U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

DECEMBER 2014 REPORT 1052

BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 1

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

Women’s participation in labor force activities has 

greatly expanded since the end of World War II. 

Immediately following the war, less than onethird of women were in the labor force. However, women 

soon began to participate in greater numbers, and their labor 

force participation rose rapidly from the 1960s through 

the 1980s before slowing in the 1990s. Women reached 

the peak of their labor force participation in 1999, with a 

rate of 60.0 percent. Since then labor force participation 

among women has declined, to 57.2 percent in 2013, which 

is still relatively high by historical standards, particularly 

among women with children. In addition, a large share of 

women work full time and year round. Over time, women 

have increasingly attained higher levels of education: 

among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, 

the proportion with a college degree more than tripled 

from 1970 to 2013. Women’s earnings as a proportion of 

men’s earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women 

working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned; in 

2013, women’s earnings were 82 percent of men’s. 

This report presents historical and recent labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of 

approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. 

Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the 

CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data 

and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the

Technical Notes at the end of this report.) 

Selected demographic 

characteristics 

In 2013, 57.2 percent of women were in the labor force, 

down 0.5 percentage point from 2012. Men’s labor force 

participation, which always has been much higher than that 

for women, also was down in 2013, from 70.2 percent to 

69.7 percent. (See tables 1 and 2.)

The overall unemployment rate for women in 2013 was 7.1 

percent, compared with 7.6 percent for men. Both figures

were down from 2012. Women’s jobless rates varied by 

CONTENTS

Highlights. . 

Statistical Tables. . . 

Technical Notes. . . . 

Errors were found in tables 23, 24 and 32 of this report. The tables were reissued on December 9, 2016, to correct the data. 
2 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

race and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (4.8 

percent), followed by White (6.2 percent), Hispanic (9.5 

percent), and Black (12.1 percent) women. (See tables 2 

and 3.) 

Labor force participation varies by marital status and 

differs between women and men. Among women, divorced 

women had the highest labor force participation rate, at 

64.7 percent. The rate for married women was 58.9 percent. 

For men, those who were married had the highest labor 

force participation, 74.2 percent. Divorced men had a labor 

force participation rate of 66.8 percent. (See table 4.) 

Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was 

higher for those with children 6 to 17 years old than for 

those with younger children. In 2013, the rate for women 

with children 6 to 17 years old was 74.8 percent. The rate 

for those with children under 6 years old was 64.7 percent, 

and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 

lower, at 62.1 percent. (See table 5; data were collected in 

the 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the 

CPS.) 

Unmarried mothers have higher labor force participation 

rates than married mothers. In March 2013, 75.4 percent 

of unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old 

were in the labor force, compared with 68.1 percent of 

married mothers with children in the same age range. (See 

table 6; data were collected in the 2013 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS.) 

The labor force participation rate of all women with 

children under 18 years of age was 70.3 percent in March 

2013, down slightly from 70.9 percent in the previous 2 

years. (See tables 6 and 7; data were collected in the 2013 

Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.) 

Educational attainment 

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the 

labor force has risen substantially over the past 40 years. 

In 2013, 39 percent of this group held college degrees, 

compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 6 percent of 

women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not 

graduate from high school) in 2013, down from 34 percent 

in 1970. (See table 9.) 

Occupation and industry 

In 2013, women accounted for 51 percent of all workers 

employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total 

employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 

20 percent of software developers and 33 percent of 

lawyers were women, whereas 62 percent of accountants 

and auditors and 81 percent of elementary and middle 

school teachers were women. (See table 11.) 

Employed Asian (48 percent) and White (43 percent) 

women were more likely to work in higher paying 

management, professional, and related occupations in 2013 

than were employed Black (34 percent) and Hispanic (26 

percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (33 percent) and 

Black (28 percent) women were more likely than Asian (21 

percent) and White (20 percent) women to work in lower 

paying service occupations. (See table 12.) 

In 2013, women accounted for more than half of all 

workers within several industry sectors: financial

activities (53 percent), education and health services 

(75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and 

other services (52 percent). However, women were 

substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of 

total employment) in agriculture (24 percent), mining 

(13 percent), construction (12 percent), manufacturing (9 

percent), and transportation and utilities (24 percent). (See 

table 14.) 

Earnings 

In 2013, women who worked full time in wage and 

salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $706, 

which represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly 

earnings ($860). Among women, earnings were higher 

for Asians ($819) and Whites ($722) than for Blacks 

($606) and Hispanics ($541). Women’s-to-men’s earnings 

ratios were higher for Blacks and Hispanics (91 percent 

for each group) than for Whites (82 percent) and Asians 

(77 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons 

of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do 

not control for many factors that may be important in 

explaining earnings differences.) 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 3

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

In 2013, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 

25 and older with only a high school diploma had median 

usual weekly earnings of $573, which represented 83 

percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s 

degree ($693) and 55 percent of the earnings of women 

with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,043). (See table 17.) 

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers were the highest in 2013 for female chief 

executives ($1,811), pharmacists ($1,802), and lawyers 

($1,566). (See table 18.) 

In 2013, 5.4 percent of all women (approximately 2.1 

million women) paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or 

below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per 

hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid 

at an hourly rate, 3.4 percent had earnings at or below the 

minimum wage, compared with 13.3 percent of women 

ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.) 

Hours of work 

In 2013, 26 percent of employed women usually worked 

part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In 

comparison, 13 percent of employed men usually worked 

part time. (See table 21.) 

In general, employed women work fewer hours per week 

than men. On average, women worked 36.0 hours per week 

in 2013, compared with 40.9 hours for men. (See table 22.) 

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar 

year 2012, 59 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. For the same 2 years, the 

proportion of men who worked full time and year round rose 

slightly, from 66 percent in 1970 to 71 percent in 2012. (See 

table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2013 Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect

earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.) 

Married-couple families 

Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings 

from both the wife and the husband in 2012, compared 

with 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the 

husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple 

families in 2012, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24; 

data were collected in the 1968 and 2013 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings

and work experience in the previous calendar year.) 

In 2012, working wives contributed 37 percent of their 

families’ incomes, up by 10 percentage points from 1970, 

when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their 

families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning 

more than their husbands also has grown: in 1987, 18 

percent of working wives earned more than their working 

spouses; in 2012, the proportion was 29.0 percent. (See 

tables 25 and 26; data were collected in the 1971, 1988, 

and 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to 

the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the

previous calendar year.) 

Worker displacement and tenure

From January 2011 through December 2013, 4.3 million 

workers ages 20 and older were displaced from jobs they 

had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for about 

44 percent of those displaced. Women were less likely than 

men to have found a new job at the time of the January 

2014 survey: the reemployment rate for women was 

58 percent, compared with 64 percent for men. Among 

displaced workers, the proportion of women who were 

unemployed at the time of the survey in January 2014 was 

slightly lower than for men—20 percent compared with 

22 percent. Women were more likely than men to have 

left the labor force, 22 percent compared with 14 percent. 

(See table 27.) (Data are from the January 2014 Displaced 

Worker Supplement to the CPS.) 

In January 2014, the median number of years that female 

wage and salary workers had been with their employer was 

4.5, compared with 4.7 years for their male counterparts. 

(See table 28.) (Data are from the January 2014 Displaced 

Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

Other characteristics 

Among 2013 high school graduates, young women (68.4 

percent) were more likely than young men (63.5 percent) to 

be enrolled in college in October 2013. (See table 30; data 

are from the October 2013 School Enrollment Supplement 

to the CPS.) 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Young women 16 to 24 years old who were high school 

dropouts recorded a 45.4-percent labor force participation 

rate in October 2013, while those who had graduated from 

high school between January and October 2013 but were 

not enrolled in college had a rate of 68.8 percent. (See table 

30; data are from the October 2013 School Enrollment 

Supplement to the CPS.)

In October 2013, 40.0 percent of women ages 16 to 24 who 

were enrolled in either high school or college were in the 

labor force. Young men in the same age group who were 

enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate 

(34.2 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women 

were less likely to be in the labor force than men (73.1 percent 

compared with 81.8 percent). (See table 31; data are from the 

October 2013 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) 

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed 

In 2013, 5.2 percent of employed women held more 

than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.6 percent. 

Multiple-jobholding rates for women and men were 

unchanged last year, but the women’s rate has inched down 

since 2009 and remains below those recorded in the mid1990s. (See table 32.) 

In 2013, 5.2 percent of working women in nonagricultural 

industries were self-employed, compared with 6.7 percent 

for their male counterparts. Among the self-employed, 41 

percent are women, compared with 27 percent in 1976. 

(See table 33.)

Foreign born 

Foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than 

native-born women to be in the labor force in 2013 (54.6 

percent compared with 57.7 percent). Of those in the 

labor force, foreign-born women were more likely to be 

unemployed than were native-born women (7.5 percent 

as opposed to 7.0 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men 

were more likely to be in the labor force (78.8 percent) than 

native-born men (68.0 percent) and were less likely to be 

unemployed (6.4 percent compared with 7.9 percent). (See 

table 34.)

Union membership 

In 2013, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers 

were members of unions, compared with 11.9 percent of 

their male counterparts. For both men and women, the 

union membership rate in 2013 was lower than in 1983, but 

the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2013 

period. (See table 35.) 

Veterans 

There were 11.0 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces 

in the labor force in 2013. About 1.4 million of them, or 13 

percent, were women. The unemployment rate for female 

veterans in 2013 was 6.9 percent. (See table 36.) 

Women with disabilities 

Of the 15.4 million women with disabilities in 2013, 2.6 

million, or 17.1 percent, were in the labor force. Nearly 

half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; 

labor force participation among this age group was 5.0 

percent, compared with 28.8 percent among those ages 

16 to 64. For women with a disability who were age 16 

and older, the unemployment rate was 13.5 percent, about 

twice that for women without a disability (6.8 percent). 

(See table 37.)
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 5

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables Page

Selected demographic characteristics

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2013 annual averages. 

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages. .

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

March 2013. .

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2013. .

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2013. .

Educational attainment

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age,

by educational attainment and gender, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment

and gender, 1970–2013. .

Occupation and industry

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages. .

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages. .

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages. .

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages. .

Earnings

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race,

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2013 annual averages. .

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational 

attainment and gender, 2013 annual averages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages. .

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender,

2013 annual averages. .

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage,

by selected characteristics, 2013 annual averages. .

Hours of work

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2013 annual averages. .

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender,

1976–2013 annual averages. .

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2012. .
6 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables continued— Page

Married-couple families

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2012 .

Table 25. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2012 .

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2012 .

Worker displacement and tenure 

Table 27. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status,

January 2014 .

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer

for selected years, 2000–2014 .

Other characteristics 

Table 29. Labor force status of 2013 high school graduates and 2012–2013 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old,

by school enrollment and gender, October 2013  .

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational

attainment, October 2013 .

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2013 annual averages .

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender,

1976–2013 annual averages .

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population,

by age and gender, 2013 annual averages .

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2013 annual averages .

Table 35. Employment status of people 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and gender,

2013 annual averages . 

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2013 annual averages . 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 7

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

16 to 19 years................... 16,787 5,785 34.5 4,458 26.6 1,327 22.9 11,002

16 to 17 years................. 8,943 2,023 22.6 1,487 16.6 536 26.5 6,920

18 to 19 years........................... 7,845 3,762 48.0 2,971 37.9 791 21.0 4,082

20 to 24 years................ 22,052 15,595 70.7 13,599 61.7 1,997 12.8 6,456

25 to 54 years...................124,406 100,776 81.0 94,415 75.9 6,361 6.3 23,630

25 to 34 years...................41,548 33,746 81.2 31,242 75.2 2,504 7.4 7,802

25 to 29 years.............. 20,876 16,821 80.6 15,457 74.0 1,364 8.1 4,055

30 to 34 years.............. 20,672 16,926 81.9 15,786 76.4 1,140 6.7 3,746

35 to 44 years.................... 39,613 32,563 82.2 30,650 77.4 1,913 5.9 7,050

35 to 39 years............. 19,149 15,730 82.1 14,752 77.0 977 6.2 3,419

40 to 44 years............. 20,464 16,833 82.3 15,898 77.7 935 5.6 3,631

45 to 54 years....................43,246 34,467 79.7 32,523 75.2 1,945 5.6 8,779

45 to 49 years.............. 20,904 16,964 81.2 16,003 76.6 961 5.7 3,940

50 to 54 years............. 22,342 17,503 78.3 16,520 73.9 984 5.6 4,838

55 to 64 years............... 39,022 25,116 64.4 23,776 60.9 1,340 5.3 13,906

55 to 59 years.............. 20,977 15,192 72.4 14,381 68.6 812 5.3 5,785

60 to 64 years.............. 18,045 9,924 55.0 9,395 52.1 529 5.3 8,121

65 years and older.......... 43,412 8,116 18.7 7,681 17.7 435 5.4 35,296

65 to 69 years.............. 14,440 4,643 32.2 4,379 30.3 264 5.7 9,797

70 to 74 years.............. 10,483 2,013 19.2 1,906 18.2 107 5.3 8,470

75 years and older........ 18,489 1,460 7.9 1,396 7.6 64 4.4 17,028

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population
8 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2013 annual averages 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

16 to 19 years................... 8,249 2,862 34.7 2,281 27.7 581 20.3 5,387

16 to 17 years................. 4,410 1,036 23.5 787 17.8 249 24.0 3,375

18 to 19 years........................... 3,838 1,826 47.6 1,494 38.9 332 18.2 2,012

20 to 24 years................ 11,014 7,440 67.5 6,586 59.8 854 11.5 3,574

25 to 54 years................... 63,367 46,812 73.9 43,885 69.3 2,927 6.3 16,555

25 to 34 years...................21,037 15,459 73.5 14,336 68.1 1,123 7.3 5,578

25 to 29 years.............. 10,535 7,759 73.7 7,173 68.1 586 7.5 2,776

30 to 34 years.............. 10,502 7,700 73.3 7,162 68.2 537 7.0 2,802

35 to 44 years.................... 20,209 14,957 74.0 14,060 69.6 898 6.0 5,252

35 to 39 years............. 9,766 7,205 73.8 6,738 69.0 467 6.5 2,561

40 to 44 years............. 10,443 7,752 74.2 7,321 70.1 431 5.6 2,690

45 to 54 years....................22,121 16,396 74.1 15,490 70.0 906 5.5 5,725

45 to 49 years.............. 10,671 8,034 75.3 7,582 71.1 453 5.6 2,636

50 to 54 years............. 11,450 8,361 73.0 7,908 69.1 453 5.4 3,089

55 to 64 years............... 20,271 12,000 59.2 11,400 56.2 600 5.0 8,272

55 to 59 years.............. 10,849 7,291 67.2 6,926 63.8 365 5.0 3,559

60 to 64 years.............. 9,422 4,709 50.0 4,474 47.5 235 5.0 4,713

65 years and older.......... 24,222 3,609 14.9 3,424 14.1 185 5.1 20,613

65 to 69 years.............. 7,620 2,103 27.6 1,990 26.1 113 5.4 5,517

70 to 74 years.............. 5,657 895 15.8 855 15.1 40 4.5 4,762

75 years and older........ 10,946 611 5.6 580 5.3 31 5.1 10,335

Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Women

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 9

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2013 annual averages 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and older............ 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

16 to 19 years................... 8,539 2,923 34.2 2,177 25.5 746 25.5 5,615

16 to 17 years................. 4,532 987 21.8 700 15.4 287 29.1 3,545

18 to 19 years........................... 4,006 1,936 48.3 1,477 36.9 459 23.7 2,071

20 to 24 years................ 11,038 8,156 73.9 7,013 63.5 1,143 14.0 2,882

25 to 54 years................... 61,039 53,964 88.4 50,530 82.8 3,434 6.4 7,075

25 to 34 years...................20,511 18,287 89.2 16,907 82.4 1,381 7.6 2,223

25 to 29 years.............. 10,341 9,062 87.6 8,283 80.1 778 8.6 1,279

30 to 34 years.............. 10,170 9,226 90.7 8,623 84.8 603 6.5 944

35 to 44 years.................... 19,404 17,605 90.7 16,590 85.5 1,015 5.8 1,799

35 to 39 years............. 9,383 8,525 90.9 8,014 85.4 511 6.0 858

40 to 44 years............. 10,021 9,080 90.6 8,576 85.6 504 5.6 941

45 to 54 years....................21,125 18,071 85.5 17,033 80.6 1,039 5.7 3,053

45 to 49 years.............. 10,233 8,929 87.3 8,421 82.3 508 5.7 1,304

50 to 54 years............. 10,891 9,142 83.9 8,612 79.1 530 5.8 1,749

55 to 64 years............... 18,751 13,117 70.0 12,376 66.0 741 5.6 5,634

55 to 59 years.............. 10,128 7,902 78.0 7,455 73.6 447 5.7 2,227

60 to 64 years.............. 8,622 5,215 60.5 4,921 57.1 294 5.6 3,407

65 years and older.......... 19,189 4,507 23.5 4,257 22.2 250 5.5 14,682

65 to 69 years.............. 6,820 2,539 37.2 2,388 35.0 151 5.9 4,281

70 to 74 years.............. 4,827 1,118 23.2 1,052 21.8 66 5.9 3,709

75 years and older........ 7,543 849 11.3 817 10.8 33 3.9 6,693

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Total

 Percentage 

of labor 

force

Men

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population
10 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949........................ 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950........................ 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

1951........................ 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952........................ 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953........................ 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954........................ 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955........................ 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956........................ 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957........................ 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958........................ 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959........................ 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960........................ 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961........................ 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 ..................... 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963........................ 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964........................ 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965........................ 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966........................ 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967........................ 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968........................ 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969........................ 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970........................ 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............................. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972.................... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973....................... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974..................... 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975......................... 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976..................... 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977..................... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978..................... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979....................... 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980...................... 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981....................... 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982........................ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

 See note at end of table.

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 11

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984.....................176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985........................... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986...................... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987...................... 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988........................ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989........................ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990.......................... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991.....................190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992......................... 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993....................... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994..................... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995.....................198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996........................ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997....................... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998.......................... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999............................ 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000........................ 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001..................... 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002....................... 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003...................... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004................... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005.......................... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006...................... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007...................... 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008................... 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009...................... 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010........................ 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011........................ 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012........................ 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013........................ 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

 See note at end of table.

