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March 2022 
                    Report 1097

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		
















































































																																							



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Selected demographic characteristics 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  nbspTable 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population...nbspTable 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population...nbspTable 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or...nbspTable 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2020 annual...Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race,...nbspTable 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...nbspTable 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children,...Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25...Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years...Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual...Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual...Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual...Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual...Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968...Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in...nbspTable 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and...nbspTable 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...nbspTable 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and...Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2019Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27...nbspTable 27. Displaced workers1, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino...nbspTable 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median...Table 29. Labor force status of 2020 high school graduates and 2019–2020...Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school...nbspTable 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender...nbspTable 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural...Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian...nbspTable 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by...Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran...Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age,...
                          Technical Notes
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     Women in the labor force: a databook
Women in the labor force: a databook imageIn 2020, the share of women who participated in the labor force fell by 1.2 percentage points to 56.2 percent, the lowest rate since 1987, and nearly 4 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 67.7 percent in 2020, down by 1.5 percentage points from the previous year and the lowest rate in the history of the series. (Both series began in 1948.) The steep declines in 2020 reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market.The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s and early 2000s. Labor force participation among women then began a decline that accelerated in the wake of the December 2007–June 2009 recession, hitting a prepandemic low in 2015 at 56.7 percent. The rate then rose to 57.4 percent in 2019, before the pandemic affected the labor market.Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in notable ways over the past several decades. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2020, the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree more than quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree more than doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full time and year round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62.3 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82.3 percent in 2020. More recently, over the past decade or so, women in the baby boom generation (defined as people born between 1946 and 1964) began to retire in large numbers, which had put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate.The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the job market in 2020 were widespread and varied by gender and across race and ethnicity groups. For example, women were disproportionally affected by the pandemic-induced recession in the spring of 2020, in part reflecting their overrepresentation in some of the hardest hit sectors of the economy.1In addition to the effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among demographic groups. These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment, the occupations and industries in which the groups work, the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)**Selected demographic characteristics**Women’s labor force participation rate was 56.2 percent in 2020, 1.2 percentage points lower than the rate in 2019. Men’s labor force participation rate, which always has been much higher than that for women, also decreased in 2020; the rate for men was down by 1.5 percentage points to 67.7 percent. These declines in labor force participation reflect the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. (See table 2.)The unemployment rate for women was 8.3 percent in 2020, more than double the rate from a year earlier. The rate for men was 7.8 percent in 2020, also more than double the rate from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2020, Hispanic women and Black women had the highest jobless rates (11.4 percent and 10.9 percent, respectively). Unemployment rates for Asian women and White women were lower, at 9.6 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibited a similar pattern. The rates for Black men (12.1 percent) and Hispanic men (9.7 percent) were higher than those for Asian men (7.8 percent) and White men (7.0 percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women, at 63.5 percent in 2020. Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (61.7 percent and 59.7 percent, respectively) than married women (57.4 percent). Across all marital statuses, men were more likely to participate in the labor force than their female counterparts. Married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (71.4 percent) than separated men (69.8 percent), never-married men (66.3 percent), and divorced men (63.6 percent). Labor force participation rates for widowed women and men, who tend to be older, were 17.9 percent and 23.3 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.5 percent in March 2020, much lower than the rate of 93.1 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 76.4 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The rate for women with children under 6 years old was 67.4 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 65.6 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rate for fathers was similar regardless of the age of their children; the rate was 92.0 percent for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old, 94.5 percent for fathers of children under 6 years old, and 94.7 percent for fathers of children under 3 years old. (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)Unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2020, 77.7 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 70.4 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)**Educational attainment**The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. In 2020, 47.2 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11.2 percent in 1970. In 2020, 4.8 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, they did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 33.5 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)**Occupation and industry**Women accounted for 51.7 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 2020, somewhat more than their share of total employment (46.8 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19.4 percent of software developers, 29.3 percent of chief executives, and 37.4 percent of lawyers were women. Whereas 87.4 percent of registered nurses, 79.6 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 59.7 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)In 2020, Asian women and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (56.6 percent and 48.4 percent, respectively) than were Black women (40.2 percent) and Hispanic women (31.3 percent). Black women (25.3 percent) and Hispanic women (27.9 percent) were more likely than Asian women (17.3 percent) and White women (17.6 percent) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2020: education and health services (74.6 percent), other services (52.6 percent), financial activities (51.9 percent), and leisure and hospitality (50.4 percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance services, personal and laundry services, membership associations and organizations, and private households.) Comparably, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.5 percent), agriculture (27.7 percent), transportation and utilities (24.1 percent), mining (14.5 percent), and construction (10.9 percent). (See table 14.)**Earnings**In 2020, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $891, which represented 82.3 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,082). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($1,143) than for Whites ($905), Blacks ($764), and Hispanics ($705). Women-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (92.0 percent) and Hispanics (88.5 percent) than for Whites (81.5 percent) and Asians (79.0 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2020, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $525. Women whose highest degree was a high school diploma had earnings of $671, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $809, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,239. (See table 17.)By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2020 for pharmacists ($2,160), chief executives ($2,051), computer and information systems managers ($1,910), other physicians ($1,905), and physician assistants ($1,894). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,712), lawyers ($2,324), other physicians ($2,311), and pharmacists ($2,286). (See table 18.)In 2020, 2.0 percent of women who were paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women ages 16 to 24 who were paid an hourly rate, 5.3 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 1.3 percent of women age 25 and over. (See table 20.)Data in this report for the year 2020 reflect the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. Comparisons with data from prior years should be interpreted with caution. Large declines in employment in 2020, particularly among low-wage workers (who were disproportionately affected by job loss related to the pandemic), resulted in changes in the median earnings distribution. This large and abrupt shift in the earnings distribution during the year manifested as an increase in the rate of earnings growth in 2020. However, the underlying rate of growth in workers’ median weekly earnings during the year is more difficult to discern because of the sudden, dramatic shift in the earnings distribution. More information is available at https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.**Hours of work**Women are more likely than men to usually work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In 2020, 22.4 percent of employed women usually worked part time. By comparison, 11.6 percent of employed men usually worked part time. ****(See table 21.)Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2019, 64.5 percent worked full time and year round (50 to 52 weeks), compared with 40.7 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66.1 percent in 1970 to 75.4 percent in 2019. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**Married-couple families**Among opposite-sex married-couple families, 54.0 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2019. This percentage, which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60.4 percent in 1996 but above the 43.6 percent seen in 1967 when the series began. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 16.9 percent of married-couple families in 2019 versus 35.6 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**The working poor**Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2019, more women (3.4 million) than men (2.9 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 4.5 percent for women and 3.5 percent for men. Black women and Hispanic women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White women or Asian women. The working-poor rates for Black women and Hispanic women were 8.9 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively, higher than the rates of 3.7 percent for White women and 2.3 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)**Worker displacement**From January 2017 through December 2019, 2.7 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 45 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2020: the reemployment rate was 67.8 percent for women and 71.9 percent for men. Displaced women and men were also about equally likely to be unemployed, at 12.5 percent and 12.3 percent, respectively. In January 2020, 19.7 percent of displaced women and 15.7 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)**Employee tenure**In January 2020, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.9 years, about unchanged from January 2018. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)**School enrollment**Of the 3.1 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2020, 62.7 percent (2.0 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2020 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate continued to be higher for young women (66.2 percent) than for young men (59.3 percent). (See table 29; data are from the October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)Among those enrolled in high school, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.8 percent) in October 2020 than were young men (20.8 percent). Among college students, women were much more likely to participate in the labor force than men, at 49.7 percent and 42.2 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2020, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 11.2 percent for women and 10.2 percent for men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor’s degree were 7.9 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from the October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)**Multiple jobholders and the self-employed**In 2020, 6.7 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (3.4 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.0 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.1 percent. (See table 31.)In 2020, 5.2 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.5 percent of men. In 2020, 41.6 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)**Foreign born**Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2020 (53.2 percent compared with 56.8 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (76.6 percent) than were native-born men (65.9 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 10.8 percent, was higher than for native-born women, at 7.9 percent. At 8.0 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was about the same as that for native-born men (7.8 percent). Differences in labor force indicators reflect a variety of factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by age, educational attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region. (See table 33.)**Union membership**In 2020, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.0 percent of their male counterparts. For both women and men, the union membership rate in 2020 was lower than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS). In 1983, union membership rates were 14.6 percent for women and 24.7 percent for men. (See table 34.)**Veterans**There were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2020, accounting for 12.3 percent of the 8.9 million veterans in the labor force. Nearly half of all female veterans in the labor force in 2020 served during the Gulf War-era II period (September 2001 to present). The labor force participation rate among female Gulf War-era II veterans was 68.6 percent, significantly lower than the 80.8 percent participation from their male counterparts. Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for women was 7.2 percent in 2020, similar to the rate of 7.4 percent for men. (See table 35.)**People with disabilities**Of the 15.9 million women with disabilities in 2020, 2.8 million, or 17.5 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over half of women with disabilities (54 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.4 percent, compared with 31.5 percent for those ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among the 14.0 million men with disabilities, 23.8 percent participated in the labor force in 2020. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 10.5 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.6 percent of men ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women, at 13.2 percent, was higher than that for men, at 12.0 percent. These rates were considerably higher than the rates of women and men without a disability (8.2 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)Notes
			
 
 
 1 Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, "Unemployment rises in 2020, as the country battles the COVID-19 pandemic," *Monthly Labor Review*, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2021.12.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Age
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal16 years and older
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,58716 to 19 years
16,567
5,720
34.5
4,695
28.3
1,025
17.9
10,84616 to 17 years
8,764
2,082
23.8
1,718
19.6
364
17.5
6,68218 to 19 years
7,803
3,638
46.6
2,977
38.2
661
18.2
4,16420 to 24 years
20,918
14,487
69.3
12,497
59.7
1,990
13.7
6,43125 to 54 years
126,045
102,630
81.4
95,331
75.6
7,298
7.1
23,41625 to 34 years
44,844
36,506
81.4
33,426
74.5
3,080
8.4
8,33925 to 29 years
22,583
18,332
81.2
16,596
73.5
1,736
9.5
4,25230 to 34 years
22,261
18,174
81.6
16,831
75.6
1,344
7.4
4,08735 to 44 years
41,330
33,983
82.2
31,807
77.0
2,177
6.4
7,34735 to 39 years
21,375
17,608
82.4
16,472
77.1
1,136
6.5
3,76740 to 44 years
19,955
16,376
82.1
15,335
76.8
1,041
6.4
3,58045 to 54 years
39,871
32,141
80.6
30,099
75.5
2,042
6.4
7,73045 to 49 years
19,676
16,171
82.2
15,149
77.0
1,022
6.3
3,50550 to 54 years
20,195
15,969
79.1
14,949
74.0
1,020
6.4
4,22655 to 64 years
42,191
27,293
64.7
25,454
60.3
1,839
6.7
14,89855 to 59 years
21,348
15,399
72.1
14,375
67.3
1,025
6.7
5,94960 to 64 years
20,843
11,894
57.1
11,079
53.2
815
6.8
8,95065 years and older
54,608
10,613
19.4
9,818
18.0
795
7.5
43,99565 to 69 years
17,773
5,864
33.0
5,422
30.5
443
7.5
11,90970 to 74 years
14,615
2,762
18.9
2,549
17.4
213
7.7
11,85475 years and older
22,220
1,987
8.9
1,847
8.3
140
7.0
20,233Women16 years and older
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,86916 to 19 years
8,194
2,861
34.9
2,361
28.8
500
17.5
5,33316 to 17 years
4,364
1,108
25.4
914
20.9
193
17.5
3,25618 to 19 years
3,830
1,753
45.8
1,447
37.8
306
17.5
2,07720 to 24 years
10,470
7,070
67.5
6,096
58.2
974
13.8
3,40025 to 54 years
63,828
47,955
75.1
44,442
69.6
3,513
7.3
15,87325 to 34 years
22,458
16,997
75.7
15,582
69.4
1,416
8.3
5,46025 to 29 years
11,272
8,652
76.8
7,873
69.8
778
9.0
2,62130 to 34 years
11,185
8,346
74.6
7,708
68.9
637
7.6
2,84035 to 44 years
20,987
15,737
75.0
14,687
70.0
1,050
6.7
5,25035 to 39 years
10,830
8,048
74.3
7,496
69.2
552
6.9
2,78240 to 44 years
10,157
7,689
75.7
7,191
70.8
498
6.5
2,46845 to 54 years
20,383
15,220
74.7
14,173
69.5
1,047
6.9
5,16245 to 49 years
10,064
7,649
76.0
7,130
70.8
520
6.8
2,41550 to 54 years
10,318
7,571
73.4
7,043
68.3
528
7.0
2,74755 to 64 years
21,864
12,911
59.1
11,987
54.8
924
7.2
8,95355 to 59 years
10,986
7,312
66.6
6,783
61.7
529
7.2
3,67460 to 64 years
10,878
5,599
51.5
5,204
47.8
394
7.0
5,27965 years and older
30,052
4,742
15.8
4,348
14.5
394
8.3
25,31065 to 69 years
9,436
2,643
28.0
2,432
25.8
211
8.0
6,79370 to 74 years
7,847
1,228
15.6
1,122
14.3
106
8.6
6,62075 years and older
12,768
871
6.8
794
6.2
77
8.8
11,898Men16 years and older
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,71816 to 19 years
8,373
2,859
34.1
2,333
27.9
526
18.4
5,51416 to 17 years
4,400
974
22.1
803
18.3
171
17.5
3,42618 to 19 years
3,973
1,885
47.4
1,530
38.5
355
18.8
2,08820 to 24 years
10,448
7,417
71.0
6,401
61.3
1,016
13.7
3,03225 to 54 years
62,218
54,675
87.9
50,890
81.8
3,785
6.9
7,54325 to 34 years
22,387
19,509
87.1
17,844
79.7
1,664
8.5
2,87825 to 29 years
11,311
9,680
85.6
8,722
77.1
958
9.9
1,63130 to 34 years
11,076
9,829
88.7
9,122
82.4
707
7.2
1,24735 to 44 years
20,343
18,246
89.7
17,120
84.2
1,126
6.2
2,09635 to 39 years
10,544
9,560
90.7
8,976
85.1
583
6.1
98540 to 44 years
9,798
8,687
88.7
8,144
83.1
543
6.3
1,11245 to 54 years
19,488
16,920
86.8
15,926
81.7
995
5.9
2,56845 to 49 years
9,612
8,522
88.7
8,020
83.4
502
5.9
1,09050 to 54 years
9,876
8,398
85.0
7,906
80.0
492
5.9
1,47855 to 64 years
20,327
14,382
70.8
13,467
66.2
916
6.4
5,94555 to 59 years
10,362
8,087
78.0
7,592
73.3
495
6.1
2,27460 to 64 years
9,966
6,295
63.2
5,875
58.9
420
6.7
3,67165 years and older
24,556
5,871
23.9
5,470
22.3
401
6.8
18,68565 to 69 years
8,337
3,221
38.6
2,990
35.9
231
7.2
5,11670 to 74 years
6,768
1,534
22.7
1,427
21.1
107
7.0
5,23475 years and older
9,451
1,116
11.8
1,053
11.1
63
5.7
8,335Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal1948
103,068
60,621
58.8
58,343
56.6
2,276
3.8
42,4471949
103,994
61,286
58.9
57,651
55.4
3,637
5.9
42,7081950
104,995
62,208
59.2
58,918
56.1
3,288
5.3
42,7871951
104,621
62,017
59.2
59,961
57.3
2,055
3.3
42,6041952
105,231
62,138
59.0
60,250
57.3
1,883
3.0
43,0931953
107,056
63,015
58.9
61,179
57.1
1,834
2.9
44,0411954
108,321
63,643
58.8
60,109
55.5
3,532
5.5
44,6781955
109,683
65,023
59.3
62,170
56.7
2,852
4.4
44,6601956
110,954
66,552
60.0
63,799
57.5
2,750
4.1
44,4021957
112,265
66,929
59.6
64,071
57.1
2,859
4.3
45,3361958
113,727
67,639
59.5
63,036
55.4
4,602
6.8
46,0881959
115,329
68,369
59.3
64,630
56.0
3,740
5.5
46,9601960
117,245
69,628
59.4
65,778
56.1
3,852
5.5
47,6171961
118,771
70,459
59.3
65,746
55.4
4,714
6.7
48,3121962
120,153
70,614
58.8
66,702
55.5
3,911
5.5
49,5391963
122,416
71,833
58.7
67,762
55.4
4,070
5.7
50,5831964
124,485
73,091
58.7
69,305
55.7
3,786
5.2
51,3941965
126,513
74,455
58.9
71,088
56.2
3,366
4.5
52,0581966
128,058
75,770
59.2
72,895
56.9
2,875
3.8
52,2881967
129,874
77,347
59.6
74,372
57.3
2,975
3.8
52,5271968
132,028
78,737
59.6
75,920
57.5
2,817
3.6
53,2911969
134,335
80,734
60.1
77,902
58.0
2,832
3.5
53,6021970
137,085
82,771
60.4
78,678
57.4
4,093
4.9
54,3151971
140,216
84,382
60.2
79,367
56.6
5,016
5.9
55,8341972
144,126
87,034
60.4
82,153
57.0
4,882
5.6
57,0911973
147,096
89,429
60.8
85,064
57.8
4,365
4.9
57,6671974
150,120
91,949
61.3
86,794
57.8
5,156
5.6
58,1711975
153,153
93,775
61.2
85,846
56.1
7,929
8.5
59,3781976
156,150
96,158
61.6
88,752
56.8
7,406
7.7
59,9911977
159,033
99,009
62.3
92,017
57.9
6,991
7.1
60,0251978
161,910
102,251
63.2
96,048
59.3
6,202
6.1
59,6591979
164,863
104,962
63.7
98,824
59.9
6,137
5.8
59,9001980
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
59.2
7,637
7.1
60,8061981
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
59.0
8,273
7.6
61,4601982
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,0671983
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,6651984
176,383
113,544
64.4
105,005
59.5
8,539
7.5
62,8391985
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,7441986
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,7521987
182,753
119,865
65.6
112,440
61.5
7,425
6.2
62,8881988
184,613
121,669
65.9
114,968
62.3
6,701
5.5
62,9441989
186,393
123,869
66.5
117,342
63.0
6,528
5.3
62,5231990
189,164
125,840
66.5
118,793
62.8
7,047
5.6
63,3241991
190,925
126,346
66.2
117,718
61.7
8,628
6.8
64,5781992
192,805
128,105
66.4
118,492
61.5
9,613
7.5
64,7001993
194,838
129,200
66.3
120,259
61.7
8,940
6.9
65,6381994
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
62.5
7,996
6.1
65,7581995
198,584
132,304
66.6
124,900
62.9
7,404
5.6
66,2801996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,6471997
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,8371998
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,5471999
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,3852000
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,9942001
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,3592002
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,7072003
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,6582004
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,9562005
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,7622006
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,3872007
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,7432008
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,5012009
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,6592010
237,830
153,889
64.7
139,064
58.5
14,825
9.6
83,9412011
239,618
153,617
64.1
139,869
58.4
13,747
8.9
86,0012012
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,3102013
245,679
155,389
63.2
143,929
58.6
11,460
7.4
90,2902014
247,947
155,922
62.9
146,305
59.0
9,617
6.2
92,0252015
250,801
157,130
62.7
148,834
59.3
8,296
5.3
93,6712016
253,538
159,187
62.8
151,436
59.7
7,751
4.9
94,3512017
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,7592018
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,7162019
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,6362020
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,587Women1948
53,071
17,335
32.7
16,617
31.3
717
4.1
35,7371949
53,670
17,788
33.1
16,723
31.2
1,065
6.0
35,8831950
54,270
18,389
33.9
17,340
32.0
1,049
5.7
35,8811951
54,895
19,016
34.6
18,181
33.1
834
4.4
35,8791952
55,529
