PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 08-4323

___________

NICOLE EHRHEART; JOHN J. GARLAND, 

Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated 

 v.

VERIZON WIRELESS; DOES 1 THROUGH 10 inclusive;

VERIZON WIRELESS SERVICES, LLC; CELLCO

PARTNERSHIP d/b/a VERIZON WIRELESS

NICHOL EHRHEART and JOHN GARLAND,

 Appellants

___________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 2-07-cv-01165)

District Judge: The Honorable Donetta W. Ambrose

___________

ARGUED OCTOBER 29, 2009
2

BEFORE: SMITH, FISHER, 

and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: June 15, 2010)

___________

Gary F. Lynch, Esq. (Argued)

R. Bruce Carlson, Esq.

Carlson Lynch

36 North Jefferson Street

PO Box 7635

New Castle, PA 16107

Counsel for Appellant, Ehrheart

Justin S. Gilbert, Esq.

Gilbert Russell & McWherter

101 North Highland

Jackson, TN 38301

Counsel for Appellant, Garland

Michael A. Carvin, Esq. (Argued)

Noel J. Francisco, Esq.

John M. Gore, Esq.

Jones Day

51 Louisiana Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20001
3

Amy E. Dias, Esq.

Jones Day

500 Grant Street, Suite 4500

Pittsburgh, PA 15219

Counsel for Appellees

___________

OPINION OF THE COURT

___________

NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.

I.

We focus in this appeal on the parameters of a district

court’s role in reviewing class action settlements. The factual

and procedural background is straightforward. The Fair and

Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA), 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et

seq., prohibits a seller from printing a receipt that displays more

than the last five digits of a buyer’s credit or debit card and/or

the expiration date of the credit or debit card. 15 U.S.C. §

1681c(g)(1). The Appellants claimed that Verizon Wireless

violated these provisions and filed a class action lawsuit against

the company. 

The parties participated in court-ordered mediation,

starting in January of 2008. During this time, legislation was

pending before Congress—the Credit and Debit Card Receipt

Clarification Act of 2007, 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(d)—which would
We note that in other almost identical cases, district 1.

judges within this Circuit have denied requests to set aside

FACTA settlements after passage of the Clarification Act. See

Colella v. Univ. of Pittsburgh, 569 F.Supp.2d 525 (W.D. Pa.

2008); Hughes v. InMotion Entertainment, 2008 WL 3889725

(W.D. Pa. Aug. 18, 2008); Curiale v. Lenox Group Inc., 2008

WL 4899474 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 14, 2008). 

4

amend FACTA by eliminating the Appellants’ cause of action.

After completing mediation, the parties arrived at a settlement

which they submitted to the District Court for approval pursuant

to FED.R.CIV.P. 23(e) on April 22, 2008. The District Court

entered a preliminary order approving the settlement two days

later.

The Clarification Act was signed into law by President

Bush on June 3, 2008. Six days later, Verizon filed a motion

asking the District Court to vacate its order granting preliminary

approval to the settlement. The District Court granted this

motion. Verizon then moved for a judgment on the pleadings, 1

which was granted on September 25, 2008. We will reverse.

II.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) requires a district

court to approve any settlement of a certified class before the

settlement becomesfinal. In evaluating a class action settlement

under Rule 23(e), a district court determines whether the

settlement is fundamentally fair, reasonable, and adequate. Id.

The purpose of Rule 23(e) is to protect the unnamed members
We exercise plenary review when reviewing a district 2.

court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings. Jablonski v. Pan Am

World Airways, Inc., 863 F.2d 289, 290 (3d Cir. 1988). We also

exercise plenary review in construing and constructing a

settlement agreement. Coltec Indus. Inc. v. Hobgood, 280 F.3d

262, 269 (3d Cir. 2002).

5

of the class from unjust or unfair settlements. See In re AT & T

Corp., 455 F.3d 160, 175 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting In re Cendant

Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d 201, 231 (3d Cir. 2001)). Here, the

District Court never considered whether to approve the

settlement because, citing the Clarification Act, the court

vacated its preliminary approval. 

In vacating its order granting preliminary approval to the

settlement, the District Court lost sight of three important points

that guide our decision today. First, there is a restricted, tightly

focused role that Rule 23 prescribes for district courts, requiring

them to act as fiduciaries for the absent class members, but that

does not vest them with broad powers to intrude upon the

parties’ bargain. Second, a strong public policy exists, which is

particularly muscular in class action suits, favoring settlement of

disputes, finality of judgments and the termination of litigation.

Third, our jurisprudence holds that changes in the law after a

settlement is reached do not provide ground for rescission of the

settlement.2

A. Appropriate Role of the District Court

Under FED.R.CIV.P. 23(e), a district court’s primary role

is to determine whether the settlement is fundamentally fair,

reasonable and adequate. In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig.,

579 F.3d 241, 258 (3d Cir. 2009). The purpose of Rule 23(e) is

to protect the unnamed members of the class. In re Warfarin

Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d 516, 534 (3d Cir. 2004).
6

Under Rule 23(e), a district court acts as a fiduciary, guarding

the claims and rights of the absent class members. In re AT&T,

455 F.3d at 175 (citing In re Cendant Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d at

231); see also, In re General Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel

Tank Prods. Liability Litig., 55 F.3d 768, 782 (3d Cir. 1995).

The requirement that a district court review and approve

a class action settlement before it binds all class members does

not affect the binding nature of the parties’ underlying

agreement. In re Syncor ERISA Litig., 516 F.3d 1095, 1100 (9th

Cir. 2008). Put another way, judicial approval of a class action

settlement is a condition subsequent to the contract and does not

affect the legality of the proposed settlement agreement. Collins

v. Thompson, 679 F.2d 168, 172 (9th Cir. 1982). A district court

is not a party to the settlement, nor may it modify the terms of a

voluntary settlement agreement between parties. In Evans v.

Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717 (1986), the Supreme Court explained the

role of a district court in reviewing settlements in class actions:

Rule 23(e) wisely requires court approval of the

terms of any settlement of a class action, but the

power to approve or reject a settlement negotiated

by the parties before trial does not authorize the

court to require the parties to accept a settlement

to which they have not agreed.

Id. at 726-27 (footnotes omitted). Similarly, our role as an

appellate court is to ascertain whether or not the trial judge

clearly abused his or her discretion in approving or rejecting a

settlement agreement. See GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 782; Cotton v.

Hinton, 559 F.2d 1326, 1333 (5th Cir. 1977). 