Total

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
12 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949........................ 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950........................ 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951........................ 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952........................ 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953........................ 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954........................ 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955........................ 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956........................ 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957........................ 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958........................ 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959........................ 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960........................ 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961........................ 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 ..................... 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963........................ 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

1964........................ 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

1965........................ 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966........................ 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967........................ 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968........................ 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969........................ 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970........................ 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............................. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972.................... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973....................... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974..................... 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975......................... 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976..................... 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977..................... 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978..................... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979....................... 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980...................... 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981....................... 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982........................ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 13

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984.....................92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985........................... 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986...................... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987...................... 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988........................ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989........................ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990.......................... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991.....................99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992......................... 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993....................... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994..................... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995.....................103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996........................ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997....................... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998.......................... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999............................ 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000........................ 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001..................... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002....................... 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003...................... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004................... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005.......................... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006...................... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007...................... 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008................... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009...................... 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010........................ 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011........................ 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012........................ 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013........................ 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Women
14 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1948........................ 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949........................ 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950........................ 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951........................ 49,727 43,001 86.3 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952........................ 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953........................ 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

1954........................ 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955........................ 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956........................ 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957........................ 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958........................ 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959........................ 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960........................ 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961........................ 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 ..................... 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963........................ 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964........................ 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965........................ 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966........................ 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967........................ 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968........................ 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969........................ 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970........................ 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............................. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972.................... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973....................... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974..................... 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975......................... 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976..................... 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977..................... 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978..................... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979....................... 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980...................... 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981....................... 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982........................ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

 See note at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 15

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,

1948–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1983...................... 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984.....................83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985........................... 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986...................... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987...................... 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988........................ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989........................ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990.......................... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991.....................91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992......................... 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993....................... 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994..................... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995.....................95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996........................ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997....................... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998.......................... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999............................ 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000........................ 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001..................... 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002....................... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003...................... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004................... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005.......................... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006...................... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007...................... 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008................... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009...................... 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010........................ 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011........................ 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

2012........................ 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013........................ 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent 

years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. 

Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in 

Total labor force

Percentage 

of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of 

population

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
16 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

White

Total, 16 years and older............... 194,333 123,412 63.5 115,379 59.4 8,033 6.5 70,920

 16 to 19 years..........................12,499 4,608 36.9 3,671 29.4 937 20.3 7,891

 20 to 24 years..........................16,357 11,962 73.1 10,662 65.2 1,299 10.9 4,395

 25 to 54 years..........................96,329 78,842 81.8 74,443 77.3 4,399 5.6 17,487

 55 to 64 years..........................31,954 20,945 65.5 19,913 62.3 1,032 4.9 11,009

 65 years and older....................37,194 7,056 19.0 6,690 18.0 366 5.2 30,138

 Women, 16 years and older........... 99,467 56,571 56.9 53,057 53.3 3,513 6.2 42,897

 16 to 19 years..........................6,107 2,271 37.2 1,860 30.5 411 18.1 3,836

 20 to 24 years..........................8,101 5,609 69.2 5,066 62.5 543 9.7 2,492

 25 to 54 years..........................48,276 35,804 74.2 33,845 70.1 1,959 5.5 12,472

 55 to 64 years..........................16,408 9,820 59.9 9,371 57.1 449 4.6 6,587

 65 years and older.....................20,575 3,066 14.9 2,915 14.2 151 4.9 17,509

 Men, 16 years and older............... 94,865 66,842 70.5 62,322 65.7 4,520 6.8 28,024

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,391 2,337 36.6 1,811 28.3 526 22.5 4,054

 20 to 24 years..........................8,256 6,353 76.9 5,597 67.8 756 11.9 1,903

 25 to 54 years..........................48,052 43,037 89.6 40,598 84.5 2,440 5.7 5,015

 55 to 64 years..........................15,547 11,125 71.6 10,541 67.8 583 5.2 4,422

 65 years and older..................... 16,619 3,990 24.0 3,775 22.7 215 5.4 12,629

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older................. 30,376 18,580 61.2 16,151 53.2 2,429 13.1 11,797

 16 to 19 years...........................2,565 717 28.0 439 17.1 278 38.8 1,848

 20 to 24 years...........................3,425 2,236 65.3 1,727 50.4 509 22.8 1,189

 25 to 54 years...........................16,145 12,547 77.7 11,154 69.1 1,393 11.1 3,598

 55 to 64 years...........................4,430 2,462 55.6 2,263 51.1 199 8.1 1,967

 65 years and older......................3,811 617 16.2 567 14.9 50 8.1 3,194

 Women, 16 years and older.............16,629 9,846 59.2 8,654 52.0 1,192 12.1 6,783

 16 to 19 years...........................1,289 370 28.7 246 19.1 124 33.4 919

 20 to 24 years...........................1,778 1,145 64.4 909 51.1 235 20.6 633

 25 to 54 years...........................8,836 6,665 75.4 5,959 67.4 706 10.6 2,170

 55 to 64 years..........................2,437 1,330 54.6 1,228 50.4 103 7.7 1,107

 65 years and older......................2,289 336 14.7 311 13.6 24 7.2 1,954

 Men, 16 years and older................. 13,747 8,733 63.5 7,497 54.5 1,236 14.2 5,014

 16 to 19 years...........................1,276 347 27.2 192 15.1 154 44.5 929

 20 to 24 years...........................1,647 1,091 66.2 818 49.6 273 25.1 556

 25 to 54 years...........................7,309 5,882 80.5 5,195 71.1 687 11.7 1,428

 55 to 64 years...........................1,992 1,132 56.8 1,036 52.0 96 8.5 860

 65 years and older......................1,522 281 18.5 256 16.8 26 9.1 1,240

 See note at end of table.

Race, age, gender, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 17

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and older................. 13,296 8,584 64.6 8,136 61.2 448 5.2 4,712

 16 to 19 years........................... 817 176 21.5 141 17.2 35 19.7 642

 20 to 24 years...........................1,216 676 55.6 608 50.0 68 10.0 540

 25 to 54 years...........................7,734 6,171 79.8 5,898 76.3 273 4.4 1,563

 55 to 64 years...........................1,801 1,241 68.9 1,180 65.5 61 4.9 560

 65 years and older......................1,727 320 18.6 308 17.8 12 3.8 1,406

 Women, 16 years and older............. 7,071 4,037 57.1 3,842 54.3 195 4.8 3,034

 16 to 19 years........................... 408 83 20.4 68 16.7 15 18.1 325

 20 to 24 years........................... 599 324 54.1 300 50.1 24 7.4 275

 25 to 54 years...........................4,101 2,879 70.2 2,753 67.1 126 4.4 1,223

 55 to 64 years........................... 984 603 61.3 578 58.8 24 4.1 381

 65 years and older...................... 980 149 15.2 143 14.6 6 3.8 832

 Men, 16 years and older................. 6,225 4,547 73.0 4,294 69.0 253 5.6 1,678

 16 to 19 years........................... 410 93 22.6 73 17.8 20 21.1 317

 20 to 24 years........................... 618 352 57.0 309 49.9 44 12.4 266

 25 to 54 years...........................3,633 3,292 90.6 3,146 86.6 147 4.5 341

 55 to 64 years........................... 818 638 78.0 602 73.6 36 5.7 180

 65 years and older.......................746 172 23.0 165 22.1 7 3.8 575

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older................. 37,517 24,771 66.0 22,514 60.0 2,257 9.1 12,746

 16 to 19 years...........................3,651 1,133 31.0 821 22.5 312 27.5 2,518

 20 to 24 years...........................4,572 3,276 71.7 2,857 62.5 418 12.8 1,296

 25 to 54 years..............................22,236 17,495 78.7 16,182 72.8 1,312 7.5 4,742

 55 to 64 years...........................3,791 2,311 61.0 2,140 56.4 172 7.4 1,480

 65 years and older.......................3,267 557 17.0 514 15.7 43 7.7 2,711

 Women, 16 years and older............. 18,719 10,430 55.7 9,437 50.4 994 9.5 8,289

 16 to 19 years............................1,781 520 29.2 381 21.4 139 26.7 1,261

 20 to 24 years............................2,208 1,419 64.3 1,249 56.5 170 12.0 789

 25 to 54 years............................10,891 7,234 66.4 6,631 60.9 602 8.3 3,658

 55 to 64 years...........................1,973 1,025 52.0 959 48.6 67 6.5 948

 65 years and older....................... 1,866 233 12.5 217 11.7 15 6.7 1,633

 Men, 16 years and older................. 18,798 14,341 76.3 13,078 69.6 1,263 8.8 4,457

 16 to 19 years...........................1,870 613 32.8 440 23.5 173 28.2 1,257

 20 to 24 years...........................2,364 1,857 78.6 1,609 68.1 248 13.4 507

 25 to 54 years...........................11,345 10,261 90.4 9,551 84.2 710 6.9 1,084

 55 to 64 years...........................1,818 1,286 70.7 1,181 65.0 105 8.2 532

 65 years and older......................1,402 324 23.1 296 21.1 28 8.5 1,078

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all 

races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Race, age, gender, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 
18 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 16 years and older............. 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

 Married, spouse present........... 123,318 82,109 66.6 78,462 63.6 3,646 4.4 41,209

 Unmarried, total.......................122,361 73,280 59.9 65,467 53.5 7,813 10.7 49,081

 Never married.......................73,977 48,116 65.0 42,338 57.2 5,778 12.0 25,860

 Other marital status................. 48,385 25,164 52.0 23,129 47.8 2,035 8.1 23,221

 Divorced.............................25,146 16,493 65.6 15,210 60.5 1,283 7.8 8,653

 Separated.......................... 8,696 5,854 67.3 5,290 60.8 563 9.6 2,843

 Widowed...........................14,542 2,817 19.4 2,628 18.1 189 6.7 11,725

Women

Total, 16 years and older............. 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

 Married, spouse present...........61,386 36,137 58.9 34,484 56.2 1,653 4.6 25,249

 Unmarried, total......................65,738 36,585 55.7 33,093 50.3 3,493 9.5 29,153

 Never married......................35,047 22,070 63.0 19,690 56.2 2,381 10.8 12,977

 Other marital status...............30,691 14,515 47.3 13,403 43.7 1,112 7.7 16,176

 Divorced............................14,436 9,336 64.7 8,670 60.1 666 7.1 5,099

 Separated.......................... 4,845 3,052 63.0 2,745 56.7 307 10.1 1,793

 Widowed...........................11,411 2,127 18.6 1,988 17.4 139 6.5 9,284

Men

Total, 16 years and older............. 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

 Married, spouse present...........61,932 45,971 74.2 43,978 71.0 1,993 4.3 15,961

 Unmarried, total......................56,623 36,696 64.8 32,375 57.2 4,321 11.8 19,928

 Never married......................38,930 26,046 66.9 22,648 58.2 3,398 13.0 12,884

 Other marital status...............17,694 10,649 60.2 9,726 55.0 923 8.7 7,044

 Divorced...........................10,711 7,157 66.8 6,540 61.1 617 8.6 3,554

 Separated.......................... 3,852 2,802 72.7 2,545 66.1 256 9.2 1,050

 Widowed............................3,131 691 22.1 641 20.5 50 7.2 2,441

Note: Separated includes married, spouse absent.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Marital status and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 19

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2013 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 126,791 72,719 57.4 67,415 53.2 5,304 7.3 54,073

 With children under 18 years old................. 35,712 25,112 70.3 23,121 64.7 1,991 7.9 10,600

 With children 6 to 17, none younger.......... 19,986 14,941 74.8 13,909 69.6 1,032 6.9 5,045

 With children under 6 years old................. 15,726 10,171 64.7 9,212 58.6 958 9.4 5,555

 With children under 3 years old................................. 8,776 5,448 62.1 4,937 56.3 511 9.4 3,329

 With no children under 18 years old............. 91,079 47,607 52.3 44,294 48.6 3,313 7.0 43,473

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 118,202 81,831 69.2 75,034 63.5 64,744 8.3 36,371

 With children under 18 years old................. 27,189 25,334 93.2 23,998 88.3 1,336 5.3 1,855

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,318 14,163 92.5 13,450 87.8 713 5.0 1,155

 With children under 6 years old................. 11,872 11,172 94.1 10,548 88.9 623 5.6 700

 With children under 3 years old................................. 6,736 6,330 94.0 5,979 88.8 351 5.5 406

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 91,013 56,497 62.1 51,036 56.1 5,460 9.7 34,516

White

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 99,289 56,616 57.0 52,947 53.3 3,669 6.5 42,673

 With children under 18 years old................. 27,086 18,992 70.1 17,726 65.4 1,266 6.7 8,094

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,317 11,460 74.8 10,751 70.2 709 6.2 3,858

 With children under 6 years old................. 11,769 7,533 64.0 6,975 59.3 557 7.4 4,236

 With children under 3 years old................................. 6,635 4,073 61.4 3,780 57.0 293 7.2 2,562

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 72,203 37,624 52.1 35,220 48.8 2,403 6.4 34,580

Men, 16 years and older............................... 94,752 66,291 70.0 61,392 64.8 53,087 7.4 28,461

 With children under 18 years old.................. 22,004 20,616 93.7 19,646 89.3 970 4.7 1,388

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 12,491 11,622 93.0 11,089 88.8 533 4.6 869

 With children under 6 years old.................. 9,513 8,995 94.6 8,557 90.0 437 4.9 518

 With children under 3 years old................................. 5,403 5,103 94.5 4,859 89.9 244 4.8 300

 With no children under 18 years old............... 72,748 45,675 62.8 41,746 57.4 3,929 8.6 27,073

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 16,568 9,855 59.5 8,662 52.3 1,193 12.1 6,714

 With children under 18 years old................. 5,066 3,789 74.8 3,257 64.3 533 14.1 1,276

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 2,764 2,134 77.2 1,893 68.5 241 11.3 630

 With children under 6 years old................. 2,302 1,655 71.9 1,364 59.3 292 17.6 646

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,206 831 68.9 678 56.2 153 18.4 375

 With no children under 18 years old........... 11,503 6,065 52.7 5,406 47.0 660 10.9 5,437

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 13,684 8,628 63.1 7,307 53.4 6,174 15.3 5,056

 With children under 18 years old................. 2,593 2,315 89.3 2,080 80.2 235 10.2 278

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 1,471 1,304 88.7 1,184 80.5 120 9.2 167

 With children under 6 years old.................. 1,122 1,011 90.1 896 79.8 115 11.4 111

 With children under 3 years old................................. 641 581 90.5 513 80.1 67 11.6 61

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 11,092 6,314 56.9 5,227 47.1 1,087 17.2 4,778

Asian

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 7,055 4,058 57.5 3,855 54.6 203 5.0 2,997

 With children under 18 years old................. 2,284 1,490 65.2 1,421 62.2 69 4.6 794

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 1,247 887 71.1 849 68.1 38 4.3 360

 With children under 6 years old................. 1,036 602 58.1 572 55.2 31 5.1 434

 With children under 3 years old................................. 586 326 55.6 316 53.9 10 3.1 260

 With no children under 18 years old............. 4,771 2,568 53.8 2,435 51.0 134 5.2 2,203

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percentage 

of population 
20 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2013 

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Asian (continued) 

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 6,174 4,514 73.1 4,263 69.0 3,721 5.6 1,660

 With children under 18 years old................. 1,805 1,698 94.1 1,625 90.0 73 4.3 107

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 953 880 92.4 844 88.6 36 4.1 72

 With children under 6 years old................. 852 818 95.9 781 91.6 37 4.5 35

 With children under 3 years old................................. 486 461 94.9 443 91.1 18 4.0 25

 With no children under 18 years old............. 4,368 2,816 64.5 2,637 60.4 178 6.3 1,553

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older.......................... 18,585 10,363 55.8 9,337 50.2 1,026 9.9 8,222

 With children under 18 years old................. 7,434 4,577 61.6 4,073 54.8 505 11.0 2,857

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 3,843 2,584 67.2 2,332 60.7 253 9.8 1,259

 With children under 6 years old................. 3,591 1,993 55.5 1,741 48.5 252 12.6 1,598

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,932 1,005 52.0 864 44.7 141 14.0 927

 With no children under 18 years old............. 11,151 5,786 51.9 5,265 47.2 521 9.0 5,365

Men, 16 years and older.............................. 18,655 13,938 74.7 12,645 67.8 10,872 9.3 4,717

 With children under 18 years old................. 5,276 4,901 92.9 4,599 87.2 302 6.2 375

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 2,718 2,496 91.8 2,345 86.3 150 6.0 222

 With children under 6 years old................. 2,558 2,405 94.0 2,253 88.1 151 6.3 153

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,383 1,299 93.9 1,224 88.5 75 5.8 84

 With no children under 18 years old............. 13,379 9,037 67.5 8,047 60.1 991 11.0 4,342

Note: Children are "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other 

related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percentage 

of population 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 21

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2013

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older.................................................. 126,791 72,719 57.4 67,415 53.2 5,304 7.3 54,073

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 35,712 25,112 70.3 23,121 64.7 1,991 7.9 10,600

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 19,986 14,941 74.8 13,909 69.6 1,032 6.9 5,045

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 15,726 10,171 64.7 9,212 58.6 958 9.4 5,555

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 8,776 5,448 62.1 4,937 56.3 511 9.4 3,329

 With no children under 18 years old................................. 91,079 47,607 52.3 44,294 48.6 3,313 7.0 43,473

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 61,269 36,292 59.2 34,601 56.5 1,691 4.7 24,977

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 24,664 16,786 68.1 15,896 64.4 890 5.3 7,878

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 13,806 10,049 72.8 9,511 68.9 538 5.4 3,757

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 10,857 6,737 62.0 6,384 58.8 352 5.2 4,120

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 6,205 3,706 59.7 3,538 57.0 168 4.5 2,499

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 36,606 19,507 53.3 18,706 51.1 801 4.1 17,099

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 65,522 36,426 55.6 32,814 50.1 3,613 9.9 29,096

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 11,049 8,326 75.4 7,226 65.4 1,101 13.2 2,722

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 6,180 4,892 79.2 4,398 71.2 495 10.1 1,288

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 4,868 3,434 70.5 2,828 58.1 606 17.6 1,434

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 2,571 1,742 67.7 1,399 54.4 343 19.7 829

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 54,474 28,100 51.6 25,588 47.0 2,512 8.9 26,374

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 99,289 56,616 57.0 52,947 53.3 3,669 6.5 42,673

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 27,086 18,992 70.1 17,726 65.4 1,266 6.7 8,094

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 15,317 11,460 74.8 10,751 70.2 709 6.2 3,858

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 11,769 7,533 64.0 6,975 59.3 557 7.4 4,236

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 6,635 4,073 61.4 3,780 57.0 293 7.2 2,562

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 72,203 37,624 52.1 35,220 48.8 2,403 6.4 34,580

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 51,326 30,220 58.9 28,932 56.4 1,289 4.3 21,106

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 20,074 13,688 68.2 13,020 64.9 669 4.9 6,386

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 11,266 8,214 72.9 7,797 69.2 417 5.1 3,052

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 8,808 5,474 62.2 5,223 59.3 252 4.6 3,334

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 5,038 3,026 60.1 2,906 57.7 120 4.0 2,012

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 31,252 16,532 52.9 15,912 50.9 620 3.7 14,721

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 47,963 26,396 55.0 24,015 50.1 2,381 9.0 21,567

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,012 5,304 75.6 4,707 67.1 597 11.3 1,708

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 4,051 3,246 80.1 2,954 72.9 292 9.0 806

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 2,960 2,058 69.5 1,753 59.2 306 14.8 902

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,596 1,047 65.6 873 54.7 173 16.6 550

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 40,951 21,092 51.5 19,308 47.1 1,784 8.5 19,859

 See footnote at end of table.

White, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

White, married, spouse present
22 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2013 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 16,568 9,855 59.5 8,662 52.3 1,193 12.1 6,714

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 5,066 3,789 74.8 3,257 64.3 533 14.1 1,276

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 2,764 2,134 77.2 1,893 68.5 241 11.3 630

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 2,302 1,655 71.9 1,364 59.3 292 17.6 646

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,206 831 68.9 678 56.2 153 18.4 375

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 11,503 6,065 52.7 5,406 47.0 660 10.9 5,437

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 4,480 2,830 63.2 2,609 58.2 221 7.8 1,650

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 1,922 1,410 73.3 1,293 67.3 116 8.2 513

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,118 854 76.4 780 69.7 74 8.7 264

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 804 556 69.1 514 63.9 42 7.6 248

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 468 291 62.3 270 57.8 21 7.3 176

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 2,558 1,420 55.5 1,316 51.4 105 7.4 1,137

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 12,089 7,025 58.1 6,053 50.1 971 13.8 5,064

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 3,143 2,380 75.7 1,963 62.5 417 17.5 763

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,646 1,280 77.8 1,113 67.6 167 13.1 366

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,497 1,100 73.4 850 56.8 250 22.7 398

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 738 540 73.2 408 55.3 132 24.5 198

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 8,945 4,645 51.9 4,090 45.7 555 11.9 4,300

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 7,055 4,058 57.5 3,855 54.6 203 5.0 2,997

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 2,284 1,490 65.2 1,421 62.2 69 4.6 794

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,247 887 71.1 849 68.1 38 4.3 360

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,036 602 58.1 572 55.2 31 5.1 434

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 586 326 55.6 316 53.9 10 3.1 260

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 4,771 2,568 53.8 2,435 51.0 134 5.2 2,203

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 4,067 2,427 59.7 2,312 56.8 114 4.7 1,641

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 1,954 1,234 63.1 1,176 60.1 59 4.7 720

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,027 708 69.0 680 66.2 28 4.0 319

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 927 526 56.7 495 53.4 30 5.8 402

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 527 290 55.0 280 53.2 10 3.4 237

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 2,113 1,192 56.4 1,136 53.8 56 4.7 920

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 2,988 1,632 54.6 1,543 51.7 88 5.4 1,356

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 329 256 77.7 245 74.5 10 4.1 73

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 220 179 81.3 169 76.7 10 5.6 41

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 109 77 70.4 76 70.1 – 0.5 32

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 59 36 61.0 36 60.3 – 1.1 23

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 2,659 1,376 51.8 1,298 48.8 78 5.7 1,283

 See footnote at end of table.

Asian, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Asian, all marital statuses

Asian, married, spouse present
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 23

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2013 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 18,585 10,363 55.8 9,337 50.2 1,026 9.9 8,222

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,434 4,577 61.6 4,073 54.8 505 11.0 2,857

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 3,843 2,584 67.2 2,332 60.7 253 9.8 1,259

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 3,591 1,993 55.5 1,741 48.5 252 12.6 1,598

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,932 1,005 52.0 864 44.7 141 14.0 927

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 11,151 5,786 51.9 5,265 47.2 521 9.0 5,365

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 8,237 4,471 54.3 4,105 49.8 366 8.2 3,766

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 4,719 2,619 55.5 2,365 50.1 254 9.7 2,100

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 2,469 1,524 61.7 1,371 55.5 153 10.1 945

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 2,251 1,095 48.7 995 44.2 101 9.2 1,155

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,176 524 44.5 475 40.3 49 9.4 653

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 3,518 1,852 52.6 1,740 49.5 112 6.1 1,666

Total women, 16 years and older................................................... 10,348 5,892 56.9 5,232 50.6 660 11.2 4,456

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 2,715 1,958 72.1 1,707 62.9 251 12.8 757

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,374 1,061 77.2 961 69.9 99 9.4 314

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,341 898 67.0 746 55.7 151 16.9 443

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 756 481 63.7 390 51.6 92 19.0 274

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 7,633 3,934 51.5 3,525 46.2 409 10.4 3,699

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed women.

Note: Children are own children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, and other related and 

unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all 

races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of youngest child

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Percentage 

of population Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 
24 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2013

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976.................... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977..................15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978.................... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979.................... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980...................... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981.......................... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982................. 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983..................... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984....................... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985...................... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986................. 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987....................... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988..................... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989....................... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990..................... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991..................... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992..................... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993................... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994................. 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995.................... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996.......................... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997........................ 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998........................ 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999...................... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000...................... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001................... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002.................... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003...................... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004................... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005.............................. 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006.............26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

2007.............26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8 

2008.............25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1 

2009.............26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8 

2010.............25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8 

2011.............25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6 

2012.............25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8 

2013.............25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9 

 See note at end of table.

Total

Year

With children under age 18 With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Percentage 

of population Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total

Percentage 

of 

population
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 25

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2013

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1975.................5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976.................... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977..................5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978.................... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979.................... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980...................... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981.......................... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982.................7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983.....................7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984....................... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985...................... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986................. 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987....................... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988..................... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989....................... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990.....................9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991.....................9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992.....................9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993................... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994................. 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995.................... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996.......................... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997........................ 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998........................ 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999...................... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000...................... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001................... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002.................... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003...................... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004................... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005.............................. 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006.............10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

2007.............10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5 

2008.............10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5 

2009.............10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4 

2010.............10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9 

2011.............10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2 

2012.............10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3 

2013.............10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4 

 See note at end of table.

Percentage 

of 

population

Year

With children under age 6 With children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total Percentage 

of population Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Total
26 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age

of youngest child, March 1975–March 2013 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976.................... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977..................24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978.................... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979.................... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980...................... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981.......................... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982................. 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983..................... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984....................... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985...................... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986................. 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987....................... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988..................... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989....................... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990..................... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991..................... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992..................... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993................... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994................. 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995.................... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996.......................... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997........................ 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998........................ 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999...................... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000...................... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001................... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002.................... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003...................... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004................... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005.............................. 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006.............43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

2007.............44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0 

2008.............45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8 

2009.............45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2 

2010.............46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3 

2011.............46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9 

2012.............47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9 

2013.............47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0 

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children,

or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other 

related and unrelated children. 

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1975–2013, Current 

Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Percentage 

of labor 

force

Year

With no children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage 

of population Total
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 27

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 163,429 125,892 77.0 118,191 72.3 7,701 6.1 37,536

 Less than a high school diploma............... 17,009 10,282 60.5 9,122 53.6 1,160 11.3 6,727

 High school graduates, no college............. 46,790 34,073 72.8 31,453 67.2 2,620 7.7 12,717

 Some college or associate's degree............45,197 35,280 78.1 33,048 73.1 2,232 6.3 9,917

 College graduates, total........................... 54,432 46,257 85.0 44,568 81.9 1,689 3.7 8,175

 Bachelor's degree................................ 35,535 29,842 84.0 28,646 80.6 1,195 4.0 5,693

 Master's degree................................... 13,965 12,006 86.0 11,609 83.1 397 3.3 1,959

 Professional degree............................. 2,418 2,146 88.7 2,097 86.7 49 2.3 272

 Doctoral degree................................... 2,514 2,263 90.0 2,215 88.1 48 2.1 251

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 83,639 58,812 70.3 55,285 66.1 3,526 6.0 24,827

 Less than a high school diploma............... 7,980 3,677 46.1 3,195 40.0 482 13.1 4,304

 High school graduates, no college............. 22,458 14,462 64.4 13,417 59.7 1,045 7.2 7,996

 Some college or associate's degree............24,339 17,715 72.8 16,576 68.1 1,138 6.4 6,624

 College graduates, total.......................... 28,861 22,958 79.5 22,097 76.6 861 3.7 5,903

 Bachelor's degree................................. 18,808 14,651 77.9 14,059 74.8 592 4.0 4,157

 Master's degree................................... 7,903 6,493 82.2 6,272 79.4 221 3.4 1,410

 Professional degree.............................. 1,071 892 83.3 867 80.9 26 2.9 178

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,079 922 85.4 899 83.3 23 2.5 158

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 79,790 67,081 84.1 62,906 78.8 4,175 6.2 12,709

 Less than a high school diploma............... 9,029 6,606 73.2 5,928 65.7 678 10.3 2,424

 High school graduates, no college............. 24,332 19,611 80.6 18,036 74.1 1,575 8.0 4,721

 Some college or associate's degree............20,858 17,565 84.2 16,471 79.0 1,094 6.2 3,293

 College graduates, total.......................... 25,571 23,299 91.1 22,471 87.9 828 3.6 2,272

 Bachelor's degree................................ 16,727 15,191 90.8 14,587 87.2 604 4.0 1,537

 Master's degree................................... 6,061 5,513 91.0 5,337 88.0 176 3.2 548

 Professional degree............................. 1,348 1,254 93.0 1,231 91.3 23 1.8 94

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,434 1,341 93.5 1,316 91.8 25 1.9 93

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Educational attainment and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
28 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2013

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970...........................61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971.........................62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972...................... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973................... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974....................... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975.......................... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976.......................... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977............................ 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978.........................73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979.........................75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980.........................78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981....................... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982........................81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983............................83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984..........................86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985.........................88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986............................ 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987..................... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988..........................94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989..................... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990............................99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991......................... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

1992...........................103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993..................... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994.......................105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995...................... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996........................108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997............................. 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998............................. 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999.............................. 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000............................ 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001...........................116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002...........................118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003.............................. 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 29

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2013 (continued)

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Total

2004............................. 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005.......................... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006......................... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007......................... 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008......................... 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009......................... 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010......................... 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011......................... 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012......................... 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013......................... 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Women

1970.................. 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971.........................22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972...................... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973................... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974....................... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975.......................... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976.......................... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977............................ 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978.........................29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979.........................31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980.........................32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981....................... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982........................34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983............................35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984..........................37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985.........................38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986............................ 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987..................... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988..........................42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989..................... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990............................44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991.........................45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
30 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational 

attainment and gender, 1970–2013 (continued)

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

Women

1992...........................46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993..................... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994....................... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995...................... 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996........................50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997............................. 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998............................. 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999.............................. 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000............................ 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001...........................54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002...........................54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003.............................. 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004............................. 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005.......................... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006.........................57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007.........................57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008.........................58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009.........................58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010.......................... 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011.......................... 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012.........................59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013.........................58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Men

1970................... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971.........................39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972...................... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973................... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974....................... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975.......................... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976.......................... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977............................ 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978.........................43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979.........................44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980.........................45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981....................... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982........................47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 31

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational

 attainment and gender, 1970–2013 (continued)

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Men

1983............................47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984..........................48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985.........................49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986............................ 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987..................... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988..........................52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989..................... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990............................54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991.........................55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Total Less than a high 

school diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college1

Some college or 

associate 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher2

1992...........................56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993..................... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994....................... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995...................... 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996........................58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997............................. 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998............................. 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999.............................. 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000............................ 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001...........................62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002...........................63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003.............................. 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004............................. 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005.......................... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006.........................66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007.........................67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008.........................67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009.........................67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010.........................67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011.........................66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012.........................66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013.........................67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

1 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years 

were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational 

attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Percent distribution

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands) Total

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 142,469 100.0 143,929 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 54,043 37.9 54,712 38.0

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 22,678 15.9 22,794 15.8

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 31,365 22.0 31,917 22.2

Service occupations................................................................................................. 25,459 17.9 25,929 18.0

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 33,152 23.3 33,246 23.1

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 15,457 10.8 15,444 10.7

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 17,695 12.4 17,802 12.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.............................. 12,821 9.0 13,058 9.1

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 994 .7 964 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 7,005 4.9 7,130 5.0

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................ 4,821 3.4 4,964 3.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 16,994 11.9 16,984 11.8

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 8,455 5.9 8,275 5.7

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 8,540 6.0 8,709 6.1

Women

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 66,914 100.0 67,577 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 27,834 41.6 28,114 41.6

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 9,899 14.8 9,896 14.6

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 17,936 26.8 18,218 27.0

Service occupations................................................................................................. 14,324 21.4 14,669 21.7

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 20,500 30.6 20,566 30.4

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 7,535 11.3 7,509 11.1

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 12,965 19.4 13,057 19.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..............................554 .8 598 .9

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 226 .3 209 .3

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 173 .3 182 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................156 .2 207 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 3,701 5.5 3,630 5.4

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 2,346 3.5 2,284 3.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 1,355 2.0 1,346 2.0

 See note at end of table.

Occupation and gender

Year

2012 2013
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 33

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and older.......................................................... 75,555 100.0 76,353 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................................... 26,208 34.7 26,597 34.8

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............................. 12,779 16.9 12,898 16.9

 Professional and related occupations.................................................................... 13,429 17.8 13,699 17.9

Service occupations................................................................................................. 11,135 14.7 11,260 14.7

Sales and office occupations.................................................................................... 12,653 16.7 12,680 16.6

 Sales and related occupations.............................................................................. 7,922 10.5 7,935 10.4

 Office and administrative support occupations...................................................... 4,730 6.3 4,745 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.............................. 12,266 16.2 12,461 16.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................................................ 768 1.0 755 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations............................................................... 6,832 9.0 6,948 9.1

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................................ 4,666 6.2 4,757 6.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.................................. 13,294 17.6 13,354 17.5

 Production occupations......................................................................................... 6,109 8.1 5,991 7.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations.................................................. 7,185 9.5 7,363 9.6

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender

Year

2012 2013
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,929 47.0

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,712 51.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,794 43.4

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,037 38.2

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,520 26.8

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075 28.1

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 67.8

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 43.1

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 61.1

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 36.8

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 28.6

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 55.3

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 71.9

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 –

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 16.8

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 47.8

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 22.5

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 25.3

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 7.3

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 63.8

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 10.7

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,077 45.3

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 –

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 52.5

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 69.7

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 47.6

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 65.6

 Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,969 33.7

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,757 55.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 51.3

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 55.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 57.4

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 63.3

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 53.4

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.8

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 72.4

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 80.0

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 59.0

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 40.0

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 41.8

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 74.7

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 71.4

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 58.1

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 62.7

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,814 62.1

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 42.4

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 49.3

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 32.6

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 25.7

 Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 63.6

 Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 56.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 70.2

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 621

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 56.5

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,917 57.1

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 26.1

Computer and information research scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 34.9

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 23.0

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103 19.7

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 39.5

 Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 29.0

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 37.4

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 17.3

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.5

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 22.8

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 52.0

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 38.3

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,806 14.1

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 25.0

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 12.2

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 15.6

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 12.1

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 9.2

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 8.3

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 17.2

 Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 –

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 7.2

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
36 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 14.4

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 21.2

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 17.6

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 10.8

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,307 46.1

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 –

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 52.7

Conservation scientists and foresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 52.4

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 –

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 39.0

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 27.9

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 34.5

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 –

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 73.8

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 52.7

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 41.3

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 –

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 49.3

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,332 62.3

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 69.3

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 80.3

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 45.7

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 73.2

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health

 educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 73.5

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 15.5

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 64.8

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 63.1

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,809 50.8

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092 33.1

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 35.6

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 86.1

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 74.6

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,623 73.8

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313 50.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 37

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 97.8

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,038 81.0

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,063 56.7

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 80.4

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 63.8

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 84.1

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 89.2

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 72.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,879 47.2

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 56.4

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 53.5

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 –

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 37.3

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 34.8

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 29.6

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 38.5

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 63.3

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 54.6

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 55.5

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 57.8

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 76.6

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9.4

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 50.0

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 15.9

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,182 74.4

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 18.6

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 30.8

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 89.7

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 56.0

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 35.5

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 64.6

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 88.4

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 60.6

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 60.0

Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 93.4

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 79.0

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 54.7

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
38 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,892 90.1

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 91.8

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 72.9

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 98.3

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 72.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 39.2

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 80.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 91.5

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 92.4

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 70.1

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 52.6

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,929 56.6

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,537 88.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,134 89.0

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 70.1

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 82.0

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 95.7

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 94.1

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 97.8

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 81.8

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 77.8

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,130 21.1

First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 –

First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 15.3

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 .1

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 21.7

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 3.5

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 27.2

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 20.1

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 13.4

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 38.5

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 20.4

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 69.1

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 56.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,209 54.7

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 20.0

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 39

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 58.0

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 39.7

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 55.8

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 58.0

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 65.3

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 70.1

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124 70.4

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 67.2

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 45.6

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 20.6

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 88.5

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,661 38.7

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 41.4

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 7.4

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,275 32.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,401 87.7

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.5

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327 4.7

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,392 77.7

First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 47.7

First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 70.3

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 –

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 73.6

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 47.7

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 44.0

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 19.2

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 94.8

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 85.1

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 15.9

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 –

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,230 94.8

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,242 84.2

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 63.2

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 48.6

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,246 61.9

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,444 48.6

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,223 43.2

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,188 24.8

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,254 71.7

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 51.4

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 10.4

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,230 49.7

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 47.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
40 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

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Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 45.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 32.9

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 73.1

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 34.1

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,319 26.3

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 72.5

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 57.6

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 –

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 70.0

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 59.6

Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 47.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,802 73.3

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363 69.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 66.1

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 91.7

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,241 88.7

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 92.4

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 84.3

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 66.4

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 69.4

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,069 65.8

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 80.5

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 80.1

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 72.8

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 80.9

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 79.2

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 78.0

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 –

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 61.2

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 82.0

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326 92.2

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 58.9

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 74.9

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 15.3

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 57.0

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 54.8

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 39.1

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 54.6

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 54.8

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 41

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 30.2

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,508 36.7

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 50.3

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,922 94.4

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 52.4

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 80.3

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 94.1

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 81.0

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 53.5

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,184 84.4

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 77.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,058 4.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 21.7

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 61.5

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 19.1

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.1

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,130 2.6

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 2.1

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 .7

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,164 1.6

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3.5

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 0

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,536 3.6

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 –

Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 1.4

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 .6

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730 1.8

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 –

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.5

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 5.7

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 1.1

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 .7

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.5

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 –

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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(Numbers in thousands)

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Helpers—construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.9

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 7.1

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1.1

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 –

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.0

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Helpers—extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,964 4.2

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 10.2

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 13.3

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 129 10.0

Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 13 –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.1

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 2.2

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 1.5

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 1.8

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 .8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 .6

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.8

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 1.2

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .4

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 4.6

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 4.0

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 1.2

Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1.1

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2.8

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 11.8

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 40 –

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 –

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 –

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.9

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,984 21.4

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,275 27.6

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 731 18.6

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 14 –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 47.0

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 37.0

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 59.8

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 323 25.5

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 93 51.4

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 31.4

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.1

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .4 –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 16.4

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 14.2

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 5.3

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 25.6

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4 –

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 .3

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 4.6

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 –

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 22.0

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 193 18.1

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 167 60.1

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 55.7

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 76.1

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 15 –

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 84 72.0

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 6 –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6 –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 –

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 14 –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 –

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 –

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 19 –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 45 –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 91 5.8

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 68 6.9

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 37 –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 54 8.1

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 12.8

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 59 24.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 15 –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 686 32.8

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 54 45.1

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 48.9

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 304 51.5

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 12.8

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 –

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2 –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 –

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 –

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Helpers—production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 39 –

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 26.4

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,709 15.5

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 194 21.4

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 135 5.5

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 40 –

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 80.9

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 –

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 45.7

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,252 5.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 14.9

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 11.1

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 6.1

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 –

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 –

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 12.9

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 11.9

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 –

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 –

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .7

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 –

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 6.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 15.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,752 17.9

