.9
7.9
21.3
6.8Computer and information research scientists
20
–
–
–
–Computer systems analysts
526
68.7
10.8
17.6
6.7Information security analysts
89
78.7
9.2
7.7
8.9Computer programmers
466
71.4
7.6
19.8
6.7Software developers, applications and systems software
1,483
56.8
4.1
35.7
4.8Web developers
205
76.2
8.4
9.3
5.8Computer support specialists
570
74.5
9.8
12.6
7.8Database administrators
90
75.4
4.4
16.2
2.9Network and computer systems administrators
218
77.5
9.6
10.8
9.4Computer network architects
115
71.4
13.0
11.8
9.3Computer occupations, all other
596
74.0
11.0
12.7
10.6Actuaries
14
–
–
–
–Mathematicians
4
–
–
–
–Operations research analysts
129
71.9
11.2
12.9
10.4Statisticians
74
67.0
8.4
19.8
3.9Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
2
–
–
–
–Architecture and engineering occupations
3,106
80.5
5.6
11.6
8.8Architects, except naval
246
85.0
3.0
11.1
8.0Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
34
–
–
–
–Aerospace engineers
130
87.6
2.6
9.3
7.3Agricultural engineers
2
–
–
–
–Biomedical engineers
13
–
–
–
–Chemical engineers
79
80.8
4.1
10.3
6.6Civil engineers
425
86.4
3.6
7.7
10.4Computer hardware engineers
69
61.9
5.3
29.2
12.0Electrical and electronics engineers
293
74.4
7.5
15.1
9.3Environmental engineers
33
–
–
–
–Industrial engineers, including health and safety
220
89.3
2.7
6.6
11.2Marine engineers and naval architects
13
–
–
–
–Materials engineers
31
–
–
–
–Mechanical engineers
350
83.2
4.2
10.5
5.5Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
9
–
–
–
–Nuclear engineers
7
–
–
–
–Petroleum engineers
36
–
–
–
–Engineers, all other
539
71.8
7.2
18.2
6.1Drafters
109
88.5
4.9
4.9
22.7Engineering technicians, except drafters
385
76.8
11.2
8.8
10.6Surveying and mapping technicians
83
91.0
3.7
3.2
7.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,367
75.5
6.4
16.0
8.2Agricultural and food scientists
35
–
–
–
–Biological scientists
96
73.8
6.5
17.2
7.0Conservation scientists and foresters
31
–
–
–
–Medical scientists
154
57.9
3.7
37.3
4.6Life scientists, all other
3
–
–
–
–Astronomers and physicists
19
–
–
–
–Atmospheric and space scientists
6
–
–
–
–Chemists and materials scientists
95
69.0
10.6
18.4
2.7Environmental scientists and geoscientists
89
88.1
3.4
8.0
5.6Physical scientists, all other
261
65.9
4.9
26.9
9.7Economists
26
–
–
–
–Survey researchers
3
–
–
–
–Psychologists
161
88.1
5.8
4.2
6.9Sociologists
3
–
–
–
–Urban and regional planners
38
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
–
–
–
–Agricultural and food science technicians
35
–
–
–
–Biological technicians
17
–
–
–
–Chemical technicians
76
76.0
14.9
8.2
12.9Geological and petroleum technicians
18
–
–
–
–Nuclear technicians
5
–
–
–
–Social science research assistants
2
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
155
75.0
8.0
13.0
11.6Community and social service occupations
2,612
74.4
18.6
3.4
12.1Counselors
869
73.9
19.6
2.7
11.6Social workers
781
70.4
22.7
3.0
13.8Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
102
73.3
21.0
1.3
14.3Social and human service assistants
184
70.5
21.6
2.6
14.1Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
89
72.6
20.4
2.5
16.1Clergy
436
80.4
11.8
5.9
9.1Directors, religious activities and education
78
90.6
3.1
4.2
9.9Religious workers, all other
73
83.7
7.4
7.9
8.0Legal occupations
1,808
88.0
6.3
4.1
8.4Lawyers
1,133
89.3
4.4
4.7
5.6Judicial law clerks
15
–
–
–
–Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
59
86.8
11.0
1.2
3.5Paralegals and legal assistants
433
84.2
10.2
3.5
16.2Miscellaneous legal support workers
168
88.5
8.4
1.9
8.7Education, training, and library occupations
8,948
82.7
10.0
4.7
10.0Postsecondary teachers
1,420
77.8
7.0
12.3
6.9Preschool and kindergarten teachers
692
81.0
12.5
3.4
13.3Elementary and middle school teachers
3,186
85.1
10.3
2.4
9.8Secondary school teachers
1,078
87.9
8.0
2.0
7.9Special education teachers
353
86.8
8.6
2.2
6.5Other teachers and instructors
868
79.4
10.3
7.2
10.6Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
43
–
–
–
–Librarians
190
85.3
7.5
5.8
7.1Library technicians
37
–
–
–
–Teacher assistants
950
79.2
14.8
3.4
17.3Other education, training, and library workers
132
78.3
12.2
6.3
9.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,097
85.0
6.6
5.5
10.6Artists and related workers
232
89.0
3.6
3.6
9.9Designers
878
83.7
5.1
8.4
10.6Actors
47
–
–
–
–Producers and directors
173
89.3
3.6
4.6
6.3Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
312
87.8
8.4
2.2
11.7Dancers and choreographers
17
–
–
–
–Musicians, singers, and related workers
192
77.0
14.6
3.7
9.3Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
49
–
–
–
–Announcers
59
76.0
16.6
4.0
20.7News analysts, reporters and correspondents
73
84.6
3.6
9.6
10.5Public relations specialists
121
87.3
8.2
1.7
7.3Editors
167
90.1
1.9
6.6
6.0Technical writers
61
87.4
7.8
4.1
7.8Writers and authors
229
90.6
3.4
2.5
5.6Miscellaneous media and communication workers
116
73.6
11.3
13.0
37.8Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
111
80.3
13.1
2.4
12.1Photographers
205
86.9
5.7
5.7
8.4Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
54
93.0
3.1
3.8
11.4Media and communication equipment workers, all other
1
–
–
–
–Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
8,960
76.4
11.8
9.6
7.8Chiropractors
51
93.7
1.7
4.6
9.8Dentists
163
74.6
3.2
20.2
9.5Dietitians and nutritionists
120
74.8
15.9
6.1
4.9Optometrists
36
–
–
–
–Pharmacists
306
71.2
10.1
18.1
4.6Physicians and surgeons
1,061
71.6
7.5
19.3
5.9Physician assistants
92
83.9
3.2
11.5
6.0Podiatrists
12
–
–
–
–Audiologists
15
–
–
–
–Occupational therapists
118
81.5
7.5
8.2
6.3Physical therapists
290
83.9
5.2
9.5
5.3Radiation therapists
13
–
–
–
–Recreational therapists
11
–
–
–
–Respiratory therapists
84
82.1
8.5
5.2
8.7Speech-language pathologists
162
91.9
2.9
3.2
9.0Exercise physiologists
2
–
–
–
–Therapists, all other
205
81.2
9.2
6.1
15.7Veterinarians
101
93.3
2.1
3.7
0.3Registered nurses
3,102
76.9
11.9
9.0
6.6Nurse anesthetists
23
–
–
–
–Nurse midwives
6
–
–
–
–Nurse practitioners
176
83.2
8.5
6.2
3.5Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
32
–
–
–
–Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
361
68.9
16.5
10.6
13.0Dental hygienists
169
91.6
5.2
2.7
9.2Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
311
82.8
9.8
5.4
8.8Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
194
81.8
12.4
2.3
12.1Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
610
76.4
12.7
8.8
12.2Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
653
62.6
30.3
4.2
10.1Medical records and health information technicians
184
79.7
10.7
5.3
6.4Opticians, dispensing
55
87.0
7.3
2.2
11.6Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
130
61.2
24.3
11.9
9.7Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
114
80.1
13.5
3.4
11.9Service occupations
26,811
73.3
16.8
5.5
23.9Healthcare support occupations
3,554
63.4
27.3
5.5
16.9Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,058
52.4
37.5
5.8
14.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
20
–
–
–
–Physical therapist assistants and aides
70
84.5
6.4
6.3
10.4Massage therapists
170
82.4
6.8
7.7
9.6Dental assistants
294
78.9
11.4
6.5
24.1Medical assistants
570
77.9
14.3
4.1
28.6Medical transcriptionists
