U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

APRIL 2013 REPORT 1041

BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 1 

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Errors were found in this report; data in table 4 were corrected. More information is at www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrected-working-poor-data.htm.
2 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

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Poverty status of persons and primary families in the labor force for 27 or more weeks, 2007–2011 

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total persons1 146,567 147,838 147,902 146,859 147,475

In poverty 7,521 8,883 10,391 10,512 10,382

Working poor rate 5.1 6.0 7.0 7.2 7.0

Unrelated individuals 33,226 32,785 33,798 34,099 33,731

In poverty 2,558 3,275 3,947 3,947 3,621

Working poor rate 7.7 10.0 11.7 11.6 10.7

Primary families2 65,158 65,907 65,467 64,931 66,225

In poverty 4,169 4,538 5,193 5,269 5,469

Working poor rate 6.4 6.9 7.9 8.1 8.3

1 Includes persons in families, not shown separately.

2 Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year.

Note: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Table A
BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 3 

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

4.0

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Percent

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4 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

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Chart 2

Note: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

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Latino ethnicity, 2011
BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

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1. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United 

States: 2011&XUUHQW3RSXODWLRQ5HSRUWV386

&HQVXV%XUHDX6HSWHPEHUWDEOHDWwww.census.gov/

prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf.
6 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 1. People in the labor force: poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Poverty status and work experience Total in the labor force

27 or more weeks in the labor force

Total 50 to 52 weeks

Total

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 159,693 147,475 135,637

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 6,214 4,040 3,511

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 153,479 143,435 132,126

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 120,585 116,587 110,260

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 32,895 26,849 21,867

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 10,390 9,194 8,012

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 22,505 17,655 13,855

At or above poverty level

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 146,847 137,094 126,697

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 3,926 2,449 2,135

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 142,921 134,645 124,563

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 114,928 111,673 105,886

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 27,992 22,972 18,676

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 7,921 7,031 6,119

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 20,071 15,941 12,557

Below poverty level

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 12,847 10,382 8,940

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 2,288 1,591 1,376

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 10,559 8,790 7,564

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 5,657 4,914 4,374

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 4,902 3,877 3,190

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 2,469 2,163 1,893

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 2,433 1,713 1,298

Rate1

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 8.0 7.0 6.6

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 36.8 39.4 39.2

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 6.9 6.1 5.7

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 4.7 4.2 4.0

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 14.9 14.4 14.6

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 23.8 23.5 23.6

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 10.8 9.7 9.4

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 or more weeks: poverty status by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Below poverty level

Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older .................. 147,475 118,070 17,330 7,825 22,503 10,382 7,175 2,299 423 2,905

16 to 19 years ....................................... 3,263 2,612 400 113 613 370 271 76 9 109

20 to 24 years ....................................... 13,245 10,332 1,864 448 2,731 1,855 1,245 449 43 395

25 to 34 years ....................................... 31,907 24,688 4,096 1,934 6,236 2,989 2,048 705 99 922

35 to 44 years ....................................... 32,029 24,987 4,011 2,091 5,841 2,307 1,612 449 126 829

45 to 54 years ....................................... 34,625 28,049 3,969 1,774 4,467 1,765 1,185 409 100 427

55 to 64 years ....................................... 24,583 20,664 2,330 1,164 2,097 964 703 196 41 202

65 years and older ................................ 7,823 6,738 660 301 516 131 111 14 4 21

 Men, 16 years and older ................... 78,349 64,045 7,989 4,125 12,936 4,855 3,564 838 224 1,596

16 to 19 years ....................................... 1,574 1,286 177 41 343 185 143 34 2 62

20 to 24 years ....................................... 6,845 5,436 863 248 1,546 764 536 159 21 201

25 to 34 years ....................................... 17,276 13,741 1,876 1,030 3,805 1,340 1,017 208 55 497

35 to 44 years ....................................... 17,288 13,849 1,839 1,126 3,369 1,150 857 170 71 474

