Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this 

Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

DEIDRE L. MONROE ALEJANDRO ROSILLO

Lake Superior Court, Juvenile Division DCS, Lake County Office

Public Defender’s Office Gary, Indiana

Gary, Indiana

ROBERT J. HENKE

DCS Central Administration

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE )

INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF THE )

PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF )

V.M. (Minor Child) and )

)

M.A. (Mother), )

)

Appellant-Respondent, )

)

vs. ) No. 45A03-1205-JT-221

)

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )

SERVICES, )

)

Appellee-Petitioner. )

APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Mary Beth Bonaventura, Judge

Cause No. 45D06-1110-JT-220

January 31, 2013

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

CRONE, Judge
2

Case Summary and Issue

This case involves a sadly familiar circumstance in which a mother’s patterns of 

substance abuse, substance-related criminal conduct, and instability are so protracted as to 

result in the termination of her parental rights. M.A. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s 

involuntary termination of her parental rights to her child, V.M. Finding that the evidence is 

sufficient to support the trial court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the 

conditions that led to V.M.’s removal would not be remedied and that termination is in the 

child’s best interest, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

Mother began using marijuana when she was a teenager, and by her early twenties, she 

was using cocaine and heroin. She became addicted to heroin, taking as many as six to eight 

injections of it daily. She also began taking various other narcotics. 

In 2002, Mother’s young child died of suffocation while sleeping with her. On June 

14, 2006, Mother gave birth to V.M., and two years later, when Mother pled guilty to heroin 

possession, the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) removed V.M. from Mother’s care. 

V.M. was adjudicated a CHINS while Mother was serving probation, and when Mother 

completed the services ordered, she and V.M. were reunited. 

In January 2010, DCS removed V.M. from Mother and placed him with his paternal 

grandparents based on a report that Mother used marijuana while V.M. was in her care, sold 

her food stamps for drug money, threatened to commit suicide, and failed to obtain medical 

treatment for V.M. when he had a blood infection. She was still on probation for the heroin 
3

conviction and was living in a car. In June 2010, the trial court adjudicated V.M. a CHINS 

and ordered Mother to participate in numerous services, including substance abuse evaluation 

and treatment, random drug screens, psychological evaluation and treatment, parenting 

classes, supervised visitation, and individual therapy. She also was ordered to obtain suitable 

housing. Her substance abuse evaluation rendered a diagnosis of opioid dependence with 

physiological dependence, and the evaluating mental health therapist Christine Gesiorski 

recommended that she undergo six months of intensive inpatient treatment. Mother 

completed a detoxification program but did not enter the inpatient program. Gesiorski made

repeated, unsuccessful attempts to contact Mother to conduct ongoing drug screens, and the 

referrals were eventually closed for noncompliance. Although Mother did not complete her 

mental health treatment program in this case, her mental health treatment records from the 

prior CHINS case show that she suffers from major depressive disorder and moderate 

chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, in addition to polysubstance abuse dependence. 

Mother entered a group home, but was asked to leave when she tested positive for alcohol 

and failed to pay her rent. She tested positive for marijuana in April 2010, in violation of her 

probation. During the twenty-month pendency of the CHINS case, Mother failed to attend 

three of the four hearings and her whereabouts were sometimes unknown. 

In October 2011, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental relationship with 

V.M. Shortly thereafter, DCS removed Mother’s nine-year-old daughter R.A. from her, 
4

placed her with V.M. at the paternal grandparents’ home,1and initiated CHINS proceedings 

based on a report that R.A. had witnessed Mother stealing money and using intravenous 

drugs. At a March 2012 hearing on the termination petition for V.M., Gesiorski testified in 

part that 

A person who is addicted to drugs does not have the ability to effectively 

parent, especially with heroin, because heroin really affects the pleasure 

principle of our brain, and what could happen—what will—really because of it 

being so pleasurable, the user will do anything that they have to to get the 

heroin, you know, and—which could lead to legal [sic] behavior and, you 

know, neglect of the children[.]

 

Tr. at 96. Gesiorski described Mother’s likelihood of relapse as very high and said that it was 

typical for a person with drug addiction to be involved in criminal activity fueled by that 

addiction. Id. at 98. On April 4, 2012, the trial court issued an order terminating Mother’s 

parental relationship with V.M. Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as 

necessary. 

Discussion and Decision

 Mother challenges the sufficiency of evidence to support the trial court’s judgment

terminating her parent-child relationship with V.M. When reviewing a trial court’s findings 

of fact and conclusions thereon in a case involving the termination of parental rights, we 

apply a two-tiered standard of review. In re M.W., 943 N.E.2d 848, 853 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2011), trans. denied. First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings, and 

second we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We will set aside the 

 

1

 Throughout the pendency of the CHINS and termination proceedings, V.M. was in a relative 

placement with his paternal grandparents. 
5

trial court’s judgment only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous 

where the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the conclusions do not 

support the judgment. Id. In conducting our review, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge 

witness credibility. In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 805 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. 

