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November 2021 
                    Report 1095

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		














































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Composition of the labor force
Labor force participation
Employment
Educational attainment
Occupation
Industry
Family and parents
Unemployment
Not in the labor force
Earnings 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
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     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2020
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2020 imageIn 2020, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States averaged 8.1 percent. However, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (11.7 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (11.6 percent), and Blacks or African Americans (11.4 percent). For the year as a whole, the unemployment rates for Asians (8.7 percent) and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (8.9 percent) were not much different from the overall unemployment rate. The jobless rate was lower than the national rate for Whites (7.3 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 10.4 percent, was higher than the rate of 7.5 percent for non-Hispanics. (See table 1 and 2.)The labor market downturn in 2020 reflected the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. The effects of the pandemic on the job market, while widespread, varied across race and ethnicity groups. For example, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were disproportionally affected by the pandemic-induced recession in the spring of 2020, in part reflecting their overrepresentation in some of the hardest hit sectors of the economy.1 In addition to the effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups. These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2020.Composition of the labor forceBy race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than half a percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 25 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (14 percent), Vietnamese (9 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, Hmong, etc.—and those who were of two or more Asian groups (as calculated from the data in table 2).People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. Almost 9 in 10 Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent). Another 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (60 percent). Central Americans made up another 11 percent, about two-fifths of whom were Salvadorans. Nine percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 8 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 percent of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups, the percentage of the population either employed or unemployed—the labor force participation rate—was highest for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (66.7 percent in 2020), Hispanics (65.6 percent), and people of Two or More Races (64.4 percent). The participation rate for Asians was 62.7 percent; Whites, 61.8 percent; Blacks, 60.5 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 59.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averagesRacePercentTotal61.7White61.8Black or African American60.5Asian62.7American Indian and Alaska Native59.3Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander66.7Two or more races64.4Hispanic or Latino65.6Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any raceSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups (White, Black, Asian and Hispanic), Hispanics were more likely to engage in labor force activity than were the other groups, with a participation rate of 79.1 percent, and Blacks were the least likely, with a rate of 65.6 percent. The labor force participation rate for Asian adult men (74.0 percent) was higher than the rate for White adult men (70.3 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (60.7 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (58.8 percent), Asians (57.7 percent), and Whites (56.8 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.2 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (36.8 percent), Hispanics (32.4 percent), and Blacks (29.8 percent). (See table 3.)EmploymentThe employment-population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 52.4 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 60.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment-population ratio was 58.7 percent for Hispanics, 57.3 percent for Asians, 57.3 percent for Whites, 56.9 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 53.6 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics continued to have the highest employment-population ratio (71.8 percent). Black men had the lowest (58.0 percent), also continuing a longstanding employment pattern. The employment-population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 68.3 percent and 65.6 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 54.4 percent for Blacks, 52.7 percent for Whites, 52.4 percent for Hispanics, and 52.3 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (30.6 percent) was about 14 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (16.4 percent), 8 percentage points higher than for Black teens (22.6 percent), and about 5 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (25.5 percent).Educational attainmentAmong people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. For Hispanics, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was 79 percent. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 67 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 43 percent of Whites, 34 percent of Blacks, and 24 percent of Hispanics. (See chart 2)View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averagesRace or ethnicityLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college, no degreeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degree and higherWhite625151143Black629191234Asian5157667Hispanic or Latino2131151024Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,166) and Hispanics ($1,230) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,433) and Asians ($1,650). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences.) (See table 17.)OccupationIn 2020, 58 percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 43 percent of employed Whites, 35 percent of employed Blacks, and 26 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoProduction, transportation, and material moving11.817.19.216.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance10.05.63.016.0Sales and office20.320.916.019.8Service14.521.713.722.0Management, professional, and related43.434.758.225.5Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among employed men, 60 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics. About 18 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 11 percent and 12 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-six percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 57 percent of Asian women, compared with 48 percent of White women, 40 percent of Black women, and 31 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 56 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 51 percent of Blacks, 45 percent of Whites, and 36 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters and paperhangers (51 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (46 percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including home health aides (37 percent), transit and intercity bus drivers (37 percent), nursing assistants (35 percent), correctional officers and jailers (33 percent), and security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupational categories, including manicurists and pedicurists (77 percent), software developers (34 percent), computer programmers (28 percent), and financial and investment analysts (21 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, and accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (91 percent); and wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives (89 percent). (See table 8.)IndustryAmong employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (14 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). Among employed women, Hispanics were more likely to work in leisure and hospitality (12 percent) than were Whites, Blacks, or Asians (8 percent each). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (41 percent), Whites (37 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (31 percent). (See table 9.)Family and parentsAsian families and Hispanic families were more likely to have at least one family member employed (85 percent and 84 percent, respectively) than were White families (78 percent) and Black families (76 percent). (See table 10.)Families maintained by women accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 24 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 10 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (82 percent). In comparison, 72 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (As calculated from the data in table 10.)Among mothers living with children under 18 years old, Black mothers were more likely to participate in the labor force (76.0 percent) than White mothers (71.3 percent), Asian mothers (64.3 percent), or Hispanic mothers (62.8 percent). (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers living with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.4 percent for White men, 92.6 percent for Hispanic men, 92.5 percent for Asian men, and 86.0 percent for Black men.UnemploymentIn 2020, the overall unemployment rate for the United States averaged 8.1 percent, but the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The unemployment rate averaged 11.7 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives, 11.6 percent for people of Two or More Races, 11.4 percent for Blacks, 8.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 8.7 percent for Asians, and 7.3 percent for Whites. The unemployment rate was 10.4 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averagesRacePercentTotal8.1White7.3Black or African American11.4Asian8.7American Indian and Alaska Native11.7Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander8.9Two or more races11.6Hispanic or Latino10.4Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2020 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanWhiteHispanic or LatinoAsian19739.44.37.5–197410.55.08.1–197514.87.812.2–197614.07.011.5–197714.06.210.1–197812.85.29.1–197912.35.18.3–198014.36.310.1–198115.66.710.4–198218.98.613.8–198319.58.413.7–198415.96.510.7–198515.16.210.5–198614.56.010.6–198713.05.38.8–198811.74.78.2–198911.44.58.0–199011.44.88.2–199112.56.110.0–199214.26.611.6–199313.06.110.8–199411.55.39.9–199510.44.99.3–199610.54.78.9–199710.04.27.7–19988.93.97.2–19998.03.76.4–20007.63.55.73.620018.64.26.64.5200210.25.17.55.9200310.85.27.76.0200410.44.87.04.4200510.04.46.04.020068.94.05.23.020078.34.15.63.2200810.15.27.64.0200914.88.512.17.3201016.08.712.57.5201115.87.911.57.0201213.87.210.35.9201313.16.59.15.2201411.35.37.45.020159.64.66.63.820168.44.35.83.620177.53.85.13.420186.53.54.73.020196.13.34.32.7202011.47.310.48.7Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash (–) indicate data not available.