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 –

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 49.4

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.8

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 –

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 13.1

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Occupation Total employed Percent women
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,057 8,654 3,842 9,437

Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 33.5 48.0 25.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 15.2 11.3 16.0 9.2

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 22.3 32.0 16.5

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 28.4 21.4 32.6

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.0 30.0 23.6 30.7

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 11.0 10.4 12.3

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 19.0 13.2 18.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . .9 .7 .5 1.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 .2 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 .1 .4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .3 .2 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . .. . . .5.0 7.4 6.6 9.3

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 4.3 5.6 6.1

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 3.1 0.9 3.2

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 142,469 100.0 143,929 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 2,186 1.5 2,130 1.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 957 .7 1,065 .7

Construction......................................................................................... 8,964 6.3 9,271 6.4

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 14,686 10.3 14,869 10.3

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 9,244 6.5 9,391 6.5

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 5,443 3.8 5,478 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 19,876 14.0 19,653 13.7

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 3,694 2.6 3,646 2.5

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 16,182 11.4 16,007 11.1

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 7,271 5.1 7,415 5.2

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 6,082 4.3 6,228 4.3

 Utilities................................................................................................ 1,190 .8 1,187 .8

Information...................................................................................................................... 2,971 2.1 2,960 2.1

Financial activities................................................................................ 9,590 6.7 9,849 6.8

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 6,786 4.8 6,984 4.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 2,804 2.0 2,865 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 16,539 11.6 16,793 11.7

 Professional and technical services................................................... 9,913 7.0 10,110 7.0

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 6,626 4.7 6,682 4.6

Education and health services.............................................................. 32,350 22.7 32,535 22.6

 Educational services.......................................................................... 12,945 9.1 12,974 9.0

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 19,405 13.6 19,562 13.6

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 6,113 4.3 6,274 4.4

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 10,009 7.0 10,215 7.1

 Social assistance............................................................................. 3,283 2.3 3,072 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 13,193 9.3 13,554 9.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 3,022 2.1 3,205 2.2

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 10,171 7.1 10,349 7.2

Other services...................................................................................... 7,168 5.0 7,127 5.0

 Other services, except private households........................................ 6,430 4.5 6,404 4.4

 Private households............................................................................ 738 .5 723 .5

Public administration.......................................................................................... 6,717 4.7 6,708 4.7

Industry and gender

Year

2012 2013
48 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 66,914 100.0 67,577 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 5608 519 .8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 126 .2 139 .2

Construction......................................................................................... 802 1.2 840 1.2

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 4,255 6.4 4,273 6.3

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 2,311 3.5 2,307 3.4

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 1,943 2.9 1,966 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 8,871 13.3 8,760 13.0

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 1,056 1.6 1,036 1.5

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 7,815 11.7 7,724 11.4

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 1,691 2.5 1,758 2.6

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 1,413 2.1 1,489 2.2

 Utilities................................................................................................ 278 .4 268 .4

Information...................................................................................................................... 1,134 1.7 1,159 1.7

Financial activities................................................................................ 5,108 7.6 5,213 7.7

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 3,804 5.7 3,891 5.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,303 1.9 1,322 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 6,798 10.2 7,034 10.4

 Professional and technical services................................................... 4,281 6.4 4,413 6.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 2,517 3.8 2,621 3.9

Education and health services.............................................................. 24,087 36.0 24,280 35.9

 Educational services.......................................................................... 8,877 13.3 8,937 13.2

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 15,209 22.7 15,343 22.7

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 4,677 7.0 4,776 7.1

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 7,744 11.6 7,970 11.8

 Social assistance............................................................................. 2,789 4.2 2,597 3.8

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 6,706 10.0 6,918 10.2

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,375 2.1 1,472 2.2

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 5,331 8.0 5,445 8.1

Other services...................................................................................... 3,728 5.6 3,713 5.5

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,072 4.6 3,052 4.5

 Private households............................................................................ 656 1.0 661 1.0

Public administration.......................................................................................... 3,048 4.6 2,972 4.4

Industry and gender

Year

2012 2013
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 49

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2012 and 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

Total, 16 years and older.................................................................................. 75,555 100.0 76,353 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting............................................................. 1,626 2.2 1,611 2.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 831 1.1 926 1.2

Construction......................................................................................... 8,162 10.8 8,432 11.0

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 10,432 13.8 10,596 13.9

 Durable goods.................................................................................... 6,932 9.2 7,083 9.3

 Nondurable goods.............................................................................. 3,499 4.6 3,512 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................... 11,004 14.6 10,894 14.3

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 2,638 3.5 2,610 3.4

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 8,367 11.1 8,283 10.8

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 5,581 7.4 5,657 7.4

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 4,669 6.2 4,739 6.2

 Utilities................................................................................................ 912 1.2 918 1.2

Information...................................................................................................................... 1,838 2.4 1,801 2.4

Financial activities................................................................................ 4,482 5.9 4,636 6.1

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 2,981 3.9 3,093 4.1

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,501 2.0 1,542 2.0

Professional and business services..................................................... 9,741 12.9 9,758 12.8

 Professional and technical services................................................... 5,632 7.5 5,697 7.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 4,109 5.4 4,061 5.3

Education and health services.............................................................. 8,263 10.9 8,255 10.8

 Educational services.......................................................................... 4,068 5.4 4,037 5.3

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 4,196 5.6 4,218 5.5

 Hospitals.......................................................................................... 1,436 1.9 1,498 2.0

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 2,265 3.0 2,245 2.9

 Social assistance............................................................................. 494 0.7 475 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 6,487 8.6 6,637 8.7

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,647 2.2 1,733 2.3

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 4,840 6.4 4,904 6.4

Other services...................................................................................... 3,439 4.6 3,414 4.5

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,357 4.4 3,352 4.4

 Private households............................................................................ 82 .1 62 .1

Public administration.......................................................................................... 3,669 4.9 3,736 4.9

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry and gender

Year

2012 2013
50 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and older...................................................................................................... 143,929 47.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.......................................................................................................... 2,130 24.4

Crop production................................................................................................................................................ 981 24.9

Animal production........................................................................................................................................................................... 780 25.3

Forestry, except logging................................................................................................................................................................... 47 –

Logging........................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 4.2

Fishing, hunting, and trapping.......................................................................................... 49 –

Support activities for agriculture and forestry................................................................................................................................... 182 30.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.....................................................................................................................................................1,065 13.1

Oil and gas extraction....................................................................................................................................................................... 115 20.0

Metal ore mining...................................................................................................................... 85 9.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................................................................................................................................... 49 –

Not specified type of mining.............................................................................................. 107 11.3

Support activities for mining............................................................................................................................................................... 9 –

Construction................................................................................................................................................................................................ 700 12.4

Manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9,271 9.1

Durable goods.................................................................................................................................................................................... 14,869 28.7

Nonmetallic mineral products............................................................................................................................................................. 9,391 24.6

Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing............................................................................. 412 19.5

Structural clay product manufacturing............................................................................. 27 –

Glass and glass product manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................32 –

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing...................................................................................................................149 25.7

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing............................................... 134 11.4

Primary metals and fabricated metal product manufacturing.......................................................................................................................70 14.9

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing................................................................................................................................1,589 15.8

Aluminum production and processing........................................................................................................................................... 301 9.9

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.................................................................................................. 61 18.0

Foundries.................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 10.9

Metal forgings and stampings...................................................................................................................................................... 77 11.4

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing.........................................................................................................................................................43 –

Structural metals and tanks and shipping container manufacturing..........................................................................................................49 –

Machine shops; turned products; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing......................................................................................................308 14.6

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities................................................................................................................... 273 11.3

Ordnance....................................................................................................................................80 11.4

Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing..................................................... 50 30.4

Not specified metal industries......................................................................................... 281 24.8

Machinery manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................. 12 –

Agricultural implement manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................................1,232 22.2

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing................................................................................................120 22.0

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing.....................................................................................................................149 19.8

Metalworking machinery manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................79 39.4

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 51

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment manufacturing.....................................................................................................159 13.7

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c....................................................................................... 69 21.6

Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................................................. 653 22.9

Computers and electronic product manufacturing........................................................................................................................................3 –

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing.................................................................................................................................1,302 29.6

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing............................................................................................................262 30.0

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control 145 21.9

 instruments manufacturing................................................................................................. 234 31.0

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.......................................................................... 661 30.7

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing....................................................................................................................................411 29.2

Household appliance manufacturing.........................................................................................................................................................63 29.7

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other

 electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c........................................................................................................... 348 29.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing.....................................................................................................................................................2,245 23.2

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing.....................................................................................................................1,186 25.4

Aircraft and parts manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................417 22.0

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing.............................................................................................................................................430 22.3

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing................................................................................. 37 –

Ship and boat building.................................................................................................................................................................. 146 12.7

Other transportation equipment manufacturing............................................................... 29 –

Wood products manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................408 13.5

Sawmills and wood preservation.................................................................................................................................................. 109 9.0

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products...................................................................................................................... 38 –

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes........................................................................................................................... 36 –

Miscellaneous wood products...................................................................................................................................................... 224 14.6

Furniture and fixtures manufacturing..................................................................................................................................... 427 26.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................ 1,365 37.1

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing........................................................................................................................... 527 42.1

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing.........................................................................................................122 35.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................... 465 35.9

Not specified manufacturing industries......................................................................................251 30.2

Nondurable goods manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................................5,478 35.9

Food manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................... 1,731 40.3

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling......................................................................................................................................... 142 26.5

Sugar and confectionery products............................................................................................................................................... 75 36.6

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods manufacturing...........................................................................................................161 38.1

Dairy product manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................153 32.0

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................................................................................................................................. 503 37.8

Retail bakeries.............................................................................................................................................................................. 263 66.0

Bakeries, except retail................................................................................................................................................................ 198 38.2

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.................................................................. 189 37.9

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
52 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Not specified food industries........................................................................................ 47 –

Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing.........................................................................................................................................271 30.4

Beverage manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................. 246 30.2

Tobacco manufacturing.......................................................................................................... 25 –

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing................................................................................................................................................571 51.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................................................................. 10 –

Fabric mills, except knitting mills.......................................................................................................................................................... 102 35.2

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills................................................................... 12 –

Carpet and rug mills..................................................................................................................................................................... 55 32.5

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug.................................................................................................................................. 68 60.6

Knitting fabric mills and apparel knitting mills......................................................................................................................... 16 –

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing..........................................................................................................................................................253 58.1

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing................................................. 7 –

Footwear manufacturing........................................................................................................ 24 –

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing........................................ 23 –

Paper manufacturing and printing.................................................................................................................................................................944 31.0

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................................................................................................................................................. 179 16.5

Paperboard containers and boxes................................................................................................................................................ 112 16.2

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products........................................................................................................................................ 89 38.0

Printing and related support activities.......................................................................................................................................... 564 37.4

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing................................................................................................................................................193 16.0

Petroleum refining................................................................................................................................................................................. 178 16.0

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products........................................................................................... 15 –

Chemicals manufacturing.............................................................................................................................................................................1,240 34.5

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing..............................................................................................................181 30.0

Agricultural chemical manufacturing....................................................................................................... 27 –

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing............................................................................................................................................448 43.9

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing..............................................................................................................................................61 20.1

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing........................................................................................................................132 49.2

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals........................................................................ 391 23.9

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing................................................................................................................................................528 26.2

Plastics product manufacturing..................................................................................................................................................................354 25.7

Tire manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................................. 95 23.1

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing...............................................................................................................................................80 32.2

Wholesale and retail trade..................................................................................................................................................................................19,653 44.6

Wholesale trade............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3,646 28.4

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers..........................................................................................................................175 23.1

Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers...............................................................................................................................61 31.4

Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................161 22.8

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................. 347 36.0

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers........................................................................................... 51 20.2

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 53

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Electrical and electronic goods, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................ 204 27.3

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.......................................................................... 141 19.0

Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................. 393 26.1

Recyclable material, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................ 114 12.0

Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers..................................................................................................... 109 39.8

Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers........................................................................................................ 61 27.8

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers............................................................................... 219 44.0

Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................... 90 49.3

Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 835 22.9

Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers...................................................................................................... 59 28.7

Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................ 135 23.5

Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................. 125 20.6

Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................... 47 –

Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 182 37.3

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers................................................................................ 88 45.9

Not specified wholesale trade........................................................................................... 49 –

Retail trade.................................................................................................................................................... 16,007 48.3

Automobile dealers.............................................................................................................. 1,273 21.4

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................................... 117 19.4

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores........................................................................................518 18.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................................................................... 482 44.0

Household appliance stores...................................................................................................... 69 17.7

Radio, TV, and computer stores..................................................................................................570 28.6

Building material and supplies dealers..........................................................................................910 29.6

Hardware stores................................................................................................................. 223 27.9

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores................................................................................... 278 30.8

Grocery stores.............................................................................................................................................. 2,815 49.4

Specialty food stores........................................................................................................... 231 47.8

Beer, wine, and liquor stores................................................................................................... 150 31.6

Pharmacies and drug stores...................................................................................................... 842 64.1

Health and personal care, except drug, stores................................................................................... 342 68.5

Gasoline stations............................................................................................................... 504 51.6

Clothing stores........................................................................................................................................... 988 75.6

Shoe stores................................................................................................................................................. 161 52.8

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...................................................................................... 201 64.6

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores................................................................................ 471 42.3

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores...................................................................................... 61 71.2

Music stores................................................................................................................................................ 49 –

Book stores and news dealers.................................................................................................... 118 59.8

Department stores and discount stores........................................................................................... 2,110 59.7

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores........................................................................................ 513 55.9

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
54 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Retail florists........................................................................................................................................................................................ 107 69.5

Office supplies and stationery stores...........................................................................................159 37.6

Used merchandise stores......................................................................................................... 238 60.1

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................................... 137 78.8

Miscellaneous retail stores..................................................................................................... 440 54.9

Electronic shopping............................................................................................................. 179 50.4

Electronic auctions.............................................................................................................. 21 –

Mail order houses............................................................................................................... 61 51.9

Vending machine operators....................................................................................................... 34 –

Fuel dealers................................................................................................................................................ 89 20.2

Other direct selling establishments.................................................................................... 203 72.1

Not specified retail trade...................................................................................................... 343 54.1

Transportation and utilities............................................................................................................ 7,415 23.7

Transportation and warehousing...................................................................................................... 6,228 23.9

Air transportation.......................................................................................................................................... 577 38.5

Rail transportation............................................................................................................. 261 10.0

Water transportation............................................................................................................ 68 23.2

Truck transportation............................................................................................................ 1,772 10.7

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................................... 503 39.0

Taxi and limousine service...................................................................................................... 261 12.0

Pipeline transportation.......................................................................................................... 48 –

Scenic and sightseeing transportation................................................................................. 32 –

Services incidental to transportation........................................................................................... 855 25.8

Postal Service.............................................................................................................................................. 677 41.3

Couriers and messengers......................................................................................................... 715 21.9

Warehousing and storage......................................................................................................... 457 30.3

Utilities.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1,187 22.6

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution....................................................................... 595 22.1

Natural gas distribution........................................................................................................ 120 26.1

Electric and gas, and other combinations........................................................................................ 106 27.5

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems.......................................................................... 238 21.5

Sewage treatment facilities..................................................................................................... 105 14.0

Not specified utilities............................................................................................................ 23 –

Information......................................................................................................................................................... 2,960 39.2

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................................. 274 47.5

Periodical, book, and directory publishers...................................................................................... 254 54.0

Software publishers................................................................................................................................ 77 37.0

Motion pictures and video industries............................................................................................404 32.3

Sound recording industries......................................................................................................... 38 –

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming..................................................................................... 561 28.7

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals....................................................................................... 81 34.3

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 55

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Wired telecommunications carriers...............................................................................................556 33.6

Other telecommunications services.......................................................................................... 389 36.6

Data processing, hosting, and related services.................................................................................. 89 53.2

Libraries and archives.......................................................................................................... 204 74.3

Other information services..............................................................................................................32 –

Financial activities.................................................................................................................... 9,849 52.9

Finance and insurance............................................................................................................... 6,984 55.7

Banking and related activities.................................................................................................. 2,080 61.0

Savings institutions, including credit unions................................................................................... 254 74.8

Nondepository credit and related activities....................................................................................861 50.8

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments............................................................ 1,150 36.9

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................................................................ 2,639 59.4

Real estate and rental and leasing........................................................................................................................... 2,865 46.2

Real estate.............................................................................................................................................. 2,483 49.3

Rental and leasing services.............................................................................................................................. 382 25.8

Automotive equipment rental and leasing.............................................................................................................. 167 25.4

Video tape and disk rental........................................................................................................................... 8 –

Other consumer goods rental.......................................................................................................................... 106 31.2

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing............................................................ 100 19.6

Professional and business services............................................................................................................................... 16,793 41.9

Professional and technical services.......................................................................................................................... 10,110 43.7

Legal services........................................................................................................................................... 1,630 55.4

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services........................................................................................... 1,056 60.0

Architectural, engineering, and related services......................................................................................................... 1,495 26.4

Specialized design services.............................................................................................................................. 391 52.7

Computer systems design and related services............................................................................................................. 2,310 26.7

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services................................................................................................ 1,384 44.0

Scientific research and development services............................................................................................................. 532 47.3

Advertising and related services......................................................................................................................... 580 53.0

Veterinary services...................................................................................................................................... 320 80.3

Other professional, scientific, and technical services................................................................................................... 412 57.0

Management, administrative, and waste services............................................................................................................... 6,682 39.2

Management of companies and enterprises.................................................................................................................. 183 49.5

Employment services...................................................................................................................................... 1,032 53.9

Business support services................................................................................................................................ 760 65.4

Travel arrangement and reservation services.............................................................................................................. 257 59.1

Investigation and security services...................................................................................................................... 759 22.2

Services to buildings and dwellings...................................................................................................................... 1,511 54.8

Landscaping services..................................................................................................................................... 1,353 7.9

Other administrative and other support services.......................................................................................................... 292 42.2

Waste management and remediation services................................................................................................................ 535 18.2

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
56 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Education and health services.................................................................................................................................... 32,535 74.6

Educational services......................................................................................................................................... 12,974 68.9

Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................................................................... 8,655 75.2

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges..................................................................................................... 3,498 54.2

Business, technical, and trade schools and training...................................................................................................... 119 53.7

Other schools, instruction, and educational services..................................................................................................... 702 66.2

Health care and social assistance............................................................................................................................ 19,562 78.4

Hospitals................................................................................................................................................ 6,274 76.1

Health services, except hospitals........................................................................................................................ 10,215 78.0

Offices of physicians................................................................................................................................ 1,531 77.0

Offices of dentists.................................................................................................................................. 862 81.5

Offices of chiropractors............................................................................................................................. 137 61.0

Offices of optometrists.............................................................................................................................. 135 70.2

Offices of other health practitioners................................................................................................................ 294 76.2

Outpatient care centers.............................................................................................................................. 1,487 75.5

Home health care services............................................................................................................................ 1,235 88.2

Other health care services........................................................................................................................... 1,941 71.3

Nursing care facilities.............................................................................................................................. 1,799 84.3