Rather, we consider only the evidence and inferences most favorable to the judgment. Id.

In Bester v. Lake County Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143 (Ind. 2005), 

our supreme court stated,

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the 

traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. A 

parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her children is 

perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests. Indeed the parent-child 

relationship is one of the most valued relationships in our culture. We 

recognize of course that parental interests are not absolute and must be 

subordinated to the child’s interests in determining the proper disposition of a 

petition to terminate parental rights. Thus, parental rights may be terminated 

when the parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. 

Id. at 147 (citations, quotation marks, and alteration omitted). 

To obtain a termination of the parent-child relationship between Mother and V.M., 

DCS was required to establish:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6) 

months under a dispositional decree.

(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that reasonable 

efforts for family preservation or reunification are not required, 

including a description of the court’s finding, the date of the finding, 

and the manner in which the finding was made.

(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been under the 

supervision of a county office of family and children or probation 
6

department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most recent twentytwo (22) months, beginning with the date the child is removed from the 

home as a result of the child being alleged to be a child in need of 

services or a delinquent child;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in 

the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of 

the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parentchild relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a 

child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child. 

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). In recognition of the seriousness with which we address 

parental termination cases, Indiana has adopted a clear and convincing evidence standard. 

Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 377 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), 

trans. denied. 

First, Mother asserts that the record does not support the trial court’s conclusion that a 

reasonable probability exists that conditions leading to V.M.’s removal will not be remedied.2

When assessing whether there is a reasonable probability that conditions that led to the 

child’s removal will not be remedied, we must consider not only the initial basis for the 

 

2

 Mother also challenges the trial court’s findings and conclusion that there is a reasonable probability 

that the continuation of her relationship with V.M. poses a threat to V.M.’s well-being. Indiana Code Section 

31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) requires DCS to prove only one of the three circumstances listed. Because we find no error

concerning the reasonable probability of unremedied conditions, we need not address the threat to the child’s 

well-being. 
7

child’s removal, but also the bases for continued placement outside the home. In re A.I., 825 

N.E.2d at 806. Moreover, “the trial court should judge a parent’s fitness to care for [her]

children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed 

conditions.” In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. “Due to the 

permanent effect of termination, the trial court also must evaluate the parent’s habitual 

patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child.”

Id. For example, the court may properly consider evidence of a parent’s substance abuse, 

criminal history, lack of employment or adequate housing, history of neglect, and failure to 

provide support. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 

199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In making its case, “DCS need not rule out all possibilities of 

change; rather, [it] need establish only that there is a reasonable probability that the parent’s 

behavior will not change.” In re Kay.L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). “[A] 

trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced by a deficient lifestyle such 

that his or her physical, mental, and social growth is permanently impaired before terminating 

the parent-child relationship.” Castro, 842 N.E.2d at 372.

Here, V.M. had a previous CHINS determination based on Mother’s conviction for 

heroin possession. This time, he was removed from her based on a report that she was selling 

her food stamps for drugs, had a history of substance abuse, and was not giving him the 

medicine required to treat a blood infection. Both times, V.M.’s removal was drug-related, 

which illustrates a destructive pattern in Mother’s life. Her pattern of drug use includes 

abuse of prescription drugs, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin, and her ten-year criminal history 
8

includes substance-related offenses such as heroin possession, public intoxication, and 

reckless endangerment associated with intoxication. Her criminal history also includes 

offenses such as theft and possession of counterfeit money. Her penchant for drug use has 

negatively affected her ability to meet her daily obligations, as she has chosen to spend her 

money, whether legally or illegally obtained, to support her habit rather than to provide for 

V.M.’s needs. Moreover, her psychological test results indicate that she is at high risk for 

relapse, and throughout the pendency of the proceedings, she has demonstrated a pattern of 

inconsistency, relapse, and noncompliance that is consistent with those test results. DCS case 

manager Alyse Scholl testified that Mother lacked stability and coping skills and that she 

repeatedly failed to comply with the offered services despite Scholl’s repeated referrals. Tr. 

at 35-36, 40. With respect to Mother’s housing, Scholl testified that 

There were times where we weren’t sure where [Mother] was living. There 

were times where she was arrested for a DUI while on probation and driving 

on a suspended license, so she was in jail, and we hadn’t received any—she 

didn’t participate in any random drug screens.

.... 

There were times where, again, we weren’t sure where she was living. There 

are other times where she was staying with her grandfather. ... It was reported 

that she was also living at times with her husband ... and at one point she 

was—we had just—we weren’t sure. Other places.