45 to 54 years ....................................... 18,215 15,012 1,839 924 2,464 916 645 168 56 254

55 to 64 years ....................................... 12,686 10,818 1,071 578 1,135 459 332 94 19 105

65 years and older ................................ 4,465 3,902 323 179 275 40 34 6 – 4

 Women, 16 years and older ............. 69,127 54,025 9,341 3,700 9,566 5,527 3,612 1,461 199 1,309

16 to 19 years ....................................... 1,689 1,326 223 72 270 185 128 42 7 48

20 to 24 years ....................................... 6,400 4,895 1,001 200 1,185 1,091 709 290 22 195

25 to 34 years ....................................... 14,632 10,947 2,220 904 2,432 1,649 1,031 497 44 425

35 to 44 years ....................................... 14,741 11,137 2,172 965 2,473 1,157 755 280 55 355

45 to 54 years ....................................... 16,409 13,037 2,131 850 2,004 849 540 241 44 173

55 to 64 years ....................................... 11,897 9,846 1,259 586 962 505 371 102 22 97

65 years and older ................................ 3,358 2,836 336 123 241 91 77 8 4 17

Age and sex

Rate1

Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older .................. 7.0 6.1 13.3 5.4 12.9

16 to 19 years ....................................... 11.3 10.4 19.1 8.1 17.8

20 to 24 years ....................................... 14.0 12.0 24.1 9.7 14.5

25 to 34 years ....................................... 9.4 8.3 17.2 5.1 14.8

35 to 44 years ....................................... 7.2 6.5 11.2 6.0 14.2

45 to 54 years ....................................... 5.1 4.2 10.3 5.6 9.6

55 to 64 years ....................................... 3.9 3.4 8.4 3.5 9.6

65 years and older ................................ 1.7 1.6 2.1 1.4 4.1

 Men, 16 years and older ................... 6.2 5.6 10.5 5.4 12.3

16 to 19 years ....................................... 11.8 11.1 19.4 2 ( ) 17.9

20 to 24 years ....................................... 11.2 9.9 18.4 8.4 13.0

25 to 34 years ....................................... 7.8 7.4 11.1 5.3 13.1

35 to 44 years ....................................... 6.7 6.2 9.2 6.3 14.1

45 to 54 years ....................................... 5.0 4.3 9.1 6.0 10.3

55 to 64 years ....................................... 3.6 3.1 8.8 3.2 9.3

65 years and older ................................ 0.9 0.9 1.7 0.1 1.4

 Women, 16 years and older ............. 8.0 6.7 15.6 5.4 13.7

16 to 19 years ....................................... 10.9 9.7 18.8 2 ( ) 17.6

20 to 24 years ....................................... 17.0 14.5 29.0 11.2 16.4

25 to 34 years ....................................... 11.3 9.4 22.4 4.9 17.5

35 to 44 years ....................................... 7.8 6.8 12.9 5.7 14.3

45 to 54 years ....................................... 5.2 4.1 11.3 5.2 8.6

55 to 64 years ....................................... 4.2 3.8 8.1 3.8 10.0

65 years and older ................................ 2.7 2.7 2.5 3.1 7.1

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the

labor force for 27 or more weeks. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or

African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are

not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to

zero.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 or more weeks: poverty status by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, and sex, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Educational attainment, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total Men Women

Below poverty level Rate1

Total Men Women Total Men Women

 Total, 16 years and older ......................... 147,475 78,349 69,127 10,382 4,855 5,527 7.0 6.2 8.0

Less than a high school diploma ................ 13,636 8,454 5,182 2,738 1,516 1,222 20.1 17.9 23.6

 Less than 1 year of high school ............... 4,469 2,965 1,505 974 597 377 21.8 20.1 25.1

 1–3 years of high school .......................... 7,437 4,424 3,013 1,469 765 704 19.8 17.3 23.4

 4 years of high school, no diploma .......... 1,729 1,065 664 295 155 140 17.0 14.5 21.1

