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August 2023 
                    Report 1104

				 
			

























											



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 2. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 3. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 4. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 5. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 6. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 7. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 8. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 9. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...
                          Technical Notes
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     Characteristics of minimum wage workers, 2022
Characteristics of minimum wage workers, 2022 imageIn 2022, 78.7 million workers age 16 and older in the United States were paid at hourly rates, representing 55.6 percent of all wage and salary workers. Among those paid by the hour, 141,000 workers earned exactly the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. About 882,000 workers had wages below the federal minimum. Together, these 1.0 million workers with wages at or below the federal minimum made up 1.3 percent of all hourly paid workers, little changed from 2021. This remains well below the percentage of 13.4 recorded in 1979, when data were first collected on a regular basis. (See table 10.)This report presents highlights and statistical tables describing workers who earned at or below the federal minimum wage in 2022. The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Information on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPS sample each month. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or by individual state or local minimum wage laws. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage are based solely on the hourly wage they report, which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions. See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.HighlightsThe following are highlights from the 2022 data:**Age.** Minimum wage workers tend to be young. Although workers under age 25 represented one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up about 45 percent of those paid the federal minimum wage or less. Among employed teenagers (ages 16 to 19) paid by the hour, about 3 percent earned the minimum wage or less, compared with just under 1 percent of workers age 25 and older. (See tables 1 and 7.)**Sex.** Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2022, about 2 percent of women and 1 percent of men had wages at or below the prevailing federal minimum. (See table 1.)**Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.** The percentage of hourly paid workers with wages at or below the federal minimum differed little among the major race and ethnicity groups. About 1 percent of White, Asian, and Hispanic workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Black workers, about 2 percent earned the federal minimum wage or less. (See table 1.)**Education.** Among hourly paid workers age 16 and older, about 2 percent of those with some college or an associate’s degree earned the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 1 percent of those without a high school diploma, high school graduates (no college), and those with a bachelor's degree and higher. (See table 6.)**Marital status.** Among never-married workers, who are younger than married workers on average, 2 percent of those who were paid hourly had wages at or below the federal minimum wage. This compared with about 1 percent for married workers and for workers who were widowed, divorced, or separated. (See table 8.)**Full- and part-time status.** Among part-time workers (people who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week), 3 percent were paid the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 1 percent of full-time workers. (See table 1.)**Occupation.** Among major occupational groups, service occupations had the highest percentage of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage, at 4 percent. Nearly 3 out of 4 workers earning the minimum wage or less in 2022 were employed in service occupations, mostly in food preparation and serving-related jobs. For many of these workers, tips may supplement the hourly wages received. (See table 4.)**Industry.