19,269
34.7
18,568
33.4
698
3.6
36,2611953
56,305
19,382
34.4
18,749
33.3
632
3.3
36,9241954
56,925
19,678
34.6
18,490
32.5
1,188
6.0
37,2471955
57,574
20,548
35.7
19,551
34.0
998
4.9
37,0261956
58,228
21,461
36.9
20,419
35.1
1,039
4.8
36,7691957
58,951
21,732
36.9
20,714
35.1
1,018
4.7
37,2181958
59,690
22,118
37.1
20,613
34.5
1,504
6.8
37,5741959
60,534
22,483
37.1
21,164
35.0
1,320
5.9
38,0531960
61,582
23,240
37.7
21,874
35.5
1,366
5.9
38,3431961
62,484
23,806
38.1
22,090
35.4
1,717
7.2
38,6791962
63,321
24,014
37.9
22,525
35.6
1,488
6.2
39,3081963
64,494
24,704
38.3
23,105
35.8
1,598
6.5
39,7911964
65,637
25,412
38.7
23,831
36.3
1,581
6.2
40,2251965
66,731
26,200
39.3
24,748
37.1
1,452
5.5
40,5311966
67,795
27,299
40.3
25,976
38.3
1,324
4.8
40,4961967
68,968
28,360
41.1
26,893
39.0
1,468
5.2
40,6081968
70,179
29,204
41.6
27,807
39.6
1,397
4.8
40,9761969
71,436
30,513
42.7
29,084
40.7
1,429
4.7
40,9241970
72,782
31,543
43.3
29,688
40.8
1,855
5.9
41,2391971
74,274
32,202
43.4
29,976
40.4
2,227
6.9
42,0721972
76,290
33,479
43.9
31,257
41.0
2,222
6.6
42,8111973
77,804
34,804
44.7
32,715
42.0
2,089
6.0
43,0001974
79,312
36,211
45.7
33,769
42.6
2,441
6.7
43,1011975
80,860
37,475
46.3
33,989
42.0
3,486
9.3
43,3851976
82,390
38,983
47.3
35,615
43.2
3,369
8.6
43,4061977
83,840
40,613
48.4
37,289
44.5
3,324
8.2
43,2271978
85,334
42,631
50.0
39,569
46.4
3,061
7.2
42,7031979
86,843
44,235
50.9
41,217
47.5
3,018
6.8
42,6081980
88,348
45,487
51.5
42,117
47.7
3,370
7.4
42,8611981
89,618
46,696
52.1
43,000
48.0
3,696
7.9
42,9221982
90,748
47,755
52.6
43,256
47.7
4,499
9.4
42,9931983
91,684
48,503
52.9
44,047
48.0
4,457
9.2
43,1811984
92,778
49,709
53.6
45,915
49.5
3,794
7.6
43,0681985
93,736
51,050
54.5
47,259
50.4
3,791
7.4
42,6861986
94,789
52,413
55.3
48,706
51.4
3,707
7.1
42,3761987
95,853
53,658
56.0
50,334
52.5
3,324
6.2
42,1951988
96,756
54,742
56.6
51,696
53.4
3,046
5.6
42,0141989
97,630
56,030
57.4
53,027
54.3
3,003
5.4
41,6011990
98,787
56,829
57.5
53,689
54.3
3,140
5.5
41,9571991
99,646
57,178
57.4
53,496
53.7
3,683
6.4
42,4681992
100,535
58,141
57.8
54,052
53.8
4,090
7.0
42,3941993
101,506
58,795
57.9
54,910
54.1
3,885
6.6
42,7111994
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
55.3
3,629
6.0
42,2211995
103,406
60,944
58.9
57,523
55.6
3,421
5.6
42,4621996
104,385
61,857
59.3
58,501
56.0
3,356
5.4
42,5281997
105,418
63,036
59.8
59,873
56.8
3,162
5.0
42,3821998
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
57.1
2,944
4.6
42,7481999
108,031
64,855
60.0
62,042
57.4
2,814
4.3
43,1752000
110,613
66,303
59.9
63,586
57.5
2,717
4.1
44,3102001
111,811
66,848
59.8
63,737
57.0
3,111
4.7
44,9622002
112,985
67,363
59.6
63,582
56.3
3,781
5.6
45,6212003
114,733
68,272
59.5
64,404
56.1
3,868
5.7
46,4612004
115,647
68,421
59.2
64,728
56.0
3,694
5.4
47,2252005
116,931
69,288
59.3
65,757
56.2
3,531
5.1
47,6432006
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,0372007
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
3,196
4.5
48,7072008
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
3,891
5.4
48,9082009
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,6462010
122,656
71,904
58.6
65,705
53.6
6,199
8.6
50,7522011
123,300
71,642
58.1
65,579
53.2
6,063
8.5
51,6582012
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
53.1
5,734
7.9
53,2932013
127,124
72,722
57.2
67,577
53.2
5,146
7.1
54,4012014
128,199
73,039
57.0
68,613
53.5
4,426
6.1
55,1592015
129,700
73,510
56.7
69,703
53.7
3,807
5.2
56,1902016
131,040
74,432
56.8
70,868
54.1
3,564
4.8
56,6082017
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,6292018
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,1342019
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,9702020
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,869Men1948
49,996
43,286
86.6
41,725
83.5
1,559
3.6
6,7101949
50,321
43,498
86.4
40,925
81.3
2,572
5.9
6,8251950
50,725
43,819
86.4
41,578
82.0
2,239
5.1
6,9061951
49,727
43,001
86.5
41,780
84.0
1,221
2.8
6,7251952
49,700
42,869
86.3
41,682
83.9
1,185
2.8
6,8321953
50,750
43,633
86.0
42,430
83.6
1,202
2.8
7,1171954
51,395
43,965
85.5
41,619
81.0
2,344
5.3
7,4311955
52,109
44,475
85.4
42,621
81.8
1,854
4.2
7,6341956
52,723
45,091
85.5
43,379
82.3
1,711
3.8
7,6331957
53,315
45,197
84.8
43,357
81.3
1,841
4.1
8,1181958
54,033
45,521
84.2
42,423
78.5
3,098
6.8
8,5141959
54,793
45,886
83.7
43,466
79.3
2,420
5.2
8,9071960
55,662
46,388
83.3
43,904
78.9
2,486
5.4
9,2741961
56,286
46,653
82.9
43,656
77.6
2,997
6.4
9,6331962
56,831
46,600
82.0
44,177
77.7
2,423
5.2
10,2311963
57,921
47,129
81.4
44,657
77.1
2,472
5.2
10,7921964
58,847
47,679
81.0
45,474
77.3
2,205
4.6
11,1691965
59,782
48,255
80.7
46,340
77.5
1,914
4.0
11,5271966
60,262
48,471
80.4
46,919
77.9
1,551
3.2
11,7921967
60,905
48,987
80.4
47,479
78.0
1,508
3.1
11,9191968
61,847
49,533
80.1
48,114
77.8
1,419
2.9
12,3151969
62,898
50,221
79.8
48,818
77.6
1,403
2.8
12,6771970
64,304
51,228
79.7
48,990
76.2
2,238
4.4
13,0761971
65,942
52,180
79.1
49,390
74.9
2,789
5.3
13,7621972
67,835
53,555
78.9
50,896
75.0
2,659
5.0
14,2801973
69,292
54,624
78.8
52,349
75.5
2,275
4.2
14,6671974
70,808
55,739
78.7
53,024
74.9
2,714
4.9
15,0691975
72,291
56,299
77.9
51,857
71.7
4,442
7.9
15,9921976
73,759
57,174
77.5
53,138
72.0
4,036
7.1
16,5851977
75,193
58,396
77.7
54,728
72.8
3,667
6.3
16,7971978
76,576
59,620
77.9
56,479
73.8
3,142
5.3
16,9561979
78,020
60,726
77.8
57,607
73.8
3,120
5.1
17,2931980
79,398
61,453
77.4
57,186
72.0
4,267
6.9
17,9451981
80,511
61,974
77.0
57,397
71.3
4,577
7.4
18,5371982
81,523
62,450
76.6
56,271
69.0
6,179
9.9
19,0731983
82,531
63,047
76.4
56,787
68.8
6,260
9.9
19,4841984
83,605
63,835
76.4
59,091
70.7
4,744
7.4
19,7711985
84,469
64,411
76.3
59,891
70.9
4,521
7.0
20,0581986
85,798
65,422
76.3
60,892
71.0
4,530
6.9
20,3761987
86,899
66,207
76.2
62,107
71.5
4,101
6.2
20,6921988
87,857
66,927
76.2
63,273
72.0
3,655
5.5
20,9301989
88,762
67,840
76.4
64,315
72.5
3,525
5.2
20,9231990
90,377
69,011
76.4
65,104
72.0
3,906
5.7
21,3671991
91,278
69,168
75.8
64,223
70.4
4,946
7.2
22,1101992
92,270
69,964
75.8
64,440
69.8
5,523
7.9
22,3061993
93,332
70,404
75.4
65,349
70.0
5,055
7.2
22,9271994
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
70.4
4,367
6.2
23,5381995
95,178
71,360
75.0
67,377
70.8
3,983
5.6
23,8181996
96,206
72,087
74.9
68,207
70.9
3,880
5.4
24,1191997
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
71.3
3,577
4.9
24,4541998
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
71.6
3,266
4.4
24,7991999
99,722
74,512
74.7
71,446
71.6
3,066
4.1
25,2102000
101,964
76,280
74.8
73,305
71.9
2,975
3.9
25,6842001
103,282
76,886
74.4
73,196
70.9
3,690
4.8
26,3962002
104,585
77,500
74.1
72,903
69.7
4,597
5.9
27,0852003
106,435
78,238
73.5
73,332
68.9
4,906
6.3
28,1972004
107,710
78,980
73.3
74,524
69.2
4,456
5.6
28,7302005
109,151
80,033
73.3
75,973
69.6
4,059
5.1
29,1192006
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,3502007
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
69.8
3,882
4.7
30,0362008
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
68.5
5,033
6.1
30,5932009
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,0132010
115,174
81,985
71.2
73,359
63.7
8,626
10.5
33,1892011
116,317
81,975
70.5
74,290
63.9
7,684
9.4
34,3432012
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
64.4
6,771
8.2
35,0172013
118,555
82,667
69.7
76,353
64.4
6,314
7.6
35,8892014
119,748
82,882
69.2
77,692
64.9
5,190
6.3
36,8652015
121,101
83,620
69.1
79,131
65.3
4,490
5.4
37,4812016
122,497
84,755
69.2
80,568
65.8
4,187
4.9
37,7432017
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,1302018
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,5822019
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,6672020
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,718Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceWhiteTotal, 16 years and older
201,306
124,431
61.8
115,341
57.3
9,090
7.3
76,87516 to 19 years
12,151
4,467
36.8
3,723
30.6
744
16.6
7,68320 to 24 years
15,335
10,951
71.4
9,633
62.8
1,318
12.0
4,38425 to 54 years
94,426
77,804
82.4
72,797
77.1
5,007
6.4
16,62155 to 64 years
33,772
22,278
66.0
20,889
61.9
1,389
6.2
11,49565 years and older
45,623
8,930
19.6
8,298
18.2
633
7.1
36,692Women, 16 years and older
102,850
57,260
55.7
52,895
51.4
4,365
7.6
45,59016 to 19 years
5,978
2,200
36.8
1,847
30.9
353
16.0
3,77820 to 24 years
7,623
5,275
69.2
4,625
60.7
650
12.3
2,34825 to 54 years
47,109
35,580
75.5
33,221
70.5
2,359
6.6
11,52955 to 64 years
17,292
10,307
59.6
9,619
55.6
688
6.7
6,98665 years and older
24,848
3,898
15.7
3,582
14.4
316
8.1
20,950Men, 16 years and older
98,456
67,171
68.2
62,446
63.4
4,725
7.0
31,28516 to 19 years
6,173
2,267
36.7
1,876
30.4
391
17.3
3,90620 to 24 years
7,712
5,676
73.6
5,008
64.9
668
11.8
2,03525 to 54 years
47,317
42,224
89.2
39,577
83.6
2,648
6.3
5,09355 to 64 years
16,480
11,971
72.6
11,270
68.4
701
5.9
4,50965 years and older
20,775
5,032
24.2
4,715
22.7
317
6.3
15,743Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,344
20,177
60.5
17,873
53.6
2,304
11.4
13,16716 to 19 years
2,419
720
29.8
546
22.6
173
24.1
1,69920 to 24 years
3,079
2,005
65.1
1,600
52.0
404
20.2
1,07425 to 54 years
17,404
13,588
78.1
12,205
70.1
1,384
10.2
3,81655 to 64 years
5,140
2,902
56.5
2,652
51.6
250
8.6
2,23865 years and older
5,302
962
18.2
869
16.4
93
9.7
4,339Women, 16 years and older
18,094
10,635
58.8
9,481
52.4
1,155
10.9
7,45916 to 19 years
1,221
397
32.5
305
24.9
93
23.3
82420 to 24 years
1,594
1,018
63.9
824
51.7
195
19.1
57625 to 54 years
9,335
7,123
76.3
6,434
68.9
688
9.7
2,21255 to 64 years
2,809
1,584
56.4
1,450
51.6
134
8.5
1,22565 years and older
3,134
513
16.4
468
14.9
45
8.7
2,621Men, 16 years and older
15,250
9,542
62.6
8,392
55.0
1,150
12.1
5,70816 to 19 years
1,197
322
26.9
242
20.2
81
25.0
87520 to 24 years
1,485
987
66.4
777
52.3
210
21.2
49825 to 54 years
8,069
6,465
80.1
5,770
71.5
695
10.8
1,60455 to 64 years
2,332
1,318
56.5
1,203
51.6
116
8.8
1,01365 years and older
2,167
449
20.7
401
18.5
49
10.8
1,718AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,467
10,331
62.7
9,437
57.3
894
8.7
6,13616 to 19 years
921
177
19.2
151
16.4
26
14.9
74420 to 24 years
1,341
727
54.2
605
45.1
122
16.8
61425 to 54 years
9,342
7,418
79.4
6,867
73.5
551
7.4
1,92455 to 64 years
2,216
1,475
66.6
1,335
60.2
141
9.5
74165 years and older
2,647
534
20.2
480
18.2
53
10.0
2,113Women, 16 years and older
8,759
4,863
55.5
4,396
50.2
467
9.6
3,89616 to 19 years
473
80
16.9
67
14.1
13
16.5
39320 to 24 years
672
382
56.8
321
47.7
61
16.0
29025 to 54 years
4,909
3,458
70.4
3,159
64.3
300
8.7
1,45155 to 64 years
1,197
701
58.5
633
52.8
68
9.7
49665 years and older
1,508
243
16.1
218
14.5
25
10.1
1,265Men, 16 years and older
7,708
5,468
70.9
5,041
65.4
427
7.8
2,24016 to 19 years
448
97
21.7
84
18.7
13
13.6
35120 to 24 years
669
345
51.6
284
42.5
61
17.7
32425 to 54 years
4,433
3,960
89.3
3,709
83.7
251
6.3
47355 to 64 years
1,019
774
76.0
702
68.9
72
9.3
24565 years and older
1,139
291
25.6
262
23.0
29
9.9
847Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
44,182
28,970
65.6
25,952
58.7
3,018
10.4
15,21316 to 19 years
4,017
1,303
32.4
1,026
25.5
277
21.2
2,71420 to 24 years
4,791
3,418
71.3
2,904
60.6
513
15.0
1,37325 to 54 years
25,266
19,880
78.7
18,080
71.6
1,800
9.1
5,38655 to 64 years
5,252
3,417
65.1
3,091
58.9
326
9.5
1,83565 years and older
4,857
952
19.6
850
17.5
102
10.7
3,905Women, 16 years and older
22,201
12,515
56.4
11,095
50.0
1,421
11.4
9,68616 to 19 years
1,986
632
31.8
502
25.3
130
20.5
1,35420 to 24 years
2,380
1,598
67.1
1,336
56.1
261
16.4
78225 to 54 years
12,414
8,408
67.7
7,573
61.0
835
9.9
4,00655 to 64 years
2,686
1,478
55.0
1,332
49.6
145
9.8
1,20865 years and older
2,735
400
14.6
352
12.9
48
12.1
2,335Men, 16 years and older
21,981
16,455
74.9
14,857
67.6
1,598
9.7
5,52716 to 19 years
2,031
671
33.1
524
25.8
147
21.9
1,36020 to 24 years
2,411
1,820
75.5
1,568
65.0
252
13.8
59125 to 54 years
12,852
11,472
89.3
10,507
81.8
965
8.4
1,37955 to 64 years
2,566
1,939
75.6
1,759
68.5
180
9.3
62765 years and older
2,122
552
26.0
499
23.5
54
9.7
1,569Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal16 years and older
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,587Married, spouse present1
129,615
83,543
64.5
78,925
60.9
4,618
5.5
46,072Other marital status2
130,714
77,199
59.1
68,870
52.7
8,330
10.8
53,515Never married
82,285
53,475
65.0
47,136
57.3
6,339
11.9
28,810Widowed, divorced, or separated3
48,429
23,724
49.0
21,734
44.9
1,991
8.4
24,704Widowed
14,898
2,849
19.1
2,611
17.5
237
8.3
12,049Divorced
25,678
15,746
61.3
14,510
56.5
1,236
7.8
9,932Separated3
7,853
5,130
65.3
4,612
58.7
517
10.1
2,723Women16 years and older
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,869Married, spouse present1
64,680
37,157
57.4
34,809
53.8
2,347
6.3
27,523Other marital status2
69,727
38,382
55.0
34,425
49.4
3,957
10.3
31,345Never married
38,984
24,749
63.5
21,936
56.3
2,813
11.4
14,235Widowed, divorced, or separated3
30,743
13,633
44.3
12,489
40.6
1,143
8.4
17,110Widowed
11,483
2,052
17.9
1,872
16.3
180
8.8
9,431Divorced
14,919
8,904
59.7
8,225
55.1
679
7.6
6,015Separated3
4,340
2,677
61.7
2,392
55.1
285
10.6
1,663Men16 years and older
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,718Married, spouse present1
64,935
46,386
71.4
44,116
67.9
2,271
4.9
18,549Other marital status2
60,987
38,818
63.6
34,445
56.5
4,373
11.3
22,169Never married
43,301
28,726
66.3
25,201
58.2
3,526
12.3
14,575Widowed, divorced, or separated3
17,686
10,091
57.1
9,244
52.3
847
8.4
7,594Widowed
3,414
797
23.3
739
21.7
57
7.2
2,618Divorced
10,759
6,842
63.6
6,285
58.4
557
8.1
3,917Separated3
3,512
2,453
69.8
2,220
63.2
233
9.5
1,0591Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
2Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.
3Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotalWomen, 16 years and older
134,119
76,538
57.1
72,727
54.2
3,811
5.0
57,581With children under 18 years old
33,983
24,623
72.5
23,391
68.8
1,232
5.0
9,360With children 6 to 17, none younger
19,079
14,575
76.4
13,899
72.8
676
4.6
4,505With children under 6 years old
14,904
10,048
67.4
9,492
63.7
556
5.5
4,855With children under 3 years old
8,425
5,526
65.6
5,248
62.3
277
5.0
2,900With no children under 18 years old
100,136
51,915
51.8
49,336
49.3
2,579
5.0
48,221Men, 16 years and older
125,638
85,249
67.9
80,581
64.1
4,667
5.5
40,389With children under 18 years old
26,877
25,018
93.1
24,027
89.4
991
4.0
1,859With children 6 to 17, none younger
15,122
13,907
92.0
13,362
88.4
544
3.9
1,216With children under 6 years old
11,754
11,111
94.5
10,665
90.7
446
4.0
643With children under 3 years old
6,754
6,395
94.7
6,158
91.2
237
3.7
359With no children under 18 years old
98,762
60,231
61.0
56,554
57.3
3,677
6.1
38,530WhiteWomen, 16 years and older
102,712
58,096
56.6
55,600
54.1
2,496
4.3
44,616With children under 18 years old
25,297
18,291
72.3
17,453
69.0
838
4.6
7,007With children 6 to 17, none younger
14,280
10,920
76.5
10,436
73.1
485
4.4
3,360With children under 6 years old
11,017
7,370
66.9
7,017
63.7
353
4.8
3,647With children under 3 years old
6,235
4,090
65.6
3,933
63.1
157
3.8
2,145With no children under 18 years old
77,415
39,805
51.4
38,147
49.3
1,658
4.2
37,610Men, 16 years and older
98,480
67,478
68.5
64,211
65.2
3,267
4.8
31,002With children under 18 years old
21,245
19,999
94.1
19,253
90.6
746
3.7
1,246With children 6 to 17, none younger
11,971
11,162
93.2
10,744
89.7
418
3.7
809With children under 6 years old
9,274
8,837
95.3
8,509
91.8
328
3.7
436With children under 3 years old
5,361
5,118
95.5
4,952
92.4
166
3.3
243With no children under 18 years old
77,236
47,480
61.5
44,958
58.2
2,521
5.3
29,756Black or African AmericanWomen, 16 years and older
18,038
10,699
59.3
9,887
54.8
812
7.6
7,340With children under 18 years old
4,748
3,647
76.8
3,398
71.6
249
6.8
1,100With children 6 to 17, none younger
2,579
2,053
79.6
1,938
75.1
116
5.6
526With children under 6 years old
2,168
1,594
73.5
1,461
67.4
133
8.4
574With children under 3 years old
1,182
820
69.3
735
62.2
84
10.3
363With no children under 18 years old
13,291
7,051
53.1
6,488
48.8
563
8.0
6,239Men, 16 years and older
15,194
9,356
61.6
8,453
55.6
903
9.7
5,838With children under 18 years old
2,516
2,165
86.0
2,028
80.6
137
6.3
351With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,390
1,167
84.0
1,107
79.7
60
5.2
222With children under 6 years old
1,126
997
88.6
920
81.7
77
7.7
129With children under 3 years old
608
541
89.1
502
82.6
39
7.3
66With no children under 18 years old
12,678
7,192
56.7
6,425
50.7
766
10.7
5,487AsianWomen, 16 years and older
8,696
4,886
56.2
4,635
53.3
250
5.1
3,810With children under 18 years old
2,645
1,737
65.7
1,666
63.0
71
4.1
908With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,499
1,053
70.2
1,010
67.4
43
4.1
447With children under 6 years old
1,145
684
59.7
656
57.3
28
4.2
461With children under 3 years old
637
377
59.2
360
56.6
16
4.3
260With no children under 18 years old
6,051
3,149
52.0
2,970
49.1
179
5.7
2,903Men, 16 years and older
7,717
5,549
71.9
5,270
68.3
279
5.0
2,168With children under 18 years old
2,282
2,139
93.8
2,068
90.7
71
3.3
142With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,293
1,194
92.3
1,150
88.9
44
3.7
99With children under 6 years old
988
945
95.6
918
92.9
27
2.9
43With children under 3 years old
558
533
95.6
509
91.4
23
4.4
25With no children under 18 years old
5,435
3,409
62.7
3,201
58.9
208
6.1
2,026Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWomen, 16 years and older
22,051
12,819
58.1
11,855
53.8
964
7.5
9,232With children under 18 years old
7,536
4,862
64.5
4,506
59.8
357
7.3
2,674With children 6 to 17, none younger
4,234
2,928
69.2
2,756
65.1
173
5.9
1,306With children under 6 years old
3,302
1,934
58.6
1,750
53.0
184
9.5
1,368With children under 3 years old
1,791
995
55.5
930
51.9
65
6.6
796With no children under 18 years old
14,515
7,957
54.8
7,350
50.6
607
7.6
6,558Men, 16 years and older
21,837
16,301
74.6
15,151
69.4
1,151
7.1
5,536With children under 18 years old
5,461
5,087
93.1
4,810
88.1
277
5.4
374With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,127
2,870
91.8
2,715
86.8
155
5.4
257With children under 6 years old
2,334
2,216
95.0
2,095
89.8
122
5.5
117With children under 3 years old
1,242
1,182
95.1
1,128
90.8
54
4.6
60With no children under 18 years old
16,376
11,214
68.5
10,341
63.1
874
7.8
5,162Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Not in labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of population
Total
Percentage of labor forceTotal, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
134,119
76,538
57.1
72,727
54.2
3,811
5.0
57,581With children under 18 years old
33,983
24,623
72.5
23,391
68.8
1,232
5.0
9,360With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
19,079
14,575
76.4
13,899
72.8
676
4.6
4,505With children under 6 years old
14,904
10,048
67.4
9,492
63.7
556
5.5
4,855With children under 3 years old
8,425
5,526
65.6
5,248
62.3
277
5.0
2,900With no children under 18 years old
100,136
51,915
51.8
49,336
49.3
2,579
5.0
48,221Total, married, spouse present1Total women, 16 years and older
64,851
37,863
58.4
36,545
56.4
1,318
3.5
26,989With children under 18 years old
24,479
17,241
70.4
16,555
67.6
687
4.0
7,238With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
13,441
10,017
74.5
9,630
71.6
387
3.9
3,424With children under 6 years old
11,038
7,225
65.4
6,925
62.7
300
4.1
3,814With children under 3 years old
6,384
4,132
64.7
3,966
62.1
166
4.0
2,252With no children under 18 years old
40,372
20,621
51.1
19,990
49.5
631
3.1
19,751Total, other marital statuses2Total women, 16 years and older
69,268
38,675
55.8
36,182
52.2
2,494
6.4
30,592With children under 18 years old
9,504
7,382
77.7
6,836
71.9
546
7.4
2,122With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
5,638
4,558
80.8
4,269
75.7
289
6.3
1,080With children under 6 years old
3,865
2,824
73.1
2,568
66.4
256
9.1
1,042With children under 3 years old
2,041
1,394
68.3
1,282
62.8
112
8.0
647With no children under 18 years old
59,764
31,294
52.4
29,346
49.1
1,948
6.2
28,470White, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
102,712
58,096
56.6
55,600
54.1
2,496
4.3
44,616With children under 18 years old
25,297
18,291
72.3
17,453
69.0
838
4.6
7,007With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
14,280
10,920
76.5
10,436
73.1
485
4.4
3,360With children under 6 years old
11,017
7,370
66.9
7,017
63.7
353
4.8
3,647With children under 3 years old
6,235
4,090
65.6
3,933
63.1
157
3.8
2,145With no children under 18 years old
77,415
39,805
51.4
38,147
49.3
1,658
4.2
37,610White, married, spouse present1Total women, 16 years and older
53,067
30,701
57.9
29,748
56.1
953
3.1
22,366With children under 18 years old
19,292
13,636
70.7
13,114
68.0
523
3.8
5,656With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
10,585
7,933
74.9
7,629
72.1
304
3.8
2,652With children under 6 years old
8,707
5,703
65.5
5,485
63.0
218
3.8
3,004With children under 3 years old
5,063
3,315
65.5
3,196
63.1
118
3.6
1,748With no children under 18 years old
33,775
17,064
50.5
16,634
49.2
430
2.5
16,710White, other marital statuses2Total women, 16 years and older
49,645
27,395
55.2
25,852
52.1
1,543
5.6
22,250With children under 18 years old
6,005
4,654
77.5
4,339
72.3
315
6.8
1,351With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
3,695
2,987
80.8
2,806
76.0
181
6.1
708With children under 6 years old
2,310
1,667
72.2
1,532
66.3
135
8.1
643With children under 3 years old
1,172
775
66.2
737
62.9
39
5.0
397With no children under 18 years old
43,640
22,741
52.1
21,514
49.3
1,228
5.4
20,899Black or African American, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
18,038
10,699
59.3
9,887
54.8
812
7.6
7,340With children under 18 years old
4,748
3,647
76.8
3,398
71.6
249
6.8
1,100With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,579
2,053
79.6
1,938
75.1
116
5.6
526With children under 6 years old
2,168
1,594
73.5
1,461
67.4
133
8.4
574With children under 3 years old
1,182
820
69.3
735
62.2
84
10.3
363With no children under 18 years old
13,291
7,051
53.1
6,488
48.8
563
8.0
6,239Black or African American, married, spouse present1Total women, 16 years and older
4,931
3,073
62.3
2,926
59.3
147
4.8
1,858With children under 18 years old
1,980
1,488
75.2
1,421
71.8
67
4.5
491With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,031
814
78.9
780
75.6
34
4.2
217With children under 6 years old
949
675
71.1
641
67.6
34
5.0
274With children under 3 years old
530
344
64.8
323
60.9
21
6.0
187With no children under 18 years old
2,951
1,585
53.7
1,505
51.0
80
5.0
1,366Black or African American, other marital statuses2Total women, 16 years and older
13,107
7,625
58.2
6,961
53.1
665
8.7
5,482With children under 18 years old
2,768
2,159
78.0
1,977
71.4
182
8.4
609With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,548
1,240
80.1
1,158
74.8
82
6.6
309With children under 6 years old
1,220
919
75.4
820
67.2
100
10.8
301With children under 3 years old
652
476
73.0
413
63.2
63
13.3
176With no children under 18 years old
10,339
5,466
52.9
4,983
48.2
483
8.8
4,873Asian, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
8,696
4,886
56.2
4,635
53.3
250
5.1
3,810With children under 18 years old
2,645
1,737
65.7
1,666
63.0
71
4.1
908With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,499
1,053
70.2
1,010
67.4
43
4.1
447With children under 6 years old
1,145
684
59.7
656
57.3
28
4.2
461With children under 3 years old
637
377
59.2
360
56.6
16
4.3
260With no children under 18 years old
6,051
3,149
52.0
2,970
49.1
179
5.7
2,903Asian, married, spouse present1Total women, 16 years and older
5,171
2,996
57.9
2,848
55.1
148
4.9
2,175With children under 18 years old
2,394
1,536
64.2
1,476
61.6
60
3.9
858With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,346
922
68.5
886
65.8
36
3.9
424With children under 6 years old
1,048
614
58.5
590
56.3
24
3.9
435With children under 3 years old
583
340
58.3
324
55.5
16
4.8
243With no children under 18 years old
2,777
1,460
52.6
1,372
49.4
87
6.0
1,317Asian, other marital statuses2Total women, 16 years and older
3,525
1,890
53.6
1,787
50.7
103
5.4
1,635With children under 18 years old
251
201
80.2
190
75.8
11
5.5
50With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
154
131
85.0
124
80.7
7
5.0
23With children under 6 years old
97
70
72.6
66
68.0
4
6.3
26With children under 3 years old
54
37
68.2
37
68.2
-
-
17With no children under 18 years old
3,275
1,689
51.6
1,597
48.8
92
5.4
1,586Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statusesTotal women, 16 years and older
22,051
12,819
58.1
11,855
53.8
964
7.5
9,232With children under 18 years old
7,536
4,862
64.5
4,506
59.8
357
7.3
2,674With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
4,234
2,928
69.2
2,756
65.1
173
5.9
1,306With children under 6 years old
3,302
1,934
58.6
1,750
53.0
184
9.5
1,368With children under 3 years old
1,791
995
55.5
930
51.9
65
6.6
796With no children under 18 years old
14,515
7,957
54.8
7,350
50.6
607
7.6
6,558Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present1Total women, 16 years and older
9,635
5,381
55.8
5,059
52.5
322
6.0
4,255With children under 18 years old
4,978
2,909
58.4
2,722
54.7
188
6.5
2,069With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
2,759
1,743
63.2
1,642
59.5
102
5.8
1,016With children under 6 years old
2,219
1,166
52.5
1,080
48.7
86
7.4
1,053With children under 3 years old
1,220
629
51.6
589
48.3
41
6.4
590With no children under 18 years old
4,657
2,471
53.1
2,337
50.2
134
5.4
2,186Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses2Total women, 16 years and older
12,416
7,439
59.9
6,796
54.7
642
8.6
4,977With children under 18 years old
2,558
1,953
76.4
1,784
69.7
169
8.7
605With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1,475
1,185
80.3
1,114
75.5
71
6.0
290With children under 6 years old
1,083
768
70.9
670
61.9
98
12.7
315With children under 3 years old
572
366
63.9
341
59.6
25
6.8
206With no children under 18 years old
9,858
5,486
55.6
5,012
50.8
473
8.6
4,3721 Beginning with ASEC data for 2019, includes women in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2019, included only women in opposite-sex marriages.