Id. at 38-39. Scholl later testified that Mother had moved at least six times during the 

pendency of the CHINS and termination proceedings. Id. at 59. In making her final 

recommendation that Mother’s parental rights be terminated, Scholl also testified that 

Mother’s history of moving in and out of various jobsleaves her unable to financially support 

V.M. Id. at 61. Although at times she has complied with her court-ordered services and has 
9

passed drug tests,3she has repeatedly reverted to her destructive habits. She failed to appear 

for several hearings during the pendency of the CHINS and termination proceedings, and she 

failed to consistently attend supervised visitation sessions with V.M., missing five sessions in 

a four-month period. Id. at 44. These failures resulted in the cancellation of her visitation 

privileges.

Mother’s pattern of parenting her other children has had negative, even tragic results. 

In 2002, Mother’s infant child died from suffocation while sleeping with her. In 2010, her

nine-year-old daughter R.A. was removed from her care after R.A. witnessed her using 

intravenous drugs and stealing bottles of pills from her grandfather’s safe. Later, during 

visitation, R.A. broke her arm while playing with Mother, and Mother instructed her not to 

report the broken bone. Id. at 77. 

In short, Mother’s destructive patterns do not bode well for her prospects of 

successfully parenting V.M. She is a polysubstance drug abuser who suffers from mental 

illness and depression. She can scarcely care for herself, let alone for V.M. She had the 

opportunity to show that she could change these patterns when she was reunified with V.M. 

after his first CHINS case, and she did not. To the extent that she asks us to reverse the trial 

court’s decision based on her recent isolated successes in completing services in R.A.’s 

CHINS case, she invites us to reweigh evidence, which we may not do. The unchallenged 

 

3

 DCS case manager Misti Perez testified without objection that on one occasion prior to taking a drug 

screen, Mother had attempted to cleanse her system by drinking excessive amounts of water and vinegar. Tr. at 

22.
10

findings and the record as a whole support the trial court’s conclusion that there is a 

reasonable probability that the conditions that led to V.M.’s removal will not be remedied. 

Mother also challenges the trial court’s conclusion that the termination of her parental 

rights is in V.M.’s best interests. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C). Again, we recognize 

Mother’s fundamental liberty interest in parenting V.M., but we are also mindful that her

parental interests are not absolute, must be subordinated to V.M.’s interests, and may be 

terminated if she is unable or unwilling to meet her parental responsibilities. In re G.Y., 904 

N.E.2d 1257, 1259-60 (Ind. 2009). With respect to best interests, Mother challenges the trial 

court’s finding that she “does not have stable housing and has moved at least six times in 

under two years. Mother still does not have appropriate housing for the child. Mother does 

not have financial stability.”4 Appellant’s App. at 2. Although not dispositive, permanency 

and stability are key considerations in determining the best interest of a child. G.Y., 904 

N.E.2d at 1265. 

Here, the trial court found that the five-year-old V.M. had “spent almost four years out 

of parental care due to the parent’s drug issues,” that he had been in the current placement

with his paternal grandparents for two years, and that his older sibling was also living with 

the grandparents. Appellant’s App. at 3. The court also found that V.M. was “bonded and 

thriving in [his grandparents’] home” and that Mother was not providing any emotional or 

financial support for him. Id. DCS case manager Scholl observed that by the time of the 

 

4

 The record indicates that Mother has held ten different jobs, having resigned from many of them for 

various reasons.
11

termination hearing, Mother and V.M. did not have a bond. Tr. at 47. She emphasized 

Mother’s history of drug use and relapse as well as the effect of the two removals on V.M.,

and when asked whether a third attempt to reunify V.M. with Mother would be damaging to

his emotional well-being, she responded, “[Y]es. If he were removed again, absolutely.” Id. 

at 58.

In sum, the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that the involuntary 

termination of Mother’s relationship with V.M. is in V.M.’s best interests. To the extent that 

Mother cites her recent compliance in R.A.’s CHINS case and asks that we consider the 

general pain and suffering endured by a child who is separated from his mother, she simply

invites us to reweigh evidence and judge witness credibility, which we may not do.5 Finally, 

we note that the trial court’s ultimate conclusion is supported by numerous unchallenged 

findings. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating the parent-child 

relationship between Mother and V.M. 

Affirmed.

KIRSCH, J., and MATHIAS, J., concur.

 

5

 In her brief, Mother’s counsel characterizes DCS’s objective as the “continued destruction of the 

family structure.” Appellant’s Br. at 11. We admonished Mother’s counsel for using the same intemperate 

language in a prior unpublished decision. In re J.K., No. 45A03-1201-JT-45 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 29, 2012). 

We caution counsel that we may exercise our plenary power to strike her brief if she does so again.