** The industry with the highest percentage of workers earning hourly wages at or below the federal minimum wage in 2022 was leisure and hospitality (about 7 percent). About 3 in 5 of all workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage were employed in this industry, almost entirely in restaurants, bars, and other food services. (See table 5.)**State of residence**. Among hourly paid workers in the District of Columbia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Rhode Island, about 3 percent earned the federal minimum wage or less. However, less than 1 percent of hourly paid workers earned at or below the federal minimum wage in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New York, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington. Note that, as of 2022, 30 states have minimum wages that exceed the federal minimum. (See table 3.)		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                


Table 1. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2022 annual averages
Characteristic
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageAge and sexTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.116 to 24 years
15,741
457
85
372
20.0
44.7
60.2
42.2
2.9
0.5
2.416 to 19 years
5,193
175
53
122
6.6
17.1
37.6
13.8
3.4
1.0
2.325 years and older
62,988
566
56
510
80.0
55.3
39.8
57.8
0.9
0.1
0.8Men, 16 years and older
39,446
328
42
286
50.1
32.1
29.4
32.5
0.8
0.1
0.716 to 24 years
7,853
132
20
112
10.0
12.9
14.1
12.7
1.7
0.3
1.416 to 19 years
2,543
56
14
42
3.2
5.4
9.7
4.8
2.2
0.5
1.625 years and older
31,593
196
22
175
40.1
19.2
15.3
19.8
0.6
0.1
0.6Women, 16 years and older
39,283
695
100
595
49.9
67.9
70.6
67.5
1.8
0.3
1.516 to 24 years
7,888
325
65
260
10.0
31.8
46.2
29.5
4.1
0.8
3.316 to 19 years
2,650
119
40
80
3.4
11.7
28.0
9.1
4.5
1.5
3.025 years and older
31,395
370
35
335
39.9
36.1
24.5
38.0
1.2
0.1
1.1Race and Hispanicor Latino ethnicityWhite(1)
59,397
743
96
647
75.4
72.6
67.7
73.4
1.3
0.2
1.1Men
30,312
224
31
194
38.5
21.9
21.8
22.0
0.7
0.1
0.6Women
29,085
518
65
453
36.9
50.7
45.9
51.4
1.8
0.2
1.6Black or African American(1)
11,745
179
24
155
14.9
17.5
17.0
17.6
1.5
0.2
1.3Men
5,422
68
7
61
6.9
6.6
4.8
7.0
1.3
0.1
1.1Women
6,323
111
17
94
8.0
10.8
12.2
10.6
1.8
0.3
1.5Asian(1)
4,058
52
7
44
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Men
1,896
20
4
16
2.4
2.0
2.7
1.8
1.1
0.2
0.9Women
2,162
32
3
28
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.2
1.5
0.2
1.3Hispanic or Latino(1)
18,003
181
33
149
22.9
17.7
23.0
16.9
1.0
0.2
0.8Men
9,816
77
8
70
12.5
7.6
5.3
7.9
0.8
0.1
0.7Women
8,187
104
25
79
10.4
10.2
17.7
9.0
1.3
0.3
1.0Full- and part-time statusFull-time workers(2)
60,153
473
25
448
76.4
46.2
17.4
50.9
0.8
0.0
0.7Men
32,900
196
8
188
41.8
19.2
5.7
21.3
0.6
0.0
0.6Women
27,252
277
17
260
34.6
27.1
11.7
29.5
1.0
0.1
1.0Part-time workers(2)
18,480
549
117
432
23.5
53.6
82.6
49.0
3.0
0.6
2.3Men
6,499
132
33
99
8.3
12.9
23.7
11.2
2.0
0.5
1.5Women
11,981
417
83
333
15.2
40.7
58.9
37.8
3.5
0.7
2.8Footnotes:(1) Estimates for the above race groups--White, Black or African American, and Asian--do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by census region and division, 2022 annual averages
Region and division
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Northeast
12,838
164
31
133
16.3
16.0
21.9
15.1
1.3
0.2
1.0New England
3,616
37
6
31
4.6
3.6
4.1
3.5
1.0
0.2
0.9Middle Atlantic
9,222
127
25
102
11.7
12.4
17.9
11.5
1.4
0.3
1.1Midwest
18,130
265
26
239
23.0
25.9
18.1
27.1
1.5
0.1
1.3East North Central
12,111
178
19
160
15.4
17.4
13.2
18.1
1.5
0.2
1.3West North Central
6,020
86
7
79
7.6
8.4
4.9
9.0
1.4
0.1
1.3South
28,674
481
62
419
36.4
47.1
44.1
47.5
1.7
0.2
1.5South Atlantic
14,939
260
23
237
19.0
25.4
16.6
26.9
1.7
0.2
1.6East South Central
4,483
71
13
58
5.7
6.9
9.4
6.6
1.6
0.3
1.3West South Central
9,251
150
26
124
11.8
14.7
18.1
14.1
1.6
0.3
1.3West
19,087
113
22
91
24.2
11.1
15.9
10.3
0.6
0.1
0.5Mountain
6,296
46
9
37
8.0
4.5
6.1
4.3
0.7
0.1
0.6Pacific
12,791
67
14
53
16.2
6.6
9.8
6.0
0.5
0.1
0.4Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are as follows: Northeast: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Midwest: East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota South: South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas West: Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by state, 2022 annual averages
State
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Alabama
1,173
10
1
9
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.8Alaska
198
1
0
1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.5Arizona
1,809
12
4
7
2.3
1.1
3.2
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4Arkansas
745
9
0
9
0.9
0.9