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless (with an unemployment rate of 11.6 percent), while Whites (6.7 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for Asian men (7.7 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic men (9.2 percent). Among adult women, the unemployment rate for Whites (7.3 percent) was lower than for Asians (9.5 percent), Blacks (10.4 percent), and Hispanics (10.9 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks and Hispanics had the highest unemployment rates, at 24.1 percent and 21.2 percent, respectively, compared with 16.6 percent for Whites and 14.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Hispanics and Whites. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 11.2 weeks and 11.0 weeks, respectively, whereas the figures for Hispanics and Whites were 9.6 weeks and 9.3 weeks, respectively. (See table 13.)Of the 12.9 million people unemployed in 2020, 76 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (15 percent), job leavers (5 percent), and new entrants (4 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, about 78 percent of Asians, 77 percent of Whites, and 77 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 71 percent of Blacks. (See table 14.)Not in the labor forceAs calculated from the data in table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 77 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached.Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)EarningsAmong the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2020 were $758 for Hispanics, $794 for Blacks, $1,003 for Whites, and $1,310 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,110), Black men ($830), and Hispanic men ($797) were 77 percent, 57 percent, and 55 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,447). The median earnings of White women ($905), Black women ($764), and Hispanic women ($705) were 79 percent, 67 percent, and 62 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,143). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,883 and $1,599, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,316) and Black men ($1,232) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity group were relatively close for service occupations: $600 for Asians, $578 for Whites, $551 for Blacks, and $535 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were considerably higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.Notes
			
 
 
 1 Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, "Unemployment rises in 2020, as the country battles the COVID-19 pandemic," *Monthly Labor Review*, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2021.12.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,587Men
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,718Women
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,869White
201,306
124,431
61.8
115,341
57.3
9,090
7.3
76,875Men
98,456
67,171
68.2
62,446
63.4
4,725
7.0
31,285Women
102,850
57,260
55.7
52,895
51.4
4,365
7.6
45,590Black
33,344
20,177
60.5
17,873
53.6
2,304
11.4
13,167Men
15,250
9,542
62.6
8,392
55.0
1,150
12.1
5,708Women
18,094
10,635
58.8
9,481
52.4
1,155
10.9
7,459Asian
16,467
10,331
62.7
9,437
57.3
894
8.7
6,136Men
7,708
5,468
70.9
5,041
65.4
427
7.8
2,240Women
8,759
4,863
55.5
4,396
50.2
467
9.6
3,896American Indian and Alaska Native
2,963
1,759
59.3
1,552
52.4
206
11.7
1,205Men
1,450
947
65.3
828
57.1
119
12.5
503Women
1,513
812
53.6
724
47.8
88
10.8
702Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
915
610
66.7
556
60.8
54
8.9
305Men
443
320
72.2
291
65.7
29
9.0
123Women
472
290
61.5
265
56.1
25
8.7
182Two or More Races
5,334
3,435
64.4
3,036
56.9
399
11.6
1,899Men
2,615
1,757
67.2
1,562
59.7
195
11.1
858Women
2,718
1,678
61.7
1,473
54.2
204
12.2
1,041Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,587Men
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,718Women
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,869Asian
16,467
10,331
62.7
9,437
57.3
894
8.7
6,136Men
7,708
5,468
70.9
5,041
65.4
427
7.8
2,240Women
8,759
4,863
55.5
4,396
50.2
467
9.6
3,896Asian Indian
3,795
2,564
67.5
2,397
63.2
166
6.5
1,232Chinese
3,667
2,279
62.1
2,077
56.6
201
8.8
1,389Filipino
2,359
1,457
61.8
1,316
55.8
141
9.7
902Japanese
864
504
58.3
465
53.8
39
7.7
361Korean
1,306
785
60.1
726
55.6
59
7.5
521Vietnamese
1,623
946
58.3
843
52.0
103
10.9
676Other Asian
2,852
1,796
63.0
1,612
56.5
184
10.2
1,056Hispanic or Latino
44,182
28,970
65.6
25,952
58.7
3,018
10.4
15,213Men
21,981
16,455
74.9
14,857
67.6
1,598
9.7
5,527Women
22,201
12,515
56.4
11,095
50.0
1,421
11.4
9,686Mexican
26,393
17,278
65.5
15,568
59.0
1,710
9.9
9,116Men
13,279
10,021
75.5
9,093
68.5
929
9.3
3,258Women
13,114
7,257
55.3
6,475
49.4
782
10.8
5,858Puerto Rican
4,019
2,491
62.0
2,200
54.7
291
11.7
1,527Men
1,957
1,311
67.0
1,146
58.5
165
12.6
646Women
2,062
1,180
57.2
1,054
51.1
126
10.7
882Cuban
2,086
1,303
62.5
1,181
56.6
122
9.4
783Men
1,063
756
71.1
691
64.9
65
8.6
308Women
1,022
547
53.5
490
47.9
57
10.4
475Central American
4,478
3,122
69.7
2,768
61.8
354
11.3
1,356Men
2,288
1,841
80.5
1,662
72.6
179
9.7
447Women
2,190
1,281
58.5
1,106
50.5
175
13.7
909Salvadoran
1,675
1,176
70.2
1,034
61.7
142
12.1
500Men
841
676
80.3
600
71.3
76
11.2
165Women
834
500
59.9
434
52.0
66
13.3
334Other Central American
2,803
1,946
69.5
1,735
61.9
212
10.9
856Men
1,447
1,165
80.5
1,062
73.4
103
8.9
282Women
1,355
781
57.6
672
49.6
109
13.9
574South American
3,228
2,281
70.7
2,051
63.5
229
10.1
947Men
1,532
1,220
79.7
1,111
72.5
109
9.0
311Women
1,697
1,061
62.5
941
55.4
120
11.3
636Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino
3,978
2,495
62.7
2,184
54.9
311
12.5
1,483Men
1,862
1,306
70.1
1,155
62.0
150
11.5
557Women
2,116
1,190
56.2
1,029
48.6
161
13.5
926Dominican
1,651
1,050
63.6
884
53.6
166
15.8
601Men
714
506
70.8
431
60.3
75
14.9
208Women
937
544
58.1
454
48.5
91
16.6
392Other Hispanic or Latino
2,327
1,445
62.1
1,300
55.8
145
10.1
883Men
1,148
800
69.7
725
63.1
75
9.4
348Women
1,179
645
54.7
575
48.7
70
10.9
534Hispanic or Latino
44,182
28,970
65.6
25,952
58.7
3,018
10.4
15,213Men
21,981
16,455
74.9
14,857
67.6
1,598
9.7
5,527Women
22,201
12,515
56.4
11,095
50.0
1,421
11.4
9,686White Hispanic or Latino
39,218
25,727
65.6
23,092
58.9
2,634
10.2
13,491Men
19,535
14,689
75.2
13,283
68.0
1,406
9.6
4,845Women
19,683
11,037
56.1
9,809
49.8
1,229
11.1
8,646Black Hispanic or Latino
2,070
1,332
64.3
1,173
56.6
159
12.0
738Men
961
668
69.5
588
61.2
80
12.0
293Women
1,109
663
59.8
584
52.7
79
11.9
445Asian Hispanic or Latino
480
330
68.8
295
61.5
35
10.6
150Men
242
183
75.5
168
69.5
14
7.9
59Women
238
148
61.9
127
53.4
20
13.8
91Non-Hispanic or Latino
216,147
131,773
61.0
121,843
56.4
9,929
7.5
84,374Men
103,941
68,749
66.1
63,703
61.3
5,046
7.3
35,191Women
112,206
63,023
56.2
58,140
51.8
4,883
7.7
49,183White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,089
98,704
60.9
92,248
56.9
6,456
6.5
63,384Men
78,921
52,481
66.5
49,162
62.3
3,319
6.3
26,440Women
83,167
46,223
55.6
43,086
51.8
3,137
6.8
36,944Black non-Hispanic or Latino
31,274
18,845
60.3
16,700
53.4
2,145
11.4
12,429Men
14,289
8,873
62.1
7,804
54.6
1,070
12.1
5,416Women
16,985
9,972
58.7
8,896
52.4
1,076
10.8
7,013Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
15,987
10,001
62.6
9,142
57.2
859
8.6
5,986Men
7,466
5,285
70.8
4,872
65.3
413
7.8
2,180Women
8,521
4,716
55.3
4,269
50.1
446
9.5
3,805Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
260,329
160,742
61.7
147,795
56.8
12,947
8.1
99,58716 to 19 years
16,567
5,720
34.5
4,695
28.3
1,025
17.9
10,84620 years and older
243,762
155,022
63.6
143,100
58.7
11,922
7.7
88,74020 to 24 years
20,918
14,487
69.3
12,497
59.7
1,990
13.7
6,43125 to 54 years
126,045
102,630
81.4
95,331
75.6
7,298
7.1
23,41655 to 64 years
42,191
27,293
64.7
25,454
60.3
1,839
6.7
14,89865 years and older
54,608
10,613
19.4
9,818
18.0
795
7.5
43,995Men, 16 years and older
125,922
85,204
67.7
78,560
62.4
6,644
7.8
40,71816 to 19 years
8,373
2,859
34.1
2,333
27.9
526
18.4
5,51420 years and older
117,549
82,345
70.1
76,227
64.8
6,118
7.4
35,20420 to 24 years
10,448
7,417
71.0
6,401
61.3
1,016
13.7
3,03225 to 54 years
62,218
54,675
87.9
50,890
81.8
3,785
6.9
7,54355 to 64 years
20,327
14,382
70.8
13,467
66.2
916
6.4
5,94565 years and older
24,556
5,871
23.9
5,470
22.3
401
6.8
18,685Women, 16 years and older
134,407
75,538
56.2
69,234
51.5
6,304
8.3
58,86916 to 19 years
8,194
2,861
34.9
2,361
28.8
500
17.5
5,33320 years and older
126,213
72,677
57.6
66,873
53.0
5,804
8.0
53,53620 to 24 years
10,470
7,070
67.5
6,096
58.2
974
13.8
3,40025 to 54 years
63,828
47,955
75.1
44,442
69.6
3,513
7.3
15,87355 to 64 years
21,864
12,911
59.1
11,987
54.8
924
7.2
8,95365 years and older
30,052
4,742
15.8
4,348
14.5
394
8.3
25,310WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
201,306
124,431
61.8
115,341
57.3
9,090
7.3
76,87516 to 19 years
12,151
4,467
36.8
3,723
30.6
744
16.6
7,68320 years and older
189,156
119,964
63.4
111,617
59.0
8,346
7.0
69,19220 to 24 years
15,335
10,951
71.4
9,633
62.8
1,318
12.0
4,38425 to 54 years
94,426
77,804
82.4
72,797
77.1
5,007
6.4
16,62155 to 64 years
33,772
22,278
66.0
20,889
61.9
1,389
6.2
11,49565 years and older
45,623
8,930
19.6
8,298
18.2
633
7.1
36,692Men, 16 years and older
98,456
67,171
68.2
62,446
63.4
4,725
7.0
31,28516 to 19 years
6,173
2,267
36.7
1,876
30.4
391
17.3
3,90620 years and older
92,283
64,903
70.3
60,570
65.6
4,334
6.7
27,38020 to 24 years
7,712
5,676
73.6
5,008
64.9
668
11.8
2,03525 to 54 years
47,317
42,224
89.2
39,577
83.6
2,648
6.3
5,09355 to 64 years
16,480
11,971
72.6
11,270
68.4
701
5.9
4,50965 years and older
20,775
5,032
24.2
4,715
22.7
317
6.3
15,743Women, 16 years and older
102,850
57,260
55.7
52,895
51.4
4,365
7.6
45,59016 to 19 years
5,978
2,200
36.8
1,847
30.9
353
16.0
3,77820 years and older
96,872
55,060
56.8
51,048
52.7
4,013
7.3
41,81220 to 24 years
7,623
5,275
69.2
4,625
60.7
650
12.3
2,34825 to 54 years
47,109
35,580
75.5
33,221
70.5
2,359
6.6
11,52955 to 64 years
17,292
10,307
59.6
9,619
55.6
688
6.7
6,98665 years and older
24,848
3,898
15.7
3,582
14.4
316
8.1
20,950Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,344
20,177
60.5
17,873
53.6
2,304
11.4
13,16716 to 19 years
2,419
720
29.8
546
22.6
173
24.1
1,69920 years and older
30,925
19,458
62.9
17,326
56.0
2,131
11.0
11,46820 to 24 years
3,079
2,005
65.1
1,600
52.0
404
20.2
1,07425 to 54 years
17,404
13,588
78.1
12,205
70.1
1,384
10.2
3,81655 to 64 years
5,140
2,902
56.5
2,652
51.6
250
8.6
2,23865 years and older
5,302
962
18.2
869
16.4
93
9.7
4,339Men, 16 years and older
15,250
9,542
62.6
8,392
55.0
1,150
12.1
5,70816 to 19 years
1,197
322
26.9
242
20.2
81
25.0
87520 years and older
14,053
9,220
65.6
8,150
58.0
1,069
11.6
4,83320 to 24 years
1,485
987
66.4
777
52.3
210
21.2
49825 to 54 years
8,069
6,465
80.1
5,770
71.5
695
10.8
1,60455 to 64 years
2,332
1,318
56.5
1,203
51.6
116
8.8
1,01365 years and older
2,167
449
20.7
401
18.5
49
10.8
1,718Women, 16 years and older
18,094
10,635
58.8
9,481
52.4
1,155
10.9
7,45916 to 19 years
1,221
397
32.5
305
24.9
93
23.3
82420 years and older
16,873
10,238
60.7
9,176
54.4
1,062
10.4
6,63520 to 24 years
1,594
1,018
63.9
824
51.7
195
19.1
57625 to 54 years
9,335
7,123
76.3
6,434
68.9
688
9.7
2,21255 to 64 years
2,809
1,584
56.4
1,450
51.6
134
8.5
1,22565 years and older
3,134
513
16.4
468
14.9
45
8.7
2,621AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,467
10,331
62.7
9,437
57.3
894
8.7
6,13616 to 19 years
921
177
19.2
151
16.4
26
14.9
74420 years and older
15,546
10,154
65.3
9,287
59.7
867
8.5
5,39220 to 24 years
1,341
727
54.2
605
45.1
122
16.8
61425 to 54 years
9,342
7,418
79.4
6,867
73.5
551
7.4
1,92455 to 64 years
2,216
1,475
66.6
1,335
60.2
141
9.5
74165 years and older
2,647
534
20.2
480
18.2
53
10.0
2,113Men, 16 years and older
7,708
5,468
70.9
5,041
65.4
427
7.8
2,24016 to 19 years
448
97
21.7
84
18.7
13
13.6
35120 years and older