39
–
–
–
–Pharmacy aides
36
–
–
–
–Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
39
–
–
–
–Phlebotomists
101
70.8
22.0
3.6
16.2Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
156
67.2
26.0
4.0
7.9Protective service occupations
3,117
73.7
19.0
2.8
14.1First-line supervisors of correctional officers
61
71.7
23.3
2.6
17.3First-line supervisors of police and detectives
114
85.6
12.3
0.2
10.6First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
44
–
–
–
–First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
88
73.7
16.9
3.0
11.7Firefighters
252
86.6
6.8
1.4
7.7Fire inspectors
27
–
–
–
–Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
383
69.3
25.5
1.9
12.9Detectives and criminal investigators
130
88.2
6.9
4.0
7.6Fish and game wardens
9
–
–
–
–Parking enforcement workers
8
–
–
–
–Police and sheriff's patrol officers
708
82.2
12.0
2.7
16.0Transit and railroad police
2
–
–
–
–Animal control workers
9
–
–
–
–Private detectives and investigators
94
78.6
11.5
4.5
6.7Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
923
59.5
30.4
4.0
17.6Crossing guards
72
69.5
26.4
1.5
15.5Transportation security screeners
44
–
–
–
–Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
149
83.3
8.7
1.2
11.4Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,542
75.7
13.8
5.8
25.8Chefs and head cooks
460
69.7
14.7
11.6
23.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
543
75.5
15.5
5.3
17.6Cooks
2,179
73.0
17.3
4.8
35.0Food preparation workers
1,000
74.3
14.9
6.7
29.3Bartenders
454
85.7
7.4
2.5
17.0Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
420
73.2
18.0
3.3
20.2Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
214
77.6
11.4
5.7
18.0Waiters and waitresses
2,085
79.6
9.4
6.6
20.9Food servers, nonrestaurant
213
71.2
16.3
5.7
22.5Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
331
74.2
15.3
6.4
27.8Dishwashers
319
68.8
16.3
5.9
35.4Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
319
82.4
8.8
3.8
16.3Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
3
–
–
–
–Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,804
78.2
14.6
2.9
38.2First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
323
79.2
16.0
1.2
28.4First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
231
91.3
5.1
1.0
24.6Janitors and building cleaners
2,276
74.1
17.9
3.4
32.8Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,485
74.2
17.3
4.2
47.3Pest control workers
79
86.1
6.2
.2
14.6Grounds maintenance workers
1,411
86.5
8.1
1.4
43.1Personal care and service occupations
5,795
70.5
15.9
9.3
16.3First-line supervisors of gaming workers
206
84.7
4.8
4.1
11.6First-line supervisors of personal service workers
191
72.7
9.2
15.5
10.6Animal trainers
61
95.0
1.2
1.3
11.7Nonfarm animal caretakers
233
88.5
4.7
2.4
11.7Gaming services workers
92
53.8
8.0
28.2
9.8Motion picture projectionists
6
–
–
–
–Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
40
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
199
73.1
15.7
6.4
9.8Embalmers and funeral attendants
12
–
–
–
–Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
40
–
–
–
–Barbers
126
52.9
39.9
3.3
19.6Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
806
78.5
12.4
5.2
16.5Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
364
30.4
9.5
57.8
9.2Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
66
67.6
18.4
8.1
31.8Tour and travel guides
53
80.4
13.0
5.7
11.4Childcare workers
1,280
75.6
17.1
2.8
20.9Personal care aides
1,396
60.8
24.4
10.2
20.6Recreation and fitness workers
440
84.8
10.0
1.0
7.8Residential advisors
42
–
–
–
–Personal care and service workers, all other
142
74.7
14.4
4.4
12.6Sales and office occupations
33,539
78.7
12.6
5.2
15.6Sales and related occupations
15,848
80.0
11.0
5.7
15.7First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,282
81.9
8.9
6.1
14.7First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,180
84.1
6.8
6.7
13.6Cashiers
3,260
70.2
17.8
7.2
20.7Counter and rental clerks
105
78.1
14.0
3.2
22.6Parts salespersons
117
87.5
7.5
3.1
17.9Retail salespersons
3,312
79.0
12.3
5.3
18.2Advertising sales agents
222
79.5
12.0
4.0
11.7Insurance sales agents
630
80.9
11.0
4.6
11.7Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
263
82.7
7.1
7.2
8.9Travel agents
83
85.5
2.6
10.3
11.3Sales representatives, services, all other
512
84.9
8.5
3.9
11.3Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,308
88.8
4.8
4.3
10.7Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
59
80.9
9.6
3.0
9.3Real estate brokers and sales agents
977
86.3
6.9
4.6
10.2Sales engineers
43
–
–
–
–Telemarketers
61
59.2
34.9
4.8
19.7Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
160
84.8
9.1
3.4
22.3Sales and related workers, all other
274
84.2
9.7
3.2
12.1Office and administrative support occupations
17,691
77.6
14.1
4.7
15.6First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,352
81.9
11.1
4.6
13.6Switchboard operators, including answering service
25
–
–
–
–Telephone operators
41
–
–
–
–Communications equipment operators, all other
5
–
–
–
–Bill and account collectors
152
71.1
25.1
2.0
19.3Billing and posting clerks
452
77.8
14.0
4.6
15.8Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,137
84.5
7.7
4.9
11.9Gaming cage workers
12
–
–
–
–Payroll and timekeeping clerks
129
79.8
10.4
8.1
13.2Procurement clerks
27
–
–
–
–Tellers
342
79.8
12.5
5.3
17.5Financial clerks, all other
69
75.8
14.6
9.1
14.2Brokerage clerks
3
–
–
–
–Correspondence clerks
7
–
–
–
–Court, municipal, and license clerks
80
75.9
18.9
2.4
19.6Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
44
–
–
–
–Customer service representatives
2,388
74.5
16.9
4.5
18.3Eligibility interviewers, government programs
77
60.8
27.6
6.6
19.4File clerks
183
69.6
21.2
5.7
11.6Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
138
63.6
17.2
9.7
21.5Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
152
70.6
20.7
5.2
11.6Library assistants, clerical
87
84.1
12.5
1.4
10.5Loan interviewers and clerks
132
80.8
10.8
5.4
13.8New accounts clerks
24
–
–
–
–Order clerks
105
84.5
8.1
4.1
21.5Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
42
–
–
–
–Receptionists and information clerks
1,331
80.1
13.0
3.7
18.4Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
144
59.7
24.8
8.2
20.0Information and record clerks, all other
118
74.5
19.8
3.6
7.9Cargo and freight agents
27
–
–
–
–Couriers and messengers
227
66.3
22.1
6.0
19.3Dispatchers
292
81.1
12.8
3.1
16.6Meter readers, utilities
31
–
–
–
–Postal service clerks
121
63.1
23.9
12.1
8.7Postal service mail carriers
320
71.5
18.6
8.3
12.3Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
60
53.4
34.3
7.5
9.7Production, planning, and expediting clerks
245
84.0
8.6
4.2
9.1Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
546
78.0
16.1
2.2
21.7Stock clerks and order fillers
1,530
71.2
18.8
4.8
19.5Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
51
77.2
17.8
1.7
19.2Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,744
84.9
8.6
3.2
11.8Computer operators
91
79.3
13.8
4.1
14.3Data entry keyers
272
73.7
13.4
9.1
20.9Word processors and typists
82
77.2
14.3
4.1
11.2Desktop publishers
0
–
–
–
–Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
273
73.4
17.9
6.7
11.4Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