Residential care facilities, without nursing......................................................................................................... 794 72.2

Social assistance........................................................................................................................................ 3,072 84.5

Individual and family services....................................................................................................................... 1,369 77.2

Community food and housing, and emergency services................................................................................................... 113 64.8

Vocational rehabilitation services................................................................................................................... 149 58.9

Child day care services.............................................................................................................................. 1,442 95.7

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................................................................................... 13,554 51.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................................................................................................................... 3,205 45.9

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries............................................................. 853 42.4

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions....................................................................................... 346 45.6

Bowling centers............................................................................................................................. 44 –

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries..................................................................................................... 1,962 47.6

Accommodation and food services.............................................................................................................................. 10,349 52.6

Accommodation............................................................................................................................................ 1,460 57.5

Traveler accommodation............................................................................................................................... 1,366 57.6

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.................................................................... 94 56.0

Food services and drinking places........................................................................................................................ 8,890 51.8

Restaurants and other food services.................................................................................................................. 8,651 51.8

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages................................................................................................................. 239 53.0

Other services................................................................................................................................................... 7,127 52.1

Other services, except private households.................................................................................................................... 6,404 47.7

Repair and maintenance................................................................................................................................... 2,109 12.1

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................................................................................................... 1,255 9.3

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 57

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Car washes........................................................................................................................................... 180 17.5

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance............................................................................................ 157 15.0

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance........................................................ 316 8.2

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance.................................................................................................. 188 29.3

Footwear and leather goods repair......................................................................................... 13 –

Personal and laundry services............................................................................................................................ 2,415 72.6

Barber shops......................................................................................................................................... 133 19.8

Beauty salons........................................................................................................................................ 982 92.7

Nail salons and other personal care services......................................................................................................... 491 77.4

Drycleaning and laundry services..................................................................................................................... 303 55.7

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories........................................................................................................... 140 37.5

Other personal services.............................................................................................................................. 366 59.1

Membership associations and organizations................................................................................................................ 1,880 55.4

Religious organizations.............................................................................................................................. 1,057 49.0

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services................................................ 640 65.6

Labor unions......................................................................................................................................... 54 46.1

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations......................................................................................... 129 61.1

Private households........................................................................................................................................... 723 91.4

Public administration............................................................................................................................................ 6,708 44.3

Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................................................................. 961 51.8

Public finance activities................................................................................................................................ 353 66.0

Other general government and support..................................................................................................................... 138 37.7

Justice, public order, and safety activities............................................................................................................. 2,789 34.1

Administration of human resource programs................................................................................................................ 919 69.3

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs............................................................................................. 265 38.4

Administration of economic programs and space research................................................................................................... 516 44.5

National security and international affairs.............................................................................................................. 766 35.1

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

Note: Dash indicates data not available. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry Total employed Percent women
58 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2013 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

Total, 16 years and older (thousands)...................................................................................................... 53,057 8,654 3,842 9,437

 Percent......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries................................................................................................... 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... .2 .1 .0 .2

Construction.........................................................................................1.4 .5 .8 1.1

Manufacturing.......................................................................................6.3 5.6 8.7 7.9

 Durable goods manufacturing.................................................................................... 3.4 2.8 4.6 3.5

 Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................................................................. 2.9 2.8 4.1 4.5

Wholesale and retail trade................................................................... 13.2 11.8 12.2 13.9

 Wholesale trade..................................................................................1.6 1.0 1.9 1.7

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 11.6 10.8 10.3 12.2

Transportation and utilities...................................................................2.4 3.9 2.0 2.8

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................2.0 3.5 1.8 2.5

 Utilities.................................................................................................4 .5 .2 .3

Information......................................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.2

Financial activities................................................................................8.0 6.7 7.2 6.4

 Finance and insurance.......................................................................5.9 5.4 6.0 4.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing.....................................................2.1 1.3 1.2 1.7

Professional and business services..................................................... 10.7 8.3 12.6 11.2

 Professional and technical services...................................................6.8 3.7 9.9 4.3

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3.8 4.6 2.7 6.8

Education and health services.............................................................. 35.6 40.8 31.5 29.7

 Educational services.......................................................................... 14.0 10.9 9.2 9.6

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 21.6 29.9 22.3 20.2

 Hospitals..........................................................................................6.8 8.4 8.7 4.8

 Health services, except hospitals.................................................... 11.1 16.2 11.1 10.3

 Social assistance.............................................................................3.7 5.3 2.6 5.0

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 10.1 9.2 11.6 14.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation...................................................2.2 1.4 2.3 1.8

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 79 7.8 9.2 12.4

Other services......................................................................................5.5 4.4 8.0 6.6

 Other services, except private households........................................4.4 3.8 7.4 4.0

 Private households............................................................................1.1 .6 .6 2.6

Public administration...................................................................................... 4.0 6.9 3.5 3.8

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 59

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2013 annual averages

1979........ $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980........ 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981........ 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982........ 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983........ 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984........ 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986....... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987........ 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989........ 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990....... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991........ 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992........ 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993........ 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994....... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995........ 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996........ 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997....... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998....... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999....... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

2000....... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001........ 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003....... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004........ 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005......... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006........ 671 690 554 784 486 600 609 519 699 440

2007........ 695 716 569 830 503 614 626 533 731 473

2008....... 722 742 589 861 529 638 654 554 753 501

2009....... 739 757 601 880 541 657 669 582 779 509

2010....... 747 765 611 855 535 669 684 592 773 508

2011....... 756 775 615 866 549 684 703 595 751 518

2012....... 768 792 621 920 568 691 710 599 770 521

2013....... 776 802 629 942 578 706 722 606 819 541

 See note at end of table.

Year 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Total Women

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity
60 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2013 annual averages (continued)

1979........ $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980........ 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981........ 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982........ 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983........ 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984........ 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986....... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987........ 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989........ 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990....... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991........ 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992........ 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993........ 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994....... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995........ 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996........ 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997....... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998....... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999....... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

2000....... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001........ 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003....... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004........ 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005......... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006........ 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

2007........ 766 788 600 936 520 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 

2008....... 798 825 620 966 559 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 

2009....... 819 845 621 952 569 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 

2010....... 824 850 633 936 560 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7 

2011....... 832 856 653 970 571 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7 

2012....... 854 879 665 1,055 592 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0 

2013....... 860 884 664 1,059 594 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1 

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the

Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation

provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, 

and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, 

people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the are for the 

category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical 

comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. 

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 61

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment 

and gender, 2013 annual averages

Total

Total....................................................... 95,015 $827

 Less than a high school diploma .................. 6,956 472

 High school graduate or more..........................88,059 869

 High school graduates, no college............. 25,043 651

 Some college or associate's degree.....................26,034 748

 Some college, no degree......................... 15,451 727

 Associate's degree.................................. 10,582 777

 Occupational program............................ 4,592 776

 Academic program............................... 5,991 777

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 36,982 1,194

 Bachelor's degree................................ 23,606 1,108

 Master's degree.................................. 9,938 1,329

 Professional degree.............................. 1,580 1,714

 Doctoral degree.................................. 1,858 1,623

Women

Total........................................................ 42,228 740

 Less than a high school diploma.................. 2,133 400

 High school graduate or more..........................40,094 761

 High school graduates, no college............. 10,115 573

 Some college or associate's degree.....................12,346 657

 Some college, no degree......................... 6,971 632

 Associate's degree.................................. 5,375 693

 Occupational program............................ 2,169 685

 Academic program............................... 3,207 700

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 17,633 1,043

 Bachelor's degree............................... 11,128 959

 Master's degree.................................. 5,178 1,149

 Professional degree.............................. 623 1,436

 Doctoral degree.................................... 704 1,399

 See note at end of table.

 Educational attainment and gender Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
62 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and

salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment 

and gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

Men

Total....................................................... 52,787 $912

 Less than a high school diploma................. 4,822 500

 High school graduate or more...................... 47,965 963

 High school graduates, no college............. 14,928 732

 Some college or associate's degree.....................13,688 858

 Some college, no degree......................... 8,481 831

 Associate's degree.................................. 5,207 895

 Occupational program............................ 2,423 887

 Academic program............................... 2,784 903

 College graduates, total...................................19,349 1,395

 Bachelor's degree and higher................................... 12,478 1,266

 Master's degree.................................. 4,760 1,557

 Professional degree...................................... 957 1,899

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,155 1,822

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated and

unincorporated businesses.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

 Educational attainment and gender Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 63

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Total, full-time wage and salary workers................................................................ 104,262 $776 46,268 $706 57,994 $860 82.1

Management, professional, and related occupations................................................................ 41,820 1,132 21,530 973 20,290 1,349 72.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations..................17,137 1,208 7,937 1,049 9,200 1,412 74.3

Management occupations.................................................... 11,501 1,285 4,737 1,103 6,764 1,456 75.8

Chief executives.......................................................................1,051 2,069 286 1,811 764 2,266 79.9

General and operations managers................................................... 947 1,370 250 1,161 698 1,444 80.4

Legislators......................................................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Advertising and promotions managers............................................ 53 1,526 35 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Marketing and sales managers.........................................................829 1,389 353 1,124 476 1,658 67.8

Public relations and fundraising managers..........................................51 1,159 29 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Administrative services managers........................................ 109 1,198 38 ( 1 ) 71 1,232 ( 2 )

Computer and information systems managers............................................ 570 1,728 163 1,549 407 1,769 87.6

Financial managers........................................................... 1,127 1,236 613 1,064 514 1,518 70.1

Compensation and benefits managers.................................................. 11 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources managers.............................................. 211 1,327 152 1,240 60 1,536 80.7

Training and development managers..................................... 33 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial production managers..........................................................256 1,338 41 ( 1 ) 215 1,352 ( 2 )

Purchasing managers.......................................................... 181 1,358 89 1,290 92 1,441 89.5

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers..................... 252 1,005 58 920 194 1,029 89.4

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers............................................ 97 731 19 ( 1 ) 78 716 ( 2 )

Construction managers..................................................... 414 1,275 38 ( 1 ) 376 1,328 ( 2 )

Education administrators.......................................................... 698 1,259 450 1,130 248 1,543 73.2

Architectural and engineering managers..................................................... 117 1,894 13 ( 1 ) 104 1,898 ( 2 )

Food service managers.......................................................... 716 701 335 620 381 801 77.4

Funeral service managers........................................................ 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming managers........................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lodging managers............................................................... 98 901 53 858 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical and health services managers............................................529 1,258 375 1,224 154 1,412 86.7

Natural sciences managers.............................................................12 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postmasters and mail superintendents............................................................. 30 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Property, real estate, and community association managers............ 358 862 198 784 161 1,068 73.4

Social and community service managers................................... 280 1,042 185 1,004 94 1,150 87.3

Emergency management directors.....................................................9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Managers, all other................................................................. 2,431 1,264 905 1,105 1,527 1,399 79.0

Business and financial operations occupations....................................... 5,636 1,091 3,199 979 2,436 1,263 77.5

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, 

 and athletes..............................................................................38 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products............................................. 17 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................. 158 899 88 930 71 871 106.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 

 farm products................................................................. 263 984 151 912 112 1,116 81.7

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators......... 300 931 195 838 104 1,144 73.3

Compliance officers............................................................... 182 1,124 99 1,081 83 1,170 92.4

Cost estimators....................................................................... 102 1,050 13 ( 1 ) 89 1,071 ( 2 )

Human resource workers.......................................................................... 498 981 366 958 131 1,139 84.1

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialits.......................................................................... 72 1,033 59 1,010 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Training and development specialists.......................................................................... 109 1,079 62 979 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logisticians......................................................................... 91 993 33 ( 1 ) 58 1,045 ( 2 )

Management analysts................................................................547 1,450 229 1,319 318 1,614 81.7

Meeting, convention, and event planners.............................................. 95 930 80 901 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fundraisers..................................................................... 80 1,124 58 1,084 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
64 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Market research analysts and marketing specialists..................................................................... 190 $1,139 110 $967 80 $1,171 82.6

Business operations specialists, all other................................................. 180 1,044 110 899 69 1,226 73.3

Accountants and auditors..................................................... 1,516 1,109 945 1,029 571 1,268 81.2

Appraisers and assessors of real estate..........................................60 1,142 27 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Budget analysts..................................................................... 58 1,389 26 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit analysts..................................................................... 31 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial analysts..................................................................... 89 1,466 33 ( 1 ) 56 1,757 ( 2 )

Personal financial advisors................................................. 288 1,424 72 1,149 215 1,565 73.4

Insurance underwriters....................................................................98 1,045 61 879 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial examiners............................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit counselors and loan officers..................................... 360 970 208 864 152 1,162 74.4

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................... 62 952 43 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tax preparers....................................................................................... 56 767 34 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial specialists, all other................................................... 87 962 49 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Professional and related occupations......................................... 24,683 1,071 13,594 944 11,089 1,295 72.9

Computer and mathematical occupations............................................ 3,621 1,365 928 1,174 2,693 1,452 80.9

Computer and information research scientists............................................... 15 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer systems analysts................................................... 443 1,367 158 1,216 285 1,455 83.6

Information security analysts................................................... 53 1,460 10 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer programmers.................................................... 437 1,372 106 1,162 332 1,428 81.4

Software developers, applications and systems software............ 1,053 1,643 209 1,370 844 1,737 78.9

Web developers................................................................ 137 1,060 53 937 84 1,157 81.0

Computer support specialists.................................................... 474 980 134 901 340 1,019 88.4

Database administrators.......................................................... 95 1,345 30 ( 1 ) 65 1,563 ( 2 )

Network and computer systems administrators......................... 210 1,237 37 ( 1 ) 173 1,252 ( 2 )

Computer network architects.........................................................131 1,630 9 ( 1 ) 122 1,593 ( 2 )

Computer occupations, all other.........................................................359 1,149 81 1,176 277 1,136 103.5

Actuaries.......................................................................... 25 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mathematicians............................................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operations research analysts............................................... 119 1,444 63 1,313 56 1,569 83.7

Statisticians...................................................................... 65 1,414 23 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations........................ 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Architecture and engineering occupations........................................................ 2,540 1,365 330 1,143 2,209 1,403 81.5

Architects, except naval....................................................... 118 1,292 30 ( 1 ) 88 1,347 ( 2 )

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists........................... 32 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aerospace engineers........................................................... 137 1,865 13 ( 1 ) 124 1,873 ( 2 )

Agricultural engineers....................................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biomedical engineers............................................................ 10 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical engineers............................................................ 56 1,568 8 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Civil engineers...................................................................... 324 1,373 36 ( 1 ) 288 1,417 ( 2 )

Computer hardware engineers................................................ 92 1,507 10 ( 1 ) 82 1,544 ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics engineers....................................... 268 1,522 21 ( 1 ) 247 1,514 ( 2 )

Environmental engineers...................................................... 28 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety................................... 181 1,385 30 ( 1 ) 151 1,417 ( 2 )

Marine engineers and naval architects..................................... 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Materials engineers................................................................ 43 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mechanical engineers......................................................... 297 1,496 24 ( 1 ) 273 1,554 ( 2 )

Mining and geological engineers, including mining 

 safety engineers................................................................................ 16 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear engineers................................................................... 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Petroleum engineers............................................................. 34 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 65

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Engineers, all other................................................................. 371 $1,528 48 ( 1 ) 322 $1,561 ( 2 )

Drafters............................................................................. 104 974 20 ( 1 ) 85 991 ( 2 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters............................................... 361 1,011 59 $934 302 1,027 90.9

Surveying and mapping technicians......................................... 48 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Life, physical, and social science occupations............................................... 1,063 1,152 456 1,030 608 1,271 81.0

Agricultural and food scientists.............................................. 30 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological scientists........................................................... 107 1,157 53 1,104 54 1,233 89.5

Conservation scientists and foresters.................................... 27 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical scientists................................................................... 131 1,216 73 1,142 58 1,430 79.9

Life scientists, all other................................................................ 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Astronomers and physicists............................................... 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Atmospheric and space scientists......................................... 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemists and materials scientists....................................... 109 1,182 42 ( 1 ) 68 1,380 ( 2 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.................................. 76 1,330 18 ( 1 ) 58 1,392 ( 2 )

Physical scientists, all other.................................................... 132 1,517 44 ( 1 ) 88 1,597 ( 2 )

Economists............................................................................. 29 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Survey researchers........................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Psychologists.................................................................... 96 1,267 69 1,178 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sociologists............................................................................ 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Urban and regional planners............................................. 20 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers...........................40 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural and food science technicians................................... 23 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological technicians....................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical technicians......................................................... 62 849 21 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Geological and petroleum technicians........................................... 23 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear technicians..................................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Social science research assistants........................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

 Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians.....................105 761 47 ( 1 ) 59 911 ( 2 )

Community and social services occupations.....................................1,913 847 1,158 808 755 930 86.9

Counselors..................................................................................... 568 885 391 884 178 889 99.4

Social workers................................................................... 636 845 507 818 129 978 83.6

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists........................105 888 43 ( 1 ) 62 927 ( 2 )

Social and human service assistants................................................................... 102 668 68 641 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

 including health educators and community health workers..................83 756 64 740 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clergy................................................................................... 343 935 47 ( 1 ) 296 968 ( 2 )

Directors, religious activities and education................................ 41 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

 Religious workers, all other...........................................................34 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Legal occupations............................................................... 1,305 1,253 707 1,010 598 1,764 57.3

Lawyers................................................................................. 710 1,880 247 1,566 463 1,986 78.9

Judicial law clerks.................................................................. 9 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers..................................49 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paralegals and legal assistants........................................... 337 846 287 825 50 923 89.4

 Miscellaneous legal support workers..............................................199 873 148 787 51 1,013 77.7

Education, training, and library occupations............................................ 6,589 937 4,782 888 1,808 1,091 81.4

Postsecondary teachers................................................................. 893 1,172 424 1,100 469 1,338 82.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers....................................... 496 638 484 624 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Elementary and middle school teachers.............................................2,669 954 2,138 937 531 1,025 91.4

Secondary school teachers............................................... 956 1,031 529 986 427 1,093 90.2

Special education teachers............................................................337 951 271 944 65 977 96.6

Other teachers and instructors......................................................336 905 187 729 149 1,055 69.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
66 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians.................................. 33 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Librarians............................................................................ 149 $919 121 $905 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library technicians................................................................ 18 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Teacher assistants.............................................................. 571 479 501 475 70 $501 94.8

 Other education, training, and library workers..................................... 131 1,031 91 992 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations............ 1,510 988 649 884 861 1,118 79.1

Artists and related workers................................................. 63 1,032 25 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Designers.......................................................................... 514 961 244 866 270 1,095 79.1

Actors.................................................................................. 18 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Producers and directors........................................................ 104 1,166 38 ( 1 ) 66 1,331 ( 2 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................ 115 889 29 ( 1 ) 86 934 ( 2 )

Dancers and choreographers.................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Musicians, singers, and related workers......................................... 46 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Entertainers and performers, sports and related

 workers, all other..........................................................................9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Announcers.................................................................... 18 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents................................ 68 1,041 22 ( 1 ) 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public relations specialists..................................................... 109 1,129 68 921 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Editors............................................................................... 112 1,092 59 988 53 1,239 79.7

