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April 2021 
                    Report 1092

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		
















































































																																							



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Selected demographic characteristics
Educational attainment
Occupation and industry
Earnings
Hours of work
Married-couple families
The working poor
Worker displacement
Employee tenure
School enrollment
Multiple jobholders and the self-employed
Foreign born
Union membership
Veterans
People with disabilities
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16...Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2019 annual...Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race,...Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25...Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual...Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual...Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual...Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual...Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968...Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in...Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and...Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2018Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27...Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino...Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median...Table 29. Labor force status of 2019 high school graduates and 2018–19...Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school...Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender,...Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural...Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian...Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender...Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran...Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age,...
                          Technical Notes
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errata
Women in the labor force databook, Report 1092
 
				
				
     Women in the labor force: a databook
Women in the labor force: a databook imageIn 2019, 57.4 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This was up from 57.1 percent who participated in 2018, but 2.6 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the previous year and 17.4 percentage points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 1948.The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. With the dawn of the 21st century, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline, until the participation rate hit a recent low in 2015 of 56.7 percent.Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in several notable ways over the past several decades. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2019, the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree a little more than doubled over that time. Since 1970, women have become more likely to work full time and year round. Also, women with children have increased their participation in the labor force considerably. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82 percent in 2019. More recently, women in the baby-boom generation (defined as people born between 1946 and 1964) have begun to retire in large numbers, which has put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate over the past decade or so.This report presents labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)Selected demographic characteristicsWomen’s labor force participation was 57.4 percent in 2019, up from 57.1 percent in 2018. Men’s labor force participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the previous year (69.1 percent). (See table 2.)In 2019, the unemployment rate for women was 3.6 percent, down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for men was 3.7 percent in 2019, also down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2019, Asian women had the lowest rate (2.7 percent), followed by White women (3.2 percent). Unemployment rates for Hispanic or Latino women and Black or African American women were higher, at 4.7 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibit a similar pattern. The rates for Asian men (2.7 percent) and White men (3.3 percent) were below those for Hispanic men (4.0 percent) and Black men (6.6 percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women, at 65.0 percent in 2019. Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (63.7 percent and 60.8 percent, respectively) than married women (58.6 percent). By contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.0 percent) than separated men (70.1 percent), never-married men (68.1 percent), and divorced men (64.7 percent). Labor force participation rates for widowed women and men, who tend to be older, were 19.8 percent and 24.2 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.4 percent in March 2019, lower than the rate of 93.5 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 77.0 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The rate for women with children under 6 years old was 66.4 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 63.8 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rate for fathers was fairly similar, regardless of the age of their children; the rate was 92.2 percent for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old, slightly lower than the rates for fathers of children under 6 years old (95.0 percent) and fathers of children under 3 years old (95.3 percent). (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Historically, unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2019, 78.2 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 70.1 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Educational attainmentThe educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. In 2019, 45 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 2019, 5.4 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)Occupation and industryWomen accounted for 51.8 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 2019, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47.0 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 18.7 percent of software developers, 27.6 percent of chief executives, and 36.4 percent of lawyers were women, whereas 88.9 percent of registered nurses, 80.5 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 61.7 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)In 2019, Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (53.3 percent and 46.1 percent, respectively) than were Black (37.2 percent) and Hispanic women (28.5 percent). However, Black (27.6 percent) and Hispanic (31.1 percent) women were more likely than Asian (20.2 percent) and White women (19.5 percent) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2019: education and health services (74.8 percent), other services (53.9 percent), financial activities (52.6 percent), and leisure and hospitality (51.2 percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance industries, personal and laundry services, membership associations and organizations, and private households.) However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.4 percent), agriculture (26.2 percent), transportation and utilities (24.1 percent), mining (15.8 percent), and construction (10.3 percent). (See table 14.)EarningsIn 2019, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $821, which represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,007). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($1,025) than for Whites ($840), Blacks ($704), and Hispanics ($642). Women-to-men earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (92 percent) and Hispanics (86 percent) than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (77 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2019, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had earnings of $494. Women who had only a high school diploma had earnings of $633, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $763, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,195. (See table 17.)By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2019 for chief executives ($2,019), veterinarians ($1,985), computer and information systems managers ($1,892), physicians and surgeons ($1,878), lawyers ($1,878), and pharmacists ($1,877). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,509), physicians and surgeons ($2,500), architectural and engineering managers ($2,457), pharmacists ($2,245), and lawyers ($2,202). (See table 18.)In 2019, 3 percent of women paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid an hourly rate, 2 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with about 6 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)Hours of workIn 2019, 23 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. By comparison, 12 percent of employed men usually worked part time in 2019. The percentage of employed women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. (See table 21.)Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2018, 64 percent worked full time and year round (50 to 52 weeks), compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2018. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 through 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Married-couple familiesAmong married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2018. This percentage, which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60 percent in the mid- to late 1990s but above the 44 percent seen in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 18 percent of married-couple families in 2018, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 through 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)The working poorAmong people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2018, more women (3.9 million) than men (3.1 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 5.3 percent for women and 3.7 percent for men. Black and Hispanic women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White or Asian women. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic women were 9.7 percent and 8.7 percent, respectively, higher than the rates of 4.5 percent for White women and 3.1 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)Worker displacementFrom January 2017 through December 2019, 2.7 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 45 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2020: the reemployment rate was 68 percent for women and 72 percent for men. Displaced women and men were also about equally likely to be unemployed in January 2020, at 13 percent and 12 percent, respectively. Twenty percent of displaced women and 16 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)Employee tenureIn January 2020, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.9 years, about unchanged from January 2018. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)School enrollmentOf the 3.2 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2019, 66 percent (2.1 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2019 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate was higher for young women (70 percent) than for young men (62 percent). (See table 29; data are from the October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among those enrolled in high school, young women were slightly more likely to be in the labor force (23.7 percent) in October 2019 than were young men (21.0 percent). Among college students, women were much more likely to participate in the labor force than men, at 53.6 percent and 46.1 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2019, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 12.4 percent for young women and 16.1 percent for young men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor’s degree were 4.8 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from the October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Multiple jobholders and the self-employedIn 2019, 8.1 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (4.1 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.6 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.7 percent. (See table 31.)In 2019, 4.8 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.4 percent of men. Among the self-employed, 40.1 percent were women in 2019, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)Foreign bornForeign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2019 (54.8 percent, compared with 57.9 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.0 percent) than were native-born men (67.4 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 3.7 percent, was about the same as for native-born women, at 3.6 percent. At 2.7 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was lower than that of native-born men (4.0 percent). (See table 33.)Union membershipIn 2019, 9.7 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 10.8 percent of their male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2019 was lower than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS), but the rate for men fell by much more than did the rate for women. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 34.)VeteransThere were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2019. Women accounted for 12 percent of the 9.3 million veterans in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans was 3.7 percent in 2019, and the rate for male veterans was 3.0 percent. (See table 35.)People with disabilitiesOf the 16.2 million women with disabilities in 2019, 2.9 million, or 17.8 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over half of women with disabilities (52 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.7 percent, compared with 31.0 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among the 14.2 million men with disabilities, 24.3 percent participated in the labor force in 2019. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 10.8 percent were labor force participants, compared with 36.3 percent of men ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women was 7.3 percent, nearly the same as that for men, at 7.4 percent, but more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability (3.5 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal16 years and older
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,63616 to 19 years
16,693
5,896
35.3
5,150
30.9
746
12.7
10,79616 to 17 years
8,798
2,081
23.7
1,789
20.3
291
14.0
6,71718 to 19 years
7,894
3,816
48.3
3,361
42.6
455
11.9
4,07920 to 24 years
21,055
15,196
72.2
14,172
67.3
1,024
6.7
5,86025 to 54 years
126,281
104,180
82.5
100,976
80.0
3,204
3.1
22,10225 to 34 years
44,877
37,191
82.9
35,807
79.8
1,384
3.7
7,68625 to 29 years
22,933
18,991
82.8
18,211
79.4
780
4.1
3,94230 to 34 years
21,943
18,200
82.9
17,597
80.2
603
3.3
3,74335 to 44 years
40,960
34,057
83.1
33,127
80.9
930
2.7
6,90235 to 39 years
21,341
17,736
83.1
17,248
80.8
489
2.8
3,60540 to 44 years
19,619
16,321
83.2
15,880
80.9
441
2.7
3,29845 to 54 years
40,445
32,932
81.4
32,042
79.2
890
2.7
7,51345 to 49 years
20,137
16,707
83.0
16,260
80.7
447
2.7
3,43050 to 54 years
20,308
16,224
79.9
15,781
77.7
443
2.7
4,08355 to 64 years
42,241
27,603
65.3
26,893
63.7
710
2.6
14,63855 to 59 years
21,624
15,756
72.9
15,348
71.0
408
2.6
5,86860 to 64 years
20,616
11,847
57.5
11,545
56.0
302
2.5
8,76965 years and older
52,905
10,663
20.2
10,347
19.6
317
3.0
42,24165 to 69 years
17,288
5,934
34.3
5,765
33.3
169
2.8
11,35470 to 74 years
13,990
2,766
19.8
2,679
19.2
87
3.1
11,22475 years and older
21,626
1,964
9.1
1,903
8.8
61
3.1
19,663Women16 years and older
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,97016 to 19 years
8,247
2,946
35.7
2,607
31.6
339
11.5
5,30116 to 17 years
4,342
1,054
24.3
911
21.0
143
13.6
3,28918 to 19 years
3,905
1,892
48.5
1,696
43.4
196
10.4
2,01320 to 24 years
10,525
7,406
70.4
6,985
66.4
421
5.7
3,11925 to 54 years
63,977
48,648
76.0
47,131
73.7
1,517
3.1
15,32925 to 34 years
22,491
17,243
76.7
16,600
73.8
643
3.7
5,24725 to 29 years
11,455
8,912
77.8
8,568
74.8
344
3.9
2,54330 to 34 years
11,035
8,331
75.5
8,032
72.8
299
3.6
2,70435 to 44 years
20,817
15,761
75.7
15,306
73.5
455
2.9
5,05635 to 39 years
10,818
8,148
75.3
7,911
73.1
237
2.9
2,67040 to 44 years
9,998
7,613
76.1
7,395
74.0
218
2.9
2,38545 to 54 years
20,670
15,644
75.7
15,225
73.7
419
2.7
5,02645 to 49 years
10,293
7,955
77.3
7,750
75.3
205
2.6
2,33850 to 54 years
10,377
7,689
74.1
7,475
72.0
214
2.8
2,68855 to 64 years
21,906
13,056
59.6
12,706
58.0
350
2.7
8,85055 to 59 years
11,135
7,473
67.1
7,269
65.3
204
2.7
3,66260 to 64 years
10,771
5,583
51.8
5,438
50.5
145
2.6
5,18865 years and older
29,165
4,795
16.4
4,648
15.9
147
3.1
24,37065 to 69 years
9,171
2,735
29.8
2,659
29.0
75
2.7
6,43670 to 74 years
7,531
1,210
16.1
1,170
15.5
40
3.3
6,32175 years and older
12,464
851
6.8
819
6.6
32
3.8
11,613Men16 years and older
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,66716 to 19 years
8,445
2,950
34.9
2,543
30.1
408
13.8
5,49516 to 17 years
4,456
1,027
23.1
879
19.7
149
14.5
3,42918 to 19 years
3,989
1,923
48.2
1,664
41.7
259
13.5
2,06620 to 24 years
10,530
7,789
74.0
7,187
68.3
602
7.7
2,74125 to 54 years
62,304
55,531
89.1
53,845
86.4
1,686
3.0
6,77325 to 34 years
22,386
19,948
89.1
19,207
85.8
741
3.7
2,43925 to 29 years
11,478
10,079
87.8
9,642
84.0
436
4.3
1,40030 to 34 years
10,908
9,869
90.5
9,565
87.7
304
3.1
1,03935 to 44 years
20,143
18,296
90.8
17,822
88.5
475
2.6
1,84735 to 39 years
10,523
9,588
91.1
9,337
88.7
251
2.6
93440 to 44 years
9,621
8,708
90.5
8,485
88.2
223
2.6
91245 to 54 years
19,774
17,287
87.4
16,816
85.0
471
2.7
2,48745 to 49 years
9,844
8,752
88.9
8,510
86.5
242
2.8
1,09250 to 54 years
9,930
8,535
86.0
8,306
83.6
229
2.7
1,39555 to 64 years
20,335
14,547
71.5
14,187
69.8
361
2.5
5,78755 to 59 years
10,489
8,283
79.0
8,079
77.0
204
2.5
2,20660 to 64 years
9,846
6,264
63.6
6,107
62.0
157
2.5
3,58265 years and older
23,740
5,869
24.7
5,699
24.0
170
2.9
17,87165 to 69 years
8,117
3,199
39.4
3,105
38.3
94
2.9
4,91870 to 74 years
6,460
1,556
24.1
1,510
23.4
47
3.0
4,90375 years and older
9,163
1,113
12.1
1,084
11.8
29
2.6
8,049Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal1948
103,068
60,621
58.8
58,343
56.6
2,276
3.8
42,4471949
103,994
61,286
58.9
57,651
55.4
3,637
5.9
42,7081950
104,995
62,208
59.2
58,918
56.1
3,288
5.3
42,7871951
104,621
62,017
59.2
59,961
57.3
2,055
3.3
42,6041952
105,231
62,138
59.0
60,250
57.3
1,883
3.0
43,0931953
107,056
63,015
58.9
61,179
57.1
1,834
2.9
44,0411954
108,321
63,643
58.8
60,109
55.5
3,532
5.5
44,6781955
109,683
65,023
59.3
62,170
56.7
2,852
4.4
44,6601956
110,954
66,552
60.0
63,799
57.5
2,750
4.1
44,4021957
112,265
66,929
59.6
64,071
57.1
2,859
4.3
45,3361958
113,727
67,639
59.5
63,036
55.4
4,602
6.8
46,0881959
115,329
68,369
59.3
64,630
56.0
3,740
5.5
46,9601960
117,245
69,628
59.4
65,778
56.1
3,852
5.5
47,6171961
118,771
70,459
59.3
65,746
55.4
4,714
6.7
48,3121962
120,153
70,614
58.8
66,702
55.5
3,911
5.5
49,5391963
122,416
71,833
58.7
67,762
55.4
4,070
5.7
50,5831964
124,485
73,091
58.7
69,305
55.7
3,786
5.2
51,3941965
126,513
74,455
58.9
71,088
56.2
3,366
4.5
52,0581966
128,058
75,770
59.2
72,895
56.9
2,875
3.8
52,2881967
129,874
77,347
59.6
74,372
57.3
2,975
3.8
52,5271968
132,028
78,737
59.6
75,920
57.5
2,817
3.6
53,2911969
134,335
80,734
60.1
77,902
58.0
2,832
3.5
53,6021970
137,085
82,771
60.4
78,678
57.4
4,093
4.9
54,3151971
140,216
84,382
60.2
79,367
56.6
5,016
5.9
55,8341972
144,126
87,034
60.4
82,153
57.0
4,882
5.6
57,0911973
147,096
89,429
60.8
85,064
57.8
4,365
4.9
57,6671974
150,120
91,949
61.3
86,794
57.8
5,156
5.6
58,1711975
153,153
93,775
61.2
85,846
56.1
7,929
8.5
59,3781976
156,150
96,158
61.6
88,752
56.8
7,406
7.7
59,9911977
159,033
99,009
62.3
92,017
57.9
6,991
7.1
60,0251978
161,910
102,251
63.2
96,048
59.3
6,202
6.1
59,6591979
164,863
104,962
63.7
98,824
59.9
6,137
5.8
59,9001980
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
59.2
7,637
7.1
60,8061981
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
59.0
8,273
7.6
61,4601982
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,0671983
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,6651984
176,383
113,544
64.4
105,005
59.5
8,539
7.5
62,8391985
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,7441986
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,7521987
182,753
119,865
65.6
112,440
61.5
7,425
6.2
62,8881988
184,613
121,669
65.9
114,968
62.3
6,701
5.5
62,9441989
186,393
123,869
66.5
117,342
63.0
6,528
5.3
62,5231990
189,164
125,840
66.5
118,793
62.8
7,047
5.6
63,3241991
190,925
126,346
66.2
117,718
61.7
8,628
6.8
64,5781992
192,805
128,105
66.4
118,492
61.5
9,613
7.5
64,7001993
194,838
129,200
66.3
120,259
61.7
8,940
6.9
65,6381994
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
62.5
7,996
6.1
65,7581995
198,584
132,304
66.6
124,900
62.9
7,404
5.6
66,2801996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,6471997
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,8371998
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,5471999
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,3852000
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,9942001
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,3592002
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,7072003
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,6582004
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,9562005
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,7622006
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,3872007
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,7432008
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,5012009
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,6592010
237,830
153,889
64.7
139,064
58.5
14,825
9.6
83,9412011
239,618
153,617
64.1
139,869
58.4
13,747
8.9
86,0012012
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,3102013
245,679
155,389
63.2
143,929
58.6
11,460
7.4
90,2902014
247,947
155,922
62.9
146,305
59.0
9,617
6.2
92,0252015
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,6712016
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,3512017
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,7592018
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,7162019
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,636Women1948
53,071
17,335
32.7
16,617
31.3
717
4.1
35,7371949
53,670
17,788
33.1
16,723
31.2
1,065
6.0
35,8831950
54,270
18,389
33.9
17,340
32.0
1,049
5.7
35,8811951
54,895
19,016
34.6
18,181
33.1
834
4.4
35,8791952
55,529
19,269
34.7
18,568
33.4
698
3.6
36,2611953
56,305
19,382
34.4
18,749
33.3
632
3.3
36,9241954
56,925
19,678
34.6
18,490
32.5
1,188
6.0
37,2471955
57,574
20,548
35.7
19,551
34.0
998
4.9
37,0261956
58,228
21,461
36.9
20,419
35.1
1,039
4.8
36,7691957
58,951
21,732
36.9
20,714
35.1
1,018
4.7
37,2181958
59,690
22,118
37.1
20,613
34.5
1,504
6.8
37,5741959
60,534
22,483
37.1
21,164
35.0
1,320
5.9
38,0531960
61,582
23,240
37.7
21,874
35.5
1,366
5.9
38,3431961
62,484
23,806
38.1
22,090
35.4
1,717
7.2
38,6791962
63,321
24,014
37.9
22,525
35.6
1,488
6.2
39,3081963
64,494
24,704
38.3
23,105
35.8
1,598
6.5
39,7911964
65,637
25,412
38.7
23,831
36.3
1,581
6.2
40,2251965
66,731
26,200
39.3
24,748
37.1
1,452
5.5
40,5311966
67,795
27,299
40.3
25,976
38.3
1,324
4.8
40,4961967
68,968
28,360
41.1
26,893
39.0
1,468
5.2
40,6081968
70,179
29,204
41.6
27,807
39.6
1,397
4.8
40,9761969
71,436
30,513
42.7
29,084
40.7
1,429
4.7
40,9241970
72,782
31,543
43.3
29,688
40.8
1,855
5.9
41,2391971
74,274
32,202
43.4
29,976
40.4
2,227
6.9
42,0721972
76,290
33,479
43.9
31,257
41.0
2,222
6.6
42,8111973
77,804
34,804
44.7
32,715
42.0
2,089
6.0
43,0001974
79,312
36,211
45.7
33,769
42.6
2,441
6.7
43,1011975
80,860
37,475
46.3
33,989
42.0
3,486
9.3
43,3851976
82,390
38,983
47.3
35,615
43.2
3,369
8.6
43,4061977
83,840
40,613
48.4
37,289
44.5
3,324
8.2
43,2271978
85,334
42,631
50.0
39,569
46.4
3,061
7.2
42,7031979
86,843
44,235
50.9
41,217
47.5
3,018
6.8
42,6081980
88,348
45,487
51.5
42,117
47.7
3,370
7.4
42,8611981
89,618
46,696
52.1
43,000
48.0
3,696
7.9
42,9221982
90,748
47,755
52.6
43,256
47.7
4,499
9.4
42,9931983
91,684
48,503
52.9
44,047
48.0
4,457
9.2
43,1811984
92,778
49,709
53.6
45,915
49.5
3,794
7.6
43,0681985
93,736
51,050
54.5
47,259
50.4