0.3
1.0
1.2
0.1
1.2California
9,266
50
13
37
11.8
4.8
9.0
4.2
0.5
0.1
0.4Colorado
1,273
7
0
7
1.6
0.7
0.0
0.8
0.5
0.0
0.5Connecticut
891
1
1
0
1.1
0.1
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0Delaware
268
3
0
3
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.3
1.0
0.0
1.0District of Columbia
84
2
0
2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.7
0.1
2.5Florida
5,012
85
1
84
6.4
8.3
0.9
9.5
1.7
0.0
1.7Georgia
2,342
36
3
32
3.0
3.5
2.4
3.7
1.5
0.1
1.4Hawaii
327
1
0
1
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.3Idaho
537
7
1
6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.2
0.2
1.0Illinois
2,870
23
2
21
3.6
2.3
1.6
2.4
0.8
0.1
0.7Indiana
1,784
36
4
32
2.3
3.5
2.8
3.6
2.0
0.2
1.8Iowa
975
20
1
19
1.2
1.9
0.6
2.1
2.0
0.1
1.9Kansas
770
10
1
8
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.1
1.1Kentucky
1,061
12
4
8
1.3
1.2
3.0
0.9
1.2
0.4
0.8Louisiana
1,062
30
7
23
1.3
2.9
5.0
2.6
2.8
0.7
2.2Maine
318
3
0
3
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.9
0.0
0.9Maryland
1,356
14
2
13
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
0.1
0.9Massachusetts
1,580
20
3
17
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Michigan
2,519
40
4
36
3.2
3.9
3.0
4.1
1.6
0.2
1.4Minnesota
1,601
20
2
18
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.2
0.1
1.1Mississippi
692
17
3
14
0.9
1.7
2.2
1.6
2.5
0.4
2.1Missouri
1,611
21
0
21
2.0
2.0
0.0
2.4
1.3
0.0
1.3Montana
315
3
0
3
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.8
0.0
0.8Nebraska
565
11
1
9
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.9
0.2
1.7Nevada
881
4
0
4
1.1
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.4New Hampshire
387
5
1
4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.4
1.2
0.2
1.0New Jersey
1,904
33
4
28
2.4
3.2
3.1
3.2
1.7
0.2
1.5New Mexico
457
7
0
6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.7
1.5
0.1
1.4New York
4,073
31
3
28
5.2
3.0
2.4
3.1
0.8
0.1
0.7North Carolina
2,388
54
5
50
3.0
5.3
3.2
5.6
2.3
0.2
2.1North Dakota
222
3
1
2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
1.2
0.4
0.8Ohio
3,270
52
2
50
4.2
5.1
1.2
5.7
1.6
0.1
1.5Oklahoma
935
13
1
12
1.2
1.3
0.8
1.3
1.4
0.1
1.2Oregon
1,024
4
0
4
1.3
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.4Pennsylvania
3,245
63
17
46
4.1
6.2
12.4
5.2
2.0
0.5
1.4Rhode Island
282
7
1
6
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.7
2.5
0.4
2.0South Carolina
1,213
24
5
19
1.5
2.4
3.4
2.2
2.0
0.4
1.6South Dakota
276
3
1
2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
1.1
0.2
0.9Tennessee
1,557
31
5
26
2.0
3.1
3.7
2.9
2.0
0.3
1.7Texas
6,509
98
17
81
8.3
9.6
11.9
9.2
1.5
0.3
1.2Utah
862
6
2
3
1.1
0.5
1.5
0.4
0.7
0.2
0.4Vermont
159
1
0
1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.0
0.8Virginia
1,843
36
7
29
2.3
3.6
5.3
3.3
2.0
0.4
1.6Washington
1,975
12
1
11
2.5
1.1
0.8
1.2
0.6
0.1
0.5West Virginia
432
5
0
5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.6
1.2
0.0
1.2Wisconsin
1,668
27
7
21
2.1
2.7
4.6
2.4
1.6
0.4
1.2Wyoming
162
2
1
2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
1.5
0.5
1.0Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. These data are based on a sample and therefore are subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous states. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by occupation, 2022 annual averages
Occupation
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Management, professional, and related occupations
18,823
88
24
64
23.9
8.6
17.2
7.2
0.5
0.1
0.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
5,683
36
18
18
7.2
3.5
12.6
2.1
0.6
0.3
0.3Professional and related occupations
13,140
52
6
45
16.7
5.1
4.5
5.2
0.4
0.0
0.3Service occupations
18,436
744
67
676
23.4
72.7
47.6
76.7
4.0
0.4
3.7Healthcare support occupations
4,128
43
1
42
5.2
4.2
0.8
4.8
1.1
0.0
1.0Protective service occupations
1,966
20
2
18
2.5
1.9
1.1
2.0
1.0
0.1
0.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
6,961
606
48
557
8.8
59.2
34.0
63.2
8.7
0.7
8.0Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,551
31
6
24
4.5
3.0
4.5
2.8
0.9
0.2
0.7Personal care and service occupations
1,829
44
10
34
2.3
4.3
7.1
3.9
2.4
0.6
1.9Sales and office occupations
17,443
112
34
78
22.2
10.9
23.7
8.9
0.6
0.2
0.4Sales and related occupations
6,919
59
20
39
8.8
5.8
14.0
4.5
0.9
0.3
0.6Office and administrative support occupations
10,524
52
14
39
13.4
5.1
9.7
4.4
0.5
0.1
0.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9,039
15
2
14
11.5
1.5
1.1
1.6
0.2
0.0
0.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
656
4
0
4
