Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 15

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

Joint Local Labor- Joint Local Labor- Joint Local Labormanagement Safety and management Safety and

Health Committee Health Committee Health Committee

Provisions in Private ovisions in Private ovisions in Private

Sector Collective Sector Collective Sector Collective

Bargaining Bargaining Bargaining Agreements eements eements

Clauses involving joint local safety and health committees

were found in 219 (29 percent) of 744 large private sector collective bargaining agreements expiring between

August 1997 and July 2007. The most common occupational health responsibility of joint local committees is to

conduct ergonomic studies.

Pain, suffering, temporary and

permanent incapacitation, and

the premature loss of life are the

major dimensions of occupational accidents and illnesses.1 The economic

costs include workers’ compensation

expenditures, litigation expenses, lost

productivity, and damage to property

and other assets. In 1997, there were

1.7 million work-related injuries and illnesses that required recuperation away

from work or restricted duties at work,

or both.2

Employee safety and health committees are mechanisms that employers can

use to help prevent accidents and illnesses. These committees can function as important channels in communicating with employees about safety

and health issues. Safety committees

also can be used to obtain active employee involvement in preventing occupational accidents and health hazard exposures.

In unionized settings, some employers and unions use collective bargaining to establish formal labor-management safety and health committees. The

extent to which these committees have

been actuated in collective bargaining

agreements is unknown. The purposes

of this study are to investigate the

prevalence of safety and health committees in current collective bargaining

agreements and to identify the functions and operating characteristics of

the committees.

Prior research

A 1976 study examined the prevalence

of 26 safety and health subjects in major collective bargaining agreements.

The data source was a Bureau of Labor

Statistics’ (BLS) file of 1,724 major collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 or more workers.3 The conGEORGE R. GRAY

DONALD W. MYERS

PHYLLIS S. MYERS

George R. Gray is an associate professor,

Donald W. Myers is a professor, and Phyllis

S. Myers is the director of the Center for

Insurance Studies in the School of Business

at Virginia Commonwealth University in

Richmond. The authors’ views are their own

and do not necessarily reflect those of the

Bureau of Labor Statistics or the U.S. Department of Labor.

Telephone: Gray (804) 828-1732

D. Myers (804) 828-7122

P. Myers (804) 828-1486

E-mail: ggray@busnet.bus.vcu.edu

dmyers@busnet.bus.vcu.edu

psmyers@vcu.edu
16 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

tracts covered 7.9 million workers, or

about one-half of all workers included

in collective bargaining agreements in

the industries studied. The contracts

were in effect during mid-1974, with

most of them remaining in effect in 1975

and beyond. Safety and health committee provisions were among the 26

subjects studied.

Four hundred sixty-seven agreements contained provisions for joint

labor-management safety and health

committees. The number of workers

covered by contracts with these provisions was 3.2 million, or 36 percent of

all the workers covered by the agreements.

Following are the committee-related

topics and the frequencies with which

they appeared in the 467 agreements:

• units represented by the committee (29 percent)

• committee membership (20 percent)

• frequency of committee meetings (20 percent)

• compensation of committee members (14 percent)

• ex-officio assignment to the committee (5 percent)

• eligibility for committee membership (3 percent)

• term of service on the committee

(2 percent)

 Twenty-nine percent of the 467

agreements contained one or more

clauses concerning specific roles of the

committees. Following are the specified roles contained in the agreements

and the frequencies of their appearance:

• advises and recommends safety

rules and practices (19 percent)

• inspects and investigates conditions (14 percent)

• promotes safe working conditions (8 percent)

• implements and enforces safety

rules (4 percent)

• determines safety programs and

rules (3 percent)

 Three percent of the contracts included prohibitions of specific committee activities.

Contemporary occupational safety

and health environment

Many changes have occurred in the

occupational safety and health field

during the 24 years that have elapsed

since the 1976 study. Increased employee involvement in safety and

health issues is one of the major

changes. Some of these involvement

initiatives are due to legislative requirements, such as the nonmandatory employee involvement requirements in

process safety management under Section 304 of the Clean Air Act.4 Other

government action motivating management initiatives to increase employee

involvement includes the Hazard Communication Standard, issued in 1983 by

the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Several State laws mandate the

creation of workplace safety and health

committees. Oregon, for example, requires employers to establish safety

committees if they have more than 10

employees; if they have fewer than 10

employees, but their lost workday rate

is among the top 10 percent in the industry; or if their workers’ compensation premiums are among the top 25

percent in the industry.5 Other States

that require the establishment of employee safety and health committees

include North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Nebraska.

Increased awareness by both employers and union representatives of

workplace dangers to employee health,

particularly due to biological, ergonomic, and chemical hazards, has led

to increased employee involvement in

reducing occupational health hazard

exposures. Within the past 10 years,

the growing incidence of occupational

ergonomic disease, particularly due to

cumulative trauma hazards, has motivated some employers to fundamentally change the design of some workplaces, the methods of accomplishing

work, and the selection and training of

workers.

Concerns about legal liabilities ensuing from occupational injuries and

illnesses, as well as the growing awareness of viable measures to prevent injuries and illnesses, have increased the

perception of the value of worker involvement in maintaining a healthy

workforce. These and other changes

in the internal and external environment

affecting worker occupational safety

and health warrant a contemporary

analysis of the role of joint labor-management safety and health committees

in collective bargaining agreements.

The survey

The database utilized for this study is

the file of approximately 1,200 private

sector collective bargaining agreements

currently maintained by BLS. This file

includes virtually all agreements in the

private sector covering 1,000 workers

or more. To provide a current view of

how safety and health issues are being

formalized in collective bargaining

agreements, only contracts expiring

between August 1997 and July 2007

(the latest expiration date in the file)

were included in the study. This resulted in a survey of 744 agreements.

The firms in the survey represent large

employers, as measured by number of

employees covered by the respective

labor agreements. The number of workers covered by the 744 individual agreements ranges from 650 to 215,000.