77
74.6
21.7
1.0
21.2Office clerks, general
1,295
74.9
14.6
6.9
16.9Office machine operators, except computer
35
–
–
–
–Proofreaders and copy markers
12
–
–
–
–Statistical assistants
9
–
–
–
–Office and administrative support workers, all other
551
77.8
13.6
4.3
11.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,904
87.0
7.3
2.2
29.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,096
90.4
4.9
1.8
45.0First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
48
–
–
–
–Agricultural inspectors
19
–
–
–
–Animal breeders
7
–
–
–
–Graders and sorters, agricultural products
85
71.5
20.4
6.3
40.7Miscellaneous agricultural workers
818
92.8
2.7
1.3
52.5Fishers and related fishing workers
29
–
–
–
–Hunters and trappers
1
–
–
–
–Forest and conservation workers
21
–
–
–
–Logging workers
68
85.7
11.2
.0
5.1Construction and extraction occupations
7,929
88.1
6.8
1.7
34.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
680
89.7
5.5
1.5
22.5Boilermakers
23
–
–
–
–Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
160
87.3
6.4
.5
45.5Carpenters
1,359
90.5
5.4
1.2
33.9Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
168
90.3
3.5
.9
50.8Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
56
83.9
10.5
1.6
48.8Construction laborers
1,801
85.5
8.1
2.2
45.5Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
13
–
–
–
–Pile-driver operators
2
–
–
–
–Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
351
89.0
8.7
.2
19.3Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
180
88.7
6.7
.5
62.7Electricians
774
87.6
5.9
3.1
16.8Glaziers
54
92.3
5.0
.0
21.2Insulation workers
50
88.2
7.7
.5
33.8Painters, construction and maintenance
612
87.5
5.7
3.6
50.7Paperhangers
4
–
–
–
–Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
583
90.2
7.5
.9
21.2Plasterers and stucco masons
34
–
–
–
–Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
12
–
–
–
–Roofers
230
89.5
4.9
1.1
51.7Sheet metal workers
126
86.6
6.7
2.1
16.7Structural iron and steel workers
60
82.4
10.7
1.9
10.8Solar photovoltaic installers
10
–
–
–
–Helpers, construction trades
57
89.0
9.2
.9
42.5Construction and building inspectors
93
81.1
11.8
2.4
9.9Elevator installers and repairers
44
–
–
–
–Fence erectors
43
–
–
–
–Hazardous materials removal workers
34
–
–
–
–Highway maintenance workers
92
87.5
9.6
.2
15.1Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
10
–
–
–
–Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
10
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous construction and related workers
34
–
–
–
–Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
25
–
–
–
–Earth drillers, except oil and gas
33
–
–
–
–Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
11
–
–
–
–Mining machine operators
55
90.7
7.1
.0
11.6Roof bolters, mining
4
–
–
–
–Roustabouts, oil and gas
6
–
–
–
–Helpers--extraction workers
4
–
–
–
–Other extraction workers
32
–
–
–
–Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,879
84.4
8.8
3.2
19.0First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
264
86.0
10.2
2.0
10.4Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
212
76.2
13.0
10.0
12.0Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
143
74.7
16.3
5.3
15.8Avionics technicians
7
–
–
–
–Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
25
–
–
–
–Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
2
–
–
–
–Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
13
–
–
–
–Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
10
–
–
–
–Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
44
–
–
–
–Security and fire alarm systems installers
79
83.6
5.6
4.2
24.2Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
140
86.3
3.3
6.0
18.5Automotive body and related repairers
147
85.5
5.2
3.0
24.1Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
–
–
–
–Automotive service technicians and mechanics
879
81.3
9.6
4.3
23.3Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
342
87.7
7.0
1.9
16.1Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
203
89.4
3.8
1.9
16.9Small engine mechanics
51
85.0
11.0
.0
6.6Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
87
79.1
10.8
2.0
31.6Control and valve installers and repairers
33
–
–
–
–Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
427
90.1
7.0
1.3
21.9Home appliance repairers
49
–
–
–
–Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
393
86.7
8.5
1.9
15.0Maintenance and repair workers, general
552
84.0
10.6
2.2
19.8Maintenance workers, machinery
21
–
–
–
–Millwrights
40
–
–
–
–Electrical power-line installers and repairers
136
87.2
7.7
.9
10.5Telecommunications line installers and repairers
171
76.4
16.1
5.2
20.9Precision instrument and equipment repairers
66
88.4
4.5
3.9
13.9Wind turbine service technicians
5
–
–
–
–Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
38
–
–
–
–Commercial divers
1
–
–
–
–Locksmiths and safe repairers
30
–
–
–
–Manufactured building and mobile home installers
10
–
–
–
–Riggers
13
–
–
–
–Signal and track switch repairers
7
–
–
–
–Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
19
–
–
–
–Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
198
87.0
5.8
3.9
22.9Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,743
75.7
15.8
4.8
22.2Production occupations
8,459
77.8
12.9
5.9
22.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
763
83.1
9.7
3.9
15.0Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
5
–
–
–
–Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
117
64.6
14.1
16.9
22.5Engine and other machine assemblers
9
–
–
–
–Structural metal fabricators and fitters
22
–
–
–
–Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,082
71.1
17.8
7.2
19.6Bakers
224
74.4
13.9
7.2
27.3Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
277
66.8
19.8
9.9
34.6Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
24
–
–
–
–Food batchmakers
107
80.0
14.2
3.1
30.6Food cooking machine operators and tenders
10
–
–
–
–Food processing workers, all other
138
66.9
23.3
7.4
35.3Computer control programmers and operators
87
81.3
6.3
4.3
12.3Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
–
–
–
–Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
–
–
–
–Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
–
–
–
–Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
83
93.3
5.8
.6
22.3Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
–
–
–
–Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
48
–
–
–
–Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
–
–
–
–Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
–
–
–
–Machinists
356
85.3
5.4
6.8
13.0Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
31
–
–
–
–Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
4
–
–
–
–Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
33
–
–
–
–Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
–
–
–
–Tool and die makers
50
95.6
2.4
.0
12.3Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
603
84.5
10.0
2.8
23.6Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
–
–
–
–Layout workers, metal and plastic
7
–
–
–
–Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
20
–
–
–
–Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
5
–
–
–
–Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
379
74.3
15.3
7.3
22.1Prepress technicians and workers