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.6Construction and extraction occupations
5,094
7
0
7
6.5
0.7
0.0
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.1Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3,289
5
1
3
4.2
0.4
1.0
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.1Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14,988
64
15
50
19.0
6.3
10.4
5.6
0.4
0.1
0.3Production occupations
6,583
21
7
14
8.4
2.1
5.0
1.6
0.3
0.1
0.2Transportation and material moving occupations
8,405
43
8
36
10.7
4.2
5.4
4.0
0.5
0.1
0.4Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised.  Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by industry, 2022 annual averages
Industry
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Private sector
69,342
973
134
839
88.1
95.1
94.9
95.1
1.4
0.2
1.2Agriculture and related industries
802
8
0
8
1.0
0.7
0.0
0.9
0.9
0.0
0.9Nonagricultural industries
68,540
965
134
831
87.1
94.4
94.9
94.3
1.4
0.2
1.2Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
273
0
0
0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0Construction
5,588
9
2
7
7.1
0.9
1.4
0.8
0.2
0.0
0.1Manufacturing
8,573
35
6
29
10.9
3.4
4.2
3.3
0.4
0.1
0.3Durable goods
5,355
9
1
8
6.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.2
0.0
0.1Nondurable goods
3,219
26
4
21
4.1
2.5
3.2
2.4
0.8
0.1
0.7Wholesale and retail trade
12,325
79
20
59
15.7
7.7
14.0
6.7
0.6
0.2
0.5Wholesale trade
1,472
7
0
7
1.9
0.7
0.0
0.8
0.5
0.0
0.5Retail trade
10,853
71
20
52
13.8
7.0
14.0
5.9
0.7
0.2
0.5Transportation and utilities
4,530
14
1
12
5.8
1.3
1.0
1.4
0.3
0.0
0.3Information
907
10
4
7
1.2
1.0
2.6
0.8
1.1
0.4
0.7Financial activities
3,179
8
1
7
4.0
0.8
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.2Professional and business services
6,495
41
10
31
8.3
4.0
7.2
3.5
0.6
0.2
0.5Education and health services
13,949
92
18
74
17.7
9.0
12.8
8.4
0.7
0.1
0.5Leisure and hospitality
9,558
639
63
575
12.1
62.4
44.7
65.3
6.7
0.7
6.0Other services
3,163
39
8
31
4.0
3.8
5.8
3.5
1.2
0.3
1.0Public sector
9,387
50
7
43
11.9
4.9
5.1
4.9
0.5
0.1
0.5Federal
1,895
10
1
9
2.4
1.0
0.7
1.1
0.5
0.0
0.5State
2,815
13
1
12
3.6
1.3
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.0
0.4Local
4,677
27
5
22
5.9
2.6
3.7
2.5
0.6
0.1
0.5Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by educational attainment, 2022 annual averages
Educational attainment
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Less than a high school diploma
8,971
119
38
82
11.4
11.7
26.7
9.3
1.3
0.4
0.9Less than 1 year of high school
2,465
11
1
10
3.1
1.1
0.9
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.41 to 3 years of high school
5,093
90
34
56
6.5
8.8
24.3
6.3
1.8
0.7
1.14 years of high school, no diploma
1,413
18
2
16
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.2
0.1
1.1High school graduates or more
69,759
904
104
800
88.6
88.3
73.3
90.7
1.3
0.1
1.1High school graduates, no college
27,372
368
47
320
34.8
36.0
33.6
36.3
1.3
0.2
1.2Some college or associate degree
25,078
378
41
337
31.9
36.9
29.0
38.2
1.5
0.2
1.3Some college, no degree
15,274
288
35
253
19.4
28.1
24.7
28.7
1.9
0.2
1.7Associate degree
9,804
90
6
84
12.5
8.8
4.3
9.5
0.9
0.1
0.9Occupational program
4,224
38
1
37
5.4
3.7
1.0
4.2
0.9
0.0
0.9Academic program
5,579
52
5
47
7.1
5.1
3.3
5.4
0.9
0.1
0.8Bachelor's degree and higher
17,309
158
15
143
22.0
15.5
10.7
16.2
0.9
0.1
0.8Bachelor's degree
13,100
134
12
122
16.6
13.1
8.5
13.8
1.0
0.1
0.9Master's degree
3,375
16
2
14
4.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
0.5
0.1
0.4Professional degree
361
6
1
4
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.5
0.4
1.2Doctoral degree
473
3
0
3
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.0
0.6Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by age and sex, 2022 annual averages
Age and sex
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotalTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.116 to 24 years
15,741
457
85
372
20.0
44.7
60.2
42.2
2.9
0.5
2.416 to 19 years
5,193
175
53
122
6.6
17.1
37.6
13.8
3.4
1.0
2.320 to 24 years
10,549
282
32
250
13.4
27.6
22.6
28.4
2.7
0.3
2.425 years and older
62,988
566
56
510
80.0
55.3
39.8
57.8
0.9
0.1
0.825 to 34 years
18,440
207
7
200
23.4
20.2
4.8
22.7
1.1
0.0
1.125 to 29 years
9,507
123
5
118
12.1
12.0
3.4
13.4
1.3
0.1
1.230 to 34 years
8,933
84
2
82
11.3
8.2
1.4
9.3
0.9
0.0
0.935 to 44 years
14,852
117
11
106
18.9
11.4
8.0
12.0
0.8
0.1
0.735 to 39 years
7,677
65
9
57
9.8
6.4
6.1
6.4
0.8
0.1
0.740 to 44 years
7,174
52
3
49
9.1
5.1
2.0
5.6
0.7
0.0
0.745 to 54 years
13,162
97
14
82
16.7