Technical writers.................................................................. 57 1,364 30 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Writers and authors................................................................ 79 996 40 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous media and communication workers..............................32 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 

 and radio operators.............................................................. 68 947 7 ( 1 ) 61 1,029 ( 2 )

Photographers................................................................ 48 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators 

 and editors..............................................................................45 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Media and communication equipment workers, all others.................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations.......................................... 6,142 1,048 4,585 994 1,558 1,312 75.8

Chiropractors................................................................. 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dentists........................................................................... 55 1,533 18 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dietitians and nutritionists....................................................... 82 885 71 864 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Optometrists..................................................................... 14 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacists.................................................................... 215 1,960 117 1,802 98 2,092 86.1

Physicians and surgeons................................................... 667 1,885 241 1,497 426 2,087 71.7

Physician assistants.............................................................. 103 1,456 67 1,491 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Podiatrists.................................................................................... 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Audiologists....................................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupational therapists..................................................... 78 1,295 68 1,240 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapists................................................................. 161 1,382 87 1,300 74 1,457 89.2

Radiation therapists................................................................. 12 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Recreational therapists..................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Respiratory therapists.............................................................. 96 1,095 52 1,059 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Speech-language pathologists................................................. 98 1,218 93 1,191 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Exercise physiologists....................................................... 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Therapists, all other........................................................... 96 864 77 870 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinarians................................................................................... 41 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Registered nurses.............................................................. 2,278 1,099 2,023 1,086 254 1,236 87.9

Nurse anesthetists.............................................................. 22 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse midwives.............................................................. 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse practioners........................................................... 102 1,615 91 1,539 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 67

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other........................ 7 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians.................................307 $891 226 $858 81 $980 87.6

Dental hygienists.................................................................... 82 1,005 80 1,011 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................... 287 919 195 909 92 959 94.8

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................... 140 796 58 785 82 832 94.4

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians........................................................ 416 619 337 613 78 664 92.3

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses.................................. 444 741 404 732 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical records and health information technicians................................................ 78 612 72 595 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Opticians, dispensing................................................................ 37 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians.................................... 114 849 73 782 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations........................... 69 1,065 31 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Service occupations................................................................ 15,052 493 7,456 452 7,597 555 81.4

Healthcare support occupations.............................................. 2,324 491 2,020 486 304 546 89.0

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.......................................... 1,393 457 1,207 450 186 499 90.2

Occupational therapy assistants and aides................................ 11 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapist assistants and aides....................................... 39 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Massage therapists................................................................................... 48 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dental assistants...................................................................... 181 571 174 571 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical assistants......................................................................365 531 339 523 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical transcriptionists....................................................... 34 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacy aides...................................................................... 22 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers............................................................................ 23 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Phlebotomists......................................................................... 97 583 77 573 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including 

 medical equipment preparers.................................................... 112 462 81 440 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Protective service occupations........................................................ 2,685 783 512 643 2,172 824 78.0

First-line supervisors of correctional officers................................................................. 33 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of police and detectives............................................................. 114 1,139 17 ( 1 ) 97 1,182 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers............... 60 1,082 0 ( 1 ) 60 1,082 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors, protective service workers, all other........................82 785 25 ( 1 ) 57 788 ( 2 )

Firefighters........................................................................... 294 996 9 ( 1 ) 285 1,000 ( 2 )

Fire inspectors........................................................................ 18 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.............................................. 418 683 120 599 298 729 82.2

Detectives and criminal investigators.................................... 159 1,054 30 ( 1 ) 128 1,120 ( 2 )

Fish and game wardens................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking enforcement workers................................................ 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Police and sheriff's patrol officers..................................................682 1,007 89 881 593 1,032 85.4

Transit and railroad police................................................................. 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal control workers................................................................ 10 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Private detectives and investigators.............................................. 72 948 32 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers...............................643 532 125 500 517 549 91.1

Crossing guards.........................................................................14 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation security screeners.......................................................... 25 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other

 protective service workers...................................................... 52 484 36 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................................ 4,140 416 1,953 400 2,187 437 91.5

Chefs and head cooks............................................................ 351 574 69 510 282 589 86.6

First-line supervisors of food preparation and

 serving workers................................................................. 423 491 249 448 174 580 77.2

Cooks............................................................................................ 1,209 402 418 382 791 411 92.9

Food preparation workers.............................................................398 387 191 380 206 392 96.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's
68 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Bartenders........................................................................... 207 $513 109 $483 98 $594 81.3

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

 fast food.......................................................................................... 175 384 107 370 68 413 89.6

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and 

 coffee shop....................................................................... 57 320 43 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Waiters and waitresses............................................................. 883 413 558 400 325 449 89.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant..................................................... 109 458 74 410 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers............ 130 412 55 398 76 426 93.4

Dishwashers............................................................................127 356 21 ( 1 ) 106 359 ( 2 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop............ 69 393 60 391 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other.................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations...............3,421 475 1,142 417 2,279 505 82.6

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers...............186 638 78 511 108 801 63.8

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, 

 and groundskeeping workers.......................................................104 766 5 ( 1 ) 99 759 ( 2 )

Janitors and building cleaners.....................................................1,537 487 421 418 1,116 517 80.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners.................................................733 413 605 406 128 467 86.9

Pest control workers................................................................... 62 609 2 ( 1 ) 60 606 ( 2 )

Grounds maintenance workers.....................................................799 445 31 ( 1 ) 768 441 ( 2 )

Personal care and service occupations..........................................2,482 481 1,829 464 654 549 84.5

First-line supervisors of gaming workers..................................................................... 97 755 48 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of personal service workers........................... 72 595 44 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal trainers........................................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nonfarm animal caretakers................................................... 78 458 57 468 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming services workers....................................................... 74 651 39 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Motion picture projectionists................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.................................... 9 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers...............74 419 37 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Embalmers and funeral attendants............................................ 10 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors............................................ 28 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Barbers............................................................................... 60 389 9 ( 1 ) 51 369 ( 2 )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists............................ 329 488 308 485 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers...................................... 170 495 136 480 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges................................. 71 491 10 ( 1 ) 60 495 ( 2 )

Tour and travel guides............................................................... 21 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Childcare workers.....................................................................441 418 410 418 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care aides................................................................................... 657 449 539 445 119 470 94.7

Recreation and fitness workers....................................................... 213 538 123 523 90 561 93.2

Residential advisors........................................................ 32 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care and service workers, all other............................. 36 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and office occupations.............................................................. 23,120 659 14,008 615 9,112 756 81.3

Sales and related occupations............................................. 9,376 708 4,005 566 5,371 835 67.8

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers....................................2,320 709 981 612 1,338 778 78.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers................... 757 980 217 934 540 1,004 93.0

Cashiers................................................................................1,350 392 932 379 418 426 89.0

Counter and rental clerks........................................................ 58 612 24 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parts salespersons.......................................................... 83 663 8 ( 1 ) 75 665 ( 2 )

Retail salespersons.................................................................... 1,829 598 737 485 1,092 719 67.5

Advertising sales agents............................................................ 207 938 96 868 110 1,005 86.4

Insurance sales agents...................................................... 431 838 216 733 216 1,029 71.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales workers................... 219 1,119 75 863 145 1,389 62.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 69

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Travel agents..................................................................................42 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales representatives, services, all other.......................................348 $948 106 $766 242 $1,013 75.6

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing..................... 1,085 1,042 247 859 838 1,131 76.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters..................................24 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................... 357 809 209 756 148 928 81.5

Sales engineers........................................................................ 33 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telemarketers................................................................. 49 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors,

 and related workers..................................................... 34 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and related workers, all other.............................................. 150 915 65 724 85 1,161 62.4

Office and administrative support occupations................................................. 13,744 638 10,003 628 3,741 673 93.3

First-line supervisors of office and administrative 

 support workers................................................................. 1,224 772 828 748 395 846 88.4

Switchboard operators, including answering service........................ 22 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telephone operators....................................................... 20 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Communications equipment operators, all other................................ 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bill and account collectors.................................................. 156 599 111 586 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Billing and posting clerks ........................................................................... 422 637 380 629 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks............................ 804 677 702 670 102 751 89.2

Gaming cage workers................................................................ 12 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................................... 128 731 118 727 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Procurement clerks.....................................................................30 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tellers.....................................................................................265 494 229 494 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial clerks, all other....................................................... 54 686 34 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brokerage clerks...................................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Correspondence clerks................................................................12 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks............................................. 74 676 53 665 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks........................................ 40 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Customer service representatives...............................................1,615 621 1,068 616 547 639 96.4

Eligibility interviewers, government programs.....................................75 778 60 746 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

File clerks...................................................................... 182 625 140 604 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks.................................... 71 418 50 417 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan..................................... 110 621 89 605 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library assistants, clerical......................................................... 50 559 42 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan interviewers and clerks........................................................... 158 719 129 688 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

New accounts clerks........................................................... 29 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Order clerks................................................................... 79 583 42 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping...............129 877 103 873 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Receptionists and information clerks....................................... 901 536 828 527 73 600 87.8

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks......... 100 699 54 620 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Information and record clerks, all other....................................... 85 710 62 727 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cargo and freight agents................................................................26 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Couriers and messengers.............................................................. 127 624 16 ( 1 ) 112 616 ( 2 )

Dispatchers...............................................................................246 676 140 617 107 747 82.6

Meter readers, utilities........................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service clerks................................................................... 90 968 45 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service mail carriers........................................................ 277 964 101 878 176 1,012 86.8

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and

 processing machine operators..................................................... 70 873 35 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks.......................... 272 745 148 690 124 864 79.9

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks.......................................... 493 539 151 524 342 547 95.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
70 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Stock clerks and order fillers........................................................918 $496 321 $484 596 $503 96.2

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,

 recordkeeping............................................................................74 624 37 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................. 2,232 681 2,113 677 120 772 87.7

Computer operators.................................................................. 80 732 39 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Data entry keyers..................................................................... 235 634 189 632 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Word processors and typists...........................................................90 621 82 607 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Desktop publishers........................................................... 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks......................... 252 652 206 631 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, 

 except postal service...................................................................48 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office clerks, general........................................................ 852 598 734 596 118 620 96.1

Office machine operators, except computer........................................... 35 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Proofreaders and copy markers................................................. 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Statistical assistants.................................................................. 18 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office and administrative support workers, all other..............................431 724 331 695 100 795 87.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............10,341 747 434 578 9,906 757 76.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................... 720 448 144 368 576 472 78.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers......... 34 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural inspectors................................................................. 11 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal breeders......................................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Graders and sorters, agricultural products...................................... 91 416 57 389 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous agricultural workers.................................................516 428 71 352 445 447 78.7

Fishers and related fishing workers.................................................16 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hunters and trappers.............................................................. 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forest and conservation workers.................................................. 11 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logging workers.............................................................. 39 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 5,353 732 112 654 5,242 736 88.9

First-line supervisors of construction trades

 and extraction workers............................................................................... 509 990 8 ( 1 ) 501 996 ( 2 )

Boilermakers.......................................................................... 14 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons........................................ 106 768 0 ( 1 ) 106 766 ( 2 )

Carpenters..............................................................................712 657 10 ( 1 ) 703 659 ( 2 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................................. 80 582 2 ( 1 ) 78 579 ( 2 )

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers......... 46 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction laborers....................................................... 1,087 594 29 ( 1 ) 1,058 592 ( 2 )

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators............... 18 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pile-driver operators................................................................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators........................................................ 322 801 4 ( 1 ) 317 804 ( 2 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................... 81 521 0 ( 1 ) 81 522 ( 2 )

Electricians..................................................................... 641 949 11 ( 1 ) 630 952 ( 2 )

Glaziers................................................................................. 31 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insulation workers............................................................ 44 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Painters, construction and maintenance..........................................331 576 14 ( 1 ) 318 579 ( 2 )

Paperhangers..................................................................... 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................... 450 909 4 ( 1 ) 447 912 ( 2 )

Plasterers and stucco masons............................................. 24 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers............................................... 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roofers..................................................................................... 133 566 0 ( 1 ) 133 566 ( 2 )

Sheet metal workers................................................................. 100 789 7 ( 1 ) 93 797 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 71

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Structural iron and steel workers......................................... 38 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Solar photovoltaic installers........................................................ 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers, construction trades......................................................... 46 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and building inspectors................................... 73 $903 5 ( 1 ) 67 $920 ( 2 )

Elevator installers and repairers............................................. 25 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fence erectors............................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hazardous materials removal workers.......................................... 28 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Highway maintenance workers............................................ 95 709 0 ( 1 ) 95 709 ( 2 )

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators............... 16 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners......................................... 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous construction and related workers............................................ 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,

 oil, gas, and mining......................................................... 38 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Earth drillers, except oil and gas.................................................... 26 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,

 and blasters.......................................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mining machine operators.................................................................60 1,014 2 ( 1 ) 58 1,084 ( 2 )

Roof bolters, mining......................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roustabouts, oil and gas........................................................... 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—extraction workers...................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other extraction workers........................................................... 86 920 3 ( 1 ) 83 909 ( 2 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.......................................... 4,268 821 179 $710 4,089 824 86.2

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers...............258 980 29 ( 1 ) 229 990 ( 2 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers......... 240 875 29 ( 1 ) 211 894 ( 2 )

Radio and telecommunications equipment 

 installers and repairers................................................... 122 1,025 13 ( 1 ) 108 1,021 ( 2 )

Avionics technicians.................................................................. 10 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers.................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics installers and

 repairers, transportation equipment.................................... 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility............... 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic equipment installers and repairers,

 motor vehicles...............................................................................24 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic home entertainment equipment

 installers and repairers............................................................. 42 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers.................................... 60 780 2 ( 1 ) 58 780 ( 2 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians................................. 155 978 3 ( 1 ) 152 974 ( 2 )

Automotive body and related repairers................................... 124 687 1 ( 1 ) 123 688 ( 2 )

Automotive glass installers and repairers.................................... 20 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics.......................................... 672 713 13 ( 1 ) 659 714 ( 2 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............ 302 794 0 ( 1 ) 301 795 ( 2 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 

 technicians and mechanics................................................ 196 867 1 ( 1 ) 195 868 ( 2 )

Small engine mechanics.............................................................. 32 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment

 mechanics, installers, and repairers........................................................... 74 468 2 ( 1 ) 72 480 ( 2 )

Control and valve installers and repairers..................................... 24 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration 

 mechanics and installers........................................................... 316 792 3 ( 1 ) 313 791 ( 2 )

Home appliance repairers.......................................................... 38 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics................................ 434 896 20 ( 1 ) 414 899 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
72 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Maintenance and repair workers, general..................................... 405 $805 18 ( 1 ) 386 $807 ( 2 )

Maintenance workers, machinery........................................ 33 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Millwrights...................................................................................62 1,019 1 ( 1 ) 61 1,025 ( 2 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers................................................ 113 922 1 ( 1 ) 112 929 ( 2 )

Telecommunications line installers and repairers..............................177 930 6 ( 1 ) 172 929 ( 2 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers................................. 58 951 7 ( 1 ) 51 956 ( 2 )

Wind turbine service technicians.......................................... 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers 

 and repairers......................................................................... 32 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Commercial divers................................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locksmiths and safe repairers................................................ 17 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Manufactured building and mobile home installers........................ 10 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Riggers................................................................................. 13 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Signal and track switch repairers............................................. 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers................................................................... 18 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers................................................................... 135 667 6 ( 1 ) 129 674 ( 2 )

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................13,930 621 2,840 $498 11,090 674 73.9

Production occupations...............................................................7,307 623 1,925 498 5,382 697 71.4

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers......... 675 902 125 682 550 952 71.6

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers......... 16 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers......... 126 503 61 490 64 522 93.9

Engine and other machine assemblers.................................................19 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Structural metal fabricators and fitters................................... 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators..................................... 900 564 335 493 566 610 80.8

Bakers................................................................................... 117 505 61 524 56 488 107.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish

 processing workers....................................................................284 506 73 476 211 525 90.7

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

 operators and tenders......................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food batchmakers................................................................... 66 516 33 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food cooking machine operators and tenders.............................. 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food processing workers, all other....................................... 113 571 35 ( 1 ) 78 635 ( 2 )

Computer control programmers and operators...................................... 69 849 2 ( 1 ) 66 859 ( 2 )

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic................................................ 16 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic.................................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic..................................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 70 545 10 ( 1 ) 60 532 ( 2 )

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, 

 and tenders, metal and plastic................................................................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

 setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................................... 50 610 6 ( 1 ) 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic.......................................... 11 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic.................................................................................. 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Machinists.......................................................................................... 388 777 21 ( 1 ) 367 795 ( 2 )

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters....................................... 23 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 73

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic....................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic...................................................... 51 $717 13 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic...................................................................... 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool and die makers......................................................... 55 908 1 ( 1 ) 55 $911 ( 2 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers....................................... 524 723 25 ( 1 ) 499 730 ( 2 )

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic................................................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Layout workers, metal and plastic................................................................ 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic...................................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners.............................................. 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other......................................323 592 66 $557 257 606 91.9

Prepress technicians and workers........................................ 25 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Printing press operators............................................................. 175 656 30 ( 1 ) 145 703 ( 2 )

Print binding and finishing workers........................................ 22 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................................ 121 385 71 360 50 425 84.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials............................................. 35 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sewing machine operators.................................................................. 121 405 91 405 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe and leather workers and repairers.............................................5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe machine operators and tenders.......................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers....................................... 42 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders...... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders............ 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, 

 and tenders........................................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders..................................................................12 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, synthetic and glass fibers............................................................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fabric and apparel patternmakers................................................................ 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Upholsterers......................................................................................... 19 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other......................................... 12 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters...................................... 28 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furniture finishers................................................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, wood........................................................ 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood..................... 25 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

 except sawing................................................................... 18 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworkers, all other..................................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers..............................41 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators..................................... 90 903 5 ( 1 ) 84 922 ( 2 )

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators...............68 828 4 ( 1 ) 64 829 ( 2 )

Miscellaneous plant and system operators.................................... 41 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, 

 and tenders...............................................................................46 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers......... 88 716 11 ( 1 ) 77 807 ( 2 )

Cutting workers................................................................................... 40 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine 

 setters, operators, and tenders................................................................ 31 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's
74 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders............... 10 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers...........................650 $741 211 $583 439 $835 69.8

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers......................... 23 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........................67 701 33 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.................. 297 488 159 429 137 537 79.9

Painting workers................................................................................. 125 664 17 ( 1 ) 108 673 ( 2 )

Photographic process workers and processing machine 

 operators........................................................................................ 26 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Semiconductor processors...................................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders....................................... 11 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators 

 and tenders.................................................................. 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders........................1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Etchers and engravers............................................................................ 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic............ 31 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders........................21 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tire builders....................................................................................... 23 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—production workers.................................................................... 29 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production workers, all other.............................................. 866 586 236 501 630 619 80.9

Transportation and material moving occupations...................................... 6,623 619 916 497 5,707 645 77.1

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers............... 165 882 38 ( 1 ) 126 930 ( 2 )

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers........................................ 100 1,845 7 ( 1 ) 93 1,859 ( 2 )

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists.................. 41 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Flight attendants............................................................. 69 767 54 749 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 

 medical technicians....................................................................12 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bus drivers................................................................... 339 579 147 556 192 597 93.1

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers........................................ 2,587 730 106 583 2,482 738 79.0

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs.................................................................... 202 521 30 ( 1 ) 172 540 ( 2 )

Motor vehicle operators, all other....................................... 39 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locomotive engineers and operators................................... 50 1,396 2 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators............................... 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters........................................................ 46 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers.................. 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sailors and marine oilers..............................................................29 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship and boat captains and operators......................................... 32 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship engineers......................................................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bridge and lock tenders.................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking lot attendants.............................................................................. 50 423 7 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive and watercraft service attendants............................................... 78 398 12 ( 1 ) 67 403 ( 2 )

Transportation inspectors........................................................... 41 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants........................................................... 30 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other transportation workers............................................. 17 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Conveyor operators and tenders.................................................................. 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crane and tower operators.................................................... 70 846 1 ( 1 ) 69 871 ( 2 )

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................................... 28 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hoist and winch operators.......................................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators...................................... 542 559 32 ( 1 ) 510 559 ( 2 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.................................... 235 429 28 ( 1 ) 206 434 ( 2 )

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand..................1,277 511 221 421 1,056 524 80.3

Machine feeders and offbearers......................................... 20 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 75

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender,

2013 annual averages (continued)

Packers and packagers, hand..................................................................... 331 $422 182 $416 149 $434 95.9

Pumping station operators..................................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................... 75 550 1 ( 1 ) 74 555 ( 2 )

Mine shuttle car operators................................................ 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders................................................ 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Material moving workers, all other....................................................45 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

1

 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. 