Prevalence of joint labor-management safety and health committees

Two hundred and nineteen (29 percent)

of the 744 agreements contain provisions for joint local labor-management

safety and health committees (joint local safety and health committees). (See

table 1.) The transportation equipment

industry has the largest number of

workers covered by joint local safety

and health committees. The industries

with the second and third largest number of contracts calling for these com-
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 17

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

mittees are the primary metal industry

and the health services industry, respectively.

Joint local safety and health committees

After a review of the various clauses

pertaining to joint local safety and

health committees in the 219 agreements, 23 subjects were identified for

study. The 23 subjects were grouped

into these four categories:

• preparing and compensating members for working on committees

• issues related to committee meetings

• committee work involving occupational health

• committee responsibilities in conducting inspections and evaluating safety and health programs

In addition to these four categories,

an “other” category was included consisting of 13 subjects that appeared less

frequently than the 23 provisions discussed in the four categories.

As shown in table 2, the number of

contracts with joint local committees

and the numbers of workers covered

by the contracts vary considerably

among industries. Two types of analyses are conducted to facilitate an understanding of the interactions

among the industries, number of contracts, provisions, and covered workers. First, with the exception of the

“other” category, the number of contracts, both overall and by industry, is

reported and discussed by the specific

categories of the committee clauses.

Second, and also with the exception of

the “other” category, the numbers of

workers covered by the 23 provisions

are analyzed.

Preparing and compensating

committee members

Four clauses were identified and analyzed relating to the preparation and

payment of members for joint local committee work. These provisions address

the training of members for their work

on the committee, the payment of members for the time and other expenses

related to the training needed to perform committee work, the procedures

used to pay members for committee

work, and the granting of permission

for members to work overtime on committee work. (See table 2.)

Forty-one (19 percent) of the 219

contracts have provisions related to

committee member training. Provisions

for paid training time are in 114 (52 percent) of the agreements. One hundred

forty-nine (68 percent) of the agreements have provisions regarding the

payment of members for committee

work. In a somewhat related area, 43

(20 percent) of the agreements have

provisions related to members working

overtime on committee work.

There are some differences among

the agreements in the language used

to describe these provisions. Summaries of typical contract terms are provided below to highlight the variation

in focus, depth, and breadth with which

these issues are treated in the agreements.

Member training. Clauses involving

member training include receiving training from the employers’ representatives (such as safety personnel), conducting training for employees, and

reviewing or preparing training programs for employees. Also included in

clauses on this subject are committee

roles in training new employees in

safety and health matters and formally

introducing new employees to committee members during orientation.

Paid training time. This clause includes provisions to pay committee

members for time they spend getting

training. Also included in this area are

payments to providers of courses that

enable committee members to improve

their skills, thereby facilitating their

contributions to committee work.

Paid committee work time. Provisions

on this subject include specifying a set

number of days per month or other period for which members will be paid for

committee work. Typically, the number

of paid days or hours of committee

member time spent on committee work

increases with the number of employees at the workplace. For example, a

clause may specify that 2 days per

month will be granted to each committee member for every 250 employees at

the workplace. These clauses also include providing transportation for committee members in the course of their

committee work. Paid time usually includes time spent at committee meetings, investigating accidents, conducting inspections, and performing other

committee activities.

Work overtime on committee ork overtime on committee. None

of the agreements with clauses pertaining to the payment of overtime for committee work specifies the manner in

which that overtime will be authorized.

Typically, the wording states that any

overtime work necessary for the accomplishment of committee activities shall

be compensated.

Industry variations. The two provisions involving the training of committee members (member training and paid

time for training) should be considered

together. For example, most contracts

provide for the compensation of committee members for any training they

receive. In three industries—heavy

construction, except building; food

stores; and health services—there are

contract provisions for member training, but none of the contracts has provisions for paid training. Other industries, such as textile mill products,

apparel and other textile products, fabricated metal products, trucking and

warehousing, and communications,

have contract provisions mandating

paid training for committee members,

but do not discuss the nature of the

training. In six industries, none of the

contracts has a provision addressing

either member training or payment for

training committee members. This omission does not necessarily mean that the

joint local committee members in those

industries are not trained, but it might

be expected that, if training is considered important, some provision for it

would be present in the local agree-
18 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

ment. In five industries, none of the

agreements has a provision regarding

the compensation of members for committee work. In addition, none of the

contracts in 16 industries has a clause

regarding the compensation of members for committee work performed on

an overtime basis.

Joint local committee meetings

Three provisions pertaining to committee meetings were identified for analysis. These provisions are the frequency

of meetings, the maintenance of minutes for committee meetings, and the

use of subcommittees. (See table 3.)

Meeting frequency. Committees typically have considerable latitude as to

how often they meet, from as often as

needed to annually. One hundred sixtyfive (75 percent) of the 219 contracts

have provisions regarding the frequency of committee meetings. One

hundred twenty-nine (59 percent) of

the contracts provide for monthly meetings. Thirteen contracts provide for

quarterly meetings. More frequent

meetings, such as weekly or semimonthly, were provided for in a very

small number of agreements. An

equally small number of contracts provided for less frequent meetings, such

as semiannually or annually. Three percent of the contracts specify meeting

“periodically,” which was typically expressed in terms of meeting as needed.

Fifty-four (25 percent) of the agreements did not contain any reference to

the frequency of meetings for the joint

local committees. The relative frequency of local committee meetings is

indicative of their focus on tactical

matters affecting the safety and health

of workers.

Minutes of committee meetings are

covered in 32 (15 percent) of the contracts. Minutes help committee members expedite and track their work.

Also, minutes provide a historical account of events and, thus, can be used

to research matters discussed or resolved in the past. Also, items requiring future action or placed in a pending status can be reviewed at future

dates. Minutes can be used to determine which members have been assigned to handle various action items.

In addition to all of these reasons, minutes are important in preventing committees from losing their momentum

from one meeting to another.

Subcommittees can facilitate the

work of committees if they are properly

organized and the limits of authority

and areas of responsibility are clearly

defined. Provisions regarding the use

of subcommittees are contained in 46

(21 percent) of the contracts.