2 Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Year
Civilian labor forceTotal
Percentage of population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentage of labor forceWith children under age 181975
14,616
47.4
13,069
1,548
11.01976
15,073
48.8
13,725
1,346
8.91977
15,669
50.8
14,276
1,393
8.91978
16,385
53.0
15,142
1,242
7.61979
16,883
54.5
15,624
1,259
7.71980
17,790
56.6
16,526
1,264
7.11981
18,422
58.1
16,952
1,471
8.01982
18,744
58.5
16,854
1,890
10.11983
18,924
58.9
16,792
2,131
11.31984
19,555
60.5
17,782
1,773
9.11985
20,041
62.1
18,306
1,735
8.71986
20,620
62.8
18,922
1,698
8.21987
21,422
64.7
19,798
1,624
7.61988
21,545
65.1
20,141
1,404
6.51989
21,936
65.7
20,647
1,289
5.91990
22,196
66.7
20,865
1,331
6.01991
22,327
66.6
20,774
1,552
7.01992
22,756
67.2
21,052
1,704
7.51993
23,063
66.9
21,521
1,541
6.71994
24,191
68.4
22,467
1,724
7.11995
24,695
69.7
23,195
1,500
6.11996
24,720
70.2
23,386
1,334
5.41997
25,604
72.1
24,082
1,522
5.91998
25,647
72.3
24,209
1,438
5.61999
25,472
72.1
24,307
1,165
4.62000
25,795
72.9
24,693
1,102
4.32001
26,269
72.7
25,030
1,239
4.72002
26,140
72.2
24,612
1,529
5.82003
26,202
71.7
24,598
1,603
6.12004
25,913
70.7
24,413
1,501
5.82005
25,941
70.5
24,564
1,377
5.32006
26,009
70.6
24,728
1,281
4.92007
26,834
71.3
25,646
1,188
4.42008
25,930
71.2
24,637
1,294
5.02009
26,122
71.6
24,079
2,043
7.82010
25,783
71.3
23,510
2,273
8.82011
25,376
70.9
23,109
2,266
8.92012
25,384
70.9
23,366
2,018
7.92013
25,112
70.3
23,121
1,991
7.92014
25,209
70.8
23,542
1,667
6.62015
25,107
69.9
23,841
1,265
5.02016
25,070
70.8
23,877
1,193
4.82017
24,863
71.3
23,748
1,114
4.52018
24,802
71.4
23,849
953
3.82019
24,892
72.4
24,038
854
3.42020
24,623
72.5
23,391
1,232
5.0With children ages 6 to 17, none younger1975
8,917
54.9
8,218
700
7.91976
9,388
56.2
8,769
621
6.61977
10,040
58.3
9,389
650
6.51978
10,401
60.0
9,845
556
5.31979
10,646
61.6
10,030
615
5.81980
11,252
64.3
10,640
612
5.41981
11,490
65.5
10,725
765
6.71982
11,377
65.8
10,440
936
8.21983
11,340
66.3
10,303
1,037
9.11984
11,538
68.1
10,739
799
6.91985
11,826
69.9
10,984
842
7.11986
12,075
70.4
11,320
756
6.31987
12,438
72.0
11,661
778
6.31988
12,683
73.3
12,042
641
5.11989
12,800
74.2
12,168
632
4.91990
12,799
74.7
12,133
666
5.21991
12,691
74.4
12,017
674
5.31992
13,183
75.9
12,391
793
6.01993
13,441
75.4
12,757
684
5.11994
13,863
76.0
13,074
789
5.71995
14,300
76.4
13,608
691
4.81996
14,427
77.2
13,794
633
4.41997
14,993
78.1
14,282
711
4.71998
15,028
78.4
14,370
658
4.41999
15,150
78.5
14,633
516
3.42000
15,479
79.0
14,931
549
3.52001
15,839
79.4
15,220
619
3.92002
15,948
78.6
15,171
777
4.92003
15,993
78.7
15,166
828
5.22004
15,782
77.5
15,006
776
4.92005
15,594
76.9
14,930
663
4.32006
15,579
76.9
14,949
630
4.02007
15,940
77.7
15,341
599
3.82008
15,479
77.5
14,842
636
4.12009
15,625
78.2
14,562
1,063
6.82010
15,247
77.2
14,058
1,189
7.82011
14,973
76.5
13,842
1,131
7.62012
14,922
76.0
13,908
1,014
6.82013
14,941
74.8
13,909
1,032
6.92014
15,227
75.8
14,389
838
5.52015
15,059
74.6
14,437
622
4.12016
15,135
75.0
14,519
616
4.12017
15,080
76.0
14,481
599
4.02018
15,053
76.5
14,544
508
3.42019
14,972
77.0
14,526
446
3.02020
14,575
76.4
13,899
676
4.6With children under age 61975
5,699
39.0
4,851
848
14.91976
5,684
40.1
4,957
727
12.81977
5,629
41.2
4,887
742
13.21978
5,983
44.0
5,297
687
11.51979
6,238
45.7
5,594
644
10.31980
6,538
46.8
5,886
652
10.01981
6,933
48.9
6,227
706
10.21982
7,367
49.9
6,414
953
12.91983
7,583
50.5
6,489
1,094
14.41984
8,017
52.1
7,043
974
12.11985
8,215
53.5
7,322
893
10.91986
8,545
54.4
7,602
943
11.01987
8,983
56.7
8,137
846
9.41988
8,862
56.1
8,099
763
8.61989
9,136
56.7
8,478
657
7.21990
9,397
58.2
8,732
664
7.11991
9,636
58.4
8,758
878
9.11992
9,573
58.0
8,662
911
9.51993
9,621
57.9
8,764
857
8.91994
10,328
60.3
9,394
935
9.01995
10,395
62.3
9,587
809
7.81996
10,293
62.3
9,592
701
6.81997
10,610
65.0
9,800
810
7.61998
10,619
65.2
9,839
780
7.31999
10,322
64.4
9,674
648
6.32000
10,316
65.3
9,763
553
5.42001
10,430
64.4
9,810
620
5.92002
10,193
64.1
9,441
752
7.42003
10,209
62.9
9,433
776
7.62004
10,131
62.2
9,407
724
7.12005
10,347
62.6
9,634
714
6.92006
10,430
63.0
9,779
651
6.22007
10,894
63.5
10,305
589
5.42008
10,452
63.6
9,794
657
6.32009
10,497
63.6
9,517
980
9.32010
10,536
64.2
9,452
1,085
10.32011
10,403
64.2
9,268
1,135
10.92012
10,462
64.7
9,458
1,004
9.62013
10,171
64.7
9,212
958
9.42014
9,982
64.3
9,153
829
8.32015
10,048
63.9
9,405
643
6.42016
9,934
65.3
9,358
576
5.82017
9,783
65.1
9,268
515
5.32018
9,749
64.7
9,304
445
4.62019
9,920
66.4
9,513
407
4.12020
10,048
67.4
9,492
556
5.5With children under age 31975
2,824
34.3
2,326
500
17.71976
2,702
34.1
2,285
418
15.51977
2,795
35.4
2,371
424
15.21978
3,179
39.4
2,768
411
12.91979
3,380
41.1
2,979
401
11.91980
3,565
41.9
3,167
398
11.21981
3,826
44.3
3,380
446
11.71982
4,133
45.6
3,542
591
14.31983
4,233
46.0
3,551
682
16.11984
4,401
47.6
3,839
562
12.81985
4,601
49.5
4,089
513
11.11986
4,786
50.8
4,227
559
11.71987
5,064
52.9
4,570
494
9.81988
4,947
52.4
4,477
470
9.51989
5,053
52.4
4,671
381
7.51990
5,216
53.6
4,823
393
7.51991
5,417
54.5
4,868
550
10.11992
5,329
54.5
4,776
553
10.41993
5,349
53.9
4,857
492
9.21994
5,724
57.1
5,165
559
9.81995
5,650
58.7
5,172
478
8.51996
5,619
59.0
5,222
397
7.11997
5,839
61.8
5,366
473
8.11998
5,882
62.2
5,454
428
7.31999
5,645
60.7
5,285
359
6.42000
5,670
61.0
5,350
320
5.62001
5,743
60.7
5,350
393
6.82002
5,600
60.5
5,160
440
7.92003
5,568
58.7
5,112
456
8.22004
5,401
57.3
4,983
417
7.72005
5,704
58.9
5,299
405
7.12006
5,842
59.9
5,458
384
6.62007
6,006
60.1
5,679
327
5.52008
5,754
59.6
5,380
374
6.52009
5,960
61.1
5,401
559
9.42010
5,878
61.1
5,240
638
10.92011
5,639
60.9
5,006
633
11.22012
5,529
60.7
4,960
569
10.32013
5,448
62.1
4,937
511
9.42014
5,358
61.8
4,870
487
9.12015
5,494
61.4
5,119
375
6.82016
5,486
63.1
5,165
322
5.92017
5,449
63.1
5,153
296
5.42018
5,236
62.0
4,998
239
4.62019
5,439
63.8
5,220
218
4.02020
5,526
65.6
5,248
277
5.0With no children under age 181975
22,365
45.1
20,381
1,984
8.91976
23,327
45.7
21,389
1,938
8.31977
24,385
46.4
22,348
2,037
8.41978
25,362
47.0
23,631
1,731
6.81979
26,962
48.6
25,285
1,677
6.21980
27,144
48.1
25,375
1,769
6.51981
27,992
48.7
25,934
2,059
7.41982
28,351
48.6
26,041
2,311
8.21983
28,856
48.7
26,373
2,483
8.61984
29,684
49.3
27,652
2,032
6.81985
30,850
50.4
28,814
2,036
6.61986
31,112
50.5
29,107
2,005
6.41987
31,538
50.5
29,688
1,850
5.91988
32,490
51.2
30,911
1,580
4.91989
33,255
51.9
31,761
1,495
4.51990
33,942
52.3
32,391
1,551
4.61991
34,047
52.0
32,167
1,880
5.51992
34,487
52.3
32,481
2,006
5.81993
34,495
52.1
32,476
2,020
5.91994
35,455
53.1
33,345
2,110
6.01995
35,843
52.9
34,054
1,789
5.01996
36,509
53.0
34,698
1,811
5.01997
37,295
53.6
35,572
1,723
4.61998
38,253
54.1
36,680
1,573
4.11999
39,314
54.3
37,587
1,727
4.42000
40,142
54.8
38,408
1,733
4.32001
40,996
54.4
39,363
1,633
4.02002
41,278
54.0
39,038
2,241
5.42003
42,039
54.1
39,667
2,372
5.62004
42,289
53.8
40,000
2,289
5.42005
42,677
53.5
40,570
2,107
4.92006
43,392
53.6
41,440
1,952
4.52007
44,039
53.9
42,279
1,760
4.02008
45,585
54.3
43,417
2,168
4.82009
45,649
53.8
42,343
3,306
7.22010
46,098
53.5
42,256
3,842
8.32011
46,198
53.0
42,569
3,629
7.92012
47,222
52.6
43,494
3,728
7.92013
47,607
52.3
44,294
3,313
7.02014
48,076
52.1
44,980
3,096
6.42015
48,273
51.7
45,794
2,479
5.12016
49,663
52.1
47,180
2,484
5.02017
50,675
52.5
48,541
2,134
4.22018
51,227
52.3
49,247
1,980
3.92019
52,068
52.5
50,244
1,824
3.52020
51,915
51.8
49,336
2,579
5.0Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not in laborforceTotal
Percentageof population
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof laborforceTotalTotal, 25 to 64 years
168,236
129,923
77.2
120,785
71.8
9,138
7.0
38,314Less than a high school diploma
13,833
8,254
59.7
7,284
52.7
970
11.8
5,579High school graduates, no college
45,060
32,121
71.3
29,204
64.8
2,917
9.1
12,939Some college or associate's degree
43,505
33,635
77.3
31,034
71.3
2,601
7.7
9,871Bachelor's degree and higher
65,837
55,913
84.9
53,263
80.9
2,650
4.7
9,924Bachelor's degree
41,888
34,929
83.4
33,018
78.8
1,911
5.5
6,959Advanced degree
23,949
20,984
87.6
20,245
84.5
739
3.5
2,965Master's degree
18,035
15,653
86.8
15,052
83.5
601
3.8
2,382Professional degree
2,530
2,250
88.9
2,183
86.3
67
3.0
280Doctoral degree
3,384
3,081
91.0
3,010
88.9
71
2.3
303WomenTotal, 25 to 64 years
85,691
60,865
71.0
56,429
65.9
4,437
7.3
24,826Less than a high school diploma
6,381
2,917
45.7
2,513
39.4
404
13.8
3,465High school graduates, no college
20,649
12,818
62.1
11,567
56.0
1,251
9.8
7,831Some college or associate's degree
22,849
16,420
71.9
15,076
66.0
1,344
8.2
6,429Bachelor's degree and higher
35,811
28,711
80.2
27,273
76.2
1,438
5.0
7,101Bachelor's degree
22,570
17,563
77.8
16,520
73.2
1,043
5.9
5,007Advanced degree
13,242
11,148
84.2
10,752
81.2
395
3.5
2,094Master's degree
10,469
8,734
83.4
8,401
80.2
334
3.8
1,734Professional degree
1,163
982
84.5
953
81.9
30
3.0
180Doctoral degree
1,610
1,431
88.8
1,399
86.9
31
2.2
180MenTotal, 25 to 64 years
82,545
69,057
83.7
64,356
78.0
4,701
6.8
13,488Less than a high school diploma
7,452
5,337
71.6
4,771
64.0
566
10.6
2,115High school graduates, no college
24,411
19,303
79.1
17,637
72.2
1,667
8.6
5,108Some college or associate's degree
20,656
17,214
83.3
15,958
77.3
1,256
7.3
3,442Bachelor's degree and higher
30,026
27,202
90.6
25,990
86.6
1,212
4.5
2,823Bachelor's degree
19,318
17,366
89.9
16,498
85.4
868
5.0
1,952Advanced degree
10,708
9,836
91.9
9,492
88.7
344
3.5
871Master's degree
7,566
6,919
91.4
6,651
87.9
268
3.9
648Professional degree
1,368
1,268
92.7
1,231
90.0
37
2.9
100Doctoral degree
1,774
1,650
93.0
1,611
90.8
39
2.4
124Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
High school
CollegeLess than 4 years
4 years, no college
1 to 3 years
4 years or moreTotal1970
61,765
100.0
36.1
38.1
11.8
14.11971
62,344
100.0
34.5
38.4
12.3
14.81972
63,704
100.0
33.3
38.8
12.4
15.51973
64,775
100.0
30.9
39.7
13.0
16.41974
66,527
100.0
29.3
39.5
13.7
17.51975
67,774
100.0
27.5
39.7
14.4
18.31976
69,243
100.0
25.8
39.6
15.2
19.41977
71,324
100.0
24.9
39.2
15.7
20.21978
73,504
100.0
23.7
39.2
16.5
20.61979
75,781
100.0
21.8
39.5
17.3
21.31980
78,010
100.0
20.6
39.8
17.6
22.01981
80,273
100.0
19.7
40.6
17.7
22.01982
81,516
100.0
18.8
40.8
17.3
23.11983
83,615
100.0
17.8
39.9
18.1
24.21984
86,001
100.0
16.7
40.2
18.4
24.71985
88,424
100.0
15.9
40.2
19.0
24.91986
90,500
100.0
15.5
40.2
19.5
24.81987
92,966
100.0
14.9
40.2
19.7
25.31988
94,870
100.0
14.7
39.9
19.7
25.71989
97,318
100.0
14.0
39.6
20.0
26.41990
99,175
100.0
13.4
39.5
20.7
26.41991
100,480
100.0
13.0
39.4
21.1
26.5Women1970
22,462
100.0
33.5
44.3
10.9
11.21971
22,804
100.0
32.2
44.2
11.9
11.81972
23,606
100.0
30.7
45.1
11.8
12.41973
24,158
100.0
28.4
45.9
12.4
13.31974
25,203
100.0
26.7
45.3
13.4
14.61975
26,146
100.0
26.5
45.5
13.9
14.11976
27,166
100.0
24.0
45.1
14.7
16.21977
28,369
100.0
22.8
45.1
15.2
16.91978
29,738
100.0
22.0
44.9
16.1
17.01979
31,151
100.0
20.1
45.0
17.1
17.81980
32,593
100.0
18.4
45.4
17.4
18.71981
33,910
100.0
17.4
46.1
17.9
18.61982
34,870
100.0
16.6
45.6
18.3
19.51983
35,712
100.0
15.6
44.8
18.8
20.91984
37,234
100.0
14.5
44.9
18.9
21.71985
38,779
100.0
13.7
44.4
19.9
22.01986
39,767
100.0
13.2
44.3
20.3
22.21987
41,105
100.0
12.5
44.0
20.7
22.81988
42,254
100.0
12.4
43.3
21.2
23.11989
43,650
100.0
11.9
42.9
20.9
24.31990
44,699
100.0
11.3
42.4
21.9
24.51991
45,315
100.0
10.9
41.6
22.2
25.2Men1970
39,303
100.0
37.5
34.5
12.2
15.71971
39,539
100.0
35.9
35.1
12.5
16.51972
40,098
100.0
34.8
35.1
12.8
17.31973
40,617
100.0
32.4
36.0
13.4
18.21974
41,344
100.0
30.8
36.0
13.9
19.31975
41,628
100.0
28.9
36.1
14.8
20.21976
42,077
100.0
27.0
36.0
15.5
21.51977
42,954
100.0
26.3
35.3
16.1
22.31978
43,766
100.0
24.8
35.3
16.9
23.01979
44,630
100.0
23.0
35.7
17.5
23.81980
45,417
100.0
22.2
35.7
17.7
24.31981
46,363
100.0
21.5
36.5
17.4
24.61982
47,144
100.0
20.3
36.8
17.5
25.51983
47,903
100.0
19.4
36.3
17.7
26.61984
48,767
100.0
18.4
36.7
18.0
26.91985
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
27.11986
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
26.91987
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
27.21988
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
27.81989
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
28.21990
54,476
100.0
15.1
37.2
19.7
28.01991
55,165
100.0
14.7
37.5
20.2
27.6Note: Data from 1970–91 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020
Year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Percent distributionTotal
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college1
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree and higher2Total1992
103,018
100.0
12.1
35.7
25.6
26.61993
104,237
100.0
11.3
35.1
26.6
27.01994
105,610
100.0
10.8
33.9
27.7
27.61995
107,032
100.0
10.4
33.2
28.1
28.31996
108,932
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.8
28.71997
110,945
100.0
10.6
32.9
27.5
29.01998
111,932
100.0
10.5
32.4
27.4
29.81999
113,095
100.0
10.0
31.8
27.6
30.52000
115,750
100.0
10.1
31.4
27.8
30.72001
116,893
100.0
10.1
30.9
28.0
31.02002
118,028
100.0
10.0
30.7
27.7
31.62003
119,621
100.0
9.9
30.3
27.6
32.12004
120,135
100.0
9.7
30.1
27.7
32.42005
121,752
100.0
9.8
29.9
27.8
32.52006
123,550
100.0
9.7
29.6
27.7
33.02007
125,104
100.0
9.3
29.2
27.7
33.82008
126,011
100.0
9.0
28.8
28.0
34.22009
126,247
100.0
9.0
28.6
28.0
34.42010
126,237
100.0
8.9
28.6
27.9
34.62011
125,508
100.0
8.7
28.0
28.0
35.32012
125,963
100.0
8.4
27.4
28.2
36.02013
125,892
100.0
8.2
27.1
28.0
36.72014
126,269
100.0
8.0
26.7
27.9
37.32015
127,106
100.0
8.1
25.9
27.7
38.22016
128,713
100.0
7.8
25.9
27.6
38.72017
129,582
100.0
7.4
25.8
27.2
39.52018
131,058
100.0
7.3
25.6
26.7
40.42019
131,783
100.0
7.0
25.4
26.3
41.22020
129,923
100.0
6.4
24.7
25.9
43.0Women1992
46,589
100.0
10.3
37.4
27.3
25.01993
47,245
100.0
9.3
36.6
28.4
25.71994
48,405
100.0
9.0
35.0
29.8
26.21995
49,247
100.0
8.8
34.1
30.2
26.91996
50,240
100.0
8.8
33.6
29.9
27.81997
51,261
100.0
8.7
33.5
29.4
28.41998
51,678
100.0
8.8
32.7
29.4
29.21999
52,525
100.0
8.5
32.1
29.5
29.92000
53,749
100.0
8.5
31.6
29.8
30.12001
54,229
100.0
8.4
31.0
30.2
30.42002
54,710
100.0
8.1
30.6
29.9
31.32003
55,596
100.0
7.9
30.0
29.9
32.22004
55,616
100.0
7.7
29.4
30.2
32.62005
56,322
100.0
7.7
28.7
30.2
33.32006
57,201
100.0
7.6
28.3
30.2
33.92007
57,791
100.0
7.1
27.9
30.1
34.92008
58,465
100.0
6.9
27.2
30.4
35.62009
58,787
100.0
7.0
26.7
30.3
36.02010
58,808
100.0
6.8
26.4
30.3
36.42011
58,520
100.0
6.7
25.8
30.4
37.12012
59,031
100.0
6.5
25.0
30.4
38.12013
58,812
100.0
6.3
24.6
30.1
39.02014
58,983
100.0
6.1
24.1
29.8
40.02015
59,252
100.0
6.1
23.2
29.6
41.12016
60,049
100.0
6.0
22.9
29.6
41.62017
60,614
100.0
5.8
22.7
28.9
42.72018
61,182
100.0
5.7
22.3
28.3
43.82019
61,704
100.0
5.4
22.0
27.5
45.02020
60,865
100.0
4.8
21.1
27.0
47.2Men1992
56,428
100.0
13.7
34.2
24.3
27.81993
56,992
100.0
12.9
33.9
25.1
28.11994
57,205
100.0
12.4
33.0
25.9
28.81995
57,784
100.0
11.8
32.4
26.3
29.41996
58,692
100.0
12.2
32.3
26.1
29.41997
59,684
100.0
12.2
32.4
25.9
29.61998
60,255
100.0
12.0
32.1
25.6
30.31999
60,570
100.0
11.4
31.6
26.0
31.02000
62,001
100.0
11.5
31.2
26.1
31.22001
62,664
100.0
11.5
30.9
26.2
31.42002
63,318
100.0
11.6
30.8
25.8
31.82003
64,025
100.0
11.7
30.6
25.6
32.12004
64,519
100.0
11.5
30.7
25.6
32.32005
65,430
100.0
11.5
30.9
25.7
31.92006
66,350
100.0
11.5
30.6
25.5
32.32007
67,313
100.0
11.2
30.4
25.6
32.92008
67,546
100.0
10.9
30.2
25.9
33.02009
67,460
100.0
10.8
30.3
25.9
33.02010
67,429
100.0
10.6
30.6
25.8
33.02011
66,989
100.0
10.4
30.0
26.0
33.72012
66,932
100.0
10.0
29.6
26.2
34.12013
67,081
100.0
9.8
29.2
26.2
34.72014
67,287
100.0
9.8
29.1
26.2
35.02015
67,853
100.0
9.9
28.4
26.0
35.72016
68,664
100.0
9.3
28.6
25.9
36.22017
68,968
100.0
8.9
28.6
25.7
36.82018
69,876
100.0
8.8
28.4
25.3
37.52019
70,079
100.0
8.5
28.4
25.2
37.92020
69,057
100.0
7.7
28.0
24.9
39.41 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Data from 1970–91 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender
Year2019
2020Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
157,538
100.0
147,795
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
64,218
40.8
63,644
43.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
26,981
17.1
27,143
18.4Professional and related occupations
37,237
23.6
36,502
24.7Service occupations
26,978
17.1
22,853
15.5Sales and office occupations
33,370
21.2
29,726
20.1Sales and related occupations
15,582
9.9
14,168
9.6Office and administrative support occupations
17,789
11.3
15,558
10.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,343
9.1
13,357
9.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,156
0.7
1,045
0.7Construction and extraction occupations
8,325
5.3
7,710
5.2Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,862
3.1
4,602
3.1Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,628
11.8
18,215
12.3Production occupations
8,565
5.4
7,590
5.1Transportation and material moving occupations
10,063
6.4
10,625
7.2WomenTotal, 16 years and older
74,078
100.0
69,234
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
33,267
44.9
32,910
47.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
11,909
16.1
12,114
17.5Professional and related occupations
21,358
28.8
20,796
30.0Service occupations
15,534
21.0
13,033
18.8Sales and office occupations
20,222
27.3
18,221
26.3Sales and related occupations
7,602
10.3
6,907
10.0Office and administrative support occupations
12,620
17.0
11,314
16.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
774
1.0
750
1.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
291
0.4
252
0.4Construction and extraction occupations
292
0.4
308
0.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
191
0.3
190
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
4,281
5.8
4,321
6.2Production occupations
2,450
3.3
2,147
3.1Transportation and material moving occupations
1,831
2.5
2,174
3.1MenTotal, 16 years and older
83,460
100.0
78,560
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
30,950
37.1
30,734
39.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15,072
18.1
15,028
19.1Professional and related occupations
15,879
19.0
15,706
20.0Service occupations
11,445
13.7
9,820
12.5Sales and office occupations
13,148
15.8
11,506
14.6Sales and related occupations
7,979
9.6
7,261
9.2Office and administrative support occupations
5,169
6.2
4,244
5.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,569
16.3
12,607
16.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
865
1.0
793
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
8,033
9.6
7,402
9.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,671
5.6
4,411
5.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14,348
17.2
13,894
17.7Production occupations
6,115
7.3
5,443
6.9Transportation and material moving occupations
8,233
9.9
8,451
10.8Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
147,795
46.8Management, professional, and related occupations
63,644
51.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
27,143
44.6Management occupations
18,564
40.4Chief executives
1,669
29.3General and operations managers
1,057
30.5Legislators
25
-Advertising and promotions managers
56
52.1Marketing managers
554
60.7Sales managers
521
30.9Public relations and fundraising managers
95
66.4Administrative services managers
65
71.7Facilities managers
134
25.0Computer and information systems managers
744
26.6Financial managers
1,309
52.6Compensation and benefits managers
18
-Human resources managers
287
76.8Training and development managers
52
55.8Industrial production managers
272
22.6Purchasing managers
212
45.8Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
300
21.3Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
901
25.1Construction managers
966
8.4Education and childcare administrators
948
66.5Architectural and engineering managers
171
9.5Food service managers
1,092
46.6Funeral home managers
10
-Entertainment and recreation managers
40
-Lodging managers
123
56.0Medical and health services managers
711
70.3Natural sciences managers
16
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
24
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
781
48.5Social and community service managers
424
72.5Emergency management directors
12
-Personal service managers, all other
2
-Managers, all other
4,969
37.5Business and financial operations occupations
8,578
53.9Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
36
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
178
52.7Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
230
52.0Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
350
60.4Compliance officers
305
57.1Cost estimators
121
15.0Human resources workers
832
74.3Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
74
76.0Training and development specialists
115
57.1Logisticians
147
38.1Project management specialists
715
44.4Management analysts
997
42.7Meeting, convention, and event planners
118
73.7Fundraisers
99
74.8Market research analysts and marketing specialists
438
58.6Business operations specialists, all other
308
57.3Accountants and auditors
1,696
59.7Property appraisers and assessors
86
29.7Budget analysts
60
53.2Credit analysts
30
-Financial and investment analysts
351
41.6Personal financial advisors
514
34.0Insurance underwriters
102
58.0Financial examiners
25
-Credit counselors and loan officers
400
54.4Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
61
57.9Tax preparers
96
67.6Other financial specialists
82
54.2Professional and related occupations
36,502
57.0Computer and mathematical occupations
5,603
25.2Computer and information research scientists
42
-Computer systems analysts
594
35.6Information security analysts
137
11.4Computer programmers
417
21.1Software developers
1,883
19.4Software quality assurance analysts and testers
82
25.1Web developers
104
27.8Web and digital interface designers
70
44.8Computer support specialists
660
25.9Database administrators and architects
121
28.8Network and computer systems administrators
238
19.8Computer network architects
107
9.3Computer occupations, all other
792
28.0Actuaries
32
-Mathematicians
3
-Operations research analysts
156
42.9Statisticians
61
50.3Other mathematical science occupations
103
37.8Architecture and engineering occupations
3,169
16.5Architects, except landscape and naval
190
28.2Landscape architects
27
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
45
-Aerospace engineers
129
11.6Agricultural engineers
7
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
22
-Chemical engineers
70
19.4Civil engineers
422
16.0Computer hardware engineers
89
18.4Electrical and electronics engineers
268
11.8Environmental engineers
33
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
225
23.4Marine engineers and naval architects
16
-Materials engineers
53
25.5Mechanical engineers
357
8.7Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
17
-Nuclear engineers
10
-Petroleum engineers
15
-Engineers, all other
560
15.3Architectural and civil drafters
38
-Other drafters
95
18.8Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
82
3.2Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
344
19.1Surveying and mapping technicians
56
9.9Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,627
49.3Agricultural and food scientists
32
-Biological scientists
84
46.0Conservation scientists and foresters
19
-Medical scientists
112
52.4Life scientists, all other
6
-Astronomers and physicists
19
-Atmospheric and space scientists
10
-Chemists and materials scientists
80
40.4Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
46
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
37
-Physical scientists, all other
336
43.3Economists
26
-Survey researchers
5
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
18
-School psychologists
43
-Other psychologists
145
80.3Sociologists
3
-Urban and regional planners
47
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
50
47.7Agricultural and food science technicians
41
-Biological technicians
24
-Chemical technicians
68
42.6Environmental science and geoscience technicians
21
-Nuclear technicians
7
-Social science research assistants
4
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
258
54.1Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
85
35.8Community and social service occupations
2,717
68.8Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
130
81.3Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
343
77.8Marriage and family therapists
40
-Mental health counselors
138
72.9Rehabilitation counselors
28
-Counselors, all other
225
68.2Child, family, and school social workers
62
89.8Healthcare social workers
78
87.0Mental health and substance abuse social workers
24
-Social workers, all other
673
85.4Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
105
50.7Social and human service assistants
230
79.6Other community and social service specialists
100
77.6Clergy
420
18.5Directors, religious activities and education
57
64.9Religious workers, all other
64
71.5Legal occupations
1,882
51.9Lawyers
1,183
37.4Judicial law clerks
21
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
78
53.9Paralegals and legal assistants
416
85.8Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
101
69.0Legal support workers, all other
83
62.8Education, training, and library occupations
8,902
73.5Postsecondary teachers
1,156
51.1Preschool and kindergarten teachers
535
98.8Elementary and middle school teachers
3,371
79.6Secondary school teachers
963
58.8Special education teachers
332
81.4Tutors
195
67.4Other teachers and instructors
687
67.5Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
57
63.6Librarians and media collections specialists
176
83.2Library technicians
34
-Teaching assistants
1,220
80.1Other educational instruction and library workers