We have no doubt that the settlement agreement reached

in this case is a binding and enforceable contract under general

principles of contract interpretation. The settlement agreement

was negotiated through and executed by experienced counsel on
7

both sides, following mediation with a well-respected and

experienced mediator. The parties acknowledged to the District

Court that the agreement was negotiated in good faith and at

arm’s length. Verizon admits no wrongdoing in the settlement

agreement and denies all liability, but agreed to the settlement

after taking into account the uncertainty and risks inherent in

any litigation, especially in multi-party cases like this litigation.

Post-settlement, Verizon made the argument, which was

endorsed by the District Court, that a settlement agreement is

not a binding contract until final judicial approval. This is

incorrect. There are two steps in reaching a settlement in a class

action. First, the parties reach an agreed-to settlement. Second,

the District Court evaluates the agreement as a fiduciary for

absent class members. In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 579

F.3d at 257. The reason for judicial approval is to ensure that

other unrepresented parties (absent class members) and the

public interest are fairly treated by the settlement reached

between the class representatives and the defendants. Collins,

679 F.2d at 172. Here, the District Court’s own local rules

specifically establish this fiduciary relationship by requiring

parties to class action settlements to give the court “sufficient

information for the Court to make findings with respect to the

fairness and reasonableness of the settlement to the class.”

Local Rule of the United States District Court for the Western

District of Pennsylvania 23(i) (emphasis added). We make

clear that this fiduciary protection does not extend to defendants

in a class action, who are in a position to protect their own

interests during negotiations. See Ibarra v. Texas Employment

Comm’n, 823 F.2d 873, 878 (5 Cir. 1987). th

If Verizon’s argument was accepted, and the District

Court’s action in vacating its preliminary approval affirmed, the

settlement process would become meaningless since either party

to a class action settlement (or any other type of settlement that

requires court approval) could back out of an agreement at any
8

time before court approval and avoid any legal repercussions for

breaching the earlier offer and acceptance. Here, the

Clarification Act was pending before Congress when the parties

negotiated their agreement. In negotiating this agreement,

Verizon bet on the certainty of settlement instead of gambling

on the uncertainties of future legislative action. Verizon lost,

and the District Court erred by letting it replay its hand. 

B. Presumption in Favor of Settlements

The District Court’s decision also ran afoul of the strong

presumption in favor of voluntary settlement agreements, which

we have explicitly recognized with approval. See, e.g., Penwalt

Corp. v. Plough, 676 F.2d 77, 79-80 (3d Cir. 1982). This policy

is also evident in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the

District Court’s Local Rules, which encourage facilitating the

settlement of cases. See, e.g., FED.R.CIV.P. 16(a)(5) (one of the

five purposes of a pretrial conference is to facilitate settlement);

L.Cv.R. 16.2(B) (recognizing the burden litigation places on

parties and mandating that they utilize a broad range of courtsponsored ADR processes); L.Cv.R. 23(C)(5) (including among

matters to be discussed at pretrial conference the timing and

plan for methods of alternative dispute resolution). This

presumption is especially strong in “class actions and other

complex cases where substantial judicial resources can be

conserved by avoiding formal litigation.” GM Truck, 55 F.3d at

784. The strong judicial policy in favor of class action

settlement contemplates a circumscribed role for the district

courts in settlement review and approval proceedings. This

policy also ties into the strong policy favoring the finality of

judgments and the termination of litigation. Settlement

agreements are to be encouraged because they promote the

amicable resolution of disputes and lighten the increasing load

of litigation faced by the federal courts. See D.R. by M.R. v.

East Brunswick Bd. of Educ., 109 F.3d 896, 901 (3d Cir. 1997).

In addition to the conservation of judicial resources, the parties
9

may also gain significantly from avoiding the costs and risks of

a lengthy and complex trial. Id. By vacating its preliminary

approval of the settlement and by granting Verizon a judgment

on the pleadings, the District Court permitted Verizon to void its

settlement agreement when it became unpalatable and digressed

from the federal policy of encouraging class action settlement

agreements.

C. Changes in the Law after Settlement 

The parties do not dispute on appeal (nor did they before

the District Court) that the Clarification Act eliminated the

Appellants’ cause of action or that the Act retroactively

encompasses the Appellants’ claims. The question on appeal,

therefore, is not whether the Clarification Act, enacted earlier,

would have eliminated Appellants’ underlying claims, but rather

whether the Act moots the settlement agreement the parties

executed while that legislation was pending in Congress. We

conclude that it does not. 

We first note that changes in the law after settlement do

not affect the validity of the agreement and do not provide a

legitimate basis for rescinding the settlement. Albeit in the

context of a FED.R.CIV.P. 60(b) motion, we have held that a

favorable change in the law post-settlement does not give a

settling party a basis to repudiate an otherwise valid settlement

agreement. Coltec Industries, Inc. v. Hobgood, 280 F.3d 262,

273 (3d Cir. 2002); see also Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203,

239 (1997) (observing that “intervening developments in the law

by themselves rarely constitute the extraordinary circumstances

required for relief under Rule 60(b)(6)”); Kramer v. Gates, 481

F.3d 788, 792 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Of particular concern in Coltec

was the belief that the company was attempting to escape the

consequences of a bargain it regretted in hindsight. Id. We

noted that “even if Coltec’s decision to settle was improvident

in hindsight, the decision has been made and cannot be
10

revisited,” and held that the company must bear “the

consequences of its informed, counseled and voluntary

decision” to settle. Id. at 275.

In Coltec, we analogized a litigant’s decision to settle to

a determination not to appeal an unfavorable determination. Id.

at 274. We found such decisions, when voluntarily made, to be

calculated and deliberate choices by a litigant, choices which

provide no relief when the legal landscape subsequently

changes. Id. (citing Ackerman v. United States, 340 U.S. 193,

198 (1950)). Like a decision to forgo an appeal, the decision to

settle a case is a considered one. The choice to settle implicitly

acknowledges calculated risks and, in the end, reflects the

deliberate decision of both parties to opt for certainty in

terminating their litigation. See Ackerman, 340 U.S. at 198. We

will not relieve a party of that decision because hindsight reveals

that its decision was, given later changes in the law, probably

wrong. Id. The District Court erred by permitting Verizon to

escape the consequences of its informed, counseled and

voluntary decision to settle. Later changes in the law gave it no

foundation to do so. See Coltec, 280 F.3d at 275. 

It is essential that the parties to class action settlements

have complete assurance that a settlement agreement is binding

once it is reached. See In re Syncor, 516 F.3d at 1100 (citing

Collins, 679 F.2d at 172). The fact that a settlement agreement

is governed by Rule 23 does not diminish its enforceability as a

contract. Where, as here, the parties have executed an

agreement, a party cannot avoid its independent contractual

obligations simply because a change in the law confers upon it

a benefit that could have altered the settlement calculus.