9.5
10.2
9.3
0.7
0.1
0.645 to 49 years
6,551
51
10
40
8.3
5.0
7.4
4.6
0.8
0.2
0.650 to 54 years
6,612
46
4
42
8.4
4.5
2.9
4.8
0.7
0.1
0.655 to 64 years
12,032
110
16
93
15.3
10.7
11.6
10.6
0.9
0.1
0.855 to 59 years
6,672
49
9
40
8.5
4.8
6.3
4.6
0.7
0.1
0.660 to 64 years
5,360
61
8
53
6.8
5.9
5.3
6.0
1.1
0.1
1.065 years and older
4,502
36
7
28
5.7
3.5
5.1
3.2
0.8
0.2
0.665 to 69 years
2,680
14
3
11
3.4
1.3
1.9
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.470 years and older
1,822
22
5
17
2.3
2.1
3.2
2.0
1.2
0.2
1.0MenTotal, 16 years and older
39,446
328
42
286
50.1
32.1
29.4
32.5
0.8
0.1
0.716 to 24 years
7,853
132
20
112
10.0
12.9
14.1
12.7
1.7
0.3
1.416 to 19 years
2,543
56
14
42
3.2
5.4
9.7
4.8
2.2
0.5
1.620 to 24 years
5,310
76
6
70
6.7
7.4
4.4
7.9
1.4
0.1
1.325 years and older
31,593
196
22
175
40.1
19.2
15.3
19.8
0.6
0.1
0.625 to 34 years
9,625
65
0
65
12.2
6.3
0.1
7.3
0.7
0.0
0.725 to 29 years
4,965
37
0
37
6.3
3.6
0.1
4.2
0.7
0.0
0.730 to 34 years
4,660
28
0
28
5.9
2.7
0.0
3.2
0.6
0.0
0.635 to 44 years
7,593
30
5
25
9.6
2.9
3.7
2.8
0.4
0.1
0.335 to 39 years
3,984
15
3
12
5.1
1.4
2.1
1.3
0.4
0.1
0.340 to 44 years
3,610
15
2
13
4.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
0.4
0.1
0.445 to 54 years
6,478
37
4
33
8.2
3.7
2.9
3.8
0.6
0.1
0.545 to 49 years
3,268
13
2
10
4.2
1.2
1.6
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.350 to 54 years
3,210
25
2
23
4.1
2.4
1.3
2.6
0.8
0.1
0.755 to 64 years
5,749
51
6
45
7.3
5.0
4.4
5.1
0.9
0.1
0.855 to 59 years
3,212
23
4
19
4.1
2.2
3.0
2.1
0.7
0.1
0.660 to 64 years
2,537
28
2
26
3.2
2.8
1.4
3.0
1.1
0.1
1.065 years and older
2,147
13
6
7
2.7
1.3
4.2
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.365 to 69 years
1,262
2
1
0
1.6
0.2
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.070 years and older
885
11
5
7
1.1
1.1
3.2
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.8WomenTotal, 16 years and older
39,283
695
100
595
49.9
67.9
70.6
67.5
1.8
0.3
1.516 to 24 years
7,888
325
65
260
10.0
31.8
46.2
29.5
4.1
0.8
3.316 to 19 years
2,650
119
40
80
3.4
11.7
28.0
9.1
4.5
1.5
3.020 to 24 years
5,239
206
26
180
6.7
20.1
18.2
20.4
3.9
0.5
3.425 years and older
31,395
370
35
335
39.9
36.1
24.5
38.0
1.2
0.1
1.125 to 34 years
8,815
142
7
135
11.2
13.9
4.7
15.4
1.6
0.1
1.525 to 29 years
4,542
86
5
81
5.8
8.4
3.3
9.2
1.9
0.1
1.830 to 34 years
4,273
56
2
54
5.4
5.5
1.4
6.2
1.3
0.0
1.335 to 44 years
7,258
87
6
81
9.2
8.5
4.3
9.2
1.2
0.1
1.135 to 39 years
3,694
51
6
45
4.7
4.9
4.0
5.1
1.4
0.2
1.240 to 44 years
3,565
37
0
36
4.5
3.6
0.3
4.1
1.0
0.0
1.045 to 54 years
6,684
59
10
49
8.5
5.8
7.3
5.6
0.9
0.2
0.745 to 49 years
3,283
38
8
30
4.2
3.7
5.8
3.4
1.2
0.2
0.950 to 54 years
3,401
21
2
19
4.3
2.1
1.5
2.2
0.6
0.1
0.655 to 64 years
6,283
59
10
48
8.0
5.7
7.3
5.5
0.9
0.2
0.855 to 59 years
3,460
26
5
22
4.4
2.6
3.3
2.5
0.8
0.1
0.660 to 64 years
2,823
32
6
27
3.6
3.1
3.9
3.0
1.1
0.2
0.965 years and older
2,355
23
1
21
3.0
2.2
0.9
2.4
1.0
0.1
0.965 to 69 years
1,418
12
1
11
1.8
1.2
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.1
0.770 years and older
937
11
0
11
1.2
1.0
0.0
1.2
1.1
0.0
1.1Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by marital status, age, and sex, 2022 annual averages
Marital status, age,and sex
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotalTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Never married
34,188
680
108
572
43.4
66.5
76.5
64.9
2.0
0.3
1.716 to 24 years
14,657
439
85
354
18.6
42.9
59.9
40.2
3.0
0.6
2.425 years and older
19,531
241
23
218
24.8
23.6
16.6
24.7
1.2
0.1
1.125 to 54 years
17,510
216
17
199
22.2
21.2
12.3
22.6
1.2
0.1
1.1Married, spouse present(1)
32,686
229
18
211
41.5
22.4
12.7
24.0
0.7
0.1
0.616 to 24 years
815
11
0
11
1.0
1.1
0.0
1.3
1.4
0.0
1.425 years and older
31,871
218
18
200
40.5
21.3
12.7
22.7
0.7
0.1
0.625 to 54 years
22,108
136
6
130
28.1
13.3
4.1
14.8
0.6
0.0
0.6Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
11,855
113
15
98
15.1
11.1
10.8
11.1
1.0
0.1
0.816 to 24 years
269
7
0
6
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.7
2.4
0.2
2.325 years and older
11,586
107
15
92
14.7
10.4
10.5
10.4
0.9
0.1
0.825 to 54 years
6,835
68
9
58
8.7
6.6
6.7
6.6
1.0
0.1
0.9MenTotal, 16 years and older
39,446
328
42
286
50.1
32.1
29.4
32.5
0.8
0.1
0.7Never married
17,932
204
31
172
22.8
19.9
22.2
19.6
1.1
0.2
1.016 to 24 years
7,374
128
20
108
9.4
12.5
14.1
12.3
1.7
0.3
1.525 years and older
10,558
75
11
64
13.4
7.4
8.1
7.3
0.7
0.1
0.625 to 54 years
9,581
66
8
59
12.2
6.5
5.4
6.6
0.7
0.1
0.6Married, spouse present(1)
16,741
95
6
89
21.3
9.3
4.4
10.1
0.6
0.0