High school graduates, no college2 ............ 41,178 23,474 17,705 3,800 1,799 2,000 9.2 7.7 11.3

Some college or associate’s degree ........... 43,373 21,177 22,196 2,680 980 1,700 6.2 4.6 7.7

 Some college, no degree ......................... 28,028 14,133 13,895 1,972 725 1,246 7.0 5.1 9.0

 Associate’s degree .................................. 15,345 7,044 8,300 708 255 453 4.6 3.6 5.5

Bachelor’s degree and higher3 ................... 49,289 25,244 24,045 1,164 559 605 2.4 2.2 2.5

 White, 16 years and older ........................ 118,070 64,045 54,025 7,175 3,564 3,612 6.1 5.6 6.7

Less than a high school diploma ................ 10,815 6,937 3,878 2,034 1,213 821 18.8 17.5 21.2

 Less than 1 year of high school ............... 3,847 2,604 1,243 853 541 312 22.2 20.8 25.1

 1–3 years of high school .......................... 5,739 3,539 2,200 996 567 430 17.4 16.0 19.5

 4 years of high school, no diploma .......... 1,229 794 435 185 105 80 15.1 13.3 18.3

High school graduates, no college2 ............ 32,776 19,094 13,682 2,487 1,278 1,210 7.6 6.7 8.8

Some college or associate’s degree ........... 34,491 17,157 17,334 1,823 655 1,169 5.3 3.8 6.7

 Some college, no degree ......................... 21,939 11,260 10,679 1,338 479 860 6.1 4.3 8.1

 Associate’s degree .................................. 12,551 5,897 6,654 485 176 309 3.9 3.0 4.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher3 ................... 39,987 20,857 19,131 831 419 412 2.1 2.0 2.2

 Black or African American, 16 years and

older ..................................................... 17,330 7,989 9,341 2,299 838 1,461 13.3 10.5 15.6

Less than a high school diploma ................ 1,727 891 836 507 198 309 29.3 22.2 37.0

 Less than 1 year of high school ............... 260 152 108 66 31 35 25.3 20.4 32.4

 1–3 years of high school .......................... 1,143 568 575 356 134 221 31.1 23.6 38.5

 4 years of high school, no diploma .......... 324 171 153 85 33 52 26.3 19.1 34.2

High school graduates, no college2 ............ 5,637 2,877 2,760 997 358 639 17.7 12.4 23.2

Some college or associate’s degree ........... 5,847 2,558 3,289 611 221 389 10.4 8.7 11.8

 Some college, no degree ......................... 4,125 1,903 2,221 476 181 295 11.5 9.5 13.3

 Associate’s degree .................................. 1,723 655 1,068 135 40 95 7.8 6.1 8.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher3 ................... 4,119 1,662 2,456 184 61 123 4.5 3.7 5.0

 Asian, 16 years and older ........................ 7,825 4,125 3,700 423 224 199 5.4 5.4 5.4

Less than a high school diploma ................ 568 293 275 78 32 46 13.7 11.0 16.6

 Less than 1 year of high school ............... 231 119 112 33 9 24 14.4 7.8 21.5

 1–3 years of high school .......................... 244 126 118 38 18 19 15.5 14.6 16.4

 4 years of high school, no diploma .......... 94 49 45 7 5 2 7.2 4 ( ) 4 ( )

High school graduates, no college2 ............ 1,468 760 708 128 74 54 8.7 9.8 7.7

Some college or associate’s degree ........... 1,523 777 746 87 44 43 5.7 5.6 5.8

 Some college, no degree ......................... 944 491 453 54 28 26 5.8 5.7 5.8

 Associate’s degree .................................. 580 287 293 33 16 17 5.7 5.6 5.8

Bachelor’s degree and higher3 ................... 4,265 2,295 1,970 129 73 56 3.0 3.2 2.8

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and

older ...................................................... 22,503 12,936 9,566 2,905 1,596 1,309 12.9 12.3 13.7

