[Cite as State v. Presutto-Saghafi , 2019-Ohio-5373.]

STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )

STATE OF OHIO Appellee

v. JALEH PRESUTTO-SAGHAFI and PHILLIP PRESUTTO, JR. Appellants C.A. Nos. 18CA011411 18CA011412

APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO CASE Nos. 16CR093913 16CR093914

DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY Dated: December 30, 2019

TEODOSIO, Presiding Judge. {¶1} Appellants, Jaleh Presutto-Saghafi and Phillip Presutto Jr. (“t he Presuttos”), appeal from the judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common P leas. This Court affirms.

I. {¶2} The Amherst School District (“th e District”) participates in a program to serve students with special needs, wher eby students spend half the da y in school and half the day receiving specialized services outside of school. The parents of these students pay third party service providers out of pocket, submit invoices to the Distric t, and, in turn, receive

reimbursement. The Presuttos ha ve a child who was enrolled in the program from July of 2011

to June of 2014. Inconsistencies between the amounts paid by t he Presuttos and the amounts reimbursed by the District led to an investigation and, ultimat ely, criminal charges being filed against the Presuttos.2

{¶3} The Presuttos pled guilty to una uthorized use of property and f orgery, and the trial court ordered a pre-sentence inve stigation report (“PSI”). The court later held two restitution hearings. At sentencing, the c ourt sentenced the Presuttos to two years of community control and ordered them to pay restitution in the amount of $36,002.75 to the District along with court costs and supervision fees. {¶4} The Presuttos now appeal from the trial court’s judgment, order ing them to pay restitution in the amount of $36,002.75, and raise one assignme nt of error for this Court’s

review.

II.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

THE STATE FAILED TO PROVE THE RESTITUTION FIGURE BY A PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE. {¶5} In their sole assignment of error, the Presuttos argue that the State failed to prove the restitution amount by a preponderance of the evidence and, thus, the trial court erred and abused its discretion in ordering a restitution amount that bor e no reasonable relationship to the actual losses suffered. We disagree. {¶6} This Court has historically rev iewed restitution orders under a n abuse of

discretion standard. See, e.g., State v. Esterle , 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0003-M, 2007-Ohio1350, ¶ 5; State v. Myers , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 06CA0003, 2006-Ohio-5958, ¶ 12. “The ter m ‘abuse of discretion’ connotes more than an error of law or jud gment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore , 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When applying an abuse of discretion standard , a reviewing court is precluded from simply substituting its own judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med.

Bd. , 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993).3

{¶7} In March of 2016, however, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “an appellate court may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing evidence” that: (1) “the record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes[,]” or (2) “th e sentence is otherwise contrar y to law.” State v. Marcum , 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶ 1. Clear and convincing evid ence is that “which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conv iction as to the facts sought to be

established.” Cross v. Ledford , 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph t hree of the syllabus. {¶8} The term “sentence” is defined a s “the sanction or combination of sanctions imposed by the sentencing court on an offender who is convicted of or pleads guilty to an offense.” R.C. 2929.01(EE). A “sanction” is “any penalty impo sed upon an offender who is convicted of or pleads guilty to an offense, as punishment for the offense * * * includ[ing] any sanction imposed pursuant to * * * [R.C.] 2929.18 * * *.” R.C. 2929.01(DD). R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) authorizes a sentencing court to order financial sanctions, including restitution, to the victim. Thus, an order of restitution is “indisputably par t of the sentence.” State v. Danison , 105 Ohio St.3d 127, 2005-Ohio-781, ¶ 8. {¶9} Since the Supreme Court’s decision in Marcum , many—but not all—Ohio appellate courts have recognized a shift in the standard being used to review restitution orders on appeal. While an abuse of discretion standard had generally be en used in the past, restitution orders were now being reviewed by most courts under the Marcum standard of review. See State

v. McNeil , 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2018-09-115, 2019-Ohio-1200, ¶ 9; State v. Patton , 4th Dist. Highland No. 18CA9, 2019-Ohio-2769, ¶ 21-23; State v. Anderson , 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-103, 2018-Ohio-4618, ¶ 10; State v. Brown , 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 26945, 26947, 26948, 27249, 27250, 27251, 27419, 27420, and 27421, 2017-Ohio- 9225, ¶ 25; State v.4

Thornton , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160501, 2017-Ohio-4037, ¶ 12; but see State v. Sheets , 5th Dist. Licking No. 17 CA 44, 2018-Ohio-996, ¶ 14-15 (rejecting t he Marcum standard of review for restitution orders, and instead continuing to apply an abus e of discretion standard); State v.