0.516 to 24 years
368
3
0
3
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.9
0.0
0.925 years and older
16,373
92
6
86
20.8
9.0
4.4
9.7
0.6
0.0
0.525 to 54 years
11,218
48
0
48
14.2
4.7
0.2
5.4
0.4
0.0
0.4Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
4,773
29
4
25
6.1
2.8
2.8
2.8
0.6
0.1
0.516 to 24 years
111
0
0
0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.025 years and older
4,662
29
4
25
5.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
0.6
0.1
0.525 to 54 years
2,898
18
2
16
3.7
1.7
1.2
1.8
0.6
0.1
0.6WomenTotal, 16 years and older
39,283
695
100
595
49.9
67.9
70.6
67.5
1.8
0.3
1.5Never married
16,256
477
77
400
20.6
46.6
54.3
45.4
2.9
0.5
2.516 to 24 years
7,283
311
65
246
9.3
30.4
45.9
27.9
4.3
0.9
3.425 years and older
8,973
166
12
154
11.4
16.2
8.5
17.5
1.9
0.1
1.725 to 54 years
7,929
150
10
140
10.1
14.7
6.9
15.9
1.9
0.1
1.8Married, spouse present(1)
15,945
134
12
122
20.3
13.1
8.2
13.9
0.8
0.1
0.816 to 24 years
447
8
0
8
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.9
1.8
0.0
1.825 years and older
15,498
126
12
114
19.7
12.3
8.2
13.0
0.8
0.1
0.725 to 54 years
10,891
88
6
83
13.8
8.6
3.9
9.4
0.8
0.1
0.8Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
7,082
84
11
73
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.3
1.2
0.2
1.016 to 24 years
158
7
0
6
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.7
4.2
0.3
3.925 years and older
6,924
78
11
67
8.8
7.6
7.7
7.6
1.1
0.2
1.025 to 54 years
3,937
50
8
42
5.0
4.9
5.5
4.8
1.3
0.2
1.1Footnotes(1) Refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples.(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.Note: Data exclude all self-employed workers, whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by usual hours worked per week on primary job, 2022 annual averages
Usual hours worked per week on primary job
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paidhourly ratesTotal paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
Total paidhourlyrates
At or below minimum wage
At or below minimum wageTotal
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
Belowminimumwage
Total
Atminimumwage
BelowminimumwageTotal, 16 years and older
78,729
1,023
141
882
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
0.2
1.1Hours vary
3,957
131
16
116
5.0
12.8
11.0
13.1
3.3
0.4
2.90 to 34 hours
17,115
479
106
373
21.7
46.8
74.8
42.3
2.8
0.6
2.20 to 4 hours
349
10
3
7
0.4
1.0
2.0
0.8
2.8
0.8
2.05 to 9 hours
1,005
34
15
19
1.3
3.3
10.6
2.1
3.3
1.5
1.910 to 14 hours
1,701
58
17
40
2.2
5.6
12.3
4.6
3.4
1.0
2.415 to 19 hours
2,167
76
14
62
2.8
7.4
9.8
7.1
3.5
0.6
2.920 to 24 hours
5,056
117
27
90
6.4
11.4
19.3
10.2
2.3
0.5
1.825 to 29 hours
2,350
68
9
59
3.0
6.7
6.4
6.7
2.9
0.4
2.530 to 34 hours
4,487
116
20
96
5.7
11.4
14.5
10.9
2.6
0.5
2.135 hours or more
57,658
413
20
393
73.2
40.4
14.2
44.6
0.7
0.0
0.735 to 39 hours
5,477
97
6
90
7.0
9.5
4.5
10.3
1.8
0.1
1.740 hours or more
52,181
316
14
302
66.3
30.9
9.7
34.3
0.6
0.0
0.640 hours
45,045
262
10
251
57.2
25.6
7.4
28.5
0.6
0.0
0.641 hours or more
7,136
54
3
51
9.1
5.3
2.3
5.8
0.8
0.0
0.741 to 44 hours
738
8
2
6
0.9
0.8
1.7
0.7
1.1
0.3
0.845 to 48 hours
2,318
18
1
17
2.9
1.7
0.6
1.9
0.8
0.0
0.749 to 59 hours
2,741
18
0
18
3.5
1.8
0.0
2.0
0.7
0.0
0.760 hours or more
1,338
11
0
11
1.7
1.0
0.0
1.2
0.8
0.0
0.8Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Estimates of usual hours worked presented in this table differ from usual full- or part-time status (as shown in table 1) because of a sizable number of workers whose usual hours vary on the primary job. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by sex, 1979-2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and sex
Totalwageandsalaryworkers
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Percentageof totalwageandsalaryworkers
At prevailingfederalminimumwage(1)
Belowprevailingfederalminimumwage(1)
Total at or belowprevailing federalminimum wageNumber
Percentageof hourlypaidworkersTotal1979
87,529
51,721
59.1
3,997
2,916
6,912
13.41980
87,644
51,335
58.6
4,686
3,087
7,773
15.11981
88,516
51,869
58.6
4,311
3,513
7,824
15.11982
87,368
50,846
58.2
4,148
2,348
6,496
12.81983
88,290
51,820
58.7
4,261
2,077
6,338
12.21984
92,194
54,143
58.7
4,125
1,838
5,963
11.01985
94,521
55,762
59.0
3,899
1,639
5,538
9.91986
96,903
57,529
59.4
3,461
1,599
5,060
8.81987
99,303
59,552
60.0
3,229
1,468
4,698
7.91988
101,407
60,878
60.0
2,608
1,319
3,927
6.51989
103,480
62,389
60.3
1,790
1,372
3,162
5.11990
104,876
63,172
60.2
1,096
2,132
3,228
5.11991
103,723
62,627
60.4
2,906
2,377
5,283
8.41992