Less than a high school diploma ................ 6,526 4,302 2,223 1,478 889 589 22.7 20.7 26.5

 Less than 1 year of high school ............... 3,384 2,275 1,109 788 507 281 23.3 22.3 25.3

 1–3 years of high school .......................... 2,483 1,571 911 565 309 256 22.8 19.7 28.1

 4 years of high school, no diploma .......... 658 456 203 125 73 52 19.0 16.1 25.7

High school graduates, no college2 ............ 7,035 4,226 2,808 878 486 391 12.5 11.5 13.9

Some college or associate’s degree ........... 5,546 2,798 2,749 411 153 258 7.4 5.5 9.4

 Some college, no degree ......................... 3,890 2,007 1,883 292 109 183 7.5 5.5 9.7

 Associate’s degree .................................. 1,657 791 866 118 43 75 7.2 5.5 8.7

Bachelor’s degree and higher3 ................... 3,396 1,610 1,786 138 68 71 4.1 4.2 4.0

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor

force for 27 or more weeks. 2 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes people with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and 

doctoral degrees. 4 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented

for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may

be of any race.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job

held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total Men Women

Below poverty level Rate1

Total Men Women Total Men Women

 Total, 16 years and older2 .......................................... 143,435 76,157 67,279 8,790 4,018 4,773 6.1 5.3 7.1

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 53,101 25,686 27,415 965 396 569 1.8 1.5 2.1

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 22,347 12,640 9,707 359 193 166 1.6 1.5 1.7

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 30,754 13,047 17,707 606 203 403 2.0 1.6 2.3

 Service occupations ...................................................... 25,579 11,203 14,376 3,231 1,024 2,208 12.6 9.1 15.4

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 33,730 12,797 20,934 2,146 674 1,472 6.4 5.3 7.0

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 15,327 7,873 7,455 1,285 411 874 8.4 5.2 11.7

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 18,403 4,924 13,479 861 263 598 4.7 5.3 4.4

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 13,334 12,759 575 1,171 1,097 74 8.8 8.6 12.9

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 1,094 861 234 198 160 38 18.1 18.5 16.3

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 7,556 7,388 168 739 718 21 9.8 9.7 12.7

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 4,683 4,510 173 235 220 15 5.0 4.9 8.6

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 17,540 13,595 3,945 1,272 827 445 7.3 6.1 11.3

 Production occupations ............................................... 8,741 6,207 2,533 566 307 259 6.5 4.9 10.2

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 8,799 7,387 1,412 706 521 185 8.0 7.0 13.1

 White, 16 years and older2 ......................................... 115,383 62,555 52,829 6,171 3,012 3,159 5.3 4.8 6.0

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 43,666 21,542 22,124 716 336 380 1.6 1.6 1.7

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 18,834 10,952 7,882 270 166 104 1.4 1.5 1.3

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 24,832 10,590 14,242 446 170 276 1.8 1.6 1.9

 Service occupations ...................................................... 18,880 8,428 10,452 2,094 700 1,394 11.1 8.3 13.3

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 27,205 10,390 16,815 1,477 447 1,030 5.4 4.3 6.1

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 12,545 6,631 5,914 885 283 602 7.1 4.3 10.2

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 14,659 3,759 10,901 592 164 428 4.0 4.4 3.9

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 11,637 11,179 458 1,007 942 64 8.6 8.4 14.0

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 950 757 194 168 133 34 17.6 17.6 17.8

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 6,656 6,513 143 639 621 18 9.6 9.5 12.3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 4,030 3,908 122 200 188 12 5.0 4.8 10.1

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 13,869 10,919 2,950 873 586 287 6.3 5.4 9.7

 Production occupations ............................................... 6,985 5,123 1,862 403 246 157 5.8 4.8 8.4

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 6,883 5,796 1,087 471 341 130 6.8 5.9 11.9

 Black or African American, 16 years and older2 ......... 16,377 7,520 8,857 1,840 633 1,207 11.2 8.4 13.6