Following are samples of some of

the terms that appear in the contracts

regarding these provisions.

Maintain minutes. Provisions involving committee minutes include the process of reporting items to be included

in the minutes and the role of minutes

in the committee meeting process.

Clauses also specify who is responsible

for preparing the minutes, the distribution of the minutes, and time limits for

the preparation of the minutes. Some

contracts have provisions granting

union committee representatives the

opportunity to review the minutes and

file any exceptions to them prior to publication and distribution. Clauses on

the subject also deal with the format of

the minutes, including the date of the

committee meeting, names of persons

attending, description of items discussed, the disposition of items, and

any recommendations that may be

made. Some clauses also include procedures for reporting agenda items and

time limits for placing items on the

agenda.

Use of subcommittees. As noted

above, 21 percent of the contracts have

provisions regarding the use of subcommittees to advance committee work.

Some clauses specify that subcommittees be used to address specific issues

that need resolution within a short period. In addition, some agreements

stipulate the use of permanent subcommittees to address specific issues, such

as ergonomic concerns. Other specific

issues for which subcommittees are

used include conducting surveys, such

as vision or hearing screenings.

Industry variations. Industry variations. None of the contracts in three industries—hotels and

other lodging places; auto repair, services, and parking; and legal services—contains any of the three provisions pertaining to committee

meetings: frequency of meetings, maintenance of minutes for committee meetings, or the use of subcommittees.

With the exception of these three industries, all of the other industries appear to be well represented with respect

to contract provisions defining the frequency of joint local committee meetings. With the exception of primary

metal and transportation equipment

industries, provisions regarding the

maintenance of meeting minutes are rare

or nonexistent in all of the other industries. In 17 of the industries, no contract has a provision on maintaining

minutes of meetings. Nine other industries have only one contract that contains provisions for minutes. Seventeen of the industries do not have

provisions regarding the use of subcommittees.

Occupational health responsibilities

Nine provisions related to occupational

health responsibilities of safety committees were identified for analysis.

(See table 4.) The nine provisions and

the incidence with which they appear

in the 219 agreements are:

• ergonomic evaluations/studies

(46 percent)

• hazard communication (44 percent)

• working alone (40 percent)

• counseling of employees (23 percent)

• hygiene surveys (23 percent)

• review of new technology/equipment/facilities (16 percent)

• chemical and air conditions (16

percent)

• drug-free workplace involvement

(13 percent)
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 19

• noise abatement (11 percent)

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

Following are samples of some of

the terms that appear in the contracts

regarding these provisions.

Ergonomic evaluations/studies. Ergonomic evaluations/studies. The

most frequent occupational health item

appearing in the agreements was a

clause authorizing committee action in

conducting studies of working conditions to prevent ergonomic health hazards. This clause included provisions

for evaluating current ergonomic procedures and practices to determine if

they are meeting their intended purposes. (Clauses that dealt with the

general area of safety and health evaluations are discussed later, in a separate

category on the subject.)

Hazard communication. Hazard communication. Hazard communication was the second most frequent subject in the agreements.

Clauses on this topic made specific reference to committee responsibilities

related to the Hazard Communication

Standard issued by the Occupational

Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA). The responsibilities include

reviewing procedures for preparing and

disseminating Material Safety Data

Sheets and for training employees. The

training responsibilities include informing employees about hazardous chemicals and instructing them not only how

to handle and use the chemicals safely,

but also how to react in the event of

accidental spillage or exposure. Contract provisions dealing with chemical

or air hazards, or both, not specifically

referring to the Hazard Communication

Standard, are included in “Chemical

and air conditions” descriptions.

Working alone. orking alone. Forty percent of the

agreements contain clauses for joint

local committee responsibilities in dealing with the issue of employees who

work alone in isolated areas. The isolation could be in a vat or cramped area,

such as inside the tail section of an airplane. Employees working alone in

cramped areas could become lodged

and unable to move or be asphyxiated

due to excessive heat or lack of air.

Other concerns include the danger of

working alone when handling hazardous materials, such as an employee

being overcome by toxic fumes when

he or she is alone cleaning a vat. Some

agreements also express concern regarding the potential for assault or

other forms of workplace violence

against employees working alone.

Counseling of employees. Counseling of employees. Contract

provisions authorizing committee responsibility in counseling employees

on safety and health matters typically

restrict the counseling to such subjects

as the proper methods of lifting and of

using protective equipment and clothing.

Hygiene surveys. Hygiene surveys. Fifty contracts have

clauses outlining committee responsibilities for conducting hygiene surveys. These provisions include conducting surveys for noise abatement,

for ergonomic-related concerns, and for

chemical or air studies, or both. Clauses

were placed into this category, rather

than in the “Chemical and air conditions” or “Noise abatement” categories, when the clause contained the language “hygiene survey.”

Review of new technology/facilities/ Review of new technology/facilities/

equipment. equipment. There is increasing recognition of the importance of including

safety and health considerations in the

implementation of new technology or

in the construction or renovation of

facilities. Thirty-five agreements provide for safety committee involvement

in reviewing new personal protective

equipment or apparel. The language in

some of the clauses also includes committee involvement when changes are

made to protective equipment or apparel, such as extending its use or

changing the rules with regard to its

use. Many of the agreements with provisions on this subject cover all of

these areas. Other agreements are more

restrictive in that they apply to just one

area, such as reviewing technology

prior to its implementation. Some provisions include specific responsibilities

assigned to the committee, such as reviewing employee training and job procedures that are needed to implement

new technology or equipment. Some

agreements allow the committee a specified period, such as 10 days, to review

changes and make any recommendations. Other agreements are silent on

the length of time that the committee

has to complete its review. Some agreements imply that the review is only for

information purposes. Other agreements indicate that the review is part

of a consultative process that gives the

committee a formal means of making

recommendations.

Chemical and air conditions. Contract language addressing air conditions in the workplace includes air quality, air contamination, and aerosols.