3,791
7.4
42,6861986
94,789
52,413
55.3
48,706
51.4
3,707
7.1
42,3761987
95,853
53,658
56.0
50,334
52.5
3,324
6.2
42,1951988
96,756
54,742
56.6
51,696
53.4
3,046
5.6
42,0141989
97,630
56,030
57.4
53,027
54.3
3,003
5.4
41,6011990
98,787
56,829
57.5
53,689
54.3
3,140
5.5
41,9571991
99,646
57,178
57.4
53,496
53.7
3,683
6.4
42,4681992
100,535
58,141
57.8
54,052
53.8
4,090
7.0
42,3941993
101,506
58,795
57.9
54,910
54.1
3,885
6.6
42,7111994
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
55.3
3,629
6.0
42,2211995
103,406
60,944
58.9
57,523
55.6
3,421
5.6
42,4621996
104,385
61,857
59.3
58,501
56.0
3,356
5.4
42,5281997
105,418
63,036
59.8
59,873
56.8
3,162
5.0
42,3821998
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
57.1
2,944
4.6
42,7481999
108,031
64,855
60.0
62,042
57.4
2,814
4.3
43,1752000
110,613
66,303
59.9
63,586
57.5
2,717
4.1
44,3102001
111,811
66,848
59.8
63,737
57.0
3,111
4.7
44,9622002
112,985
67,363
59.6
63,582
56.3
3,781
5.6
45,6212003
114,733
68,272
59.5
64,404
56.1
3,868
5.7
46,4612004
115,647
68,421
59.2
64,728
56.0
3,694
5.4
47,2252005
116,931
69,288
59.3
65,757
56.2
3,531
5.1
47,6432006
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,0372007
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
3,196
4.5
48,7072008
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
3,891
5.4
48,9082009
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,6462010
122,656
71,904
58.6
65,705
53.6
6,199
8.6
50,7522011
123,300
71,642
58.1
65,579
53.2
6,063
8.5
51,6582012
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
53.1
5,734
7.9
53,2932013
127,124
72,722
57.2
67,577
53.2
5,146
7.1
54,4012014
128,199
73,039
57.0
68,613
53.5
4,426
6.1
55,1592015
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,1902016
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,6082017
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,6292018
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,1342019
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,970Men1948
49,996
43,286
86.6
41,725
83.5
1,559
3.6
6,7101949
50,321
43,498
86.4
40,925
81.3
2,572
5.9
6,8251950
50,725
43,819
86.4
41,578
82.0
2,239
5.1
6,9061951
49,727
43,001
86.5
41,780
84.0
1,221
2.8
6,7251952
49,700
42,869
86.3
41,682
83.9
1,185
2.8
6,8321953
50,750
43,633
86.0
42,430
83.6
1,202
2.8
7,1171954
51,395
43,965
85.5
41,619
81.0
2,344
5.3
7,4311955
52,109
44,475
85.4
42,621
81.8
1,854
4.2
7,6341956
52,723
45,091
85.5
43,379
82.3
1,711
3.8
7,6331957
53,315
45,197
84.8
43,357
81.3
1,841
4.1
8,1181958
54,033
45,521
84.2
42,423
78.5
3,098
6.8
8,5141959
54,793
45,886
83.7
43,466
79.3
2,420
5.2
8,9071960
55,662
46,388
83.3
43,904
78.9
2,486
5.4
9,2741961
56,286
46,653
82.9
43,656
77.6
2,997
6.4
9,6331962
56,831
46,600
82.0
44,177
77.7
2,423
5.2
10,2311963
57,921
47,129
81.4
44,657
77.1
2,472
5.2
10,7921964
58,847
47,679
81.0
45,474
77.3
2,205
4.6
11,1691965
59,782
48,255
80.7
46,340
77.5
1,914
4.0
11,5271966
60,262
48,471
80.4
46,919
77.9
1,551
3.2
11,7921967
60,905
48,987
80.4
47,479
78.0
1,508
3.1
11,9191968
61,847
49,533
80.1
48,114
77.8
1,419
2.9
12,3151969
62,898
50,221
79.8
48,818
77.6
1,403
2.8
12,6771970
64,304
51,228
79.7
48,990
76.2
2,238
4.4
13,0761971
65,942
52,180
79.1
49,390
74.9
2,789
5.3
13,7621972
67,835
53,555
78.9
50,896
75.0
2,659
5.0
14,2801973
69,292
54,624
78.8
52,349
75.5
2,275
4.2
14,6671974
70,808
55,739
78.7
53,024
74.9
2,714
4.9
15,0691975
72,291
56,299
77.9
51,857
71.7
4,442
7.9
15,9921976
73,759
57,174
77.5
53,138
72.0
4,036
7.1
16,5851977
75,193
58,396
77.7
54,728
72.8
3,667
6.3
16,7971978
76,576
59,620
77.9
56,479
73.8
3,142
5.3
16,9561979
78,020
60,726
77.8
57,607
73.8
3,120
5.1
17,2931980
79,398
61,453
77.4
57,186
72.0
4,267
6.9
17,9451981
80,511
61,974
77.0
57,397
71.3
4,577
7.4
18,5371982
81,523
62,450
76.6
56,271
69.0
6,179
9.9
19,0731983
82,531
63,047
76.4
56,787
68.8
6,260
9.9
19,4841984
83,605
63,835
76.4
59,091
70.7
4,744
7.4
19,7711985
84,469
64,411
76.3
59,891
70.9
4,521
7.0
20,0581986
85,798
65,422
76.3
60,892
71.0
4,530
6.9
20,3761987
86,899
66,207
76.2
62,107
71.5
4,101
6.2
20,6921988
87,857
66,927
76.2
63,273
72.0
3,655
5.5
20,9301989
88,762
67,840
76.4
64,315
72.5
3,525
5.2
20,9231990
90,377
69,011
76.4
65,104
72.0
3,906
5.7
21,3671991
91,278
69,168
75.8
64,223
70.4
4,946
7.2
22,1101992
92,270
69,964
75.8
64,440
69.8
5,523
7.9
22,3061993
93,332
70,404
75.4
65,349
70.0
5,055
7.2
22,9271994
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
70.4
4,367
6.2
23,5381995
95,178
71,360
75.0
67,377
70.8
3,983
5.6
23,8181996
96,206
72,087
74.9
68,207
70.9
3,880
5.4
24,1191997
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
71.3
3,577
4.9
24,4541998
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
71.6
3,266
4.4
24,7991999
99,722
74,512
74.7
71,446
71.6
3,066
4.1
25,2102000
101,964
76,280
74.8
73,305
71.9
2,975
3.9
25,6842001
103,282
76,886
74.4
73,196
70.9
3,690
4.8
26,3962002
104,585
77,500
74.1
72,903
69.7
4,597
5.9
27,0852003
106,435
78,238
73.5
73,332
68.9
4,906
6.3
28,1972004
107,710
78,980
73.3
74,524
69.2
4,456
5.6
28,7302005
109,151
80,033
73.3
75,973
69.6
4,059
5.1
29,1192006
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,3502007
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
69.8
3,882
4.7
30,0362008
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
68.5
5,033
6.1
30,5932009
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,0132010
115,174
81,985
71.2
73,359
63.7
8,626
10.5
33,1892011
116,317
81,975
70.5
74,290
63.9
7,684
9.4
34,3432012
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
64.4
6,771
8.2
35,0172013
118,555
82,667
69.7
76,353
64.4
6,314
7.6
35,8892014
119,748
82,882
69.2
77,692
64.9
5,190
6.3
36,8652015
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,4812016
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,7432017
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,1302018
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,5822019
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,667Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanicor Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceWhiteTotal, 16 years and older
200,827
126,600
63.0
122,441
61.0
4,159
3.3
74,22716 to 19 years
12,247
4,594
37.5
4,067
33.2
528
11.5
7,65320 to 24 years
15,427
11,395
73.9
10,739
69.6
656
5.8
4,03225 to 54 years
94,893
79,027
83.3
76,857
81.0
2,170
2.7
15,86655 to 64 years
33,915
22,599
66.6
22,046
65.0
553
2.4
11,31665 years and older
44,346
8,986
20.3
8,733
19.7
253
2.8
35,360Women, 16 years and older
102,607
58,233
56.8
56,341
54.9
1,893
3.2
44,37416 to 19 years
6,020
2,265
37.6
2,036
33.8
228
10.1
3,75520 to 24 years
7,658
5,465
71.4
5,196
67.8
269
4.9
2,19325 to 54 years
47,354
36,106
76.2
35,090
74.1
1,016
2.8
11,24855 to 64 years
17,382
10,469
60.2
10,206
58.7
263
2.5
6,91365 years and older
24,193
3,928
16.2
3,812
15.8
116
3.0
20,264Men, 16 years and older
98,220
68,367
69.6
66,100
67.3
2,266
3.3
29,85316 to 19 years
6,227
2,330
37.4
2,030
32.6
299
12.8
3,89720 to 24 years
7,769
5,930
76.3
5,543
71.3
387
6.5
1,83925 to 54 years
47,539
42,920
90.3
41,766
87.9
1,154
2.7
4,61855 to 64 years
16,532
12,130
73.4
11,840
71.6
290
2.4
4,40365 years and older
20,153
5,057
25.1
4,921
24.4
136
2.7
15,096Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,036
20,632
62.5
19,381
58.7
1,251
6.1
12,40416 to 19 years
2,463
741
30.1
588
23.9
153
20.7
1,72220 to 24 years
3,104
2,186
70.4
1,935
62.3
251
11.5
91825 to 54 years
17,317
13,861
80.0
13,164
76.0
697
5.0
3,45655 to 64 years
5,095
2,905
57.0
2,799
54.9
106
3.6
2,19065 years and older
5,058
939
18.6
895
17.7
44
4.6
4,119Women, 16 years and older
17,934
10,842
60.5
10,236
57.1
607
5.6
7,09216 to 19 years
1,241
405
32.7
326
26.3
79
19.6
83620 to 24 years
1,605
1,124
70.0
1,019
63.5
105
9.3
48225 to 54 years
9,300
7,227
77.7
6,887
74.1
339
4.7
2,07355 to 64 years
2,783
1,569
56.4
1,508
54.2
61
3.9
1,21465 years and older
3,005
518
17.2
495
16.5
22
4.3
2,487Men, 16 years and older
15,102
9,790
64.8
9,145
60.6
645
6.6
5,31216 to 19 years
1,222
336
27.5
262
21.4
74
22.0
88620 to 24 years
1,499
1,062
70.9
916
61.1
147
13.8
43625 to 54 years
8,018
6,635
82.8
6,277
78.3
358
5.4
1,38355 to 64 years
2,311
1,336
57.8
1,291
55.8
45
3.4
97665 years and older
2,053
421
20.5
400
19.5
21
5.0
1,631AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,351
10,460
64.0
10,179
62.3
280
2.7
5,89116 to 19 years
978
211
21.6
194
19.8
17
8.2
76720 to 24 years
1,353
730
54.0
688
50.8
42
5.8
62325 to 54 years
9,304
7,479
80.4
7,303
78.5
176
2.3
1,82455 to 64 years
2,183
1,489
68.2
1,458
66.8
32
2.1
69465 years and older
2,533
550
21.7
537
21.2
14
2.5
1,983Women, 16 years and older
8,685
4,958
57.1
4,826
55.6
132
2.7
3,72716 to 19 years
500
106
21.1
97
19.4
8
7.8
39520 to 24 years
681
390
57.3
367
54.0
23
5.8
29125 to 54 years
4,880
3,490
71.5
3,409
69.9
81
2.3
1,39055 to 64 years
1,187
712
60.0
698
58.8
14
2.0
47565 years and older
1,436
261
18.1
254
17.7
6
2.3
1,176Men, 16 years and older
7,666
5,502
71.8
5,353
69.8
149
2.7
2,16416 to 19 years
478
106
22.1
96
20.2
9
8.6
37220 to 24 years
672
340
50.6
320
47.7
20
5.8
33225 to 54 years
4,423
3,989
90.2
3,895
88.0
95
2.4
43455 to 64 years
996
778
78.1
760
76.3
18
2.3
21965 years and older
1,097
290
26.4
282
25.7
7
2.6
807Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
43,507
29,053
66.8
27,805
63.9
1,248
4.3
14,45416 to 19 years
3,989
1,283
32.2
1,085
27.2
198
15.4
2,70620 to 24 years
4,760
3,472
73.0
3,242
68.1
230
6.6
1,28725 to 54 years
25,061
20,076
80.1
19,398
77.4
679
3.4
4,98555 to 64 years
5,081
3,321
65.4
3,217
63.3
104
3.1
1,76065 years and older
4,615
900
19.5
862
18.7
37
4.2
3,715Women, 16 years and older
21,846
12,614
57.7
12,023
55.0
591
4.7
9,23216 to 19 years
1,969
602
30.6
508
25.8
94
15.6
1,36720 to 24 years
2,358
1,622
68.8
1,525
64.7
97
6.0
73625 to 54 years
12,313
8,557
69.5
8,219
66.8
337
3.9
3,75655 to 64 years
2,612
1,447
55.4
1,401
53.6
46
3.2
1,16465 years and older
2,595
387
14.9
370
14.3
17
4.3
2,208Men, 16 years and older
21,660
16,439
75.9
15,782
72.9
657
4.0
5,22116 to 19 years
2,020
682
33.7
578
28.6
104
15.3
1,33920 to 24 years
2,401
1,851
77.1
1,717
71.5
133
7.2
55125 to 54 years
12,749
11,520
90.4
11,178
87.7
341
3.0
1,22955 to 64 years
2,470
1,874
75.9
1,816
73.5
58
3.1
59665 years and older
2,020
513
25.4
492
24.4
21
4.1
1,507Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotal16 years and older
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,636Married, spouse present(1)
127,598
84,007
65.8
82,314
64.5
1,693
2.0
43,591Other marital status(2)
131,577
79,531
60.4
75,224
57.2
4,308
5.4
52,046Never married
81,309
54,182
66.6
50,855
62.5
3,327
6.1
27,127Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
50,268
25,349
50.4
24,369
48.5
981
3.9
24,919Widowed
15,350
3,189
20.8
3,075
20.0
113
3.6
12,161Divorced
26,306
16,427
62.4
15,824
60.2
603
3.7
9,879Separated(3)
8,612
5,734
66.6
5,470
63.5
264
4.6
2,878Women16 years and older
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,970Married, spouse present(1)
63,486
37,214
58.6
36,378
57.3
836
2.2
26,272Other marital status(2)
70,336
39,638
56.4
37,700
53.6
1,938
4.9
30,698Never married
38,498
25,023
65.0
23,637
61.4
1,386
5.5
13,475Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
31,838
14,615
45.9
14,063
44.2
552
3.8
17,223Widowed
11,911
2,358
19.8
2,275
19.1
84
3.5
9,553Divorced
15,178
9,231
60.8
8,912
58.7
319
3.5
5,947Separated(3)
4,748
3,026
63.7
2,877
60.6
149
4.9
1,722Men16 years and older
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,667Married, spouse present(1)
64,112
46,794
73.0
45,937
71.7
857
1.8
17,318Other marital status(2)
61,241
39,893
65.1
37,524
61.3
2,370
5.9
21,348Never married
42,811
29,159
68.1
27,218
63.6
1,941
6.7
13,652Widowed, divorced, or separated(3)
18,431
10,734
58.2
10,306
55.9
429
4.0
7,696Widowed
3,438
831
24.2
801
23.3
30
3.6
2,608Divorced
11,128
7,196
64.7
6,912
62.1
284
3.9
3,932Separated(3)
3,864
2,708
70.1
2,593
67.1
115
4.2
1,156(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages.
(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotalWomen, 16 years and older
133,500
76,960
57.6
74,283
55.6
2,677
3.5
56,540With children under 18 years old
34,381
24,892
72.4
24,038
69.9
854
3.4
9,489With children 6 to 17, none younger
19,445
14,972
77.0
14,526
74.7
446
3.0
4,473With children under 6 years old
14,937
9,920
66.4
9,513
63.7
407
4.1
5,017With children under 3 years old
8,524
5,439
63.8
5,220
61.2
218
4.0
3,085With no children under 18 years old
99,119
52,068
52.5
50,244
50.7
1,824
3.5
47,051Men, 16 years and older
125,027
85,749
68.6
82,134
65.7
3,615
4.2
39,278With children under 18 years old
27,043
25,271
93.5
24,657
91.2
615
2.4
1,771With children 6 to 17, none younger
15,230
14,044
92.2
13,698
89.9
346
2.5
1,185With children under 6 years old
11,813
11,227
95.0
10,958
92.8
269
2.4
586With children under 3 years old
6,866
6,541
95.3
6,387
93.0
155
2.4
325With no children under 18 years old
97,985
60,478
61.7
57,477
58.7
3,000
5.0
37,507WhiteWomen, 16 years and older
102,457
58,435
57.0
56,646
55.3
1,789
3.1
44,023With children under 18 years old
25,769
18,597
72.2
18,051
70.1
546
2.9
7,172With children 6 to 17, none younger
14,605
11,194
76.6
10,888
74.6
306
2.7
3,411With children under 6 years old
11,164
7,403
66.3
7,163
64.2
240
3.2
3,761With children under 3 years old
6,444
4,115
63.9
3,987
61.9
129
3.1
2,329With no children under 18 years old
76,689
39,838
51.9
38,594
50.3
1,243
3.1
36,851Men, 16 years and older
98,110
67,814
69.1
65,309
66.6
2,505
3.7
30,296With children under 18 years old
21,450
20,166
94.0
19,741
92.0
425
2.1
1,284With children 6 to 17, none younger
12,156
11,290
92.9
11,038
90.8
252
2.2
866With children under 6 years old
9,293
8,876
95.5
8,703
93.6
173
1.9
418With children under 3 years old
5,416
5,183
95.7
5,088
93.9
96
1.8
233With no children under 18 years old
76,661
47,648
62.2
45,568
59.4
2,080
4.4
29,012Black or African AmericanWomen, 16 years and older
17,877
10,867
60.8
10,257
57.4
610
5.6
7,010With children under 18 years old
4,614
3,585
77.7
3,367
73.0
219
6.1
1,029With children 6 to 17, none younger
2,576
2,085
80.9
1,982
76.9
103
4.9
491With children under 6 years old
2,038
1,501
73.6
1,385
67.9
116
7.7
538With children under 3 years old
1,100
794
72.2
729
66.3
66
8.2
305With no children under 18 years old
13,262
7,281
54.9
6,890
52.0
391
5.4
5,981Men, 16 years and older
15,047
9,577
63.6
8,821
58.6
757
7.9
5,470With children under 18 years old
2,527
2,255
89.3
2,134
84.4
122
5.4
272With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,378
1,198
86.9
1,142
82.8
57
4.7
180With children under 6 years old
1,149
1,057
92.1
992
86.4
65
6.2
91With children under 3 years old
657
607
92.3
570
86.7
37
6.1
51With no children under 18 years old
12,520
7,322
58.5
6,687
53.4
635
8.7
5,198AsianWomen, 16 years and older
8,575
4,911
57.3
4,775
55.7
136
2.8
3,664With children under 18 years old
2,706
1,807
66.8
1,764
65.2
43
2.4
899With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,549
1,171
75.6
1,153
74.5
18
1.5
378With children under 6 years old
1,158
636
54.9
610
52.7
25
4.0
522With children under 3 years old
634
319
50.3
310
48.8
10
3.0
315With no children under 18 years old
5,868
3,104
52.9
3,011
51.3
93
3.0
2,764Men, 16 years and older
7,685
5,492
71.5
5,341
69.5
152
2.8
2,193With children under 18 years old
2,248
2,116
94.1
2,073
92.2
43
2.0
132With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,239
1,147
92.6
1,129
91.1
18
1.6
92With children under 6 years old
1,009
969
96.0
944
93.6
25
2.6
40With children under 3 years old
563
545
96.8
526
93.4
19
3.5
18With no children under 18 years old
5,437
3,376
62.1
3,267
60.1
109
3.2
2,061Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWomen, 16 years and older
21,692
12,509
57.7
11,948
55.1
561
4.5
9,184With children under 18 years old
7,604
4,918
64.7
4,701
61.8
217
4.4
2,686With children 6 to 17, none younger
4,310
3,003
69.7
2,881
66.8
122
4.1
1,307With children under 6 years old
3,294
1,915
58.1
1,820
55.2
95
5.0
1,379With children under 3 years old
1,780
954
53.6
905
50.8
49
5.2
825With no children under 18 years old
14,088
7,590
53.9
7,247
51.4
344
4.5
6,498Men, 16 years and older
21,503
16,177
75.2
15,439
71.8
738
4.6
5,326With children under 18 years old
5,647
5,312
94.1
5,142
91.1
170
3.2
335With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,165
2,948
93.1
2,847
90.0
100
3.4
217With children under 6 years old
2,482
2,365
95.3
2,295
92.5
70
2.9
118With children under 3 years old
1,384
1,320
95.4
1,285
92.8
35
2.7
64With no children under 18 years old
15,856
10,865
68.5
10,297
64.9
568
5.2
4,991Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2019
(Numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotal, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
133,500
76,960
57.6
74,283
55.6
2,677
3.5
56,540With children under 18 years old
34,381
24,892
72.4
24,038
69.9
854
3.4
9,489With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
19,445
14,972
77.0
14,526
74.7
446
3.0
4,473With children under 6 years old
14,937
9,920
66.4
9,513
63.7
407
4.1
5,017With children under 3 years old
8,524
5,439
63.8
5,220
61.2
218
4.0
3,085With no children under 18 years old
99,119
52,068
52.5
50,244
50.7
1,824
3.5
47,051Total, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
64,505
38,204
59.2
37,375
57.9
829
2.2
26,302With children under 18 years old
24,538
17,197
70.1
16,807
68.5
390
2.3
7,341With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
13,581
10,163
74.8
9,940
73.2
223
2.2
3,418With children under 6 years old
10,957
7,034
64.2
6,867
62.7
167
2.4
3,923With children under 3 years old
6,438
4,016
62.4
3,920
60.9
96
2.4
2,422With no children under 18 years old
39,967
21,006
52.6
20,568
51.5
438
2.1
18,961Total, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
68,995
38,756
56.2
36,908
53.5
1,849
4.8
30,238With children under 18 years old
9,843
7,695
78.2
7,231
73.5
463
6.0
2,149With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
5,864
4,809
82.0
4,585
78.2
223
4.6
1,055With children under 6 years old
3,980
2,886
72.5
2,646
66.5
240
8.3
1,094With children under 3 years old
2,086
1,422
68.2
1,300
62.3
122
8.6
663With no children under 18 years old
59,152
31,062
52.5
29,676
50.2
1,385
4.5
28,090White, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
102,457
58,435
57.0
56,646
55.3
1,789
3.1
44,023With children under 18 years old
25,769
18,597
72.2
18,051
70.1
546
2.9
7,172With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
14,605
11,194
76.6
10,888
74.6
306
2.7
3,411With children under 6 years old
11,164
7,403
66.3
7,163
64.2
240
3.2
3,761With children under 3 years old
6,444
4,115
63.9
3,987
61.9
129
3.1
2,329With no children under 18 years old
76,689
39,838
51.9
38,594
50.3
1,243
3.1
36,851White, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
52,950
31,093
58.7
30,448
57.5
645
2.1
21,857With children under 18 years old
19,456
13,701
70.4
13,399
68.9
302
2.2
5,755With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
10,777
8,069
74.9
7,888
73.2
181
2.2
2,708With children under 6 years old
8,679
5,632
64.9
5,511
63.5
121
2.1
3,047With children under 3 years old
5,147
3,269
63.5
3,198
62.1
72
2.2
1,878With no children under 18 years old
33,494
17,392
51.9
17,049
50.9
343
2.0
16,102White, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
49,507
27,341
55.2
26,198
52.9
1,144
4.2
22,166With children under 18 years old
6,312
4,896
77.6
4,652
73.7
244
5.0
1,417With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
3,828
3,125
81.6
3,000
78.4
125
4.0
703With children under 6 years old
2,485
1,771
71.3
1,652
66.5
119
6.7
714With children under 3 years old
1,297
846
65.3
789
60.9
57
6.7
451With no children under 18 years old
43,195
22,446
52.0
21,546
49.9
900
4.0
20,749Black or African American, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
17,877
10,867
60.8
10,257
57.4
610
5.6
7,010With children under 18 years old
4,614
3,585
77.7
3,367
73.0
219
6.1
1,029With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,576
2,085
80.9
1,982
76.9
103
4.9
491With children under 6 years old
2,038
1,501
73.6
1,385
67.9
116
7.7
538With children under 3 years old
1,100
794
72.2
729
66.3
66
8.2
305With no children under 18 years old
13,262
7,281
54.9
6,890
52.0
391
5.4
5,981Black or African American, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
4,874
3,129
64.2
3,049
62.6
79
2.5
1,746With children under 18 years old
1,919
1,442
75.2
1,405
73.2
37
2.5
477With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,046
832
79.5
808
77.2
24
2.8
215With children under 6 years old
872
610
70.0
597
68.5
13
2.1
262With children under 3 years old
503
337
66.9
328
65.1
9
2.7
167With no children under 18 years old
2,956
1,687
57.1
1,644
55.6
43
2.5
1,269Black or African American, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
13,002
7,738
59.5
7,207
55.4
531
6.9
5,264With children under 18 years old
2,696
2,143
79.5
1,961
72.8
182
8.5
552With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,529
1,253
81.9
1,174
76.7
79
6.3
276With children under 6 years old
1,166
890
76.4
788
67.5
103
11.5
276With children under 3 years old
596
457
76.7
401
67.3
56
12.3
139With no children under 18 years old
10,306
5,595
54.3
5,246
50.9
349
6.2
4,712Asian, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
8,575
4,911
57.3
4,775
55.7
136
2.8
3,664With children under 18 years old
2,706
1,807
66.8
1,764
65.2
43
2.4
899With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,549
1,171
75.6
1,153
74.5
18
1.5
378With children under 6 years old
1,158
636
54.9
610
52.7
25
4.0
522With children under 3 years old
634
319
50.3
310
48.8
10
3.0
315With no children under 18 years old
5,868
3,104
52.9
3,011
51.3
93
3.0
2,764Asian, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
5,050
3,000
59.4
2,921
57.8
79
2.6
2,050With children under 18 years old
2,397
1,562
65.2
1,525
63.6
37
2.4
834With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,328
978
73.6
966
72.8
12
1.2
350With children under 6 years old
1,068
584
54.7
559
52.3
25
4.4
484With children under 3 years old
581
292
50.2
282
48.5
10
3.3
289With no children under 18 years old
2,653
1,438
54.2
1,396
52.6
42
2.9
1,216Asian, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
3,524
1,911
54.2
1,854
52.6
57
3.0
1,614With children under 18 years old
309
244
79.0
238
77.1
6
2.5
65With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
220
193
87.6
187
84.8
6
3.1
27With children under 6 years old
89
52
57.8
52
57.8
-
-
38With children under 3 years old
53
28
51.8
28
51.8
-
-
26With no children under 18 years old
3,215
1,666
51.8
1,616
50.3
51
3.0
1,549Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statusesaTotal women, 16 years and older
21,692
12,509
57.7
11,948
55.1
561
4.5
9,184With children under 18 years old
7,604
4,918
64.7
4,701
61.8
217
4.4
2,686With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
4,310
3,003
69.7
2,881
66.8
122
4.1
1,307With children under 6 years old
3,294
1,915
58.1
1,820
55.2
95
5.0
1,379With children under 3 years old
1,780
954
53.6
905
50.8
49
5.2
825With no children under 18 years old
14,088
7,590
53.9
7,247
51.4
344
4.5
6,498Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present(1)Total women, 16 years and older
9,601
5,356
55.8
5,164
53.8
192
3.6
4,245With children under 18 years old
5,007
2,897
57.9
2,781
55.5
116
4.0
2,110With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,836
1,781
62.8
1,717
60.5
64
3.6
1,055With children under 6 years old
2,171
1,116
51.4
1,064
49.0
52
4.6
1,056With children under 3 years old
1,217
586
48.2
554
45.5
33
5.6
630With no children under 18 years old
4,594
2,459
53.5
2,383
51.9
76
3.1
2,135Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses(2)Total women, 16 years and older
12,092
7,153
59.2
6,784
56.1
369
5.2
4,939With children under 18 years old
2,597
2,021
77.8
1,920
73.9
101
5.0
576With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,474
1,222
82.9
1,164
79.0
58
4.7
252With children under 6 years old
1,123
799
71.2
756
67.3
43
5.4
324With children under 3 years old
563
368
65.4
351
62.4
17
4.6
195With no children under 18 years old
9,495
5,131
54.0
4,864
51.2
268
5.2
4,363(1) Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2019 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of labor forceWith children under age 181975
14,616
47.4
13,069
1,548
11.01976
15,073
48.8
13,725
1,346
8.91977
15,669
50.8
14,276
1,393
8.91978
16,385
53.0
15,142
1,242
7.61979
16,883
54.5
15,624
1,259
7.71980
17,790
56.6
16,526
1,264
7.11981
18,422
58.1
16,952
1,471
8.01982
18,744
58.5
16,854
1,890