Note: Data exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number 

of 

workers 
76 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and older.................................................... 104,262 $776 46,268 $706 57,994 $860 82.1

Agriculture and related industries................................................................................................... 957 503 175 443 782 510 86.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................................................................................... 997 1,120 124 866 874 1,148 75.4

Construction......................................................................................... 6,266 765 505 721 5,762 772 93.4

Manufacturing....................................................................................... 13,510 818 3,764 672 9,747 888 75.7

 Durable goods manufacturing.................................................................................... 8,618 865 2,065 720 6,552 916 78.6

 Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................................................................. 4,893 747 1,699 608 3,194 822 74.0

Wholesale and retail trade................................................................... 13,034 638 5,127 564 7,907 708 79.7

 Wholesale trade.................................................................................. 2,982 801 799 744 2,183 835 89.1

 Retail trade......................................................................................... 10,052 603 4,328 526 5,724 668 78.7

Transportation and utilities................................................................... 6,143 849 1,397 728 4,746 889 81.9

 Transportation and warehousing........................................................ 4,982 811 1,137 710 3,844 852 83.3

 Utilities................................................................................................ 1,161 1,019 259 808 902 1,097 73.7

Information......................................................................................... 2,386 972 891 860 1,495 1,094 78.6

Financial activities................................................................................ 7,926 907 4,291 769 3,635 1,157 66.5

 Finance and insurance....................................................................... 6,102 965 3,477 784 2,626 1,359 57.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing..................................................... 1,824 737 815 713 1,009 755 94.4

Professional and business services..................................................... 11,471 910 4,604 780 6,867 1,028 75.9

 Professional and technical services................................................... 7,100 1,171 2,990 935 4,109 1,429 65.4

 Management, administrative, and waste...........................

 services.................................................................4,371 581 1,614 562 2,757 591 95.1

Education and health services.............................................................. 24,098 815 17,644 759 6,454 977 77.7

 Educational services.......................................................................... 9,915 905 6,742 865 3,174 996 86.8

 Health care and social assistance..................................................... 14,183 746 10,903 700 3,280 955 73.3

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................... 7,105 497 3,230 461 3,874 526 87.6

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................... 1,671 636 685 601 986 674 89.2

 Accommodation and food services....................................................... 5,434 461 2,545 423 2,889 493 85.8

Other services...................................................................................... 4,075 635 1,815 562 2,260 725 77.5

 Other services, except private households........................................ 3,755 661 1,535 589 2,220 729 80.8

 Private households............................................................................ 321 444 280 451 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public administration...................................................................................... 6,293 942 2,701 843 3,592 1,029 81.9

1

 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. 

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Industry

Total Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

a 

percentage 

of men's

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median 

weekly 

earnings
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 77

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal 

minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older........................................75,948 3,300 4.3 1,532 1,768

 16 to 24 years................................................... 15,110 1,663 11.0 855 808

 25 years and older.............................................. 60,838 1,638 2.7 677 961

Women, 16 years and older....................................38,404 2,058 5.4 910 1,148

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,552 1,007 13.3 473 534

 25 years and older.............................................. 30,852 1,051 3.4 437 614

Men, 16 years and older.........................................37,544 1,243 3.3 622 621

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,558 655 8.7 382 273

 25 years and older.............................................. 29,985 587 2.0 240 347

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................................................................................... 59,515 2,554 4.3 1,160 1,394

 Women......................................................................................... 29,569 1,605 5.4 691 914

 Men........................................................................................ 29,947 950 3.2 470 480

Black or African American.................................... 10,233 500 4.9 276 224

 Women......................................................................................... 5,643 292 5.2 155 137

 Men........................................................................................ 4,590 208 4.5 121 87

Asian.......................................................................................................................................................... 3,495 114 3.3 43 71

 Women......................................................................................... 1,888 70 3.7 25 45

 Men........................................................................................ 1,606 44 2.7 18 26

Hispanic or Latino ............................................................................................................................................... 14,706 643 4.4 318 325

 Women...................................................... 6,341 363 5.7 195 168

 Men............................................................ 8,365 280 3.3 123 157

Full- and part-time status1

Full-time workers................................................. 55,387 1,173 2.1 447 726

 Women.............................................................25,078 698 2.8 263 435

 Men................................................................ 30,309 475 1.6 184 291

Part-time workers................................................ 20,453 2,125 10.4 1,085 1,040

 Women............................................................ 13,265 1,359 10.2 648 711

 Men................................................................ 7,188 766 10.7 438 328

1 Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week; part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per

week. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

Note: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7.25 an hour in 2013. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding all self-employed 

people whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) 

do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage
78 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually

full time

Percentage usually

part time

1968.......................... 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969.......................... 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970.......................... 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971.......................................79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972.............................. 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973.......................... 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974......................... 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.......................... 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976....................... 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977......................... 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978......................... 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979................................... 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980....................... 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981........................... 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982....................... 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983............................ 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984......................... 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985............................................ 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986........................................... 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987............................................. 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988........................... 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989................................ 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990........................... 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991........................... 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992............................................ 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993............................. 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994........................................... 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995......................................... 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996.......................... 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997........................................... 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998........................................... 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999............................................ 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000............................ 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001........................... 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002....................... 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003....................... 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004....................... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005......................................... 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006.......................................144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007.......................................146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008....................... 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009....................... 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010....................... 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011....................... 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012....................... 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013....................... 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

See note at end of table.

Year

Total
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 79

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually

full time

Percentage usually

part time

1968.......................... 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9 

1969.......................... 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1 

1970.......................... 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971.......................................29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

1972.............................. 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

1973.......................... 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974......................... 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975.......................... 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976....................... 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977......................... 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

1978......................... 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979................................... 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980....................... 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981........................... 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982....................... 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983............................ 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984......................... 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985............................................ 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

1986...........................................48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987............................................. 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988........................... 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989................................ 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

1990........................... 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991........................... 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992............................................ 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993............................. 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

1994...........................................56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995......................................... 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996.......................... 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

1997........................................... 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

1998...........................................60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

1999............................................ 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

2000............................ 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001........................... 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002....................... 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

2003....................... 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

2004....................... 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

2005......................................... 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

2006.......................................66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7 

2007.......................................67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7 

2008....................... 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6 

2009....................... 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5 

2010....................... 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6 

2011....................... 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5 

2012....................... 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3 

2013....................... 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0 

See note at end of table.

Year

Women
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually

full time

Percentage usually

part time

1968.......................... 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969.......................... 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970.......................... 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971.......................................49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972.............................. 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973.......................... 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974......................... 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.......................... 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976....................... 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977......................... 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978......................... 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................................... 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980....................... 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981........................... 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982....................... 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983............................ 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984......................... 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985............................................ 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986...........................................60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987............................................. 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988........................... 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989................................ 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990........................... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991........................... 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992............................................ 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993............................. 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994...........................................66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995......................................... 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996.......................... 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997........................................... 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998...........................................70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999............................................ 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000............................ 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001........................... 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002....................... 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003....................... 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004....................... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005......................................... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006.......................................77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007.......................................78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008....................... 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009....................... 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

See note at end of table.

Year

Men
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Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2013 annual averages (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually

full time

Percentage usually

part time

2010....................... 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011....................... 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012....................... 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013....................... 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

NOTE: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable

with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Men
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2013 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 ........... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 ........... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 .......... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 ........... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 ........... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 ........... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 ........... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 ........... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 .......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 ........... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 .......... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 ........... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 ............ 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 ........... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 .......... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 ........... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 ........... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 .......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 .......... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 .......... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 .......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 .......... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 .......... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 .......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 ........... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 ........... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 ........... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 ........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 ........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 .......... 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 ............................... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007 ............................... 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 ........... 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 ........... 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 ........... 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 ........... 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 ........... 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 ........... 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor 

force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been 

introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability 

is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Year
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Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2012

(Percentage distribution)

Year and 

 gender Total

Total 

1970....................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975....................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980....................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985....................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990 ...........................189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995....................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 ...........................214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005.................................................. 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

2006.................................................. 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4 

2007.................................................. 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3 

2008.................................................. 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0 

2009.................................................. 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4 

2010................... 238,999 152,320. 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6 

2011................... 242,602 153,479. 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2 

2012................... 244,993 156,194. 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4 

Women

1970....................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975....................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980....................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985....................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990 ...........................98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995....................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 ............................ 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005...................................................... 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

2006.................................................. 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9 

2007.................................................. 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2 

2008.................................................. 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.8 

2009.................................................. 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7 

2010.................................................. 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9 

2011................... 125,619 72,976. 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6 

2012................... 126,791 74,051. 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3 

See note at end of table.

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

in 

thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in 

thousands

Percentage 

of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2012

(continued)

(Percentage distribution)

`

Total

Men

1970....................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975....................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980....................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985....................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990 ...........................90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995....................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 .............................. 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005.................................... 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

2006.................................................. 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5 

2007.................................................. 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7 

2008.................................................. 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5 

2009.................................................. 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3 

2010.................................................. 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4 

2011.................................................. 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0 

2012................... 118,202 82,143. 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0 

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year. 

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Population 

in 

thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in 

thousands

Percentage 

of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52weeks

1 to 49

weeks
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2012

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967............43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968............43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969............44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970............44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971............45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972............46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973............47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974............47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975............47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976............48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977............48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978............48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979............49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980............49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981............49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982............49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983............50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984............50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985............50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986............. 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987............51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988............52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989............52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990............52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991............52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992............53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993............53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994............53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995............53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996............53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997............54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998............54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999............55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000............56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001............56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002............57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

 See note at end of table.

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2012 (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

2003............57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004...............58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005.......................... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

2006.......................... 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142 

2007.......................... 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149 

2008.......................... 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158 

2009.......................... 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160 

2010.......................... 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172 

2011.......................... 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163 

2012.......................... 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170 

Percent distribution

1967............100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968............100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969............100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970............100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971............100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972............100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973........... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974............100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975............100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976............100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977............100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978............100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979............100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980............100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981............100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982............100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983............100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984............100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985............100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986............100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987............100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988............100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989............100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

See note at end of table.

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 24. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2012 (continued)

(percent distribution)

Married-couple families 

Total Husband 

only Wife only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1990............100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991............100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992............100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993............100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994............100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995............100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996............100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997............100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998............100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999............100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000............100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001............100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002............100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003............100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004..................... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005..................... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

2006..................... 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2 

2007.......................... 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3 

2008.......................... 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3 

2009.......................... 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 .3 

2010.......................... 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 .3 

2011.......................... 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 .3 

2012.......................... 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 .3 

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. 

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners 
88 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 

1970–2012

1970....................................... 26.6

1971....................................... 27.5

1972......................................... 26.7

1973.......................................... 26.0

1974....................................... 25.4

1975....................................... 26.3

1976....................................... 26.4

1977....................................... 26.1

1978...................................... 26.1

1979...................................... 26.0

1980....................................... 26.7

1981....................................... 27.3

1982...................................... 28.4

1983....................................... 28.8

1984....................................... 28.4

1985....................................... 28.3

1986...................................... 29.0

1987...................................... 29.5

1988...................................... 29.6

1989....................................... 29.9

1990....................................... 30.7

1991....................................... 31.3

1992....................................... 32.4

1993....................................... 32.2

1994....................................... 31.9

1995....................................... 31.9

1996....................................... 32.6

1997....................................... 32.7

1998....................................... 32.8

1999....................................... 32.8

2000....................................... 33.5

2001....................................... 34.4

2002....................................... 34.8

2003....................................... 35.2

2004...................................................... 34.9

2005................................................................ 35.1

2006................................................................ 35.6

2007................................................................ 36.0

2008................................................................ 36.0

2009................................................................ 37.1

2010....................................... 37.6

2011....................................... 37.0

2012....................................... 37.3

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2013, 

Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Year Contribution to family income 

(median percentage)
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 89

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2012

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) have 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

Percentage of 

wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband have 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn 

more than their

husbands 

Percentage of 

wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands 

1987.......................... 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988............................ 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989.......................... 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990...........................33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991............................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992.............................. 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993............................ 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994...........................35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995............................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996.........................35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997...........................35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998.............................. 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999................................ 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000............................... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001............................36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002............................36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003...........................36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004........................36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005................... 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006................... 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007................... 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008................... 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009................... 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

2010................... 36,024 13,798 38.3 31,373 9,147 29.2

2011................... 35,908 13,505 37.6 31,165 8,762 28.1

2012................... 36,181 13,779 38.1 31,549 9,147 29.0

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

2

 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings.

Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Families in which wives have earnings but husbands 

may not1

Families in which both wives and husbands have 

earnings2
90 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 27. Displaced workers,1 by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status, January 2014

Total

Total, 20 years and older..........................4,292 100.0 61.3 20.8 17.9

 20 to 24 years..................................... 91 100.0 58.7 24.6 16.7

 25 to 54 years.....................................2,897 100.0 68.2 20.2 11.6

 55 to 64 years.....................................1,004 100.0 53.2 24.3 22.5

 65 years and older................................ 301 100.0 22.5 13.7 63.7

Women, 20 years and older......................1,902 100.0 57.7 19.9 22.4

 20 to 24 years..................................... 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years....................................1,237 100.0 66.0 18.6 15.4

 55 to 64 years.................................... 479 100.0 48.4 22.3 29.3

 65 years and older............................... 137 100.0 20.9 20.0 59.1

Men, 20 years and older..........................2,390 100.0 64.1 21.6 14.3

 20 to 24 years.................................... 42 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years....................................1,659 100.0 69.8 21.5 8.7

 55 to 64 years.................................... 525 100.0 57.6 26.2 16.3

 65 years and older............................... 164 100.0 23.9 8.5 67.6

White

Total, 20 years and older.........................3,499 100.0 62.2 20.1 17.6

 Women................................................... 1,533 100.0 59.4 18.5 22.1

 Men.............................................. 1,966 100.0 64.4 21.5 14.1

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older...........................465 100.0 54.6 30.6 14.8

 Women................................................... 256 100.0 47.7 33.7 18.5

 Men................................................... 209 100.0 63.0 26.7 10.3

Asian

Total, 20 years and older...........................192 100.0 58.7 15.1 26.2

 Women...................................................71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 Men............................................... 120 100.0 61.9 18.7 19.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older...........................685 100.0 64.5 20.7 14.8

 Women...............................................273 100.0 54.9 20.9 24.2

 Men............................................... 413 100.0 70.8 20.6 8.6

1

 Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2011 and December 2013 

because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 

2

 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Source: January 2014 Displaced Worker Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total in 

thousands

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 91

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current 

employer, selected years, 2000–2014

Total, 16 years and older.......................... 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3

 25 years and older..................................... 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0

 35 to 44 years..................................... 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2

 45 to 54 years..................................... 8.2 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4

 65 years and older..................................... 9.4 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3

Women, 16 years and older...................... 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3

 25 years and older..................................... 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9

 35 to 44 years..................................... 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1

 45 to 54 years..................................... 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6

 55 to 64 years..................................... 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2

 65 years and older..................................... 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5

Men, 16 years and older.......................... 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .9

 20 to 24 years..................................... 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4

 25 years and older..................................... 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5

 25 to 34 years..................................... 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1

 35 to 44 years..................................... 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4

 45 to 54 years..................................... 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7

 65 years and older..................................... 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0

Source: Displaced Worker Supplements, 2000–2014, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

January 

2014

January 

2008

January 

2010

January 

2012 Age and gender February 2000

January 

2002

January 

2004

January 

2006
92 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 29. Labor force status of 2013 high school graduates and 2012–2013 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old,

 by school enrollment and gender, October 2013

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2013 high school graduates1

............. 2,977 1,422 47.8 1,054 35.4 367 25.8 1,556

 Women.................................................. 1,453 659 45.4 513 35.3 146 22.2 794

 Men....................................................... 1,524 763 50.0 542 35.5 221 29.0 762

 Enrolled in college..................................... 1,962 669 34.1 534 27.2 135 20.2 1,293

Percentage of total 2013 graduates..................................... 65.9 47.0 - 50.7 - 36.8 - 83.1

Women................................................. 994 343 34.5 297 29.9 45 13.2 651

Percentage of female 2013 graduates..................................... 68.4 52.0 - 57.9 - 30.8 - 82.0

Men..................................................... 968 326 33.7 236 24.4 90 27.5 642

Percentage of male 2013 graduates..................................... 63.5 42.7 - 43.5 - 40.7 - 84.3

 Not enrolled in college................................ 1,016 753 74.2 521 51.3 232 30.9 262

Percentage of total 2013 graduates..................................... 34.1 53.0 - 49.4 - 63.2 - 16.8

 Women................................................. 459 316 68.8 215 46.9 101 31.9 143

Percentage of female 2013 graduates..................................... 31.6 48.0 - 41.9 - 69.2 - 18.0

 Men..................................................... 556 437 78.5 305 54.9 131 30.1 119

Percentage of male 2013 graduates..................................... 36.4 57.2 - 56.3 - 59.3 - 15.6

Total, 2012–2013 high school dropouts2

................529 227 42.9 164 31.0 63 27.9 302

 Women................................................. 244 111 45.4 69 28.3 42 37.6 133

 Men..................................................... 285 116 40.8 95 33.2 22 18.6 168

1 Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2013. 