7,260
5,371
74.0
4,957
68.3
414
7.7
1,88920 to 24 years
669
345
51.6
284
42.5
61
17.7
32425 to 54 years
4,433
3,960
89.3
3,709
83.7
251
6.3
47355 to 64 years
1,019
774
76.0
702
68.9
72
9.3
24565 years and older
1,139
291
25.6
262
23.0
29
9.9
847Women, 16 years and older
8,759
4,863
55.5
4,396
50.2
467
9.6
3,89616 to 19 years
473
80
16.9
67
14.1
13
16.5
39320 years and older
8,286
4,783
57.7
4,330
52.3
454
9.5
3,50320 to 24 years
672
382
56.8
321
47.7
61
16.0
29025 to 54 years
4,909
3,458
70.4
3,159
64.3
300
8.7
1,45155 to 64 years
1,197
701
58.5
633
52.8
68
9.7
49665 years and older
1,508
243
16.1
218
14.5
25
10.1
1,265Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
44,182
28,970
65.6
25,952
58.7
3,018
10.4
15,21316 to 19 years
4,017
1,303
32.4
1,026
25.5
277
21.2
2,71420 years and older
40,166
27,667
68.9
24,925
62.1
2,741
9.9
12,49920 to 24 years
4,791
3,418
71.3
2,904
60.6
513
15.0
1,37325 to 54 years
25,266
19,880
78.7
18,080
71.6
1,800
9.1
5,38655 to 64 years
5,252
3,417
65.1
3,091
58.9
326
9.5
1,83565 years and older
4,857
952
19.6
850
17.5
102
10.7
3,905Men, 16 years and older
21,981
16,455
74.9
14,857
67.6
1,598
9.7
5,52716 to 19 years
2,031
671
33.1
524
25.8
147
21.9
1,36020 years and older
19,950
15,783
79.1
14,333
71.8
1,451
9.2
4,16720 to 24 years
2,411
1,820
75.5
1,568
65.0
252
13.8
59125 to 54 years
12,852
11,472
89.3
10,507
81.8
965
8.4
1,37955 to 64 years
2,566
1,939
75.6
1,759
68.5
180
9.3
62765 years and older
2,122
552
26.0
499
23.5
54
9.7
1,569Women, 16 years and older
22,201
12,515
56.4
11,095
50.0
1,421
11.4
9,68616 to 19 years
1,986
632
31.8
502
25.3
130
20.5
1,35420 years and older
20,215
11,884
58.8
10,593
52.4
1,291
10.9
8,33220 to 24 years
2,380
1,598
67.1
1,336
56.1
261
16.4
78225 to 54 years
12,414
8,408
67.7
7,573
61.0
835
9.9
4,00655 to 64 years
2,686
1,478
55.0
1,332
49.6
145
9.8
1,20865 years and older
2,735
400
14.6
352
12.9
48
12.1
2,335Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.42018
62.9
69.1
57.1
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.8
60.2
63.5
71.6
56.4
66.3
75.7
57.02019
63.1
69.2
57.4
63.0
69.6
56.8
62.5
64.8
60.5
64.0
71.8
57.1
66.8
75.9
57.72020
61.7
67.7
56.2
61.8
68.2
55.7
60.5
62.6
58.8
62.7
70.9
55.5
65.6
74.9
56.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–20 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.32018
59.6
63.7
55.6
68.5
74.1
63.1
66.6
71.1
62.52019
60.8
65.1
56.7
68.4
73.9
63.2
67.1
70.9
63.52020
59.3
65.3
53.6
66.7
72.2
61.5
64.4
67.2
61.7Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.22018
60.4
66.3
54.9
60.7
67.1
54.5
58.3
60.3
56.6
61.6
69.4
54.7
63.2
72.4
54.12019
60.8
66.6
55.4
61.0
67.3
54.9
58.7
60.6
57.1
62.3
69.8
55.6
63.9
72.9
55.02020
56.8
62.4
51.5
57.3
63.4
51.4
53.6
55.0
52.4
57.3
65.4
50.2
58.7
67.6
50.0Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2020 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.22018
55.6
59.3
52.1
64.9
70.3
59.7
62.9
66.8
59.32019
57.1
60.9
53.5
66.2
71.5
61.2
63.6
67.0
60.32020
52.4
57.1
47.8
60.8
65.7
56.1
56.9
59.7
54.2Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college1
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher2TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
222,844
19,900
62,121
34,076
23,251
83,495Civilian labor force
140,535
8,930
34,741
20,766
15,636
60,463Percent of population
63.1
44.9
55.9
60.9
67.2
72.4Employed
130,603
7,888
31,606
19,037
14,532
57,538Employment-population ratio
58.6
39.6
50.9
55.9
62.5
68.9Unemployed
9,933
1,041
3,135
1,728
1,103
2,925Unemployment rate
7.1
11.7
9.0
8.3
7.1
4.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
107,101
10,112
31,393
16,489
10,136
38,971Civilian labor force
74,928
5,737
20,686
11,162
7,464
29,880Percent of population
70.0
56.7
65.9
67.7
73.6
76.7Employed
69,826
5,130
18,910
10,297
6,966
28,522Employment-population ratio
65.2
50.7
60.2
62.4
68.7
73.2Unemployed
5,102
606
1,776
865
497
1,357Unemployment rate
6.8
10.6
8.6
7.7
6.7
4.5WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
115,743
9,789
30,728
17,587
13,115
44,524Civilian labor force
65,607
3,193
14,055
9,604
8,172
30,584Percent of population
56.7
32.6
45.7
54.6
62.3
68.7Employed
60,776
2,758
12,696
8,740
7,566
29,016Employment-population ratio
52.5
28.2
41.3
49.7
57.7
65.2Unemployed
4,830
435
1,359
864
606
1,568Unemployment rate
7.4
13.6
9.7
9.0
7.4
5.1WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
173,821
15,059
48,448
26,441
18,702
65,171Civilian labor force
109,013
7,047
26,970
15,844
12,499
46,653Percent of population
62.7
46.8
55.7
59.9
66.8
71.6Employed
101,984
6,304
24,822
14,648
11,688
44,522Employment-population ratio
58.7
41.9
51.2
55.4
62.5
68.3Unemployed
7,028
743
2,148
1,196
812
2,130Unemployment rate
6.4
10.5
8.0
7.5
6.5
4.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
84,571
7,850
24,639
12,898
8,305
30,880Civilian labor force
59,227
4,702
16,430
8,676
6,118
23,301Percent of population
70.0
59.9
66.7
67.3
73.7
75.5Employed
55,562
4,264
15,185
8,068
5,736
22,309Employment-population ratio
65.7
54.3
61.6
62.6
69.1
72.2Unemployed
3,665
438
1,245
608
382
992Unemployment rate
6.2
9.3
7.6
7.0
6.2
4.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
89,249
7,209
23,809
13,543
10,397
34,291Civilian labor force
49,785
2,346
10,540
7,168
6,381
23,351Percent of population
55.8
32.5
44.3
52.9
61.4
68.1Employed
46,422
2,041
9,637
6,580
5,951
22,213Employment-population ratio
52.0
28.3
40.5
48.6
57.2
64.8Unemployed
3,363
305
903
588
429
1,139Unemployment rate
6.8
13.0
8.6
8.2
6.7
4.9Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
27,846
2,942
9,124
5,127
2,885
7,768Civilian labor force
17,453
1,050
5,133
3,297
2,025
5,948Percent of population
62.7
35.7
56.3
64.3
70.2
76.6Employed
15,726
881
4,466
2,938
1,843
5,597Employment-population ratio
56.5
30.0
48.9
57.3
63.9
72.1Unemployed
1,727
169
666
358
182
351Unemployment rate
9.9
16.1
13.0
10.9
9.0
5.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
12,568
1,409
4,563
2,341
1,105
3,149Civilian labor force
8,233
555
2,778
1,590
817
2,493Percent of population
65.5
39.4
60.9
67.9
73.9
79.1Employed
7,373
462
2,413
1,418
755
2,325Employment-population ratio
58.7
32.8
52.9
60.6
68.3
73.8Unemployed
860
93
365
172
62
168Unemployment rate
10.4
16.7
13.1
10.8
7.6
6.7WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,278
1,533
4,561
2,786
1,780
4,618Civilian labor force
9,220
495
2,355
1,706
1,208
3,456Percent of population
60.3
32.3
51.6
61.2
67.9
74.8Employed
8,353
419
2,053
1,520
1,088
3,273Employment-population ratio
54.7
27.3
45.0
54.6
61.1
70.9Unemployed
867
76
302
186
120
183Unemployment rate
9.4
15.4
12.8
10.9
10.0
5.3AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
14,205
1,083
2,511
1,094
873
8,645Civilian labor force
9,427
448
1,378
680
569
6,353Percent of population
66.4
41.4
54.9
62.2
65.2
73.5Employed
8,682
374
1,189
607
513
6,000Employment-population ratio
61.1
34.5
47.3
55.5
58.8
69.4Unemployed
745
75
189
73
56
353Unemployment rate
7.9
16.6
13.7
10.7
9.8
5.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,591
416
1,113
552
392
4,118Civilian labor force
5,026
233
721
394
275
3,403Percent of population
76.3
55.9
64.8
71.4
70.1
82.6Employed
4,673
190
628
361
247
3,248Employment-population ratio
70.9
45.6
56.4
65.3
63.1
78.9Unemployed
353
43
93
34
27
156Unemployment rate
7.0
18.5
12.9
8.5
9.9
4.6WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,614
666
1,398
542
481
4,528Civilian labor force
4,402
216
657
286
294
2,949Percent of population
57.8
32.4
47.0
52.8
61.2
65.1Employed
4,009
184
561
247
265
2,752Employment-population ratio
52.7
27.6
40.1
45.5
55.2
60.8Unemployed
392
31
96
39
29
197Unemployment rate
8.9
14.6
14.6
13.7
9.8
6.7Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
35,375
8,966
11,018
4,918
3,072
7,401Civilian labor force
24,249
5,107
7,477
3,553
2,304
5,808Percent of population
68.5
57.0
67.9
72.2
75.0
78.5Employed
22,021
4,535
6,724
3,231
2,103
5,427Employment-population ratio
62.3
50.6
61.0
65.7
68.5
73.3Unemployed
2,228
572
753
321
201
381Unemployment rate
9.2
11.2
10.1
9.0
8.7
6.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,539
4,615
5,783
2,377
1,401
3,363Civilian labor force
13,963
3,387
4,647
1,911
1,178
2,841Percent of population
79.6
73.4
80.4
80.4
84.0
84.5Employed
12,764
3,057
4,218
1,757
1,074
2,657Employment-population ratio
72.8
66.2
72.9
73.9
76.7
79.0Unemployed
1,199
329
429
154
103
183Unemployment rate
8.6
9.7
9.2
8.1
8.8
6.5WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,836
4,351
5,235
2,541
1,670
4,038Civilian labor force
10,286
1,720
2,830
1,641
1,127
2,967Percent of population
57.7
39.5
54.1
64.6
67.4
73.5Employed
9,257
1,478
2,506
1,474
1,029
2,770Employment-population ratio
51.9
34.0
47.9
58.0
61.6
68.6Unemployed
1,029
242
324
168
98
198Unemployment rate
10.0
14.1
11.5
10.2
8.7
6.71 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
147,795
115,341
17,873
9,437
25,952Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
43.1
43.4
34.7
58.2
25.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.4
19.2
13.4
19.3
11.4Management occupations
12.6
13.4
8.3
11.4
7.6Business and financial operations occupations
5.8
5.8
5.1
7.9
3.7Professional and related occupations
24.7
24.2
21.4
38.9
14.1Computer and mathematical occupations
3.8
3.2
2.8
13.6
1.8Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.1
4.6
1.3Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.1
1.1
0.6
2.6
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.8
1.7
3.0
1.0
1.4Legal occupations
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.1
0.6Education, training, and library occupations
6.0
6.3
5.0
4.6
3.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.4
1.9
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.5
6.3
6.5
9.5
3.5Service occupations
15.5
14.5
21.7
13.7
22.0Healthcare support occupations
3.2
2.7
6.8
3.1
3.7Protective service occupations
2.0
2.0
3.3
0.8
1.8Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.4
4.2
5.1
4.4
6.9Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.4
3.4
4.0
1.7
7.4Personal care and service occupations
2.3
2.1
2.5
3.6
2.1Sales and office occupations
20.1
20.3
20.9
16.0
19.8Sales and related occupations
9.6
9.9
8.4
8.3
9.3Office and administrative support occupations
10.5
10.4
12.5
7.7
10.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.0
10.0
5.6
3.0
16.0Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.2
1.7Construction and extraction occupations
5.2
5.9
3.0
1.3
10.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.1
3.4
2.4
1.5
3.7Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
12.3
11.8
17.1
9.2
16.7Production occupations
5.1
5.1
5.6
4.5
6.9Transportation and material moving occupations
7.2
6.7
11.5
4.7
9.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
78,560
62,446
8,392
5,041
14,857Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
39.1
39.3
28.5
59.6
21.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19.1
20.2
12.4
19.7
10.6Management occupations
14.1
15.1
8.6
13.0
7.7Business and financial operations occupations
5.0
5.1
3.9
6.7
2.9Professional and related occupations
20.0
19.1
16.1
39.9
10.5Computer and mathematical occupations
5.3
4.6
4.0
18.2
2.5Architecture and engineering occupations
3.4
3.4
1.6
6.3
2.0Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.0
1.0
0.6
2.6
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.0
1.9
0.6
0.6Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.5
0.8
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.1
1.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.2Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
3.1
2.9
3.0
6.7
1.7Service occupations
12.5
11.8
17.6
10.6
17.6Healthcare support occupations