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 4,722 1,728 2,994 172 24 148 3.6 1.4 4.9

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,775 771 1,004 53 11 42 3.0 1.4 4.2

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,947 957 1,990 119 14 106 4.0 1.4 5.3

 Service occupations ...................................................... 4,302 1,697 2,604 843 214 630 19.6 12.6 24.2

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 3,920 1,352 2,569 454 147 307 11.6 10.9 11.9

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 1,515 615 900 270 72 198 17.8 11.7 22.0

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 2,406 736 1,669 184 75 109 7.7 10.2 6.5

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 1,019 952 67 84 75 8 8.2 7.9 3 ( )

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 67 42 25 8 6 2 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 582 567 15 50 46 4 8.6 8.2 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 370 343 27 26 23 3 7.0 6.8 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 2,396 1,776 620 287 173 114 12.0 9.7 18.4

 Production occupations ............................................... 1,020 639 381 104 33 71 10.2 5.2 18.7

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 1,376 1,138 238 183 140 43 13.3 12.3 18.0

See footnotes at end of table.

9

This revised table corrects errors in data by occupation. More information is at www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrected-working-poor-data.htm. 
Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job

held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2011 — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total Men Women

Below poverty level Rate1

Total Men Women Total Men Women

 Asian, 16 years and older2 ......................................... 7,631 4,011 3,620 372 183 189 4.9 4.6 5.2

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 3,532 1,922 1,610 48 27 21 1.3 1.4 1.3

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,237 676 561 18 10 8 1.4 1.5 1.4

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,295 1,246 1,050 30 17 13 1.3 1.3 1.2

 Service occupations ...................................................... 1,422 614 809 162 57 105 11.4 9.3 13.0

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 1,628 713 915 88 47 41 5.4 6.6 4.5

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 809 419 389 61 36 25 7.6 8.6 6.5

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 819 293 526 27 11 16 3.3 3.8 3.0

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 286 258 29 27 25 2 9.4 9.8 3 ( )

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 31 20 11 5 3 2 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 118 113 5 14 14 – 12.1 12.6 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 136 124 12 8 8 – 5.9 6.5 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 758 502 257 48 27 20 6.3 5.5 7.8

 Production occupations ............................................... 502 286 216 31 13 18 6.2 4.4 8.6

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 257 216 41 16 15 2 6.4 6.9 3 ( )

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older2 ....... 21,799 12,561 9,237 2,595 1,434 1,161 11.9 11.4 12.6

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 4,174 1,907 2,267 133 53 80 3.2 2.8 3.5

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,804 965 839 62 33 29 3.5 3.4 3.5

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,370 942 1,428 71 20 51 3.0 2.1 3.6

 Service occupations ...................................................... 5,812 2,860 2,952 943 381 562 16.2 13.3 19.0

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 4,662 1,800 2,862 474 151 323 10.2 8.4 11.3

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 2,030 935 1,094 270 84 185 13.3 9.0 16.9

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 2,632 864 1,768 205 67 138 7.8 7.7 7.8

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 3,439 3,259 180 576 539 36 16.7 16.6 20.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 496 382 114 121 93 28 24.4 24.3 24.4

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 2,194 2,150 44 377 370 7 17.2 17.2 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 748 726 22 78 76 1 10.4 10.5 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 3,687 2,717 970 466 310 156 12.6 11.4 16.1

 Production occupations ............................................... 1,880 1,229 651 199 107 93 10.6 8.7 14.2

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 1,806 1,487 319 266 203 64 14.7 13.6 19.9

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor

force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year. 2 Includes the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience

and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may

be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.