10.11983
18,924
58.9
16,792
2,131
11.31984
19,555
60.5
17,782
1,773
9.11985
20,041
62.1
18,306
1,735
8.71986
20,620
62.8
18,922
1,698
8.21987
21,422
64.7
19,798
1,624
7.61988
21,545
65.1
20,141
1,404
6.51989
21,936
65.7
20,647
1,289
5.91990
22,196
66.7
20,865
1,331
6.01991
22,327
66.6
20,774
1,552
7.01992
22,756
67.2
21,052
1,704
7.51993
23,063
66.9
21,521
1,541
6.71994
24,191
68.4
22,467
1,724
7.11995
24,695
69.7
23,195
1,500
6.11996
24,720
70.2
23,386
1,334
5.41997
25,604
72.1
24,082
1,522
5.91998
25,647
72.3
24,209
1,438
5.61999
25,472
72.1
24,307
1,165
4.62000
25,795
72.9
24,693
1,102
4.32001
26,269
72.7
25,030
1,239
4.72002
26,140
72.2
24,612
1,529
5.82003
26,202
71.7
24,598
1,603
6.12004
25,913
70.7
24,413
1,501
5.82005
25,941
70.5
24,564
1,377
5.32006
26,009
70.6
24,728
1,281
4.92007
26,834
71.3
25,646
1,188
4.42008
25,930
71.2
24,637
1,294
5.02009
26,122
71.6
24,079
2,043
7.82010
25,783
71.3
23,510
2,273
8.82011
25,376
70.9
23,109
2,266
8.92012
25,384
70.9
23,366
2,018
7.92013
25,112
70.3
23,121
1,991
7.92014
25,209
70.8
23,542
1,667
6.62015
25,107
69.9
23,841
1,265
5.02016
25,070
70.8
23,877
1,193
4.82017
24,863
71.3
23,748
1,114
4.52018
24,802
71.4
23,849
953
3.82019
24,892
72.4
24,038
854
3.4With children ages 6 to 17, none younger1975
8,917
54.9
8,218
700
7.91976
9,388
56.2
8,769
621
6.61977
10,040
58.3
9,389
650
6.51978
10,401
60.0
9,845
556
5.31979
10,646
61.6
10,030
615
5.81980
11,252
64.3
10,640
612
5.41981
11,490
65.5
10,725
765
6.71982
11,377
65.8
10,440
936
8.21983
11,340
66.3
10,303
1,037
9.11984
11,538
68.1
10,739
799
6.91985
11,826
69.9
10,984
842
7.11986
12,075
70.4
11,320
756
6.31987
12,438
72.0
11,661
778
6.31988
12,683
73.3
12,042
641
5.11989
12,800
74.2
12,168
632
4.91990
12,799
74.7
12,133
666
5.21991
12,691
74.4
12,017
674
5.31992
13,183
75.9
12,391
793
6.01993
13,441
75.4
12,757
684
5.11994
13,863
76.0
13,074
789
5.71995
14,300
76.4
13,608
691
4.81996
14,427
77.2
13,794
633
4.41997
14,993
78.1
14,282
711
4.71998
15,028
78.4
14,370
658
4.41999
15,150
78.5
14,633
516
3.42000
15,479
79.0
14,931
549
3.52001
15,839
79.4
15,220
619
3.92002
15,948
78.6
15,171
777
4.92003
15,993
78.7
15,166
828
5.22004
15,782
77.5
15,006
776
4.92005
15,594
76.9
14,930
663
4.32006
15,579
76.9
14,949
630
4.02007
15,940
77.7
15,341
599
3.82008
15,479
77.5
14,842
636
4.12009
15,625
78.2
14,562
1,063
6.82010
15,247
77.2
14,058
1,189
7.82011
14,973
76.5
13,842
1,131
7.62012
14,922
76.0
13,908
1,014
6.82013
14,941
74.8
13,909
1,032
6.92014
15,227
75.8
14,389
838
5.52015
15,059
74.6
14,437
622
4.12016
15,135
75.0
14,519
616
4.12017
15,080
76.0
14,481
599
4.02018
15,053
76.5
14,544
508
3.42019
14,972
77.0
14,526
446
3.0With children under age 61975
5,699
39.0
4,851
848
14.91976
5,684
40.1
4,957
727
12.81977
5,629
41.2
4,887
742
13.21978
5,983
44.0
5,297
687
11.51979
6,238
45.7
5,594
644
10.31980
6,538
46.8
5,886
652
10.01981
6,933
48.9
6,227
706
10.21982
7,367
49.9
6,414
953
12.91983
7,583
50.5
6,489
1,094
14.41984
8,017
52.1
7,043
974
12.11985
8,215
53.5
7,322
893
10.91986
8,545
54.4
7,602
943
11.01987
8,983
56.7
8,137
846
9.41988
8,862
56.1
8,099
763
8.61989
9,136
56.7
8,478
657
7.21990
9,397
58.2
8,732
664
7.11991
9,636
58.4
8,758
878
9.11992
9,573
58.0
8,662
911
9.51993
9,621
57.9
8,764
857
8.91994
10,328
60.3
9,394
935
9.01995
10,395
62.3
9,587
809
7.81996
10,293
62.3
9,592
701
6.81997
10,610
65.0
9,800
810
7.61998
10,619
65.2
9,839
780
7.31999
10,322
64.4
9,674
648
6.32000
10,316
65.3
9,763
553
5.42001
10,430
64.4
9,810
620
5.92002
10,193
64.1
9,441
752
7.42003
10,209
62.9
9,433
776
7.62004
10,131
62.2
9,407
724
7.12005
10,347
62.6
9,634
714
6.92006
10,430
63.0
9,779
651
6.22007
10,894
63.5
10,305
589
5.42008
10,452
63.6
9,794
657
6.32009
10,497
63.6
9,517
980
9.32010
10,536
64.2
9,452
1,085
10.32011
10,403
64.2
9,268
1,135
10.92012
10,462
64.7
9,458
1,004
9.62013
10,171
64.7
9,212
958
9.42014
9,982
64.3
9,153
829
8.32015
10,048
63.9
9,405
643
6.42016
9,934
65.3
9,358
576
5.82017
9,783
65.1
9,268
515
5.32018
9,749
64.7
9,304
445
4.62019
9,920
66.4
9,513
407
4.1With children under age 31975
2,824
34.3
2,326
500
17.71976
2,702
34.1
2,285
418
15.51977
2,795
35.4
2,371
424
15.21978
3,179
39.4
2,768
411
12.91979
3,380
41.1
2,979
401
11.91980
3,565
41.9
3,167
398
11.21981
3,826
44.3
3,380
446
11.71982
4,133
45.6
3,542
591
14.31983
4,233
46.0
3,551
682
16.11984
4,401
47.6
3,839
562
12.81985
4,601
49.5
4,089
513
11.11986
4,786
50.8
4,227
559
11.71987
5,064
52.9
4,570
494
9.81988
4,947
52.4
4,477
470
9.51989
5,053
52.4
4,671
381
7.51990
5,216
53.6
4,823
393
7.51991
5,417
54.5
4,868
550
10.11992
5,329
54.5
4,776
553
10.41993
5,349
53.9
4,857
492
9.21994
5,724
57.1
5,165
559
9.81995
5,650
58.7
5,172
478
8.51996
5,619
59.0
5,222
397
7.11997
5,839
61.8
5,366
473
8.11998
5,882
62.2
5,454
428
7.31999
5,645
60.7
5,285
359
6.42000
5,670
61.0
5,350
320
5.62001
5,743
60.7
5,350
393
6.82002
5,600
60.5
5,160
440
7.92003
5,568
58.7
5,112
456
8.22004
5,401
57.3
4,983
417
7.72005
5,704
58.9
5,299
405
7.12006
5,842
59.9
5,458
384
6.62007
6,006
60.1
5,679
327
5.52008
5,754
59.6
5,380
374
6.52009
5,960
61.1
5,401
559
9.42010
5,878
61.1
5,240
638
10.92011
5,639
60.9
5,006
633
11.22012
5,529
60.7
4,960
569
10.32013
5,448
62.1
4,937
511
9.42014
5,358
61.8
4,870
487
9.12015
5,494
61.4
5,119
375
6.82016
5,486
63.1
5,165
322
5.92017
5,449
63.1
5,153
296
5.42018
5,236
62.0
4,998
239
4.62019
5,439
63.8
5,220
218
4.0With no children under age 181975
22,365
45.1
20,381
1,984
8.91976
23,327
45.7
21,389
1,938
8.31977
24,385
46.4
22,348
2,037
8.41978
25,362
47.0
23,631
1,731
6.81979
26,962
48.6
25,285
1,677
6.21980
27,144
48.1
25,375
1,769
6.51981
27,992
48.7
25,934
2,059
7.41982
28,351
48.6
26,041
2,311
8.21983
28,856
48.7
26,373
2,483
8.61984
29,684
49.3
27,652
2,032
6.81985
30,850
50.4
28,814
2,036
6.61986
31,112
50.5
29,107
2,005
6.41987
31,538
50.5
29,688
1,850
5.91988
32,490
51.2
30,911
1,580
4.91989
33,255
51.9
31,761
1,495
4.51990
33,942
52.3
32,391
1,551
4.61991
34,047
52.0
32,167
1,880
5.51992
34,487
52.3
32,481
2,006
5.81993
34,495
52.1
32,476
2,020
5.91994
35,455
53.1
33,345
2,110
6.01995
35,843
52.9
34,054
1,789
5.01996
36,509
53.0
34,698
1,811
5.01997
37,295
53.6
35,572
1,723
4.61998
38,253
54.1
36,680
1,573
4.11999
39,314
54.3
37,587
1,727
4.42000
40,142
54.8
38,408
1,733
4.32001
40,996
54.4
39,363
1,633
4.02002
41,278
54.0
39,038
2,241
5.42003
42,039
54.1
39,667
2,372
5.62004
42,289
53.8
40,000
2,289
5.42005
42,677
53.5
40,570
2,107
4.92006
43,392
53.6
41,440
1,952
4.52007
44,039
53.9
42,279
1,760
4.02008
45,585
54.3
43,417
2,168
4.82009
45,649
53.8
42,343
3,306
7.22010
46,098
53.5
42,256
3,842
8.32011
46,198
53.0
42,569
3,629
7.92012
47,222
52.6
43,494
3,728
7.92013
47,607
52.3
44,294
3,313
7.02014
48,076
52.1
44,980
3,096
6.42015
48,273
51.7
45,794
2,479
5.12016
49,663
52.1
47,180
2,484
5.02017
50,675
52.5
48,541
2,134
4.22018
51,227
52.3
49,247
1,980
3.92019
52,068
52.5
50,244
1,824
3.5Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotalTotal, 25 to 64 years
168,522
131,783
78.2
127,869
75.9
3,914
3.0
36,739Less than a high school diploma
15,163
9,285
61.2
8,780
57.9
505
5.4
5,878High school graduates, no college
45,854
33,531
73.1
32,280
70.4
1,251
3.7
12,323Some college or associate's degree
44,114
34,667
78.6
33,616
76.2
1,051
3.0
9,447Bachelor's degree and higher
63,390
54,299
85.7
53,194
83.9
1,106
2.0
9,091Bachelor's degree
40,507
34,199
84.4
33,447
82.6
753
2.2
6,308Advanced degree
22,883
20,100
87.8
19,747
86.3
353
1.8
2,783Master's degree
17,181
14,925
86.9
14,636
85.2
289
1.9
2,255Professional degree
2,408
2,146
89.1
2,109
87.6
36
1.7
262Doctoral degree
3,295
3,029
91.9
3,001
91.1
28
0.9
266WomenTotal, 25 to 64 years
85,883
61,704
71.8
59,837
69.7
1,867
3.0
24,179Less than a high school diploma
7,142
3,347
46.9
3,133
43.9
214
6.4
3,795High school graduates, no college
21,178
13,594
64.2
13,071
61.7
524
3.9
7,583Some college or associate's degree
23,290
16,991
73.0
16,432
70.6
559
3.3
6,299Bachelor's degree and higher
34,274
27,772
81.0
27,202
79.4
570
2.1
6,502Bachelor's degree
21,601
17,052
78.9
16,675
77.2
378
2.2
4,548Advanced degree
12,673
10,720
84.6
10,527
83.1
192
1.8
1,954Master's degree
10,013
8,377
83.7
8,221
82.1
156
1.9
1,636Professional degree
1,119
955
85.4
934
83.4
22
2.3
164Doctoral degree
1,541
1,387
90.0
1,372
89.0
15
1.1
154MenTotal, 25 to 64 years
82,639
70,079
84.8
68,032
82.3
2,047
2.9
12,560Less than a high school diploma
8,021
5,938
74.0
5,647
70.4
291
4.9
2,083High school graduates, no college
24,676
19,937
80.8
19,209
77.8
728
3.7
4,739Some college or associate's degree
20,824
17,676
84.9
17,184
82.5
492
2.8
3,148Bachelor's degree and higher
29,116
26,527
91.1
25,992
89.3
536
2.0
2,589Bachelor's degree
18,906
17,147
90.7
16,772
88.7
375
2.2
1,759Advanced degree
10,210
9,380
91.9
9,220
90.3
161
1.7
830Master's degree
7,168
6,548
91.4
6,415
89.5
133
2.0
620Professional degree
1,289
1,190
92.4
1,176
91.2
14
1.2
98Doctoral degree
1,753
1,642
93.6
1,629
92.9
13
0.8
112Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
High school
CollegeLess than 4 years
4 years, no college
1 to 3 years
4 years or moreTotal1970
61,765
100.0
36.1
38.1
11.8
14.11971
62,344
100.0
34.5
38.4
12.3
14.81972
63,704
100.0
33.3
38.8
12.4
15.51973
64,775
100.0
30.9
39.7
13.0
16.41974
66,527
100.0
29.3
39.5
13.7
17.51975
67,774
100.0
27.5
39.7
14.4
18.31976
69,243
100.0
25.8
39.6
15.2
19.41977
71,324
100.0
24.9
39.2
15.7
20.21978
73,504
100.0
23.7
39.2
16.5
20.61979
75,781
100.0
21.8
39.5
17.3
21.31980
78,010
100.0
20.6
39.8
17.6
22.01981
80,273
100.0
19.7
40.6
17.7
22.01982
81,516
100.0
18.8
40.8
17.3
23.11983
83,615
100.0
17.8
39.9
18.1
24.21984
86,001
100.0
16.7
40.2
18.4
24.71985
88,424
100.0
15.9
40.2
19.0
24.91986
90,500
100.0
15.5
40.2
19.5
24.81987
92,966
100.0
14.9
40.2
19.7
25.31988
94,870
100.0
14.7
39.9
19.7
25.71989
97,318
100.0
14.0
39.6
20.0
26.41990
99,175
100.0
13.4
39.5
20.7
26.41991
100,480
100.0
13.0
39.4
21.1
26.5Women1970
22,462
100.0
33.5
44.3
10.9
11.21971
22,804
100.0
32.2
44.2
11.9
11.81972
23,606
100.0
30.7
45.1
11.8
12.41973
24,158
100.0
28.4
45.9
12.4
13.31974
25,203
100.0
26.7
45.3
13.4
14.61975
26,146
100.0
26.5
45.5
13.9
14.11976
27,166
100.0
24.0
45.1
14.7
16.21977
28,369
100.0
22.8
45.1
15.2
16.91978
29,738
100.0
22.0
44.9
16.1
17.01979
31,151
100.0
20.1
45.0
17.1
17.81980
32,593
100.0
18.4
45.4
17.4
18.71981
33,910
100.0
17.4
46.1
17.9
18.61982
34,870
100.0
16.6
45.6
18.3
19.51983
35,712
100.0
15.6
44.8
18.8
20.91984
37,234
100.0
14.5
44.9
18.9
21.71985
38,779
100.0
13.7
44.4
19.9
22.01986
39,767
100.0
13.2
44.3
20.3
22.21987
41,105
100.0
12.5
44.0
20.7
22.81988
42,254
100.0
12.4
43.3
21.2
23.11989
43,650
100.0
11.9
42.9
20.9
24.31990
44,699
100.0
11.3
42.4
21.9
24.51991
45,315
100.0
10.9
41.6
22.2
25.2Men1970
39,303
100.0
37.5
34.5
12.2
15.71971
39,539
100.0
35.9
35.1
12.5
16.51972
40,098
100.0
34.8
35.1
12.8
17.31973
40,617
100.0
32.4
36.0
13.4
18.21974
41,344
100.0
30.8
36.0
13.9
19.31975
41,628
100.0
28.9
36.1
14.8
20.21976
42,077
100.0
27.0
36.0
15.5
21.51977
42,954
100.0
26.3
35.3
16.1
22.31978
43,766
100.0
24.8
35.3
16.9
23.01979
44,630
100.0
23.0
35.7
17.5
23.81980
45,417
100.0
22.2
35.7
17.7
24.31981
46,363
100.0
21.5
36.5
17.4
24.61982
47,144
100.0
20.3
36.8
17.5
25.51983
47,903
100.0
19.4
36.3
17.7
26.61984
48,767
100.0
18.4
36.7
18.0
26.91985
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
27.11986
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
26.91987
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
27.21988
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
27.81989
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
28.21990
54,476
100.0
15.1
37.2
19.7
28.01991
55,165
100.0
14.7
37.5
20.2
27.6Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in Table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2019
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college(1)
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)Total1992
103,018
100.0
12.1
35.7
25.6
26.61993
104,237
100.0
11.3
35.1
26.6
27.01994
105,610
100.0
10.8
33.9
27.7
27.61995
107,032
100.0
10.4
33.2
28.1
28.31996
108,932
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.8
28.71997
110,945
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.5
29.01998
111,932
100.0
10.5
32.4
27.4
29.81999
113,095
100.0
10.0
31.8
27.6
30.52000
115,750
100.0
10.1
31.4
27.8
30.72001
116,893
100.0
10.1
30.9
28.0
31.02002
118,028
100.0
10.0
30.7
27.7
31.62003
119,621
100.0
9.9
30.3
27.6
32.12004
120,135
100.0
9.7
30.1
27.7
32.42005
121,752
100.0
9.8
29.9
27.8
32.52006
123,550
100.0
9.7
29.6
27.7
33.02007
125,104
100.0
9.3
29.2
27.7
33.82008
126,011
100.0
9.0
28.8
28.0
34.22009
126,247
100.0
9.0
28.6
28.0
34.42010
126,237
100.0
8.9
28.6
27.9
34.62011
125,508
100.0
8.7
28.0
28.0
35.32012
125,963
100.0
8.4
27.4
28.2
36.02013
125,892
100.0
8.2
27.1
28.0
36.72014
126,269
100.0
8.0
26.7
27.9
37.32015
127,106
100.0
8.1
25.9
27.7
38.22016
128,713
100.0
7.8
25.9
27.6
38.72017
129,582
100.0
7.4
25.8
27.2
39.52018
131,058
100.0
7.3
25.6
26.7
40.42019
131,783
100.0
7.0
25.4
26.3
41.2Women1992
46,589
100.0
10.3
37.4
27.3
25.01993
47,245
100.0
9.3
36.6
28.4
25.71994
48,405
100.0
9.0
35.0
29.8
26.21995
49,247
100.0
8.8
34.1
30.2
26.91996
50,240
100.0
8.8
33.6
29.9
27.81997
51,261
100.0
8.7
33.5
29.4
28.41998
51,678
100.0
8.8
32.7
29.4
29.21999
52,525
100.0
8.5
32.1
29.5
29.92000
53,749
100.0
8.5
31.6
29.8
30.12001
54,229
100.0
8.4
31.0
30.2
30.42002
54,710
100.0
8.1
30.6
29.9
31.32003
55,596
100.0
7.9
30.0
29.9
32.22004
55,616
100.0
7.7
29.4
30.2
32.62005
56,322
100.0
7.7
28.7
30.2
33.32006
57,201
100.0
7.6
28.3
30.2
33.92007
57,791
100.0
7.1
27.9
30.1
34.92008
58,465
100.0
6.9
27.2
30.4
35.62009
58,787
100.0
7.0
26.7
30.3
36.02010
58,808
100.0
6.8
26.4
30.3
36.42011
58,520
100.0
6.7
25.8
30.4
37.12012
59,031
100.0
6.5
25.0
30.4
38.12013
58,812
100.0
6.3
24.6
30.1
39.02014
58,983
100.0
6.1
24.1
29.8
40.02015
59,252
100.0
6.1
23.2
29.6
41.12016
60,049
100.0
6.0
22.9
29.6
41.62017
60,614
100.0
5.8
22.7
28.9
42.72018
61,182
100.0
5.7
22.3
28.3
43.82019
61,704
100.0
5.4
22.0
27.5
45.0Men1992
56,428
100.0
13.7
34.2
24.3
27.81993
56,992
100.0
12.9
33.9
25.1
28.11994
57,205
100.0
12.4
33.0
25.9
28.81995
57,784
100.0
11.8
32.4
26.3
29.41996
58,692
100.0
12.2
32.3
26.1
29.41997
59,684
100.0
12.2
32.4
25.9
29.61998
60,255
100.0
12.0
32.1
25.6
30.31999
60,570
100.0
11.4
31.6
26.0
31.02000
62,001
100.0
11.5
31.2
26.1
31.22001
62,664
100.0
11.5
30.9
26.2
31.42002
63,318
100.0
11.6
30.8
25.8
31.82003
64,025
100.0
11.7
30.6
25.6
32.12004
64,519
100.0
11.5
30.7
25.6
32.32005
65,430
100.0
11.5
30.9
25.7
31.92006
66,350
100.0
11.5
30.6
25.5
32.32007
67,313
100.0
11.2
30.4
25.6
32.92008
67,546
100.0
10.9
30.2
25.9
33.02009
67,460
100.0
10.8
30.3
25.9
33.02010
67,429
100.0
10.6
30.6
25.8
33.02011
66,989
100.0
10.4
30.0
26.0
33.72012
66,932
100.0
10.0
29.6
26.2
34.12013
67,081
100.0
9.8
29.2
26.2
34.72014
67,287
100.0
9.8
29.1
26.2
35.02015
67,853
100.0
9.9
28.4
26.0
35.72016
68,664
100.0
9.3
28.6
25.9
36.22017
68,968
100.0
8.9
28.6
25.7
36.82018
69,876
100.0
8.8
28.4
25.3
37.52019
70,079
100.0
8.5
28.4
25.2
37.9(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Data from 1970–1991 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender
Year2018
2019Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
155,761
100.0
157,538
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
62,436
40.1
64,218
40.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,850
16.6
26,981
17.1Professional and related occupations
36,586
23.5
37,237
23.6Service occupations
26,854
17.2
26,978
17.1Sales and office occupations
33,461
21.5
33,370
21.2Sales and related occupations
15,806
10.1
15,582
9.9Office and administrative support occupations
17,655
11.3
17,789
11.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,471
9.3
14,343
9.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,121
0.7
1,156
0.7Construction and extraction occupations
8,338
5.4
8,325
5.3Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,012
3.2
4,862
3.1Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,539
11.9
18,628
11.8Production occupations
8,621
5.5
8,565
5.4Transportation and material moving occupations
9,918
6.4
10,063
6.4WomenTotal, 16 years and older
73,063
100.0
74,078
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
32,149
44.0
33,267
44.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
11,387
15.6
11,909
16.1Professional and related occupations
20,763
28.4
21,358
28.8Service occupations
15,439
21.1
15,534
21.0Sales and office occupations
20,453
28.0
20,222
27.3Sales and related occupations
7,807
10.7
7,602
10.3Office and administrative support occupations
12,646
17.3
12,620
17.0Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
745
1.0
774
1.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
273
0.4
291
0.4Construction and extraction occupations
285
0.4
292
0.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
187
0.3
191
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
4,278
5.9
4,281
5.8Production occupations
2,480
3.4
2,450
3.3Transportation and material moving occupations
1,797
2.5
1,831
2.5MenTotal, 16 years and older
82,698
100.0
83,460
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
30,287
36.6
30,950
37.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
14,464
17.5
15,072
18.1Professional and related occupations
15,823
19.1
15,879
19.0Service occupations
11,416
13.8
11,445
13.7Sales and office occupations
13,008
15.7
13,148
15.8Sales and related occupations
7,999
9.7
7,979
9.6Office and administrative support occupations
5,010
6.1
5,169
6.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,726
16.6
13,569
16.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
848
1.0
865
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
8,053
9.7
8,033
9.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,825
5.8
4,671
5.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14,261
17.2
14,348
17.2Production occupations
6,140
7.4
6,115
7.3Transportation and material moving occupations
8,121
9.8
8,233
9.9Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
157,538
47.0Management, professional, and related occupations
64,218
51.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
26,981
44.1Management occupations
18,985
40.0Chief executives
1,602
27.6General and operations managers
1,058
30.6Legislators
19
-Advertising and promotions managers
55
56.9Marketing and sales managers
1,184
48.5Public relations and fundraising managers
73
71.4Administrative services managers
184
42.0Computer and information systems managers
654
28.7Financial managers
1,194
53.5Compensation and benefits managers
24
-Human resources managers
321
74.7Training and development managers
46
-Industrial production managers
274
22.4Purchasing managers
227
42.8Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
281
17.3Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
962
24.5Construction managers
994
10.0Education administrators
958
67.7Architectural and engineering managers
154
11.7Food service managers
1,249
46.5Funeral service managers
13
-Gaming managers
19
-Lodging managers
162
49.5Medical and health services managers
677
69.7Natural sciences managers
15
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
30
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
780
47.3Social and community service managers
470
68.2Emergency management directors
7
-Managers, all other
5,299
36.0Business and financial operations occupations
7,996
54.0Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
47
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
16
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
226
47.8Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
279
48.5Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
318
62.1Compliance officers
298
59.5Cost estimators
127
14.3Human resources workers
770
73.5Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
51
75.0Training and development specialists
125
52.5Logisticians
154
31.7Management analysts
950
42.1Meeting, convention, and event planners
146
78.7Fundraisers
93
67.2Market research analysts and marketing specialists
369
56.6Business operations specialists, all other
269
57.7Accountants and auditors
1,964
61.7Appraisers and assessors of real estate
84
42.0Budget analysts
51
60.4Credit analysts
28
-Financial analysts
345
34.2Personal financial advisors
551
32.1Insurance underwriters
105
51.1Financial examiners
21
-Credit counselors and loan officers
403
53.9Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
53
69.2Tax preparers
97
62.3Financial specialists, all other
57
46.8Professional and related occupations
37,237
57.4Computer and mathematical occupations
5,352
25.8Computer and information research scientists
24
-Computer systems analysts
663
40.1Information security analysts
125
17.1Computer programmers
454
20.3Software developers, applications and systems software
1,815
18.7Web developers
193
41.4Computer support specialists
547
26.4Database administrators
106
30.2Network and computer systems administrators
199
26.1Computer network architects
106
9.2Computer occupations, all other
808
23.6Actuaries
33
-Mathematicians
3
-Operations research analysts
152
42.7Statisticians
101
52.4Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
22
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,305
15.7Architects, except naval
208
24.5Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
48
-Aerospace engineers
134
13.8Agricultural engineers
6
-Biomedical engineers
25
-Chemical engineers
87
14.4Civil engineers
475
13.9Computer hardware engineers
77
22.8Electrical and electronics engineers
285
11.6Environmental engineers
25
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
245
24.3Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-Materials engineers
44
-Mechanical engineers
351
6.6Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-Nuclear engineers
8
-Petroleum engineers
24
-Engineers, all other
582
13.9Drafters
113
23.3Engineering technicians, except drafters
496
19.8Surveying and mapping technicians
53
6.8Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,485
49.4Agricultural and food scientists
37
-Biological scientists
104
47.7Conservation scientists and foresters
20
-Medical scientists
170
51.8Life scientists, all other
2
-Astronomers and physicists
17
-Atmospheric and space scientists
10
-Chemists and materials scientists
97
42.5Environmental scientists and geoscientists
119
33.0Physical scientists, all other
298
43.7Economists
35
-Survey researchers
0
-Psychologists
234
79.7Sociologists
2
-Urban and regional planners
25
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
-Agricultural and food science technicians
20
-Biological technicians
23
-Chemical technicians
56
30.8Geological and petroleum technicians
20
-Nuclear technicians
3
-Social science research assistants
1
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
152
54.0Community and social service occupations
2,717
67.5Counselors
927
75.7Social workers
823
81.9Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
97
44.6Social and human service assistants
238
79.0Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
78
70.8Clergy
413
20.7Directors, religious activities and education
72
48.6Religious workers, all other
69
72.7Legal occupations
1,955
52.7Lawyers
1,240
36.4Judicial law clerks
7
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
70
52.5Paralegals and legal assistants
444
89.6Miscellaneous legal support workers
193
72.5Education, training, and library occupations
9,455
73.6Postsecondary teachers
1,386
47.4Preschool and kindergarten teachers
655
98.7Elementary and middle school teachers
3,604
80.5Secondary school teachers
1,015
56.5Special education teachers
331
86.7Other teachers and instructors
1,017
64.6Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
48
-Librarians
179
79.9Library technicians
33
-Teacher assistants
999
89.7Other education, training, and library workers
189
72.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,285
49.0Artists and related workers
248
54.0Designers
983
54.0Actors
40
-Producers and directors
186
42.5Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
345
35.3Dancers and choreographers
23
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
202
36.7Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
50
32.8Announcers
58
30.4News analysts, reporters and correspondents
93
45.1Public relations specialists
137
63.6Editors
147
63.3Technical writers
61
57.8Writers and authors
225
63.5Miscellaneous media and communication workers
118
66.4Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
119
12.0Photographers