0.9
0.7
1.9
1.4
0.9Protective service occupations
2.9
2.9
4.3
1.2
2.5Food preparation and serving related occupations
3.8
3.5
5.1
4.3
6.2Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.9
3.8
4.8
1.8
7.1Personal care and service occupations
1.0
0.8
1.5
1.8
0.9Sales and office occupations
14.6
14.6
15.4
13.5
13.5Sales and related occupations
9.2
9.6
7.5
8.3
7.9Office and administrative support occupations
5.4
5.0
7.9
5.1
5.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.0
17.5
11.2
5.0
26.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.0
1.1
0.4
0.2
2.3Construction and extraction occupations
9.4
10.4
6.1
2.2
17.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.6
6.0
4.7
2.5
6.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.7
16.9
27.1
11.4
21.4Production occupations
6.9
7.0
7.9
4.8
8.2Transportation and material moving occupations
10.8
9.9
19.3
6.5
13.3Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
69,234
52,895
9,481
4,396
11,095Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
47.5
48.4
40.2
56.6
31.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.5
18.1
14.2
18.8
12.4Management occupations
10.8
11.5
8.0
9.4
7.5Business and financial operations occupations
6.7
6.6
6.1
9.4
4.9Professional and related occupations
30.0
30.3
26.0
37.8
19.0Computer and mathematical occupations
2.0
1.6
1.8
8.5
0.9Architecture and engineering occupations
0.8
0.6
0.6
2.6
0.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.2
1.1
0.6
2.5
0.6Community and social service occupations
2.7
2.6
4.0
1.4
2.4Legal occupations
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.5
0.9Education, training, and library occupations
9.5
10.2
7.0
6.4
6.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.3
2.4
1.3
2.3
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
10.3
10.3
9.5
12.7
5.9Service occupations
18.8
17.6
25.3
17.3
27.9Healthcare support occupations
5.9
5.0
11.1
5.2
7.6Protective service occupations
1.0
0.9
2.4
0.3
1.0Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.2
5.1
5.2
4.6
7.8Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.0
3.0
3.4
1.5
7.9Personal care and service occupations
3.8
3.7
3.4
5.8
3.7Sales and office occupations
26.3
27.0
25.7
18.8
28.1Sales and related occupations
10.0
10.2
9.2
8.2
11.3Office and administrative support occupations
16.3
16.8
16.5
10.7
16.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.1
1.2
0.7
0.6
2.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
6.2
5.8
8.1
6.7
10.4Production occupations
3.1
2.9
3.5
4.1
5.2Transportation and material moving occupations
3.1
2.9
4.7
2.6
5.2Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and over
147,795
78.0
12.1
6.4
17.6Management, professional, and related occupations
63,644
78.7
9.7
8.6
10.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
27,143
81.7
8.8
6.7
10.9Management occupations
18,564
83.4
8.0
5.8
10.7Chief executives
1,669
88.0
4.3
5.4
7.4General and operations managers
1,057
84.4
7.1
4.5
12.4Legislators
25
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
56
80.5
14.7
3.9
3.5Marketing managers
554
84.1
5.5
7.6
9.9Sales managers
521
87.6
5.8
4.2
7.6Public relations and fundraising managers
95
91.0
4.3
2.3
7.6Administrative services managers
65
83.4
9.5
6.5
16.9Facilities managers
134
90.1
4.9
2.4
12.6Computer and information systems managers
744
75.5
7.0
15.5
5.2Financial managers
1,309
79.4
9.7
8.2
9.9Compensation and benefits managers
18
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
287
81.0
12.0
4.9
14.0Training and development managers
52
85.4
9.2
0.2
10.1Industrial production managers
272
84.3
5.9
7.2
13.5Purchasing managers
212
83.2
12.1
3.1
7.3Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
300
79.3
10.7
6.1
17.2Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
901
96.3
0.7
0.8
4.3Construction managers
966
91.4
3.3
2.9
14.5Education and childcare administrators
948
79.5
14.3
3.3
12.0Architectural and engineering managers
171
84.2
3.4
9.5
4.7Food service managers
1,092
77.7
9.8
9.4
19.8Funeral home managers
10
-
-
-
-Entertainment and recreation managers
40
-
-
-
-Lodging managers
123
74.8
12.4
10.4
11.2Medical and health services managers
711
77.6
13.3
5.6
11.5Natural sciences managers
16
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
24
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
781
84.7
8.6
3.5
12.9Social and community service managers
424
75.9
18.3
2.1
10.3Emergency management directors
12
-
-
-
-Personal service managers, all other
2
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
4,969
83.2
8.1
5.9
10.4Business and financial operations occupations
8,578
78.0
10.5
8.7
11.2Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
36
-
-
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
178
82.8
9.7
5.8
14.9Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
230
81.1
11.9
3.9
11.3Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
350
71.6
19.8
4.5
15.0Compliance officers
305
75.4
12.0
7.5
8.6Cost estimators
121
93.7
2.9
2.0
14.1Human resources workers
832
76.9
13.0
5.8
15.1Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
74
84.6
11.2
2.2
9.7Training and development specialists
115
82.1
13.2
2.7
14.1Logisticians
147
82.6
11.8
4.4
20.6Project management specialists
715
77.5
12.3
7.9
11.1Management analysts
997
77.8
8.4
11.9
9.3Meeting, convention, and event planners
118
85.8
7.7
4.8
11.9Fundraisers
99
85.0
3.7
8.4
7.4Market research analysts and marketing specialists
438
82.8
6.5
8.1
9.1Business operations specialists, all other
308
72.6
12.4
11.3
9.7Accountants and auditors
1,696
77.3
9.5
11.2
10.2Property appraisers and assessors
86
96.5
2.3
1.2
6.0Budget analysts
60
69.6
13.9
7.6
14.9Credit analysts
30
-
-
-
-Financial and investment analysts
351
68.5
7.8
21.0
10.2Personal financial advisors
514
78.5
7.9
10.7
8.2Insurance underwriters
102
78.6
9.3
6.2
11.9Financial examiners
25
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
400
79.0
13.1
4.7
12.4Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
61
76.6
14.5
5.8
15.9Tax preparers
96
81.9
13.9
3.9
17.4Other financial specialists
82
71.0
15.5
7.7
9.0Professional and related occupations
36,502
76.5
10.5
10.1
10.1Computer and mathematical occupations
5,603
65.4
9.1
23.0
8.4Computer and information research scientists
42
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
594
68.0
9.7
18.7
8.1Information security analysts
137
79.8
11.9
6.9
15.8Computer programmers
417
63.9
6.3
28.3
6.6Software developers
1,883
57.5
6.2
34.1
5.9Software quality assurance analysts and testers
82
57.6
12.0
29.6
9.2Web developers
104
79.3
3.7
16.2
5.9Web and digital interface designers
70
81.7
5.9
9.9
15.8Computer support specialists
660
72.2
13.0
10.7
11.6Database administrators and architects
121
62.1
5.9
30.1
5.6Network and computer systems administrators
238
77.3
9.0
11.8
7.8Computer network architects
107
67.8
14.8
15.5
16.1Computer occupations, all other
792
67.3
13.3
15.8
11.2Actuaries
32
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
156
77.5
13.6
8.6
9.5Statisticians
61
60.4
7.9
28.0
2.0Other mathematical science occupations
103
63.6
9.3
25.7
6.2Architecture and engineering occupations
3,169
78.0
6.0
13.6
10.6Architects, except landscape and naval
190
78.8
7.2
12.5
8.5Landscape architects
27
-
-
-
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
45
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
129
83.3
6.8
9.1
10.5Agricultural engineers
7
-
-
-
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
22
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
70
81.5
1.5
13.9
10.0Civil engineers
422
81.9
3.9
13.6
12.4Computer hardware engineers
89
54.6
5.4
39.2
14.5Electrical and electronics engineers
268
76.1
5.4
17.2
8.9Environmental engineers
33
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
225
74.7
5.2
19.1
5.9Marine engineers and naval architects
16
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
53
83.5
5.3
9.4
7.1Mechanical engineers
357
80.4
5.0
11.5
6.7Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
17
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
10
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
15
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
560
72.3
7.5
17.7
10.0Architectural and civil drafters
38
-
-
-
-Other drafters
95
90.4
1.8
6.6
22.9Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
82
79.5
8.8
7.1
15.4Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
344
76.5
9.0
8.7
16.4Surveying and mapping technicians
56
89.6
3.2
3.0
6.3Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,627
75.1
6.5
14.9
8.5Agricultural and food scientists
32
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
84
79.8
5.6
13.7
10.1Conservation scientists and foresters
19
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
112
58.7
3.8
37.4
4.7Life scientists, all other
6
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
19
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
10
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
80
64.2
10.7
19.7
2.2Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
46
-
-
-
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
37
-
-
-
-Physical scientists, all other
336
61.3
6.4
30.1
6.2Economists
26
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
5
-
-
-
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
18
-
-
-
-School psychologists
43
-
-
-
-Other psychologists
145
82.7
11.8
4.1
3.5Sociologists
3
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
47
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
50
83.4
1.9
5.5
7.8Agricultural and food science technicians
41
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
24
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
68
82.5
10.3
5.0
12.1Environmental science and geoscience technicians
21
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
7
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
4
-
-
-
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
258
78.0
4.9
10.9
10.7Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
85
90.3
1.6
2.9
11.7Community and social service occupations
2,717
72.7
19.9
3.4
13.5Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
130
70.2
25.4
1.7
16.8Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
343
73.0
19.0
4.0
14.8Marriage and family therapists
40
-
-
-
-Mental health counselors
138
87.5
9.4
2.0
14.0Rehabilitation counselors
28
-
-
-
-Counselors, all other
225
75.0
18.3
3.7
15.2Child, family, and school social workers
62
65.3
26.8
0.6
21.3Healthcare social workers
78
69.0
20.3
8.2
9.2Mental health and substance abuse social workers
24
-
-
-
-Social workers, all other
673
64.4
25.7
3.7
15.0Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
105
66.6
26.9
0.7
12.8Social and human service assistants
230
72.6
18.9
3.2
14.9Other community and social service specialists
100
61.6
30.4
3.3
12.7Clergy
420
82.3
11.7
3.8
7.8Directors, religious activities and education
57
94.4
2.4
2.1
8.9Religious workers, all other
64
77.7
13.4
6.2
11.7Legal occupations
1,882
83.5
8.6
5.6
8.3Lawyers
1,183
86.5
6.8
5.2
5.8Judicial law clerks
21
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
78
74.4
16.6
5.7
6.2Paralegals and legal assistants
416
79.9
10.3
6.8
15.1Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
101
76.4
11.5
9.2
7.8Legal support workers, all other
83
73.2
17.6
2.9
10.1Education, training, and library occupations
8,902
82.0
10.0
4.9
10.9Postsecondary teachers
1,156
79.1
6.5
11.2
6.2Preschool and kindergarten teachers
535
82.8
12.0
2.2
15.3Elementary and middle school teachers
3,371
84.1
10.5
2.8
10.5Secondary school teachers
963
87.0
7.7
3.0
8.9Special education teachers
332
87.5
7.2
1.8