 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

10
BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 11 

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members

in the labor force for 27 or more weeks, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Total families At or above

poverty level

Below poverty

level Rate1

 Total primary families ................................................ 66,225 60,756 5,469 8.3

With related children under 18 years ................................ 34,925 30,358 4,567 13.1

Without children ................................................................ 31,300 30,399 902 2.9

With one member in the labor force .................................. 28,759 24,292 4,467 15.5

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 37,466 36,465 1,001 2.7

 With two members .......................................................... 31,471 30,587 884 2.8

 With three or more members .......................................... 5,995 5,878 117 2.0

 Married-couple families ............................................. 48,837 46,559 2,279 4.7

With related children under 18 years ................................ 24,153 22,360 1,793 7.4

Without children ................................................................ 24,684 24,199 486 2.0

With one member in the labor force .................................. 16,930 15,317 1,613 9.5

 Husband .......................................................................... 12,061 10,831 1,231 10.2

 Wife ................................................................................. 4,215 3,884 331 7.9

 Relative ........................................................................... 654 603 51 7.8

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 31,908 31,242 666 2.1

 With two members .......................................................... 27,085 26,492 594 2.2

 With three or more members .......................................... 4,823 4,750 72 1.5

 Families maintained by women ................................. 12,322 9,707 2,615 21.2

With related children under 18 years ................................ 8,122 5,789 2,333 28.7

Without children ................................................................ 4,200 3,918 282 6.7

With one member in the labor force .................................. 8,656 6,303 2,353 27.2

 Householder .................................................................... 7,108 5,066 2,042 28.7

 Relative ........................................................................... 1,547 1,237 310 20.1

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 3,666 3,404 263 7.2

 Families maintained by men ..................................... 5,065 4,491 575 11.3

With related children under 18 years ................................ 2,649 2,208 441 16.7

Without children ................................................................ 2,416 2,283 134 5.5

With one member in the labor force .................................. 3,174 2,672 502 15.8

 Householder .................................................................... 2,585 2,176 409 15.8

 Relative ........................................................................... 589 496 93 15.8

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 1,892 1,819 73 3.9

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

 NOTE: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
12 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and work experience, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Poverty status and work experience Total

people

In married-couple families In families maintained by

women

In families maintained by

men

Unrelated

individuals Husbands Wives

Related

children

under

18

years

Other

relatives

Householder

Related

children

under

18

years

Other

relatives

Householder

Related

children

under

18

years

Other

relatives

Total

 All people1 .................................. 242,602 58,262 58,924 5,568 20,661 15,646 2,317 13,469 5,861 598 6,049 55,248

With labor force activity .................. 159,693 44,556 36,939 1,225 12,888 11,060 389 8,164 4,427 115 3,952 35,977

 1 to 26 weeks ............................... 12,218 1,430 2,639 726 2,556 771 219 1,003 160 64 405 2,246

 27 or more weeks ........................ 147,475 43,126 34,300 500 10,333 10,289 170 7,161 4,267 51 3,548 33,731

With no labor force activity ............. 82,909 13,706 21,985 4,342 7,772 4,586 1,928 5,305 1,433 484 2,097 19,271

At or above poverty level

 All people1 .................................. 211,044 54,662 55,274 5,116 19,390 10,758 1,511 10,940 4,918 495 5,413 42,568

With labor force activity .................. 146,847 42,559 35,833 1,185 12,447 8,372 312 7,209 3,905 106 3,688 31,231

 1 to 26 weeks ............................... 9,753 1,287 2,414 714 2,426 342 169 771 111 56 343 1,121

 27 or more weeks ........................ 137,094 41,272 33,419 471 10,021 8,030 143 6,439 3,794 49 3,345 30,110

With no labor force activity ............. 64,198 12,103 19,440 3,931 6,942 2,386 1,199 3,731 1,013 389 1,725 11,337

Below poverty level

 All people1 .................................. 31,558 3,600 3,650 452 1,271 4,888 806 2,529 942 103 636 12,680

With labor force activity .................. 12,847 1,997 1,106 40 441 2,688 77 955 522 9 264 4,746

 1 to 26 weeks ............................... 2,465 143 225 12 130 429 50 232 50 7 62 1,126

 27 or more weeks ........................ 10,382 1,854 880 29 311 2,260 27 723 473 – 202 3,621