104,668
63,610
60.8
2,982
1,939
4,921
7.71993
106,101
64,274
60.6
2,625
1,707
4,332
6.71994
107,989
66,549
61.6
2,132
1,995
4,128
6.21995
110,038
68,354
62.1
1,956
1,699
3,656
5.31996
111,960
69,255
61.9
1,861
1,863
3,724
5.41997
114,533
70,735
61.8
1,764
2,990
4,754
6.71998
116,730
71,440
61.2
1,593
2,834
4,427
6.21999
118,963
72,306
60.8
1,146
2,194
3,340
4.62000
122,089
73,496
60.2
898
1,752
2,650
3.62001
122,229
73,392
60.0
656
1,518
2,174
3.02002
121,826
72,508
59.5
567
1,579
2,146
3.02003
122,358
72,946
59.6
545
1,555
2,100
2.92004
123,554
73,939
59.8
520
1,483
2,003
2.72005
125,889
75,609
60.1
479
1,403
1,882
2.52006
128,237
76,514
59.7
409
1,283
1,692
2.22007
129,767
75,873
58.5
267
1,462
1,729
2.32008
129,377
75,305
58.2
286
1,940
2,226
3.02009
124,490
72,611
58.3
980
2,592
3,572
4.92010
124,073
72,902
58.8
1,820
2,541
4,361
6.02011
125,187
73,926
59.1
1,677
2,152
3,829
5.22012
127,577
75,276
59.0
1,566
1,984
3,550
4.72013
129,110
75,948
58.8
1,532
1,768
3,301
4.32014
131,431
77,207
58.7
1,255
1,737
2,992
3.92015
133,743
78,232
58.5
870
1,691
2,561
3.32016
136,101
79,883
58.7
701
1,451
2,153
2.72017
137,890
80,439
58.3
542
1,282
1,824
2.32018
140,099
81,915
58.5
434
1,276
1,711
2.12019
141,737
82,289
58.1
392
1,211
1,603
1.92020
132,174
73,305
55.5
247
865
1,112
1.52021
136,393
76,125
55.8
181
910
1,091
1.42022
141,673
78,729
55.6
141
882
1,023
1.3Men1979
49,400
28,392
57.5
1,353
846
2,199
7.71980
48,700
27,709
56.9
1,696
983
2,678
9.71981
48,844
27,576
56.5
1,533
1,119
2,652
9.61982
47,591
26,481
55.6
1,587
697
2,284
8.61983
47,856
26,831
56.1
1,658
585
2,243
8.41984
50,022
28,140
56.3
1,626
490
2,116
7.51985
51,015
28,893
56.6
1,544
440
1,984
6.91986
51,942
29,666
57.1
1,336
408
1,743
5.91987
52,938
30,474
57.6
1,283
364
1,647
5.41988
53,912
31,058
57.6
1,066
311
1,377
4.41989
54,789
31,687
57.8
733
379
1,112
3.51990
55,553
32,104
57.8
385
712
1,097
3.41991
54,618
31,639
57.9
1,114
795
1,909
6.01992
54,826
32,155
58.6
1,231
653
1,885
5.91993
55,475
32,337
58.3
1,091
573
1,664
5.11994
56,570
33,528
59.3
891
674
1,565
4.71995
57,669
34,420
59.7
796
542
1,338
3.91996
58,473
34,838
59.6
755
619
1,374
3.91997
59,825
35,521
59.4
673
1,147
1,820
5.11998
60,973
35,761
58.7
628
1,039
1,667
4.71999
61,914
36,073
58.3
446
768
1,214
3.42000
63,662
36,720
57.7
319
582
901
2.52001
63,647
36,544
57.4
247
497
744
2.02002
63,272
36,000
56.9
217
582
799
2.22003
63,236
35,853
56.7
213
493
706
2.02004
64,145
36,806
57.4
210
470
680
1.82005
65,466
37,652
57.5
189
459
648
1.72006
66,811
38,193
57.2
146
422
568
1.52007
67,468
37,790
56.0
86
460
546
1.42008
66,846
37,334
55.9
90
638
728
1.92009
63,539
35,185
55.4
368
990
1,358
3.92010
63,531
35,498
55.9
669
943
1,612
4.52011
64,686
36,457
56.4
648
785
1,433
3.92012
65,898
37,113
56.3
567
696
1,263
3.42013
66,794
37,544
56.2
622
621
1,243
3.32014
68,048
38,405
56.4
516
598
1,114
2.92015
69,298
38,732
55.9
330
629
959
2.52016
70,589
39,568
56.1
270
499
769
1.92017
71,469
39,781
55.7
226
452
678
1.72018
72,632
40,691
56.0
168
464
632
1.62019
73,349
40,918
55.8
125
411
536
1.32020
68,711
36,792
53.5
111
258
369
1.02021
70,739
38,089
53.8
87
311
398
1.02022
73,672
39,446
53.5
42
286
328
0.8Women1979
38,129
23,329
61.2
2,644
2,070
4,714
20.21980
38,944
23,626
60.7
2,990
2,104
5,095
21.61981
39,672
24,294
61.2
2,778
2,394
5,172
21.31982
39,777
24,365
61.3
2,561
1,651
4,212
17.31983
40,433
24,989
61.8
2,603
1,492
4,095
16.41984
42,172
26,003
61.7
2,499
1,348
3,847
14.81985
43,506
26,869
61.8
2,356
1,198
3,554
13.21986
44,961
27,863
62.0
2,125
1,192
3,317
11.91987
46,365
29,078
62.7
1,946
1,105
3,051
10.51988
47,495
29,820
62.8
1,542
1,008
2,550
8.61989
48,691
30,702
63.1
1,056
994
2,050
6.71990
49,323
31,069
63.0
711
1,420
2,131
6.91991
49,105
30,988
63.1
1,792
1,582
3,374
10.91992
49,842
31,454
63.1
1,751
1,286
3,036
9.71993
50,626
31,937
63.1
1,534
1,133
2,667
8.41994
51,419
33,021
64.2
1,241
1,322
2,563
7.81995
52,369
33,934
64.8
1,161
1,157
2,318
6.81996
53,488
34,418
64.3
1,106
1,244
2,350
6.81997
54,708
35,214
64.4
1,092
1,843
2,935
8.31998
55,757
35,680
64.0
965
1,794
2,760
7.71999
57,050
36,233
63.5
700
1,426
2,126
5.92000
58,427
36,777
62.9
579
1,170
1,749
4.82001
58,582
36,848
62.9
409
1,021
1,430
3.92002
58,555
36,508
62.3
350
997
1,347
3.72003
59,122
37,093
62.7
332
1,062
1,394
3.82004
59,408
37,133
62.5
310
1,013
1,323
3.62005
60,423
37,957
62.8
290
944
1,234
3.32006
61,426
38,321
62.4
263
861
1,124
2.92007
62,299
38,082
61.1
181
1,002
1,183
3.12008
62,532
37,972
60.7
196
1,302
1,498
3.92009
60,951
37,426
61.4
612
1,603
2,215
5.92010
60,542
37,404
61.8
1,151
1,598