188
49.3Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
60
16.3Media and communication equipment workers, all other
0
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,684
75.4Chiropractors
61
28.0Dentists
162
33.9Dietitians and nutritionists
128
92.1Optometrists
43
-Pharmacists
341
60.4Physicians and surgeons
1,098
40.8Physician assistants
131
70.8Podiatrists
10
-Audiologists
14
-Occupational therapists
136
88.0Physical therapists
304
67.9Radiation therapists
16
-Recreational therapists
10
-Respiratory therapists
112
66.8Speech-language pathologists
180
95.8Exercise physiologists
2
-Therapists, all other
235
81.4Veterinarians
104
68.3Registered nurses
3,242
88.9Nurse anesthetists
33
-Nurse midwives
10
-Nurse practitioners
225
87.8Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
35
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
323
73.8Dental hygienists
208
96.0Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
398
70.0Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
206
33.5Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
710
79.0Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
687
90.8Medical records and health information technicians
185
93.3Opticians, dispensing
49
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
152
65.0Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
133
49.5Service occupations
26,978
57.6Healthcare support occupations
3,758
86.9Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,086
88.3Occupational therapy assistants and aides
29
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
101
63.4Massage therapists
183
83.6Dental assistants
284
94.9Medical assistants
596
92.7Medical transcriptionists
41
-Pharmacy aides
49
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
59
82.7Phlebotomists
124
89.3Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
206
68.1Protective service occupations
3,128
22.1First-line supervisors of correctional officers
44
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
83
9.9First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
42
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
78
25.0Firefighters
318
3.3Fire inspectors
21
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
372
30.1Detectives and criminal investigators
164
23.0Fish and game wardens
4
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
716
17.6Transit and railroad police
5
-Animal control workers
10
-Private detectives and investigators
97
47.6Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
937
21.5Crossing guards
52
48.6Transportation security screeners
43
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
139
49.4Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,378
54.5Chefs and head cooks
474
22.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
597
57.4Cooks
2,031
41.7Food preparation workers
1,079
59.3Bartenders
464
53.1Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
372
62.4Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
200
59.2Waiters and waitresses
2,038
71.3Food servers, nonrestaurant
191
66.1Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
338
40.5Dishwashers
264
21.0Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
322
82.1Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
7
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,746
42.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
352
41.6First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
285
9.3Janitors and building cleaners
2,265
37.2Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,475
89.0Pest control workers
96
6.7Grounds maintenance workers
1,273
6.3Personal care and service occupations
5,968
76.9First-line supervisors of gaming workers
211
43.2First-line supervisors of personal service workers
213
68.5Animal trainers
63
58.6Nonfarm animal caretakers
296
75.1Gaming services workers
93
45.1Motion picture projectionists
1
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
38
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
210
39.3Embalmers and funeral attendants
15
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
26
-Barbers
137
23.0Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
803
92.3Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
409
85.5Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
92
24.3Tour and travel guides
61
43.6Childcare workers
1,193
93.4Personal care aides
1,458
85.6Recreation and fitness workers
440
63.3Residential advisors
30
-Personal care and service workers, all other
178
61.7Sales and office occupations
33,370
60.6Sales and related occupations
15,582
48.8First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,232
45.5First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,247
27.1Cashiers
3,164
71.2Counter and rental clerks
97
42.6Parts salespersons
142
12.0Retail salespersons
3,105
48.5Advertising sales agents
190
49.7Insurance sales agents
595
50.6Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
231
30.0Travel agents
82
86.0Sales representatives, services, all other
557
30.4Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,281
27.2Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
62
73.3Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,095
58.9Sales engineers
35
-Telemarketers
49
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
135
59.5Sales and related workers, all other
284
42.9Office and administrative support occupations
17,789
70.9First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,306
68.5Switchboard operators, including answering service
21
-Telephone operators
42
-Communications equipment operators, all other
12
-Bill and account collectors
116
80.8Billing and posting clerks
459
89.5Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,015
88.5Gaming cage workers
13
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
155
85.2Procurement clerks
29
-Tellers
294
84.7Financial clerks, all other
119
59.7Brokerage clerks
3
-Correspondence clerks
5
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
95
75.3Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
41
-Customer service representatives
2,552
64.2Eligibility interviewers, government programs
70
80.1File clerks
175
83.1Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
116
74.6Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
131
85.5Library assistants, clerical
88
81.4Loan interviewers and clerks
116
76.8New accounts clerks
22
-Order clerks
112
53.3Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
60
81.2Receptionists and information clerks
1,288
89.3Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
119
58.9Information and record clerks, all other
99
76.9Cargo and freight agents
20
-Couriers and messengers
402
20.7Dispatchers
261
53.1Meter readers, utilities
17
-Postal service clerks
96
55.1Postal service mail carriers
331
36.6Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
76
53.3Production, planning, and expediting clerks
297
57.7Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
563
34.9Stock clerks and order fillers
1,512
37.5Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
66
47.3Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,688
93.2Computer operators
72
47.5Data entry keyers
250
73.4Word processors and typists
57
86.0Desktop publishers
0
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
269
81.7Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
68
49.8Office clerks, general
1,355
82.7Office machine operators, except computer
32
-Proofreaders and copy markers
7
-Statistical assistants
58
42.8Office and administrative support workers, all other
618
74.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,343
5.4Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,156
25.2First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
51
9.4Agricultural inspectors
18
-Animal breeders
10
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
88
64.5Miscellaneous agricultural workers
866
24.2Fishers and related fishing workers
36
-Hunters and trappers
0
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-Logging workers
66
1.8Construction and extraction occupations
8,325
3.5First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
682
3.4Boilermakers
24
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
152
0.7Carpenters
1,292
2.8Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
170
1.9Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
65
3.0Construction laborers
2,051
3.5Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
22
-Pile-driver operators
1
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
375
1.7Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
178
0.7Electricians
914
2.2Glaziers
38
-Insulation workers
59
3.7Painters, construction and maintenance
599
8.9Paperhangers
7
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
637
2.7Plasterers and stucco masons
23
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
6
-Roofers
222
1.9Sheet metal workers
140
6.8Structural iron and steel workers
66
0.9Solar photovoltaic installers
18
-Helpers, construction trades
50
5.7Construction and building inspectors
105
10.4Elevator installers and repairers
20
-Fence erectors
41
-Hazardous materials removal workers
40
-Highway maintenance workers
113
3.6Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
4
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
8
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
32
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
29
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
22
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
8
-Mining machine operators
56
2.0Roof bolters, mining
1
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
8
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-Other extraction workers
46
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,862
3.9First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
272
8.2Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
184
14.0Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
131
7.6Avionics technicians
13
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
16
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
7
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
17
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
9
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
32
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
58
2.9Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
152
4.8Automotive body and related repairers
125
2.2Automotive glass installers and repairers
21
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
880
1.9Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
347
1.5Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
211
1.5Small engine mechanics
45
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
73
1.3Control and valve installers and repairers
22
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
466
1.5Home appliance repairers
51
5.7Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
408
4.1Maintenance and repair workers, general
579
3.8Maintenance workers, machinery
21
-Millwrights
52
5.0Electrical power-line installers and repairers
133
1.6Telecommunications line installers and repairers
184
4.5Precision instrument and equipment repairers
69
11.6Wind turbine service technicians
2
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
28
-Commercial divers
2
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
32
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-Riggers
12
-Signal and track switch repairers
7
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
19
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
179
8.0Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,628
23.0Production occupations
8,565
28.6First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
844
21.3Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
8
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
101
50.4Engine and other machine assemblers
9
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
25
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,001
36.4Bakers
228
60.4Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
297
26.9Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
17
-Food batchmakers
82
62.7Food cooking machine operators and tenders
3
-Food processing workers, all other
147
33.8Computer control programmers and operators
108
3.7Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
70
15.8Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
44
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-Machinists
375
5.6Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
23
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
45
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-Tool and die makers
55
4.8Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
592
5.3Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
10
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
1
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
392
19.5Prepress technicians and workers
27
-Printing press operators
133
22.1Print binding and finishing workers
14
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
134
75.4Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
28
-Sewing machine operators
179
72.4Shoe and leather workers and repairers
7
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
5
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
86
75.4Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
2
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
4
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
10
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
1
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
0
-Upholsterers
30
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
13
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
65
8.0Furniture finishers
18
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
33
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
12
-Woodworkers, all other
23
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
43
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
52
3.0Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
110
8.0Miscellaneous plant and system operators
51
4.9Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
73
11.1Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
90
7.5Cutting workers
60
12.7Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
27
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
17
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
802
35.6Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
40
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
91
60.0Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
262
54.6Painting workers
171
10.6Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
13
-Semiconductor processors
0
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
10
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
2
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
2
-Etchers and engravers
8
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
31
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
24
-Tire builders
8
-Helpers--production workers
54
32.6Production workers, all other
1,141
28.6Transportation and material moving occupations
10,063
18.2Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
206
21.5Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
141
7.5Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
43
-Flight attendants
110
81.3Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
15
-Bus drivers
546
45.3Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,608
6.7Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
790
16.8Motor vehicle operators, all other
66
17.2Locomotive engineers and operators
42
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
2
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
52
2.4Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
9
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-Ship and boat captains and operators
45
-Ship engineers
5
-Bridge and lock tenders
0
-Parking lot attendants
83
14.8Automotive and watercraft service attendants
88
18.4Transportation inspectors
42
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
43
-Other transportation workers
38
-Conveyor operators and tenders
2
-Crane and tower operators
63
5.2Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
28
-Hoist and winch operators
9
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
571
8.7Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
344
16.0Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,235
21.5Machine feeders and offbearers
24
-Packers and packagers, hand
628
54.8Pumping station operators
16
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
99
7.6Mine shuttle car operators
2
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-Material moving workers, all other
41
-Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
56,341
10,000
4,826
12,023Percent
100.0
100
100
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
46.1
37.2
53.3
28.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.7
12.3
18.3
10.3Professional and related occupations
29.3
24.9
34.9
18.2Service occupations
19.5
27.6
20.2
31.1Sales and office occupations
27.9
26.7
20.0
28.7Sales and related occupations
10.4
9.8
7.9
11.3Office and administrative support occupations
17.5
17.0
12.2
17.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.2
0.7
0.4
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.5
0.2
0.1
1.3Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.3
7.7
6.1
9.3Production occupations
3.1
3.7
4.6
5.6Transportation and material moving occupations
2.3
4.0
1.5
3.7Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2018 and 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender
Year2018
2019Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
155,761
100.0
157,538
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,425
1.6
2,425
1.5Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
784
0.5
750
0.5Construction
11,181
7.2
11,373
7.2Manufacturing
15,560
10.0
15,741
10.0Durable goods manufacturing
9,831
6.3
9,970
6.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,729
3.7
5,771
3.7Wholesale and retail trade
20,270
13.0
19,742
12.5Wholesale trade
3,671
2.4
3,525
2.2Retail trade
16,599
10.7
16,217
10.3Transportation and utilities
8,551
5.5
8,991
5.7Transportation and warehousing
7,207
4.6
7,614
4.8Utilities
1,345
0.9
1,377
0.9Information
2,919
1.9
2,766
1.8Financial activities
10,649
6.8
10,765
6.8Finance and insurance
7,376
4.7
7,464
4.7Real estate and rental and leasing
3,273
2.1
3,301
2.1Professional and business services
18,950
12.2
19,606
12.4Professional and technical services
12,105
7.8
12,808
8.1Management, administrative, and waste services
6,845
4.4
6,799
4.3Education and health services
35,043
22.5
35,894
22.8Educational services
13,910
8.9
14,193
9.0Health care and social assistance
21,133
13.6
21,701
13.8Hospitals
7,108
4.6
7,425
4.7Health services, except hospitals
10,636
6.8
10,846
6.9Social assistance
3,389
2.2
3,430
2.2Leisure and hospitality
14,268
9.2
14,643
9.3Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,362
2.2
3,444
2.2Accommodation and food services
10,905
7.0
11,200
7.1Other services
7,742
5.0
7,617
4.8Other services, except private households
6,965
4.5
6,796
4.3Other services
777
0.5
821
0.5Public administration
7,419
4.8
7,225
4.6WomenTotal, 16 years and older
73,063
100.0
74,078
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
628
0.9
635
0.9Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
108
0.1
118
0.2Construction
1,102
1.5
1,168
1.6Manufacturing
4,537
6.2
4,630
6.3Durable goods manufacturing
2,463
3.4
2,505
3.4Nondurable goods manufacturing
2,074
2.8
2,125
2.9Wholesale and retail trade
9,068
12.4
8,728
11.8Wholesale trade
1,048
1.4
1,008
1.4Retail trade
8,020
11.0
7,721
10.4Transportation and utilities
2,084
2.9
2,166
2.9Transportation and warehousing
1,796
2.5
1,892
2.6Utilities
288
0.4
274
0.4Information
1,118
1.5
1,120
1.5Financial activities
5,598
7.7
5,660
7.6Finance and insurance
4,058
5.6
4,083
5.5Real estate and rental and leasing
1,540
2.1
1,576
2.1Professional and business services
7,872
10.8
8,104
10.9Professional and technical services
5,113
7.0
5,456
7.4Management, administrative, and waste services
2,758
3.8
2,648
3.6Education and health services
26,058
35.7
26,842
36.2Educational services
9,501
13.0
9,883
13.3Health care and social assistance
16,558
22.7
16,959
22.9Hospitals
5,330
7.3
5,562
7.5Health services, except hospitals
8,375
11.5
8,523
11.5Social assistance
2,853
3.9
2,874
3.9Leisure and hospitality
7,347
10.1
7,499
10.1Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,505
2.1
1,583
2.1Accommodation and food services
5,843
8.0
5,915
8.0Other services
4,148
5.7
4,103
5.5Other services, except private households
3,423
4.7
3,356
4.5Other services
725
1.0
747
1.0Public administration
3,394
4.6
3,304
4.5MenTotal, 16 years and older
82,698
100.0
83,460
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
1,797
2.2
1,790
2.1Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
676
0.8
632
0.8Construction
10,079
12.2
10,205
12.2Manufacturing
11,022
13.3
11,111
13.3Durable goods manufacturing
7,368
8.9
7,465
8.9Nondurable goods manufacturing
3,654
4.4
3,646
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
11,202
13.5
11,014
13.2Wholesale trade
2,623
3.2
2,517
3.0Retail trade
8,579
10.4
8,497
10.2Transportation and utilities
6,468
7.8
6,824
8.2Transportation and warehousing
5,411
6.5
5,722
6.9Utilities
1,057
1.3
1,103
1.3Information
1,801
2.2
1,645
2.0Financial activities
5,051
6.1
5,106
6.1Finance and insurance
3,317
4.0
3,381
4.1Real estate and rental and leasing
1,734
2.1
1,725
2.1Professional and business services
11,079
13.4
11,502
13.8Professional and technical services
6,992
8.5
7,352
8.8Management, administrative, and waste services
4,087
4.9
4,150
5.0Education and health services
8,985
10.9
9,052
10.8Educational services
4,410
5.3
4,310
5.2Health care and social assistance
4,575
5.5
4,742
5.7Hospitals
1,778
2.1
1,863
2.2Health services, except hospitals
2,261
2.7
2,323
2.8Social assistance
536
0.6
555
0.7Leisure and hospitality
6,920
8.4
7,145
8.6Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,858
2.2
1,860
2.2Accommodation and food services
5,062
6.1
5,284
6.3Other services
3,595
4.3
3,514
4.2Other services, except private households
3,542
4.3
3,440
4.1Other services
53
0.1
74
0.1Public administration
4,025
4.9
3,920
4.7Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
157,538
47.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,425
26.2Crop production
1,261
26.7Animal production and aquaculture
762
27.5Forestry, except logging
49
-Logging
117
7.5Fishing, hunting, and trapping
61
12.4Support activities for agriculture and forestry
174
35.8Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
750
15.8Oil and gas extraction
99
21.7Coal mining
52
8.8Metal ore mining
28
-Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
87
13.3Not specified type of mining
13
-Support activities for mining
471
15.6Construction
11,373
10.3Manufacturing
15,741
29.4Durable goods manufacturing
9,970
25.1Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing
463
21.9Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing
26
-Clay building material and refractories manufacturing
30
-Glass and glass product manufacturing
155
26.7Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing
176
12.9Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
77
28.7Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing
1,796
16.6Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing
282
10.2Aluminum production and processing
72
22.9Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing
56
18.1Foundries
66
16.3Metal forgings and stampings
42
-Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing
46
-Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
345
13.6Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
338
13.6Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities
69
27.1Ordnance
43
-Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing
404
22.3Not specified metal industries
34
-Machinery manufacturing
1,148
21.7Agricultural implement manufacturing
97
20.7Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
139
20.9Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
54
25.8Metalworking machinery manufacturing
122
15.6Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
41
-Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.