Some contracts with this provision require the employer to provide the union

with the names of all hazardous materials at the worksite. In some agreements,

this obligation includes providing detailed information about any chemicals

in the workplace, including the chemical name or trade name, or both; the

dangers of working with the chemicals;

and threshold limits. Provisions also

include the training of employees in the

proper handling of such materials, the

protective equipment that should be

used, and procedures to avoid unnecessary exposure. Some agreements

also require employers to inform employees about any potential exposure

to asbestos. Some contracts require

the employer to furnish union members

of the safety committee with any testing information or the results of studies that the employer may have conducted on chemicals being used in the

workplace. Some contracts have provisions requiring union committee

members to sign confidentiality agreements if the release of information

might have an impact on the employer’s

trade secrets. Clauses containing the

words “hazard communication” were

analyzed separately.

Drug-free workplace. Drug-free workplace. Employers who

have contracts with the Federal government that equal or exceed $25,000

are required to have a drug-free workplace policy. In addition, some employers have voluntarily developed
20 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

drug-free workplace policies. Whether

the policies are mandated or voluntarily initiated, the purpose is the same,

namely for employees to understand

the employer’s intention to maintain a

drug-free workplace. Some provisions

assign the safety committee a role in

maintaining a drug-free workplace,

such as participating in drug testing

procedures. Some agreements contain

a clause acknowledging that both parties intend to pursue their best efforts

in maintaining a drug-free workplace.

Some agreements require the employer

to offer rehabilitation to any employee

who fails a drug test. In some agreements, specific situations are stipulated

in which employers are permitted to

administer drug tests to employees for

cause, such as when a worker has an

accident at work. Some provisions authorize committee member involvement

if a drug test is found to be false.

Noise abatement. Noise abatement. Twenty-five agreements contain clauses authorizing committee member involvement in noise

abatement. Activities in this area include the conducting of screening

studies or surveys of employees’ hearing, the investigation of areas in which

excessive noise is involved, the review

of protective equipment to prevent

hearing loss, and the study of the noise

emission of new equipment.

Industry variations. Industry variations. From an industry

perspective, the agreements in construction have no occupational health

provisions (with the exception of one

agreement involving new technologyrelated reviews in special trade contracting). The only occupational health

clauses in the mining industry are found

in one contract involving chemical and

air conditions, one contract involving

hazard communication, and four contract clauses involving the review of

new technology/equipment/facilities.

The dearth of contracts with occupational health clauses is rather surprising in view of the potential and longrecognized occupational health hazards

associated with mining.

Occupational health provisions also

are absent from agreements in hotels

and other lodging places; auto repair,

services, and parking; motion pictures;

legal services (with the sole exception

being hygiene surveys); and educational services industries. Each provision is covered in at least one agreement in the rubber, primary metal,

industrial machinery, electronic machinery, transportation equipment, and electric, gas, and sanitary services industries.

Evaluation- and inspection-related provisions

Seven provisions defining the evaluation-related responsibilities of committees were identified for study. These

seven provisions are conducting audits, evaluations, safety studies, inspections, and investigations, and reviewing injury and illness data and

workers’ compensation files. (See table

5.)

About 50 percent of the contracts

authorize the committees to conduct

safety audits and inspections. Also,

16 percent and 12 percent, respectively,

of the contracts permit committee members to conduct safety studies and

safety evaluations. These data show

that the joint local committees have a

significant control role in protecting the

safety and health of covered workers.

Most committees, rather than simply

functioning as conduit mechanisms for

communicating with employees, have

the authority to actively participate in

the process of managing the safety

function. To a somewhat lesser extent,

the committees also have the right to

receive company safety and health information, either by obtaining it independently by conducting safety studies (16 percent of the agreements) or

by having the information furnished by

the employer. In 15 percent of the

agreements, the employer provides injury and illness data to the committee

for review, and in 3 percent of the contracts, employers furnish workers’ compensation files.

Following are samples of the terms

that appear in the contracts regarding

these provisions.

Conduct audits. Conduct audits. The terms “analyses,” “audits,” “evaluations,” “inspections,” “investigations,” “studies,”

and “surveys” are used somewhat interchangeably in several agreements.

In other agreements, there are differences in the meanings of the terms.

“Audit” appears to be the term used

when the committee, charged with a

specific responsibility such as developing procedures, later checks to ensure that the procedures are being

implemented. Some agreements stipulate that committee members shall have

unlimited access to worksites for the

purpose of conducting audits, investigations, studies, evaluations, and inspections. Some agreements do prohibit committee members from gaining

access to privileged or confidential areas. Performing a managerial function,

such as conducting audits or evaluations, may subject committee members

to legal liabilities. For this reason, a

number of agreements have provisions

holding union committee representatives not liable for any actions of the

committee.

Conduct evaluations. Conduct evaluations. The term “evaluation,” when used in the context of

safety and health committees, is typically confined to the process of determining whether safety and health practices conform to laws and regulations.

Examples would be conducting evaluations of procedures, practices, rules,

and work methods for conformance

with OSHA safety regulations and

State laws. Also included in the contract language pertaining to conducting evaluations were reviewing safety

rules, procedures, and safety promotion programs, and making recommendations for change. Some agreements

further stipulate that the committee is

responsible for conducting evaluations

of protective clothing and equipment.

Many of these clauses also contain

provisions requiring that the committee be informed of any significant

changes made in protective clothing

and equipment.

Conduct safety studies. Conduct safety studies. In a number

of agreements, the term “safety studies” is used synonymously with “safety
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 21

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

analyses” or “safety surveys.” The

term “studies” is more closely associated with committee work involving the

reviewing and reporting of aggregate

data, such as accident statistics or

safety and health reports, and then formulating findings. “Survey” is the term

typically used in safety and health

screenings. For example, surveys may

be conducted as part of a noise abatement program.