Our dissenting colleague believes that the passage of the

Clarification Act rendered the settlement agreement moot. We

do not agree. Mootness asks “whether changes in circumstances

that prevailed at the beginning of the litigation have forestalled
11

any occasion for meaningful relief.” Artway v. Att'y Gen. of

State of N.J., 81 F.3d 1235, 1246 (3d Cir. 1996) (quotations and

citations omitted). This reflects the current posture of the case.

See also Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43,

68 n.22 (1997) (“Mootness has been described as ‘the doctrine

of standing set in a time frame: The requisite personal interest

that must exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing)

must continue throughout its existence (mootness)’” (quoting

United States Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 397

(1980)) (additional citation omitted).).

Viewing this case for mootness, we conclude that the

doctrine does not apply. “[A] case is moot when the issues

presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally

cognizable interest in the outcome.” Donovan ex. rel. Donovan

v. Punxsutawney Area Sch. Bd., 336 F.3d 211, 216 (3d Cir.

2003) (quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496

(1969)). “The mootness doctrine is centrally concerned with the

court’s ability to grant effective relief: ‘If developments occur

during the course of adjudication that eliminate a plaintiff’s

personal stake in the outcome of a suit or prevent a court from

being able to grant the requested relief, the case must be

dismissed as moot.’” County of Morris v. Nationalist

Movement, 273 F.3d 527, 533 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting Blanciak

v. Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 77 F.3d 690, 698-99 (3d Cir.1996)).

We find nothing in the Clarification Act that would moot the

parties’ settlement agreement. Further, the fact that the

settlement agreement is a class action settlement governed by

Rule 23 does not affect the enforceability of the agreement as

a binding contract. The parties executed the agreement with the

understanding that intervening events could affect their interests

in the litigation. See, e.g., Taylor v. Gordon Flesch Co., 793

F.2d 858, 863 (7th Cir. 1986) (citing Glass v. Rock Island

Refining Corp., 788 F.2d 450 (7th Cir. 1986)). 
12

Further, the Clarification Act did not change the District

Court’s ability to grant effective relief. The Appellants still had

a “personal stake in the outcome”—the settlement

agreement—and the District Court continued to possess the

ability and the authority to approve the settlement. See Old

Bridge Owners Coop. Corp. v. Twp. of Old Bridge, 246 F.3d

310, 314 (3d Cir. 2001). Assuming on remand the District

Court finds the settlement fair, adequate and reasonable to

absent class members, the District Court can grant complete

relief by entering judgment on the settlement agreement. Thus,

the Clarification Act does not render the settlement moot.

III.

In sum, we will reverse the District Court’s judgment on

the pleadings and remand this matter with instructions for it to

reinstate its preliminary approval of the settlement agreement

and to proceed with the Rule 23 process.
 All references to “Rule 23(e)” refer to Rule 23(e) of the 1

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. That provision states:

Settlement, Voluntary Dismissal, or Compromise.

The claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class

may be settled, voluntarily dismissed, or

compromised only with the court’s approval. The

following procedures apply to a proposed

1

Ehrheart v. Verizon, No. 08-4323, dissenting.

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Having read the same briefs and heard the same oral

argument, the majority and I seem almost to be deciding two

different appeals. In the majority’s view, this case presents a

simple, run-of-the-mill class action settlement agreement

binding two willing, sophisticated parties. As such, according

to the majority, the District Court was obligated, as a fiduciary

for the absent class members, to reject any motion that would

harm those class members.

In my view, this case is about mootness and standing, two

interrelated doctrines that are derived from Article III of the

Constitution’s “case or controversy” requirement. The District

Court unquestionably had a fiduciary duty to the absent class

members. But that duty is triggered only within the confines of

Rule 23(e), i.e., when dealing with settlements, voluntary 1
settlement, voluntary dismissal, or compromise:

(1) The court must direct notice in a reasonable

manner to all class members who would be bound

by the proposal.

(2) If the proposal would bind class members, the

court may approve it only after a hearing and on

finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate.

(3) The parties seeking approval must file a

statement identifying any agreement made in

connection with the proposal.

(4) If the class action was previously certified

under Rule 23(b)(3), the court may refuse to

approve a settlement unless it affords a new

opportunity to request exclusion to individual

class members who had an earlier opportunity to

request exclusion but did not do so.

(5) Any class member may object to the proposal

if it requires court approval under this subdivision

(e); the objection may be withdrawn only with the

court’s approval.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e).

2

dismissals, or compromises. It cannot expand the boundaries of

federal court jurisdiction under Article III. Here, the District
3

Court gave effect to a congressional mandate, the Credit and

Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act of 2007 (the “Clarification

Act” or the “Act”), Pub. L. No. 110-241, 122 Stat. 1565 (2008),

an enactment that effectively stripped standing for claims based

solely on the printing of a receipt containing the expiration date

of a credit or debit card, id., § 3(a). Congress instructed that the

Act should be “appl[ied] to any action, other than an action

which has become final,” id., § 3(b), meaning that the Act

applied to this case because at the time it was passed the District

Court had not yet held a fairness hearing, issued final approval

of the settlement, or entered final judgment. Although I

disagree with the District Court’s reliance on Rule 23(e) in

reaching its outcome, because I conclude that the Clarification

Act rendered the named plaintiffs’ cases moot, I would reach a

similar outcome. I would vacate the judgment on the pleadings

in favor of Verizon and remand this case to the District Court

with instructions to dismiss the named plaintiffs’ complaints as

moot.

Before turning to this issue, however, I must explain the

origins of the Clarification Act, and the procedural and factual

posture of this case—aspects of this case that the majority all but

overlooks.
The Fair Credit Reporting Act was “passed in 1970 to 2

insure that consumer reporting agencies exercise their ‘grave

responsibilities’ regarding the ‘assembling and evaluating [of]

consumer credit and other information on consumers’ with

‘fairness, impartiality, and a respect for the consumer’s right to

privacy.’ 15 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(3) and (4).” Houghton v. Ins.

Crime Prevention Inst., 795 F.2d 322, 323-24 (3d Cir. 1986).

4

I.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.,

2

was amended in 2003 by the Fair and Accurate Credit

Transaction Act (“FACTA”), Pub. L. No. 108-159, 117 Stat.

1952 (2003), to, inter alia, prevent identity theft. To serve this

end, FACTA, subject to a few exceptions not relevant to this

appeal, prohibited the electronic printing of more than the last

five digits of a credit or debit card account number or the card’s

expiration date on a receipt:

[N]o person that accepts credit cards or debit

cards for the transaction of business shall print

more than the last 5 digits of the card number or

the expiration date upon any receipt provided to

the cardholder at the point of sale or transaction.