8.9Tutors
195
75.9
12.4
7.5
16.0Other teachers and instructors
687
79.1
11.6
6.2
9.7Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
57
94.6
0.6
4.4
7.6Librarians and media collections specialists
176
83.1
9.5
3.5
9.9Library technicians
34
-
-
-
-Teaching assistants
1,220
74.1
13.6
7.6
16.6Other educational instruction and library workers
176
86.5
7.2
4.0
12.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,042
82.0
8.5
5.9
11.2Artists and related workers
256
85.7
3.6
6.1
9.3Commercial and industrial designers
11
-
-
-
-Fashion designers
34
-
-
-
-Floral designers
50
90.0
2.6
0.8
18.6Graphic designers
295
83.0
6.7
7.8
14.4Interior designers
131
79.7
6.7
10.6
7.6Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
24
-
-
-
-Other designers
375
79.2
6.3
11.1
11.5Actors
29
-
-
-
-Producers and directors
181
83.8
6.1
6.7
8.7Athletes and sports competitors
28
-
-
-
-Coaches and scouts
210
75.2
14.7
3.5
5.4Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
25
-
-
-
-Dancers and choreographers
7
-
-
-
-Music directors and composers
50
83.3
10.1
2.2
14.0Musicians and singers
118
78.5
12.9
3.8
13.0Disc jockeys, except radio
15
-
-
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
41
-
-
-
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
28
-
-
-
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
77
80.1
10.9
6.7
5.3Public relations specialists
145
83.3
11.0
3.4
13.6Editors
99
94.5
0.7
0.8
8.5Technical writers
65
88.0
7.3
3.6
8.0Writers and authors
242
85.1
7.9
4.3
2.4Interpreters and translators
91
74.6
8.3
11.4
29.4Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
31
-
-
-
-Media and communication workers, all other
19
-
-
-
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
77
83.6
10.6
5.8
20.2Photographers
186
84.9
6.7
5.6
10.0Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
100
74.5
16.3
5.8
18.5Media and communication equipment workers, all other
2
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,559
75.6
12.1
9.4
9.4Chiropractors
66
90.7
2.4
5.1
6.1Dentists
173
78.8
1.4
16.6
5.5Dietitians and nutritionists
106
74.7
15.5
8.2
9.9Optometrists
42
-
-
-
-Pharmacists
327
67.9
8.3
20.0
3.4Emergency medicine physicians
17
-
-
-
-Radiologists
25
-
-
-
-Other physicians
929
67.0
8.5
22.0
8.8Surgeons
54
82.4
4.2
13.4
15.6Physician assistants
141
79.9
6.3
12.3
7.9Podiatrists
12
-
-
-
-Audiologists
20
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
124
87.6
4.0
7.4
6.5Physical therapists
281
77.8
5.2
15.0
4.4Radiation therapists
10
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
21
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
122
75.0
18.5
2.3
7.0Speech-language pathologists
195
89.7
6.6
3.6
8.5Exercise physiologists
6
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
233
79.2
11.7
4.3
12.1Veterinarians
83
91.9
0.0
5.7
7.0Registered nurses
3,256
75.3
13.4
8.7
7.9Nurse anesthetists
42
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
5
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
218
86.2
9.1
3.2
6.3Acupuncturists
23
-
-
-
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
15
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
331
72.4
13.7
9.5
19.0Dental hygienists
190
88.9
2.1
7.7
10.5Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
50
73.9
16.2
6.7
12.3Diagnostic medical sonographers
90
79.3
9.3
5.5
5.1Radiologic technologists and technicians
254
85.6
6.5
5.4
11.2Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
57
74.2
16.3
8.6
6.7Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
35
-
-
-
-Emergency medical technicians
141
82.4
11.9
4.0
11.4Paramedics
78
93.2
3.9
2.8
8.5Pharmacy technicians
336
72.8
15.0
7.2
17.6Psychiatric technicians
67
67.6
24.2
1.4
12.1Surgical technologists
108
80.9
14.9
2.5
17.3Veterinary technologists and technicians
105
91.8
3.2
1.2
9.8Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
66
68.5
27.6
2.1
5.3Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
596
68.0
25.6
2.9
15.3Medical records specialists
183
76.8
16.1
1.7
13.2Opticians, dispensing
40
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
185
57.8
24.8
15.3
13.5Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
100
68.9
17.3
10.8
3.5Service occupations
22,853
72.9
17.0
5.6
25.0Healthcare support occupations
4,790
64.1
25.3
6.2
20.2Home health aides
571
55.3
37.4
5.0
25.4Personal care aides
1,282
62.6
22.2
9.4
21.4Nursing assistants
1,364
57.0
35.2
4.7
13.7Orderlies and psychiatric aides
55
51.4
37.2
1.2
8.7Occupational therapy assistants and aides
37
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
78
88.6
6.6
3.7
5.8Massage therapists
151
73.7
10.5
10.0
11.0Dental assistants
288
85.8
5.5
4.3
31.7Medical assistants
561
72.9
17.4
4.0
27.9Medical transcriptionists
46
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
48
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
60
80.3
2.6
1.8
26.7Phlebotomists
101
66.0
27.6
2.8
19.0Other healthcare support workers
147
65.5
23.6
7.1
23.6Protective service occupations
3,024
74.5
19.4
2.5
15.9First-line supervisors of correctional officers
51
63.6
30.6
2.0
11.1First-line supervisors of police and detectives
100
89.2
7.5
2.3
14.0First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
33
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of security workers
68
70.5
20.9
3.9
11.6First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
7
-
-
-
-Firefighters
335
85.0
8.4
1.2
13.1Fire inspectors
27
-
-
-
-Bailiffs
18
-
-
-
-Correctional officers and jailers
346
60.9
32.9
2.7
12.8Detectives and criminal investigators
159
82.8
13.9
0.7
17.0Fish and game wardens
4
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
12
-
-
-
-Police officers
758
85.0
10.9
1.9
14.7Animal control workers
8
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
90
71.6
21.9
3.8
16.2Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
800
61.0
31.1
3.9
19.6Crossing guards and flaggers
46
-
-
-
-Transportation security screeners
42
-
-
-
-School bus monitors
17
-
-
-
-Other protective service workers
102
85.7
2.9
2.3
16.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
6,556
74.8
13.9
6.4
27.3Chefs and head cooks
383
65.2
14.7
16.7
24.4First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
466
76.2
16.4
3.7
22.6Cooks
1,763
74.3
16.0
5.4
36.0Food preparation workers
808
74.5
13.6
6.8
29.2Bartenders
301
87.3
5.2
2.1
16.7Fast food and counter workers
655
72.2
16.6
5.0
22.6Waiters and waitresses
1,388
75.8
11.3
7.2
22.1Food servers, nonrestaurant
157
68.6
18.8
7.7
22.0Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
231
73.1
15.3
8.2
27.3Dishwashers
184
77.2
12.7
4.4
37.6Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
218
81.3
9.4
3.5
21.7Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
3
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,084
78.2
14.2
3.1
37.9First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
321
79.6
13.4
3.2
30.9First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
253
84.9
7.8
3.2
25.1Janitors and building cleaners
2,043
74.7
17.0
3.9
33.6Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,163
73.7
17.3
4.1
46.1Pest control workers
112
85.3
6.2
0.5
30.9Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
1,066
85.6
9.0
1.0
44.5Tree trimmers and pruners
109
88.0
7.7
0.1
21.6Other grounds maintenance workers
17
-
-
-
-Personal care and service occupations
3,399
72.8
13.2
10.1
16.1Supervisors of personal care and service workers
237
68.7
10.3
16.2
13.9Animal trainers
72
88.5
7.5
0.0
12.7Animal caretakers
272
90.0
4.7
1.7
13.9Gambling services workers
64
49.2
14.5
25.3
15.5Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
22
-
-
-
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
144
78.8
10.0
6.2
12.6Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
14
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
19
-
-
-
-Barbers
102
64.9
28.2
4.1
31.2Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
646
77.5
14.4
5.1
14.6Manicurists and pedicurists
214
14.2
6.9
76.7
7.3Skincare specialists
72
72.9
4.7
15.9
22.2Other personal appearance workers
19
-
-
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
60
61.1
24.6
8.6
33.7Tour and travel guides
47
-
-
-
-Childcare workers
928
76.6
16.1
3.8
21.6Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
202
83.0
11.9
2.1
10.1Recreation workers
131
79.8
12.6
2.4
10.4Residential advisors
33
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
102
71.6
15.8
6.9
10.4Sales and office occupations
29,726
78.7
12.5
5.1
17.3Sales and related occupations
14,168
80.2
10.6
5.5
17.1First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,067
80.3
9.4
6.3
15.3First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,176
84.7
6.7
6.8
14.2Cashiers
2,552
71.1
17.1
6.3
25.5Counter and rental clerks
69
82.2
10.8
1.5
13.9Parts salespersons
119
89.2
8.2
1.1
11.6Retail salespersons
2,751
78.7
12.2
4.5
18.5Advertising sales agents
141
89.6
5.5
2.4
16.4Insurance sales agents
641
79.9
10.8
5.7
14.0Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
242
85.2
4.3
9.0
8.2Travel agents
51
85.0
7.3
7.3
5.4Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
563
85.4
7.7
4.9
12.1Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,217
88.8
4.5
4.2
13.6Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
28
-
-
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,037
84.9
7.9
5.0
14.5Sales engineers
35
-
-
-
-Telemarketers
48
-
-
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
114
81.9
13.3
1.5
22.4Sales and related workers, all other
317
79.6
12.6
4.4
13.8Office and administrative support occupations
15,558
77.4
14.3
4.7
17.4First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,273
80.6
12.8
3.9
13.6Switchboard operators, including answering service
12
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
23
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
8
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
98
72.1
23.9
2.1
15.8Billing and posting clerks
434
74.7
15.5
4.8
15.3Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,179
86.5
7.7
4.0
14.2Gambling cage workers
13
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
146
81.6
10.2
3.4
12.4Procurement clerks
34
-
-
-
-Tellers
279
82.5
12.2
3.7
17.7Financial clerks, all other
103
80.8
8.2
7.3
13.1Brokerage clerks
6
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
4
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
76
69.5
23.1
2.7
12.1Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
55
80.0
7.8
7.8
17.1Customer service representatives
2,404
73.1
17.7
4.9
19.6Eligibility interviewers, government programs
82
61.5
20.7
11.4
26.8File clerks
161
83.0
8.8
5.6
16.0Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
91
69.1
21.9
3.0
27.7Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
208
72.1
20.5
3.4
18.1Library assistants, clerical
65
82.8
10.3
5.7
9.0Loan interviewers and clerks
151
71.8
19.4
6.1
18.0New accounts clerks
24
-
-
-
-Order clerks
113
76.4
9.5
6.1
19.6Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
44
-
-
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,147
78.8
12.6
3.6
22.2Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
108
59.1
26.1
7.7
17.8Information and record clerks, all other
113
78.7
16.4
1.7
26.3Cargo and freight agents
24
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
578
69.9
21.1
4.4
23.1Public safety telecommunicators
104
89.1
10.1
0.4
13.4Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
205
75.2
16.3
2.5
19.0Meter readers, utilities
25
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
91
49.5
38.4
9.6
10.2Postal service mail carriers
312
72.7
18.7
6.8
13.6Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
66
49.0
31.1
18.7