2 Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2012 and October 2013. 

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. 

Source: School Enrollment Supplement, October 2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percentage 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percentage 

of 

population 

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 93

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational 

attainment, October 2013

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school............................... 21,958 8,160 37.2 7,206 32.8 954 11.7 13,798 

 Women............................................. 11,279 4,509 40.0 4,062 36.0 447 9.9 6,770 

 Men................................................. 10,679 3,652 34.2 3,144 29.4 507 13.9 7,027 

 Enrolled in high school1

........................... 9,458 1,995 21.1 1,569 16.6 425 21.3 7,463 

 Women............................................. 4,550 995 21.9 788 17.3 207 20.8 3,555 

 Men................................................. 4,908 1,000 20.4 781 15.9 218 21.8 3,908 

 Enrolled in college................................. 12,500 6,166 49.3 5,637 45.1 528 8.6 6,334 

 Women............................................. 6,729 3,514 52.2 3,274 48.7 240 6.8 3,215 

 Men................................................. 5,771 2,652 45.9 2,363 40.9 289 10.9 3,119 

Not enrolled in school......................... 16,846 13,092 77.7 10,978 65.2 2,114 16.1 3,754 

 Women................................................ 7,963 5,824 73.1 4,963 62.3 861 14.8 2,140 

 Less than a high school diploma............ 1,216 610 50.2 409 33.7 201 32.9 606 

 High school graduates, no college2

....... 3,160 2,140 67.7 1,751 55.4 389 18.2 1,019 

 Some college or associate's degree......... 2,257 1,856 82.2 1,664 73.7 192 10.3 401 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher................. 1,331 1,217 91.5 1,138 85.5 79 6.5 114 

 Men.................................................... 8,883 7,268 81.8 6,015 67.7 1,253 17.2 1,615 

 Less than a high school diploma............ 1,406 909 64.6 669 47.6 240 26.4 497 

 High school graduates, no college2

....... 4,370 3,573 81.8 2,858 65.4 715 20.0 797 

 Some college or associate's degree......... 2,122 1,836 86.5 1,613 76.0 223 12.2 285 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher................. 985 950 96.4 875 88.8 75 7.9 35 

1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. 

2 Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. 

Source: School Enrollment Supplement, October 2013, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total

Percentage 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

Percentage 

of 

population 

Total

Percentage 

of labor 

force
94 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percentage of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1994......... 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995.......... 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996......... 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997......... 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998......... 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999......... 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000......... 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001......... 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002......... 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003......... 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004......... 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005......... 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006..................... 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007..................... 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008..................... 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009..................... 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010..................... 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011..................... 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012..................... 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013..................... 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total 

employed

Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 95

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2013 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percentage 

of total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percentage 

of total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

Percentage 

of total

1976......... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977......... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978......... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979......... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980......... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981......... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982..........96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983......... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984..........101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985.........103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986.........106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987.........109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988.........111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989.........114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990.........115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991.........114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992.........115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993.........117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994.........119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995.........121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996.........123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997.........126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998.........128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999.........130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000.........134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001.........134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002.........134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003.........135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004.........137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006.............. 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

2007.............. 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1 

2008.............. 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8 

2009.............. 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6 

2010.............. 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2 

2011..... 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8 

2012.............. 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8 

2013..... 141,779 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7 

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, 

updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is 

online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total Women Men Selfemployed 

women as 

percentage 

of total selfemployed
96 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and 

gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 207,517 130,061 62.7 120,348 58.0 9,713 7.5 77,456

 16 to 24 years............................. 35,120 19,430 55.3 16,355 46.6 3,075 15.8 15,690

 25 to 34 years............................. 33,933 27,992 82.5 25,874 76.2 2,118 7.6 5,941

 35 to 44 years............................. 30,926 25,626 82.9 24,109 78.0 1,517 5.9 5,300

 45 to 54 years............................. 35,555 28,274 79.5 26,733 75.2 1,541 5.4 7,281

 55 to 64 years............................. 33,766 21,587 63.9 20,501 60.7 1,086 5.0 12,179

 65 years and older........................ 38,217 7,152 18.7 6,776 17.7 376 5.3 31,065

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 38,162 25,328 66.4 23,582 61.8 1,746 6.9 12,834

 16 to 24 years............................. 3,719 1,951 52.4 1,702 45.8 249 12.7 1,769

 25 to 34 years............................. 7,615 5,754 75.6 5,368 70.5 386 6.7 1,861

 35 to 44 years............................. 8,687 6,937 79.9 6,541 75.3 395 5.7 1,750

 45 to 54 years............................. 7,691 6,193 80.5 5,789 75.3 404 6.5 1,498

 55 to 64 years............................. 5,256 3,529 67.2 3,276 62.3 254 7.2 1,726

 65 years and older........................ 5,195 964 18.6 905 17.4 59 6.1 4,231

Women

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 107,504 62,009 57.7 57,672 53.6 4,337 7.0 45,495

 16 to 24 years............................. 17,510 9,521 54.4 8,193 46.8 1,329 14.0 7,989

 25 to 34 years............................. 17,245 13,197 76.5 12,256 71.1 941 7.1 4,048

 35 to 44 years............................. 15,787 12,034 76.2 11,337 71.8 697 5.8 3,754

 45 to 54 years............................. 18,233 13,662 74.9 12,955 71.0 707 5.2 4,571

 55 to 64 years............................. 17,499 10,403 59.4 9,903 56.6 500 4.8 7,096

 65 years and older........................ 21,229 3,192 15.0 3,029 14.3 163 5.1 18,037

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 19,620 10,713 54.6 9,905 50.5 809 7.5 8,906

 16 to 24 years............................. 1,753 780 44.5 674 38.5 106 13.6 972

 25 to 34 years............................. 3,792 2,262 59.6 2,080 54.8 182 8.1 1,530

 35 to 44 years............................. 4,422 2,924 66.1 2,723 61.6 200 6.9 1,498

 45 to 54 years............................. 3,887 2,733 70.3 2,535 65.2 199 7.3 1,154

 55 to 64 years............................. 2,772 1,597 57.6 1,497 54.0 100 6.2 1,176

 65 years and older........................ 2,993 417 13.9 395 13.2 22 5.3 2,576

 See footnotes at end of table.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Percentage 

of 

population 

 Total Percentage 

of labor 

force 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 97

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and 

gender, 2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

 Native born1

 16 years and older............ 100,013 68,052 68.0 62,675 62.7 5,376 7.9 31,961

 16 to 24 years............................. 17,610 9,909 56.3 8,162 46.4 1,747 17.6 7,701

 25 to 34 years............................. 16,688 14,795 88.7 13,618 81.6 1,177 8.0 1,893

 35 to 44 years............................. 15,139 13,592 89.8 12,772 84.4 820 6.0 1,546

 45 to 54 years............................. 17,321 14,612 84.4 13,778 79.5 833 5.7 2,710

 55 to 64 years............................. 16,267 11,184 68.8 10,598 65.1 586 5.2 5,083

 65 years and older........................ 16,988 3,960 23.3 3,747 22.1 213 5.4 13,028

 Foreign born2

 16 years and older............. 18,543 14,615 78.8 13,677 73.8 938 6.4 3,928

 16 to 24 years............................. 1,966 1,170 59.5 1,028 52.3 143 12.2 796

 25 to 34 years............................. 3,822 3,492 91.4 3,289 86.0 204 5.8 330

 35 to 44 years............................. 4,265 4,013 94.1 3,818 89.5 195 4.9 252

 45 to 54 years............................. 3,804 3,460 91.0 3,255 85.6 205 5.9 344

 55 to 64 years............................. 2,483 1,933 77.8 1,778 71.6 154 8.0 551

 65 years and older........................ 2,202 547 24.8 510 23.2 37 6.7 1,655

 1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of 

at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. 

2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of

 its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees,

 students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these

 categories.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total 

 Percentage 

of 

population Total Total 

 Percentage 

of labor 

force 

 Percentage 

of 

population 
98 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total Women

Year Total Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2 Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983........... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984........... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985............ 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986.......... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987............ 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988............ 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989............ 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990........... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991............ 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992............ 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993............ 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994........... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995............ 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996............ 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997........... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998........... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999........... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000........... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001............ 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002........... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003........... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004........... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005......... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006........... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007........... 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008........... 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009........... 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010........... 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

2011........... 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5

2012........... 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9

2013........... 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8

See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 99

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers, by gender, 1983–2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Year Total Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

employed Total Percentage 

of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983........... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984........... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985............ 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986.......... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987............ 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988............ 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989............ 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990........... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991............ 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992............ 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993............ 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994........... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995............ 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996............ 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997........... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998........... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999........... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000........... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001............ 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002........... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003........... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004........... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005......... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006........... 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007........... 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008........... 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009........... 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010........... 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011........... 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012........... 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013........... 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

1

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as 

well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a 

union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated 

businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 
100 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 35. Employment status of people 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service, 

and gender, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL VETERANS

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 21,397 2,225 19,173 10.4

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 10,975 1,410 9,565 12.8

 Participation rate........................................................................51.3 63.4 49.9

 Employed......................................................................... 10,253 1,313 8,940 12.8

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 47.9 59 46.6

 Unemployed......................................................................... 722 97 625 13.4

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 6.6 6.9 6.5

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 10,422 815 9,608 7.8

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 2,837 579 2,259 20.4

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,286 407 1,879 17.8

 Participation rate........................................................................80.6 70.3 83.2

 Employed......................................................................... 2,081 368 1,713 17.7

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 73.3 63.6 75.8

 Unemployed......................................................................... 205 39 166 19.0

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 9 9.6 8.8

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 552 172 380 31.2

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 3,233 606 2,626 18.7

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,698 460 2,238 17.0

 Participation rate........................................................................83.5 75.9 85.2

 Employed......................................................................... 2,546 436 2,110 17.1

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 78.8 71.9 80.3

 Unemployed......................................................................... 152 24 128 15.8

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 5.6 5.3 5.7

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 534 146 388 27.3

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 9,828 370 9,458 3.8

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,943 105 2,838 3.6

 Participation rate........................................................................29.9 28.3 30.0

 Employed......................................................................... 2,752 98 2,655 3.6

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 28.0 26.4 28.1

 Unemployed......................................................................... 191 7 183 3.7

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 6.5 6.8 6.5

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 6,885 266 6,619 3.9

 See note at end of table.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a 

percentage of 

total
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 35. Employment status of people 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service, 

2013 annual averages (continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 5,500 669 4,830 12.2

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 3,048 438 2,610 14.4

 Participation rate........................................................................55.4 65.5 54.0

 Employed......................................................................... 2,874 411 2,463 14.3

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 52.3 61.4 51.0

 Unemployed......................................................................... 174 27 147 15.5

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 5.7 6.1 5.7

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 2,451 231 2,220 9.4

NONVETERANS

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 215,339 120,489 94,850 56.0

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 142,391 70,277 72,114 49.4

 Participation rate........................................................................66.1 58.3 76.0

 Employed.........................................................................132,189 65,477 66,712 49.5

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 61.4 54.3 70.3

 Unemployed......................................................................... 10,202 4,800 5,402 47.0

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 7.2 6.8 7.5

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 72,948 50,212 22,736 68.8

NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the 

survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during 

these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–

April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other 

time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime 

period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a 

percentage of 

total
102 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2013 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 28,634 15,389 13,246

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 5,820 2,637 3,183

 Participation rate..................................................................... 20.3 17.1 24.0

 Employed......................................................................................... 5,050 2,282 2,768

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 17.6 14.8 20.9

 Unemployed........................................................................... 770 355 415

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 13.2 13.5 13.0

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 22,814 12,752 10,063

16 to 64 years 

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 15,450 7,840 7,610

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 4,858 2,259 2,599

 Participation rate..............................................................................31.4 28.8 34.2

 Employed......................................................................................... 4,145 1,926 2,220

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 26.8 24.6 29.2

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 713 333 380

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 14.7 14.7 14.6

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 10,592 5,582 5,011

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 13,184 7,548 5,636

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 962 378 584

 Participation rate.............................................................................. 7.3 5.0 10.4

 Employed.........................................................................................904 356 549

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 6.9 4.7 9.7

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 58 23 35

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 6.0 6.0 6.0

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 12,222 7,170 5,052

TOTAL PERSONS WITHOUT A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 217,045 111,735 105,310

 Civilian labor force..........................................................................149,569 70,085 79,484

 Participation rate..............................................................................68.9 62.7 75.5

 Employed......................................................................................... 138,880 65,295 73,585

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 64.0 58.4 69.9

 Unemployed....................................................................................10,689 4,790 5,899

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 7.1 6.8 7.4

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 67,476 41,650 25,826

 See note at end of table.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 103

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2013 annual averages

(continued)

(Numbers in thousands)

16 to 64 years 

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 186,817 95,061 91,756

 Civilian labor force..........................................................................142,415 66,854 75,561

 Participation rate..............................................................................76.2 70.3 82.3

 Employed......................................................................................... 132,103 62,226 69,876

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 70.7 65.5 76.2

 Unemployed....................................................................................10,313 4,628 5,685

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 7.2 6.9 7.5

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 44,402 28,207 16,195

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 30,228 16,674 13,553

 Civilian labor force.......................................................................... 7,154 3,231 3,923

 Participation rate..............................................................................23.7 19.4 28.9

 Employed......................................................................................... 6,777 3,069 3,708

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 22.4 18.4 27.4

 Unemployed.................................................................................... 377 162 215

 Unemployment rate................................................................... 5.3 5.0 5.5

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 23,074 13,443 9,630

Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious 

difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a 

physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has 

difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men
Technical Notes

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

104 BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov

The estimates in this report were obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly 

sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households 

that provides a wide range of information on the labor 

force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is 

conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 

by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected

national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may 

be reproduced without permission. This information 

is available upon request to individuals with sensory 

impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Concepts and Definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in connection

with the data in this report are described briefly below.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 

16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states 

or the District of Columbia who are not confined to

institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who 

are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. 

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people 

classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is 

the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian 

noninstitutional population. 

Employed people. Employed people are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all 

as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a 

profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more 

hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or 

business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or 

another reason also are counted as employed. 

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of 

employed as a percentage of the population. 

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no 

employment during the survey reference week, were 

available for work (except in the case of temporary 

illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

survey reference week. People who were waiting to 

be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off 

need not have been looking for work to be classified as

unemployed. 

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed 

people as a percentage of the civilian labor force. 

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. 

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and

Budget guidelines, White, Black or African American, and 

Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning 

in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected 

that race group only. Those who identify multiple race 

groups are categorized as people of two or more races. 

More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race 

is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for 

other race groups—America Indians and Alaska Natives, 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for

people of two or more races are included in totals but not 

separately identified in this report.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity 

is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race;

estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. More 

information on the 2003 changes in questions on race 

and Hispanic ethnicity is available at www.bls.gov/cps/ 

rvcps03.pdf. 

Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing 

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; 

all such people are considered as members of one family. 

Families are classified either as married-couple families or

as families maintained by women or men without spouses 

present. Families include those without children as well as 

those with children under 18. 
BLS Reports │ December 2014 • www.bls.gov 105

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and 

include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other 

related children, and all unrelated children living in the 

household. 

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those 

who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a

profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated 

self-employed are included in the self-employed category. 

Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated 

are included with wage and salary workers, unless 

otherwise specified.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or 

piece rates. The group includes employees in the private 

and the public sectors. Data on union membership and 

earnings of wage and salary workers exclude all selfemployed workers, both those with incorporated businesses 

and those with unincorporated businesses. 

Workers paid by the hour. These are people paid at an 

hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an 

hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all

wage and salary workers. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings 

represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, 

and include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips 

usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple 

jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly 

(for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to 

weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. 

If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,”

interviewers are instructed to define the term as “more than

half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data 

refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers 

(excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether 

or not their businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated 

from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample. 

Median weekly earnings. These figures indicate the number

that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, 

one part having values above the median and the other 

having values below the median. Median weekly earnings 

shown in this publication are estimated through the linear 

interpolation of the $50-centered interval in which the 

median lies. 

Minimum wage. The estimates of the numbers of workers 

with reported earnings at or below the federal minimum 

wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. 

Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by 

the hour are not included, even though some have earnings 

that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the 

minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in 

this report likely understate the actual number of workers 

with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS 

does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers 

not paid by the hour, because of data quality concerns 

associated with such an estimation process. 

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective 

July 24, 2009. Note that some states have established 

minimum-wage standards that exceed the federal level. 

The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the 

minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of 

the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a 

number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions 

of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded 

their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As 

a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below 

the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum 

wage or higher. 

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all 

jobs) during the survey reference week. For example, 

people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off 

during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as 

working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. 

Usual hours or usual full- or part-time status. Data on 

people “at work” exclude those who were temporarily 

absent from a job and therefore were classified into the

zero-hours-worked category, “with a job but not at work.” 

These are people who were absent from their jobs for the 

entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, 

illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a 

person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the 

survey reference week, people also are classified according
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours 

(at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some 

individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference 

week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and 

those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, 

part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 

hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of 

hours worked in the reference week. These workers may 

include some individuals who actually worked more than 

34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were 

temporarily absent from work. 

Occupation and industry. For the employed, this 

information applies to the job held during the reference 

week. People with two or more jobs are classified as being

in the occupation and industry in which they worked 

the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census 

occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard

Occupation Classification (SOC), and the Census industry

classification, derived from the 2007 North American

Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional

information about these classifications is available online at

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. 

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during

the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates 

of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job 

or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” 

or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work 

even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number 

of people with some employment exceeds the average 

levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week 

reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of 

monthly estimates. 

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary 

workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs 

because their plant or company closed or moved, there 

was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or

shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured 

displaced workers—those who had worked for their 

employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. 

All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses. Data were collected through a biennial 

supplement to the January CPS. 

Employee tenure. Tenure is a measure of how long wage 

and salary workers had been with their current employer 

at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median 

years; the median is the point at which half of all workers 

had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the 

sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All 

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses. The data were collected through a biennial 

supplement to the January CPS. 

Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the 

United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That 

is, they were born outside the United States or one of its 

outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents, 

neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born 

population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, 

temporary residents such as students and temporary 

workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, 

however, do not separately identify the number of people 

in these categories. The native born are people born in the 

United States or one of its outlying areas or who were born 

abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. 

Union membership. Union membership refers to members 

of a labor union or of an employee association similar 

to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of 

the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and 

salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, 

both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses. 

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older 

who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces and who were civilians at the time they were 

surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the 

survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in 

the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. 

Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, 

“Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces?” 

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify 

people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, 

mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty

with daily activities. People are classified as having a

disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these 

questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask 

the respondent whether anyone in the household has the 

condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he 

or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household 

who has the condition. More information, including the 

wording of the six questions used to identify people 

with a disability, is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/

demographics.htm#disability.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population 

values they represent. The component of this difference 

that occurs because samples differ by chance is known 

as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent 

chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in 

the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide correct information, and errors made in the 

collection or processing of data. Information on the 

reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard 

errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.

htm#reliability.