Nitsche , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103174, 2016-Ohio-3170, ¶ 73, fn. 4 (c ontinuing to apply an abuse of discretion standard and stating Marcum is limited to “sentencing-term” challenges, but noting the result under either standard would be the same). {¶10} The Presuttos urge this Court to review the matter under an abu se of discretion standard, while the Sta te argues that the Marcum standard of review applies. Admittedly, this Court has used both standards in its post- Marcum era of cases. See State v. Benko , 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 18CA011388 and 18CA011389, 2019-Ohio-3968, ¶ 7 (rev iewing restitution under an abuse of discretion standard); State v. Beverly , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28627, 2019-Ohio-957, ¶ 15 (reviewing restitution under an abuse of discretion standard ); State v. Bennett , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28849, 2018-Ohio-3934, ¶ 4 (reviewing restitution un der the Marcum standard);

State v. Stevens , 9th Dist. Medina Nos. 16CA003 3-M and 16CA0034-M, 2017-Ohio-54 82, ¶ 17 (reviewing restitution under an abus e of discretion standard); State v. Vertucci , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28205, 2017-Ohio-2838, ¶ 25 (reviewing restitution under an abuse of discretion standard). We agree with the State’s altern ative argument that, under the facts of this particular case, the

trial court’s restitution order would be affirmed under either standard of review. See, e.g., State v. Leyman , 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0037-M, 2016-Ohio-59, ¶ 6, fn. 2 (no ting the parties’ dispute over the applicable standard of review, but declining t o address that issue as the outcome would be the same under either standard); State v. Watson , 9th Dist. Summit No. 25915, 2012- Ohio-1624, ¶ 19 (declining to resolve which standard of review to use because the result under either standard would be the same).5

{¶11} Restitution may be based on “an amount recommended by the victi m, the offender, a [PSI], estimates or receipts indicating the cost of repairing or replacing property, and other information” as long as the amount does not exceed the ec onomic loss suffered by the

victim as a result of the commission of the offense. R.C. 2929 .18(A)(1). There must be competent, credible evidence in the record from which the court may ascertain the amount of restitution to a reasonable degree of certainty, and the amount ordered must bear a reasonable relationship to the loss suffered by the victim. State v. Henderson , 9th Dist. Summit No. 26682, 2013-Ohio-2798, ¶ 7. {¶12} The trial court in this matter calculated its restitution amoun t based on the evidence presented by both parties at the restitution hearings held on July 16, 2018, and July 23, 2018. The State presented testimony from both the District’s D irector of Student Services (“S.W.”) and Detective Zachary Horning of the Amherst Police De partment. The State also introduced many documents into evidence, including a spreadshee t created by Detective Horning, which listed and orga nized amounts from various docume nts such as: individual invoices submitted by the Presuttos; reimbursement checks paid by the District; bills from the Cleveland Clinic, and; the Presuttos’ payments to the Cleveland Clinic and to third party tutors. Voluminous documents corresponding to the individual amounts li sted in the spreadsheet, as well as the settlement agreement from the Presuttos’ first laws uit against the District were also introduced by the State. The Presuttos introduced into evidenc e a letter from their attorneys to the District regarding settlement figures for part of 2011 and an attached settlement agreement from the Presuttos’ second lawsuit filed against the District. They further introduced a statement noting that the Presuttos paid a bill for $1,576.00, and two em ails between Ms. Presutto-Saghafi and a representativ e of KidLink Neurobehavioral Center.6

{¶13} The trial court explained in ope n court and in great detail dur ing sentencing how, based on the evidence presented, it reached the restitution amo unt to be imposed. It began with $73,000.00, which was the total amount paid or reimbursed by th e District to the Presuttos from 2011 through 2014, and subtracted $11,348.00, which was a settl ement amount from a civil