6.1Production, planning, and expediting clerks
244
78.8
11.5
4.6
15.2Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
572
72.6
19.1
4.0
26.8Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
58
74.3
20.5
1.7
20.8Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
196
83.0
12.8
3.3
9.8Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
54
83.3
9.7
4.5
13.2Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
72
81.2
8.2
7.6
18.5Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
2,080
83.8
10.3
3.2
13.8Data entry keyers
228
72.2
17.6
5.1
15.8Word processors and typists
44
-
-
-
-Desktop publishers
0
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
236
74.8
17.5
5.7
17.3Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
62
70.8
21.0
4.2
20.0Office clerks, general
1,227
77.5
11.8
7.0
19.6Office machine operators, except computer
22
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
4
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
65
70.1
9.8
17.4
6.7Office and administrative support workers, all other
535
74.7
16.1
5.3
15.7Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
13,357
86.7
7.5
2.1
31.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,045
90.0
4.3
1.6
43.0First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
53
89.5
4.7
2.8
27.6Agricultural inspectors
14
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
4
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
36
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
834
90.5
4.2
1.0
47.2Fishing and hunting workers
35
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-
-
-
-Logging workers
47
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
7,710
87.8
7.0
1.6
35.7First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
737
89.9
5.8
1.1
25.4Boilermakers
19
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
113
86.8
8.8
1.0
44.1Carpenters
1,114
87.9
6.9
1.9
35.5Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
172
93.7
2.5
1.1
53.2Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
55
82.9
8.4
1.3
53.3Construction laborers
1,902
86.6
8.0
1.4
46.0Construction equipment operators
359
85.3
9.9
0.5
17.8Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
165
89.2
1.0
2.8
73.1Electricians
901
87.8
7.6
1.7
23.8Glaziers
45
-
-
-
-Insulation workers
53
86.0
9.6
2.4
54.5Painters and paperhangers
524
90.0
5.4
0.6
51.2Pipelayers
49
-
-
-
-Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
537
88.1
6.9
1.7
24.5Plasterers and stucco masons
24
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
-
-
-Roofers
210
86.9
5.1
1.4
53.2Sheet metal workers
123
87.3
4.5
3.2
13.4Structural iron and steel workers
47
-
-
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
20
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
47
-
-
-
-Construction and building inspectors
116
88.2
3.5
4.5
12.4Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
19
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
36
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
31
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
102
85.2
10.5
0.7
11.0Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
5
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
7
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
22
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
22
-
-
-
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
5
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
25
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
6
-
-
-
-Underground mining machine operators
39
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
6
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
50
91.8
2.3
0.4
26.1Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,602
84.0
9.1
3.1
20.8First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
226
85.7
7.2
2.5
12.4Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
190
80.5
5.5
9.1
19.9Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
140
71.5
16.8
6.3
16.8Avionics technicians
9
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
19
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
3
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
9
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-
-
-
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
29
-
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
63
77.4
9.6
3.2
34.4Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
153
84.3
10.8
3.2
23.0Automotive body and related repairers
121
87.4
7.3
2.2
27.9Automotive glass installers and repairers
15
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
750
82.8
9.1
3.5
28.3Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
357
85.1
7.4
3.1
18.1Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
191
93.7
3.7
0.8
19.1Small engine mechanics
48
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
84
89.8
7.1
2.1
27.7Control and valve installers and repairers
28
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
450
81.5
12.1
3.1
21.7Home appliance repairers
38
-
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
399
86.1
9.5
2.5
14.5Maintenance and repair workers, general
584
83.9
10.7
1.8
20.6Maintenance workers, machinery
24
-
-
-
-Millwrights
57
95.6
1.3
1.1
5.8Electrical power-line installers and repairers
127
89.4
5.5
0.8
10.6Telecommunications line installers and repairers
131
83.4
12.0
0.9
22.4Precision instrument and equipment repairers
73
72.9
12.8
9.8
5.9Wind turbine service technicians
5
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
29
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
6
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
28
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-
-
-
-Riggers
7
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
16
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
183
84.2
8.5
3.0
30.4Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,215
74.6
16.7
4.8
23.8Production occupations
7,590
77.8
13.1
5.6
23.6First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
748
79.5
13.7
4.2
17.7Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
4
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
91
59.5
12.4
18.0
17.2Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
21
-
-
-
-Other assemblers and fabricators
872
69.0
18.7
8.1
20.7Bakers
235
77.0
11.8
6.7
26.9Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
266
75.1
16.2
5.5
40.1Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
10
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
94
86.9
7.2
2.8
27.6Food cooking machine operators and tenders
13
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
125
71.4
17.9
7.1
36.0Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
105
88.9
7.3
3.3
14.5Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
28
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
72
78.0
18.7
2.7
22.8Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
41
-
-
-
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
-
-
-Machinists
290
91.7
4.1
3.1
13.2Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
21
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
8
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
37
-
-
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
520
86.9
7.4
2.7
23.1Other metal workers and plastic workers
341
75.2
16.7
4.6
26.0Prepress technicians and workers
13
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
128
83.7
7.3
5.8
18.4Print binding and finishing workers
17
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
120
58.0
25.6
10.0
26.7Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
25
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
131
73.5
12.6
10.8
36.9Shoe and leather workers
12
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
64
66.7
3.9
28.5
22.3Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
24
-
-
-
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
13
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
50
91.5
6.4
1.3
27.2Furniture finishers
13
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
28
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
13
-
-
-
-Other woodworkers
23
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
41
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
56
77.5
14.4
4.9
10.7Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
112
88.9
8.4
0.9
8.6Miscellaneous plant and system operators
43
-
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
49
-
-
-
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
81.6
16.3
1.1
19.2Cutting workers
54
86.9
9.4
2.3
26.2Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
23
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
12
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
751
77.2
11.4
7.6
20.6Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
48
-
-
-
-Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
74
91.0
4.4
4.6
17.0Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
252
69.9
20.8
4.1
41.2Painting workers
148
87.0
7.8
1.5
32.2Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
10
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
11
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
5
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
26
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-
-
-
-Tire builders
2
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
38
-
-
-
-Other production equipment operators and tenders
8
-
-
-
-Other production workers
1,046
74.0
15.3
6.2
27.2Transportation and material moving occupations
10,625
72.3
19.4
4.2
23.9Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
265
73.8
14.8
5.7
23.2Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
155
94.0
3.4
2.2
5.0Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
38
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
81
65.0
19.3
10.6
10.3Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
10
-
-
-
-Bus drivers, school
201
73.0
21.5
1.9
7.9Bus drivers, transit and intercity
187
56.1
37.0
3.6
17.7Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,364
76.9
16.8
2.9
22.6Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
88
61.6
24.5
12.6
24.9Taxi drivers
327
57.9
27.7
11.9
25.3Motor vehicle operators, all other
143
71.8
17.8
9.6
17.0Locomotive engineers and operators
55
73.5
18.6
3.0
22.6Railroad conductors and yardmasters
40
-
-
-
-Other rail transportation workers
12
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
31
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
3
-
-
-
-Parking attendants
53
59.7
34.0
3.7
30.2Transportation service attendants
93
67.8
16.6
12.6
10.2Transportation inspectors
35
-
-
-
-Passenger attendants
21
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
25
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
54
93.5
5.9
0.1
10.1Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
30
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
553
66.5
25.5
2.5
31.2Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
344
73.9
19.2
3.7
34.6Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,995
72.2
18.6
4.0
28.0Machine feeders and offbearers
11
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
640
63.0
25.9
8.0
32.5Stockers and order fillers
1,570
70.4
19.9
3.9
22.3Pumping station operators
20
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
98
68.9
27.9
1.3
31.4Other material moving workers
62
79.0
18.6
0.0
14.3Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Industry and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
147,795
115,341
17,873
9,437
25,952Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.6
1.9
0.4
0.3
2.2Mining
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4Construction
7.3
8.3
3.6
2.3