669
21.8Not specified machinery manufacturing
25
-Computers and electronic products manufacturing
1,071
28.0Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
174
22.6Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing
122
27.0Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing
199
29.6Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.
577
29.2Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing
439
28.8Household appliance manufacturing
91
23.7Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.
349
30.1Transportation equipment manufacturing
2,560
23.9Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing
1,455
23.6Aircraft and parts manufacturing
813
25.4Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
54
29.6Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
28
-Ship and boat building
170
18.0Other transportation equipment manufacturing
40
-Wood products manufacturing
466
20.9Sawmills and wood preservation
139
11.5Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products
38
-Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes
37
-Miscellaneous wood products
252
24.0Furniture and related product manufacturing
420
25.9Miscellaneous manufacturing
1,606
38.3Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
623
39.4Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing
101
45.5Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.
555
37.7Not specified manufacturing industries
327
34.8Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,771
36.8Food manufacturing
1,834
41.5Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling
151
29.8Sugar and confectionery products
86
34.0Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing
153
46.7Dairy product manufacturing
145
23.2Animal slaughtering and processing
585
38.7Retail bakeries
230
66.6Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries
232
44.8Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.
188
40.0Not specified food industries
64
37.0Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing
298
26.0Beverage manufacturing
286
25.4Tobacco manufacturing
13
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
552
53.2Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
11
-Fabric mills, except knitting mills
91
46.2Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills
21
-Carpet and rug mills
64
39.4Textile product mills, except carpet and rug
85
54.8Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills
7
-Cut and sew apparel manufacturing
217
61.9Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing
11
-Footwear manufacturing
23
-Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing
23
-Paper manufacturing and printing
871
29.9Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
217
17.5Paperboard container manufacturing
108
24.9Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
74
36.2Printing and related support activities
473
35.8Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
210
15.9Petroleum refining
185
16.1Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products
26
-Chemicals manufacturing
1,459
37.3Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing
178
23.3Agricultural chemical manufacturing
37
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
591
49.6Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
72
17.0Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing
170
47.3Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
412
26.0Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
545
28.0Plastics product manufacturing
409
29.4Tire manufacturing
65
14.0Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing
72
32.2Wholesale and retail trade
19,742
44.2Wholesale trade
3,525
28.6Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers
168
20.9Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers
66
35.5Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers
168
17.4Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers
326
32.7Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers
53
22.7Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers
200
26.6Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
163
21.9Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
352
24.3Recyclable material merchant wholesalers
89
17.8Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers
76
33.6Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers
47
-Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
242
45.2Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers
92
48.6Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers
802
26.0Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
65
26.5Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
121
21.5Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers
101
19.4Farm supplies merchant wholesalers
46
-Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
209
35.7Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
79
47.6Not specified wholesale trade
59
36.8Retail trade
16,217
47.6Automobile dealers
1,270
17.9Other motor vehicle dealers
159
25.8Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
547
16.4Furniture and home furnishings stores
546
47.5Household appliance stores
58
22.7Electronics stores
447
35.4Building material and supplies dealers
1,069
30.1Hardware stores
198
28.5Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
272
37.3Grocery stores
2,670
47.5Specialty food stores
225
45.5Beer, wine, and liquor stores
132
39.8Pharmacies and drug stores
909
65.3Health and personal care, except drug, stores
434
70.9Gasoline stations
531
50.0Clothing stores
924
73.2Shoe stores
161
58.7Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
172
62.0Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores
445
41.1Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores
51
72.6Musical instrument and supplies stores
27
-Book stores and news dealers
92
60.1Department stores and discount stores
1,828
59.4Miscellaneous general merchandise stores
609
60.3Retail florists
94
74.9Office supplies and stationery stores
115
32.9Used merchandise stores
246
60.7Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
111
71.1Miscellaneous retail stores
503
53.4Electronic shopping
556
43.7Electronic auctions
14
-Mail-order houses
82
54.1Vending machine operators
41
-Fuel dealers
92
22.6Other direct selling establishments
136
59.5Not specified retail trade
455
52.7Transportation and utilities
8,991
24.1Transportation and warehousing
7,614
24.8Air transportation
656
41.2Rail transportation
225
7.2Water transportation
76
29.6Truck transportation
2,110
12.8Bus service and urban transit
492
37.1Taxi and limousine service
703
18.2Pipeline transportation
45
-Scenic and sightseeing transportation
50
31.4Postal Service
862
26.4Couriers and messengers
669
41.7Couriers and messengers
938
22.7Warehousing and storage
788
33.0Utilities
1,377
19.9Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
727
19.8Natural gas distribution
113
13.4Electric and gas, and other combinations
141
28.3Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems
262
20.9Sewage treatment facilities
101
14.2Not specified utilities
33
-Information
2,766
40.5Newspaper publishers
156
50.1Periodical, book, and directory publishers
200
57.3Software publishers
50
37.1Motion pictures and video industries
477
37.7Sound recording industries
52
28.1Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming
496
32.7Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
180
47.4Wired telecommunications carriers
431
28.2Other telecommunications services
389
30.8Data processing, hosting, and related services
94
48.0Libraries and archives
216
78.8Other information services
24
-Financial activities
10,765
52.6Finance and insurance
7,464
54.7Banking and related activities
2,038
59.5Savings institutions, including credit unions
286
67.5Nondepository credit and related activities
1,045
47.4Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments
1,263
38.2Insurance carriers and related activities
2,833
60.1Real estate and rental and leasing
3,301
47.7Real estate
2,921
49.7Rental and leasing services
381
32.6Automotive equipment rental and leasing
162
34.4Video tape and disk rental
6
-Other consumer goods rental
100
34.2Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing
112
28.2Professional and business services
19,606
41.3Professional and technical services
12,808
42.6Legal services
1,747
56.6Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
1,219
60.9Architectural, engineering, and related services
1,818
25.9Specialized design services
472
57.2Computer systems design and related services
3,703
27.8Management, scientific, and technical consulting services
1,693
42.0Scientific research and development services
607
46.6Advertising, public relations, and related services
649
51.3Veterinary services
410
82.4Other professional, scientific, and technical services
489
59.5Management, administrative, and waste services
6,799
39.0Management of companies and enterprises
200
44.9Employment services
899
53.0Business support services
707
60.6Travel arrangements and reservation services
279
59.6Investigation and security services
811
22.7Services to buildings and dwellings
1,603
56.2Landscaping services
1,408
10.5Other administrative and other support services
364
44.6Waste management and remediation services
528
17.3Education and health services
35,894
74.8Educational services
14,193
69.6Elementary and secondary schools
9,369
75.8Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges
3,795
55.3Business, technical, and trade schools and training
94
59.5Other schools and instruction, and educational support services
935
67.1Health care and social assistance
21,701
78.1Hospitals
7,425
74.9Health services, except hospitals
10,846
78.6Offices of physicians
1,581
75.7Offices of dentists
915
82.6Offices of chiropractors
140
60.1Offices of optometrists
134
72.8Offices of other health practitioners
369
82.1Outpatient care centers
2,031
77.1Home health care services
1,412
88.5Other health care services
1,607
69.9Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)
1,663
83.7Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities
995
76.0Social assistance
3,430
83.8Individual and family services
1,753
78.3Community food and housing, and emergency services
125
63.8Vocational rehabilitation services
99
56.7Child day care services
1,452
94.0Leisure and hospitality
14,643
51.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,444
46.0Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries
944
43.7Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions
365
50.1Bowling centers
49
-Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
2,085
45.9Accommodation and food services
11,200
52.8Accommodation
1,489
57.6Traveler accommodation
1,385
58.7Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses
104
43.9Food services and drinking places
9,711
52.1Restaurants and other food services
9,462
52.0Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
249
54.7Other services
7,617
53.9Other services, except private households
6,796
49.4Repair and maintenance
2,099
13.3Automotive repair and maintenance
1,253
9.9Car washes
167
15.1Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
150
20.1Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
319
10.7Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
197
31.5Footwear and leather goods repair
12
-Personal and laundry services
2,691
72.9Barber shops
150
27.0Beauty salons
1,045
90.4Nail salons and other personal care services
600
78.3Drycleaning and laundry services
275
49.8Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories
114
33.0Other personal services
507
65.7Membership associations and organizations
2,006
55.6Religious organizations
1,012
47.5Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services
740
67.1Labor unions
80
43.1Business, professional, political, and similar organizations
174
59.5Private households
821
91.0Public administration
7,225
45.7Executive offices and legislative bodies
1,198
52.7Public finance activities
300
64.3Other general government and support
177
36.5Justice, public order, and safety activities
2,768
35.2Administration of human resource programs
1,038
71.7Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
237
50.2Administration of economic programs and space research
548
43.8National security and international affairs
960
35.3n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Note: Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Industry
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
56,341
10,236
4826.0
12,023Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture and related
1.1
0.1
0.2
1.5Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2Construction
1.8
0.6
0.9
1.8Manufacturing
6.2
5.4
8.2
7.4Durable goods manufacturing
3.3
3.0
4.9
3.5Nondurable goods manufacturing
2.9
2.4
3.4
4.0Wholesale and retail trade
11.9
10.8
10.3
13.0Wholesale trade
1.4
0.9
1.5
1.6Retail trade
10.5
9.9
8.8
11.4Transportation and utilities
2.6
5.1
2.5
3.2Transportation and warehousing
2.2
4.7
2.2
2.9Utilities
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3Information
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.0Financial activities
7.9
6.6
7.6
6.0Finance and insurance
5.6
5.1
5.8
4.3Real estate and rental and leasing
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.6Professional and business services
11.0
8.6
14.9
10.8Professional and technical services
7.5
4.5
12.9
4.7Management, administrative, and waste services
3.5
4.2
2.0
6.2Education and health services
36.1
40.6
31.2
30.8Educational services
14.3
10.6
9.8
10.5Health care and social assistance
21.8
30.0
21.5
20.4Hospitals
7.2
8.8
9.0
4.8Health services, except hospitals
10.9
15.7
9.6
10.9Social assistance
3.7
5.4
2.8
4.7Leisure and hospitality
10.0
9.5
10.3
14.4Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.6Accommodation and food services
7.7
8.0
8.8
12.8Other services
5.5
4.4
8.4
6.4Other services, except private households
4.5
3.5
7.8
3.8Private households
1.1
0.9
0.6
2.6Public administration
4.1
6.8
3.5
3.6Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2019 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
706Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
642Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
747Percent1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.9Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.
Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2019 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed (inthousands)
MedianweeklyearningsTotalTotal
106,818
$969Less than high school diploma
7,011
592High school graduate or more
99,807
1,006High school graduate, no college
26,756
746Some college or associate's degree
27,279
856Some college, no degree
15,581
833Associate's degree
11,698
887Occupational program
5,018
885Academic program
6,679
889Bachelor's degree and higher
45,772
1,367Bachelor's degree
28,313
1,248Master's degree
12,962
1,497Professional degree
1,795
1,861Doctoral degree
2,702
1,883WomenTotal
47,747
865Less than high school diploma
2,262
494High school graduate or more
45,485
892High school graduate, no college
10,328
633Some college or associate's degree
12,631
737Some college, no degree
6,883
717Associate's degree
5,748
763Occupational program
2,271
742Academic program
3,477
778Bachelor's degree and higher
22,526
1,195Bachelor's degree
13,582
1,100Master's degree
7,015
1,326Professional degree
769
1,591Doctoral degree
1,160
1,645MenTotal
59,070
1,070Less than high school diploma
4,749
644High school graduate or more
54,322
1,132High school graduate, no college
16,428
844Some college or associate's degree
14,648
991Some college, no degree
8,698
967Associate's degree
5,950
1,023Occupational program
2,748
1,020Academic program
3,203
1,027Bachelor's degree and higher
23,246
1,573Bachelor's degree
14,731
1,442Master's degree
5,947
1,774Professional degree
1,026
2,081Doctoral degree
1,542
1,979Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women's earnings as a percentage of men'sNumber ofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, full-time wage and salary workers
117,584
$917
52,577
$821
65,007
$1,007
81.5Management, professional, and related occupations
50,119
1,309
25,859
1,135
24,260
1,539
73.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
20,696
1,415
9,585
1,221
11,111
1,598
76.4Management occupations
13,948
1,478
5,946
1,266
8,002
1,659
76.3Chief executives
1,113
2,380
302
2,019
812
2,509
80.5General and operations managers
990
1,384
312
1,153
678
1,476
78.1Legislators
14
-
5
-
9
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
45
-
27
-
19
-
-Marketing and sales managers
1,109
1,600
518
1,393
591
1,895
73.5Public relations and fundraising managers
72
1,416
50
1,399
22
-
-Administrative services managers
154
1,235
61
1,084
93
1,277
84.9Computer and information systems managers
629
1,984
190
1,892
439
2,019
93.7Financial managers
1,142
1,447
619
1,207
523
1,897
63.6Compensation and benefits managers
23
-
15
-
7
-
-Human resources managers
299
1,592
230
1,538
69
1,829
84.1Training and development managers
44
-
25
-
19
-
-Industrial production managers
270
1,472
62
1,497
208
1,469
101.9Purchasing managers
214
1,539
84
1,390
129
1,657
83.9Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
261
1,160
49
-
213
1,238
-Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
114
987
20
-
94
1,162
-Construction managers
610
1,468
71
1,210
539
1,511
80.1Education administrators
811
1,371
536
1,335
276
1,467
91.0Architectural and engineering managers
148
2,471
20
-
128
2,457
-Food service managers
785
863
365
719
420
964
74.6Funeral service managers
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Gaming managers
18
-
9
-
10
-
-Lodging managers
116
975
55
894
61
1,096
81.6Medical and health services managers
578
1,478
409
1,362
169
1,828
74.5Natural sciences managers
12
-
3
-
9
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
28
-
14
-
13
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
438
954
224
849
214
1,168
72.7Social and community service managers
403
1,243
260
1,156
143
1,452
79.6Emergency management directors
9
-
3
-
6
-
-Managers, all other
3,497
1,533
1,409
1,317
2,088
1,725
76.3Business and financial operations occupations
6,748
1,285
3,639
1,148
3,109
1,468
78.2Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
28
-
15
-
13
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
7
-
1
-
6
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
162
979
76
977
87
982
99.5Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
248
1,170
113
1,081
134
1,202
89.9Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
299
1,103
195
972
104
1,277
76.1Compliance officers
271
1,346
165
1,264
105
1,561
81.0Cost estimators
113
1,254
13
-
100
1,264
-Human resources workers
680
1,203
494
1,149
186
1,325
86.7Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
46
-
32
-
14
-
-Training and development specialists
120
1,127
68
968
51
1,249
77.5Logisticians
152
1,093
45
-
107
1,149
-Management analysts
692
1,622
303
1,517
389
1,870
81.1Meeting, convention, and event planners
116
1,023
89
1,018
28
-
-Fundraisers
85
1,330
52
1,229
33
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
281
1,363
152
1,228
130
1,688
72.7Business operations specialists, all other
248
1,283
148
1,193
100
1,540
77.5Accountants and auditors
1,683
1,221
1,013
1,141
670
1,419
80.4Appraisers and assessors of real estate
46
-
23
-
24
-
-Budget analysts
40
-
21
-
19
-
-Credit analysts
26
-
18
-
9
-
-Financial analysts
307
1,613
104
1,386
203
1,763
78.6Personal financial advisors
448
1,618
152
1,232
296
1,905
64.7Insurance underwriters
116
1,169
59
1,142
57
1,338
85.4Financial examiners
20
-
10
-
10
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
366
1,235
193
1,020
173
1,542
66.1Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
49
-
31
-
18
-
-Tax preparers
46
-
26
-
20
-
-Financial specialists, all other
50
1,209
26
-
24
-
-Professional and related occupations
29,423
1,237
16,274
1,085
13,149
1,493
72.7Computer and mathematical occupations
4,947
1,579
1,279
1,353
3,668
1,658
81.6Computer and information research scientists
20
-
6
-
13
-
-Computer systems analysts
623
1,461
255
1,289
368
1,580
81.6Information security analysts
128
1,758
25
-
103
1,875
-Computer programmers
425
1,586
82
1,463
343
1,613
90.7Software developers, applications and systems software
1,714
1,894
335
1,718
1,379
1,920
89.5Web developers
144
1,470
56
1,150
88
1,633
70.4Computer support specialists
486
1,192
121
1,103
365
1,223
90.2Database administrators
96
1,642
29
-
67
1,752
-Network and computer systems administrators
194
1,447
50
1,233
144
1,541
80.0Computer network architects
104
1,883
10
-
95
1,901
-Computer occupations, all other
721
1,277
179
1,148
542
1,365
84.1Actuaries
28
-
7
-
21
-
-Mathematicians
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Operations research analysts
153
1,512
67
1,188
86
1,753
67.8Statisticians
90
1,456
46
-
44
-
-Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
18
-
8
-
10
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,011
1,550
452
1,339
2,559
1,589
84.3Architects, except naval
152
1,572
38
-
114
1,706
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
42
-
8
-
34
-
-Aerospace engineers
138
1,917
17
-
121
2,018
-Agricultural engineers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Biomedical engineers
17
-
3
-
14
-
-Chemical engineers
86
1,863
12
-
74
1,878
-Civil engineers
421
1,616
61
1,353
360
1,657
81.7Computer hardware engineers
71
1,882
15
-
57
1,919
-Electrical and electronics engineers
266
1,781
25
-
241
1,830
-Environmental engineers
25
-
5
-
20
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
227
1,589
58
1,487
169
1,616
92.0Marine engineers and naval architects
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Materials engineers
44
-
5
-
39
-
-Mechanical engineers
322
1,625
19
-
303
1,635
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
4
-
4
-
-Nuclear engineers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Petroleum engineers
24
-
2
-
22
-
-Engineers, all other
529
1,636
74
1,446
455
1,663
87.0Drafters
104
1,045
22
-
82
1,047
-Engineering technicians, except drafters
462
1,161
79
915
382
1,200
76.2Surveying and mapping technicians
50
1,060
4
-
46
-
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,233
1,334
556
1,237
676
1,447
85.5Agricultural and food scientists
36
-
13
-
23
-
-Biological scientists
101
1,250
44
-
57
1,266
-Conservation scientists and foresters
20
-
8
-
11
-
-Medical scientists
146
1,188
70
1,175
77
1,214
96.8Life scientists, all other
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Astronomers and physicists
15
-
4
-
10
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
13
-
5
-
9
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
85
1,582
36
-
49
-
-Environmental scientists and geoscientists
101
1,486
36
-
65
1,519
-Physical scientists, all other
278
1,669
120
1,385
158
1,901
72.9Economists
35
-
9
-
26
-
-Survey researchers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Psychologists
114
1,468
93
1,441
22
-
-Sociologists
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Urban and regional planners
22
-
8
-
14
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
32
-
12
-
20
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
20
-
4
-
16
-
-Biological technicians
20
-
12
-
8
-
-Chemical technicians
61
893
20
-
41
-
-Geological and petroleum technicians
18
-
6
-
12
-
-Nuclear technicians
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Social science research assistants
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
108
907
51
896
57
928
96.6Community and social service occupations
2,240
968
1,498
941
742
1,064
88.4Counselors
720
987
541
1,003
179
944
106.2Social workers
739
964
603
944
136
1,108
85.2Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
94
1,067
45
-
50
1,050
-Social and human service assistants
207
805
166
778
41
-
-Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
66
920
46
-
20
-
-Clergy
332
1,066
57
862
275
1,155
74.6Directors, religious activities and education
48
-
19
-
29
-
-Religious workers, all other
34
-
21
-
13
-
-Legal occupations
1,478
1,562
808
1,266
670
1,999
63.3Lawyers
884
2,043
336
1,878
548
2,202
85.3Judicial law clerks
12
-
7
-
5
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
61
1,794
34