176
73.4Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,042
51.3Artists and related workers
256
53.5Commercial and industrial designers
11
-Fashion designers
34
-Floral designers
50
81.5Graphic designers
295
57.2Interior designers
131
84.0Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
24
-Other designers
375
41.9Actors
29
-Producers and directors
181
45.2Athletes and sports competitors
28
-Coaches and scouts
210
44.8Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
25
-Dancers and choreographers
7
-Music directors and composers
50
30.8Musicians and singers
118
31.8Disc jockeys, except radio
15
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
41
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
28
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
77
54.0Public relations specialists
145
59.4Editors
99
61.1Technical writers
65
50.1Writers and authors
242
64.9Interpreters and translators
91
72.9Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
31
-Media and communication workers, all other
19
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
77
8.0Photographers
186
52.1Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
100
31.1Media and communication equipment workers, all other
2
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,559
74.4Chiropractors
66
22.2Dentists
173
28.7Dietitians and nutritionists
106
91.4Optometrists
42
-Pharmacists
327
61.6Emergency medicine physicians
17
-Radiologists
25
-Other physicians
929
40.6Surgeons
54
26.3Physician assistants
141
65.5Podiatrists
12
-Audiologists
20
-Occupational therapists
124
86.3Physical therapists
281
67.2Radiation therapists
10
-Recreational therapists
21
-Respiratory therapists
122
72.4Speech-language pathologists
195
94.4Exercise physiologists
6
-Therapists, all other
233
84.4Veterinarians
83
64.9Registered nurses
3,256
87.4Nurse anesthetists
42
-Nurse midwives
5
-Nurse practitioners
218
88.0Acupuncturists
23
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
15
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
331
70.4Dental hygienists
190
93.9Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
50
71.9Diagnostic medical sonographers
90
84.0Radiologic technologists and technicians
254
67.8Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
57
58.8Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
35
-Emergency medical technicians
141
33.7Paramedics
78
28.1Pharmacy technicians
336
77.2Psychiatric technicians
67
82.2Surgical technologists
108
71.3Veterinary technologists and technicians
105
88.1Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
66
73.5Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
596
90.0Medical records specialists
183
95.9Opticians, dispensing
40
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
185
61.7Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
100
62.8Service occupations
22,853
57.0Healthcare support occupations
4,790
85.3Home health aides
571
90.3Personal care aides
1,282
81.5Nursing assistants
1,364
89.3Orderlies and psychiatric aides
55
57.5Occupational therapy assistants and aides
37
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
78
71.7Massage therapists
151
80.6Dental assistants
288
93.7Medical assistants
561
90.2Medical transcriptionists
46
-Pharmacy aides
48
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
60
75.8Phlebotomists
101
84.8Other healthcare support workers
147
61.1Protective service occupations
3,024
23.6First-line supervisors of correctional officers
51
27.7First-line supervisors of police and detectives
100
12.7First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
33
-First-line supervisors of security workers
68
32.1First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
7
-Firefighters
335
4.4Fire inspectors
27
-Bailiffs
18
-Correctional officers and jailers
346
31.7Detectives and criminal investigators
159
26.4Fish and game wardens
4
-Parking enforcement workers
12
-Police officers
758
17.1Animal control workers
8
-Private detectives and investigators
90
45.4Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
800
25.0Crossing guards and flaggers
46
-Transportation security screeners
42
-School bus monitors
17
-Other protective service workers
102
47.8Food preparation and serving related occupations
6,556
54.4Chefs and head cooks
383
18.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
466
59.4Cooks
1,763
42.1Food preparation workers
808
58.1Bartenders
301
48.9Fast food and counter workers
655
67.0Waiters and waitresses
1,388
70.0Food servers, nonrestaurant
157
77.1Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
231
49.7Dishwashers
184
19.2Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
218
81.9Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
3
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,084
40.3First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
321
42.5First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
253
6.0Janitors and building cleaners
2,043
38.6Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,163
88.3Pest control workers
112
2.5Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
1,066
6.5Tree trimmers and pruners
109
7.0Other grounds maintenance workers
17
-Personal care and service occupations
3,399
77.0Supervisors of personal care and service workers
237
71.7Animal trainers
72
52.6Animal caretakers
272
76.5Gambling services workers
64
50.6Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
22
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
144
37.1Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
14
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
19
-Barbers
102
25.6Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
646
90.8Manicurists and pedicurists
214
79.3Skincare specialists
72
93.9Other personal appearance workers
19
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
60
32.5Tour and travel guides
47
-Childcare workers
928
94.8Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
202
67.1Recreation workers
131
63.8Residential advisors
33
-Personal care and service workers, all other
102
71.9Sales and office occupations
29,726
61.3Sales and related occupations
14,168
48.7First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,067
44.7First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,176
31.7Cashiers
2,552
73.1Counter and rental clerks
69
35.7Parts salespersons
119
16.0Retail salespersons
2,751
47.5Advertising sales agents
141
53.8Insurance sales agents
641
50.1Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
242
22.8Travel agents
51
79.5Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
563
34.0Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,217
30.5Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
28
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,037
57.5Sales engineers
35
-Telemarketers
48
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
114
62.4Sales and related workers, all other
317
52.2Office and administrative support occupations
15,558
72.7First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,273
69.2Switchboard operators, including answering service
12
-Telephone operators
23
-Communications equipment operators, all other
8
-Bill and account collectors
98
66.0Billing and posting clerks
434
89.1Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,179
87.3Gambling cage workers
13
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
146
86.9Procurement clerks
34
-Tellers
279
80.4Financial clerks, all other
103
66.1Brokerage clerks
6
-Correspondence clerks
4
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
76
85.1Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
55
64.9Customer service representatives
2,404
63.8Eligibility interviewers, government programs
82
81.8File clerks
161
77.6Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
91
82.6Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
208
78.3Library assistants, clerical
65
86.0Loan interviewers and clerks
151
76.1New accounts clerks
24
-Order clerks
113
54.5Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
44
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,147
88.3Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
108
52.5Information and record clerks, all other
113
74.3Cargo and freight agents
24
-Couriers and messengers
578
22.6Public safety telecommunicators
104
64.1Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
205
50.8Meter readers, utilities
25
-Postal service clerks
91
62.1Postal service mail carriers
312
36.7Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
66
46.9Production, planning, and expediting clerks
244
50.3Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
572
33.6Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
58
40.0Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
196
92.5Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
54
83.9Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
72
93.3Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
2,080
92.9Data entry keyers
228
74.4Word processors and typists
44
-Desktop publishers
0
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
236
79.2Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
62
41.3Office clerks, general
1,227
83.0Office machine operators, except computer
22
-Proofreaders and copy markers
4
-Statistical assistants
65
35.7Office and administrative support workers, all other
535
75.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,357
5.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,045
24.1First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
53
12.8Agricultural inspectors
14
-Animal breeders
4
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
36
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
834
24.4Fishing and hunting workers
35
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-Logging workers
47
-Construction and extraction occupations
7,710
4.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
737
3.5Boilermakers
19
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
113
0.3Carpenters
1,114
3.2Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
172
3.9Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
55
2.8Construction laborers
1,902
3.8Construction equipment operators
359
3.9Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
165
5.8Electricians
901
3.1Glaziers
45
-Insulation workers
53
2.9Painters and paperhangers
524
8.3Pipelayers
49
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
537
2.3Plasterers and stucco masons
24
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-Roofers
210
3.3Sheet metal workers
123
5.6Structural iron and steel workers
47
-Solar photovoltaic installers
20
-Helpers, construction trades
47
-Construction and building inspectors
116
11.9Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
19
-Fence erectors
36
-Hazardous materials removal workers
31
-Highway maintenance workers
102
7.4Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
5
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
7
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
22
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
22
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
5
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
25
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
6
-Underground mining machine operators
39
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
6
-Other extraction workers
50
1.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,602
4.1First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
226
9.3Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
190
10.5Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
140
8.3Avionics technicians
9
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
19
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
3
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
9
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
29
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
63
0.0Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
153
5.4Automotive body and related repairers
121
1.0Automotive glass installers and repairers
15
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
750
1.4Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
357
1.8Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
191
0.8Small engine mechanics
48
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
84
1.2Control and valve installers and repairers
28
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
450
1.5Home appliance repairers
38
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
399
5.2Maintenance and repair workers, general
584
4.3Maintenance workers, machinery
24
-Millwrights
57
4.2Electrical power-line installers and repairers
127
1.3Telecommunications line installers and repairer
131
6.3Precision instrument and equipment repairers
73
16.2Wind turbine service technicians
5
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
29
-Commercial divers
6
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
28
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-Riggers
7
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
16
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
183
5.5Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,215
23.7Production occupations
7,590
28.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
748
19.0Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
4
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
91
42.2Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
21
-Other assemblers and fabricators
872
32.7Bakers
235
64.1Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
266
25.7Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
10
-Food batchmakers
94
56.8Food cooking machine operators and tenders
13
-Food processing workers, all other
125
36.9Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
105
9.0Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
28
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
72
15.0Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
41
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-Machinists
290
5.8Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
21
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
8
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-Tool and die makers
37
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
520
3.8Other metal workers and plastic workers
341
22.2Prepress technicians and workers
13
-Printing press operators
128
19.7Print binding and finishing workers
17
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
120
71.5Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
25
-Sewing machine operators
131
66.7Shoe and leather workers
12
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
64
84.2Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-Upholsterers
24
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
13
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
50
7.8Furniture finishers
13
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
28
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
13
-Other woodworkers
23
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
41
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
56
10.6Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
112
11.0Miscellaneous plant and system operators
43
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
49
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
19.9Cutting workers
54
27.1Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
23
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
12
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
751
38.7Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
48
-Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
74
59.9Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
252
45.8Painting workers
148
8.1Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
10
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
-Etchers and engravers
5
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
26
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-Tire builders
2
-Helpers--production workers
38
-Other production equipment operators and tenders
8
-Other production workers
1,046
27.6Transportation and material moving occupations
10,625
20.5Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
265
23.5Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
155
5.6Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
38
-Flight attendants
81
79.7Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
10
-Bus drivers, school
201
58.5Bus drivers, transit and intercity
187
40.7Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,364
7.8Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
88
16.3Taxi drivers
327
15.1Motor vehicle operators, all other
143
22.6Locomotive engineers and operators
55
7.7Railroad conductors and yardmasters
40
-Other rail transportation workers
12
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-Ship and boat captains and operators
31
-Ship engineers
3
-Parking attendants
53
19.3Transportation service attendants
93
13.8Transportation inspectors
35
-Passenger attendants
21
-Other transportation workers
25
-Crane and tower operators
54
0.8Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
30
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
553
7.0Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
344
19.2Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,995
20.5Machine feeders and offbearers
11
-Packers and packagers, hand
640
51.4Stockers and order fillers
1,570
35.0Pumping station operators
20
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
98
9.7Other material moving workers
62
18.2Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
52,895
9,481
4,396
11,095Percent
100.0
100
100
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
48.4
40.2
56.6
31.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.1
14.2
18.8
12.4Professional and related occupations
30.3
26.0
37.8
19.0Service occupations
17.6
25.3
17.3
27.9Sales and office occupations
27.0
25.7
18.8
28.1Sales and related occupations
10.2
9.2
8.2
11.3Office and administrative support occupations
16.8
16.5
10.7
16.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.2
0.7
0.6
2.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.8
8.1
6.7
10.4Production occupations
2.9
3.5
4.1
5.2Transportation and material moving occupations
2.9
4.7
2.6
5.2Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender
Year2019
2020Number
Percent
Number
PercentTotalTotal, 16 years and older
157,538
100.0
147,795
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,425
1.5
2,349
1.6Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
750
0.5
684
0.5Construction
11,373
7.2
10,786
7.3Manufacturing
15,741
10.0
14,550
9.8Durable goods manufacturing
9,970
6.3
9,129
6.2Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,771
3.7
5,421
3.7Wholesale and retail trade
19,742
12.5
18,989
12.8Wholesale trade
3,525
2.2
3,380
2.3Retail trade
16,217
10.3
15,609
10.6Transportation and utilities
8,991
5.7
8,552
5.8Transportation and warehousing
7,614
4.8
7,170
4.9Utilities
1,377
0.9
1,382
0.9Information
2,766
1.8
2,594
1.8Financial activities
10,765
6.8
10,646
7.2Finance and insurance
7,464
4.7
7,605
5.1Real estate and rental and leasing
3,301
2.1
3,040
2.1Professional and business services
19,606
12.4
18,816
12.7Professional and technical services
12,808
8.1
12,643
8.6Management, administrative, and waste services
6,799
4.3
6,173
4.2Education and health services
35,894
22.8
34,105
23.1Educational services
14,193
9.0
13,369
9.0Health care and social assistance
21,701
13.8
20,736
14.0Hospitals
7,425
4.7
7,305
4.9Health services, except hospitals
10,846
6.9
10,284
7.0Social assistance
3,430
2.2
3,147
2.1Leisure and hospitality
14,643
9.3
11,480
7.8Arts, entertainment, and recreation
3,444
2.2
2,601
1.8Accommodation and food services
11,200
7.1
8,879
6.0Other services
7,617
4.8
6,742
4.6Other services, except private households
6,796
4.3
6,088
4.1Other services, private households
821
0.5
654
0.4Public administration
7,225
4.6
7,501
5.1WomenTotal, 16 years and older
74,078
100.0
69,234
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
635
0.9
650
0.9Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
118
0.2
99
0.1Construction
1,168
1.6
1,173
1.7Manufacturing
4,630
6.3
4,295
6.2Durable goods manufacturing
2,505
3.4
2,314
3.3Nondurable goods manufacturing
2,125
2.9
1,981
2.9Wholesale and retail trade
8,728
11.8
8,355
12.1Wholesale trade
1,008
1.4
1,022
1.5Retail trade
7,721
10.4
7,333
10.6Transportation and utilities
2,166
2.9
2,059
3.0Transportation and warehousing
1,892
2.6
1,764
2.5Utilities
274
0.4
295
0.4Information
1,120
1.5
1,050
1.5Financial activities
5,660
7.6
5,524
8.0Finance and insurance
4,083
5.5
4,060
5.9Real estate and rental and leasing
1,576
2.1
1,464
2.1Professional and business services
8,104
10.9
7,785
11.2Professional and technical services
5,456
7.4
5,314
7.7Management, administrative, and waste services
2,648
3.6
2,471
3.6Education and health services
26,842
36.2
25,432
36.7Educational services
9,883
13.3
9,292
13.4Health care and social assistance
16,959
22.9
16,141
23.3Hospitals
5,562
7.5
5,470
7.9Health services, except hospitals
8,523
11.5
7,976
11.5Social assistance
2,874
3.9
2,694
3.9Leisure and hospitality
7,499
10.1
5,786
8.4Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,583
2.1
1,183
1.7Accommodation and food services
5,915
8.0
4,603
6.6Other services
4,103
5.5
3,544
5.1Other services, except private households
3,356
4.5
2,963
4.3Other services, private households
747
1.0
581
0.8Public administration
3,304
4.5
3,481
5.0MenTotal, 16 years and older
83,460
100.0
78,560
100.0Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
1,790
2.1
1,699
2.2Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
632
0.8
585
0.7Construction
10,205
12.2
9,613
12.2Manufacturing
11,111
13.3
10,255
13.1Durable goods manufacturing
7,465
8.9
6,814
8.7Nondurable goods manufacturing
3,646
4.4
3,441
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
11,014
13.2
10,634
13.5Wholesale trade
2,517
3.0
2,358
3.0Retail trade
8,497
10.2
8,276
10.5Transportation and utilities
6,824
8.2
6,492
8.3Transportation and warehousing
5,722
6.9
5,406
6.9Utilities
1,103
1.3
1,087
1.4Information
1,645
2.0
1,544
2.0Financial activities
5,106
6.1
5,121
6.5Finance and insurance
3,381
4.1
3,545
4.5Real estate and rental and leasing
1,725
2.1
1,577
2.0Professional and business services
11,502
13.8
11,031
14.0Professional and technical services
7,352
8.8
7,329
9.3Management, administrative, and waste services
4,150
5.0
3,702
4.7Education and health services
9,052
10.8
8,672
11.0Educational services
4,310
5.2
4,077
5.2Health care and social assistance
4,742
5.7
4,595
5.8Hospitals
1,863
2.2
1,835
2.3Health services, except hospitals
2,323
2.8
2,307
2.9Social assistance
555
0.7
453
0.6Leisure and hospitality
7,145
8.6
5,694
7.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,860
2.2
1,418
1.8Accommodation and food services
5,284
6.3
4,276
5.4Other services
3,514
4.2
3,198
4.1Other services, except private households
3,440
4.1
3,125
4.0Other services, private households
74
0.1
73
0.1Public administration
3,920
4.7
4,020
5.1Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed
Percent womenTotal, 16 years and older
147,795
46.8Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
2,349
27.7Crop production
1,186
28.9Animal production and aquaculture
832
28.1Support activities for agriculture and forestry
145
33.9Forestry, except logging
53
25.5Logging
88
7.3Fishing, hunting, and trapping
45
-Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
684
14.5Oil and gas extraction
97
14.9Coal mining
51
10.1Metal ore mining
36
-Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
83
10.7Not specified type of mining
0
-Support activities for mining
417
15.2Construction
10,786
10.9Manufacturing
14,550
29.5Durable goods manufacturing
9,129
25.4Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing
410
21.3Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing
17
-Clay building material and refractories manufacturing
38
-Glass and glass product manufacturing
123
22.9Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing
157
12.9Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
75
29.6Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing
1,534
16.4Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing
256
12.1Aluminum production and processing
71
26.9Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing
31
-Foundries
59
18.5Metal forgings and stampings
45
-Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing
46
-Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
304
16.1Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
287
14.0Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities
61
18.5Ordnance
46
-Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing
310
18.6Not specified metal industries
18
-Machinery manufacturing
1,119
23.3Agricultural implement manufacturing
93
18.3Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
129
21.5Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
81
26.1Metalworking machinery manufacturing
91
13.5Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
41
-Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified
684
25.0Computers and electronic products manufacturing
1,039
30.5Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
155
27.3Communications, audio, and video equipment manufacturing
103
21.5Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing
175
28.7Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.
606
33.4Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing
376
28.9Household appliance manufacturing
68
33.0Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.