15 U.S.C. § 1681c(g)(1). This prohibition became effective on

December 4, 2006, three years after the date of FACTA’s

enactment, for “device[s] that electronically print[ed] receipts .

. . that [were] in use before January 1, 2005.” Id. §
5

1681c(g)(3)(A). For devices first put into use “on or after

January 1, 2005,” the prohibition became effective one year

after FACTA’s enactment, on December 4, 2004. Id. §

1681c(g)(3)(B).

Individuals who willfully fail to comply with this

deadline risk civil liability under the Fair Credit Reporting Act:

Any person who willfully fails to comply with any

requirement imposed under [the Fair Credit

Reporting Act] with respect to any consumer is

liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the

sum of --

(1)(A) any actual damages

sustained by the consumer as a

result of the failure or damages of

not less than $100 and not more

than $1,000; or . . . 

(2) such amount of punitive

damages as the court may allow;

and

(3) in the case of any successful

action to enforce any liability under

this section, the costs of the action

together with reasonable attorney’s

fees as determined by the court.
6

15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a).

In June of 2008, Congress passed the Clarification Act,

which modified the civil liability provision to exclude instances

between December 4, 2004, and June 3, 2008, where an

individual did not remove an expiration date of a credit or debit

card from a receipt, but otherwise complied with FACTA:

[A]ny person who printed an expiration date on

any receipt provided to a consumer cardholder at

a point of sale or transaction between December

4, 2004, and the date of the enactment of this

subsection [June 3, 2008] but otherwise complied

with the requirements of [15 U.S.C. § 1681c(g)]

for such receipt shall not be in willful

noncompliance with [that] section . . . by reason

of printing such expiration date on the receipt.

Pub. L. No. 110-241, § 3(a) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(d)).

This exclusion of expiration date claims “appl[ied] to any

action, other than an action which ha[d] become final . . .

without regard to whether such action [wa]s brought before or

after the date of the enactment of th[e] [Clarification] Act.”

Pub. L. No. 110-241, § 3(b). 

The purpose of the Act was “to ensure that consumers

suffering from any actual harm to their credit or identity [we]re

protected while simultaneously limiting abusive lawsuits that

d[id] not protect consumers but only result[ed] in increased cost
7

to business and potentially increased prices to consumers.” Id.,

§ 2(b). In Section 2 of the Act, Congress set forth its findings

explaining its decision to exclude liability for the printing of a

card’s expiration date. Congress acknowledged that it enacted

FACTA to reduce identity theft, and that, as written in 2003,

FACTA prohibited the printing of a credit or debit card’s

expiration date or more than the last five digits of that card’s

account number. Id., § 2(a)(1) and (2). Congress found that

these requirements were mistakenly understood by “[m]any

merchants” as requiring only a truncation of the “account

number down to the last 5 digits[.]” Id., § 2(a)(3). It also found

that FACTA resulted in “hundreds of lawsuits . . . alleging that

the failure to remove the expiration date was a willful violation

of the Fair Credit Reporting Act even where the account number

was properly truncated.” Id., § 2(a)(4). According to Congress,

“[n]one of these lawsuits contained an allegation of harm to any

consumer’s identity.” Id., § 2(a)(5). Congress further found

that “[d]espite repeatedly being denied class certification, the

continued appealing and filing of these lawsuits represent[ed] a

significant burden on the hundreds of companies that ha[d] been

sued and could raise prices to consumers without corresponding

consumer protection benefit.” Id., § 2(a)(7).

II.

Verizon was one of the many merchants that Congress

found had failed to remove credit or debit card expiration dates

from receipts. See id., § 2(a)(3). In August of 2007, Nicole
8

Ehrheart filed one of the “hundreds of lawsuits . . . alleging that

the failure to remove the expiration date was a willful violation

of the Fair Credit Reporting Act,” id., § 2(a)(4), in the United

States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

She filed her complaint as a class action, purporting to represent

a class of individuals harmed by Verizon’s printing of credit and

debit card account numbers and expiration dates, but her

personal injury was limited to the printing of an expiration date.

She alleged that on June 7, 2007, Verizon gave her an

electronically printed receipt on which the expiration date of her

credit or debit card had been printed. Although there were no

specific “allegation[s] of harm to any consumer’s identity,” id.,

§ 2(a)(5), Ehrheart believed that she deserved redress.

According to her complaint, Verizon violated 15 U.S.C. §

1681c(g), entitling her to statutory damages, punitive damages,

costs, and attorney fees. In December of 2007, the District

Court referred Ehrheart’s action to mediation, and by late

February of 2008 the parties had agreed to settle.

A similar putative class action had been filed by John J.

Garland in the United States District Court for the Western

District of Tennessee on July 27, 2007. Unlike Ehrheart,

Garland alleged his personal injury in an ambiguous fashion, not

stating whether he received a receipt with his credit or debit card

account number, expiration date, or both printed on it. On April

14, 2008, Garland’s action was transferred to the Western

District of Pennsylvania and consolidated with Ehrheart’s

action. On April 22, 2008, Ehrheart, Garland, and Verizon
9

executed a Class Action Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement

Agreement” or the “Agreement”).

The Settlement Agreement

The Settlement Agreement was limited to individuals

who received electronically printed receipts displaying a debit

card’s expiration date. The Agreement defined the “Class” as:

All persons who received electronically printed

receipts displaying an expiration date from

Verizon Wireless at the point of sale or

transacti o n i n a V e ri z o n W ir e l ess

Communications store, in a transaction occurring

between December 4, 2006 and April 21, 2008,

where payment was made with a debit card and

authorized by a personal identification number.

The parties stipulated and agreed that the settlement was

conditioned on the District Court’s preliminary and final

approval. According to the Agreement, a preliminary approval

order was needed to: (1) certify the class for settlement

purposes; (2) appoint a class representative; (3) confirm that the

likelihood of final approval of the settlement was sufficient to

warrant sending out notice to the class; and (4) schedule a

fairness hearing to determine the fairness, adequacy, and

reasonableness of the Settlement Agreement, and (5) to enter

final judgment. Settlement Agreement 8 (¶ 1.19). Once the

District Court entered the preliminary approval order and notice
 “Final” was defined as: 3

(i) the date of final affirmance on an appeal of the

Judgment; (ii) the date of final dismissal with

prejudice of the last pending appeal from the

Judgment; or (iii) if no appeal is filed, the

expiration date of the time for the filing or

noticing of any form of valid appeal from the

10

was disseminated to the class, it was to conduct a fairness

hearing, as required by Rule 23(e). If the Settlement Agreement

met the requirements of Rule 23(e), then the District Court was

to enter an order of final approval and enter final judgment.