12.5Manufacturing
9.8
10.1
8.3
10.8
9.7Durable goods
6.2
6.4
4.9
7.1
5.4Nondurable goods
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.7
4.3Wholesale and retail trade
12.8
12.9
12.5
11.4
13.5Wholesale trade
2.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
2.4Retail trade
10.6
10.5
10.8
9.5
11.1Transportation and utilities
5.8
5.4
8.9
4.9
6.5Information
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.7
1.3Financial activities
7.2
7.3
6.2
8.9
5.3Professional and business services
12.7
12.7
10.5
19.0
11.7Education and health services
23.1
22.4
28.3
22.6
17.3Leisure and hospitality
7.8
7.5
8.2
7.7
10.7Other services
4.6
4.6
3.9
5.5
5.1Other services, except private households
4.1
4.1
3.5
5.1
4.2Other services, private households
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.9Public administration
5.1
4.8
7.4
3.6
3.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
78,560
62,446
8,392
5,041
14,857Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.2
2.5
0.6
0.4
2.9Mining
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.7Construction
12.2
13.6
7.0
3.4
20.3Manufacturing
13.1
13.3
12.0
12.9
11.5Durable goods
8.7
8.9
7.3
9.1
6.9Nondurable goods
4.4
4.4
4.7
3.8
4.6Wholesale and retail trade
13.5
13.4
14.7
12.5
13.1Wholesale trade
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.2
3.0Retail trade
10.5
10.2
12.2
10.3
10.1Transportation and utilities
8.3
7.7
13.5
7.0
8.8Information
2.0
1.9
1.8
3.3
1.4Financial activities
6.5
6.6
5.2
8.7
4.3Professional and business services
14.0
13.8
11.8
21.8
12.1Education and health services
11.0
10.4
13.9
14.6
7.0Leisure and hospitality
7.2
6.9
8.4
7.7
9.7Other services
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.7Other services, except private households
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
4.6Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1Public administration
5.1
5.0
6.7
3.6
3.5Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
69,234
52,895
9,481
4,396
11,095Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.2
0.2
0.2
1.3Mining
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.1Construction
1.7
1.9
0.6
1.0
2.0Manufacturing
6.2
6.2
5.1
8.5
7.4Durable goods
3.3
3.3
2.7
4.9
3.5Nondurable goods
2.9
2.9
2.4
3.6
3.8Wholesale and retail trade
12.1
12.4
10.5
10.3
14.1Wholesale trade
1.5
1.6
0.9
1.6
1.8Retail trade
10.6
10.8
9.6
8.6
12.3Transportation and utilities
3.0
2.6
4.9
2.6
3.4Information
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.2Financial activities
8.0
8.2
7.1
9.0
6.6Professional and business services
11.2
11.3
9.2
15.8
11.2Education and health services
36.7
36.6
41.0
31.7
31.1Leisure and hospitality
8.4
8.3
8.0
7.6
11.9Other services
5.1
5.2
3.7
7.3
5.7Other services, except private households
4.3
4.3
3.2
6.5
3.7Other services, private households
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
1.9Public administration
5.0
4.5
8.0
3.8
4.1Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
83,144
65,324
10,183
5,153
13,369With at least one family member employed
64,995
50,925
7,713
4,365
11,245As a percent of total families
78.2
78.0
75.7
84.7
84.1With at least one family member unemployed
8,124
5,858
1,360
560
1,906As a percent of total families
9.8
9.0
13.4
10.9
14.3Some family member(s) employed
5,492
4,097
776
401
1,290As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
67.6
69.9
57.1
71.6
67.7Some family member(s) employed full time
4,869
3,644
676
358
1,150As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
59.9
62.2
49.7
63.9
60.3Married-couple families1
61,375
50,860
4,779
4,270
8,400With at least one family member employed
48,279
39,614
3,785
3,631
7,239As a percent of total families
78.7
77.9
79.2
85.0
86.2With at least one family member unemployed
5,292
4,114
555
437
1,142As a percent of total families
8.6
8.1
11.6
10.2
13.6Some family member(s) employed
4,031
3,154
402
327
848As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
76.2
76.7
72.5
74.9
74.3Some family member(s) employed full time
3,623
2,837
359
293
767As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
68.5
69.0
64.8
67.1
67.1Families maintained by women2
14,826
9,484
4,160
516
3,224With at least one family member employed
11,089
7,202
2,987
422
2,516As a percent of total families
74.8
75.9
71.8
81.9
78.0With at least one family member unemployed
1,890
1,123
606
64
494As a percent of total families
12.7
11.8
14.6
12.5
15.3Some family member(s) employed
943
583
282
36
269As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
49.9
51.9
46.5
56.4
54.6Some family member(s) employed full time
782
481
235
32
225As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
41.4
42.9
38.8
49.5
45.5Families maintained by men2
6,943
4,980
1,245
367
1,745With at least one family member employed
5,627
4,109
942
312
1,490As a percent of total families
81.1
82.5
75.7
85.0
85.4With at least one family member unemployed
942
621
199
59
270As a percent of total families
13.6
12.5
16.0
16.0
15.5Some family member(s) employed
518
360
92
37
172As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
55.0
57.9
46.3
63.4
63.6Some family member(s) employed full time
464
325
82
33
158As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
49.3
52.4
41.0
56.4
58.51 Beginning with data for 2020, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2020, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.2 Beginning with data for 2020, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2020, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present. Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2020 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.22018
56.8
61.7
51.9
56.7
62.1
51.3
56.3
59.1
53.8
57.0
62.0
52.5
60.7
67.8
53.02019
57.0
62.0
52.1
56.9
62.4
51.6
56.4
59.0
54.0
57.7
62.7
53.2
61.3
68.3
53.82020
55.7
60.4
51.0
55.7
60.9
50.5
54.5
56.8
52.5
56.5
61.8
51.7
60.4
67.4
52.9With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.92018
81.3
93.3
71.5
81.7
93.9
71.2
81.6
89.0
77.2
78.0
93.4
65.0
77.4
93.8
63.92019
81.7
93.3
72.3
82.1
94.0
71.9
81.7
88.4
77.6
78.6
93.8
65.8
77.9
93.8
64.92020
80.7
92.3
71.2
81.5
93.4
71.3
79.8
86.0
76.0
77.3
92.5
64.3
76.4
92.6
62.8With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.12018
83.4
92.2
76.4
83.9
93.0
76.1
82.1
87.0
79.5
81.5
92.0
72.9
80.1
93.1
69.72019
83.6
92.0
76.8
84.1
92.9
76.6
82.6
86.0
80.7
81.2
92.1
72.4
80.2
92.6
70.32020
82.5
91.4
75.4
83.3
92.4
75.5
81.7
85.7
79.4
79.7
91.8
69.6
78.5
91.6
67.7With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.32018
78.5
94.5
65.1
78.9
95.1
64.7
80.9
91.4
74.4
73.8
95.0
55.1
74.0
94.6
56.52019
79.4
95.0
66.4
79.6
95.6
65.8
80.5
91.2
73.7
75.2
95.8
57.3
75.1
95.2
58.02020
78.4
93.4
65.8
79.2
94.7
65.6
77.6
86.4
71.8
74.2
93.2
57.2
73.5
93.8
56.2With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.52018
76.9
94.8
61.9
77.4
95.4
61.6
79.0
91.0
71.2
71.2
95.0
50.2
71.2
94.4
51.42019
78.0
95.2
63.5
78.5
95.8
63.1
79.0
91.1
71.0
72.5
95.7
52.0
74.0
95.5
55.22020
77.3
93.5
63.3
78.0
94.8
63.1
75.7
85.9
68.7
74.3
93.5
56.2
71.9
93.6
53.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2020 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.72018
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
6.5
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.7
4.3
5.12019
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
6.1
6.6
5.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.3
4.0
4.72020
8.1
7.8
8.3
7.3
7.0
7.6
11.4
12.1
10.9
8.7
7.8
9.6
10.4
9.7
11.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–20 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.42018
6.6
6.9
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.5
6.0
5.12019
6.1
6.5
5.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
5.4
5.22020
11.7
12.5
10.8
8.9
9.0
8.7
11.6
11.1
12.2Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
12,947
9,090
2,304
894
3,018Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
28.6
30.0
25.7
22.6
29.85 to 14 weeks
36.5
37.0
34.5
37.5
36.415 to 26 weeks
19.4
18.7
20.9
22.5
19.127 weeks and over
15.4
14.3
18.9
17.5
14.7Average (mean) duration, in weeks1
16.5
15.7
19.3
18.4
15.6Median duration, in weeks
9.7
9.3
11.0
11.2
9.6Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,644
4,725
1,150
427
1,598Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
28.6
29.9
25.1
23.3
30.25 to 14 weeks
35.5
35.9
33.0
37.7
36.515 to 26 weeks
19.4
18.5
21.7
21.4
18.527 weeks and over
16.5
15.7
20.2
17.5
14.8Average (mean) duration, in weeks1
17.1
16.5
20.0
18.1
15.7Median duration, in weeks
9.9
9.5
11.7
11.0
9.5Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,304
4,365
1,155
467
1,421Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
28.7
30.0
26.2
21.9
29.35 to 14 weeks
37.6
38.2
36.0
37.2
36.315 to 26 weeks
19.5
18.9
20.1
23.4
19.727 weeks and over
14.2
12.9
17.7
17.4
14.7Average (mean) duration, in weeks1
15.8
14.8
18.7
18.7
15.5Median duration, in weeks
9.5
9.1
10.3
11.3
9.71 Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
12,947
9,090
2,304
894
3,018Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
75.5
76.6
70.9
77.7
77.0On temporary layoff
49.2
50.9
40.9
55.2
51.3Not on temporary layoff
26.3
25.8
30.0
22.6
25.8Permanent job losers
20.5
20.6
22.2
17.0
19.2Persons who completed temporary jobs
5.7
5.2
7.8
5.6
6.5Job leavers
5.3
5.2
5.5
4.4
4.1Reentrants
15.2
14.4
19.3
12.8
13.8New entrants
4.1
3.7
4.3
5.0
5.1Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,644
4,725
1,150
427
1,598Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
75.9
77.0
71.3
78.2
79.8On temporary layoff
46.2
47.7
37.6
53.2
50.3Not on temporary layoff
29.7
29.3
33.6
25.1
29.5Permanent job losers
22.8
22.8
25.0
19.1
21.8Persons who completed temporary jobs
6.8
6.6
8.6
6.0
7.7Job leavers
5.5
5.6
5.5
4.7
4.0Reentrants
14.3
13.6
18.5
11.6
12.0New entrants
4.2
3.8
4.7
5.4
4.2Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,304
4,365
1,155
467
1,421Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
75.0
76.2
70.5
77.3
73.8On temporary layoff
52.3
54.3
44.1
57.0
52.3Not on temporary layoff
22.6
21.9
26.4
20.3
21.5Permanent job losers
18.0
18.2
19.4
15.1
16.3Persons who completed temporary jobs
4.6
3.7
7.0
5.2
5.2Job leavers
5.0
4.9
5.4
4.1
4.2Reentrants
16.1
15.2
20.1
13.9
15.9New entrants
3.9
3.7
4.0
4.7
6.1Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce1
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached2(available to work now)Total
Discouraged workers3
Other4TotalTotal, 16 years and older
160,742
99,587
7,123
2,535
1,962
574
1,388
92,46416 to 24 years
20,207
17,278
1,914
739
545
136
409
15,36425 to 54 years
102,630
23,416
3,363
1,295
996
301
694
20,05255 years and older
37,905
58,893
1,846
501
421
137
285
57,048Men, 16 years and older
85,204
40,718
3,462
1,296
1,055
343
712
37,25616 to 24 years
10,276
8,545
1,012
395
294
79
215
7,53425 to 54 years
54,675
7,543
1,557
643
538
181
357
5,98655 years and older
20,253
24,630
894
257
222
82
140
23,736Women, 16 years and older
75,538
58,869
3,661
1,239
907
231
676
55,20816 to 24 years
9,931
8,733
903
343
251
57
194
7,83025 to 54 years
47,955
15,873
1,806
651
458
120
338
14,06655 years and older
17,652
34,263
952
244
199
55
144
33,311WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
124,431
76,875
4,811
1,652
1,289
366
923
72,06416 to 24 years
15,418
12,067
1,294
474
348
79
269
10,77325 to 54 years
77,804
16,621
2,162
812
630
190
440
14,46055 years and older
31,208
48,187
1,356
365
311
97
214
46,831Men, 16 years and older
67,171
31,285
2,355
858
700
220
480
28,93016 to 24 years
7,943
5,941
694
260
192
47
145
5,24725 to 54 years
42,224
5,093
994
405
340
113
227
4,09955 years and older
17,003
20,252