Conduct inspections. Conduct inspections. “Inspection”

appears to be the term of preference in

describing the independent actions of

the committees. Presumably, committee members establish plans to conduct

inspections without a specific action,

such as an accident, to motivate the

process. Thus, inspections would include independent and self-initiated

actions to inspect work areas in order

to ensure that safe and healthful conditions exist. Some agreements also

include the responsibility of the committee to report findings and make recommendations to the employer for any

conditions found that could endanger

the lives of employees. In some contracts, the employer is required to investigate committee recommendations

and report any corrective action to be

taken. Also, in some agreements the

committee is responsible for providing

advance notice to the employer as to

when union representatives will conduct inspections, so that the employer

can select a management representative to accompany the inspection team.

Conduct investigations. Conduct investigations. In agreements, the term “investigation” is usually used in association with any specific events that would trigger an

investigation, such as an employee

complaint or a serious accident or

health hazard exposure. Some agreements include the committee in the process of reviewing those situations in

which an employee alleges that a condition is so unsafe that work should be

discontinued. Other agreements include the committee in the process of

reviewing all situations in which employees allege that unsafe or unhealthy

conditions exist. This process may be

part of a safety grievance procedure or

may be undertaken on an ad hoc basis.

In some safety grievance procedures,

one or more of the committee’s representatives is assigned to investigate

the safety condition being grieved. In

other contracts, the matter is referred

for resolution to the committee if not

resolved in the first steps of the grievance procedure. A few agreements

authorize the committee to make decisions, including the closing of an operation, if the committee determines

that any unsafe or unhealthy conditions warrant closure. In such situations, however, the employer may take

action against the committee member

or members who demand the closing, if

the employer believes the closing to

be arbitrary and capricious. In such

cases, the committee member or members may resort to the grievance procedure, including arbitration, to have

the employer’s decision reversed.

Review injury and illness data. Review injury and illness data. Thirtytwo agreements have a provision assigning the committee the responsibility or the right to review occupational

injury and illness data. In some agreements, the employer is required to periodically furnish the committee with

aggregate reports of data on accidents

or illness, or both. This information

usually includes copies of reports that

the employer provides to government

agencies. In some agreements, the

employer is required to provide the

committee with information about any

occurrence of an injury or illness, in

addition to reports of aggregate data.

Review workers’ compensation infor- Review workers’ compensation information. mation. A small number of contracts

require the employer to furnish committee members with information regarding workers’ compensation claims,

such as work locations where claims

are being filed, the types of claims being filed, the disposition of the claims,

and related data.

Industry variations. Industry variations. With the exception of five industries (general building contractors; textile mill products;

printing and publishing; auto repair,

services, and parking; and legal services), every industry has one or more

contracts that provide for committee

involvement in conducting safety and

health inspections. These contracts

cover 789,700 workers. Three other

safety control functions that involve

committees and cover large numbers

of workers are the conducting of audits (covering 704,500 workers), evaluations (408,800 workers), and investigations (360,900 workers). Three

industries (general building contractors; auto repair, services, and parking;

and legal services) do not have any

evaluation-related provisions in their

contracts. A number of other industries (special trade contractors; textile

mill products; lumber and wood products; printing and publishing; stone,

clay, and glass products; instruments

and related products; motion pictures;

health services; and educational services) have only one or two of the

seven evaluation-related provisions in

their agreements.

Other provisions

In addition to the specific provisions

discussed in the four categories above,

52 (24 percent) of the 219 agreements

had one or more other provisions that

occurred less frequently than the 23

specific ones. A total of 406,400 workers are covered by contracts containing one or more of the items in the

“other” category. (See table 6.) These

are the subjects of those provisions:

• accident prevention

• lock-out and tag-out procedures

• preventive maintenance

• setting safety and health standards

• accompanying government safety and health inspectors

• exchanging information with

management

• committee member involvement

in employer investigation of accident causes
22 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

• furnishing committee members

with the results of employer accident investigations

• committee involvement in grievance procedures resulting from

safety and health conditions

• committee review of safety and

health inquiries made by employees (also furnishing the reports

made from such inquiries)

• voting status of committee members, including how voting status is determined

• procedures for the election of, and

terms of offices for, committee officers

• exchanging information with management on safety and health issues

Summary

This article provides an analysis of the

clauses involving joint local safety and

health committees in 744 private sector

collective bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007

and covering from 650 to 215,000 workers. This population represents virtually all of the agreements covering 1,000

or more workers. Two hundred nineteen (29 percent) of the agreements

contained provisions for joint local

committees, covering about 1.1 million

workers, or 32 percent of all workers

under the 744 agreements.

Fifty-nine agreements provide that

committees meet monthly, the most common frequency among the 219 agreements. The relatively frequent meeting

of these committees is indicative of the

focus of their work on daily plant issues.

One hundred forty-nine contracts have

clauses indicating the method of paying

members for committee work.

The various provisions pertaining

to joint local committees were categorized into four groups. The most common occupational health responsibility of joint local committees is to

conduct ergonomic studies. Forty-six

percent of the agreements with committees have this responsibility. The

protection of employees working alone

is the occupational health responsibility that covers the largest number of

workers. Contracts with this provision

cover 617,100 workers. Conducting inspections is the most frequent joint local committee activity in the area of

evaluation-related responsibilities.

Fifty-three percent of the agreements

with committees conduct inspections.

Agreements with provisions for committees to conduct inspections cover

789,700 workers, the largest number of

workers covered by any provision related to the activities of joint local

safety and health committees.

1 The workplace: America’s forgotten environment (Washington, AFL-CIO, April

1993) 2

 “Lost-worktime Injuries and Illnesses:

Characteristics and Resulting Time Away

from Work, 1997,” USDL 99-102 (Bureau

of Labor Statistics, Apr. 22, 1999).