The parties agreed that if they did not receive final

approval of the settlement or if the associated judgment did not

become final for any reason, the Agreement would be “null and

void ab initio”:

In the event that the Court does not execute and

file the Order Granting Final Approval of

Settlement, or in the event that the associated

Judgment does not become Final for any reason,

this Settlement Agreement shall be deemed null

and void ab initio, it shall be of no force or effect

whatsoever, [and] it shall not be referred to or

utilized for any purpose whatsoever[.]

Settlement Agreement 2; id. at 15-16 (¶ 2.4.8) (The parties 3
Judgment.

Settlement Agreement 6 (¶ 1.10).

11

agreed that “[i]f the Court reject[ed] the Stipulation, fail[ed] to

enter the Order of Final Approval, or fail[ed] to enter the

Judgment, th[e] Agreement shall be void ab initio, and Verizon

. . . shall have no obligations to make any payments under the

Settlement Agreement.”). In the event that the Settlement

Agreement was “terminated pursuant to its terms . . . or . . .

[wa]s not effectuated for any reason,” the litigation was to

proceed “as if no party had ever agreed to [the] proposed

settlement, without prejudice to the right of any party to

continue to seek or to oppose class certification.” Id. at 5.

Preliminary Approval of the Settlement Agreement

On April 22, 2008, the parties filed a joint motion for

preliminary approval of the Settlement Agreement, requesting

that the District Court approve the terms of the settlement,

certify the class for settlement, approve the proposed class

notice to be sent to the class, and schedule a fairness hearing.

On April 24, 2008, the District Court granted preliminary

approval of the Settlement Agreement, and scheduled a fairness

hearing for August 27, 2008.
12

Vacatur of the Order Granting Preliminary Approval

On June 9, 2008, six days after the passage of the

Clarification Act, Verizon moved to vacate the District Court’s

preliminary approval order. In its motion, Verizon pointed out

that “Congress enacted a law that unequivocally extinguished

[the] [p]laintiffs’ claims underlying the proposed settlement.”

Because “no valid claims exist[ed] to settle,” Verizon argued,

“the proposed settlement [wa]s not ‘fair, adequate and

reasonable’” and the District Court could not provide final

approval for the settlement.

On June 13, 2008, the District Court granted Verizon’s

motion to vacate the preliminary approval order. In its order,

the District Court reasoned that “Congress made clear that the

[Clarification] Act ‘. . . appl[ied] to any action, other than an

action which ha[d] become final . . . ’” and that “[t]his litigation

[wa]s not final,” as it had yet to give final approval to the

Settlement Agreement. Because Congress eliminated the

plaintiffs’ cause of action, the District Court reasoned, it had to

vacate its preliminary approval of the Settlement Agreement.

The plaintiffs moved for reconsideration and the District Court

denied the motion, rejecting the argument that it should ignore

the Act and simply enforce the Settlement Agreement negotiated

by the parties because its only remaining role under Rule 23(e)

was to ensure that the settlement was fair, reasonable and

adequate to the absentee class members. Aside from reiterating

its view that the Clarification Act extinguished the plaintiffs’
13

claim, the District Court added that under Rule 23(e), “[n]o class

action settlement can be fair, adequate or reasonable when

Congress has determined that such relief is unfair and

unreasonable.”

Verizon then moved for judgment on the pleadings,

asserting that judgment was warranted because the plaintiffs’

claims had been eliminated by the Clarification Act. The

plaintiffs opposed the motion, relying on the same arguments

offered in their opposition to Verizon’s motion to vacate the

preliminary approval order. Notably, they never asserted that

they had claims other than those based on the failure to remove

credit or debit card expiration dates. The District Court granted

Verizon’s motion for judgment on the pleadings on September

25, 2008.

The plaintiffs filed this timely appeal, challenging four

orders by the District Court, all of which turn on whether it

properly vacated its preliminary approval of the Settlement

Agreement: (1) the June 13, 2008 order granting Verizon’s

motion to vacate preliminary approval; (2) the September 25,

2008 order denying the motion for reconsideration; (3) the

September 25, 2008 order granting Verizon’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings; and (4) the judgment entered on

September 25, 2008.
14

III.

The Clarification Act, without question, extinguished

Ehrheart’s injury-in-fact as alleged in her complaint. Without

an injury-in-fact, a requirement for Article III standing, the

District Court was obligated to dismiss Ehrheart’s action as

moot immediately. It lacked the authority to hold the required

fairness hearing, enter an order of final approval for the

settlement, or enter final judgment in the action. To do so

would have violated Article III’s “case or controversy”

limitation on its jurisdiction. Garland’s complaint, on the other

hand, left open the possibility that Verizon printed more than the

last five digits of his credit or debit card account number—a

viable claim notwithstanding the Clarification Act—but his

arguments throughout this litigation show that he, like Ehrheart,

suffered an injury based solely on the printing of the expiration

date of his credit or debit card. Thus, I likewise conclude that,

after the passage of the Clarification Act, Garland lost standing

and his claim was rendered moot.

I reach these conclusions based on two observations.

First, the Clarification Act applied to both plaintiffs’ complaints,

despite the District Court’s issuance of preliminary approval for

the Settlement Agreement. Second, Article III requires that a

plaintiff have an injury-in-fact, and the Act eliminated the

printing of a credit or debit card’s expiration date as a

cognizable injury for which an individual may seek relief under

FACTA.
15

A.

The Clarification Act plainly extinguished causes of

action based solely on the printing of a credit or debit card’s

expiration date prior to the District Court’s final approval of the

settlement and entry of final judgment. In relevant part, the Act

stated:

[A]ny person who printed an expiration date on

any receipt provided to a consumer cardholder at

a point of sale or transaction between December

4, 2004, and the date of the enactment of this

subsection [June 3, 2008] but otherwise complied

with the requirements of [15 U.S.C. § 1681c(g)]

for such receipt shall not be in willful

noncompliance with [that] section . . . by reason

of printing such expiration date on the receipt.

Pub. L. No. 110-241, § 3(a) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(d)).

This provision applies to “any action, other than an action which

has become final . . . without regard to whether such action

[wa]s brought before or after the date of the enactment of this

Act.” Pub. L. No. 110-241, § 3(b). 

Although Congress did not define the term “final” in the

Clarification Act, it is obvious that it was referring to finality in

the judicial sense, as it enacted the legislation to rein in “abusive

lawsuits,” id., § 2(b). Congress’s findings explained that “the

continued appealing and filing of these lawsuits represent[ed] a
16

significant burden on the hundreds of companies that have been

sued and could well raise prices to consumers without

corresponding consumer protection benefit.” Id., § 2(a)(7).