22
–
–
–
–Printing press operators
205
86.4
6.7
4.7
15.9Print binding and finishing workers
14
–
–
–
–Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
188
67.1
21.4
7.9
34.0Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
36
–
–
–
–Sewing machine operators
208
77.3
8.0
12.1
46.9Shoe and leather workers and repairers
8
–
–
–
–Shoe machine operators and tenders
2
–
–
–
–Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
79
66.9
7.8
22.6
19.3Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
2
–
–
–
–Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
–
–
–
–Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
13
–
–
–
–Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
11
–
–
–
–Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
–
–
–
–Fabric and apparel patternmakers
1
–
–
–
–Upholsterers
36
–
–
–
–Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
20
–
–
–
–Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
56
90.8
6.7
.0
15.7Furniture finishers
19
–
–
–
–Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
–
–
–
–Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
35
–
–
–
–Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
23
–
–
–
–Woodworkers, all other
34
–
–
–
–Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
44
–
–
–
–Stationary engineers and boiler operators
78
85.4
9.6
5.0
14.1Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
77
82.5
13.9
2.1
6.8Miscellaneous plant and system operators
38
–
–
–
–Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
54
92.5
3.7
1.5
15.8Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
94
84.0
12.2
1.5
35.3Cutting workers
67
79.9
7.2
4.1
37.2Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
29
–
–
–
–Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
16
–
–
–
–Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
734
76.7
12.8
7.4
17.7Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
40
–
–
–
–Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
85
77.0
8.4
11.8
11.3Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
236
72.5
16.1
6.2
43.1Painting workers
173
84.8
8.8
1.8
28.4Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
29
–
–
–
–Semiconductor processors
2
–
–
–
–Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
–
–
–
–Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
3
–
–
–
–Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
0
–
–
–
–Etchers and engravers
6
–
–
–
–Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
24
–
–
–
–Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
33
–
–
–
–Tire builders
10
–
–
–
–Helpers--production workers
40
–
–
–
–Production workers, all other
968
73.8
17.1
5.4
22.1Transportation and material moving occupations
9,284
73.8
18.4
3.8
22.1Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
190
81.6
13.4
3.2
21.2Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
141
93.9
3.0
.5
7.7Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
26
–
–
–
–Flight attendants
93
77.2
13.7
6.4
16.1Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
19
–
–
–
–Bus drivers
553
64.5
29.4
3.3
11.8Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,542
78.8
14.8
2.6
21.3Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
500
50.6
28.7
16.0
12.6Motor vehicle operators, all other
63
81.6
13.7
2.3
14.6Locomotive engineers and operators
52
75.3
20.8
.6
7.8Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
2
–
–
–
–Railroad conductors and yardmasters
55
74.4
21.3
4.3
6.0Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
–
–
–
–Sailors and marine oilers
16
–
–
–
–Ship and boat captains and operators
31
–
–
–
–Ship engineers
4
–
–
–
–Bridge and lock tenders
2
–
–
–
–Parking lot attendants
89
65.3
24.3
7.3
28.5Automotive and watercraft service attendants
97
78.4
9.9
6.4
18.1Transportation inspectors
26
–
–
–
–Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
41
–
–
–
–Other transportation workers
34
–
–
–
–Conveyor operators and tenders
3
–
–
–
–Crane and tower operators
63
84.8
13.0
.5
13.7Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
37
–
–
–
–Hoist and winch operators
9
–
–
–
–Industrial truck and tractor operators
605
68.3
26.0
2.3
28.0Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
328
73.7
18.0
2.5
29.4Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,900
72.7
19.9
3.2
23.4Machine feeders and offbearers
30
–
–
–
–Packers and packagers, hand
550
68.3
18.9
7.1
43.6Pumping station operators
16
–
–
–
–Refuse and recyclable material collectors
101
81.6
16.4
.5
23.5Mine shuttle car operators
0
–
–
–
–Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
4
–
–
–
–Material moving workers, all other
45
–
–
–
–Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Industry and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
151,436
119,313
17,982
9,213
25,249Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.6
1.9
.4
.3
2.4Mining
.5
.6
.3
.2
.6Construction
6.8
7.7
3.3
2.1
11.8Manufacturing
10.2
10.4
8.5
11.3
9.8Durable goods
6.4
6.6
4.8
7.5
5.4Nondurable goods
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.8
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
13.4
13.5
12.7
12.9
13.7Wholesale trade
2.4
2.5
1.7
2.4
2.5Retail trade
10.9
10.9
11.0
10.6
11.2Transportation and utilities
5.3
4.9
8.0
4.6
5.5Information
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.3
1.3Financial activities
6.9
7.0
6.0
7.9
5.0Professional and business services
12.1
12.1
9.9
16.5
12.0Education and health services
22.6
21.9
28.4
22.3
16.4Leisure and hospitality
9.4
9.0
10.0
10.0
12.9Other services
4.8
4.8
4.3
6.1
5.2Other services, except private households
4.4
4.3
4.0
5.8
4.1Other services, private households
.5
.5
.3
.3
1.1Public administration
4.5
4.3
6.4
3.4
3.3Men, 16 years and older (thousands)
80,568
64,612
8,471
4,915
14,563Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.3
2.7
.7
.3
3.2Mining
.9
.9
.5
.3
.9Construction
11.7
13.0
6.4
3.4
19.5Manufacturing
13.6
13.9
12.2
13.4
11.6Durable goods
9.0
9.3
7.1
9.6
7.0Nondurable goods
4.5
4.6
5.0
3.8
4.6Wholesale and retail trade
13.9
13.9
14.2
13.7
13.5Wholesale trade
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.7
3.2Retail trade
10.7
10.6
11.5
11.1
10.3Transportation and utilities
7.6
7.1
12.3
6.6
7.3Information
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.7
1.4Financial activities
6.2
6.2
5.3
7.7
4.3Professional and business services
13.3
13.0
11.7
19.9
12.2Education and health services
10.8
10.2
13.6
14.1
6.8Leisure and hospitality
8.7
8.2
10.6
10.2
11.7Other services
4.3
4.3
4.7
4.6
4.6Other services, except private households
4.3
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.4Other services, private households
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1Public administration
4.7
4.6
6.0
3.1
3.1Women, 16 years and older (thousands)
70,868
54,701
9,511
4,298
10,686Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.1
.1
.3
1.3Mining
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1Construction
1.3
1.5
.6
.7
1.3Manufacturing
6.3
6.3
5.3
8.9
7.4Durable goods
3.4
3.4
2.7
5.0
3.3Nondurable goods
2.9
2.9
2.6
3.9
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
12.7
12.9
11.5
12.0
14.0Wholesale trade
1.5
1.6
.8
2.1
1.7Retail trade
11.2
11.3
10.6
10.0