With no labor force activity ............. 18,712 1,603 2,545 411 830 2,200 729 1,574 420 94 372 7,934

Rate2

 All people1 .................................. 13.0 6.2 6.2 8.1 6.2 31.2 34.8 18.8 16.1 17.3 10.5 23.0

With labor force activity .................. 8.0 4.5 3.0 3.3 3.4 24.3 19.8 11.7 11.8 7.8 6.7 13.2

 1 to 26 weeks ............................... 20.2 10.0 8.5 1.6 5.1 55.6 22.8 23.2 30.9 3 ( ) 15.3 50.1

 27 or more weeks ........................ 7.0 4.3 2.6 5.7 3.0 22.0 15.9 10.1 11.1 3 ( ) 5.7 10.7

With no labor force activity ............. 22.6 11.7 11.6 9.5 10.7 48.0 37.8 29.7 29.3 19.5 17.7 41.2

1 Data on families include primary families that own or rent the housing unit as well as related and unrelated subfamilies that reside with them. 2 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 NOTE: Dash represents or rounds to zero.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov 13 

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 or more weeks: poverty status by age, sex, race, Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, and living arrangement, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Total At or above

poverty level

Below poverty

level Rate1

Age and sex

Total unrelated individuals ............................................................................ 33,731 30,110 3,621 10.7

16 to 19 years ................................................................................................... 319 191 128 40.3

20 to 24 years ................................................................................................... 3,902 3,079 824 21.1

25 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 27,421 24,818 2,602 9.5

65 years and older ............................................................................................ 2,089 2,023 66 3.2

Men ................................................................................................................... 18,656 16,864 1,793 9.6

Women ............................................................................................................. 15,075 13,246 1,828 12.1

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White ............................................................................................................... 26,905 24,227 2,678 10.0

 Men ................................................................................................................ 15,111 13,786 1,325 8.8

 Women .......................................................................................................... 11,794 10,441 1,352 11.5

Black or African American ............................................................................... 4,504 3,848 656 14.6

 Men ................................................................................................................ 2,334 2,001 333 14.3

 Women .......................................................................................................... 2,170 1,847 323 14.9

Asian ................................................................................................................ 1,203 1,099 104 8.6

 Men ................................................................................................................ 620 578 42 6.7

 Women .......................................................................................................... 583 521 62 10.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ............................................................................... 4,336 3,691 645 14.9

 Men ................................................................................................................ 2,807 2,445 362 12.9

 Women .......................................................................................................... 1,529 1,247 282 18.5

Living arrangement

Living alone ...................................................................................................... 17,772 16,339 1,433 8.1

Living with others .............................................................................................. 15,959 13,771 2,188 13.7

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the

labor force for 27 or more weeks.

 NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or

African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are

not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
14 BLS Reports Ň April 2013www.bls.gov

A PROFILE OF THE WORKING POOR, 2011

Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 or more weeks: poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage

and salary workers, 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Labor market problems Total At or above

poverty level

Below poverty

level Rate1

 Total, full-time wage and salary workers ..................................................... 110,512 106,142 4,369 4.0

No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings2 ......... 89,085 88,389 695 .8

Unemployment only .......................................................................................... 6,821 6,192 629 9.2

Involuntary part-time employment only ............................................................. 2,806 2,741 65 2.3

Low earnings only ............................................................................................. 7,376 5,719 1,657 22.5

Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment .................................... 1,213 1,109 104 8.6

Unemployment and low earnings ..................................................................... 1,817 1,098 719 39.6

Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings ........................................ 849 606 244 28.7

Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings ............. 545 289 256 46.9

Unemployment (alone or with other problems) ................................................. 10,396 8,688 1,708 16.4

Involuntary part-time employment (alone or with other problems) ................... 5,413 4,745 668 12.3

Low earnings (alone or with other problems) ................................................... 10,587 7,711 2,876 27.2

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks. 2 The low-earnings threshold in 2011 was $331.07 per week.

 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
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