Taking into account the Act’s goal of eliminating wasteful

lawsuits, I conclude that Congress intended the federal courts to

apply the Clarification Act to any action that was not, in the

judicial sense, “final.”

In the judicial context, a “‘final decision’ generally is one

which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the

court to do but execute the judgment.” Catlin v. United States,

324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945). In class action litigation where the

parties have negotiated a settlement, voluntary dismissal, or

compromise, Rule 23(e) lays out procedures for achieving

finality in the dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). That rule

establishes that, regardless of the parties’ compromise, the court

must hold a fairness hearing, Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2), and

determine whether to approve the settlement before the matter

is final, Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). This long-standing procedural

requirement first appeared in the 1966 amendments to the rule.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 (1966) (stating that “[a] class action shall

not be . . . compromised without the approval of the court”).

Since at least 2003, Rule 23(e) has explicitly stated that court

approval of a class action settlement may be given “only after a

hearing and on finding that [the settlement] is fair, reasonable,

and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2); see id., Advisory

Committee Notes on 2003 Amendments. Congress was well

aware of the 2003 amendments to Rule 23 because they were
 “The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are not enacted 4

by Congress, but Congress participates in the rulemaking

process.” Bus. Guides, Inc. v. Chromatic Commc’ns Enters.,

498 U.S. 533, 552 (1991) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). “Congress has undoubted power to regulate the

practice and procedure of federal courts,” Sibbach v. Wilson &

Co., Inc., 312 U.S. 1, 9 (1941), so if it disagreed with a proposed

rule promulgated by the Supreme Court, it could “vote to

abrogate [that] rule,” In re Richards, 213 F.3d 773, 786 (3d Cir.

2000).

 The Agreement was expressly made conditional by the 5

parties, and if the District Court “fail[ed] to enter the Order of

Final Approval, or fail[ed] to enter the Judgment, th[e]

Agreement [would be rendered] void ab initio[.]” Settlement

17

passed onto it for review pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act.

See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2072, 2074. Thus, when Congress enacted 4

the Clarification Act and specified that it applied to “any action,

other than an action which has become final,” Pub. L. No. 110-

241, § 3(b), it knew that a class action settlement pending

district court approval under Rule 23(e) was not an action which

had become final. 

Accordingly, because the District Court had yet to

conduct a fairness hearing, issue final approval of the

settlement, or enter final judgment in this case—all activities

contemplated under Rule 23(e) and required under the

Settlement Agreement —the litigation could not have been final 5
Agreement 16 (¶ 2.4.8). Furthermore, the Agreement

contemplated the possibility that the settlement would not occur.

In that event, the litigation would “proceed as if no party had

ever agreed to such proposed settlement, without prejudice to

the right of any party to continue to seek or to oppose class

certification.” Id. at 5.

 We have held that a preliminary approval order 6

“establishes an initial presumption of fairness when the court

finds that: (1) the negotiations occurred at arm’s length; (2)

there was sufficient discovery; (3) the proponents of the

settlement are experienced in similar litigation; and (4) only a

small fraction of the class objected.” In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d

at 785. 

18

as of the date the Clarification Act was passed, June 3, 2008. As

such, the Clarification Act applied to the Ehrheart and Garland

actions. 

The District Court’s preliminary approval of the

Settlement Agreement cannot rationally be construed as a final

disposition of this case in any sense. While it is true that an

order of preliminary approval may establish “an initial

presumption of fairness” in some circumstances, In re General

Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Products Liability

Litigation, 55 F.3d 768, 785 (3d Cir. 1995) [hereinafter In re

GM Truck], that presumption does not inexorably result in final 6

approval of a settlement. “[I]t is clear that the court should not

give rubber-stamp approval.” 4 William B. Rubenstein, Alba
 Those nine factors are: “(1) the complexity and 7

duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the

settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings; (4) the risks of

establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6)

the risks of maintaining a class action; (7) the ability of the

defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of

reasonableness of the settlement in light of the best recovery;

and (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement in light of

all the attendant risks of litigation.” In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at

785.

19

Conte, & Herbert B. Newberg, Newberg on Class Actions §

11.41 (4th ed. 2009) [hereinafter Newberg on Class Actions].

Prior to final approval of a settlement, the district court must

hold a fairness hearing and examine at least nine factors to

determine whether the settlement is fair, reasonable, and

adequate. In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 785. This examination 7

must be “exacting and thorough” because the “adversariness of

litigation is often lost” once parties agree to settle:

The settling parties frequently make a joint

presentation of the benefits of the settlement

without significant information about any

drawbacks. If objectors do not emerge, there may

be no lawyers or litigants criticizing the

settlement or seeking to expose flaws or abuses.

Even if objectors are present, they might simply

seek to be treated differently than the class as a

whole, rather than advocating for class-wide

interests. The lack of significant opposition may

mean that the settlement meets the requirements

of fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy. On the

other hand, it might signify no more than inertia

by class members or it may indicate success on
Notably, while we require an exacting and thorough 8

review by a district court, we also grant substantial deference to

that court’s fact-finding. A district court’s approval of a class

action settlement is subject to abuse of discretion review by an

appellate court. In re Cendant Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d 286, 293

(3d Cir. 2001) (citing In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 782-83).

Thus, the district court’s findings need only survive review for

clear error. In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 783.

20

counsel’s part in obtaining, from likely opponents

and critics, agreements not to object.

Manual for Complex Litigation, Fourth, § 21.61. “Even if there

are no or few objections or adverse appearances before or at the

fairness hearing, the judge must ensure that there is a sufficient

record as to the basis and justification for the settlement.” Id.,

§ 21.635; Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) (stating that the court may

only approve the settlement on “finding that it is fair, reasonable,

and adequate”) (emphasis added). “The record and findings

must demonstrate to a reviewing court that the judge has made

the requisite inquiry and has considered the diverse interests and

the requisite factors in determining the settlement’s fairness,

reasonableness, and adequacy.” Manual for Complex Litigation,

Fourth, § 21.635; Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e), Advisory Committee

Notes on 2003 Amendments (“The findings must be set out in

sufficient detail to explain to class members and the appellate

court the factors that bear on applying the standard.”).8

A district court may deny final approval for a settlement

in a variety of situations, including where absent class members’

interests are not served, In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 785, the

defendant “selects among [plaintiff] attorneys for competing

classes and negotiates an agreement with the attorneys who are
 See Barbara J. Rothstein & Thomas E. Willging, 9

Managing Class Action Litigation: A Pocket Guide for Judges

12-16 (Federal Judicial Center 2005) (discussing other

settlement terms that are “hot button indicators” that “show their

potential unfairness on their face”).