2,749
7.32011
60,502
37,469
61.9
1,029
1,366
2,395
6.42012
61,679
38,163
61.9
999
1,288
2,287
6.02013
62,316
38,404
61.6
910
1,148
2,058
5.42014
63,383
38,802
61.2
739
1,139
1,878
4.82015
64,445
39,500
61.3
540
1,062
1,602
4.12016
65,512
40,315
61.5
432
952
1,384
3.42017
66,421
40,658
61.2
316
829
1,146
2.82018
67,467
41,223
61.1
267
812
1,078
2.62019
68,388
41,372
60.5
268
800
1,067
2.62020
63,462
36,513
57.5
136
607
742
2.02021
65,654
38,036
57.9
94
599
693
1.82022
68,001
39,283
57.8
100
595
695
1.8Footnote(1) Data for 1990–91, 1996–97, and 2007–09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a nationally representative sample of about 60,000 eligible households in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey also provides data on earnings, which are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated, are excluded from these earnings estimates.
This publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
*Wage and salary workers* are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated.
*Workers paid by the hour* are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.
*Hourly earnings* data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.
*Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage*include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded.
Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage for 1979 and later years is listed in the following table.
**Federal minimum wage**
**Effective date**$2.90
January 1, 1979$3.10
January 1, 1980$3.35
January 1, 1981$3.80
April 1, 1990$4.25
April 1, 1991$4.75
October 1, 1996$5.15
September 1, 1997$5.85
July 24, 2007$6.55
July 24, 2008$7.25
July 24, 2009Estimates of the annual average number of minimum wage workers for years when the minimum wage increased during the year reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers at or below the federal minimum of $5.15 for January to July and $5.85 for August to December.
*Full-time workers* are defined as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.
*Part-time workers* are defined as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race for the data presented in this report. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
*Married, spouse present* refers to people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages living together in the same household.
*Other marital status* refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; or married, spouse absent.
*Separated* includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord.
*Married, spouse absent* includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the previous definition of *separated*.
Interpreting minimum wage data
The CPS does not determine whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or by individual state or local minimum wage laws. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage are based solely on the hourly wage that respondents report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions). It should be noted that some respondents might round their hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might be reported as having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers reported as earning at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not in fact be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the FLSA or state statutes in cases where such standards apply.
Estimates of the number of minimum wage workers in this report pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely underestimate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.
Several states have established minimum wage rates that exceed the federal level. (Information on state minimum wage laws is available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state.) Users should be cautious about comparing state estimates with CPS estimates in this report because of differing statutory minimum wages. It also should be noted that the CPS sample is based on residence; workers report their earnings on their job, which may not be located in the same state in which they live. In addition, the degree of sampling error may be quite large for some state estimates.
Reliability
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample of the population is surveyed, rather than the entire population, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, respondents may round their hourly earnings to whole dollars when answering survey questions.
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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