3 Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Safety and Health Provisions, Bulletin

1425-16 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976). 4

 Commerce Clearing House, Inc., “OSHA

Compliance” in Human Resources Management (Chicago, Commerce Clearing House,

Inc., 1998), appendix C to ∋1910.119, Compliance Guidelines and Recommendations for

Process Safety Management (nonmandatory). 5

 Commerce Clearing House, Inc., “Personnel Practices/Communications” in Human

Resources Management (Chicago, Commerce

Clearing House, Inc., 1998), at &4114, Safety

committees.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 23

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

TABLE 1. Workers covered by joint local labor-management safety and health

committee provisions in private sector collective bargaining contracts expiring

between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry

 Total ................................................................. 1,144,326 219

Mining ........................................................................ 27,985 5

Construction .............................................................. 53,650 19

General building contractors ............................... 7,800 3

Heavy construction, except building ................... 23,350 6

Special trade contractors .................................... 22,500 10

Manufacturing............................................................ 754,870 131

Food and kindred products ................................. 29,750 16

Textile mill products ............................................. 5,100 2

Apparel and other textile products ...................... 44,800 4

Lumber and wood products ................................ 7,200 4

Paper and allied products .................................... 14,400 12

Printing and publishing ......................................... 3,325 2

Chemicals and allied products ............................ 5,760 5

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .... 7,950 5

Stone, clay, and glass products .......................... 13,800 7

Primary metal industries ...................................... 88,869 23

Fabricated metal products ................................... 11,243 5

Industrial machinery and equipment ................... 21,710 7

Electronic and other electrical equipment ........... 52,500 12

Transportation equipment .................................... 444,613 26

Instruments and related products ....................... 3,850 1

Nonmanufacturing ..................................................... 307,821 64

Trucking and warehousing .................................. 35,500 3

Communications .................................................. 23,397 5

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ................... 50,292 15

Food stores ......................................................... 67,116 15

Hotels and other lodging places .......................... 12,000 2

Auto repair, services, and parking ...................... 1,000 1

Motion pictures .................................................... 47,381 2

Health services .................................................... 65,410 18

Legal services ..................................................... 975 1

Educational services ........................................... 4,750 2

 Local

Number of

workers

Number of

contracts

Industry
24 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

TABLE 2. Provisions affecting the preparation/payment of joint local labor-management safety and health committee

members in private sector collective bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry

[Workers in thousands]

 Total ................................................................... 41 273.0 114 507.1 149 848.7 43 462.7

Mining .......................................................................... 2 23.5 2 8.5 3 10.1 1 1.8

Construction

General building contractors ................................. – – – – – – – –

Heavy construction, except building ..................... 1 1.5 – – 1 1.5 – –

Special trade contractors ...................................... – – – – 1 1.2 1 3.0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ................................... 2 4.1 8 14.5 11 18.8 4 6.4

Textile mill products ............................................... – – 2 5.1 2 5.1 – –

Apparel and other textile products ........................ – – 3 43.4 2 37.2 1 35.0

Lumber and wood products .................................. 1 2.2 4 7.2 4 7.2 – –

Paper and allied products ...................................... 3 2.6 11 13.4 11 13.4 4 4.4

Printing and publishing ........................................... – – – – 2 3.3 – –

Chemicals and allied products .............................. 1 .9 4 4.7 4 4.7 – –

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ...... 3 5.3 5 7.9 5 7.9 4 6.5

Stone, clay, and glass products ............................ 1 1.3 6 12.0 7 13.8 4 6.5

Primary metal industries ........................................ 9 39.0 21 84.1 23 88.8 10 33.0

Fabricated metal products ..................................... – – 4 6.2 5 11.2 2 1.8

Industrial machinery and equipment ..................... 1 2.8 7 21.7 7 21.7 4 8.5

Electronic and other electrical equipment ............. 1 22.0 5 30.1 9 39.4 1 22.0

Transportation equipment ...................................... 10 138.2 11 141.2 19 411.9 6 329.8

Instruments and related products ......................... – – 1 3.8 1 3.8 – –

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing .................................... – – 3 35.5 3 35.5 – –

Communications .................................................... – – 4 15.7 5 23.3 – –

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ..................... – – 11 30.6 13 45.6 1 4.0

Food stores ........................................................... 1 2.8 – – 3 12.3 – –

Hotels and other lodging places ............................ – – – – 1 6.5 – –

Auto repair, services, and parking ........................ – – – – – – – –

Motion pictures ...................................................... 1 18.0 1 18.0 – – – –

Health services ...................................................... 2 4.1 – – 7 24.5 – –

Legal services ....................................................... – – – – – – – –

Educational services ............................................. 2 4.7 1 3.5 – – – –

Paid time for

training

Member

training

Paid

work time

Work

overtime

ContractsWorkers

ContractsContractsContractsWorkersWorkersWorkers

Industry

NOTE: Dash indicates that a provision was not found.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 25

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

TABLE 3. Local labor-management safety and health committee meeting provisions in private sector collective

bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry

[Workers in thousands]

 Total ................................................ 165 937.1 32 237.1 46 326.3

Mining ....................................................... 4 26.8 1 1.6 – –

Construction

General building contractors .............. 2 5.9 – – – –

Heavy construction, except building .. 4 21.1 – – – –

Special trade contractors ................... 3 11.0 – – – –

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ................ 16 29.7 1 1.8 – –

Textile mill products ............................ 2 5.1 – – – –

Apparel and other textile products ..... 2 37.2 – – – –

Lumber and wood products ............... 4 7.2 – – 3 6.2

Paper and allied products ................... 12 14.4 1 1.5 7 8.7

Printing and publishing ........................ 2 3.3 – – – –

Chemicals and allied products ........... 4 4.7 1 1.8 – –

Rubber and miscellaneous

 plastics products .............................. 4 6.5 1 2.5 3 5.6

Stone, clay, and glass products ......... 7 13.8 – – 3 4.7

Primary metal industries ..................... 23 88.8 13 52.0 12 62.2

Fabricated metal products .................. 5 11.2 1 1.2 1 3.2

Industrial machinery and equipment .. 7 21.7 1 2.8 1 2.8

Electronic and other electrical

 equipment ......................................... 9 39.4 2 24.2 1 22.0

Transportation equipment ................... 23 433.3 8 130.1 10 179.8

Instruments and related products ...... 1 3.8 – – – –

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing ................. 3 35.5 1 10.0 2 25.5