12.3Transportation and utilities
2.7
2.4
4.2
2.4
3.0Information
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.9
1.1Financial activities
7.7
7.9
6.6
8.2
6.1Professional and business services
10.7
11.0
8.4
12.5
11.9Education and health services
36.1
35.7
41.5
31.7
29.5Leisure and hospitality
10.1
10.1
9.4
9.8
14.5Other services
5.4
5.4
4.0
7.8
6.2Other services, except private households
4.5
4.4
3.5
7.2
3.7Other services, private households
.9
1.0
.5
.6
2.5Public administration
4.4
4.0
6.7
3.7
3.6Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
82,092
65,083
9,976
4,707
12,900With at least one family member employed
66,023
52,209
7,764
4,166
11,182As a percent of total families
80.4
80.2
77.8
88.5
86.7With at least one family member unemployed
5,301
3,711
1,086
265
1,117As a percent of total families
6.5
5.7
10.9
5.6
8.7Some family member(s) employed
3,656
2,684
628
204
811As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
69.0
72.3
57.8
76.9
72.6Some family member(s) employed full time
3,162
2,343
524
185
702As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
59.7
63.1
48.2
69.8
62.9Married-couple families(1)
59,747
50,170
4,492
3,775
8,025With at least one family member employed
48,440
40,298
3,655
3,361
7,170As a percent of total families
81.1
80.3
81.4
89.0
89.3With at least one family member unemployed
3,122
2,443
371
196
642As a percent of total families
5.2
4.9
8.3
5.2
8.0Some family member(s) employed
2,511
1,975
289
163
533As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
80.4
80.8
77.8
83.0
83.1Some family member(s) employed full time
2,235
1,765
259
148
473As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
71.6
72.2
69.7
75.5
73.7Families maintained by women(2)
15,669
10,064
4,326
579
3,287With at least one family member employed
12,001
7,775
3,229
492
2,588As a percent of total families
76.6
77.3
74.6
84.9
78.7With at least one family member unemployed
1,543
845
564
45
337As a percent of total families
9.8
8.4
13.0
7.8
10.3Some family member(s) employed
774
457
254
26
189As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
50.1
54.0
45.1
56.8
56.0Some family member(s) employed full time
607
360
194
23
151As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
39.3
42.7
34.3
50.3
44.7Families maintained by men(2)
6,676
4,849
1,158
353
1,588With at least one family member employed
5,582
4,136
881
314
1,424As a percent of total families
83.6
85.3
76.1
88.8
89.7With at least one family member unemployed
635
423
151
24
138As a percent of total families
9.5
8.7
13.0
6.8
8.7Some family member(s) employed
372
252
85
16
89As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
58.5
59.7
56.1
65.5
64.5Some family member(s) employed full time
320
217
72
15
79As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
50.4
51.4
47.4
60.2
57.2Footnotes (1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
–
–
–
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
–
–
–
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
–
–
–
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
–
–
–
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
–
–
–
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
–
–
–
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
–
–
–
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
–
–
–
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.0With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
–
–
–
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
–
–
–
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
–
–
–
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
–
–
–
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
–
–
–
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
–
–
–
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
–
–
–
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
–
–
–
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.8With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
–
–
–
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
–
–
–
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
–
–
–
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
–
–
–
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
–
–
–
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
–
–
–
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
–
–
–
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
–
–
–
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.7With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
–
–
–
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
–
–
–
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
–
–
–
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
–
–
–
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
–
–
–
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
–
–
–
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
–
–
–
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
–
–
–
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.8With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
–
–
–
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
–
–
–
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
–
–
–
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
–
–
–
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
–
–
–
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
–
–
–
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
–
–
–
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
–
–
–
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
–
–
–
–
–
–1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
–
–
–
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
–
–
–
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
–
–
–
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
–
–
–
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
–
–
–
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
–
–
–
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
–
–
–
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
–
–
–
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
–
–
–
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
–
–
–
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
–
–
–
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
–
–
–
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
–
–
–
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
–
–
–
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
–
–
–
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
–
–
–
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
–
–
–
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
–
–
–
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
–
–
–
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
–
–
–
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
–
–
–
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
–
–
–
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
–
–
–
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
–
–
–
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
–
–
–
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
–
–
–
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
–
–
–
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.3Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)

Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (in thousands)
7,751
5,345
1,655
349
1,548Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
30.5
32.1
25.5
28.6
33.45 to 14 weeks
28.7
29.1
27.3
28.7
28.915 to 26 weeks
14.9
14.7
15.5
15.7
14.827 weeks and over
25.9
24.1
31.7
26.9
22.8Average (mean) duration, in weeks
27.5
26.3
31.8
27.9
24.3Median duration, in weeks
10.6
10.0
13.4
11.4
9.6Men, 16 years and older (in thousands)
4,187
2,952
845
176
833Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
29.7
31.2
25.2
27.1
34.85 to 14 weeks
28.2
28.1
27.5
30.0
28.115 to 26 weeks
14.9
15.0
14.4
14.9
14.327 weeks and over
27.1
25.8
32.9
28.0
22.8Average (mean) duration, in weeks
29.3
28.6
33.2
28.0
23.7Median duration, in weeks
11.2
10.6
13.4
11.6
9.4Women, 16 years and older (in thousands)
3,564
2,393
810
172
715Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
31.3
33.3
25.8
30.2
31.85 to 14 weeks
29.3
30.4
27.0
27.4
29.815 to 26 weeks
15.0
14.3
16.7
16.6
15.527 weeks and over
24.4
22.1
30.5
25.7
22.9Average (mean) duration, in weeks
25.4
23.5
30.4
27.8
25.0Median duration, in weeks
10.1
9.4
13.3
11.3
9.9Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
7,751
5,345
1,655
349
1,548Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
48.2
50.2
44.6
41.8
49.3On temporary layoff
12.5
14.4
7.4
7.4
15.1Not on temporary layoff
35.8
35.8
37.2
34.4
34.2Permanent job losers
25.4
26.1
24.0
25.6
21.4Persons who completed temporary jobs
10.4
9.7
13.2
8.8
12.8Job leavers
11.1
11.5
9.3
12.3
9.0Reentrants
30.1
28.8
32.9
31.1
28.5New entrants
10.6
9.5
13.3
14.7
13.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
4,187
2,952
845
176
833Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
53.3
55.8
47.4
45.0
57.1On temporary layoff
13.4
15.3
8.1
5.8
17.2Not on temporary layoff
39.9
40.5
39.3
39.1
39.9Permanent job losers
28.0
29.1
25.2
28.3
24.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
11.9
11.4
14.0
10.8
15.4Job leavers
9.9
10.4
7.7
13.0
7.9Reentrants
26.5
25.1
30.2
28.8
23.5New entrants
10.3
8.7
14.8
13.2
11.6Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,564
2,393
810
172
715Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
42.3
43.3
41.7
38.6
40.3On temporary layoff
11.3
13.4
6.7
9.0
12.7Not on temporary layoff
31.0
30.0
35.0
29.6
27.6Permanent job losers
22.3
22.4
22.7
22.8
17.7Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.7
7.6
12.3
6.7
9.9Job leavers
12.5
12.9
11.0
11.6
10.3Reentrants
34.3
33.3
35.7
33.5
34.3New entrants
10.9
10.5
11.7
16.3
15.1Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian labor force(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
159,187
94,351
5,849
2,434
1,804
553
1,250
88,50216 to 24 years
21,202
17,232
1,780
787
530
130
400
15,45225 to 54 years
102,248
23,513
2,481
1,128
841
267
573
21,03255 years and older
35,737
53,606
1,587
519
433
156
277
52,018Men, 16 years and older
84,755
37,743
2,733
1,211
960
345
615
35,00916 to 24 years
10,949
8,423
927
422
299
86
213
7,49625 to 54 years
54,726
7,085
1,050
520
430
163
267
6,03555 years and older
19,079
22,235
757
269
232
96
136
21,478Women, 16 years and older
74,432
56,608
3,116
1,222
843
208
635
53,49216 to 24 years
10,253
8,809
854
364
231
44
187
7,95625 to 54 years
47,522
16,428
1,432
608
411
104
307
14,99655 years and older
16,657
31,371
830
250
201
60
141
30,540WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
124,658
73,557
4,087
1,629
1,191
360
831
69,46916 to 24 years
16,171
12,118
1,205
515
333
83
250
10,91325 to 54 years
78,650
17,136
1,671
735
546
165
381
15,46455 years and older
29,837
44,303
1,211
379
312
112
200
43,092Men, 16 years and older
67,564
29,297
1,912
808
632
224
407
27,38516 to 24 years
8,476
5,870
639
282
192
55
137
5,23125 to 54 years
42,929
4,912
702
337
275
102
173
4,21155 years and older
16,158
18,515
572
190
164
67
98
17,943Women, 16 years and older
57,095
44,260
2,175
821
559
135
424
42,08416 to 24 years
7,695
6,248
566
234
141
28
113
5,68225 to 54 years
35,721
12,223
970
398
270
63
208
11,25355 years and older
13,679
25,788
639
189
147
45
103
25,149Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
19,637
12,252
1,110
530
426
146
280
11,14216 to 24 years
2,988
2,860
371
187
147
38
109
2,48925 to 54 years
13,248
3,543
489
253
201
79
122
3,05555 years and older
3,400
5,849
251
90
77
28
49
5,598Men, 16 years and older
9,315
5,209
513
260
221
89
132
4,69616 to 24 years
1,442
1,426
179
93
77
24
53
1,24725 to 54 years
6,255
1,431
220
121
106
49
56
1,21155 years and older
1,619
2,352
114
47
39
17
23
2,238Women, 16 years and older
10,321
7,043
597
269
205
57
148
6,44616 to 24 years
1,546
1,434
192
94
71
14
56
1,24225 to 54 years
6,994
2,112
269
132
96
30
65
1,84455 years and older
1,782
3,497
136
43
38
12
26
3,361AsianTotal, 16 years and older
9,562
5,559
343
142
92
23
69
5,21616 to 24 years
896
1,302
84
38
19
2
16
1,21825 to 54 years
6,851
1,858
185
74
48
10
38
1,67355 years and older
1,814
2,399
74
30
25
11
14
2,325Men, 16 years and older
5,091
1,973
153
71
51
14
37
1,82016 to 24 years
466
634
45
21
10
2
8
58925 to 54 years
3,683
424
65
32
24
4
21
35955 years and older
942
915
42
19
16
8
8
872Women, 16 years and older
4,471
3,586
190
71
41
9
32
3,39616 to 24 years
430
668
38
18
9
1
8
63025 to 54 years
3,168
1,434
120
42
24
6
17
1,31455 years and older
872
1484
32
11
9
2
7
1452Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
26,797
13,900
1,181
444
318
94
224
12,71816 to 24 years
4,563
3,926
426
173
122
30
92
3,49925 to 54 years
18,754
5,026
551
212
147
45
102
4,47555 years and older
3,480
4,948
204
59
49
20
29
4,744Men, 16 years and older
15,396
4,870
501
199
156
52
105
4,36916 to 24 years
2,469
1,847
214
88
67
18
48
1,63325 to 54 years
10,951
1,126
195
85
66
23
43
93155 years and older
1,976
1,898
93
27
24
10
14
1,804Women, 16 years and older
11,401
9,029
680
245
161
42
119
8,34916 to 24 years
2,094
2,079
213
85
55
11
44
1,86625 to 54 years
7,803
3,900
356
128
81
21
59
3,54455 years and older
1,504
3,050
111
32
25
9
16
2,940Footnotes:(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual averages

Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
–
$1941980
262
269
212
–
2091981
284
291
235
–
2231982
302
310
245
–
2401983
313
320
261
–
2501984
326
336
269
–
2591985
344
356
277
–
2701986
359
371
291
–
2771987
374
384
301
–
2851988
385
395
314
–
2901989
399
409
319
–
2981990
412
424
329
–
3041991
426
442
348
–
3121992
440
458
357
–
3211993
459
475
369
–
3311994
467
484
371
–
3241995
479
494
383
–
3291996
490
506
387
–
3391997
503
519
400
–
3511998
523
545
426
–
3701999
549
573
445
–
3852000
576
590
474
615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
624Men1979
292
298
227
–
2191980
313
320
244
–
2341981
340
350
268
–
2511982
364
375
278
–
2691983
379
387
294
–
2741984
392
401
303
–
2871985
407
418
305
–
2961986
419
433
319
–
2991987
434
450
327
–
3061988
449
465
348
–
3081989
468
482
348
–
3151990
481
494
361
–
3181991
493
506
375
–
3231992
501
514
380
–
3391993
510
524
392
–
3461994
522
547
400
–
3431995
538
566
411
–
3501996
557
580
412
–
3561997
579
595
432
–
3711998
598
615
468
–
3901999
618
638
488
–
4062000
641
662
510
685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
663Women1979
182
184
169
–
1571980
201
203
185
–
1721981
219
221
206
–
1901982
239
242
217
–
2031983
252
254
232
–
2151984
265
268
241
–
2231985
277
281
252
–
2301986
291
294
264
–
2411987
303
307
276
–
2511988
315
318
288
–
2601989
328
334
301
–
2691990
346
353
308
–
2781991
366
373
323
–
2921992
380
387
335
–
3021993
393
401
348
–
3131994
399
408
346
–
3051995
406
415
355
–
3051996
418
428
362
–
3161997
431
444
375
–
3181998
456
468
400
–
3371999
473
483
409
–
3482000
493
502
429
547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
586Women's earnings as a percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
–
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
–
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
–
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
–
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
–
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
–
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
–
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
–
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
–
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
–
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
–
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
–
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
–
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
–
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
–
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
–
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
–
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
–
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
–
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
–
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
–
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$885
$912
$715
$1,069
$664Less than a high school diploma
504
510
467
502
492High school graduates, no college(1)
692
717
592
630
621Some college, no degree
756
781
667
739
699Associate's degree
819
851
707
786
753Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,259
1,274
990
1,429
1,127Men, 25 years and older
969
996
751
1,190
697Less than a high school diploma
551
567
496
568
518High school graduates, no college(1)
769
806
626
683
679Some college, no degree
861
892
740
828
771Associate's degree
951
975
816
825
879Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,464
1,491
1,052
1,600
1,246Women, 25 years and older
784
806
677
940
609Less than a high school diploma
423
421
422
461
413High school graduates, no college(1)
599
610
539
592
550Some college, no degree
665
682
610
681
618Associate's degree
720
734
649
760
662Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,101
1,115
960
1,262
988Footnotes:(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages

Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$832
$862
$678
$1,021
$624Management, professional, and related occupations
1,188
1,202
966
1,483
1,012Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,284
1,317
1,037
1,509
1,079Management occupations
1,370
1,387
1,101
1,645
1,100Business and financial operations occupations
1,161
1,172
970
1,335
1,017Professional and related occupations
1,141
1,143
916
1,471
971Computer and mathematical occupations
1,443
1,423
1,105
1,658
1,251Architecture and engineering occupations
1,482
1,469
1,170
1,690
1,317Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,209
1,226
1,024
1,352
1,010Community and social services occupations
919
937
820
1,101
854Legal occupations
1,431
1,428
1,174
1,728
993Education, training, and library occupations
984
1,002
847
1,049
865Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,040
1,032
924
1,174
849Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
1,104
1,119
892
1,386
970Service occupations
523
536
495
545
493Healthcare support occupations
525
548
497
584
541Protective service occupations
809
890
681
646
782Food preparation and serving related occupations
465
467
422
524
454Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
510
515
485
552
484Personal care and service occupations
505
512
471
515
487Sales and office occupations
698
713
623
743
613Sales and related occupations
744
782
584
719
596Office and administrative support occupations
679
684
644
756
623Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
786
796
741
753
624Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
520
531
466
408
488Construction and extraction occupations
784
792
755
740
639Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
861
879
747
799
713Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
665
685
602
635
557Production occupations
668
691
566
650
543Transportation and material-moving occupations
662
678
628
615
573Men, 16 years and older
915
942
718
1,151
663Management, professional, and related occupations
1,420
1,427
1,124
1,661
1,169Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,491
1,513
1,198
1,682
1,161Management occupations
1,539
1,551
1,260
1,839
1,169Business and financial operations occupations
1,373
1,392
1,122
1,536
1,143Professional and related occupations
1,364
1,359
1,061
1,653
1,180Computer and mathematical occupations
1,518
1,508
1,146
1,728
1,291Architecture and engineering occupations
1,529
1,506
1,296
1,774
1,403Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,319
1,279
1,276
1,542
1,032Community and social services occupations
1,004
1,030
836
1,242
929Legal occupations
1,904
1,911
1,573
2,378
1,654Education, training, and library occupations
1,154
1,165
1,036
1,297
1,059Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,139
1,151
938
1,236
907Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
1,332
1,359
992
1,569
1,215Service occupations
595
610
524
599
517Healthcare support occupations
602
619
538
618
677Protective service occupations
854
923
689
624
808Food preparation and serving related occupations
491
493
424
582
481Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
548
561
501
596
507Personal care and service occupations
613
642
545
609
554Sales and office occupations
805
841
640
827
665Sales and related occupations
904
943
673
845
677Office and administrative support occupations
708
721
619
778
658Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
794
805
741
779
639Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
544
560
453
399
503Construction and extraction occupations
786
795
752
759
645Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
863
881
745
809
720Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
704
723
622
671
600Production occupations
723
752
589
698
603Transportation and material-moving occupations
685
699
649
620
598Women, 16 years and older
749
766
641
902
586Management, professional, and related occupations
1,027
1,036
892
1,315
894Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,099
1,116
960
1,330
943Management occupations
1,148
1,157
1,003
1,426
933Business and financial operations occupations
1,018
1,033
903
1,169
953Professional and related occupations
998
1,003
838
1,305
863Computer and mathematical occupations
1,325
1,267
1,031
1,543
1,079Architecture and engineering occupations
1,207
1,218
941
1,296
1,066Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,119
1,146
933
1,135
995Community and social services occupations
880
888
807
1,058
838Legal occupations
1,152
1,139
1,008
1,548
850Education, training, and library occupations
933
951
772
986
808Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
951
936
913
1,168
767Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
1,036
1,048
865
1,331
871Service occupations
487
488
475
514
460Healthcare support occupations
519
539
491
565
522Protective service occupations
688
712
631
671
744Food preparation and serving related occupations
434
437
420
477
418Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
454
450
457
526
421Personal care and service occupations
482
485
443
498
478Sales and office occupations
649
658
618
688
588Sales and related occupations
590
611
503
551
514Office and administrative support occupations
669
672
654
743
610Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
580
569
754
486
458Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
465
469
527
411
422Construction and extraction occupations
639
616
886
421
489Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
783
772
889
612
581Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
531
531
528
585
451Production occupations
527
526
526
582
455Transportation and material-moving occupations
540
544
533
593
440Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

**Concepts and definitions**

*Civilian noninstitutional population.*Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

*Employed.*Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

*Unemployed.*The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

*Duration of unemployment.*The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

*Reason for unemployment.*Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.

Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.*Civilian labor force.*This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

*Unemployment rate.*This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

*Labor force participation rate.*This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

*Employment–population ratio.*This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

*Not in the labor force.*Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

*Occupation and industry.*Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

*White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.*In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.*This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]

*Usual weekly earnings.*Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

*Median earnings.*Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

*Family.*A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

*Families maintained by women and families maintained by men* are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).*Children.*Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

**Reliability of the estimates**

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]



[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” *Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey.”

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” *Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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