307
28.0Transportation equipment manufacturing
2,304
24.0Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing
1,266
26.1Aircraft and parts manufacturing
772
22.7Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
44
-Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
27
-Ship and boat building
176
16.0Other transportation equipment manufacturing
20
-Wood products manufacturing
430
16.6Sawmills and wood preservation
141
13.5Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products
30
-Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes manufacturing
29
-Miscellaneous wood products
230
19.7Furniture and related product manufacturing
395
27.9Miscellaneous manufacturing
1,522
36.4Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
660
39.7Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing
97
33.1Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.
455
36.4Not specified manufacturing industries
310
30.4Nondurable goods manufacturing
5,421
36.5Food manufacturing
1,672
42.2Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling
149
33.5Sugar and confectionery products
60
41.7Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing
138
38.5Dairy product manufacturing
136
24.4Animal slaughtering and processing
485
43.0Retail bakeries
236
68.1Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries
193
41.1Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.
188
32.6Not specified food industries
87
39.3Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing
285
24.9Beverage manufacturing
263
24.0Tobacco manufacturing
22
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
444
52.2Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
5
-Fabric mills, except knitting mills
84
45.1Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills
7
-Carpet and rug mills
52
41.1Textile product mills, except carpet and rug
63
48.1Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills
6
-Cut and sew, and apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing
186
59.7Footwear manufacturing
18
-Leather and hide tanning and finishing, and other leather and allied product manufacturing
25
-Paper manufacturing and printing
801
28.1Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
193
17.5Paperboard container manufacturing
91
23.4Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
98
36.1Printing and related support activities
419
32.1Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
194
17.8Petroleum refining
173
19.0Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products
20
-Chemicals manufacturing
1,479
36.3Resin, synthetic rubber, and fibers and filaments manufacturing
157
27.8Agricultural chemical manufacturing
35
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
669
43.2Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
66
30.2Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing
146
56.6Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
405
23.4Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
548
32.1Plastics product manufacturing
435
33.4Tire manufacturing
49
-Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing
65
35.4Wholesale and retail trade
18,989
44.0Wholesale trade
3,380
30.2Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers
151
22.0Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers
58
50.3Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers
151
15.9Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers
317
36.1Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers
51
23.2Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers
165
22.1Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
156
32.2Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers
344
27.7Recyclable material merchant wholesalers
88
16.0Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers
60
36.5Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers
43
-Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
241
46.3Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers
73
51.1Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers
833
26.9Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
61
26.5Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
97
22.8Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers
102
25.8Farm supplies merchant wholesalers
41
-Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
205
37.8Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
73
35.7Not specified wholesale trade
69
42.3Retail trade
15,609
47.0Automobile dealers
1,179
21.1Other motor vehicle dealers
165
19.2Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
481
16.9Furniture and home furnishings stores
496
40.9Household appliance stores
48
-Electronics stores
475
29.3Building material and supplies dealers
1,110
31.6Hardware stores
202
32.4Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
292
33.7Supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores
2,368
46.1Convenience stores
336
53.3Specialty food stores
208
51.1Beer, wine, and liquor stores
140
34.2Pharmacies and drug stores
845
66.8Health and personal care, except drug, stores
411
74.6Gasoline stations
485
51.4Clothing stores
765
71.5Shoe stores
110
64.1Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
151
66.3Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores
421
44.0Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores
41
-Musical instrument and supplies stores
37
-Book stores and news dealers
70
59.0Department stores
352
70.4General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters
1,958
54.1Florists
89
72.6Office supplies and stationery stores
94
42.4Used merchandise stores
228
64.4Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
96
68.6Miscellaneous retail stores
504
52.4Electronic shopping and mail-order houses
799
44.5Vending machine operators
34
-Fuel dealers
92
24.0Other direct selling establishments
142
61.6Not specified retail trade
384
52.2Transportation and utilities
8,552
24.1Transportation and warehousing
7,170
24.6Air transportation
589
31.6Rail transportation
210
7.4Water transportation
70
29.4Truck transportation
2,004
12.4Bus service and urban transit
389
39.3Taxi and limousine service
425
18.2Pipeline transportation
49
-Scenic and sightseeing transportation
23
-Services incidental to transportation
822
26.9Postal Service
622
41.6Couriers and messengers
1,155
25.5Warehousing and storage
813
33.6Utilities
1,382
21.4Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
741
19.5Natural gas distribution
100
19.1Electric and gas, and other combinations
129
34.7Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems
272
20.1Sewage treatment facilities
104
17.0Not specified utilities
37
-Information
2,594
40.5Newspaper publishers
129
53.3Periodical, book, and directory publishers
173
53.9Software publishers
98
32.7Motion pictures and video industries
383
38.0Sound recording industries
46
-Broadcasting (except internet)
411
36.5Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
231
39.0Wired telecommunications carriers
441
26.2Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers
374
36.8Data processing, hosting, and related services
99
46.7Libraries and archives
190
78.1Other information services, except libraries and archives, and internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals
19
-Financial activities
10,646
51.9Finance and insurance
7,605
53.4Banking and related activities
2,106
57.4Savings institutions, including credit unions
321
66.6Nondepository credit and related activities
1,075
48.1Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments
1,340
37.4Insurance carriers and related activities
2,764
58.6Insurance carriers
1,752
60.3Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities
1,012
55.8Real estate and rental and leasing
3,040
48.1Real estate
2,738
50.0Lessors of real estate, and offices of real estate agents and brokers
2,198
51.7Real estate property managers, offices of real estate appraisers, and other activities related to real estate
540
43.3Rental and leasing services
303
31.2Automotive equipment rental and leasing
110
35.1Other consumer goods rental
82
26.8Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing
111
30.6Professional and business services
18,816
41.4Professional and technical services
12,643
42.0Legal services
1,626
55.0Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
1,127
61.9Architectural, engineering, and related services
1,795
27.0Specialized design services
424
63.2Computer systems design and related services
3,836
27.0Management, scientific, and technical consulting services
1,808
43.0Scientific research and development services
649
48.0Advertising, public relations, and related services
542
52.5Veterinary services
379
82.4Other professional, scientific, and technical services
457
54.0Management, administrative, and waste services
6,173
40.0Management of companies and enterprises
87
47.6Administrative and support services
5,629
41.9Employment services
808
59.4Business support services
552
65.9Travel arrangement and reservation services
195
58.9Investigation and security services
753
27.3Services to buildings and dwellings (except cleaning during construction and immediately after construction)
1,631
54.4Landscaping services
1,293
8.8Other administrative and other support services
397
48.9Waste management and remediation services
457
15.5Education and health services
34,105
74.6Educational services
13,369
69.5Elementary and secondary schools
8,671
75.7Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges
3,772
55.4Business, technical, and trade schools and training
77
57.8Other schools and instruction, and educational support services
850
69.8Health care and social assistance
20,736
77.8Hospitals
7,305
74.9General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals
7,197
74.9Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals
109
73.2Health services, except hospitals
10,284
77.6Offices of physicians
1,548
74.5Offices of dentists
879
79.8Offices of chiropractors
142
59.3Offices of optometrists
139
79.8Offices of other health practitioners
348
80.4Outpatient care centers
1,934
76.5Home health care services
1,338
87.5Other health care services
1,560
69.2Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)
1,431
83.6Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities
967
74.8Social assistance
3,147
85.6Individual and family services
1,707
80.5Community food and housing, and emergency services
146
72.0Vocational rehabilitation services
65
62.5Child day care services
1,229
95.6Leisure and hospitality
11,480
50.4Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2,601
45.5Performing arts companies
140
53.0Spectator sports
126
19.3Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events, agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures
118
49.2Independent artists, writers, and performers
331
47.8Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions
307
51.5Bowling centers
30
-Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
1,548
45.2Accommodation and food services
8,879
51.8Accommodation
967
59.0Traveler accommodation
906
59.7Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps
60
48.3Food services and drinking places
7,912
51.0Restaurants and other food services
7,763
51.0Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
149
47.1Other services
6,742
52.6Other services, except private households
6,088
48.7Repair and maintenance
1,907
12.1Automotive repair and maintenance
1,167
9.0Car washes
180
18.9Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
94
18.2Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
282
9.5Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
184
26.5Personal and laundry services
2,207
73.4Barber shops
108
30.3Beauty salons
869
89.6Nail salons and other personal care services
500
74.7Drycleaning and laundry services
213
54.3Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories
111
36.1Other personal services
407
69.1Membership associations and organizations
1,974
56.2Religious organizations
989
45.7Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services
758
68.7Labor unions
66
47.2Business, professional, political, and similar organizations
161
66.1Other services, private households
654
88.9Public administration
7,501
46.4Executive offices and legislative bodies
1,122
53.1Public finance activities
310
57.0Other general government and support
166
39.9Justice, public order, and safety activities
2,771
35.5Administration of human resource programs
1,186
70.8Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
296
45.5Administration of economic programs and space research
682
46.7National security and international affairs
968
37.8n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Note: Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system, derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)
Industry
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (thousands)
52,895
9481.0
4396.0
11,095Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture and related
1.2
0.2
0.2
1.3Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.1Construction
1.9
0.6
1.0
2.0Manufacturing
6.2
5.1
8.5
7.4Durable goods manufacturing
3.3
2.7
4.9
3.5Nondurable goods manufacturing
2.9
2.4
3.6
3.8Wholesale and retail trade
12.4
10.5
10.3
14.1Wholesale trade
1.6
0.9
1.6
1.8Retail trade
10.8
9.6
8.6
12.3Transportation and utilities
2.6
4.9
2.6
3.4Transportation and warehousing
2.2
4.5
2.3
3.1Utilities
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3Information
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.2Financial activities
8.2
7.1
9.0
6.6Finance and insurance
5.8
5.7
7.5
4.8Real estate and rental and leasing
2.3
1.4
1.5
1.8Professional and business services
11.3
9.2
15.8
11.2Professional and technical services
7.8
4.9
13.8
4.9Management, administrative, and waste services
3.5
4.3
2.0
6.3Education and health services
36.6
41.0
31.7
31.1Educational services
14.3
10.5
10.2
10.8Health care and social assistance
22.2
30.5
21.6
20.3Hospitals
7.5
9.5
9.4
5.0Health services, except hospitals
11.0
15.5
9.6
11.0Social assistance
3.7
5.5
2.6
4.3Leisure and hospitality
8.3
8.0
7.6
11.9Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.3Accommodation and food services
6.5
7.0
6.4
10.6Other services
5.2
3.7
7.3
5.7Other services, except private households
4.3
3.2
6.5
3.7Private households
0.9
0.6
0.7
1.9Public administration
4.5
8.0
3.8
4.1Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2020 annual averages
Year and gender
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
7062020
984
1,003
794
1,310
758Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
6422020
891
905
764
1,143
705Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
7472020
1,082
1,110
830
1,447
797Women's earnings as a percentage of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.92020
82.3
81.5
92.0
79.0
88.5Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.
Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed (inthousands)
MedianweeklyearningsTotalTotal
101,024
$1,029Less than high school diploma
5,699
619High school graduate or more
95,325
1,071High school graduate, no college
24,153
781Some college or associate's degree
25,413
903Some college, no degree
14,331
877Associate's degree
11,082
938Occupational program
4,551
946Academic program
6,531
933Bachelor's degree and higher
45,759
1,421Bachelor's degree
27,904
1,305Master's degree
13,371
1,545Professional degree
1,818
1,893Doctoral degree
2,666
1,885WomenTotal
45,304
929Less than high school diploma
1,829
525High school graduate or more
43,475
953High school graduate, no college
9,140
671Some college or associate's degree
11,677
779Some college, no degree
6,240
750Associate's degree
5,437
809Occupational program
2,036
802Academic program
3,400
814Bachelor's degree and higher
22,658
1,239Bachelor's degree
13,347
1,135Master's degree
7,318
1,366Professional degree
787
1,734Doctoral degree
1,206
1,734MenTotal
55,720
1,144Less than high school diploma
3,870
674High school graduate or more
51,850
1,187High school graduate, no college
15,013
881Some college or associate's degree
13,736
1,027Some college, no degree
8,091
995Associate's degree
5,645
1,096Occupational program
2,514
1,077Academic program
3,131
1,112Bachelor's degree and higher
23,100
1,644Bachelor's degree
14,557
1,504Master's degree
6,053
1,862Professional degree
1,030
2,012Doctoral degree
1,460
2,015Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women'searnings as a percentage of men'sNumber of workers
Medianweeklyearnings
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, full-time wage and salary workers
110,387
$984
49,476
$891
60,911
$1,082
82.3Management, professional, and related occupations
50,023
1,356
25,933
1,164
24,090
1,578
73.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
20,811
1,461
9,729
1,274
11,082
1,667
76.4Management occupations
13,517
1,541
5,747
1,347
7,770
1,737
77.5Chief executives
1,157
2,402
363
2,051
794
2,712
75.6General and operations managers
983
1,453
281
1,241
702
1,541
80.5Legislators
11
-
3
-
9
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
46
-
27
-
19
-
-Marketing managers
483
1,537
284
1,435
199
1,732
82.9Sales managers
495
1,794
163
1,411
332
1,896
74.4Public relations and fundraising managers
74
1,344
50
1,286
25
-
-Administrative services managers
62
1,284
41
-
22
-
-Facilities managers
122
1,318
33
-
89
1,389
-Computer and information systems managers
703
2,018
187
1,910
516
2,091
91.3Financial managers
1,228
1,492
624
1,242
603
1,880
66.1Compensation and benefits managers
14
-
13
-
1
-
-Human resources managers
264
1,644
194
1,599
70
1,748
91.5Training and development managers
47
-
20
-
27
-
-Industrial production managers
248
1,550
53
1,402
195
1,582
88.6Purchasing managers
221
1,544
98
1,441
123
1,636
88.1Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
266
972
55
943
212
989
95.3Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
109
874
17
-
92
874
-Construction managers
606
1,575
50
1,368
556
1,586
86.3Education and childcare administrators
846
1,462
560
1,400
286
1,590
88.1Architectural and engineering managers
155
2,413
15
-
140
2,402
-Food service managers
707
877
344
791
363
1,006
78.6Funeral home managers
6
-
3
-
4
-
-Entertainment and recreation managers
34
-
9
-
24
-
-Lodging managers
74
888
38
-
36
-
-Medical and health services managers
629
1,555
438
1,464
192
1,839
79.6Natural sciences managers
11
-
8
-
3
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
19
-
10
-
9
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
433
1,140
224
1,086
209
1,182
91.9Social and community service managers
330
1,234
240
1,163
90
1,580
73.6Emergency management directors
10
-
3
-
7
-
-Personal service managers, all other
2
-
1
-
1
-
-Managers, all other
3,120
1,564
1,299
1,379
1,821
1,749
78.8Business and financial operations occupations
7,294
1,363
3,982
1,209
3,312
1,550
78.0Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
27
-
15
-
12
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
9
-
4
-
5
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
130
1,053
66
1,066
64
1,047
101.8Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
219
1,231
113
1,138
106
1,387
82.0Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
325
1,108
203
967
122
1,336
72.4Compliance officers
286
1,372
167
1,371
119
1,373
99.9Cost estimators
111
1,434
15
-
96
1,456
-Human resources workers
739
1,251
553
1,174
185
1,443
81.4Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
67
1,143
53
1,041
14
-
-Training and development specialists
103
1,255
60
1,171
43
-
-Logisticians
134
1,173
50
1,140
84
1,256
90.8Project management specialists
644
1,560
295
1,468
350
1,693
86.7Management analysts
658
1,629
273
1,455
384
1,856
78.4Meeting, convention, and event planners
92
1,049
63
996
29
-
-Fundraisers
91
1,479
65
1,486
26
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
358
1,326
212
1,198
145
1,608
74.5Business operations specialists, all other
271
1,273
144
1,086
126
1,540
70.5Accountants and auditors
1,488
1,298
893
1,186
595
1,520
78.0Property appraisers and assessors
51
1,225
19
-
32
-
-Budget analysts
66
1,461
32
-
33
-
-Credit analysts
20
-
11
-
9
-
-Financial and investment analysts
310
1,590
128
1,488
182
1,742
85.4Personal financial advisors
400
1,638
149
1,291
251
1,900
67.9Insurance underwriters
101
1,261
59
1,141
42
-
-Financial examiners
21
-
13
-
8
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
391
1,199
222
1,013
169
1,492
67.9Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
59
1,086
33
-
26
-
-Tax preparers
44
-
27
-
17
-
-Other financial specialists
80
1,328
43
-
37
-
-Professional and related occupations
29,213
1,270
16,204
1,121
13,008
1,532
73.2Computer and mathematical occupations
5,083
1,633
1,246
1,423
3,838
1,738
81.9Computer and information research scientists
39
-
9
-
30
-
-Computer systems analysts
529
1,515
175
1,413
353
1,621
87.2Information security analysts
125
2,078
11
-
114
2,082
-Computer programmers
388
1,653
82
1,529
307
1,673
91.4Software developers
1,742
1,920
322
1,728
1,420
2,004
86.2Software quality assurance analysts and testers
94
1,697
21
-
73
1,977
-Web developers
78
1,554
18
-
60
1,551
-Web and digital interface designers
52
1,158
22
-
30
-
-Computer support specialists
584
1,147
157
1,095
427
1,163
94.2Database administrators and architects
107
1,725
29
-
78
1,718
-Network and computer systems administrators
235
1,438
48
-
187
1,461
-Computer network architects
93
1,902
10
-
83
1,980
-Computer occupations, all other
716
1,394
199
1,161
517
1,456
79.7Actuaries
24
-
9
-
15
-
-Mathematicians
2
-
1
-
2
-
-Operations research analysts
154
1,615
73
1,460
81
1,786
81.7Statisticians
53
1,572
30
-
24
-
-Other mathematical science occupations
68
1,416
30
-
38
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
2,933
1,575
467
1,382
2,466
1,626
85.0Architects, except landscape and naval
136
1,537
34
-
101
1,549
-Landscape architects
15
-
5
-
11
-
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
38
-
3
-
36
-
-Aerospace engineers
121
1,939
14
-
107
1,993
-Agricultural engineers
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
22
-
10
-
12
-
-Chemical engineers
70
1,862
14
-
55
1,900
-Civil engineers
370
1,611
54
1,588
317
1,629
97.5Computer hardware engineers
84
1,889
18
-
66
1,884
-Electrical and electronics engineers
243
1,864
30
-
213
1,866
-Environmental engineers
26
-
11
-
15
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
225
1,584
46
-
179
1,595
-Marine engineers and naval architects
18
-
0
-
18
-
-Materials engineers
52
1,586
10
-
42
-
-Mechanical engineers
348
1,713
31
-
317
1,736
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
15
-
2
-
13
-
-Nuclear engineers
9
-
1
-
7
-
-Petroleum engineers
18
-
2
-
16
-
-Engineers, all other
543
1,746
83
1,463
460
1,759
83.2Architectural and civil drafters
34
-
9
-
25
-
-Other drafters
77
1,126
16
-
60
1,137
-Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
81
1,172
3
-
78
1,198
-Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
340
1,119
65
900
275
1,186
75.9Surveying and mapping technicians
43
-
6
-
38
-
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,401
1,336
666
1,202
735
1,450
82.9Agricultural and food scientists
26
-
11
-
15
-
-Biological scientists
72
1,141
35
-
37
-
-Conservation scientists and foresters
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Medical scientists
114
1,612
60
1,372
53
2,103
65.2Life scientists, all other
7
-
3
-
4
-
-Astronomers and physicists
19
-
9
-
10
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
9
-
4
-
5
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
83
1,362
34
-
50
1,435
-Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
39
-
20
-
19
-
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
43
-
8
-
34
-
-Physical scientists, all other
324
1,438
149
1,325
175
1,728
76.7Economists
26
-
11
-
15
-
-Survey researchers
5
-
3
-
1
-
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
8
-
5
-
3
-
-School psychologists
34
-
29
-
5
-
-Other psychologists
63
1,435
50
1,302
13
-
-Sociologists
3
-
2
-
1
-
-Urban and regional planners
47
-
19
-
29
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
-
15
-
24
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
38
-
15
-
24
-
-Biological technicians
22
-
15
-
7
-
-Chemical technicians
64
1,039
25
-
39
-
-Environmental science and geoscience technicians
18
-
6
-
13
-
-Nuclear technicians
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Social science research assistants
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
202
1,074
111
1,047
90
1,116
93.8Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
77
1,444
24
-
53
1,423
-Community and social service occupations
2,187
1,003
1,484
976
703
1,103
88.5Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
99
950
82
966
17
-
-Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
294
1,080
222
1,061
72
1,133
93.6Marriage and family therapists
22
-
19
-
3
-
-Mental health counselors
86
1,066
65
1,089
21
-
-Rehabilitation counselors
24
-
13
-
11
-
-Counselors, all other
132
956
85
947
47
-
-Child, family, and school social workers
58
894
51
894
7
-
-Healthcare social workers
70
1,152
61
1,139
9
-
-Mental health and substance abuse social workers
19
-
17
-
2
-
-Social workers, all other