 Indeed, while recognizing the benefits of multi-factor 10

tests for Rule 23(e)—such as, signaling to district courts that the

inquiry is fact intensive and relies on discretion, and providing

parties a roadmap for settlement, Jonathan R. Macey & Geoffrey

21

willing to accept the lowest class recovery (typically in

exchange for general attorney fees),” Manual for Complex

Litigation, Fourth, § 21.61, “class members [receive] illusory

nonmonetary benefits . . . while granting substantial monetary

attorney fee awards,” id., defendants seek to “impos[e] . . . strict

eligibility conditions . . . [such] that many [class] members will

be unlikely to claim benefits,” id., the settlement treats

“similarly situated class members differently,” id., the settlement

releases “claims against parties who did not contribute to the

class settlement,” id., or the settlement releases “claims of

parties who received no compensation in the settlement,” id. 

9

The factors considered in determining whether a

settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate, see supra n.7, “are

[just] a guide; an unfavorable conclusion regarding one or more

factors does not automatically render the settlement unfair.” 2

Joseph M. McLaughlin, McLaughlin on Class Actions: Law and

Practice § 6:7 (6th ed. 2010). Each settlement agreement must

be evaluated based on the particular circumstances of that case

and, as shown by the examples above, there are many reasons

why a district court may not issue final approval for a settlement

agreement.10
P. Miller, Judicial Review of Class Action Settlements, 1 J. of

Legal Analysis 167, 172 (2009)—some commentators have

suggested that such tests suffer from a variety of deficiencies

that result in “confusion and inconsistency in standards for

review of class action settlements[.]” Id. at 202. Among other

issues, the sheer number of factors to consider may encourage

perfunctory analysis by district courts. Id. at 172. “Courts

applying [a multifactor] test[] often recite the litany and engage

in pro forma analyses, but their hearts are not in it.” Id. Also,

the federal courts have yet to provide a uniform procedure for

weighing the various factors implicated in a class action

settlement:

Like all factor tests, the considerations do not

always point in the same direction with the same

force (if they did, the court could save time by

looking at only one). A weighting is required.

Should the courts assign equal weights to all the

factors? The items are too diverse to make this

plausible. But which factors should get more

weight and which less? The courts of appeals

don’t provide much enlightenment. Some

opinions indicate that the most important factor is

the value of the settlement compared with what

the class could expect from continued litigation.

This may be interpreted as weighting one

consideration over others, but it leaves open how

much weight is demanded and how other factors

should be assessed. This lack of clarity may be

typical of factor tests but it is not an outcome that

lends much predictability or certainty to the law.

Id. at 174.

22

In sum, there was still much for the District Court to do
23

to conclude this litigation by way of settlement. Thus, this

matter was not final and the Clarification Act applied to both

named plaintiffs’ complaints.

B.

The majority claims that the District Court could not have

vacated its order of preliminary approval without losing sight of

its tightly focused role as a fiduciary for the absentee class

members. Indeed, it is well established that “the district court

acts as a fiduciary who must serve as a guardian of the rights of

absent class members[.]” In re GM Truck, 55 F.3d at 785;

Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997)

(“Rule 23(e) . . . protects unnamed class members from unjust

or unfair settlements affecting their rights when the

representatives become fainthearted before the action is

adjudicated or are able to secure satisfaction of their individual

claims by a compromise.”) (internal quotation marks omitted);

In re AT&T Corp. Secs. Litig., 455 F.3d 160, 175 (3d Cir. 2006);

In re Cendant Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d at 296. But Rule 23(e) and

the District Court’s corresponding duties under that rule apply

to only proposed settlements, voluntary dismissals, or

compromises. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). They do not apply to

involuntary dismissals, such as sua sponte dismissal for

mootness. In Amchem Products, Inc., the Supreme Court stated,

albeit in dicta, that “Rule 23’s requirements must be interpreted

in keeping with Article III constraints, and with the Rules

Enabling Act, which instructs that rules of procedure ‘shall not

abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right[.]’” 521 U.S.

at 613 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b)); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 82

(stating that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “do not extend

or limit the jurisdiction of the district courts”). “[A] class action
The majority, in its attempts to sustain a live “case or 11

controversy,” argues that the District Court could still grant

effective relief to the plaintiffs by virtue of the existence of the

Settlement Agreement and the District Court’s ability to approve

that agreement after a fairness hearing. This argument

succinctly illustrates the errors of the majority’s approach. Rule

23, like all the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, cannot

“abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2072(b). Nor can it “extend or limit the jurisdiction of the

district courts[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 82. Yet the majority seeks to

use the procedures set forth in Rule 23 to accomplish both those

things. 

The majority’s approach would grant class members who

do not opt out of the Settlement Agreement “substantive

right[s]” that would be denied to class members who do opt out,

in violation of the Rules Enabling Act. 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b).

Under the majority’s holding, the former group may receive

relief for a non-existent injury because the Settlement

Agreement and the procedures set forth under Rule 23

purportedly provide for such a result. Class members who opt

out, however, would have no right to relief. If an individual

who opted out of the Settlement Agreement sought to proceed

on her own claim, that claim would be dismissed because the

Clarification Act eliminated her cause of action. 

In the same vein, the majority asserts that this case is not

moot because the District Court could hold a fairness hearing

and grant relief—the approval of the Settlement

Agreement—for the class members. Pointing to any Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure, including Rule 23, as the source of

24

is a procedural device.” 1 Newburg on Class Actions § 1:2. It

“cannot confer standing to sue on a named plaintiff who seeks

to represent a class[.]” Id.11
Article III jurisdiction is categorically barred. Fed. R. Civ. P.

82. Rule 23’s procedures cannot resuscitate a moot case. Id.

25

Here, the District Court, couching its decision in terms of

the “fair, adequate, and reasonable” language of Rule 23(e),

vacated its order granting preliminary approval of the settlement

because the statutory basis for the plaintiffs’ claims had been

eliminated. Instead, it should have dismissed both named

plaintiffs’ complaints as moot since their injuries were based on

the electronic printing of card expiration dates during the period

for which the Clarification Act eliminated the corresponding

statutory injury, 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(d). See Amchem Prods.,

Inc., 521 U.S. at 613.

Mootness is “the doctrine of standing set in a time frame:

The requisite personal interest that must exist at the

commencement of litigation (standing) must continue

throughout its existence (mootness).” Arizonans for Official

English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 68 n.22 (1997) (internal

quotation marks omitted); Artway v. Att’y Gen. of the State of

N.J., 81 F.3d 1235, 1246 (3d Cir. 1996) (“Mootness . . . asks

whether a party who has established standing has now lost it

because the facts of her case have changed over time.”).