Communications ................................. 5 23.3 1 7.6 1 2.3

Electric, gas, and sanitary services .. 13 45.6 – – 2 3.3

Food stores ........................................ 4 12.1 – – – –

Hotels and other lodging places ......... – – – – – –

Auto repair, services, and parking ..... – – – – – –

Motion pictures ................................... 1 29.3 – – – –

Health services ................................... 4 5.2 – – – –

Legal services .................................... – – – – – –

Educational services .......................... 1 1.2 – – – –

Stipulate meeting

frequency

Maintain meeting

minutes

Use

subcommittees Industry

Contracts Workers Contracts Contracts Workers Workers

NOTE: Dash indicates that a provision was not found.
26 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

TABLE 4. Joint local labor-management safety and health committee occupational health responsibilities in private sector

collective bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry

[Workers in thousands]

 Total ................................................................. 35 456.7 50 275.2 29 207.7 100 442.7 96 408.9

Mining ........................................................................ 1 1.6 – –0 – –0 – –0 1 1.6

Construction

General building contractors ............................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Heavy construction, except building ................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Special trade contractors .................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ................................. – –0 4 6.4 2 2.8 7 11.5 6 10.2

Textile mill products ............................................. – –0 – –0 – –0 1 4.0 – –0

Apparel and other textile products ...................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 2 8.4

Lumber and wood products ................................ 1 2.2 – –0 – –0 1 1.0 4 7.2

Paper and allied products .................................... 2 1.5 3 3.5 – –0 10 11.5 11 13.4

Printing and publishing ......................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 1 1.3 1 2.0

Chemicals and allied products ............................ – –0 1 1.8 1 1.8 4 4.7 2 2.9

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .... 2 3.9 2 3.9 2 3.9 3 5.5 5 7.9

Stone, clay, and glass products .......................... 1 1.8 5 10.7 – –0 5 10.7 4 6.0

Primary metal industries ...................................... 13 61.3 18 71.6 12 55.7 21 85.1 21 77.3

Fabricated metal products ................................... – –0 1 1.2 3 3.0 4 6.2 3 3.0

Industrial machinery and equipment ................... 3 15.5 4 8.5 3 7.0 7 21.7 6 20.4

Electronic and other electrical equipment ........... 1 22.0 1 22.0 2 25.2 5 29.6 4 31.4

Transportation equipment .................................... 7 331.5 9 136.6 3 104.3 12 149.6 13 149.4

Instruments and related products ....................... – –0 – –0 – –0 1 3.8 – –0

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing .................................. – –0 – –0 – –0 3 35.5 3 35.5

Communications .................................................. – –0 – –0 – –0 4 15.7 – –0

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ................... 1 4.0 2 9.0 1 4.0 10 27.3 9 31.3

Food stores ......................................................... 1 2.8 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Hotels and other lodging places .......................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Auto repair, services, and parking ...................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Motion pictures .................................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Health services .................................................... 2 8.6 – –0 – –0 1 18.0 1 1.0

Legal services ..................................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Educational services ........................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Chemical and

air conditions

Counseling

of employees

Drug-free

workplace

involvement

Hazard

communication

Ergonomic

evaluations/

studies

ContractsWorkers

WorkersWorkersWorkersWorkersContractsContractsContractsContracts

Industry

See footnote at end of table.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 27

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

Hygiene

surveys

TABLE 4. Joint local labor-management safety and health committee occupational health responsibilities in private sector

collective bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry—Continued

[Workers in thousands]

 Total ........................................................................ 50 286.6 25 423.2 35 474.6 87 617.1

Mining .............................................................................. – –0 – –0 4 20.4 – –0

Construction

General building contractors ..................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Heavy construction, except building ......................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Special trade contractors .......................................... – –0 – –0 1 .9 – –0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ....................................... 3 5.9 1 1.5 – –0 5 8.2

Textile mill products ................................................... 2 5.1 – –0 – –0 1 4.0

Apparel and other textile products ............................ 1 6.2 – –0 – –0 2 8.4

Lumber and wood products ...................................... 3 6.2 – –0 1 2.2 1 2.2

Paper and allied products .......................................... 7 8.5 1 .9 2 1.5 8 8.8

Printing and publishing ............................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Chemicals and allied products .................................. – –0 1 1.8 – –0 3 3.8

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .......... 2 2.9 1 2.5 2 3.9 4 6.9

Stone, clay, and glass products ................................ – –0 – –0 – –0 5 8.8

Primary metal industries ............................................ 12 68.1 4 17.3 11 57.1 21 85.4

Fabricated metal products ......................................... – –0 3 7.2 – –0 3 3.0

Industrial machinery and equipment ......................... 3 15.0 2 13.5 2 13.5 5 18.3

Electronic and other electrical equipment ................. 2 25.8 1 22.0 1 22.0 4 29.6

Transportation equipment .......................................... 9 129.4 9 345.6 10 349.1 11 353.6

Instruments and related products ............................. 1 3.8 – –0 – –0 1 3.8

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing ........................................ – –0 1 10.0 – –0 3 35.3

Communications ........................................................ – –0 – –0 – –0 3 12.5

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ......................... 4 8.8 1 .9 1 4.0 7 24.5

Food stores ............................................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Hotels and other lodging places ................................ – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Auto repair, services, and parking ............................ – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Motion pictures .......................................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Health services .......................................................... – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Legal services ........................................................... 1 .9 – –0 – –0 – –0

Educational services ................................................. – –0 – –0 – –0 – –0

Noise

abatement

Review new

technology/

equipment/facilities

Working

alone

Workers

Contracts

Workers

WorkersWorkersContractsContractsContracts

Industry

NOTE: Dash indicates that a provision was not found.
28 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

TABLE 5. Local labor-management safety and health committee evaluation-related responsibilities in private sector collective

bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry

[Workers in thousands]

 Total ...................................................................... 113 704.5 26 408.8 35 468.8 117 789.7

Mining ............................................................................. – – – – 2 9.1 5 27.9

Construction

General building contractors .................................... – – – – – – – –