593
985
509
972
84
1,170
83.1Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
111
1,058
58
977
53
1,203
81.2Social and human service assistants
168
841
133
803
35
-
-Other community and social service specialists
83
1,034
62
1,045
22
-
-Clergy
353
1,055
61
858
292
1,131
75.9Directors, religious activities and education
36
-
22
-
14
-
-Religious workers, all other
38
-
24
-
14
-
-Legal occupations
1,410
1,540
812
1,252
599
2,275
55.0Lawyers
821
2,097
351
1,665
470
2,324
71.6Judicial law clerks
15
-
11
-
4
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
60
1,856
34
-
26
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
343
942
295
918
48
-
-Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
101
1,136
76
989
25
-
-Legal support workers, all other
71
1,042
46
-
25
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
7,012
1,096
5,142
1,026
1,870
1,327
77.3Postsecondary teachers
891
1,516
448
1,384
443
1,633
84.8Preschool and kindergarten teachers
412
721
411
721
2
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
3,064
1,118
2,430
1,085
634
1,258
86.2Secondary school teachers
914
1,199
530
1,149
383
1,319
87.1Special education teachers
301
1,044
244
1,036
58
1,102
94.0Tutors
42
-
31
-
11
-
-Other teachers and instructors
376
1,061
231
942
145
1,314
71.7Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
46
-
27
-
19
-
-Librarians and media collections specialists
120
1,073
100
1,127
19
-
-Library technicians
17
-
14
-
2
-
-Teaching assistants
714
617
591
604
123
732
82.5Other educational instruction and library workers
116
1,145
85
1,108
31
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,681
1,179
804
1,128
877
1,252
90.1Artists and related workers
87
1,116
28
-
59
1,152
-Commercial and industrial designers
6
-
3
-
3
-
-Fashion designers
24
-
16
-
7
-
-Floral designers
38
-
27
-
11
-
-Graphic designers
209
1,230
119
1,140
91
1,395
81.7Interior designers
74
1,107
55
1,021
19
-
-Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
22
-
12
-
10
-
-Other designers
271
1,210
101
1,107
170
1,234
89.7Actors
10
-
5
-
6
-
-Producers and directors
123
1,499
60
1,548
63
1,458
106.2Athletes and sports competitors
21
-
2
-
19
-
-Coaches and scouts
90
931
36
-
54
946
-Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
9
-
1
-
9
-
-Dancers and choreographers
4
-
4
-
0
-
-Music directors and composers
16
-
3
-
13
-
-Musicians and singers
12
-
2
-
10
-
-Disc jockeys, except radio
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
7
-
3
-
5
-
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
18
-
2
-
16
-
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
62
1,044
34
-
29
-
-Public relations specialists
128
1,553
80
1,452
48
-
-Editors
57
1,237
29
-
28
-
-Technical writers
53
1,347
26
-
28
-
-Writers and authors
98
1,257
64
1,127
35
-
-Interpreters and translators
44
-
25
-
18
-
-Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
21
-
18
-
3
-
-Media and communication workers, all other
14
-
6
-
8
-
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
53
1,001
6
-
47
-
-Photographers
66
990
30
-
36
-
-Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
40
-
10
-
30
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7,504
1,227
5,584
1,153
1,921
1,506
76.6Chiropractors
9
-
2
-
8
-
-Dentists
58
2,079
18
-
41
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
83
1,009
77
1,019
5
-
-Optometrists
21
-
10
-
11
-
-Pharmacists
241
2,222
134
2,160
108
2,286
94.5Emergency medicine physicians
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Radiologists
20
-
5
-
15
-
-Other physicians
752
2,102
313
1,905
439
2,311
82.4Surgeons
48
-
16
-
32
-
-Physician assistants
113
1,911
67
1,894
47
-
-Podiatrists
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Audiologists
13
-
12
-
1
-
-Occupational therapists
96
1,373
85
1,357
11
-
-Physical therapists
209
1,468
135
1,451
74
1,591
91.2Radiation therapists
11
-
3
-
8
-
-Recreational therapists
11
-
7
-
3
-
-Respiratory therapists
100
1,162
71
1,093
29
-
-Speech-language pathologists
152
1,297
143
1,272
8
-
-Exercise physiologists
5
-
4
-
0
-
-Therapists, all other
159
1,043
130
986
29
-
-Veterinarians
55
1,795
36
-
19
-
-Registered nurses
2,701
1,262
2,337
1,240
364
1,454
85.3Nurse anesthetists
30
-
16
-
15
-
-Nurse midwives
7
-
7
-
0
-
-Nurse practitioners
171
1,872
145
1,867
26
-
-Acupuncturists
7
-
3
-
4
-
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
1
-
1
-
0
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
289
1,028
211
946
78
1,195
79.2Dental hygienists
96
1,125
89
1,083
7
-
-Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
37
-
25
-
12
-
-Diagnostic medical sonographers
73
1,227
61
1,208
12
-
-Radiologic technologists and technicians
222
1,103
145
1,063
77
1,234
86.1Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
45
-
21
-
24
-
-Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
39
-
18
-
21
-
-Emergency medical technicians
134
844
44
-
90
936
-Paramedics
65
1,163
23
-
43
-
-Pharmacy technicians
257
723
199
700
58
814
86.0Psychiatric technicians
53
658
48
-
5
-
-Surgical technologists
74
875
49
-
25
-
-Veterinary technologists and technicians
73
655
65
633
8
-
-Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
44
-
34
-
10
-
-Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
500
875
445
864
55
964
89.6Medical records specialists
166
888
162
893
4
-
-Opticians, dispensing
32
-
27
-
4
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
143
888
93
825
51
1,120
73.7Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
73
1,254
43
-
30
-
-Service occupations
13,771
621
7,032
574
6,740
704
81.5Healthcare support occupations
3,210
606
2,678
600
532
640
93.8Home health aides
310
549
283
551
27
-
-Personal care aides
788
543
612
537
176
567
94.7Nursing assistants
966
595
851
588
115
689
85.3Orderlies and psychiatric aides
57
663
30
-
27
-
-Occupational therapy assistants and aides
26
-
21
-
5
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
58
964
37
-
21
-
-Massage therapists
38
-
25
-
14
-
-Dental assistants
204
661
193
663
11
-
-Medical assistants
450
675
407
665
44
-
-Medical transcriptionists
29
-
24
-
4
-
-Pharmacy aides
32
-
21
-
11
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
42
-
31
-
12
-
-Phlebotomists
86
614
70
612
15
-
-Other healthcare support workers
124
682
73
615
51
738
83.3Protective service occupations
2,690
982
610
768
2,080
1,043
73.6First-line supervisors of correctional officers
51
976
16
-
34
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
92
1,551
11
-
80
1,553
-First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
34
-
4
-
30
-
-First-line supervisors of security workers
67
946
24
-
44
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Firefighters
320
1,233
16
-
304
1,256
-Fire inspectors
21
-
1
-
20
-
-Bailiffs
11
-
5
-
5
-
-Correctional officers and jailers
337
907
112
743
225
1,073
69.2Detectives and criminal investigators
146
1,437
39
-
107
1,544
-Fish and game wardens
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Parking enforcement workers
7
-
2
-
5
-
-Police officers
742
1,155
131
1,074
611
1,188
90.4Animal control workers
9
-
3
-
7
-
-Private detectives and investigators
72
979
35
-
38
-
-Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
673
650
170
583
503
680
85.7Crossing guards and flaggers
17
-
7
-
10
-
-Transportation security screeners
40
-
16
-
24
-
-School bus monitors
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Other protective service workers
37
-
15
-
22
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
3,353
530
1,653
506
1,700
570
88.8Chefs and head cooks
321
696
57
613
263
707
86.7First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
335
602
198
583
137
636
91.7Cooks
1,026
510
416
505
610
512
98.6Food preparation workers
355
510
224
489
132
576
84.9Bartenders
169
648
70
585
99
708
82.6Fast food and counter workers
231
468
146
470
84
462
101.7Waiters and waitresses
600
514
388
497
212
563
88.3Food servers, nonrestaurant
85
531
60
513
25
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
99
508
48
-
50
545
-Dishwashers
83
528
9
-
74
567
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
46
-
36
-
10
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
4
-
1
-
3
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,138
603
1,087
511
2,051
651
78.5First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
171
738
64
596
107
902
66.1First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
108
786
6
-
102
785
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,372
614
447
522
925
662
78.9Maids and housekeeping cleaners
629
503
531
497
98
556
89.4Pest control workers
90
749
3
-
87
747
-Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
665
605
30
-
635
603
-Tree trimmers and pruners
82
666
5
-
77
684
-Other grounds maintenance workers
21
-
1
-
20
-
-Personal care and service occupations
1,380
616
1,004
591
376
740
79.9Supervisors of personal care and service workers
96
761
60
719
35
-
-Animal trainers
34
-
22
-
12
-
-Animal caretakers
108
626
86
591
22
-
-Gambling services workers
53
765
26
-
27
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
3
-
1
-
1
-
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
47
-
15
-
31
-
-Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
8
-
2
-
7
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
10
-
2
-
8
-
-Barbers
49
-
11
-
39
-
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
205
606
180
601
24
-
-Manicurists and pedicurists
110
607
84
578
26
-
-Skincare specialists
23
-
20
-
3
-
-Other personal appearance workers
5
-
5
-
0
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
44
-
16
-
28
-
-Tour and travel guides
16
-
3
-
13
-
-Childcare workers
383
537
358
542
25
-
-Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
53
618
33
-
20
-
-Recreation workers
80
715
51
658
29
-
-Residential advisors
17
-
7
-
10
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
37
-
22
-
14
-
-Sales and office occupations
21,165
809
12,729
746
8,435
956
78.0Sales and related occupations
8,958
880
3,967
715
4,991
1,046
68.4First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,141
858
960
733
1,181
981
74.7First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
783
1,226
273
1,076
510
1,338
80.4Cashiers
1,088
507
805
501
284
524
95.6Counter and rental clerks
48
-
21
-
27
-
-Parts salespersons
97
741
20
-
77
756
-Retail salespersons
1,603
705
611
603
992
779
77.4Advertising sales agents
120
1,066
69
1,055
50
1,199
88.0Insurance sales agents
469
931
242
825
226
1,169
70.6Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
200
1,545
41
-
158
1,880
-Travel agents
30
-
23
-
7
-
-Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
497
1,351
163
1,101
333
1,482
74.3Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,073
1,275
315
1,065
758
1,378
77.3Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
6
-
3
-
3
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
498
1,084
283
937
215
1,352
69.3Sales engineers
37
-
5
-
32
-
-Telemarketers
28
-
15
-
13
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
34
-
12
-
23
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
206
950
106
838
100
1,039
80.7Office and administrative support occupations
12,207
781
8,762
756
3,445
868
87.1First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,129
966
734
925
395
1,145
80.8Switchboard operators, including answering service
8
-
7
-
1
-
-Telephone operators
19
-
14
-
6
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
8
-
3
-
6
-
-Bill and account collectors
96
758
69
744
27
-
-Billing and posting clerks
379
749
339
736
40
-
-Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
741
824
636
809
105
1,101
73.5Gambling cage workers
11
-
6
-
5
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
129
945
111
921
18
-
-Procurement clerks
27
-
16
-
11
-
-Tellers
225
639
183
634
42
-
-Financial clerks, all other
90
1,039
58
903
31
-
-Brokerage clerks
4
-
3
-
2
-
-Correspondence clerks
3
-
3
-
0
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
73
777
65
764
8
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
41
-
28
-
13
-
-Customer service representatives
1,814
721
1,160
698
655
771
90.5Eligibility interviewers, government programs
71
898
54
824
17
-
-File clerks
138
751
106
744
32
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
60
534
50
520
10
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
155
711
123
710
33
-
-Library assistants, clerical
25
-
19
-
6
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
135
911
103
874
32
-
-New accounts clerks
22
-
14
-
8
-
-Order clerks
75
704
39
-
36
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
44
-
38
-
6
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
846
642
738
636
108
688
92.4Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
81
879
44
-
37
-
-Information and record clerks, all other
81
915
57
830
24
-
-Cargo and freight agents
16
-
7
-
9
-
-Couriers and messengers
340
779
55
701
284
814
86.1Public safety telecommunicators
102
858
60
799
42
-
-Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
178
768
95
717
84
908
79.0Meter readers, utilities
18
-
1
-
17
-
-Postal service clerks
80
1,010
45
-
35
-
-Postal service mail carriers
290
1,017
104
962
185
1,089
88.3Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
60
977
26
-
34
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
243
1,072
125
908
118
1,227
74.0Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
505
696
165
667
340
713
93.5Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
53
729
23
-
30
-
-Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
170
991
158
991
12
-
-Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
54
914
42
-
12
-
-Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
63
804
59
800
4
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
1,607
781
1,496
777
112
929
83.6Data entry keyers
180
710
128
700
51
803
87.2Word processors and typists
32
-
26
-
6
-
-Desktop publishers
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
221
760
184
759
37
-
-Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
35
-
17
-
19
-
-Office clerks, general
912
736
759
726
153
790
91.9Office machine operators, except computer
12
-
9
-
4
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
4
-
2
-
2
-
-Statistical assistants
66
1,272
27
-
39
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
437
867
330
875
107
836
104.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
10,690
905
538
682
10,152
917
74.4Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
787
589
187
528
600
608
86.8First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
43
-
5
-
39
-
-Agricultural inspectors
14
-
8
-
6
-
-Animal breeders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
41
-
30
-
11
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
628
574
137
519
491
589
88.1Fishing and hunting workers
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Forest and conservation workers
17
-
7
-
10
-
-Logging workers
29
-
0
-
29
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
5,826
906
191
796
5,635
910
87.5First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
596
1,200
17
-
579
1,199
-Boilermakers
14
-
0
-
14
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
87
749
0
-
87
749
-Carpenters
756
892
17
-
739
889
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
117
770
4
-
113
785
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
54
782
2
-
52
787
-Construction laborers
1,343
783
39
-
1,304
788
-Construction equipment operators
328
979
10
-
317
980
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
131
784
8
-
123
787
-Electricians
735
1,024
22
-
713
1,035
-Glaziers
43
-
2
-
41
-
-Insulation workers
49
-
2
-
47
-
-Painters and paperhangers
316
691
26
-
290
695
-Pipelayers
41
-
1
-
39
-
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
444
1,002
8
-
436
1,004
-Plasterers and stucco masons
24
-
0
-
24
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Roofers
146
732
1
-
145
729
-Sheet metal workers
103
905
4
-
99
905
-Structural iron and steel workers
38
-
1
-
36
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
18
-
0
-
18
-
-Helpers, construction trades
48
-
2
-
46
-
-Construction and building inspectors
73
1,119
11
-
62
1,113
-Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Fence erectors
27
-
0
-
27
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
26
-
4
-
22
-
-Highway maintenance workers
89
846
6
-
83
868
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
22
-
0
-
22
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
16
-
0
-
16
-
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
19
-
1
-
18
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Underground mining machine operators
35
-
2
-
33
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
7
-
0
-
7
-
-Other extraction workers
40
-
0
-
40
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,077
984
160
801
3,917
991
80.8First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
212
1,269
21
-
191
1,283
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
142
960
15
-
127
965
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
125
1,192
8
-
116
1,242
-Avionics technicians
8
-
0
-
8
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
15
-
0
-
14
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
9
-
0
-
9
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
4
-
0
-
4
-
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
23
-
1
-
22
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
50
1,028
0
-
50
1,028
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
151
1,164
5
-
146
1,174
-Automotive body and related repairers
102
904
2
-
100
975
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
12
-
3
-
10
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
585
855
4
-
581
857
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
312
1,023
6
-
306
1,023
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
179
999
1
-
178
998
-Small engine mechanics
36
-
0
-
36
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
72
665
1
-
71
668
-Control and valve installers and repairers
25
-
1
-
24
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
382
1,003
6
-
377
1,011
-Home appliance repairers
24
-
1
-
22
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
401
1,031
23
-
377
1,049
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
550
895
24
-
526
897
-Maintenance workers, machinery
22
-
0
-
22
-
-Millwrights
62
1,178
1
-
61
1,185
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
139
1,268
2
-
136
1,306
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
155
1,031
9
-
146
1,076
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
62
1,085
11
-
52
1,098
-Wind turbine service technicians
5
-
1
-
4
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
27
-
6
-
22
-
-Commercial divers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Riggers
6
-
0
-
6
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
16
-
2
-
14
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
139
780
8
-
131
810
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14,738
746
3,243
614
11,494
796
77.1Production occupations
6,820
775
1,765
630
5,055
841
74.9First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
713
1,038
122
816
591
1,099
74.2Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
3
-
1
-
2
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
90
640
37
-
53
742
-Engine and other machine assemblers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Other assemblers and fabricators
828
705
263
638
565
740
86.2Bakers
131
596
78
584
53
621
94.0Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
221
733
57
642
163
754
85.1Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Food batchmakers
70
649
38
-
32
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
7
-
5
-
2
-
-Food processing workers, all other
118
669
44
-
74
743
-Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
96
964
6
-
89
974
-Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
24
-
1
-
23
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
69
821
11
-
58
843
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
6
-
29
-
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Machinists
297
923
25
-
272
940
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
19
-
0
-
19
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
9
-
2
-
7
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
37
-
5
-
31
-
-Tool and die makers
37
-
1
-
36
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
486
839
16
-
471
848
-Other metal workers and plastic workers
338
770
61
622
277
816
76.2Prepress technicians and workers
12
-
3
-
10
-
-Printing press operators
120
748
25
-
95
757
-Print binding and finishing workers
16
-
7
-
9
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
94
538
60
522
34
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
23
-
15
-
7
-
-Sewing machine operators
97
579
59
584
37
-
-Shoe and leather workers
6
-
3
-
2
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
31
-
26
-
5
-
-Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
15
-
10
-
5
-
-Upholsterers
20
-
2
-
18
-
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
12
-
2
-
9
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
31
-
1
-
29
-
-Furniture finishers
9
-
6
-
3
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
20
-
3
-
16
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
9
-
1
-
9
-
-Other woodworkers
12
-
0
-
12
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
38
-
1
-
37
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
45
-
5
-
40
-
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
116
955
12
-
104
990
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
42
-
4
-
38
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
50
1,083
3
-
47
-
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
766
17
-
61
788
-Cutting workers
54
692
14
-
40
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-
7
-
15
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
10
-
0
-
10
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
684
814
266
710
418
910
78.0Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
22
-
10
-
12
-
-Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
59
694
36
-
23
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
224
620
98
544
126
667
81.6Painting workers
139
849
15
-
124
879
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
3
-
2
-
1
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
8
-
2
-
6
-
-Etchers and engravers
3
-
0
-
3
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
19
-
2
-
17
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-
4
-
18
-
-Tire builders
0
-
0
-
0
-
-Helpers--production workers
31
-
9
-
23
-
-Other production equipment operators and tenders
5
-
0
-
5
-
-Other production workers
957
739
251
637
706
798
79.8Transportation and material moving occupations
7,917
719
1,478
600
6,439
759
79.1Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
222
919
47
-
175
943
-Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
112
1,923
3
-
109
1,984
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
32
-
3
-
29
-
-Flight attendants
54
895
41
-
13
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
8
-
1
-
7
-
-Bus drivers, school
105
647
53
622
52
708
87.9Bus drivers, transit and intercity
146
783
57
791
89
774
102.2Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,592
896
183
666
2,409
916
72.7Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
57
606
10
-
47
-
-Taxi drivers
157
734
25
-
132
743
-Motor vehicle operators, all other
84
616
15
-
70
642
-Locomotive engineers and operators
50
1,489
5
-
45
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
34
-
0
-
34
-
-Other rail transportation workers
11
-
2
-
8
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
16
-
0
-
16
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
30
-
2
-
28
-
-Ship engineers
1
-
0
-
1
-
-Parking attendants
44
-
7
-
36
-
-Transportation service attendants
81
611
11
-
70
614
-Transportation inspectors
26
-
6
-
21
-
-Passenger attendants
14
-
11
-
4
-
-Other transportation workers
24
-
7
-
16
-
-Crane and tower operators
48
-
2
-
46
-
-Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
23
-
1
-
22
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
507
711
41
-
467
708
-Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
214
580
35
-
179
581
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,587
650
319
595
1,268
672
88.5Machine feeders and offbearers
11
-
6
-
4
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
436
582
231
544
205
604
90.1Stockers and order fillers
1,058
593
345
576
714
602
95.7Pumping station operators
17
-
0
-
17
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
70
680
6
-
64
698
-Other material moving workers
46
-
5
-
41
-
-Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total
Women
Men
Women'searnings as apercentage ofmen'sNumber ofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Number ofworkers
MedianweeklyearningsTotal, 16 years and older
110,387
$984
49,476
$891
60,911
$1,082
82.3Agriculture and related industries
1,147
651
277
582
870
670
86.9Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
640
1,446
91
1,462
549
1,440
101.5Construction
7,598
965
747