-
27
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
364
963
323
970
41
-
-Miscellaneous legal support workers
157
1,124
109
1,009
49
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
7,238
1,057
5,247
987
1,991
1,265
78.0Postsecondary teachers
986
1,512
442
1,358
544
1,670
81.3Preschool and kindergarten teachers
496
701
489
705
7
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
3,162
1,067
2,522
1,042
640
1,161
89.8Secondary school teachers
882
1,161
474
1,095
408
1,262
86.8Special education teachers
295
1,108
253
1,104
42
-
-Other teachers and instructors
455
1,054
263
942
192
1,190
79.2Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
34
-
19
-
15
-
-Librarians
138
1,095
111
1,093
27
-
-Library technicians
9
-
7
-
2
-
-Teacher assistants
637
590
565
579
72
707
81.9Other education, training, and library workers
143
1,143
102
1,058
41
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,762
1,151
806
1,077
956
1,231
87.5Artists and related workers
83
1,155
35
-
48
-
-Designers
661
1,126
324
1,052
337
1,214
86.7Actors
13
-
6
-
7
-
-Producers and directors
109
1,483
50
1,156
59
1,652
70.0Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
157
1,051
35
-
122
1,134
-Dancers and choreographers
13
-
10
-
3
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
36
-
10
-
26
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
15
-
4
-
12
-
-Announcers
20
-
9
-
12
-
-News analysts, reporters and correspondents
77
1,301
37
-
40
-
-Public relations specialists
119
1,410
78
1,255
41
-
-Editors
98
1,163
66
1,135
32
-
-Technical writers
54
1,434
28
-
26
-
-Writers and authors
88
1,159
48
-
41
-
-Miscellaneous media and communication workers
56
794
34
-
22
-
-Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
90
1,158
11
-
79
1,189
-Photographers
45
-
16
-
29
-
-Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
27
-
7
-
20
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7,514
1,180
5,627
1,130
1,887
1,422
79.5Chiropractors
19
-
6
-
12
-
-Dentists
71
2,302
28
-
43
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
94
1,019
85
948
10
-
-Optometrists
27
-
15
-
12
-
-Pharmacists
255
2,013
155
1,877
100
2,245
83.6Physicians and surgeons
857
2,292
349
1,878
507
2,500
75.1Physician assistants
109
1,831
77
1,763
31
-
-Podiatrists
4
-
1
-
3
-
-Audiologists
11
-
10
-
2
-
-Occupational therapists
92
1,447
79
1,441
13
-
-Physical therapists
211
1,431
130
1,323
81
1,610
82.2Radiation therapists
9
-
5
-
4
-
-Recreational therapists
9
-
8
-
1
-
-Respiratory therapists
93
1,213
59
1,073
34
-
-Speech-language pathologists
131
1,193
124
1,171
7
-
-Exercise physiologists
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Therapists, all other
162
935
131
919
31
-
-Veterinarians
72
1,773
55
1,985
17
-
-Registered nurses
2,640
1,223
2,321
1,217
320
1,256
96.9Nurse anesthetists
22
-
12
-
10
-
-Nurse midwives
6
-
6
-
0
-
-Nurse practitioners
187
1,760
163
1,753
23
-
-Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
12
-
7
-
5
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
281
979
215
952
66
1,117
85.2Dental hygienists
104
1,094
99
1,066
5
-
-Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
320
1,126
213
1,076
107
1,166
92.3Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
179
912
54
786
125
991
79.3Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
570
735
444
712
126
843
84.5Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
533
806
481
799
53
896
89.2Medical records and health information technicians
152
829
138
799
15
-
-Opticians, dispensing
34
-
26
-
9
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
130
880
84
799
46
-
-Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
117
1,252
48
-
69
1,261
-Service occupations
16,558
592
8,660
537
7,898
659
81.5Healthcare support occupations
2,700
591
2,337
585
363
639
91.5Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,471
562
1,287
556
184
588
94.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
23
-
19
-
4
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
72
955
43
-
29
-
-Massage therapists
57
582
42
-
15
-
-Dental assistants
199
615
193
613
6
-
-Medical assistants
521
635
481
635
40
-
-Medical transcriptionists
28
-
23
-
5
-
-Pharmacy aides
41
-
27
-
14
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
39
-
31
-
7
-
-Phlebotomists
98
623
88
612
9
-
-Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
151
617
103
571
47
-
-Protective service occupations
2,725
900
553
731
2,172
953
76.7First-line supervisors of correctional officers
41
-
12
-
29
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
80
1,438
9
-
71
1,449
-First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
40
-
4
-
36
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
66
659
17
-
50
698
-Firefighters
292
1,207
6
-
287
1,203
-Fire inspectors
16
-
2
-
15
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
365
776
114
664
251
890
74.6Detectives and criminal investigators
151
1,428
32
-
119
1,472
-Fish and game wardens
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Parking enforcement workers
2
-
1
-
2
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
686
1,111
127
922
559
1,143
80.7Transit and railroad police
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Animal control workers
7
-
1
-
6
-
-Private detectives and investigators
78
973
41
-
38
-
-Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
790
650
159
589
631
671
87.8Crossing guards
21
-
6
-
15
-
-Transportation security screeners
41
-
9
-
32
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
41
-
13
-
28
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
4,689
522
2,337
492
2,352
576
85.4Chefs and head cooks
406
698
72
553
334
727
76.1First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
426
584
242
545
184
657
83.0Cooks
1,362
512
531
489
831
535
91.4Food preparation workers
574
496
328
463
246
532
87.0Bartenders
293
610
134
578
159
655
88.2Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
191
462
126
467
65
457
102.2Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
48
-
22
-
26
-
-Waiters and waitresses
973
511
681
491
292
594
82.7Food servers, nonrestaurant
89
515
60
501
29
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
116
554
50
513
66
605
84.8Dishwashers
126
453
24
-
102
464
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
81
456
64
441
17
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
4
-
2
-
2
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,679
580
1,386
502
2,293
618
81.2First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
215
710
80
639
134
758
84.3First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
121
797
11
-
110
800
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,563
582
494
510
1,068
610
83.6Maids and housekeeping cleaners
895
490
769
484
126
520
93.1Pest control workers
73
731
2
-
71
741
-Grounds maintenance workers
813
606
29
-
784
607
-Personal care and service occupations
2,764
565
2,047
531
718
624
85.1First-line supervisors of gaming workers
117
821
54
791
63
853
92.7First-line supervisors of personal service workers
75
778
43
-
32
-
-Animal trainers
25
-
9
-
17
-
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
105
515
79
489
25
-
-Gaming services workers
60
635
28
-
32
-
-Motion picture projectionists
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
10
-
6
-
4
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
77
583
24
-
54
557
-Embalmers and funeral attendants
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
20
-
8
-
12
-
-Barbers
62
662
12
-
50
789
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
310
570
286
569
24
-
-Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
227
571
193
554
33
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
69
663
15
-
54
672
-Tour and travel guides
28
-
11
-
17
-
-Childcare workers
473
495
433
491
40
-
-Personal care aides
815
516
685
509
130
581
87.6Recreation and fitness workers
191
607
102
580
88
656
88.4Residential advisors
21
-
13
-
8
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
74
611
44
-
30
-
-Sales and office occupations
23,883
758
14,188
713
9,695
874
81.6Sales and related occupations
9,929
830
4,404
677
5,525
982
68.9First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,316
817
1,070
708
1,246
955
74.1First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
857
1,162
261
1,173
596
1,157
101.4Cashiers
1,398
503
959
499
438
510
97.8Counter and rental clerks
67
686
23
-
44
-
-Parts salespersons
122
777
15
-
107
768
-Retail salespersons
1,856
692
762
578
1,094
806
71.7Advertising sales agents
169
1,050
81
874
88
1,143
76.5Insurance sales agents
461
927
247
806
214
1,034
77.9Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
192
1,302
63
1,063
129
1,386
76.7Travel agents
52
745
44
-
8
-
-Sales representatives, services, all other
477
1,211
137
973
340
1,332
73.0Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,107
1,206
294
1,067
813
1,262
84.5Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
15
-
12
-
3
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
543
1,019
321
883
222
1,344
65.7Sales engineers
32
-
3
-
29
-
-Telemarketers
42
-
24
-
18
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
31
-
16
-
14
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
194
935
71
848
123
966
87.8Office and administrative support occupations
13,954
732
9,784
721
4,170
771
93.5First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,215
866
809
816
406
971
84.0Switchboard operators, including answering service
20
-
16
-
5
-
-Telephone operators
34
-
28
-
6
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
8
-
4
-
4
-
-Bill and account collectors
113
701
91
672
22
-
-Billing and posting clerks
389
742
344
736
45
-
-Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
657
764
573
764
84
784
97.4Gaming cage workers
10
-
8
-
2
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
127
766
110
756
17
-
-Procurement clerks
29
-
21
-
9
-
-Tellers
241
575
207
571
35
-
-Financial clerks, all other
119
890
71
797
48
-
-Brokerage clerks
3
-
1
-
1
-
-Correspondence clerks
6
-
4
-
2
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
83
748
66
759
17
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
39
-
30
-
10
-
-Customer service representatives
1,977
693
1,259
673
717
736
91.4Eligibility interviewers, government programs
68
763
52
756
16
-
-File clerks
137
672
110
667
27
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
90
519
65
490
24
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
93
740
82
734
10
-
-Library assistants, clerical
34
-
29
-
5
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
118
825
88
802
30
-
-New accounts clerks
25
-
17
-
8
-
-Order clerks
72
783
32
-
40
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
51
702
41
-
10
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
909
642
809
636
100
735
86.5Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
103
813
56
789
46
-
-Information and record clerks, all other
88
735
64
691
24
-
-Cargo and freight agents
19
-
8
-
11
-
-Couriers and messengers
260
769
40
-
221
789
-Dispatchers
240
806
131
763
108
854
89.3Meter readers, utilities
13
-
1
-
12
-
-Postal service clerks
73
907
43
-
30
-
-Postal service mail carriers
296
951
111
893
185
994
89.8Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
67
1,145
30
-
37
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
268
939
154
872
114
1,039
83.9Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
507
679
175
662
332
686
96.5Stock clerks and order fillers
1,016
599
380
605
636
596
101.5Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
53
716
27
-
26
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,069
765
1,932
763
137
795
96.0Computer operators
68
960
28
-
41
-
-Data entry keyers
203
675
153
656
50
738
88.9Word processors and typists
36
-
30
-
6
-
-Desktop publishers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
251
746
204
739
47
-
-Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
48
-
22
-
26
-
-Office clerks, general
997
685
809
677
188
718
94.3Office machine operators, except computer
30
-
17
-
13
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
5
-
4
-
1
-
-Statistical assistants
58
1,480
25
-
33
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
522
866
375
820
147
950
86.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
11,671
869
537
614
11,134
881
69.7Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
900
574
210
513
690
593
86.5First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
40
-
3
-
37
-
-Agricultural inspectors
16
-
8
-
7
-
-Animal breeders
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
78
564
50
549
29
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
691
558
148
502
544
581
86.4Fishers and related fishing workers
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Hunters and trappers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Forest and conservation workers
14
-
1
-
13
-
-Logging workers
44
-
0
-
44
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
6,467
866
187
711
6,280
873
81.4First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
586
1,162
15
-
571
1,167
-Boilermakers
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
115
817
1
-
114
819
-Carpenters
873
820
18
-
855
826
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
118
708
3
-
115
709
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
60
975
0
-
60
975
-Construction laborers
1,434
723
41
-
1,393
724
-Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
20
-
0
-
20
-
-Pile-driver operators
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
354
930
5
-
350
927
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
131
790
0
-
131
790
-Electricians
814
1,012
15
-
799
1,015
-Glaziers
35
-
3
-
32
-
-Insulation workers
56
877
2
-
54
885
-Painters, construction and maintenance
395
732
31
-
364
744
-Paperhangers
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
561
921
15
-
546
918
-Plasterers and stucco masons
15
-
1
-
15
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Roofers
156
687
2
-
154
690
-Sheet metal workers
124
894
6
-
117
900
-Structural iron and steel workers
71
1,057
0
-
71
1,057
-Solar photovoltaic installers
16
-
1
-
15
-
-Helpers, construction trades
51
612
2
-
48
-
-Construction and building inspectors
77
1,134
7
-
70
1,134
-Elevator installers and repairers
19
-
1
-
18
-
-Fence erectors
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
36
-
6
-
30
-
-Highway maintenance workers
96
799
5
-
91
806
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
26
-
0
-
26
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
24
-
0
-
24
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
15
-
2
-
13
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Mining machine operators
51
1,094
1
-
50
1,101
-Roof bolters, mining
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Other extraction workers
51
1,128
5
-
45
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,304
939
140
850
4,164
943
90.1First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
267
1,061
17
-
250
1,082
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
162
897
21
-
141
899
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
124
1,063
7
-
117
1,058
-Avionics technicians
16
-
1
-
15
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
22
-
0
-
22
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
25
-
0
-
25
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
55
869
1
-
54
875
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
155
1,245
7
-
148
1,265
-Automotive body and related repairers
94
885
0
-
94
885
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
15
-
0
-
15
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
705
811
12
-
693
811
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
315
984
3
-
312
983
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
212
1,008
0
-
212
1,008
-Small engine mechanics
24
-
0
-
24
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
58
627
0
-
58
628
-Control and valve installers and repairers
22
-
1
-
21
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
416
944
6
-
409
947
-Home appliance repairers
32
-
1
-
31
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
392
1,018
10
-
382
1,028
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
534
882
20
-
514
883
-Maintenance workers, machinery
21
-
0
-
21
-
-Millwrights
51
1,180
3
-
48
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
123
1,460
0
-
123
1,460
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
178
901
10
-
168
884
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
48
-
6
-
42
-
-Wind turbine service technicians
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
20
-
0
-
19
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
21
-
1
-
21
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Riggers
13
-
0
-
13
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
128
839
10
-
118
850
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
15,353
727
3,334
593
12,020
780
76.0Production occupations
7,741
745
2,073
596
5,668
814
73.2First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
806
949
173
721
633
1,031
69.9Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
9
-
1
-
7
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
103
644
51
594
52
712
83.4Engine and other machine assemblers
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
24
-
0
-
24
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
900
684
326
597
574
724
82.5Bakers
151
561
81
522
70
590
88.5Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
265
648
67
573
198
671
85.4Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
13
-
7
-
6
-
-Food batchmakers
68
615
42
-
26
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
2
-
2
-
0
-
-Food processing workers, all other
144
658
50
573
94
779
73.6Computer control programmers and operators
103
849
3
-
100
857
-Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
16
-
2
-
15
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
-
1
-
8
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-
3
-
10
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
67
830
9
-
58
816
-Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
40
-
5
-
35
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Machinists
357
888
22
-
335
889
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
26
-
1
-
25
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
4
-
1
-
3
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
37
-
4
-
32
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-
0
-
2
-
-Tool and die makers
53
952
2
-
51
972
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
549
801
31
-
518
810
-Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
12
-
1
-
11
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
385
736
74
592
312
795
74.5Prepress technicians and workers
27
-
10
-
17
-
-Printing press operators
109
814
22
-
87
886
-Print binding and finishing workers
15
-
3
-
12
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
112
490
74
482
37
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
19
-
14
-
6
-
-Sewing machine operators
138
524
98
521
40
-
-Shoe and leather workers and repairers
6
-
1
-
5
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
4
-
3
-
1
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
55
576
36
-
19
-
-Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
6
-
4
-
1
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
12
-
7
-
4
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Upholsterers
21
-
3
-
18
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
10
-
3
-
7
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
44
-
3
-
41
-
-Furniture finishers
14
-
7
-
7
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
28
-
4
-
24
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
14
-
3
-
11
-
-Woodworkers, all other
10
-
0
-
10
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
38
-
2
-
36
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
51
869
2
-
50
862
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
105
931
8
-
97
930
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
46
-
1
-
44
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
75
999
8
-
67
1,017
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
764
5
-
74
772
-Cutting workers
50
762
8
-
42
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
29
-
3
-
26
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
17
-
2
-
16
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
722
835
259
693
463
939
73.8Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
24
-
11
-
14
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
79
779
44
-
35
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
244
575
128
533
116
646
82.5Painting workers
160
780
15
-
144
804
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
9
-
7
-
2
-
-Semiconductor processors
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
12
-
2
-
10
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Etchers and engravers
6
-
2
-
4
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
28
-
6
-
22
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
20
-
2
-
19
-
-Tire builders
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Helpers--production workers
29
-
4
-
25
-
-Production workers, all other
1,056
704
293
566
763
767
73.8Transportation and material moving occupations
7,612
711
1,260
586
6,352
747
78.4Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
184
923
28
-
156
978
-Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
118
1,857
9
-
109
1,670
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
40
-
6
-
34
-
-Flight attendants
70
823
57
835
13
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
12
-
6
-
6
-
-Bus drivers
364
674
159
625
205
718
87.0Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,723
843
159
660
2,564
861
76.7Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
406
614
50
520
356
624
83.3Motor vehicle operators, all other
34
-
5
-
29
-
-Locomotive engineers and operators
39
-
2
-
37
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
59
1,160
2
-
57
1,170
-Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
20
-
1
-
19
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
33
-
3
-
29
-
-Ship engineers
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Parking lot attendants
58
561
8
-
50
581
-Automotive and watercraft service attendants
67
518
8
-
59
520
-Transportation inspectors
42
-
5
-
37
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
22
-
12
-
10
-
-Other transportation workers
31
-
4
-
27
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Crane and tower operators
63
1,070
4
-
59
1,104
-Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Hoist and winch operators
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
541
677
52
625
489
686
91.1Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
254
587
29
-
225
595
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,764
634
362
567
1,402
657
86.3Machine feeders and offbearers
21
-
11
-
10
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
467
530
265
515
202
576
89.4Pumping station operators
11
-
0
-
11
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
78
686
5
-
72
683
-Mine shuttle car operators
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Material moving workers, all other
39
-
3
-
35
-
-Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total
Women
Men
Women'searnings as apercentage ofmen'sNumber ofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, 16 years and older
117,584
$917
52,577
$821
65,007
$1,007
81.5Agriculture and related industries
1,199
616
262
563
937
631
89.2Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
696
1,423
111
1,162
585
1,447
80.3Construction
8,157
909
778
862
7,379
914
94.3Manufacturing
14,502
938
4,085
765
10,417
1,011
75.7Durable goods manufacturing
9,224
975
2,226
793
6,999
1,026
77.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,278
884
1,860
733
3,418
976
75.1Wholesale and retail trade
13,799
748
5,536
656
8,263
822
79.8Wholesale trade
2,992
963
824
827
2,168
1,021
81.0Retail trade
10,808
701
4,713
632
6,095
767
82.4Transportation and utilities
7,101
923
1,637
779
5,464
981
79.4Transportation and warehousing
5,740
871
1,363
738
4,377
916
80.6Utilities
1,360
1,243
274
1,116
1,086
1,292
86.4Information
2,202
1,173
823
1,007
1,379
1,275