Heavy construction, except building ........................ – – – – – – 1 1.5

Special trade contractors ......................................... – – – – – – 1 2.0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ...................................... 10 18.5 1 1.3 2 3.1 11 21.1

Textile mill products .................................................. 2 5.1 – – – – – –

Apparel and other textile products ........................... 3 43.4 1 6.2 – – 2 8.4

Lumber and wood products ..................................... 4 7.2 – – – – 1 2.2

Paper and allied products ......................................... 9 11.4 3 2.9 3 2.5 8 8.8

Printing and publishing .............................................. 1 1.3 1 2.0 – – – –

Chemicals and allied products ................................. 4 4.7 – – – – 3 3.8

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......... 5 7.9 2 3.9 2 3.9 4 6.9

Stone, clay, and glass products ............................... 6 12.0 – – – – 7 13.8

Primary metal industries ........................................... 19 72.5 7 36.0 9 45.1 18 77.0

Fabricated metal products ........................................ 4 6.2 1 1.2 – – 5 11.2

Industrial machinery and equipment ........................ 6 19.7 1 2.8 4 17.2 5 18.5

Electronic and other electrical equipment ................ 6 32.1 2 24.2 2 23.4 5 30.9

Transportation equipment ......................................... 14 366.9 7 328.3 8 335.0 17 407.6

Instruments and related products ............................ 1 3.8 – – – – 1 3.8

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing ....................................... 3 35.5 – – 2 25.5 3 35.5

Communications ....................................................... 4 15.7 – – – – 4 14.3

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ........................ 12 40.6 – – 1 4.0 8 29.9

Food stores .............................................................. – – – – – – 1 2.8

Hotels and other lodging places ............................... – – – – – – 1 6.5

Auto repair, services, and parking ........................... – – – – – – – –

Motion pictures ......................................................... – – – – – – 2 47.3

Health services ......................................................... – – – – – – 2 3.3

Legal services .......................................................... – – – – – – – –

Educational services ................................................ – – – – – – 2 4.7

Conduct

audits

Conduct

evaluations

Conduct

safety studies

Conduct

inspections

ContractsWorkers

Contracts

ContractsContracts

WorkersWorkersWorkers

Industry

See footnote at end of table.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000 29

Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions Labor-management Safety and Health Committee Provisions

TABLE 5. Local labor-management safety and health committee evaluation-related responsibilities in private sector collective

bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July 2007, by industry—Continued

[Workers in thousands]

Conduct

investigations

Review injury/

illness data

Review workers'

compensation files

Contracts

ContractsContractsWorkersWorkersWorkers

Industry

 Total ...................................................................................... 58 360.9 32 252.0 7 134.4

Mining ............................................................................................. 4 26.1 2 23.5 – –

Construction

General building contractors .................................................... ––––––

Heavy construction, except building ........................................ 1 1.5 1 1.5 – –

Special trade contractors ......................................................... ––––––

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ...................................................... 5 8.6 2 3.8 1 1.3

Textile mill products .................................................................. ––––––

Apparel and other textile products ........................................... ––––––

Lumber and wood products ..................................................... ––––––

Paper and allied products ......................................................... 3 3.2 ––––

Printing and publishing .............................................................. ––––––

Chemicals and allied products ................................................. 2 2.7 ––––

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......................... 4 6.5 – – 1 2.5

Stone, clay, and glass products ............................................... ––––––

Primary metal industries ........................................................... 12 55.4 16 71.7 – –

Fabricated metal products ........................................................ 3 3.0 ––––

Industrial machinery and equipment ........................................ 3 6.3 – – 1 2.8

Electronic and other electrical equipment ................................ 1 22.0 1 22.0 1 22.0

Transportation equipment ......................................................... 12 141.2 5 111.2 2 103.7

Instruments and related products ............................................ ––––––

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing ....................................................... 2 25.5 ––––

Communications ....................................................................... – – – – 1 2.1

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ........................................ ––––––

Food stores .............................................................................. 1 2.8 1 2.8 – –

Hotels and other lodging places ............................................... 1 6.5 2 10.8 – –

Auto repair, services, and parking ........................................... ––––––

Motion pictures ......................................................................... 2 47.3 ––––

Health services ......................................................................... 2 2.3 ––––

Legal services .......................................................................... ––––––

Educational services ................................................................ – – 2 4.7 – –

NOTE: Dash indicates that a provision was not found.
30 Compensation and Working Conditions Winter 2000

TABLE 6. Number of contracts and workers covered by miscellaneous responsibilities of joint local labor-management safety and health committees in private

sector collective bargaining agreements expiring between August 1997 and July

2007, by industry

 Total .......................................................................... 52 406.4

Mining ............................................................................. 5 27.9

Construction

General building contractors................................... 3 7.8

Heavy construction, except building ...................... 4 20.8

Special trade contractors ........................................ 5 8.9

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products..................................... 4 7.1

Textile mill products ................................................. – –

Apparel and other textile products .......................... – –

Lumber and wood products .................................... – –

Paper and allied products ....................................... 1 1.0

Printing and publishing ............................................ – –

Chemicals and allied products ................................ – –

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ........ 1 2.5

Stone, clay, and glass products ............................. – –

Primary metal industries ......................................... 1 2.6

Fabricated metal products ...................................... – –

Industrial machinery and equipment ....................... – –

Electronic and other electrical equipment .............. 3 25.3

Transportation equipment ....................................... 6 148.8

Instruments and related products .......................... – –

Nonmanufacturing

Trucking and warehousing ...................................... – –

Communications ...................................................... – –

Electric, gas, and sanitary services ....................... – –

Food stores ............................................................. 3 68.0

Hotels and other lodging places ............................. 2 10.8

Auto repair, services, and parking .......................... – –

Motion pictures ........................................................ 2 47.3

Health services ....................................................... 9 22.0

Legal services ......................................................... 1 .9

Educational services ............................................... 2 4.7

Industry Number of

Contracts

Number of

Workers

[Workers in thousands]

NOTE: Dash indicates that a provision was not found.