action the court found to be bille d by the Presuttos’ attorneys and properly sent to, and accepted by, the District. The court further subtracted $12,279.75, the total amount the court found as being billed by the Clevela nd Clinic, and $13,369.50, the amoun t the Presuttos paid to the tutors. Based on these calculations, the court ordered restitution in t he amount of $36,002.75. {¶14} The Presuttos argue that the amount of restitution ordered by t he court bore no reasonable relationship to the actual loss suffered by the Dist rict and was not supported by the evidence. They contend that the State simply “[threw] vague nu mbers against a wall [to] hope they stick[,]” directing us to S.W.’s testimony in which she “a greed” she had “just thrown numbers out there.” However, our review of the transcript reve als that defense counsel presented S.W. with a somewhat compound ques tion during cross-examination , to wit: “And you have testified on direct, you’ve just thrown numbers out there. I t hink you - - again, [counsel for the co-defendant] pointed out that those - - several of those amoun ts were already accounted for; isn’t that fair to say? They were part of the settlement?” S. W.’s response to that multi-layered and arguably unclear question was simply, “Correct.” Neverthel ess, in light of the additional testimony from Detective Horning as to the source of the amount s listed in his spreadsheet as well as the receipts, bills, checks, and other documentary evid ence introduced, we cannot agree that S.W.’s response of “Correct ” to defense counsel’s compound question established that the numbers in the spreadsheet were either inaccurate or “just thro wn * * * out there.” The record7

instead contains competent, credible evidence establishing wher e the detective obtained the amounts listed in his spreadsheet. {¶15} The Presuttos further argue that Detective Horning only confirm ed certain payments which were made by check and were thus traceable throu gh bank records, but he failed to investigate additional payments that were supposedly made to some tutors in cash. They note that the Detective’s spreadsheet i ncludes blank areas where inf ormation was either unavailable or unverifiable, which they argue indicates defects or deficiencie s in the detective’s investigation, not a failure on their part to ma ke payments. As such, the Pre suttos are not challenging the reliability of the documentation actually contained in the reco rd, but are instead claiming that

more records are in existence somewhere and were never discovered t hrough the fault of the State. Yet, the Presuttos never presented any of these specula tive documents to the trial court to

set off additional amounts from the total amount of restitution owed. See Vertucci , 2017-Ohio2838, ¶ 29. Moreover, certain documents that the Presuttos did , in fact, submit to the District for payment listed some tutors only by first name and last initial, had various dates and times listed, and indicated “paid” at the bottom; yet, no signature or contac t information for the tutors were listed. With no way to contact these unknown individuals who w ere supposedly paid in cash, Detective Horning testified that the police department put out a press release suggesting that additional tutors may exist and asking them to come forward, ye t no one responded. The Presuttos pled guilty to unaut horized use of property and forge ry in this matter, and we fail to see how their decision to allegedly pay certain mysterious tutors i n cash and not keep proper records of those payments would create competent, credible evidence bef ore the trial court that those payments were, in fact, actually made.8

{¶16} The record before us contains com petent, credible evidence from which the trial court could ascertain a restitution amount of $36,002.75 to a r easonable degree of certainty, and

the amount bears a reasonable rel ationship to the loss suffered by the victim. See Henderson at ¶ 7. Contrary to the Presuttos’ argument that the District sough t a “windfall” in this matter, nothing in the record indicates that the amount of restitution exceeded the economic loss suffered by the District. See R.C. 2929.18(A)(1). The Presuttos have not demonstrated how t he trial court’s judgment was unreasonabl e, arbitrary, or unconscionable

. See Blakemore at 219. They have also not demonstrated by cl ear and convincing evidence tha t either the court’s findings are not supported by the record or the restitution amount is otherw ise contrary to law. See Marcum at ¶ 1. Thus, under either standard of review advanced by the parties, the Presuttos’ arguments

must fail. {¶17} Accordingly, the Presuttos’ so le assignment of error is overrul ed.

III. {¶18} The Presuttos’ sole assignment of error is overruled. The judg ment of the Lorain County Court of Comm on Pleas is affirmed. Judgment affirmed.

There were reasonable grounds for this appeal. We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, direc ting the Court of Common Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitu te the mandate, pursuant to Ap p.R. 27.9

Immediately upon the filing hereof , this document shall consti tute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file s tamped by the Clerk of the Cour t of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the pa rties and to make a notation of the mailing in the docket , pursuant to App.R. 30. Costs taxed to Appellants.

THOMAS A. TE ODOSIO FOR THE COURT

HENSAL, J. CALLAHAN, J. CONCUR.

APPEARANCES:

JOSEPH C. PATITUCE and MEGAN M. P ATITUCE, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant. DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and BRIAN P. MURPHY, Assi stant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.