668
193
169
60
109
19,584Women, 16 years and older
57,260
45,590
2,456
794
588
146
443
43,13416 to 24 years
7,475
6,126
600
214
156
32
125
5,52625 to 54 years
35,580
11,529
1,168
407
290
77
213
10,36155 years and older
14,205
27,935
688
173
142
37
105
27,247Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
20,177
13,167
1,453
576
457
149
308
11,71516 to 24 years
2,724
2,774
375
164
129
39
90
2,39925 to 54 years
13,588
3,816
765
325
254
81
173
3,05155 years and older
3,865
6,577
313
87
73
28
45
6,264Men, 16 years and older
9,542
5,708
687
286
242
87
155
5,02116 to 24 years
1,309
1,373
191
88
70
23
46
1,18325 to 54 years
6,465
1,604
358
158
137
49
88
1,24655 years and older
1,768
2,731
139
41
35
15
21
2,593Women, 16 years and older
10,635
7,459
765
290
215
62
152
6,69316 to 24 years
1,415
1,400
184
77
60
16
44
1,21625 to 54 years
7,123
2,212
407
167
117
32
84
1,80655 years and older
2,097
3,846
175
46
38
14
24
3,671AsianTotal, 16 years and older
10,331
6,136
483
169
113
30
83
5,65316 to 24 years
904
1,358
109
44
28
8
21
1,24925 to 54 years
7,418
1,924
257
92
61
15
46
1,66755 years and older
2,009
2,854
116
33
24
7
17
2,737Men, 16 years and older
5,468
2,240
225
82
56
16
40
2,01516 to 24 years
442
674
55
24
15
4
11
62025 to 54 years
3,960
473
112
42
29
7
22
36155 years and older
1,066
1,092
58
16
12
5
7
1,034Women, 16 years and older
4,863
3,896
258
87
57
14
43
3,63916 to 24 years
462
684
54
20
14
4
10
63025 to 54 years
3,458
1,451
145
50
31
8
24
1,30655 years and older
943
1,762
58
16
12
2
10
1,703Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
28,970
15,213
1,536
513
397
132
265
13,67716 to 24 years
4,721
4,087
451
167
128
38
89
3,63625 to 54 years
19,880
5,386
808
282
214
76
137
4,57855 years and older
4,369
5,740
276
64
55
17
38
5,463Men, 16 years and older
16,455
5,527
714
254
203
77
126
4,81316 to 24 years
2,492
1,951
239
91
70
23
47
1,71225 to 54 years
11,472
1,379
339
130
104
44
60
1,04055 years and older
2,491
2,197
136
33
29
10
19
2,061Women, 16 years and older
12,515
9,686
822
259
194
55
139
8,86416 to 24 years
2,229
2,136
213
76
58
15
42
1,92425 to 54 years
8,408
4,006
469
152
110
32
78
3,53855 years and older
1,878
3,543
140
31
27
7
19
3,4031 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.2 People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.3 Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2020 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
7062020
984
1,003
794
1,310
758Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
7472020
1,082
1,110
830
1,447
797Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
6422020
891
905
764
1,143
705Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.92020
82.3
81.5
92.0
79.0
88.5Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$1,029
$1,056
$830
$1,351
$795Less than a high school diploma
619
626
579
605
601High school graduates, no college1
781
811
685
702
721Some college, no degree
877
912
748
824
820Associate's degree
938
968
797
1,004
852Bachelor's degree and higher2
1,421
1,433
1,166
1,650
1,230Men, 25 years and older
1,144
1,166
879
1,491
836Less than a high school diploma
674
684
605
624
644High school graduates, no college1
881
915
738
784
791Some college, no degree
995
1,022
809
921
933Associate's degree
1,096
1,127
926
1,112
987Bachelor's degree and higher2
1,644
1,668
1,247
1,871
1,371Women, 25 years and older
929
944
794
1,164
733Less than a high school diploma
525
520
522
586
511High school graduates, no college1
671
685
622
617
637Some college, no degree
750
770
698
714
717Associate's degree
809
823
740
878
765Bachelor's degree and higher2
1,239
1,239
1,129
1,440
1,1251 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$984
$1,003
$794
$1,310
$758Management, professional, and related occupations
1,356
1,357
1,125
1,725
1,153Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,461
1,482
1,211
1,768
1,180Management occupations
1,541
1,559
1,256
1,899
1,198Business and financial operations occupations
1,363
1,367
1,145
1,625
1,162Professional and related occupations
1,270
1,263
1,079
1,672
1,130Computer and mathematical occupations
1,633
1,589
1,352
1,904
1,330Architecture and engineering occupations
1,575
1,578
1,261
1,788
1,454Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,336
1,334
1,188
1,426
1,338Community and social services occupations
1,003
1,004
990
1,134
998Legal occupations
1,540
1,581
1,398
1,501
1,008Education, training, and library occupations
1,096
1,100
1,017
1,256
1,028Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,179
1,204
1,008
1,245
988Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,227
1,236
1,030
1,582
1,113Service occupations
621
636
584
649
589Healthcare support occupations
606
616
575
699
580Protective service occupations
982
1,046
725
911
926Food preparation and serving related occupations
530
533
497
582
552Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
603
610
562
634
581Personal care and service occupations
616
616
633
608
542Sales and office occupations
809
829
711
907
723Sales and related occupations
880
925
653
931
709Office and administrative support occupations
781
790
735
892
730Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
905
911
834
935
759Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
589
597
510
569
561Construction and extraction occupations
906
915
740
976
778Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
984
989
960
986
853Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
746
768
685
689
675Production occupations
775
800
698
703
688Transportation and material moving occupations
719
734
675
665
659Men, 16 years and older
$1,082
$1,110
$830
$1,447
$797Management, professional, and related occupations
1,578
1,599
1,232
1,883
1,316Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,667
1,725
1,240
1,908
1,262Management occupations
1,737
1,756
1,262
2,190
1,253Business and financial operations occupations
1,550
1,576
1,190
1,771
1,310Professional and related occupations
1,532
1,529
1,228
1,867
1,362Computer and mathematical occupations
1,738
1,698
1,374
1,997
1,375Architecture and engineering occupations
1,626
1,625
1,272
1,846
1,467Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,450
1,455
1,008
1,644
1,404Community and social services occupations
1,103
1,126
1,026
1,224
1,115Legal occupations
2,275
2,293
1,914
1,917
1,880Education, training, and library occupations
1,327
1,328
1,195
1,403
1,254Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,252
1,265
1,007
1,259
1,159Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,506
1,530
1,209
1,703
1,307Service occupations
704
723
624
706
629Healthcare support occupations
640
645
590
763
609Protective service occupations
1,043
1,116
764
912
978Food preparation and serving related occupations
570
575
517
614
587Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
651
657
613
661
612Personal care and service occupations
740
755
697
877
613Sales and office occupations
956
990
756
961
784Sales and related occupations
1,046
1,118
721
1,051
814Office and administrative support occupations
868
886
777
883
760Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
917
925
848
959
774Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
608
618
441
626
571Construction and extraction occupations
910
920
739
978
781Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
991
996
962
1,024
859Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
796
823
718
744
711Production occupations
841
869
734
774
730Transportation and material moving occupations
759
777
706
699
695Women, 16 years and older
$891
$905
$764
$1,143
$705Management, professional, and related occupations
1,164
1,160
1,071
1,499
1,043Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,274
1,273
1,191
1,542
1,105Management occupations
1,347
1,350
1,253
1,571
1,133Business and financial operations occupations
1,209
1,185
1,119
1,527
1,069Professional and related occupations
1,121
1,115
1,005
1,481
1,010Computer and mathematical occupations
1,423
1,352
1,236
1,744
1,225Architecture and engineering occupations
1,382
1,361
1,010
1,592
1,378Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,202
1,190
1,574
1,263
1,230Community and social services occupations
976
967
978
1,041
946Legal occupations
1,252
1,243
1,319
1,344
934Education, training, and library occupations
1,026
1,029
959
1,196
967Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,128
1,135
1,010
1,236
927Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,153
1,162
999
1,522
1,055Service occupations
574
578
551
600
535Healthcare support occupations
600
611
571
691
569Protective service occupations
768
860
685
888
763Food preparation and serving related occupations
506
509
462
532
517Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
511
515
487
521
504Personal care and service occupations
591
596
586
580
520Sales and office occupations
746
755
695
870
692Sales and related occupations
715
741
618
817
624Office and administrative support occupations
756
760
721
900
717Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
682
653
782
715
582Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
528
523
729
559
531Construction and extraction occupations
796
806
756
517
614Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
801
782
938
732
763Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
614
612
615
602
586Production occupations
630
632
633
604
586Transportation and material moving occupations
600
594
604
600
586Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
The *employed* are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment* refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment* refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
*Job losers,* comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
*Job leavers*, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
*Reentrants*, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
*New entrants*, people who had never worked.The *civilian labor force* includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
The *labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *employment-population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. Beginning with data in 2020, the occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.2
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. The detailed classifications include Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, South American, and Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino. The Central American category includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans). The Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino category also includes two subcategories—Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.3
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
The *median of usual weekly earnings* reflects the midpoint in an earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
A *family* is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
*Families maintained by women* and *families maintained by men* are made up of householders residing with one or more family members but no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.
*Children* refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both *sampling error* and *nonsampling error*. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.4
1 Additional information about these classification systems is available online; see “Occupational and industry classifications used in the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
3 See Bowler, et al, https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf. Facebook
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