79.0Financial activities
8,793
1,125
4,708
944
4,085
1,384
68.2Finance and insurance
6,721
1,168
3,763
961
2,957
1,538
62.5Real estate and rental and leasing
2,073
948
945
871
1,128
1,028
84.7Professional and business services
14,411
1,149
5,690
973
8,721
1,307
74.4Professional and technical services
9,682
1,449
3,986
1,159
5,696
1,664
69.7Management, administrative, and waste services
4,729
703
1,704
653
3,025
734
89.0Education and health services
27,259
941
19,995
885
7,264
1,147
77.2Educational services
10,870
1,033
7,405
980
3,465
1,170
83.8Health care and social assistance
16,389
872
12,589
817
3,799
1,123
72.8Leisure and hospitality
8,228
604
3,859
551
4,368
660
83.5Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,829
757
727
704
1,101
796
88.4Accommodation and food services
6,399
574
3,132
521
3,267
617
84.4Other services
4,500
762
2,085
647
2,415
890
72.7Other services, except private households
4,087
796
1,720
701
2,367
897
78.1Private households
413
489
365
481
48
-
-Public administration
6,738
1,102
3,008
969
3,729
1,217
79.6Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wageTotal
Percentageof hourly paidworkers
At prevailingfederalminimumwage
BelowprevailingfederalminimumwageAge and genderTotal, 16 years and older
82,289
1,603
1.9
392
1,21116 to 24 years
16,021
691
4.3
229
46225 years and older
66,269
912
1.4
163
749Women, 16 years and older
41,372
1,067
2.6
268
80016 to 24 years
8,043
465
5.8
145
32025 years and older
33,329
602
1.8
123
479Men, 16 years and older
40,918
536
1.3
125
41116 to 24 years
7,978
226
2.8
84
14225 years and older
32,940
310
0.9
40
270Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity(1)White
62,461
1,164
1.9
260
904Women
30,780
785
2.6
171
614Men
31,681
379
1.2
89
290Black or African American
12,063
287
2.4
101
186Women
6,571
183
2.8
76
107Men
5,492
104
1.9
26
79Asian
4,159
70
1.7
12
58Women
2,230
47
2.1
7
40Men
1,930
23
1.2
5
18Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
17,941
292
1.6
77
215Women
8,223
195
2.4
52
143Men
9,717
97
1.0
24
72Full- and part-time status(2)Full-time workers
62,450
717
1.1
98
618Women
28,360
460
1.6
78
383Men
34,090
256
0.8
21
236Part-time workers
19,730
886
4.5
294
592Women
12,952
607
4.7
190
417Men
6,778
279
4.1
104
175(1) Estimates for the race groups-White, Black or African American, and Asian-do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and gender
Total employed
Usually full time
Usually part time
Percentage usually full time
Percentage usually part timeTotal1968
75,920
65,277
10,644
86.0
14.01969
77,902
66,596
11,306
85.5
14.51970
78,678
66,753
11,925
84.8
15.21971
79,367
66,973
12,393
84.4
15.61972
82,153
69,214
12,939
84.3
15.71973
85,064
71,803
13,262
84.4
15.61974
86,794
73,093
13,701
84.2
15.81975
85,846
71,586
14,260
83.4
16.61976
88,752
73,964
14,788
83.3
16.71977
92,017
76,625
15,391
83.3
16.71978
96,048
80,193
15,855
83.5
16.51979
98,824
82,654
16,171
83.6
16.41980
99,303
82,562
16,740
83.1
16.91981
100,397
83,243
17,154
82.9
17.11982
99,526
81,421
18,106
81.8
18.21983
100,834
82,322
18,511
81.6
18.41984
105,005
86,544
18,462
82.4
17.61985
107,150
88,534
18,615
82.6
17.41986
109,597
90,529
19,069
82.6
17.41987
112,440
92,957
19,483
82.7
17.31988
114,968
95,214
19,754
82.8
17.21989
117,342
97,369
19,973
83.0
17.01990
118,793
98,666
20,128
83.1
16.91991
117,718
97,190
20,528
82.6
17.41992
118,492
97,664
20,828
82.4
17.61993
120,259
99,114
21,145
82.4
17.61994
123,060
99,772
23,288
81.1
18.91995
124,900
101,679
23,220
81.4
18.61996
126,708
103,537
23,170
81.7
18.31997
129,558
106,334
23,224
82.1
17.91998
131,463
108,202
23,261
82.3
17.71999
133,488
110,302
23,186
82.6
17.42000
136,891
113,846
23,044
83.2
16.82001
136,933
113,573
23,361
82.9
17.12002
136,485
112,700
23,785
82.6
17.42003
137,736
113,324
24,412
82.3
17.72004
139,252
114,518
24,734
82.2
17.82005
141,730
117,016
24,714
82.6
17.42006
144,427
119,688
24,739
82.9
17.12007
146,047
121,091
24,956
82.9
17.12008
145,362
120,030
25,332
82.6
17.42009
139,877
112,634
27,244
80.5
19.52010
139,064
111,714
27,350
80.3
19.72011
139,869
112,556
27,313
80.5
19.52012
142,469
114,809
27,661
80.6
19.42013
143,929
116,314
27,615
80.8
19.22014
146,305
118,718
27,587
81.1
18.92015
148,834
121,492
27,341
81.6
18.42016
151,436
123,761
27,675
81.7
18.32017
153,337
125,967
27,370
82.2
17.82018
155,761
128,572
27,189
82.5
17.52019
157,538
130,597
26,941
82.9
17.1Women1968
27,807
20,893
6,914
75.1
24.91969
29,084
21,781
7,303
74.9
25.11970
29,688
21,929
7,758
73.9
26.11971
29,976
21,950
8,026
73.2
26.81972
31,257
22,842
8,416
73.1
26.91973
32,715
23,960
8,756
73.2
26.81974
33,769
24,714
9,055
73.2
26.81975
33,989
24,598
9,391
72.4
27.61976
35,615
25,814
9,799
72.5
27.51977
37,289
27,076
10,213
72.6
27.41978
39,569
28,912
10,658
73.1
26.91979
41,217
30,227
10,990
73.3
26.71980
42,117
30,845
11,270
73.2
26.81981
43,000
31,337
11,664
72.9
27.11982
43,256
31,086
12,170
71.9
28.11983
44,047
31,679
12,367
71.9
28.11984
45,915
33,473
12,441
72.9
27.11985
47,259
34,672
12,587
73.4
26.61986
48,706
35,845
12,862
73.6
26.41987
50,334
37,210
13,124
73.9
26.11988
51,696
38,398
13,298
74.3
25.71989
53,027
39,484
13,544
74.5
25.51990
53,689
40,165
13,524
74.8
25.21991
53,496
39,783
13,713
74.4
25.61992
54,052
40,301
13,751
74.6
25.41993
54,910
40,991
13,919
74.7
25.31994
56,610
40,940
15,670
72.3
27.71995
57,523
41,743
15,779
72.6
27.41996
58,501
42,776
15,725
73.1
26.91997
59,873
44,076
15,797
73.6
26.41998
60,771
45,014
15,757
74.1
25.91999
62,042
46,372
15,670
74.7
25.32000
63,586
47,916
15,670
75.4
24.62001
63,737
47,950
15,788
75.2
24.82002
63,582
47,494
16,088
74.7
25.32003
64,404
47,946
16,459
74.4
25.62004
64,728
48,073
16,654
74.3
25.72005
65,757
49,158
16,598
74.8
25.22006
66,925
50,380
16,545
75.3
24.72007
67,792
51,056
16,736
75.3
24.72008
67,876
51,178
16,698
75.4
24.62009
66,208
48,683
17,525
73.5
26.52010
65,705
48,214
17,491
73.4
26.62011
65,579
48,224
17,355
73.5
26.52012
66,914
49,331
17,583
73.7
26.32013
67,577
49,979
17,598
74.0
26.02014
68,613
50,889
17,724
74.2
25.82015
69,703
52,142
17,561
74.8
25.22016
70,868
53,194
17,674
75.1
24.92017
71,936
54,396
17,539
75.6
24.42018
73,063
55,638
17,425
76.2
23.82019
74,078
56,773
17,304
76.6
23.4Men1968
48,114
44,384
3,730
92.2
7.81969
48,818
44,815
4,003
91.8
8.21970
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.51971
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.81972
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.91973
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.61974
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.81975
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.41976
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.41977
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.51978
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.21979
57,607
52,427
5,180
91.0
9.01980
57,186
51,717
5,471
90.4
9.61981
57,397
51,906
5,492
90.4
9.61982
56,271
50,334
5,937
89.4
10.61983
56,787
50,643
6,145
89.2
10.81984
59,091
53,070
6,020
89.8
10.21985
59,891
53,862
6,028
89.9
10.11986
60,892
54,685
6,207
89.8
10.21987
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.21988
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.21989
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.01990
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.11991
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.61992
64,440
57,363
7,077
89.0
11.01993
65,349
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.11994
66,450
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.51995
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.01996
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.91997
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.71998
70,693
63,189
7,504
89.4
10.61999
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.52000
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.12001
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.32002
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.62003
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.82004
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.82005
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.72006
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.62007
78,254
70,035
8,220
89.5
10.52008
77,486
68,853
8,634
88.9
11.12009
73,670
63,951
9,719
86.8
13.22010
73,359
63,501
9,858
86.6
13.42011
74,290
64,333
9,957
86.6
13.42012
75,555
65,477
10,078
86.7
13.32013
76,353
66,335
10,017
86.9
13.12014
77,692
67,829
9,863
87.3
12.72015
79,131
69,351
9,780
87.6
12.42016
80,568
70,567
10,002
87.6
12.42017
81,402
71,571
9,831
87.9
12.12018
82,698
72,935
9,764
88.2
11.82019
83,460
73,824
9,637
88.5
11.5Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industriesTotal
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men1976
38.7
34.1
41.7
38.4
34.1
41.41977
38.8
34.2
41.9
38.5
34.2
41.61978
39.0
34.5
42.1
38.7
34.4
41.81979
38.9
34.5
42.0
38.6
34.4
41.71980
38.5
34.5
41.5
38.3
34.4
41.21981
38.1
34.1
41.1
37.9
34.1
40.71982
38.0
34.1
40.9
37.7
34.0
40.61983
38.3
34.5
41.2
38.1
34.4
41.01984
38.8
34.9
41.8
38.6
34.9
41.51985
39.0
35.2
42.0
38.9
35.2
41.81986
39.1
35.4
42.1
38.9
35.3
41.91987
39.0
35.3
42.0
38.8
35.3
41.81988
39.4
35.7
42.4
39.3
35.7
42.21989
39.6
35.8
42.6
39.4
35.8
42.41990
39.4
35.8
42.3
39.3
35.8
42.11991
39.2
35.8
42.0
39.1
35.8
41.91992
38.9
35.6
41.7
38.8
35.6
41.61993
39.4
36.0
42.2
39.3
36.0
42.11994
39.2
35.5
42.2
39.1
35.6
42.11995
39.3
35.6
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21996
39.3
35.7
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21997
39.5
36.0
42.4
39.4
36.0
42.31998
39.3
35.8
42.2
39.2
35.9
42.21999
39.6
36.2
42.4
39.5
36.2
42.42000
39.7
36.4
42.5
39.6
36.4
42.42001
39.2
36.1
41.9
39.2
36.1
41.82002
39.2
36.0
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72003
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62004
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62005
39.2
36.1
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72006
39.2
36.2
41.8
39.2
36.2
41.72007
39.2
36.1
41.7
39.1
36.1
41.62008
38.9
36.1
41.3
38.8
36.1
41.22009
37.9
35.3
40.2
37.8
35.3
40.12010
38.2
35.5
40.5
38.1
35.6
40.42011
38.3
35.6
40.6
38.2
35.6
40.62012
38.5
35.8
40.8
38.4
35.8
40.72013
38.6
36.0
40.9
38.5
36.0
40.82014
38.6
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.9
40.92015
38.6
35.9
40.9
38.5
35.9
40.82016
38.7
36.2
41.0
38.7
36.2
40.92017
38.7
36.2
40.9
38.6
36.2
40.82018
38.9
36.4
41.1
38.9
36.4
41.02019
39.0
36.5
41.1
38.9
36.6
41.0Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2018 (Percent distribution)
Year and gender
Population (in thousands)
Worked during the year
Percent distribution by work experienceTotal (in thousands)
Percentage of population
Total
Usually work full time
Usually work part timeTotal
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeksTotal1970
138,953
93,850
67.5
100.0
79.4
55.6
23.8
20.6
6.7
13.91975
153,180
102,603
67.0
100.0
78.9
54.3
24.6
21.2
7.5
13.71980
169,452
115,752
68.3
100.0
78.5
56.1
22.4
21.4
7.7
13.71985
179,944
123,466
68.6
100.0
78.2
58.7
19.5
21.9
8.3
13.61990
189,238
132,562
70.1
100.0
78.8
60.4
18.4
21.3
8.7
12.61995
199,925
138,971
69.5
100.0
78.6
62.9
15.7
21.3
9.1
12.22000
214,292
150,787
70.4
100.0
80.4
66.7
13.8
19.5
9.3
10.22005
227,975
154,322
67.7
100.0
80.3
67.5
12.8
19.7
10.0
9.72006
231,033
156,658
67.8
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.7
9.42007
232,995
157,653
67.7
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.8
9.32008
235,086
157,472
67.0
100.0
79.5
65.6
13.9
20.5
10.5
10.02009
237,158
153,929
64.9
100.0
78.3
64.0
14.3
21.7
11.3
10.42010
238,999
152,320
63.7
100.0
78.2
64.7
13.5
21.8
11.2
10.62011
242,602
153,479
63.3
100.0
78.6
65.8
12.8
21.4
11.2
10.22012
244,993
156,194
63.8
100.0
78.4
65.5
12.9
21.6
11.2
10.42013
247,258
156,987
63.5
100.0
79.0
66.9
12.1
21.0
10.9
10.12014
250,080
159,056
63.6
100.0
79.6
67.9
11.7
20.4
10.8
9.62015
252,766
162,329
64.2
100.0
79.6
68.0
11.6
20.4
10.6
9.82016
254,413
163,638
64.3
100.0
79.8
68.8
11.0
20.2
10.7
9.62017
257,097
165,163
64.2
100.0
80.4
69.5
10.9
19.6
10.6
9.02018
258,527
166,402
64.4
100.0
80.8
70.4
10.4
19.2
10.4
8.8Women1970
73,657
38,809
52.7
100.0
67.9
40.7
27.2
32.2
10.1
22.11975
80,834
43,511
53.8
100.0
67.1
41.4
25.7
32.8
11.7
21.11980
89,259
51,492
57.7
100.0
67.7
44.7
23.0
32.3
11.9
20.41985
94,490
56,165
59.4
100.0
68.1
48.9
19.2
31.8
12.3
19.51990
98,970
61,494
62.1
100.0
69.8
51.5
18.3
30.2
12.8
17.41995
104,058
65,304
62.8
100.0
70.2
54.3
15.9
29.7
13.3
16.42000
111,440
71,341
64.0
100.0
72.9
58.4
14.5
27.1
13.4
13.72005
117,814
72,309
61.4
100.0
72.7
59.9
12.8
27.3
14.1
13.22006
119,300
73,527
61.6
100.0
73.0
60.7
12.3
27.0
14.1
12.92007
120,300
74,115
61.6
100.0
73.6
61.5
12.1
26.4
14.2
12.22008
121,328
74,363
61.3
100.0
72.2
59.3
12.9
27.8
15.0
12.92009
122,339
72,855
59.6
100.0
71.5
59.3
12.2
28.5
15.8
12.72010
123,012
71,980
58.5
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.6
12.92011
125,619
72,976
58.1
100.0
71.7
59.8
11.9
28.3
15.7
12.62012
126,791
74,051
58.4
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.2
13.32013
127,863
74,397
58.2
100.0
71.8
60.5
11.3
28.2
15.2
13.02014
129,342
75,416
58.3
100.0
72.7
61.2
11.5
27.3
14.7
12.62015
130,656
76,811
58.8
100.0
73.0
61.4
11.6
27.0
14.6
12.42016
131,469
77,574
59.0
100.0
73.1
62.2
10.9
26.9
14.6
12.32017
132,766
78,016
58.8
100.0
73.5
63.1
10.4
26.5
14.9
11.62018
133,500
79,239
59.4
100.0
74.4
64.0
10.3
25.6
14.3
11.3Men1970
65,296
55,041
84.3
100.0
87.6
66.1
21.5
12.4
4.4
8.01975
72,346
59,091
81.7
100.0
87.5
63.8
23.7
12.5
4.4
8.11980
80,193
64,260
80.1
100.0
87.2
65.2
22.0
12.8
4.4
8.41985
85,454
67,301
78.8
100.0
86.5
66.8
19.7
13.5
4.8
8.71990
90,269
71,068
78.7
100.0
86.4
68.0
18.4
13.5
5.1
8.41995
95,867
73,667
76.8
100.0
86.2
70.6
15.6
13.9
5.5
8.42000
102,853
79,446
77.2
100.0
87.5
74.2
13.2
12.6
5.5
7.12005
110,161
82,013
74.4
100.0
87.0
74.2
12.8
13.0
6.3
6.72006
111,733
83,131
74.4
100.0
87.8
75.2
12.6
12.2
5.7
6.52007
112,695
83,538
74.1
100.0
87.4
74.6
12.8
12.6
5.9
6.72008
113,758
83,109
73.1
100.0
86.0
71.2
14.8
14.0
6.5
7.52009
114,820
81,073
70.6
100.0
84.4
68.3
16.1
15.6
7.3
8.32010
115,986
80,341
69.3
100.0
84.3
69.4
14.9
15.7
7.3
8.42011
116,984
80,503
68.8
100.0
84.8
71.2
13.6
15.2
7.2
8.02012
118,202
82,143
69.5
100.0
84.5
71.0
13.5
15.5
7.5
8.02013
119,395
82,590
69.2
100.0
85.5
72.7
12.8
14.5
7.1
7.42014
120,738
83,640
69.3
100.0
85.7
73.9
11.8
14.3
7.2
7.12015
122,110
85,518
70.0
100.0
85.6
73.9
11.7
14.4
7.0
7.42016
122,944
86,063
70.0
100.0
85.8
74.7
11.1
14.2
7.1
7.02017
124,331
87,147
70.1
100.0
86.6
75.3
11.3
13.4
6.7
6.72018
125,027
87,163
69.7
100.0
86.7
76.2
10.4
13.3
6.9
6.4Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.
The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2019.

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Opposite-sex married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
-
-1968
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
-
-1969
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
-
-1970
44,832
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
-
-1971
45,939
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
-
-1972
46,594
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
-
-1973
47,185
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
-
-1974
47,438
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
-
-1975
47,878
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
-
-1976
48,150
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
-
-1977
48,131
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
-
-1978
48,532
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
-
-1979
49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
-
-1980
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
-
-1981
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
-
-1982
49,947
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
-
-1983
50,134
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
-
-1984
50,395
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
-
-1985
50,978
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
-
-1986
51,574
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
-
-1987
51,847
6,741
12,435
9,787
1,946
702
32,671
29,369
2,576
-
-1988
52,149
6,754
11,876
9,463
1,777
636
33,519
30,536
2,303
532
1481989
52,385
6,812
11,748
9,212
1,840
695
33,825
30,879
2,373
435
1381990
52,241
6,770
11,630
9,107
1,826
698
33,841
30,829
2,369
479
1641991
52,549
7,091
11,523
8,873
1,993
657
33,935
31,049
2,161
527
1971992
53,254
7,256
11,977
9,114
2,145
718
34,021
31,268
1,940
624
1891993
53,248
7,282
11,842
8,745
2,411
687
34,123
31,302
2,051
614
1561994
53,929
7,227
11,774
8,719
2,374
681
34,928
32,125
2,048
603
1511995
53,621
7,278
11,739
8,821
2,253
664
34,604
32,061
1,878
539
1271996
53,654
7,148
11,556
8,671
2,214
671
34,950
32,406
1,899
522
1231997
54,362
7,289
11,728
8,792
2,302
634
35,345
32,764
1,853
569
1581998
54,829
7,257
12,279
9,198
2,419
662
35,293
32,810
1,726
616
1411999
55,352
7,163
12,328
9,093
2,595
640
35,861
33,360
1,815
519
1672000
56,643
7,463
12,717
9,515
2,601
600
36,463
33,892
1,865
566
1392001
56,798
7,666
12,907
9,621
2,698
588
36,224
33,696
1,898
501
1292002
57,362
7,803
13,487
10,109
2,818
560
36,071
33,547
1,845
558
1212003
57,767
8,043
14,051
10,469
3,026
557
35,673
33,220
1,789
548
1172004
58,045
7,996
14,352
10,821
2,991
540
35,696
33,131
1,832
610
1232005
58,225
8,017
14,292
10,603
3,096
593
35,915
33,380
1,818
597
1212006
59,050
8,091
14,545
10,693
3,261
591
36,414
33,880
1,752
639
1422007
58,490
7,914
14,264
10,392
3,265
608
36,312
33,718
1,847
597
1492008
59,183
8,083
14,622
10,567
3,435
620
36,477
33,930
1,739
650
1582009
58,516
8,466
15,035
10,565
3,849
621
35,015
32,327
1,789
739
1602010
58,135
8,626
15,406
10,880
3,935
591
34,103
31,425
1,783
722
1722011
59,071
9,152
15,972
11,301
4,015
656
33,947
31,212
1,833
739
1632012
59,327
9,101
15,831
11,271
3,891
669
34,395
31,594
1,881
750
1702013
59,795
9,556
15,825
11,368
3,788
669
34,414
31,685
1,849
711
1692014
60,091
9,434
15,627
11,240
3,767
620
35,030
32,000
2,082
764
1832015
60,338
9,379
15,640
11,178
3,733
729
35,320
32,333
2,028
756
2032016
60,912
9,814
15,490
11,054
3,742
695
35,608
32,647
2,054
752
1552017
61,348
9,944
15,887
11,386
3,841
660
35,517
32,430
2,092
781
2142018
61,505
10,022
15,575
10,960
3,916
699
35,908
32,839
2,019
783
268Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2019.

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2018 (Percent distribution)
Year
Opposite-sex married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
100.0
6.8
38.1
35.6
1.7
0.8
55.1
43.6
10.7
-
-1968
100.0
6.6
37.4
34.9
1.7
0.8
56.1
45.0
10.3
-
-1969
100.0
6.8
36.6
34.1
1.8
0.8
56.6
45.7
10.2
-
-1970
100.0
7.3
35.9
33.3
1.9
0.7
56.8
45.7
10.3
-
-1971
100.0
7.6
36.7
33.7
2.2
0.7
55.8
44.9
10.1
-
-1972
100.0
7.8
36.0
33.0
2.2
0.9
56.2
45.7
9.8
-
-1973
100.0
8.5
34.1
30.8
2.4
0.9
57.4
46.9
9.6
-
-1974
100.0
9.1
33.3
29.8
2.6
1.0
57.6
47.3
9.4
-
-1975
100.0
10.3
33.9
30.0
2.9
1.0
55.8
46.7
8.1
-
-1976
100.0
10.3
32.5
28.4
3.0
1.1
57.2
48.0
8.0
-
-1977
100.0
10.8
31.4
27.3
3.0
1.1
57.8
48.8
7.9
-
-1978
100.0
10.8
29.8
25.6
3.1
1.1
59.4
50.8
7.4
-
-1979
100.0
11.3
28.3
24.3
3.1
1.0
60.4
52.1
7.1
-
-1980
100.0
12.0
28.2
23.6
3.5
1.2
59.8
51.8
6.9
-
-1981
100.0
12.5
27.8
23.2
3.4
1.3
59.6
51.8
6.5
-
-1982
100.0
12.9
28.5
23.2
4.1
1.2
58.6
50.8
6.3
-
-1983
100.0
13.1
27.3
22.1
3.9
1.3
59.6
52.1
6.0
-
-1984
100.0
13.2
25.7
20.8
3.7
1.2
61.1
53.6
5.7
-
-1985
100.0
13.1
25.4
20.4
3.7
1.3
61.4
54.5
5.4
-
-1986
100.0
13.1
24.4
19.4
3.7
1.3
62.6
55.9
5.3
-
-1987
100.0
13.0
24.0
18.9
3.8
1.4
63.0
56.6
5.0
-
-1988
100.0
13.0
22.8
18.1
3.4
1.2
64.3
58.6
4.4
1.0
0.31989
100.0
13.0
22.4
17.6
3.5
1.3
64.6
58.9
4.5
0.8
0.31990
100.0
13.0
22.3
17.4
3.5
1.3
64.8
59.0
4.5
0.9
0.31991
100.0
13.5
21.9
16.9
3.8
1.3
64.6
59.1
4.1
1.0
0.41992
100.0
13.6
22.5
17.1
4.0
1.3
63.9
58.7
3.6
1.2
0.41993
100.0
13.7
22.2
16.4
4.5
1.3
64.1
58.8
3.9
1.2
0.31994
100.0
13.4
21.8
16.2
4.4
1.3
64.8
59.6
3.8
1.1
0.31995
100.0
13.6
21.9
16.5
4.2
1.2
64.5
59.8
3.5
1.0
0.21996
100.0
13.3
21.5
16.2
4.1
1.3
65.1
60.4
3.5
1.0
0.21997
100.0
13.4
21.6
16.2
4.2
1.2
65.0
60.3
3.4
1.0
0.31998
100.0
13.2
22.4
16.8
4.4
1.2
64.4
59.8
3.1
1.1
0.31999
100.0
12.9
22.3
16.4
4.7
1.2
64.8
60.3
3.3
0.9
0.32000
100.0
13.2
22.5
16.8
4.6
1.1
64.4
59.8
3.3
1.0
0.22001
100.0
13.5
22.7
16.9
4.8
1.0
63.8
59.3
3.3
0.9
0.22002
100.0
13.6
23.5
17.6
4.9
1.0
62.9
58.5
3.2
1.0
0.22003
100.0
13.9
24.3
18.1
5.2
1.0
61.8
57.5
3.1
0.9
0.22004
100.0
13.8
24.7
18.6
5.2
0.9
61.5
57.1
3.2
1.1
0.22005
100.0
13.8
24.5
18.2
5.3
1.0
61.7
57.3
3.1
1.0
0.22006
100.0
13.7
24.6
18.1
5.5
1.0
61.7
57.4
3.0
1.1
0.22007
100.0
13.5
24.4
17.8
5.6
1.0
62.1
57.6
3.2
1.0
0.32008
100.0
13.7
24.7
17.9
5.8
1.0
61.6
57.3
2.9
1.1
0.32009
100.0
14.5
25.7
18.1
6.6
1.1
59.8
55.2
3.1
1.3
0.32010
100.0
14.8
26.5
18.7
6.8
1.0
58.7
54.1
3.1
1.2
0.32011
100.0
15.5
27.0
19.1
6.8
1.1
57.5
52.8
3.1
1.3
0.32012
100.0
15.3
26.7
19.0
6.6
1.1
58.0
53.3
3.2
1.3
0.32013
100.0
16.0
26.5
19.0
6.3
1.1
57.6
53.0
3.1
1.2
0.32014
100.0
15.7
26.0
18.7
6.3
1.0
58.3
53.3
3.5
1.3
0.32015
100.0
15.5
25.9
18.5
6.2
1.2
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.3
0.32016
100.0
16.1
25.4
18.1
6.1
1.1
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.2
0.32017
100.0
16.2
25.9
18.6
6.3
1.1
57.9
52.9
3.4
1.3
0.32018
100.0
16.3
25.3
17.8
6.4
1.1
58.4
53.4
3.3
1.3
0.4Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2019.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2018
Year
Contribution to family income (median percentage)1970
26.61971
27.51972
26.71973
26.01974
25.41975
26.31976
26.41977
26.11978
26.11979
26.01980
26.71981
27.31982
28.41983
28.81984
28.41985
28.31986
29.01987
29.51988
29.61989
29.91990
30.71991
31.31992
32.41993
32.21994
31.91995
31.91996
32.61997
32.71998
32.81999
32.82000
33.52001
34.42002
34.82003
35.22004
34.92005
35.12006
35.62007
36.02008
36.02009
37.12010
37.62011
37.02012
37.32013
37.32014
36.02015
37.12016
37.12017
37.12018
37.5Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2019.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate(1)Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoTotal, 16 years and older
156,454
121,723
19,521
10,003
27,278
6,964
4,758
1,531
321
2,147
4.5
3.9
7.8
3.2
7.916 to 19 years
3,598
2,824
378
145
811
335
248
47
6
108
9.3
8.8
12.4
3.8
13.320 to 24 years
13,209
10,139
1,809
597
3,103
1,014
736
166
46
268
7.7
7.3
9.2
7.7
8.625 to 34 years
35,957
26,764
5,150
2,519
7,229
1,948
1,174
593
77
555
5.4
4.4
11.5
3.1
7.735 to 44 years
33,013
25,031
4,305
2,546
6,629
1,683
1,141
364
93
629
5.1
4.6
8.5
3.7
9.545 to 54 years
32,524
25,355
4,047
2,204
5,443
1,071
789
199
51
391
3.3
3.1
4.9
2.3
7.255 to 64 years
27,352
22,452
2,900
1,470
3,220
696
498
139
35
147
2.5
2.2
4.8
2.4
4.665 years and older
10,801
9,159
933
523
843
215
173
24
14
49
2.0
1.9
2.5
2.6
5.8Women, 16 years and older
73,382
55,752
10,423
4,653
11,764
3,865
2,508
1,012
143
1,028
5.3
4.5
9.7
3.1
8.716 to 19 years
1,906
1,452
228
76
403
179
126
25
4
57
9.4
8.7
11.0
5.7
14.120 to 24 years
6,460
4,890
966
284
1,419
594
411
115
19
147
9.2
8.4
11.9
6.8
10.425 to 34 years
16,475
12,023
2,610
1,098
3,021
1,165
640
430
27
281
7.1
5.3
16.5
2.4
9.335 to 44 years
15,169
11,112
2,330
1,184
2,767
870
559
239
43
281
5.7
5.0
10.3
3.6
10.245 to 54 years
15,431
11,799
2,145
1,056
2,408
568
415
110
26
166
3.7
3.5
5.1
2.5
6.955 to 64 years
13,050
10,465
1,605
709
1,379
364
258
74
17
72
2.8
2.5
4.6
2.4
5.265 years and older
4,891
4,012
539
247
366
124
99
17
7
23
2.5
2.5
3.2
2.7
6.3Men, 16 years and older
83,072
65,970
9,097
5,350
15,514
3,099
2,250
519
179
1,119
3.7
3.4
5.7
3.3
7.216 to 19 years
1,693
1,372
149
69
408
156
121
22
1
51
9.2
8.8
14.6
-
12.520 to 24 years
6,749
5,249
843
314
1,684
420
325
51
27
121
6.2
6.2
6.1
8.5
7.225 to 34 years
19,482
14,742
2,540
1,421
4,208
783
534
163
50
274
4.0
3.6
6.4
3.6
6.535 to 44 years
17,843
13,919
1,974
1,362
3,862
813
581
125
50
348
4.6
4.2
6.3
3.7
9.045 to 54 years
17,094
13,555
1,902
1,148
3,035
503
374
89
25
225
2.9
2.8
4.7
2.2
7.455 to 64 years
14,302
11,987
1,294
761
1,841
332
240
64
18
75
2.3
2.0
5.0
2.4
4.165 years and older
5,910
5,147
395
276
477
92
74
6
7
26
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.5
5.4(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.
Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020
Age, gender, race and Hispanic orLatino ethnicity
Total (inthousands)
Percentage distribution by employment statusTotal
Employed
Unemployed
Not in thelabor forceTotal, 20 years and older
2,672
100.0
70.1
12.4
17.520 to 24 years
63
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,676
100.0
75.1
13.9
11.055 to 64 years
702
100.0
66.5
10.7
22.865 years and older
232
100.0
44.1
7.4
48.5Women, 20 years and older
1,206
100.0
67.8
12.5
19.720 to 24 years
42
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
729
100.0
75.9
12.9
11.255 to 64 years
321
100.0
60.3
13.4
26.365 years and older
115
100.0
35.4
5.6
59.1Men, 20 years and older
1,466
100.0
71.9
12.3
15.720 to 24 years
20
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
947
100.0
74.5
14.6
10.955 to 64 years
382
100.0
71.7
8.3
20.065 years and older
117
100.0
52.6
9.3
38.2WhiteTotal, 20 years and older
2,162
100.0
70.9
10.5
18.6Women
951
100.0
67.7
9.7
22.6Men
1,211
100.0
73.5
11.0
15.5Black or African AmericanTotal, 20 years and older
335
100.0
61.8
22.2
16.0Women
183
100.0
64.6
22.6
12.9Men
152
100.0
58.5
21.8
19.7AsianTotal, 20 years and older
110
100.0
73.5
25.6
0.9Women
48
100.0
-
-
-Men
62
100.0
-
-
-Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 20 years and older
461
100.0
67.6
8.5
23.9Women
199
100.0
61.2
10.5
28.3Men
262
100.0
72.6
7.0
20.5Note: Displayed workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2017 and December 2019 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20
Age and gender
January 2004
January 2006
January 2008
January 2010
January 2012
January 2014
January 2016
January 2018
January 2020Total, 16 years and older
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.2
4.116 to 17 years
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.325 years and older
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.0
4.925 to 34 years
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.835 to 44 years
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.945 to 54 years
7.7
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.6
7.555 to 64 years
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.4
10.1
10.1
9.965 years and older
9.0
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.2
10.3Women, 16 years and older
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.916 to 17 years
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.225 years and older
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.825 to 34 years
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.735 to 44 years
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.645 to 54 years
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.1
6.855 to 64 years
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.0
10.1
9.865 years and older
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.1
10.4Men, 16 years and older
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.316 to 17 years
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.425 years and older
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.1
5.125 to 34 years
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.935 to 44 years
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.145 to 54 years
9.6
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.255 to 64 years
9.8
9.5
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.7
10.2
10.2
10.065 years and older
8.2
8.3
10.4
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.3Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–20 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2019 high school graduates and 2018–19 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2019 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotal, 2019 high school graduates(1)
3,178
1,572
49.5
1,343
42.3
229
14.6
1,606Women
1,693
844
49.8
744
44.0
99
11.8
849Men
1,486
728
49.0
598
40.3
130
17.8
758Enrolled in college
2,103
795
37.8
707
33.6
88
11.0
1,308Percentage of total 2019 graduates
66.2
50.6
-
52.7
-
38.3
-
81.4Women
1,182
467
39.5
412
34.9
55
11.7
715Percentage of female 2019 graduates
69.8
55.3
-
55.3
-
55.2
-
84.2Men
921
328
35.6
296
32.1
33
10.0
593Percentage of male 2019 graduates
62.0
45.1
-
49.4
-
25.3
-
78.3Not enrolled in college
1,075
777
72.2
635
59.1
141
18.2
299Percentage of total 2019 graduates
33.8
49.4
-
47.3
-
61.7
-
18.6Women
511
377
73.8
333
65.1
44
11.8
134Percentage of female 2019 graduates
30.2
44.7
-
44.7
-
44.8
-
15.8Men
564
400
70.8
303
53.7
97
24.2
165Percentage of male 2019 graduates
38.0
54.9
-
50.6
-
74.7
-
21.7Total, 2018-2019 high school dropouts(2)
490
187
38.2
160
32.6
28
14.8
303Women
245
97
39.5
89
36.2
8
8.2
148Men
245
91
37.0
71
28.9
20
21.9
154(1) Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2019.
(2) Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2018 and October 2019.
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2019 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceEnrolled in school
21,542
8,189
38.0
7,691
35.7
498
6.1
13,353Women
11,090
4,605
41.5
4,382
39.5
223
4.8
6,485Men
10,452
3,584
34.3
3,309
31.7
274
7.7
6,868Enrolled in high school(1)
9,392
2,096
22.3
1,859
19.8
237
11.3
7,296Women
4,470
1,060
23.7
955
21.4
105
9.9
3,410Men
4,922
1,036
21.0
904
18.4
132
12.7
3,886Enrolled in college
12,150
6,093
50.2
5,833
48.0
261
4.3
6,057Women
6,620
3,545
53.6
3,427
51.8
118
3.3
3,075Men
5,530
2,548
46.1
2,405
43.5
143
5.6
2,982Not enrolled in school
16,192
13,142
81.2
12,011
74.2
1,131
8.6
3,050Women
7,680
6,000
78.1
5,562
72.4
438
7.3
1,680Less than a high school diploma
855
449
52.6
394
46.1
56
12.4
405High school graduates, no college(2)
3,268
2,399
73.4
2,186
66.9
214
8.9
869Some college or associate's degree
1,971
1,668
84.6
1,570
79.7
97
5.8
304Bachelor's degree and higher
1,586
1,484
93.5
1,413
89.0
71
4.8
102Men
8,512
7,142
83.9
6,449
75.8
693
9.7
1,370Less than a high school diploma
1,116
712
63.9
598
53.6
115
16.1
403High school graduates, no college(2)
4,369
3,740
85.6
3,320
76.0
420
11.2
629Some college or associate's degree
1,990
1,743
87.6
1,640
82.4
103
5.9
247Bachelor's degree and higher
1,037
946
91.2
891
85.9
55
5.8
91(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.
(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2019 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Multiple jobholders
Multiple-jobholding rate1Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
MenNumber
Percentage of all multiple jobholders1994
123,060
7,260
3,336
46.0
3,924
5.9
5.9
5.91995
124,900
7,693
3,554
46.2
4,139
6.2
6.2
6.11996
126,708
7,832
3,640
46.5
4,192
6.2
6.2
6.11997
129,558
7,955
3,718
46.7
4,237
6.1
6.2
6.11998
131,463
7,926
3,748
47.3
4,178
6.0
6.2
5.91999
133,488
7,802
3,698
47.4
4,104
5.8
6.0
5.72000
136,891
7,604
3,608
47.4
3,996
5.6
5.7
5.52001
136,933
7,357
3,523
47.9
3,834
5.4
5.5
5.22002
136,485
7,291
3,557
48.8
3,734
5.3
5.6
5.12003
137,736
7,315
3,599
49.2
3,716
5.3
5.6
5.12004
139,252
7,473
3,638
48.7
3,835
5.4
5.6
5.12005
141,730
7,546
3,691
48.9
3,855
5.3
5.6
5.12006
144,427
7,576
3,753
49.5
3,822
5.2
5.6
4.92007
146,047
7,655
3,822
49.9
3,833
5.2
5.6
4.92008
145,362
7,620
3,783
49.6
3,837
5.2
5.6
5.02009
139,877
7,271
3,741
51.5
3,530
5.2
5.6
4.82010
139,064
6,878
3,552
51.6
3,326
4.9
5.4
4.52011
139,869
6,880
3,496
50.8
3,384
4.9
5.3
4.62012
142,469
6,943
3,495
50.3
3,448
4.9
5.2
4.62013
143,929
7,002
3,517
50.2
3,486
4.9
5.2
4.62014
146,305
7,146
3,636
50.9
3,511
4.9
5.3
4.52015
148,834
7,262
3,692
50.8
3,571
4.9
5.3
4.52016
151,436
7,531
3,887
51.6
3,645
5.0
5.5
4.52017
153,337
7,545
3,798
50.3
3,748
4.9
5.3
4.62018
155,761
7,769
3,934
50.6
3,835
5.0
5.4
4.62019
157,538
8,050
4,141
51.4
3,908
5.1
5.6
4.71 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
Total
Women
Men
Self-employed women as a percentage of total self-employedTotal employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total1976
85,421
5,783
6.8
35,027
1,549
4.4
50,394
4,233
8.4
26.81977
88,734
6,114
6.9
36,677
1,692
4.6
52,057
4,423
8.5
27.71978
92,661
6,429
6.9
38,900
1,814
4.7
53,761
4,614
8.6
28.21979
95,477
6,791
7.1
40,556
1,982
4.9
54,921
4,810
8.8
29.21980
95,938
7,000
7.3
41,461
2,097
5.1
54,477
4,904
9.0
30.01981
97,030
7,097
7.3
42,333
2,192
5.2
54,697
4,905
9.0
30.91982
96,125
7,262
7.6
42,591
2,309
5.4
53,534
4,954
9.3
31.81983
97,450
7,575
7.8
43,367
2,439
5.6
54,083
5,136
9.5
32.21984
101,685
7,785
7.7
45,262
2,566
5.7
56,423
5,219
9.2
33.01985
103,971
7,811
7.5
46,615
2,603
5.6
57,356
5,207
9.1
33.31986
106,434
7,881
7.4
48,054
2,610
5.4
58,381
5,271
9.0
33.11987
109,232
8,201
7.5
49,668
2,778
5.6
59,564
5,423
9.1
33.91988
111,800
8,519
7.6
51,020
2,955
5.8
60,780
5,564
9.2
34.71989
114,142
8,605
7.5
52,341
3,043
5.8
61,802
5,562
9.0
35.41990
115,570
8,719
7.5
53,011
3,122
5.9
62,559
5,597
8.9
35.81991
114,449
8,850
7.7
52,815
3,150
6.0
61,634
5,700
9.2
35.61992
115,245
8,575
7.4
53,380
2,963
5.6
61,866
5,613
9.1
34.51993
117,144
8,959
7.6
54,273
3,065
5.6
62,871
5,894
9.4
34.21994
119,651
9,003
7.5
55,755
3,443
6.2
63,896
5,560
8.7
38.21995
121,460
8,902
7.3
56,642
3,440
6.1
64,818
5,461
8.4
38.61996
123,264
8,971
7.3
57,630
3,506
6.1
65,634
5,465
8.3
39.11997
126,159
9,056
7.2
59,026
3,550
6.0
67,133
5,506
8.2
39.21998
128,085
8,962
7.0
59,945
3,482
5.8
68,140
5,480
8.0
38.91999
130,207
8,790
6.8
61,193
3,424
5.6
69,014
5,366
7.8
39.02000
134,427
9,205
6.8
62,983
3,631
5.8
71,444
5,573
7.8
39.42001
134,635
9,121
6.8
63,147
3,594
5.7
71,488
5,527
7.7
39.42002
134,174
8,923
6.7
62,995
3,499
5.6
71,179
5,425
7.6
39.22003
135,461
9,344
6.9
63,824
3,609
5.7
71,636
5,736
8.0
38.62004
137,020
9,467
6.9
64,182
3,607
5.6
72,838
5,860
8.0
38.12005
139,532
9,509
6.8
65,213
3,565
5.5
74,319
5,944
8.0
37.52006
142,221
9,685
6.8
66,382
3,681
5.5
75,838
6,004
7.9
38.02007
143,952
9,557
6.6
67,302
3,637
5.4
76,650
5,920
7.7
38.12008
143,194
9,219
6.4
67,358
3,483
5.2
75,836
5,736
7.6
37.82009
137,775
8,995
6.5
65,712
3,468
5.3
72,062
5,527
7.7
38.62010
136,858
8,860
6.5
65,164
3,388
5.2
71,694
5,472
7.6
38.22011
137,615
8,603
6.3
65,023
3,341
5.1
72,592
5,262
7.2
38.82012
140,283
8,749
6.2
66,353
3,483
5.2
73,930
5,266
7.1
39.82013
141,799
8,619
6.1
67,058
3,508
5.2
74,742
5,111
6.8
40.72014
144,068
8,602
6.0
68,061
3,444
5.1
76,007
5,158
6.8
40.02015
146,411
8,665
5.9
69,106
3,396
4.9
77,305
5,269
6.8
39.22016
148,976
8,751
5.9
70,247
3,385
4.8
78,729
5,366
6.8
38.72017
150,883
8,736
5.8
71,324
3,544
5.0
79,559
5,191
6.5
40.62018
153,336
8,941
5.8
72,435
3,518
4.9
80,902
5,423
6.7
39.32019
155,113
8,799
5.7
73,443
3,532
4.8
81,670
5,266
6.4
40.1Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotalNative born, 16 years and older(1)
216,185
135,148
62.5
130,036
60.2
5,112
3.8
81,03716 to 24 years
34,418
19,358
56.2
17,703
51.4
1,654
8.5
15,06125 to 34 years
37,211
31,274
84.0
30,081
80.8
1,193
3.8
5,93735 to 44 years
31,599
26,598
84.2
25,854
81.8
743
2.8
5,00145 to 54 years
31,566
25,713
81.5
25,024
79.3
689
2.7
5,85355 to 64 years
35,542
23,018
64.8
22,443
63.1
575
2.5
12,52465 years and older
45,848
9,188
20.0
8,931
19.5
257
2.8
36,660Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
42,990
28,390
66.0
27,502
64.0
888
3.1
14,60016 to 24 years
3,330
1,735
52.1
1,619
48.6
116
6.7
1,59525 to 34 years
7,665
5,917
77.2
5,726
74.7
191
3.2
1,74935 to 44 years
9,361
7,459
79.7
7,273
77.7
187
2.5
1,90145 to 54 years
8,878
7,219
81.3
7,018
79.0
201
2.8
1,66055 to 64 years
6,699
4,585
68.5
4,450
66.4
135
3.0
2,11365 years and older
7,057
1,475
20.9
1,416
20.1
59
4.0
5,581WomenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
111,645
64,696
57.9
62,367
55.9
2,328
3.6
46,94916 to 24 years
17,147
9,578
55.9
8,880
51.8
698
7.3
7,56925 to 34 years
18,723
14,835
79.2
14,293
76.3
542
3.7
3,88935 to 44 years
16,077
12,646
78.7
12,292
76.5
354
2.8
3,43245 to 54 years
16,180
12,459
77.0
12,132
75.0
327
2.6
3,72155 to 64 years
18,419
11,026
59.9
10,742
58.3
284
2.6
7,39365 years and older
25,099
4,152
16.5
4,029
16.1
124
3.0
20,947Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
22,176
12,156
54.8
11,711
52.8
446
3.7
10,02016 to 24 years
1,626
775
47.6
713
43.8
62
8.0
85225 to 34 years
3,767
2,409
63.9
2,307
61.2
102
4.2
1,35935 to 44 years
4,739
3,115
65.7
3,013
63.6
102
3.3
1,62445 to 54 years
4,490
3,185
70.9
3,094
68.9
91
2.9
1,30555 to 64 years
3,488
2,030
58.2
1,965
56.3
66
3.2
1,45765 years and older
4,066
643
15.8
619
15.2
23
3.6
3,423MenNative born, 16 years and older(1)
104,540
70,453
67.4
67,669
64.7
2,784
4.0
34,08716 to 24 years
17,272
9,780
56.6
8,824
51.1
956
9.8
7,49225 to 34 years
18,488
16,439
88.9
15,788
85.4
652
4.0
2,04935 to 44 years
15,521
13,952
89.9
13,562
87.4
390
2.8
1,56945 to 54 years
15,387
13,254
86.1
12,892
83.8
362
2.7
2,13355 to 64 years
17,123
11,992
70.0
11,701
68.3
291
2.4
5,13165 years and older
20,749
5,036
24.3
4,902
23.6
134
2.7
15,713Foreign born, 16 years and older(2)
20,814
16,234
78.0
15,791
75.9
443
2.7
4,58016 to 24 years
1,704
960
56.4
906
53.2
54
5.6
74425 to 34 years
3,898
3,508
90.0
3,419
87.7
89
2.5
39035 to 44 years
4,622
4,344
94.0
4,260
92.2
85
2.0
27745 to 54 years
4,388
4,033
91.9
3,924
89.4
109
2.7
35455 to 64 years
3,211
2,555
79.6
2,485
77.4
70
2.7
65665 years and older
2,991
833
27.8
797
26.6
36
4.3
2,158(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year
TotalTotal employed
Members of unions(1)
Represented by unions(2)Total
Percentage of employed
Total
Percentage of employed1983
88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.31984
92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.61985
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.51986
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.91987
99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.21988
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.01989
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.61990
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.21991
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.11992
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.71993
106,101
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.61994
107,989
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.51995
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.71996
111,960
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.21997
114,533
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.61998
116,730
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.41999
118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.32000
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.92001
122,229
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.72002
121,826
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.52003
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.32004
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.82005
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.72006
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.12007
129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.32008
129,377
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.72009
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.62010
124,073
14,715
11.9
16,290
13.12011
125,187
14,764
11.8
16,290
13.02012
127,577
14,366
11.3
15,922
12.52013
129,110
14,528
11.3
16,028
12.42014
131,431
14,576
11.1
16,152
12.32015
133,743
14,795
11.1
16,441
12.32016
136,101
14,555
10.7
16,271
12.02017
137,890
14,817
10.7
16,444
11.92018
140,099
14,744
10.5
16,380
11.72019
141,737
14,574
10.3
16,383
11.6(1) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as apercentage oftotalTotal veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
18,822
1,884
16,938
10.0Civilian labor force
9,270
1,101
8,169
11.9Participation rate
49.2
58.4
48.2
-Employed
8,986
1,060
7,926
11.8Employment-population ratio
47.7
56.2
46.8
-Unemployed
284
41
243
14.4Unemployment rate
3.1
3.7
3.0
-Not in labor force
9,552
784
8,769
8.2Gulf War-era II veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
4,328
726
3,602
16.8Civilian labor force
3,468
495
2,974
14.3Participation rate
80.1
68.1
82.6
-Employed
3,345
471
2,874
14.1Employment-population ratio
77.3
64.9
79.8
-Unemployed
123
23
100
18.9Unemployment rate
3.5
4.7
3.4
-Not in labor force
860
232
628
26.9Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
3,070
502
2,568
16.4Civilian labor force
2,339
345
1,994
14.8Participation rate
76.2
68.7
77.6
-Employed
2,279
338
1,941
14.8Employment-population ratio
74.2
67.4
75.6
-Unemployed
60
7
53
11.3Unemployment rate
2.6
2.0
2.7
-Not in labor force
731
157
574
21.5World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
7,213
249
6,964
3.4Civilian labor force
1,479
54
1,425
3.6Participation rate
20.5
21.6
20.5
-Employed
1,437
51
1,386
3.5Employment-population ratio
19.9
20.4
19.9
-Unemployed
42
3
39
7.0Unemployment rate
2.8
5.4
2.7
-Not in labor force
5,735
195
5,539
3.4Veterans of other service periodsCivilian noninstitutional population
4,210
407
3,803
9.7Civilian labor force
1,983
207
1,776
10.5Participation rate
47.1
50.9
46.7
-Employed
1,925
199
1,726
10.4Employment-population ratio
45.7
49.0
45.4
-Unemployed
59
8
51
13.7Unemployment rate
3.0
3.9
2.8
-Not in labor force
2,227
200
2,027
9.0NonveteransCivilian noninstitutional population
231,555
127,595
103,960
55.1Civilian labor force
152,188
74,697
77,491
49.1Participation rate
65.7
58.5
74.5
-Employed
146,763
72,107
74,655
49.1Employment-population ratio
63.4
56.5
71.8
-Unemployed
5,425
2,590
2,835
47.7Unemployment rate
3.6
3.5
3.7
-Not in labor force
79,367
52,898
26,469
66.6Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age
Total
Women
MenTotal people with a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
30,392
16,208
14,184Civilian labor force
6,321
2,879
3,442Participation rate
20.8
17.8
24.3Employed
5,858
2,669
3,189Employment-population ratio
19.3
16.5
22.5Unemployed
463
210
254Unemployment rate
7.3
7.3
7.4Not in labor force
24,070
13,329
10,74116 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
15,231
7,718
7,513Civilian labor force
5,117
2,393
2,724Participation rate
33.6
31.0
36.3Employed
4,706
2,208
2,498Employment-population ratio
30.9
28.6
33.3Unemployed
411
185
226Unemployment rate
8.0
7.7
8.3Not in labor force
10,113
5,325
4,78865 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
15,161
8,490
6,671Civilian labor force
1,204
485
718Participation rate
7.9
5.7
10.8Employed
1,152
461
691Employment-population ratio
7.6
5.4
10.4Unemployed
52
24
28Unemployment rate
4.3
5.0
3.9Not in labor force
13,957
8,004
5,953Total people without a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
228,783
117,614
111,170Civilian labor force
157,218
73,973
83,244Participation rate
68.7
62.9
74.9Employed
151,680
71,409
80,272Employment-population ratio
66.3
60.7
72.2Unemployed
5,537
2,564
2,973Unemployment rate
3.5
3.5
3.6Not in labor force
71,566
43,641
27,92516 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
191,039
96,938
94,101Civilian labor force
147,758
69,664
78,094Participation rate
77.3
71.9
83.0Employed
142,485
67,222
75,263Employment-population ratio
74.6
69.3
80.0Unemployed
5,273
2,442
2,831Unemployment rate
3.6
3.5
3.6Not in labor force
43,282
27,274
16,00765 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
37,744
20,676
17,068Civilian labor force
9,460
4,309
5,150Participation rate
25.1
20.8
30.2Employed
9,195
4,187
5,008Employment-population ratio
24.4
20.3
29.3Unemployed
265
123
142Unemployment rate
2.8
2.8
2.8Not in labor force
28,284
16,366
11,918Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200. Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Concepts and definitions
*Children* refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
The *civilian labor force*includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.
The *civilian labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on Active Duty in the Armed Forces.
*Disability* status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. More information, including the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsdisability_faq.htm.
*Displaced workers* are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *employed* people are those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
The *employment-population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.
The *foreign born* are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in these categories, however.
The *native born* are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.
*Hours at work* reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)
*Married-couple families*refers to opposite-sex married spouses (one of whom is the householder) residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
The*householder*is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, therefore, is the family reference person.*Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage* include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.
The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. Additional information about these classifications is available online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
*Poverty classification* statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2018, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $25,701; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $51,393; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $12,784. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018,” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.html.)
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.
*Self-employed workers* are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
Employee *tenure*is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Union membership* refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.
*Usual full- or part-time status* is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.
*Veterans* are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.
*Wage and salary workers* are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
*Work experience* data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
*Workers paid hourly rates* are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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