Therefore, we look to the doctrine of standing to inform our

application of the mootness doctrine. “In its constitutional

dimension, standing imports justiciability: whether the plaintiff

has made out a ‘case or controversy’ between himself and the

defendant within the meaning of Art. III.” Warth v. Seldin, 422

U.S. 490, 498 (1975). “This is the threshold question in every

federal case, determining the power of the court to entertain the

suit.” Id. “Like any jurisdictional requirement, standing cannot

be waived.” Pub. Interest Research Group of N.J., Inc. v.
The Supreme Court frowns upon a federal court 12

“resolv[ing] contested questions of law when its jurisdiction is

in doubt.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83,

101 (1998); see Storino v. Borough of Point Pleasant Beach,

322 F.3d 293, 300 (3d Cir. 2003) (explaining the importance of

the standing doctrine).

26

Magnesium Elektron, Inc., 123 F.3d 111, 117 n.5 (3d Cir. 1997).

In general, a plaintiff “must have standing at all stages of the

litigation[.]” Id. at 117. “[F]ederal appellate courts have a

bedrock obligation to examine both their own subject matter

jurisdiction and that of the district courts.” Id. The Supreme 12

Court has explained that “the irreducible constitutional

minimum of standing contains three elements”:

First, the plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in

fact” -- an invasion of a legally protected interest

which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b)

“actual or imminent, not ‘conjectural’ or

‘hypothetical[.]’” Second, there must be a causal

connection between the injury and the conduct

complained of -- the injury has to be “fairly . . .

trace[able] to the challenged action of the

defendant, and not . . . the result [of] the

independent action of some third party not before

the court.” Third, it must be “likely,” as opposed

to merely “speculative,” that the injury will be

“redressed by a favorable decision.”

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)

(internal footnote and citations omitted). These elements are an
27

“an indispensable part of [a] plaintiff’s case[.]” Id. at 561. In

a class action, “named plaintiffs who represent a class ‘must

allege and show that they personally have been injured, not that

injury has been suffered by other, unidentified members of the

class to which they belong and which they purport to

represent.’” Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26,

40 n.20 (1976) (quoting Warth, 422 U.S. at 502). “Absent

Article III standing, a federal court does not have subject matter

jurisdiction to address a plaintiff’s claims, and they must be

dismissed.” Berg v. Obama, 586 F.3d 234, 242 (3d Cir. 2009)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e are required to raise

issues of standing sua sponte if such issues exist.” Addiction

Specialists, Inc v. Twp. of Hampton, 411 F.3d 399, 405 (3d Cir.

2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Here, an issue of mootness is presented. Prior to the final

approval of the settlement, Congress eliminated the named

plaintiffs’ injury-in-fact, see Pub. L. No. 110-241, the printing

of the expiration date of their debit cards. By doing so, it

eliminated the District Court’s jurisdiction over Ehrheart’s and

Garland’s cases. Ehrheart’s complaint does not allege any

personal injury besides the printing of the expiration date of her

credit or debit card on a receipt on June 7, 2007. Her injury

stemmed solely from 15 U.S.C. § 1681c(g), a statute “creating

legal rights, the invasion of which create[d] standing[.]” Warth,

422 U.S. at 500 (internal quotation marks omitted). Once her

injury—the invasion of her right not to have the expiration date

of her credit or debit card printed on a receipt—was deemed a

non-injury by Congress, her standing to seek relief in federal

court was eliminated and her case was rendered moot. See id.

As such, the District Court could not have held a fairness

hearing, issued final approval of the settlement, or entered final
28

judgment in Ehrheart’s case without violating Article III.

Ironically, it is the District Court’s supervisory role as a

fiduciary for the absent class members—a role the majority and

Ehrheart trumpet in their reasoning—that dooms her claim.

Without the District Court’s final approval after a fairness

hearing, and the entry of final judgment, the settlement was not

complete. The District Court lost jurisdiction to issue final

approval or enter final judgment when Ehrheart’s case was

rendered moot. 

Garland’s action should likewise be dismissed as moot.

Although his complaint’s ambiguous allegation that Verizon

injured him by “print[ing] more than the five digits of [his]

credit . . . or debit card number and/or print[ing] the expiration

date of [his] credit or debit card,” leaves open the possibility that

he has a cognizable injury-in-fact based on the printing of his

account number, everything in this litigation points to his injury

as being based solely on the printing of the expiration date of his

credit or debit card. Indeed, the District Court, in its opinion

and order granting Verizon’s motion for judgment on the

pleadings, concluded that “[a]lthough Garland allege[d] in the

alternative that [Verizon] printed more than the last five digits

of his credit / debit card on his receipt . . . the actual receipt

which Garland attached to his Complaint reveal[ed] only the

printing of his expiration date, and not the printing of more than

the last five digits of his credit / debit card.” It reached this

conclusion based on Verizon’s undisputed explanation of

Garland’s injury in its memorandum in support of its motion for

judgment on the pleadings. Moreover, Garland’s own

arguments throughout this litigation have assumed that he has no

claim due to the Clarification Act. For example, his

memorandum in opposition to Verizon’s motion to vacate the
29

District Court’s preliminary approval of the settlement

agreement began by assuming that his claim was eliminated by

the Clarification Act. It then argued that despite this

shortcoming Garland was entitled to the fruits of the Settlement

Agreement. His arguments in this appeal are a continuation of

that untenable argument. Despite challenging the order granting

Verizon’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in this appeal,

Garland does not challenge the District Court’s conclusion

regarding his injury.

Because the Article III standing requirements are “not

mere pleading requirements but rather an indispensable part of

the plaintiff’s case, each element must be supported in the same

way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden

of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required

at the successive stages of the litigation.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at

561. “At the pleading stage, general factual allegations of injury

resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice,” id., but in

light of the receipt attached to Garland’s complaint, his failure

to refute the assertion that his only injury stemmed from the

printing of his credit or debit card’s expiration date, his

litigation strategy, and the District Court’s entry of judgment on

the pleadings in favor of Verizon, I view his injury-in-fact as

being limited to the printing of his credit or debit card’s

expiration date. Therefore, I conclude that Garland’s claim, like

Ehrheart’s claim, was rendered moot after the passage of the

Clarification Act.

IV.

Although the District Court erred by cabining its analysis

to the terms of Rule 23(e), its ultimate outcome and much of its
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underlying reasoning was correct. I would vacate the judgment

on the pleadings in favor of Verizon and remand this case with

instructions for the District Court to dismiss both named

plaintiffs’ complaints as moot. Because the majority permits

this matter to proceed, despite the lack of a live “case or

controversy” as required under Article III, I respectfully dissent.