926
6,852
970
95.5Manufacturing
13,338
1,008
3,770
840
9,567
1,082
77.6Durable goods manufacturing
8,457
1,050
2,055
875
6,402
1,111
78.8Nondurable goods manufacturing
4,881
944
1,715
804
3,165
1,019
78.9Wholesale and retail trade
13,183
768
5,249
682
7,935
852
80.0Wholesale trade
2,886
979
839
867
2,047
1,046
82.9Retail trade
10,297
721
4,410
655
5,887
786
83.3Transportation and utilities
6,759
986
1,560
846
5,198
1,030
82.1Transportation and warehousing
5,401
924
1,272
776
4,130
977
79.4Utilities
1,357
1,338
289
1,168
1,069
1,374
85.0Information
2,050
1,336
809
1,087
1,241
1,449
75.0Financial activities
8,611
1,186
4,562
1,012
4,049
1,460
69.3Finance and insurance
6,729
1,266
3,681
1,022
3,048
1,652
61.9Real estate and rental and leasing
1,882
998
881
977
1,001
1,022
95.6Professional and business services
13,757
1,216
5,419
1,023
8,337
1,364
75.0Professional and technical services
9,561
1,477
3,814
1,196
5,747
1,729
69.2Management, administrative, and waste services
4,196
728
1,605
702
2,591
748
93.9Education and health services
26,254
1,001
19,294
943
6,960
1,198
78.7Educational services
10,548
1,077
7,286
1,027
3,262
1,207
85.1Health care and social assistance
15,706
940
12,008
881
3,698
1,189
74.1Leisure and hospitality
6,052
631
2,749
595
3,303
681
87.4Arts, entertainment, and recreation
1,408
861
552
797
856
903
88.3Accommodation and food services
4,645
592
2,197
559
2,447
619
90.3Other services
3,996
821
1,776
738
2,220
899
82.1Other services, except private households
3,639
849
1,468
769
2,171
903
85.2Private households
356
596
308
593
49
-
-Public administration
7,002
1,160
3,173
1,014
3,829
1,302
77.9Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wageTotal
Percentageof hourly paidworkers
At prevailingfederalminimumwage
BelowprevailingfederalminimumwageAge and genderTotal, 16 years and older
73,305
1,112
1.5
247
86516 to 24 years
14,051
529
3.8
153
37625 years and older
59,254
583
1.0
94
489Women, 16 years and older
36,513
742
2.0
136
60716 to 24 years
6,992
369
5.3
88
28125 years and older
29,521
373
1.3
48
325Men, 16 years and older
36,792
369
1.0
111
25816 to 24 years
7,059
159
2.3
65
9425 years and older
29,734
210
0.7
46
164Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity1White
55,889
810
1.4
178
631Women
27,257
544
2.0
92
451Men
28,632
266
0.9
86
180Black or African American
10,738
196
1.8
50
146Women
5,846
139
2.4
35
104Men
4,892
57
1.2
15
42Asian
3,533
43
1.2
3
39Women
1,857
20
1.1
2
18Men
1,676
23
1.4
1
22Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
16,220
205
1.3
46
160Women
7,257
124
1.7
22
102Men
8,963
82
0.9
24
58Full- and part-time status2Full-time workers
55,669
468
0.8
72
397Women
25,156
318
1.3
38
281Men
30,514
150
0.5
34
116Part-time workers
17,531
637
3.6
175
462Women
11,305
421
3.7
98
323Men
6,226
216
3.5
77
1391Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.2The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year and gender
Total employed
Usually full time
Usually part time
Percentage usually full time
Percentage usually part timeTotal1968
75,920
65,277
10,644
86.0
14.01969
77,902
66,596
11,306
85.5
14.51970
78,678
66,753
11,925
84.8
15.21971
79,367
66,973
12,393
84.4
15.61972
82,153
69,214
12,939
84.3
15.71973
85,064
71,803
13,262
84.4
15.61974
86,794
73,093
13,701
84.2
15.81975
85,846
71,586
14,260
83.4
16.61976
88,752
73,964
14,788
83.3
16.71977
92,017
76,625
15,391
83.3
16.71978
96,048
80,193
15,855
83.5
16.51979
98,824
82,654
16,171
83.6
16.41980
99,303
82,562
16,740
83.1
16.91981
100,397
83,243
17,154
82.9
17.11982
99,526
81,421
18,106
81.8
18.21983
100,834
82,322
18,511
81.6
18.41984
105,005
86,544
18,462
82.4
17.61985
107,150
88,534
18,615
82.6
17.41986
109,597
90,529
19,069
82.6
17.41987
112,440
92,957
19,483
82.7
17.31988
114,968
95,214
19,754
82.8
17.21989
117,342
97,369
19,973
83.0
17.01990
118,793
98,666
20,128
83.1
16.91991
117,718
97,190
20,528
82.6
17.41992
118,492
97,664
20,828
82.4
17.61993
120,259
99,114
21,145
82.4
17.61994
123,060
99,772
23,288
81.1
18.91995
124,900
101,679
23,220
81.4
18.61996
126,708
103,537
23,170
81.7
18.31997
129,558
106,334
23,224
82.1
17.91998
131,463
108,202
23,261
82.3
17.71999
133,488
110,302
23,186
82.6
17.42000
136,891
113,846
23,044
83.2
16.82001
136,933
113,573
23,361
82.9
17.12002
136,485
112,700
23,785
82.6
17.42003
137,736
113,324
24,412
82.3
17.72004
139,252
114,518
24,734
82.2
17.82005
141,730
117,016
24,714
82.6
17.42006
144,427
119,688
24,739
82.9
17.12007
146,047
121,091
24,956
82.9
17.12008
145,362
120,030
25,332
82.6
17.42009
139,877
112,634
27,244
80.5
19.52010
139,064
111,714
27,350
80.3
19.72011
139,869
112,556
27,313
80.5
19.52012
142,469
114,809
27,661
80.6
19.42013
143,929
116,314
27,615
80.8
19.22014
146,305
118,718
27,587
81.1
18.92015
148,834
121,492
27,341
81.6
18.42016
151,436
123,761
27,675
81.7
18.32017
153,337
125,967
27,370
82.2
17.82018
155,761
128,572
27,189
82.5
17.52019
157,538
130,597
26,941
82.9
17.12020
147,795
123,188
24,607
83.4
16.6Women1968
27,807
20,893
6,914
75.1
24.91969
29,084
21,781
7,303
74.9
25.11970
29,688
21,929
7,758
73.9
26.11971
29,976
21,950
8,026
73.2
26.81972
31,257
22,842
8,416
73.1
26.91973
32,715
23,960
8,756
73.2
26.81974
33,769
24,714
9,055
73.2
26.81975
33,989
24,598
9,391
72.4
27.61976
35,615
25,814
9,799
72.5
27.51977
37,289
27,076
10,213
72.6
27.41978
39,569
28,912
10,658
73.1
26.91979
41,217
30,227
10,990
73.3
26.71980
42,117
30,845
11,270
73.2
26.81981
43,000
31,337
11,664
72.9
27.11982
43,256
31,086
12,170
71.9
28.11983
44,047
31,679
12,367
71.9
28.11984
45,915
33,473
12,441
72.9
27.11985
47,259
34,672
12,587
73.4
26.61986
48,706
35,845
12,862
73.6
26.41987
50,334
37,210
13,124
73.9
26.11988
51,696
38,398
13,298
74.3
25.71989
53,027
39,484
13,544
74.5
25.51990
53,689
40,165
13,524
74.8
25.21991
53,496
39,783
13,713
74.4
25.61992
54,052
40,301
13,751
74.6
25.41993
54,910
40,991
13,919
74.7
25.31994
56,610
40,940
15,670
72.3
27.71995
57,523
41,743
15,779
72.6
27.41996
58,501
42,776
15,725
73.1
26.91997
59,873
44,076
15,797
73.6
26.41998
60,771
45,014
15,757
74.1
25.91999
62,042
46,372
15,670
74.7
25.32000
63,586
47,916
15,670
75.4
24.62001
63,737
47,950
15,788
75.2
24.82002
63,582
47,494
16,088
74.7
25.32003
64,404
47,946
16,459
74.4
25.62004
64,728
48,073
16,654
74.3
25.72005
65,757
49,158
16,598
74.8
25.22006
66,925
50,380
16,545
75.3
24.72007
67,792
51,056
16,736
75.3
24.72008
67,876
51,178
16,698
75.4
24.62009
66,208
48,683
17,525
73.5
26.52010
65,705
48,214
17,491
73.4
26.62011
65,579
48,224
17,355
73.5
26.52012
66,914
49,331
17,583
73.7
26.32013
67,577
49,979
17,598
74.0
26.02014
68,613
50,889
17,724
74.2
25.82015
69,703
52,142
17,561
74.8
25.22016
70,868
53,194
17,674
75.1
24.92017
71,936
54,396
17,539
75.6
24.42018
73,063
55,638
17,425
76.2
23.82019
74,078
56,773
17,304
76.6
23.42020
69,234
53,727
15,508
77.6
22.4Men1968
48,114
44,384
3,730
92.2
7.81969
48,818
44,815
4,003
91.8
8.21970
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.51971
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.81972
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.91973
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.61974
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.81975
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.41976
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.41977
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.51978
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.21979
57,607
52,427
5,180
91.0
9.01980
57,186
51,717
5,471
90.4
9.61981
57,397
51,906
5,492
90.4
9.61982
56,271
50,334
5,937
89.4
10.61983
56,787
50,643
6,145
89.2
10.81984
59,091
53,070
6,020
89.8
10.21985
59,891
53,862
6,028
89.9
10.11986
60,892
54,685
6,207
89.8
10.21987
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.21988
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.21989
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.01990
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.11991
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.61992
64,440
57,363
7,077
89.0
11.01993
65,349
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.11994
66,450
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.51995
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.01996
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.91997
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.71998
70,693
63,189
7,504
89.4
10.61999
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.52000
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.12001
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.32002
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.62003
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.82004
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.82005
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.72006
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.62007
78,254
70,035
8,220
89.5
10.52008
77,486
68,853
8,634
88.9
11.12009
73,670
63,951
9,719
86.8
13.22010
73,359
63,501
9,858
86.6
13.42011
74,290
64,333
9,957
86.6
13.42012
75,555
65,477
10,078
86.7
13.32013
76,353
66,335
10,017
86.9
13.12014
77,692
67,829
9,863
87.3
12.72015
79,131
69,351
9,780
87.6
12.42016
80,568
70,567
10,002
87.6
12.42017
81,402
71,571
9,831
87.9
12.12018
82,698
72,935
9,764
88.2
11.82019
83,460
73,824
9,637
88.5
11.52020
78,560
69,461
9,099
88.4
11.6Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industriesTotal
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men1976
38.7
34.1
41.7
38.4
34.1
41.41977
38.8
34.2
41.9
38.5
34.2
41.61978
39.0
34.5
42.1
38.7
34.4
41.81979
38.9
34.5
42.0
38.6
34.4
41.71980
38.5
34.5
41.5
38.3
34.4
41.21981
38.1
34.1
41.1
37.9
34.1
40.71982
38.0
34.1
40.9
37.7
34.0
40.61983
38.3
34.5
41.2
38.1
34.4
41.01984
38.8
34.9
41.8
38.6
34.9
41.51985
39.0
35.2
42.0
38.9
35.2
41.81986
39.1
35.4
42.1
38.9
35.3
41.91987
39.0
35.3
42.0
38.8
35.3
41.81988
39.4
35.7
42.4
39.3
35.7
42.21989
39.6
35.8
42.6
39.4
35.8
42.41990
39.4
35.8
42.3
39.3
35.8
42.11991
39.2
35.8
42.0
39.1
35.8
41.91992
38.9
35.6
41.7
38.8
35.6
41.61993
39.4
36.0
42.2
39.3
36.0
42.11994
39.2
35.5
42.2
39.1
35.6
42.11995
39.3
35.6
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21996
39.3
35.7
42.3
39.2
35.7
42.21997
39.5
36.0
42.4
39.4
36.0
42.31998
39.3
35.8
42.2
39.2
35.9
42.21999
39.6
36.2
42.4
39.5
36.2
42.42000
39.7
36.4
42.5
39.6
36.4
42.42001
39.2
36.1
41.9
39.2
36.1
41.82002
39.2
36.0
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72003
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62004
39.0
35.9
41.7
39.0
35.9
41.62005
39.2
36.1
41.8
39.1
36.1
41.72006
39.2
36.2
41.8
39.2
36.2
41.72007
39.2
36.1
41.7
39.1
36.1
41.62008
38.9
36.1
41.3
38.8
36.1
41.22009
37.9
35.3
40.2
37.8
35.3
40.12010
38.2
35.5
40.5
38.1
35.6
40.42011
38.3
35.6
40.6
38.2
35.6
40.62012
38.5
35.8
40.8
38.4
35.8
40.72013
38.6
36.0
40.9
38.5
36.0
40.82014
38.6
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.9
40.92015
38.6
35.9
40.9
38.5
35.9
40.82016
38.7
36.2
41.0
38.7
36.2
40.92017
38.7
36.2
40.9
38.6
36.2
40.82018
38.9
36.4
41.1
38.9
36.4
41.02019
39.0
36.5
41.1
38.9
36.6
41.02020
38.3
36.1
40.2
38.2
36.1
40.1Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2019 (percent distribution)
Year and gender
Population (in thousands)
Worked during the year
Percent distribution by work experienceTotal (in thousands)
Percentage of population
Total
Usually work full time
Usually work part timeTotal
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
1 to 49 weeksTotal1970
138,953
93,850
67.5
100.0
79.4
55.6
23.8
20.6
6.7
13.91975
153,180
102,603
67.0
100.0
78.9
54.3
24.6
21.2
7.5
13.71980
169,452
115,752
68.3
100.0
78.5
56.1
22.4
21.4
7.7
13.71985
179,944
123,466
68.6
100.0
78.2
58.7
19.5
21.9
8.3
13.61990
189,238
132,562
70.1
100.0
78.8
60.4
18.4
21.3
8.7
12.61995
199,925
138,971
69.5
100.0
78.6
62.9
15.7
21.3
9.1
12.22000
214,292
150,787
70.4
100.0
80.4
66.7
13.8
19.5
9.3
10.22005
227,975
154,322
67.7
100.0
80.3
67.5
12.8
19.7
10.0
9.72006
231,033
156,658
67.8
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.7
9.42007
232,995
157,653
67.7
100.0
80.9
68.4
12.5
19.1
9.8
9.32008
235,086
157,472
67.0
100.0
79.5
65.6
13.9
20.5
10.5
10.02009
237,158
153,929
64.9
100.0
78.3
64.0
14.3
21.7
11.3
10.42010
238,999
152,320
63.7
100.0
78.2
64.7
13.5
21.8
11.2
10.62011
242,602
153,479
63.3
100.0
78.6
65.8
12.8
21.4
11.2
10.22012
244,993
156,194
63.8
100.0
78.4
65.5
12.9
21.6
11.2
10.42013
247,258
156,987
63.5
100.0
79.0
66.9
12.1
21.0
10.9
10.12014
250,080
159,056
63.6
100.0
79.6
67.9
11.7
20.4
10.8
9.62015
252,766
162,329
64.2
100.0
79.6
68.0
11.6
20.4
10.6
9.82016
254,413
163,638
64.3
100.0
79.8
68.8
11.0
20.2
10.7
9.62017
257,097
165,163
64.2
100.0
80.4
69.5
10.9
19.6
10.6
9.02018
258,527
166,402
64.4
100.0
80.8
70.4
10.4
19.2
10.4
8.82019
259,757
168,632
64.9
100.0
80.8
70.2
10.6
19.2
10.2
9.0Women1970
73,657
38,809
52.7
100.0
67.9
40.7
27.2
32.2
10.1
22.11975
80,834
43,511
53.8
100.0
67.1
41.4
25.7
32.8
11.7
21.11980
89,259
51,492
57.7
100.0
67.7
44.7
23.0
32.3
11.9
20.41985
94,490
56,165
59.4
100.0
68.1
48.9
19.2
31.8
12.3
19.51990
98,970
61,494
62.1
100.0
69.8
51.5
18.3
30.2
12.8
17.41995
104,058
65,304
62.8
100.0
70.2
54.3
15.9
29.7
13.3
16.42000
111,440
71,341
64.0
100.0
72.9
58.4
14.5
27.1
13.4
13.72005
117,814
72,309
61.4
100.0
72.7
59.9
12.8
27.3
14.1
13.22006
119,300
73,527
61.6
100.0
73.0
60.7
12.3
27.0
14.1
12.92007
120,300
74,115
61.6
100.0
73.6
61.5
12.1
26.4
14.2
12.22008
121,328
74,363
61.3
100.0
72.2
59.3
12.9
27.8
15.0
12.92009
122,339
72,855
59.6
100.0
71.5
59.3
12.2
28.5
15.8
12.72010
123,012
71,980
58.5
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.6
12.92011
125,619
72,976
58.1
100.0
71.7
59.8
11.9
28.3
15.7
12.62012
126,791
74,051
58.4
100.0
71.5
59.4
12.1
28.5
15.2
13.32013
127,863
74,397
58.2
100.0
71.8
60.5
11.3
28.2
15.2
13.02014
129,342
75,416
58.3
100.0
72.7
61.2
11.5
27.3
14.7
12.62015
130,656
76,811
58.8
100.0
73.0
61.4
11.6
27.0
14.6
12.42016
131,469
77,574
59.0
100.0
73.1
62.2
10.9
26.9
14.6
12.32017
132,766
78,016
58.8
100.0
73.5
63.1
10.4
26.5
14.9
11.62018
133,500
79,239
59.4
100.0
74.4
64.0
10.3
25.6
14.3
11.32019
134,119
80,558
60.1
100.0
74.9
64.5
10.4
25.1
13.7
11.3Men1970
65,296
55,041
84.3
100.0
87.6
66.1
21.5
12.4
4.4
8.01975
72,346
59,091
81.7
100.0
87.5
63.8
23.7
12.5
4.4
8.11980
80,193
64,260
80.1
100.0
87.2
65.2
22.0
12.8
4.4
8.41985
85,454
67,301
78.8
100.0
86.5
66.8
19.7
13.5
4.8
8.71990
90,269
71,068
78.7
100.0
86.4
68.0
18.4
13.5
5.1
8.41995
95,867
73,667
76.8
100.0
86.2
70.6
15.6
13.9
5.5
8.42000
102,853
79,446
77.2
100.0
87.5
74.2
13.2
12.6
5.5
7.12005
110,161
82,013
74.4
100.0
87.0
74.2
12.8
13.0
6.3
6.72006
111,733
83,131
74.4
100.0
87.8
75.2
12.6
12.2
5.7
6.52007
112,695
83,538
74.1
100.0
87.4
74.6
12.8
12.6
5.9
6.72008
113,758
83,109
73.1
100.0
86.0
71.2
14.8
14.0
6.5
7.52009
114,820
81,073
70.6
100.0
84.4
68.3
16.1
15.6
7.3
8.32010
115,986
80,341
69.3
100.0
84.3
69.4
14.9
15.7
7.3
8.42011
116,984
80,503
68.8
100.0
84.8
71.2
13.6
15.2
7.2
8.02012
118,202
82,143
69.5
100.0
84.5
71.0
13.5
15.5
7.5
8.02013
119,395
82,590
69.2
100.0
85.5
72.7
12.8
14.5
7.1
7.42014
120,738
83,640
69.3
100.0
85.7
73.9
11.8
14.3
7.2
7.12015
122,110
85,518
70.0
100.0
85.6
73.9
11.7
14.4
7.0
7.42016
122,944
86,063
70.0
100.0
85.8
74.7
11.1
14.2
7.1
7.02017
124,331
87,147
70.1
100.0
86.6
75.3
11.3
13.4
6.7
6.72018
125,027
87,163
69.7
100.0
86.7
76.2
10.4
13.3
6.9
6.42019
125,638
88,074
70.1
100.0
86.2
75.4
10.8
13.8
7.0
6.8Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.
The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2020.

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (numbers in thousands)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
-
-1968
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
-
-1969
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
-
-1970
44,832
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
-
-1971
45,939
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
-
-1972
46,594
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
-
-1973
47,185
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
-
-1974
47,438
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
-
-1975
47,878
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
-
-1976
48,150
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
-
-1977
48,131
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
-
-1978
48,532
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
-
-1979
49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
-
-1980
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
-
-1981
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
-
-1982
49,947
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
-
-1983
50,134
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
-
-1984
50,395
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
-
-1985
50,978
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
-
-1986
51,574
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
-
-1987
51,847
6,741
12,435
9,787
1,946
702
32,671
29,369
2,576
-
-1988
52,149
6,754
11,876
9,463
1,777
636
33,519
30,536
2,303
532
1481989
52,385
6,812
11,748
9,212
1,840
695
33,825
30,879
2,373
435
1381990
52,241
6,770
11,630
9,107
1,826
698
33,841
30,829
2,369
479
1641991
52,549
7,091
11,523
8,873
1,993
657
33,935
31,049
2,161
527
1971992
53,254
7,256
11,977
9,114
2,145
718
34,021
31,268
1,940
624
1891993
53,248
7,282
11,842
8,745
2,411
687
34,123
31,302
2,051
614
1561994
53,929
7,227
11,774
8,719
2,374
681
34,928
32,125
2,048
603
1511995
53,621
7,278
11,739
8,821
2,253
664
34,604
32,061
1,878
539
1271996
53,654
7,148
11,556
8,671
2,214
671
34,950
32,406
1,899
522
1231997
54,362
7,289
11,728
8,792
2,302
634
35,345
32,764
1,853
569
1581998
54,829
7,257
12,279
9,198
2,419
662
35,293
32,810
1,726
616
1411999
55,352
7,163
12,328
9,093
2,595
640
35,861
33,360
1,815
519
1672000
56,643
7,463
12,717
9,515
2,601
600
36,463
33,892
1,865
566
1392001
56,798
7,666
12,907
9,621
2,698
588
36,224
33,696
1,898
501
1292002
57,362
7,803
13,487
10,109
2,818
560
36,071
33,547
1,845
558
1212003
57,767
8,043
14,051
10,469
3,026
557
35,673
33,220
1,789
548
1172004
58,045
7,996
14,352
10,821
2,991
540
35,696
33,131
1,832
610
1232005
58,225
8,017
14,292
10,603
3,096
593
35,915
33,380
1,818
597
1212006
59,050
8,091
14,545
10,693
3,261
591
36,414
33,880
1,752
639
1422007
58,490
7,914
14,264
10,392
3,265
608
36,312
33,718
1,847
597
1492008
59,183
8,083
14,622
10,567
3,435
620
36,477
33,930
1,739
650
1582009
58,516
8,466
15,035
10,565
3,849
621
35,015
32,327
1,789
739
1602010
58,135
8,626
15,406
10,880
3,935
591
34,103
31,425
1,783
722
1722011
59,071
9,152
15,972
11,301
4,015
656
33,947
31,212
1,833
739
1632012
59,327
9,101
15,831
11,271
3,891
669
34,395
31,594
1,881
750
1702013
59,795
9,556
15,825
11,368
3,788
669
34,414
31,685
1,849
711
1692014
60,091
9,434
15,627
11,240
3,767
620
35,030
32,000
2,082
764
1832015
60,338
9,379
15,640
11,178
3,733
729
35,320
32,333
2,028
756
2032016
60,912
9,814
15,490
11,054
3,742
695
35,608
32,647
2,054
752
1552017
61,348
9,944
15,887
11,386
3,841
660
35,517
32,430
2,092
781
2142018
61,505
10,022
15,575
10,960
3,916
699
35,908
32,839
2,019
783
2682019
61,840
10,350
15,032
10,463
3,739
830
36,458
33,394
2,090
764
209Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (percent distribution)
Year
Married-couple familiesTotal
No earners
One earner
Two or more earnersTotal
Husband only
Wife only
Other family member
Total
Husband and wife
Husband and other family member
Wife and other family member
Husband and wife are not earners1967
100.0
6.8
38.1
35.6
1.7
0.8
55.1
43.6
10.7
-
-1968
100.0
6.6
37.4
34.9
1.7
0.8
56.1
45.0
10.3
-
-1969
100.0
6.8
36.6
34.1
1.8
0.8
56.6
45.7
10.2
-
-1970
100.0
7.3
35.9
33.3
1.9
0.7
56.8
45.7
10.3
-
-1971
100.0
7.6
36.7
33.7
2.2
0.7
55.8
44.9
10.1
-
-1972
100.0
7.8
36.0
33.0
2.2
0.9
56.2
45.7
9.8
-
-1973
100.0
8.5
34.1
30.8
2.4
0.9
57.4
46.9
9.6
-
-1974
100.0
9.1
33.3
29.8
2.6
1.0
57.6
47.3
9.4
-
-1975
100.0
10.3
33.9
30.0
2.9
1.0
55.8
46.7
8.1
-
-1976
100.0
10.3
32.5
28.4
3.0
1.1
57.2
48.0
8.0
-
-1977
100.0
10.8
31.4
27.3
3.0
1.1
57.8
48.8
7.9
-
-1978
100.0
10.8
29.8
25.6
3.1
1.1
59.4
50.8
7.4
-
-1979
100.0
11.3
28.3
24.3
3.1
1.0
60.4
52.1
7.1
-
-1980
100.0
12.0
28.2
23.6
3.5
1.2
59.8
51.8
6.9
-
-1981
100.0
12.5
27.8
23.2
3.4
1.3
59.6
51.8
6.5
-
-1982
100.0
12.9
28.5
23.2
4.1
1.2
58.6
50.8
6.3
-
-1983
100.0
13.1
27.3
22.1
3.9
1.3
59.6
52.1
6.0
-
-1984
100.0
13.2
25.7
20.8
3.7
1.2
61.1
53.6
5.7
-
-1985
100.0
13.1
25.4
20.4
3.7
1.3
61.4
54.5
5.4
-
-1986
100.0
13.1
24.4
19.4
3.7
1.3
62.6
55.9
5.3
-
-1987
100.0
13.0
24.0
18.9
3.8
1.4
63.0
56.6
5.0
-
-1988
100.0
13.0
22.8
18.1
3.4
1.2
64.3
58.6
4.4
1.0
0.31989
100.0
13.0
22.4
17.6
3.5
1.3
64.6
58.9
4.5
0.8
0.31990
100.0
13.0
22.3
17.4
3.5
1.3
64.8
59.0
4.5
0.9
0.31991
100.0
13.5
21.9
16.9
3.8
1.3
64.6
59.1
4.1
1.0
0.41992
100.0
13.6
22.5
17.1
4.0
1.3
63.9
58.7
3.6
1.2
0.41993
100.0
13.7
22.2
16.4
4.5
1.3
64.1
58.8
3.9
1.2
0.31994
100.0
13.4
21.8
16.2
4.4
1.3
64.8
59.6
3.8
1.1
0.31995
100.0
13.6
21.9
16.5
4.2
1.2
64.5
59.8
3.5
1.0
0.21996
100.0
13.3
21.5
16.2
4.1
1.3
65.1
60.4
3.5
1.0
0.21997
100.0
13.4
21.6
16.2
4.2
1.2
65.0
60.3
3.4
1.0
0.31998
100.0
13.2
22.4
16.8
4.4
1.2
64.4
59.8
3.1
1.1
0.31999
100.0
12.9
22.3
16.4
4.7
1.2
64.8
60.3
3.3
0.9
0.32000
100.0
13.2
22.5
16.8
4.6
1.1
64.4
59.8
3.3
1.0
0.22001
100.0
13.5
22.7
16.9
4.8
1.0
63.8
59.3
3.3
0.9
0.22002
100.0
13.6
23.5
17.6
4.9
1.0
62.9
58.5
3.2
1.0
0.22003
100.0
13.9
24.3
18.1
5.2
1.0
61.8
57.5
3.1
0.9
0.22004
100.0
13.8
24.7
18.6
5.2
0.9
61.5
57.1
3.2
1.1
0.22005
100.0
13.8
24.5
18.2
5.3
1.0
61.7
57.3
3.1
1.0
0.22006
100.0
13.7
24.6
18.1
5.5
1.0
61.7
57.4
3.0
1.1
0.22007
100.0
13.5
24.4
17.8
5.6
1.0
62.1
57.6
3.2
1.0
0.32008
100.0
13.7
24.7
17.9
5.8
1.0
61.6
57.3
2.9
1.1
0.32009
100.0
14.5
25.7
18.1
6.6
1.1
59.8
55.2
3.1
1.3
0.32010
100.0
14.8
26.5
18.7
6.8
1.0
58.7
54.1
3.1
1.2
0.32011
100.0
15.5
27.0
19.1
6.8
1.1
57.5
52.8
3.1
1.3
0.32012
100.0
15.3
26.7
19.0
6.6
1.1
58.0
53.3
3.2
1.3
0.32013
100.0
16.0
26.5
19.0
6.3
1.1
57.6
53.0
3.1
1.2
0.32014
100.0
15.7
26.0
18.7
6.3
1.0
58.3
53.3
3.5
1.3
0.32015
100.0
15.5
25.9
18.5
6.2
1.2
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.3
0.32016
100.0
16.1
25.4
18.1
6.1
1.1
58.5
53.6
3.4
1.2
0.32017
100.0
16.2
25.9
18.6
6.3
1.1
57.9
52.9
3.4
1.3
0.32018
100.0
16.3
25.3
17.8
6.4
1.1
58.4
53.4
3.3
1.3
0.42019
100.0
16.7
24.3
16.9
6.0
1.3
59.0
54.0
3.4
1.2
0.3Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2019
Year
Contribution to family income (median percentage)1970
26.61971
27.51972
26.71973
26.01974
25.41975
26.31976
26.41977
26.11978
26.11979
26.01980
26.71981
27.31982
28.41983
28.81984
28.41985
28.31986
29.01987
29.51988
29.61989
29.91990
30.71991
31.31992
32.41993
32.21994
31.91995
31.91996
32.61997
32.71998
32.81999
32.82000
33.52001
34.42002
34.82003
35.22004
34.92005
35.12006
35.62007
36.02008
36.02009
37.12010
37.62011
37.02012
37.32013
37.32014
36.02015
37.12016
37.12017
37.12018
37.52019
36.5Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2020.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 (numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatino
Total
White
Black or AfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanic orLatinoTotal, 16 years and older
157,769
122,238
19,891
10,186
28,057
6,318
4,296
1,433
239
1,964
4.0
3.5
7.2
2.3
7.016 to 19 years
3,678
2,834
467
132
865
273
173
53
11
80
7.4
6.1
11.4
8.6
9.220 to 24 years
12,926
9,751
1,836
602
3,110
977
659
210
45
263
7.6
6.8
11.5
7.4
8.525 to 34 years
36,215
26,793
5,266
2,619
7,212
1,800
1,141
514
57
462
5.0
4.3
9.8
2.2
6.435 to 44 years
33,679
25,633
4,316
2,537
6,691
1,447
1,012
303
46
565
4.3
3.9
7.0
1.8
8.445 to 54 years
32,245
25,061
4,028
2,224
5,735
940
667
200
39
374
2.9
2.7
5.0
1.8
6.555 to 64 years
27,882
22,819
2,955
1,504
3,450
739
543
124
32
181
2.6
2.4
4.2
2.1
5.265 years and older
11,144
9,347
1,023
568
993
143
103
28
9
39
1.3
1.1
2.7
1.5
3.9Women, 16 years and older
74,259
56,190
10,639
4,741
12,243
3,370
2,106
951
109
874
4.5
3.7
8.9
2.3
7.116 to 19 years
1,784
1,367
277
48
407
145
79
39
6
39
8.1
5.8
14.0
-
9.520 to 24 years
6,283
4,645
945
317
1,454
521
340
115
22
140
8.3
7.3
12.1
6.9
9.625 to 34 years
16,908
12,236
2,726
1,191
3,079
1,059
581
395
26
215
6.3
4.7
14.5
2.2
7.035 to 44 years
15,589
11,465
2,345
1,180
2,823
703
450
186
25
210
4.5
3.9
7.9
2.1
7.445 to 54 years
15,524
11,816
2,190
1,059
2,552
484
324
126
13
176
3.1
2.7
5.7
1.2
6.955 to 64 years
13,265
10,660
1,601
695
1,508
395
289
73
17
79
3.0
2.7
4.6
2.4
5.265 years and older
4,906
4,001
554
253
420
64
44
18
-
15
1.3
1.1
3.2
-
3.7Men, 16 years and older
83,510
66,048
9,253
5,445
15,814
2,948
2,191
482
130
1,090
3.5
3.3
5.2
2.4
6.916 to 19 years
1,894
1,467
190
85
459
128
94
14
6
41
6.8
6.4
7.6
6.6
8.920 to 24 years
6,643
5,106
891
285
1,656
456
319
96
23
124
6.9
6.3
10.7
8.0
7.525 to 34 years
19,307
14,557
2,540
1,428
4,134
741
560
119
30
247
3.8
3.8
4.7
2.1
6.035 to 44 years
18,090
14,168
1,970
1,357
3,868
744
561
118
21
355
4.1
4.0
6.0
1.6
9.245 to 54 years
16,721
13,245
1,838
1,165
3,183
457
343
74
26
198
2.7
2.6
4.0
2.2
6.255 to 64 years
14,617
12,159
1,354
809
1,942
344
254
51
15
102
2.4
2.1
3.8
1.9
5.365 years and older
6,238
5,346
470
315
573
79
59
10
9
24
1.3
1.1
2.2
2.7
4.11 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.
Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Displaced workers1, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020
Age, gender, race and Hispanic orLatino ethnicity
Total (inthousands)
Percentage distribution by employment statusTotal
Employed
Unemployed
Not in thelabor forceTotal, 20 years and older
2,672
100.0
70.1
12.4
17.520 to 24 years
63
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
1,676
100.0
75.1
13.9
11.055 to 64 years
702
100.0
66.5
10.7
22.865 years and older
232
100.0
44.1
7.4
48.5Women, 20 years and older
1,206
100.0
67.8
12.5
19.720 to 24 years
42
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
729
100.0
75.9
12.9
11.255 to 64 years
321
100.0
60.3
13.4
26.365 years and older
115
100.0
35.4
5.6
59.1Men, 20 years and older
1,466
100.0
71.9
12.3
15.720 to 24 years
20
100.0
-
-
-25 to 54 years
947
100.0
74.5
14.6
10.955 to 64 years
382
100.0
71.7
8.3
20.065 years and older
117
100.0
52.6
9.3
38.2WhiteTotal, 20 years and older
2,162
100.0
70.9
10.5
18.6Women
951
100.0
67.7
9.7
22.6Men
1,211
100.0
73.5
11.0
15.5Black or African AmericanTotal, 20 years and older
335
100.0
61.8
22.2
16.0Women
183
100.0
64.6
22.6
12.9Men
152
100.0
58.5
21.8
19.7AsianTotal, 20 years and older
110
100.0
73.5
25.6
0.9Women
48
100.0
-
-
-Men
62
100.0
-
-
-Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 20 years and older
461
100.0
67.6
8.5
23.9Women
199
100.0
61.2
10.5
28.3Men
262
100.0
72.6
7.0
20.51 Displaced workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2017 and December 2019 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 75,000.)
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20
Age and gender
January 2004
January 2006
January 2008
January 2010
January 2012
January 2014
January 2016
January 2018
January 2020Total, 16 years and older
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.2
4.116 to 17 years
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.325 years and older
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.0
4.925 to 34 years
2.9
2.9
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.835 to 44 years
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.945 to 54 years
7.7
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.6
7.555 to 64 years
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.4
10.1
10.1
9.965 years and older
9.0
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.2
10.3Women, 16 years and older
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.916 to 17 years
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.225 years and older
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.825 to 34 years
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.735 to 44 years
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.645 to 54 years
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.1
6.855 to 64 years
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.0
10.1
9.865 years and older
9.6
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.1
10.4Men, 16 years and older
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.316 to 17 years
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.718 to 19 years
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.820 to 24 years
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.425 years and older
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.1
5.125 to 34 years
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.935 to 44 years
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.145 to 54 years
9.6
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.255 to 64 years
9.8
9.5
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.7
10.2
10.2
10.065 years and older
8.2
8.3
10.4
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.3Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–20 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2020 high school graduates and 2019–2020 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotal, 2020 high school graduates1
3,118
1,427
45.8
1,186
38.0
241
16.9
1,691Women
1,537
724
47.1
605
39.4
118
16.3
813Men
1,581
703
44.5
580
36.7
123
17.5
878Enrolled in college
1,955
645
33.0
556
28.4
89
13.8
1,310Percentage of total 2020 graduates
62.7
45.2
-
46.9
-
37.0
-
77.5Women
1,017
386
37.9
326
32.0
60
15.6
632Percentage of female 2020 graduates
66.2
53.3
-
53.8
-
50.9
-
77.7Men
938
260
27.7
231
24.6
29
11.2
678Percentage of male 2020 graduates
59.3
36.9
-
39.8
-
23.5
-
77.3Not enrolled in college
1,162
781
67.2
629
54.2
152
19.5
381Percentage of total 2020 graduates
37.3
54.8
-
53.1
-
63.0
-
22.5Women
519
338
65.1
280
53.9
58
17.2
181Percentage of female 2020 graduates
33.8
46.7
-
46.2
-
49.1
-
22.3Men
643
444
69.0
349
54.3
94
21.2
200Percentage of male 2020 graduates
40.7
63.1
-
60.2
-
76.5
-
22.7Total, 2019-2020 high school dropouts2
575
273
47.5
253
43.9
20
7.5
302Women
246
103
41.9
95
38.5
8
8.0
143Men
329
170
51.7
158
48.0
12
7.2
1591Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2020.2Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2019 and October 2020.
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceEnrolled in school
21,012
7,564
36.0
6,710
31.9
855
11.3
13,448Women
11,000
4,358
39.6
3,936
35.8
422
9.7
6,642Men
10,012
3,207
32.0
2,774
27.7
433
13.5
6,805Enrolled in high school1
9,214
2,097
22.8
1,832
19.9
266
12.7
7,116Women
4,456
1,106
24.8
1,005
22.6
101
9.1
3,350Men
4,757
991
20.8
826
17.4
165
16.6
3,766Enrolled in college
11,798
5,467
46.3
4,878
41.3
589
10.8
6,331Women
6,544
3,252
49.7
2,931
44.8
321
9.9
3,292Men
5,254
2,215
42.2
1,947
37.1
268
12.1
3,039Not enrolled in school
16,456
13,033
79.2
11,554
70.2
1,479
11.3
3,423Women
7,659
5,777
75.4
5,187
67.7
590
10.2
1,883Less than a high school diploma
814
382
47.0
339
41.7
43
11.2
432High school graduates, no college2
3,229
2,305
71.4
2,028
62.8
277
12.0
923Some college or associate's degree
2,038
1,656
81.3
1,499
73.6
157
9.5
382Bachelor's degree and higher
1,579
1,433
90.8
1,320
83.6
113
7.9
146Men
8,796
7,256
82.5
6,367
72.4
889
12.3
1,540Less than a high school diploma
1,165
778
66.8
699
59.9
80
10.2
387High school graduates, no college2
4,414
3,597
81.5
3,100
70.2
498
13.8
817Some college or associate's degree
1,997
1,749
87.6
1,534
76.8
215
12.3
248Bachelor's degree and higher
1,219
1,131
92.8
1,034
84.8
97
8.6
881Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.2 Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Multiple jobholders
Multiple-jobholding rate1Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
MenNumber
Percentage of all multiple jobholders1994
123,060
7,260
3,336
46.0
3,924
5.9
5.9
5.91995
124,900
7,693
3,554
46.2
4,139
6.2
6.2
6.11996
126,708
7,832
3,640
46.5
4,192
6.2
6.2
6.11997
129,558
7,955
3,718
46.7
4,237
6.1
6.2
6.11998
131,463
7,926
3,748
47.3
4,178
6.0
6.2
5.91999
133,488
7,802
3,698
47.4
4,104
5.8
6.0
5.72000
136,891
7,604
3,608
47.4
3,996
5.6
5.7
5.52001
136,933
7,357
3,523
47.9
3,834
5.4
5.5
5.22002
136,485
7,291
3,557
48.8
3,734
5.3
5.6
5.12003
137,736
7,315
3,599
49.2
3,716
5.3
5.6
5.12004
139,252
7,473
3,638
48.7
3,835
5.4
5.6
5.12005
141,730
7,546
3,691
48.9
3,855
5.3
5.6
5.12006
144,427
7,576
3,753
49.5
3,822
5.2
5.6
4.92007
146,047
7,655
3,822
49.9
3,833
5.2
5.6
4.92008
145,362
7,620
3,783
49.6
3,837
5.2
5.6
5.02009
139,877
7,271
3,741
51.5
3,530
5.2
5.6
4.82010
139,064
6,878
3,552
51.6
3,326
4.9
5.4
4.52011
139,869
6,880
3,496
50.8
3,384
4.9
5.3
4.62012
142,469
6,943
3,495
50.3
3,448
4.9
5.2
4.62013
143,929
7,002
3,517
50.2
3,486
4.9
5.2
4.62014
146,305
7,146
3,636
50.9
3,511
4.9
5.3
4.52015
148,834
7,262
3,692
50.8
3,571
4.9
5.3
4.52016
151,436
7,531
3,887
51.6
3,645
5.0
5.5
4.52017
153,337
7,545
3,798
50.3
3,748
4.9
5.3
4.62018
155,761
7,769
3,934
50.6
3,835
5.0
5.4
4.62019
157,538
8,050
4,141
51.4
3,908
5.1
5.6
4.72020
147,795
6,687
3,429
51.3
3,258
4.5
5.0
4.11Multiple jobholders as a percentage of all employed people in specified group.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year
Total
Women
Men
Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employedTotal employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total
Total employed
Self-employed
Self-employed as a percentage of total1976
85,421
5,783
6.8
35,027
1,549
4.4
50,394
4,233
8.4
26.81977
88,734
6,114
6.9
36,677
1,692
4.6
52,057
4,423
8.5
27.71978
92,661
6,429
6.9
38,900
1,814
4.7
53,761
4,614
8.6
28.21979
95,477
6,791
7.1
40,556
1,982
4.9
54,921
4,810
8.8
29.21980
95,938
7,000
7.3
41,461
2,097
5.1
54,477
4,904
9.0
30.01981
97,030
7,097
7.3
42,333
2,192
5.2
54,697
4,905
9.0
30.91982
96,125
7,262
7.6
42,591
2,309
5.4
53,534
4,954
9.3
31.81983
97,450
7,575
7.8
43,367
2,439
5.6
54,083
5,136
9.5
32.21984
101,685
7,785
7.7
45,262
2,566
5.7
56,423
5,219
9.2
33.01985
103,971
7,811
7.5
46,615
2,603
5.6
57,356
5,207
9.1
33.31986
106,434
7,881
7.4
48,054
2,610
5.4
58,381
5,271
9.0
33.11987
109,232
8,201
7.5
49,668
2,778
5.6
59,564
5,423
9.1
33.91988
111,800
8,519
7.6
51,020
2,955
5.8
60,780
5,564
9.2
34.71989
114,142
8,605
7.5
52,341
3,043
5.8
61,802
5,562
9.0
35.41990
115,570
8,719
7.5
53,011
3,122
5.9
62,559
5,597
8.9
35.81991
114,449
8,850
7.7
52,815
3,150
6.0
61,634
5,700
9.2
35.61992
115,245
8,575
7.4
53,380
2,963
5.6
61,866
5,613
9.1
34.51993
117,144
8,959
7.6
54,273
3,065
5.6
62,871
5,894
9.4
34.21994
119,651
9,003
7.5
55,755
3,443
6.2
63,896
5,560
8.7
38.21995
121,460
8,902
7.3
56,642
3,440
6.1
64,818
5,461
8.4
38.61996
123,264
8,971
7.3
57,630
3,506
6.1
65,634
5,465
8.3
39.11997
126,159
9,056
7.2
59,026
3,550
6.0
67,133
5,506
8.2
39.21998
128,085
8,962
7.0
59,945
3,482
5.8
68,140
5,480
8.0
38.91999
130,207
8,790
6.8
61,193
3,424
5.6
69,014
5,366
7.8
39.02000
134,427
9,205
6.8
62,983
3,631
5.8
71,444
5,573
7.8
39.42001
134,635
9,121
6.8
63,147
3,594
5.7
71,488
5,527
7.7
39.42002
134,174
8,923
6.7
62,995
3,499
5.6
71,179
5,425
7.6
39.22003
135,461
9,344
6.9
63,824
3,609
5.7
71,636
5,736
8.0
38.62004
137,020
9,467
6.9
64,182
3,607
5.6
72,838
5,860
8.0
38.12005
139,532
9,509
6.8
65,213
3,565
5.5
74,319
5,944
8.0
37.52006
142,221
9,685
6.8
66,382
3,681
5.5
75,838
6,004
7.9
38.02007
143,952
9,557
6.6
67,302
3,637
5.4
76,650
5,920
7.7
38.12008
143,194
9,219
6.4
67,358
3,483
5.2
75,836
5,736
7.6
37.82009
137,775
8,995
6.5
65,712
3,468
5.3
72,062
5,527
7.7
38.62010
136,858
8,860
6.5
65,164
3,388
5.2
71,694
5,472
7.6
38.22011
137,615
8,603
6.3
65,023
3,341
5.1
72,592
5,262
7.2
38.82012
140,283
8,749
6.2
66,353
3,483
5.2
73,930
5,266
7.1
39.82013
141,799
8,619
6.1
67,058
3,508
5.2
74,742
5,111
6.8
40.72014
144,068
8,602
6.0
68,061
3,444
5.1
76,007
5,158
6.8
40.02015
146,411
8,665
5.9
69,106
3,396
4.9
77,305
5,269
6.8
39.22016
148,976
8,751
5.9
70,247
3,385
4.8
78,729
5,366
6.8
38.72017
150,883
8,736
5.8
71,324
3,544
5.0
79,559
5,191
6.5
40.62018
153,336
8,941
5.8
72,435
3,518
4.9
80,902
5,423
6.7
39.32019
155,113
8,799
5.7
73,443
3,532
4.8
81,670
5,266
6.4
40.12020
145,446
8,511
5.9
68,585
3,544
5.2
76,862
4,967
6.5
41.6Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender
Civiliannoninstitutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
Not inlabor forceTotal
Percentage ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percentageof population
Total
Percentageof labor forceTotalNative born, 16 years and older1
217,968
133,427
61.2
122,986
56.4
10,441
7.8
84,54116 to 24 years
34,336
18,603
54.2
15,819
46.1
2,784
15.0
15,73225 to 34 years
37,636
31,036
82.5
28,460
75.6
2,576
8.3
6,60135 to 44 years
32,227
26,833
83.3
25,208
78.2
1,625
6.1
5,39445 to 54 years
31,078
25,148
80.9
23,731
76.4
1,416
5.6
5,93055 to 64 years
35,360
22,656
64.1
21,262
60.1
1,393
6.1
12,70565 years and older
47,330
9,152
19.3
8,506
18.0
646
7.1
38,179Foreign born, 16 years and older2
42,361
27,316
64.5
24,809
58.6
2,507
9.2
15,04616 to 24 years
3,149
1,604
50.9
1,373
43.6
231
14.4
1,54525 to 34 years
7,208
5,470
75.9
4,966
68.9
504
9.2
1,73835 to 44 years
9,103
7,150
78.5
6,599
72.5
551
7.7
1,95345 to 54 years
8,793
6,993
79.5
6,367
72.4
626
8.9
1,80055 to 64 years
6,831
4,637
67.9
4,191
61.4
446
9.6
2,19365 years and older
7,278
1,461
20.1
1,312
18.0
149
10.2
5,817WomenNative born, 16 years and older1
112,466
63,874
56.8
58,827
52.3
5,047
7.9
48,59116 to 24 years
17,107
9,222
53.9
7,860
45.9
1,362
14.8
7,88425 to 34 years
18,886
14,768
78.2
13,604
72.0
1,163
7.9
4,11835 to 44 years
16,361
12,758
78.0
11,994
73.3
763
6.0
3,60345 to 54 years
15,895
12,135
76.3
11,415
71.8
720
5.9
3,76055 to 64 years
18,314
10,843
59.2
10,133
55.3
710
6.5
7,47165 years and older
25,903
4,149
16.0
3,821
14.8
328
7.9
21,754Foreign born, 16 years and older2
21,941
11,664
53.2
10,407
47.4
1,257
10.8
10,27816 to 24 years
1,557
709
45.5
598
38.4
111
15.7
84825 to 34 years
3,572
2,230
62.4
1,978
55.4
252
11.3
1,34235 to 44 years
4,626
2,979
64.4
2,693
58.2
287
9.6
1,64745 to 54 years
4,488
3,086
68.8
2,758
61.5
328
10.6
1,40255 to 64 years
3,550
2,068
58.2
1,854
52.2
213
10.3
1,48265 years and older
4,148
592
14.3
527
12.7
66
11.1
3,556MenNative born, 16 years and older1
105,502
69,552
65.9
64,159
60.8
5,393
7.8
35,95016 to 24 years
17,229
9,381
54.4
7,959
46.2
1,422
15.2
7,84825 to 34 years
18,750
16,268
86.8
14,855
79.2
1,412
8.7
2,48235 to 44 years
15,866
14,076
88.7
13,214
83.3
862
6.1
1,79145 to 54 years
15,183
13,013
85.7
12,316
81.1
697
5.4
2,17055 to 64 years
17,047
11,813
69.3
11,130
65.3
683
5.8
5,23465 years and older
21,427
5,002
23.3
4,685
21.9
317
6.3
16,425Foreign born, 16 years and older2
20,420
15,652
76.6
14,401
70.5
1,250
8.0
4,76816 to 24 years
1,592
895
56.2
775
48.7
120
13.4
69725 to 34 years
3,637
3,241
89.1
2,989
82.2
252
7.8
39635 to 44 years
4,476
4,171
93.2
3,906
87.3
265
6.3
30645 to 54 years
4,305
3,907
90.8
3,609
83.8
298
7.6
39855 to 64 years
3,281
2,570
78.3
2,337
71.2
233
9.1
71165 years and older
3,129
869
27.8
785
25.1
84
9.6
2,2601 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year
Total employed
Members of unions1
Represented by unions2Total
Percentage of employed
Total
Percentage of employedTotal1983
88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.31984
92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.61985
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.51986
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.91987
99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.21988
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.01989
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.61990
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.21991
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.11992
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.71993
106,101
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.61994
107,989
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.51995
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.71996
111,960
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.21997
114,533
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.61998
116,730
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.41999
118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.32000
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.92001
122,229
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.72002
121,826
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.52003
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.32004
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.82005
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.72006
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.12007
129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.32008
129,377
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.72009
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.62010
124,073
14,715
11.9
16,290
13.12011
125,187
14,764
11.8
16,290
13.02012
127,577
14,366
11.3
15,922
12.52013
129,110
14,528
11.3
16,028
12.42014
131,431
14,576
11.1
16,152
12.32015
133,743
14,795
11.1
16,441
12.32016
136,101
14,555
10.7
16,271
12.02017
137,890
14,817
10.7
16,444
11.92018
140,099
14,744
10.5
16,380
11.72019
141,737
14,574
10.3
16,383
11.62020
132,174
14,253
10.8
15,939
12.1Women1983
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.01984
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.81985
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.91986
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.51987
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.91988
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.01989
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.91990
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.91991
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.81992
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.91993
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.01994
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.11995
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.31996
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.81997
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.41998
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.11999
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.02000
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.12001
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.12002
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.02003
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.92004
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.52005
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.62006
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.22007
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.42008
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.92009
60,951
6,887
11.3
7,727
12.72010
60,542
6,722
11.1
7,528
12.42011
60,502
6,758
11.2
7,558
12.52012
61,679
6,470
10.5
7,311
11.92013
62,316
6,573
10.5
7,340
11.82014
63,383
6,638
10.5
7,434
11.72015
64,445
6,833
10.6
7,681
11.92016
65,512
6,667
10.2
7,567
11.62017
66,421
6,651
10.0
7,514
11.32018
67,467
6,662
9.9
7,512
11.12019
68,388
6,624
9.7
7,538
11.02020
63,462
6,672
10.5
7,507
11.8Men1983
47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.71984
50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.71985
51,015
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.41986
51,942
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.71987
52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.91988
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.51989
54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.81990
55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.21991
54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.11992
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.41993
55,475
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.01994
56,570
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.61995
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.81996
58,473
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.41997
59,825
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.71998
60,973
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.41999
61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.42000
63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.52001
63,647
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.32002
63,272
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.92003
63,236
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.62004
64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.02005
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.72006
66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.02007
67,468
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.12008
66,846
8,938
13.4
9,724
14.52009
63,539
8,441
13.3
9,176
14.42010
63,531
7,994
12.6
8,761
13.82011
64,686
8,006
12.4
8,731
13.52012
65,898
7,895
12.0
8,611
13.12013
66,794
7,955
11.9
8,688
13.02014
68,048
7,939
11.7
8,717
12.82015
69,298
7,963
11.5
8,760
12.62016
70,589
7,888
11.2
8,704
12.32017
71,469
8,166
11.4
8,930
12.52018
72,632
8,082
11.1
8,868
12.22019
73,349
7,950
10.8
8,845
12.12020
68,711
7,582
11.0
8,432
12.31 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as apercentage oftotalTotal veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
18,466
1,904
16,562
10.3Civilian labor force
8,918
1,093
7,826
12.3Participation rate
48.3
57.4
47.2
-Employed
8,338
1,019
7,319
12.2Employment-population ratio
45.2
53.5
44.2
-Unemployed
581
74
507
12.7Unemployment rate
6.5
6.7
6.5
-Not in labor force
9,548
811
8,737
8.5Gulf War-era II veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
4,484
760
3,725
16.9Civilian labor force
3,530
521
3,009
14.8Participation rate
78.7
68.6
80.8
-Employed
3,271
483
2,788
14.8Employment-population ratio
72.9
63.6
74.8
-Unemployed
259
38
221
14.5Unemployment rate
7.3
7.2
7.4
-Not in labor force
955
239
716
25.0Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
3,074
503
2,570
16.4Civilian labor force
2,276
333
1,943
14.6Participation rate
74.0
66.2
75.6
-Employed
2,167
312
1,855
14.4Employment-population ratio
70.5
61.9
72.2
-Unemployed
109
21
88
19.5Unemployment rate
4.8
6.4
4.5
-Not in labor force
798
170
627
21.4World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veteransCivilian noninstitutional population
6,826
238
6,587
3.5Civilian labor force
1,254
33
1,221
2.7Participation rate
18.4
14.0
18.5
-Employed
1,170
29
1,140
2.5Employment-population ratio
17.1
12.4
17.3
-Unemployed
84
4
80
4.7Unemployment rate
6.7
11.8
6.6
-Not in labor force
5,572
205
5,366
3.7Veterans of other service periodsCivilian noninstitutional population
4,082
402
3,680
9.8Civilian labor force
1,859
205
1,653
11.1Participation rate
45.5
51.1
44.9
-Employed
1,730
194
1,536
11.2Employment-population ratio
42.4
48.4
41.7
-Unemployed
128
11
117
8.5Unemployment rate
6.9
5.3
7.1
-Not in labor force
2,224
197
2,027
8.8NonveteransCivilian noninstitutional population
233,099
128,140
104,960
55.0Civilian labor force
149,742
73,338
76,404
49.0Participation rate
64.2
57.2
72.8
-Employed
137,739
67,301
70,438
48.9Employment-population ratio
59.1
52.5
67.1
-Unemployed
12,003
6,037
5,966
50.3Unemployment rate
8.0
8.2
7.8
-Not in labor force
83,357
54,802
28,555
65.7Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age
Total
Women
MenTotal people with a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
29,918
15,879
14,039Civilian labor force
6,123
2,778
3,345Participation rate
20.5
17.5
23.8Employed
5,354
2,410
2,943Employment-population ratio
17.9
15.2
21.0Unemployed
769
367
402Unemployment rate
12.6
13.2
12.0Not in labor force
23,796
13,102
10,69416 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
14,826
7,370
7,456Civilian labor force
4,979
2,322
2,657Participation rate
33.6
31.5
35.6Employed
4,310
1,998
2,312Employment-population ratio
29.1
27.1
31.0Unemployed
669
324
345Unemployment rate
13.4
13.9
13.0Not in labor force
9,847
5,048
4,79965 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
15,092
8,509
6,584Civilian labor force
1,144
455
688Participation rate
7.6
5.4
10.5Employed
1,043
412
632Employment-population ratio
6.9
4.8
9.6Unemployed
101
44
57Unemployment rate
8.8
9.6
8.3Not in labor force
13,948
8,053
5,895Total people without a disabilityCivilian noninstitutional population
230,411
118,528
111,883Civilian labor force
154,620
72,761
81,859Participation rate
67.1
61.4
73.2Employed
142,441
66,824
75,617Employment-population ratio
61.8
56.4
67.6Unemployed
12,178
5,937
6,242Unemployment rate
7.9
8.2
7.6Not in labor force
75,791
45,767
30,02416 to 64 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population
190,895
96,985
93,910Civilian labor force
145,151
68,475
76,676Participation rate
76.0
70.6
81.6Employed
133,667
62,888
70,779Employment-population ratio
70.0
64.8
75.4Unemployed
11,484
5,586
5,898Unemployment rate
7.9
8.2
7.7Not in labor force
45,744
28,510
17,23465 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population
39,515
21,543
17,973Civilian labor force
9,469
4,286
5,183Participation rate
24.0
19.9
28.8Employed
8,774
3,936
4,838Employment-population ratio
22.2
18.3
26.9Unemployed
694
350
344Unemployment rate
7.3
8.2
6.6Not in labor force
30,047
17,257
12,790Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
In 2020, estimates in this report reflect a change in the classification of people in same-sex marriages. In prior years, estimates of the number of married people referred to those in opposite-sex marriages only. The definition of families incorporates this change by expanding the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. Additional information about the classification change is available from the Census Bureau.
Some data presented in this report were collected in supplements to the CPS, such as the School Enrollment Supplement; the Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement; and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2020 are for the 2019 calendar year. The 2019 data in this report are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. The collection period for these data coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; because in-person interviews were suspended during the collection period, the response rate for the survey was about 10 percentage points lower than in the previous year.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Children* refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
The *civilian labor force*includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.
The *civilian labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on Active Duty in the Armed Forces.
*Disability* status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For more information, see the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, available on our website.
*Displaced workers* are wage and salary workers, 20 years of age and older, who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *employed* are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
The *employment-population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.
The *foreign born* are people resi­ding in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in these categories, however.
The *native born* are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.
*Hours at work* reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)
*Married-couple families*refers to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples (one of whom is the householder) residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
The*householder*is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, therefore, is the family reference person.*Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage* include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.
The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupation and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. For more information, see Occupational and Industry classifications used in the CPS.
*Poverty classification* statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2019, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $26,172; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $52,875; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $13,011. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019.”)
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information, see Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.
*Self-employed workers* are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
Employee *tenure*is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Union membership* refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.
*Usual full- or part-time status* is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.
*Veterans* are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.
*Wage and salary workers* are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
*Work experience* data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
*Workers paid hourly rates* are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
The *working poor* are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year. These data are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS.
**Reliability of the estimates**
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For more information on sampling and nonsampling errors in the CPS and estimating standard errors, see Reliability of estimates from the CPS.	


		

						
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